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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ-Kicks:_Tr%C3%BCby_Trio
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DJ-Kicks: Trüby Trio
|
["1 Track listing","2 References","3 External links"]
|
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "DJ-Kicks: Trüby Trio" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2015)2001 remix album by Various artistsDJ-Kicks: Trüby TrioRemix album by Various artistsReleasedAugust 27, 2001LabelStudio !K7DJ-Kicks chronology
Nightmares on Wax(2000)
Trüby Trio(2001)
Vikter Duplaix(2002)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic
DJ Kicks: Trüby Trio is a DJ mix album, mixed by Trüby Trio. It was released on 27 August 2001 on the Studio !K7 independent record label as part of the DJ-Kicks series.
Track listing
"Medley: General Science/Ish/PapaLaBas" - Conjure - 4:40
"High Jazz" - Trüby Trio - 7:01
"Find an Oasis" - Block 16 - 5:14
"Edony 'Clap Your Hands'" - Africanism ft. Hassam Ramzy - 4:07
"Scat Box" - Matthaus - 2:10
"Granada" - Slow Supreme - 4:37
"Upsolid" - Sequel - 6:03
"Transcend Me" - Afronaught - 7:13
"Some People (Waiwan Remix)" - Korova - 5:06
"One and the Same (Jazztronik Brushed Up Mix)" - Modaji - 5:45
"Colours (Freeform Five Remix)" - Tim Hutton - 7:06
"Ginger & Fred" - Voom:Voom - 6:25
"Galicia (Zero Db Remix)" - Trüby Trio - 5:18
"Toronto" - Lehner & Biebl - 3:45
"Tel Aviv" - Fauna Flash - 4:05
References
^ Allmusic review
External links
DJ-Kicks website
vteStudio !K7DJ-Kicks
DJ-Kicks: C. J. Bolland
DJ-Kicks: Carl Craig
DJ-Kicks: Claude Young
DJ-Kicks: Kruder & Dorfmeister
DJ-Kicks: Nicolette
DJ-Kicks: The Black Album
DJ-Kicks: DJ Cam
DJ-Kicks: Terranova
DJ-Kicks: Smith & Mighty
DJ-Kicks: Andrea Parker
DJ-Kicks: Kemistry & Storm
DJ-Kicks: Thievery Corporation
DJ-Kicks: Kid Loco
DJ-Kicks: Stereo MC's
DJ-Kicks: Nightmares on Wax
DJ-Kicks: Trüby Trio
DJ-Kicks: Vikter Duplaix
DJ-Kicks: Playgroup
DJ-Kicks: Tiga
DJ-Kicks: Chicken Lips
DJ-Kicks: Erlend Øye
DJ-Kicks: Daddy G
DJ-Kicks: The Glimmers
DJ-Kicks: Annie
DJ-Kicks: The Exclusives
DJ-Kicks: Four Tet
DJ-Kicks: Henrik Schwarz
DJ-Kicks: Hot Chip
DJ-Kicks: Booka Shade
DJ-Kicks: Chromeo
DJ-Kicks: John Talabot
DJ-Kicks: Brandt Brauer Frick
DJ-Kicks: DJ Koze
DJ-Kicks: Moodymann
DJ-Kicks: Lone
DJ-Kicks: Deetron
DJ-Kicks: Leon Vynehall
DJ-Kicks: Peggy Gou
DJ-Kicks: Kamaal Williams
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
This 2000s DJ mix album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finn_Delany
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Finn Delany
|
["1 Professional career","1.1 Nelson Giants (2013–2018)","1.2 FMP (2019)","1.3 NBA Summer League (2019)","1.4 New Zealand Breakers (2015–2022)","1.5 Telekom Baskets Bonn (2022–2023)","1.6 New Zealand Breakers and Basket Zaragoza (2023–present)","2 National team career","3 Career statistics","3.1 NBL","4 Personal life","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
|
New Zealand basketball player
Finn DelanyDelany with Bonn in 2023Basket ZaragozaPositionForwardLeagueLiga ACBPersonal informationBorn (1995-08-12) 12 August 1995 (age 28)Nelson, New ZealandNationalityNew Zealand / IrishListed height200 cm (6 ft 7 in)Listed weight106 kg (234 lb)Career informationHigh schoolNelson College(Nelson, New Zealand)CollegeSouthwest Baptist (2014–2015)NBA draft2016: undraftedPlaying career2013–presentCareer history2013–2018Nelson Giants2015–2022New Zealand Breakers2019FMP2022–2023Telekom Baskets Bonn2023–2024New Zealand Breakers2024–presentBasket Zaragoza
Career highlights and awards
Champions League champion (2023)
All-NBL Second Team (2021)
NZNBL Most Outstanding Forward (2018)
NZNBL Most Outstanding Kiwi Forward/Centre (2018)
NZNBL All-Star Five (2018)
Medals
Men's Basketball
Representing New Zealand
Commonwealth Games
2018 Gold Coast
Team competition
Finn Delany (born 12 August 1995) is a New Zealand-Irish professional basketball player for Basket Zaragoza of the Liga ACB. He played college basketball for the Southwest Baptist Bearcats.
Professional career
Nelson Giants (2013–2018)
Finn Delany first played for his hometown Nelson Giants in the 2013 New Zealand NBL season when he was still at high school. He continued playing for the team until 2018 when he averaged 19.9 points, 7.7 rebounds and 2.5 assists on 57% field goal shooting and was named the league's best forward, the league's best local forward/centre and to the All-Star Five.
FMP (2019)
In February 2019, Delany signed a contract with Serbian team FMP for the rest of the 2018–19 season. His best showing for the club came against EuroLeague team Crvena zvezda on 4 May 2019 when he had 18 points, 4 rebounds and 3 assists on 89% field goal shooting.
NBA Summer League (2019)
In July 2019, Delany joined the Dallas Mavericks for the 2019 NBA Summer League. He averaged 6.3 points, 2 rebounds and 1.3 assists in 10 minutes per game.
New Zealand Breakers (2015–2022)
Finn Delany has played for the New Zealand Breakers of the Australian NBL since 2015. In 2021 he averaged 16.2 points, 6.8 rebounds and 2.2 assists per game while shooting 46% from the floor and was consequently named to the All-NBL Second Team.
Telekom Baskets Bonn (2022–2023)
On 12 July 2022, Delany signed with Telekom Baskets Bonn of the German Basketball Bundesliga and the Basketball Champions League.
New Zealand Breakers and Basket Zaragoza (2023–present)
On 13 July 2023, Delany signed a two-year deal with the New Zealand Breakers. His court time was limited in the 2023–24 NBL season due to a calf injury. He parted ways with the Breakers after one season.
On 7 March 2024, Delany signed with Basket Zaragoza of the Liga ACB for the rest of the 2023–24 season.
National team career
Delany was a member of the New Zealand national team that won 4th place at the 2017 FIBA Asia Cup in Beirut, Lebanon. Over six tournament games, he averaged 12.7 points, 7.0 rebounds and 0.8 assists per game. He was a Tall Blacks member who won the bronze medal at the 2018 Commonwealth Games.
In November 2017, 2018, and February 2019, Delany represented the Tall Blacks during the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup qualifiers. Over nine qualifiers games, he averaged 7.2 points, 3.8 rebounds and 1.1 assists per game.
Career statistics
NBL
Year
MPG
FG%
3P%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG
2020–21
33.49
46
34
83
6.8
2.2
0.56
0.33
16.22
2019–20
29.31
47
40
81
6
2
0.55
0.35
12.35
2018–19
14.95
57
39
69
2.76
1.32
0.28
0.08
8.04
2017–18
14.96
50
22
66
3.36
0.82
0.36
0.18
5.18
2016–17
8.92
53
47
74
2.24
0.52
0.16
0.04
3.24
2015–16
2.33
0
0
—
1
0.33
0
0
0
Personal life
Delany is a dual national of New Zealand and Ireland.
See also
List of foreign basketball players in Serbia
References
^ "NZNBL: New Zealand National Basketball League". Retrieved 2 May 2022.
^ "Finn Delany Heading to Serbia". nbl.com.au. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
^ "SERBIA BOUND FINN DELANY PROMISES NO LET UP FROM TALL BLACKS IN WORLD CUP QUALIFIERS". nz.basketball. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
^ "Finn Delany confirms move to Serbian club FMP Belgrade after Tall Blacks games". stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
^ "Finn Delany Game Logs, Southwest Baptist, NCAA Stats, International Stats, Events Stats, Awards – RealGM". basketball.realgm.com. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
^ "Now that he's in NBA summer league training camp, Finn Delany is on top of the world". mavs.com. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
^ "National Basketball League | NBL". National Basketball League | NBL. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
^ "Unermüdlich, aggressiv und ein harter Arbeiter: Baskets verpflichten Finn Delany". telekom-baskets-bonn.de (in German). Retrieved 12 July 2022.
^ "Breakers Announce Shock Return of Fan-Favourite for NBL24". nzbreakers.basketball. 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
^ Uluc, Olgun (12 July 2023). "Finn Delany signs 2 year deal with NZ Breakers". ESPN.com.au. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
^ Reive, Christopher (10 January 2024). "NZ Breakers expect Finn Delany to miss a further three to five weeks with calf injury". nzherald.co.nz. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
^ "Breakers, Delany part ways". NBL.com.au. 8 June 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
^ "PODERÍO, ENERGÍA Y POLIVALENCIA: LLEGA FINN DELANY". casademontzaragoza.es. 7 March 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
^ "2017 – #3 Finn DELANY Forward". fiba.basketball. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
^ "Finn DELANY New Zealand BKB Basketball". results.gc2018.com. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
^ "Finn DELANY 2019 FIBA WC asian qualifiers". fiba.basketball. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
^ "Finn Delany". fiba.basketball. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Finn Delany.
NBL profile
Links to related articles
vte2018 New Zealand Commonwealth Games teamAthletics
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Chef de Mission: Rob Waddell
vteNew Zealand NBL Most Outstanding Forward Award
1982: Hill
1983: Anthony
1984: Anthony
1985: Joyner
1986: Smith
1987: Smith
1988: Boagni
1989: Burton
1990: Boagni
1991: Johnson
1992: Thomas
1993: Boagni
1994: Johnson
1995: Stone
1996: Book
1997: DeGraffenreid
1998: Cameron
1999: Ensminger
2000: Rampton
2001: Bush
2002: Whorton
2003: Cooper
2004: Majstrovich
2005: Frank & Holmes
2006: Frank
2007: Abrams
2008: Frank
2009: Abercrombie
2010: Abercrombie
2011: Pledger
2012: Horvath
2013: Conklin
2014: Braimoh
2015: Wesley
2016: Jones
2017: Wesley
2018: Delany
2019: Kay
2020: N/A
2021: Timmins
2022: Cooks
2023: Loe
vteNew Zealand NBL Most Outstanding Kiwi Forward/Centre Award
1985: Hill
1986: Saker
1987: Denham
1988: Denham
1989: Stephens
1990: Denham
1991: Pokai
1992: Stephens
1993: Stephens
1994: Cameron
1995: Cameron
1996: Cameron
1997: Burton
1998: Cameron
1999: Cameron
2000: Rampton
2001: Lewis
2002: Book
2003: Boucher
2004: Majstrovich
2005: Vukona
2006: Frank
2007: Abrams
2008: Frank
2009: Abercrombie
2010: Abercrombie
2011: Pledger
2012: Horvath
2013: Anthony
2014: Bailey
2015: Duinker
2016: Jones
2017: Jones
2018: Delany
2019: Loe
2020: N/A
2021: Timmins
2022: Loe
2023: Loe
vteTelekom Baskets Bonn 2022–23 Basketball Champions League champions
0 Shorts
3 Ward
4 Falkenstein
5 Ensminger
6 Kessens
7 Herrera
9 Tadda
10 Malcolm
13 Hawkins
20 Morgan
21 Kratzer
24 Williams
27 Bangala
70 Delany
Head coach: Iisalo
Assistant coach: Stankovic
Kovács
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Basket Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basket_Zaragoza"},{"link_name":"Liga ACB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_ACB"},{"link_name":"college basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_basketball"},{"link_name":"Southwest Baptist Bearcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Baptist_Bearcats"}],"text":"Finn Delany (born 12 August 1995) is a New Zealand-Irish professional basketball player for Basket Zaragoza of the Liga ACB. He played college basketball for the Southwest Baptist Bearcats.","title":"Finn Delany"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2013 New Zealand NBL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_NBL_season"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Nelson Giants (2013–2018)","text":"Finn Delany first played for his hometown Nelson Giants in the 2013 New Zealand NBL season when he was still at high school. He continued playing for the team until 2018 when he averaged 19.9 points, 7.7 rebounds and 2.5 assists on 57% field goal shooting[1] and was named the league's best forward, the league's best local forward/centre and to the All-Star Five.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_FMP"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"EuroLeague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroLeague"},{"link_name":"Crvena zvezda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Crvena_zvezda"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"FMP (2019)","text":"In February 2019, Delany signed a contract with Serbian team FMP for the rest of the 2018–19 season.[2][3][4] His best showing for the club came against EuroLeague team Crvena zvezda on 4 May 2019 when he had 18 points, 4 rebounds and 3 assists on 89% field goal shooting.[5]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dallas Mavericks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Mavericks"},{"link_name":"2019 NBA Summer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_NBA_Summer_League"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"NBA Summer League (2019)","text":"In July 2019, Delany joined the Dallas Mavericks for the 2019 NBA Summer League.[6] He averaged 6.3 points, 2 rebounds and 1.3 assists in 10 minutes per game.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand Breakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Breakers"},{"link_name":"Australian NBL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_League_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"All-NBL Second Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-NBL_Team"}],"sub_title":"New Zealand Breakers (2015–2022)","text":"Finn Delany has played for the New Zealand Breakers of the Australian NBL since 2015. In 2021 he averaged 16.2 points, 6.8 rebounds and 2.2 assists per game while shooting 46% from the floor[7] and was consequently named to the All-NBL Second Team.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Telekom Baskets Bonn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekom_Baskets_Bonn"},{"link_name":"Basketball Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Basketball Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Telekom Baskets Bonn (2022–2023)","text":"On 12 July 2022, Delany signed with Telekom Baskets Bonn of the German Basketball Bundesliga and the Basketball Champions League.[8]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"2023–24 NBL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_NBL_season"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Basket Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basket_Zaragoza"},{"link_name":"Liga ACB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_ACB"},{"link_name":"2023–24 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_ACB_season"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"New Zealand Breakers and Basket Zaragoza (2023–present)","text":"On 13 July 2023, Delany signed a two-year deal with the New Zealand Breakers.[9][10] His court time was limited in the 2023–24 NBL season due to a calf injury.[11] He parted ways with the Breakers after one season.[12]On 7 March 2024, Delany signed with Basket Zaragoza of the Liga ACB for the rest of the 2023–24 season.[13]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2017 FIBA Asia Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_FIBA_Asia_Cup"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Tall Blacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tall_Blacks"},{"link_name":"2018 Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2018_Commonwealth_Games_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup qualifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_FIBA_Basketball_World_Cup_qualification_(Asia)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Delany was a member of the New Zealand national team that won 4th place at the 2017 FIBA Asia Cup in Beirut, Lebanon. Over six tournament games, he averaged 12.7 points, 7.0 rebounds and 0.8 assists per game.[14] He was a Tall Blacks member who won the bronze medal at the 2018 Commonwealth Games.[15]In November 2017, 2018, and February 2019, Delany represented the Tall Blacks during the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup qualifiers. Over nine qualifiers games, he averaged 7.2 points, 3.8 rebounds and 1.1 assists per game.[16]","title":"National team career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"NBL","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dual national","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_citizenship"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Delany is a dual national of New Zealand and Ireland.[17]","title":"Personal life"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of foreign basketball players in Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_basketball_players_in_Serbia"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"NZNBL: New Zealand National Basketball League\". Retrieved 2 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://men.nznbl.basketball/stats/competition-stats/","url_text":"\"NZNBL: New Zealand National Basketball League\""}]},{"reference":"\"Finn Delany Heading to Serbia\". nbl.com.au. Retrieved 28 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbl.com.au/news/article/finn-delany-heading-to-serbia","url_text":"\"Finn Delany Heading to Serbia\""}]},{"reference":"\"SERBIA BOUND FINN DELANY PROMISES NO LET UP FROM TALL BLACKS IN WORLD CUP QUALIFIERS\". nz.basketball. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190429210440/http://nz.basketball/News/serbia-bound-finn-delany-promises-no-let-up-from-tall-blacks-in-world-cup-qualifiers","url_text":"\"SERBIA BOUND FINN DELANY PROMISES NO LET UP FROM TALL BLACKS IN WORLD CUP QUALIFIERS\""},{"url":"http://nz.basketball/News/serbia-bound-finn-delany-promises-no-let-up-from-tall-blacks-in-world-cup-qualifiers","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Finn Delany confirms move to Serbian club FMP Belgrade after Tall Blacks games\". stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 28 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/110751902/finn-delany-confirms-move-to-serbian-club-after-tall-blacks","url_text":"\"Finn Delany confirms move to Serbian club FMP Belgrade after Tall Blacks games\""}]},{"reference":"\"Finn Delany Game Logs, Southwest Baptist, NCAA Stats, International Stats, Events Stats, Awards – RealGM\". basketball.realgm.com. Retrieved 2 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://basketball.realgm.com/player/Finn-Delany/GameLogs/83357/All/2019","url_text":"\"Finn Delany Game Logs, Southwest Baptist, NCAA Stats, International Stats, Events Stats, Awards – RealGM\""}]},{"reference":"\"Now that he's in NBA summer league training camp, Finn Delany is on top of the world\". mavs.com. Retrieved 4 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mavs.com/now-that-hes-in-an-nba-summer-league-training-camp-finn-delany-is-on-top-of-the-world/","url_text":"\"Now that he's in NBA summer league training camp, Finn Delany is on top of the world\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Basketball League | NBL\". National Basketball League | NBL. Retrieved 2 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nbl.com.au/","url_text":"\"National Basketball League | NBL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Unermüdlich, aggressiv und ein harter Arbeiter: Baskets verpflichten Finn Delany\". telekom-baskets-bonn.de (in German). Retrieved 12 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telekom-baskets-bonn.de/presse/news/artikel/unermuedlich-aggressiv-und-ein-harter-arbeiter-baskets-verpflichten-finn-delany.html","url_text":"\"Unermüdlich, aggressiv und ein harter Arbeiter: Baskets verpflichten Finn Delany\""}]},{"reference":"\"Breakers Announce Shock Return of Fan-Favourite for NBL24\". nzbreakers.basketball. 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzbreakers.basketball/news/breakers-announce-shock-return-of-fan-favourite-for-nbl24","url_text":"\"Breakers Announce Shock Return of Fan-Favourite for NBL24\""}]},{"reference":"Uluc, Olgun (12 July 2023). \"Finn Delany signs 2 year deal with NZ Breakers\". ESPN.com.au. Retrieved 13 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com.au/nbl/story/_/id/37996824/nbl-finn-delany-signs-two-year-deal-new-zealand-breakers","url_text":"\"Finn Delany signs 2 year deal with NZ Breakers\""}]},{"reference":"Reive, Christopher (10 January 2024). \"NZ Breakers expect Finn Delany to miss a further three to five weeks with calf injury\". nzherald.co.nz. Retrieved 11 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/nz-breakers-expect-finn-delany-to-miss-a-further-three-to-five-weeks-with-calf-injury/BHK6QZC3F5GN5I4UO35CTLTNRQ/","url_text":"\"NZ Breakers expect Finn Delany to miss a further three to five weeks with calf injury\""}]},{"reference":"\"Breakers, Delany part ways\". NBL.com.au. 8 June 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://nbl.com.au/news/breakers-delany-part-ways","url_text":"\"Breakers, Delany part ways\""}]},{"reference":"\"PODERÍO, ENERGÍA Y POLIVALENCIA: LLEGA FINN DELANY\". casademontzaragoza.es. 7 March 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.casademontzaragoza.es/noticias/poder%C3%ADo-energ%C3%ADa-y-polivalencia-llega-finn-delany","url_text":"\"PODERÍO, ENERGÍA Y POLIVALENCIA: LLEGA FINN DELANY\""}]},{"reference":"\"2017 – #3 Finn DELANY Forward\". fiba.basketball. Retrieved 28 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fiba.basketball/asiacup/2017/player/Finn-Delany","url_text":"\"2017 – #3 Finn DELANY Forward\""}]},{"reference":"\"Finn DELANY New Zealand BKB Basketball\". results.gc2018.com. Retrieved 28 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://results.gc2018.com/en/basketball/athlete-profile-n6025969-finn-delany.htm","url_text":"\"Finn DELANY New Zealand BKB Basketball\""}]},{"reference":"\"Finn DELANY 2019 FIBA WC asian qualifiers\". fiba.basketball. Retrieved 28 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fiba.basketball/basketballworldcup/2019/asian-qualifiers/player/Finn-Delany","url_text":"\"Finn DELANY 2019 FIBA WC asian qualifiers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Finn Delany\". fiba.basketball. Retrieved 13 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fiba.basketball/en/player/216274/Finn-Delany","url_text":"\"Finn Delany\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://men.nznbl.basketball/stats/competition-stats/","external_links_name":"\"NZNBL: New Zealand National Basketball League\""},{"Link":"http://www.nbl.com.au/news/article/finn-delany-heading-to-serbia","external_links_name":"\"Finn Delany Heading to Serbia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190429210440/http://nz.basketball/News/serbia-bound-finn-delany-promises-no-let-up-from-tall-blacks-in-world-cup-qualifiers","external_links_name":"\"SERBIA BOUND FINN DELANY PROMISES NO LET UP FROM TALL BLACKS IN WORLD CUP QUALIFIERS\""},{"Link":"http://nz.basketball/News/serbia-bound-finn-delany-promises-no-let-up-from-tall-blacks-in-world-cup-qualifiers","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/110751902/finn-delany-confirms-move-to-serbian-club-after-tall-blacks","external_links_name":"\"Finn Delany confirms move to Serbian club FMP Belgrade after Tall Blacks games\""},{"Link":"https://basketball.realgm.com/player/Finn-Delany/GameLogs/83357/All/2019","external_links_name":"\"Finn Delany Game Logs, Southwest Baptist, NCAA Stats, International Stats, Events Stats, Awards – RealGM\""},{"Link":"https://www.mavs.com/now-that-hes-in-an-nba-summer-league-training-camp-finn-delany-is-on-top-of-the-world/","external_links_name":"\"Now that he's in NBA summer league training camp, Finn Delany is on top of the world\""},{"Link":"https://nbl.com.au/","external_links_name":"\"National Basketball League | NBL\""},{"Link":"https://www.telekom-baskets-bonn.de/presse/news/artikel/unermuedlich-aggressiv-und-ein-harter-arbeiter-baskets-verpflichten-finn-delany.html","external_links_name":"\"Unermüdlich, aggressiv und ein harter Arbeiter: Baskets verpflichten Finn Delany\""},{"Link":"https://www.nzbreakers.basketball/news/breakers-announce-shock-return-of-fan-favourite-for-nbl24","external_links_name":"\"Breakers Announce Shock Return of Fan-Favourite for NBL24\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com.au/nbl/story/_/id/37996824/nbl-finn-delany-signs-two-year-deal-new-zealand-breakers","external_links_name":"\"Finn Delany signs 2 year deal with NZ Breakers\""},{"Link":"https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/nz-breakers-expect-finn-delany-to-miss-a-further-three-to-five-weeks-with-calf-injury/BHK6QZC3F5GN5I4UO35CTLTNRQ/","external_links_name":"\"NZ Breakers expect Finn Delany to miss a further three to five weeks with calf injury\""},{"Link":"https://nbl.com.au/news/breakers-delany-part-ways","external_links_name":"\"Breakers, Delany part ways\""},{"Link":"https://www.casademontzaragoza.es/noticias/poder%C3%ADo-energ%C3%ADa-y-polivalencia-llega-finn-delany","external_links_name":"\"PODERÍO, ENERGÍA Y POLIVALENCIA: LLEGA FINN DELANY\""},{"Link":"http://www.fiba.basketball/asiacup/2017/player/Finn-Delany","external_links_name":"\"2017 – #3 Finn DELANY Forward\""},{"Link":"https://results.gc2018.com/en/basketball/athlete-profile-n6025969-finn-delany.htm","external_links_name":"\"Finn DELANY New Zealand BKB Basketball\""},{"Link":"http://www.fiba.basketball/basketballworldcup/2019/asian-qualifiers/player/Finn-Delany","external_links_name":"\"Finn DELANY 2019 FIBA WC asian qualifiers\""},{"Link":"https://www.fiba.basketball/en/player/216274/Finn-Delany","external_links_name":"\"Finn Delany\""},{"Link":"https://nbl.com.au/player/3684/235448/finn-delany","external_links_name":"NBL profile"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB_Station%26Service
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DB Station&Service
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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Subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "DB Station&Service" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
DB Station&ServiceCompany typeState-OwnedIndustryRail transportFounded1 January 1999Defunct31 December 2023HeadquartersBerlin, GermanyProducts
Rail transport
Cargo transport
Services
Revenue € 1.339 billion (2020)Number of employeesc. 6,000 (2020)ParentDeutsche BahnSubsidiaries
DB BahnPark
DB ServiceStore
Websitewww.bahnhof.de/bahnhof-de
DB Station&Service was a subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn, responsible for managing over 5,400 train stations on the German railway network. On 1 January 2024, it merged with DB Netz to form DB InfraGO.
References
^ a b "DB Station&Service AG". Deutsche Bahn. 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Competency Profile" (PDF). Deutsche Bahn (in German and English). 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ DB Netz and DB Station&Service become InfraGO Railway Gazette International 29 November 2022
^ DB Supervisory Board launches public welfare-oriented infrastructure company DB InfraGO AG Deutsche Bahn 27 September 2023
External links
Official website (in German)
vte Deutsche BahnDivisions
DB Netze
DB Schenker
European subsidiaries
DB Cargo
DB Cargo France
DB Fernverkehr
DB Netz
DB Regio
DB Station&Service
Poland
DB Cargo Polska
United Arab Emirates
Etihad Rail DB (49%)
United Kingdom
DB Cargo UK
United States
California High-Speed Rail
Former subsidiaries
Alliance Rail Holdings
Arriva
Arriva Buses Wales
Arriva Deutschland
Arriva Herts & Essex
Arriva London
Arriva Malta
Arriva Midlands
Arriva North East
Arriva North West
Arriva PCC (50%)
Arriva Rail London
Arriva Rail North
Arriva Scotland West
Arriva Southern Counties
Arriva TrainCare
Arriva Trains Wales
Arriva Yorkshire
Chiltern Railways
CityNightLine
CrossCountry
DB ProjektBau
DB Reise & Touristik
Grand Central
London Overground Rail Operations (50%)
The Original Tour
Tyne & Wear Metro
Wardle Transport
Wrexham & Shropshire
Yorkshire Tiger
Services
Arriva Max
Arriva Sapphire
EuroCity
Intercity Express
Intercity
Interregio-Express
Regional-Express
Regionalbahn
S-Bahn
Former services
DB AutoZug
City Night Line
InterRegio
Metropolitan
History
Deutsche Reichsbahn
Deutsche Bundesbahn
Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany)
Related topics
BahnCard
Bahntower
Bahn TV
Call a Bike
Rail transport in Germany
Category
Commons
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
This German rail transport related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deutsche Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn"},{"link_name":"train stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_station"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-competency-2"},{"link_name":"DB Netz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB_Netz"},{"link_name":"DB InfraGO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB_InfraGO"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"DB Station&Service was a subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn, responsible for managing over 5,400 train stations on the German railway network.[2] On 1 January 2024, it merged with DB Netz to form DB InfraGO.[3][4]","title":"DB Station&Service"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"DB Station&Service AG\". Deutsche Bahn. 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deutschebahn.com/en/group/business_units/DB_Netze_Stations-1212420","url_text":"\"DB Station&Service AG\""}]},{"reference":"\"Competency Profile\" (PDF). Deutsche Bahn (in German and English). 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110524090641/http://www.deutschebahn.com/site/shared/de/dateianhaenge/infomaterial/sonstige/db__stationundservice__kompetenzprofil.pdf","url_text":"\"Competency Profile\""},{"url":"http://www.db.de/site/shared/de/dateianhaenge/infomaterial/sonstige/db__stationundservice__kompetenzprofil.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_the_New_York_metropolitan_area
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Puerto Ricans in New York City
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["1 Early 19th century","2 Origins of the Puerto Rican Flag","3 Early 20th century","4 Tabaqueros","5 World War II and The Great Migration","5.1 Puerto Rican culture in New York","5.2 Puerto Rican music in New York","6 1950s","7 Nuyorican Movement","8 Late 20th century and early 21st century","9 Enclaves","9.1 Puerto Rican population in New York","9.2 2020 Puerto Rican population by borough","10 Puerto Rican influence","11 Notable people who migrated to New York from Puerto Rico","12 See also","13 References","14 External links"]
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History of Puerto Ricans in New York City
Early Puerto Rican immigrants in New York City
Part of a series onRace and ethnicity in New York City
Ethnicities
African Americans
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Puerto Ricans have both immigrated and migrated to New York City. The first group of Puerto Ricans immigrated to New York City in the mid-19th century when Puerto Rico was a Spanish colony and its people Spanish subjects. The following wave of Puerto Ricans to move to New York City did so after the Spanish–American War in 1898. Puerto Ricans were no longer Spanish subjects and citizens of Spain, they were now Puerto Rican citizens of an American possession and needed passports to travel to the Contiguous United States.
That was until 1917, when the United States Congress approved Jones–Shafroth Act which gave Puerto Ricans in Puerto Rico U.S. citizenship with certain limitations. Puerto Ricans living in the mainland United States however, were given full American citizenship and were allowed to seek political office in the states in which they resided. Two months later, when Congress passed the Selective Service Act, conscription was extended to the Puerto Ricans both on the island and on the mainland. It was expected that Puerto Rican men 18 years and older serve in the U.S. military during World War I. The Jones–Shafroth Act also allowed Puerto Ricans to travel between Puerto Rico and the U.S. mainland without the need of a passport, thereby becoming migrants. The advent of air travel was one of the principal factors that led to the largest wave of migration of Puerto Ricans to New York City in the 1950s, known as "The Great Migration."
In New York City and other northeast cities such as Philadelphia and Boston, Puerto Ricans were the first Hispanic group to come in large numbers as early as the 1940s, being seen as the "Pioneer" group among the Hispanic community in these cities. From 1970 until about 1990, the city's Puerto Rican population was at its height. They represented up to 80% of the city's Hispanic community and 12% of the city's total population. At that time, nearly 70% of Puerto Ricans in the mainland United States lived in New York City. It wasn't until the 1990s that the percentage of Puerto Ricans that made up the city's Hispanic community and the population as a whole started to decrease, largely due to a declining Puerto Rican population, increasingly diversifying Hispanic community, and New York City's economy rebounding after deindustrialization, which ultimately resulted in a faster growing city population and dwindling Puerto Rican influence. However, since the early 2010s, New York's Puerto Rican population started to grow again, being in the midst of another major migration wave out of Puerto Rico.
According to the 2010 census, Puerto Ricans represent 8.9 percent of New York City alone (32% of the city's Hispanic community), and 5.5% of New York State as a whole. Of over a million Puerto Ricans in the state, about 70% are present in the city, with the remaining portion scattered in the city's suburbs and other major cities throughout New York State. Although Florida has received some dispersal of the population, there has been a resurgence in Puerto Rican migration to New York and New Jersey, primarily for economic and cultural considerations, topped by another surge of arrivals after Hurricane Maria devastated Puerto Rico in September 2017 – consequently, the New York City Metropolitan Area has witnessed a significant increase in its Nuyorican population, individuals in the region of Puerto Rican descent, from 1,177,430 in 2010 to a Census-estimated 1,494,670 in 2016, maintaining New York's status by a significant margin as the most important cultural and demographic center for Puerto Ricans outside San Juan.
Early 19th century
During the 19th century, commerce existed between the ports of the East Coast of the United States and the Spanish colony of Puerto Rico. Ship records show that many Puerto Ricans traveled on ships that sailed from and to the U.S. and Puerto Rico. Many of them settled in places such as New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts. Upon the outbreak of the American Civil War, many Puerto Ricans, such as Lieutenant Augusto Rodriguez, joined the ranks of the armed forces, however since Puerto Ricans were Spanish subjects they were inscribed as Spaniards. The earliest Puerto Rican enclave in New York City was in Manhattan. Most of the Puerto Ricans who moved there came from well-to-do families or were people whose economic situation could permit them the luxury of traveling from the island to New York City by way of steamship, an expensive and long trip. Amongst the first Puerto Ricans to immigrate to New York City were men and women who were exiled by the Spanish Crown for their political beliefs and struggles for the cause of Puerto Rican independence. By 1850, Puerto Rico and Cuba were the only two remaining Spanish colonies in the New World. The Spanish Crown would either imprison or banish any person who promoted the independence of these two nations. Two of these exiles were Ramón Emeterio Betances and Segundo Ruiz Belvis who together founded "The Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico" in New York. They were the planners of the short and failed 1868 revolt against Spain in Puerto Rico known as El Grito de Lares. Another prominent Puerto Rican who in 1871 immigrated to New York was Arturo Alfonso Schomburg, considered by many as the "Father of Black History". He became a member of the "Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico" and was an outspoken promoter of not only the independence of Puerto Rico, but of Cuba also.
Origins of the Puerto Rican Flag
Main article: Flags of Puerto Rico
Four other Puerto Ricans who moved to New York because of political reasons were Manuel Besosa, Antonio Vélez Alvarado, Juan Ríus Rivera, and Francisco Gonzalo Marín. These four Puerto Ricans joined the Cuban Liberation Army whose headquarters was in New York City.
Some sources document Francisco Gonzalo Marín with presenting a Puerto Rican flag prototype in 1895 for adoption by the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee in New York City. Marín has since been credited by some with the flag's design. There is a letter written by Juan de Mata Terreforte which gives credit to Marin. The original contents of the letter in Spanish are the following:
"La adopción de la bandera cubana con los colores invertidos me fue sugerida por el insigne patriota Francisco Gonzalo Marín en una carta que me escribió desde Jamaica. Yo hice la proposición a los patriotas puertorriqueños que asistieron al mitin de Chimney Hall y fue aprobada unánimemente."
Which translated in English states the following:
The adaptation of the Cuban flag with the colors inverted was suggested by the patriot Francisco Gonzalo Marín in a letter which he wrote from Jamaica. I made the proposition to various Puerto Rican patriots during a meeting at Chimney Hall and it was approved unanimously.
Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee(standing L-R) Manuel Besosa, Aurelio Méndez Martínez, and Sotero Figueroa (seated L-R) Juan de M. Terreforte, D. Jose Julio Henna and Roberto H. Todd
It is also believed that on June 12, 1892, Antonio Vélez Alvarado was at his apartment at 219 Twenty-Third Street in Manhattan, when he stared at a Cuban flag for a few minutes, and then took a look at the blank wall in which it was being displayed. Vélez suddenly perceived an optical illusion, in which he perceived the image of the Cuban flag with the colors in the flag's triangle and stripes inverted. Almost immediately he visited a nearby merchant, Domingo Peraza, from whom he bought some crepe paper to build a crude prototype. He later displayed his prototype in a dinner meeting at his neighbor's house, where the owner, Micaela Dalmau vda. de Carreras, had invited José Martí as a guest.
In a letter written by Maria Manuela (Mima) Besosa, the daughter of the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee member Manuel Besosa, she stated that she sewed the flag. This message created a belief that her father could have been its designer.
Even though Marín presented the Puerto Rican Flag in New York's "Chimney Corner Hotel", it may never be known who designed the current flag. What is known, however, is that on December 22, 1895, the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee officially adopted a design which is today the official flag of Puerto Rico.
In 1897, Antonio Mattei Lluberas, a wealthy coffee plantation owner from Yauco, visited the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee in New York City. There he met with Ramón Emeterio Betances, Juan de Mata Terreforte and Aurelio Méndez Martinez and together they proceeded to plan a major coup. The uprising, which became known as the Intentona de Yauco was to be directed by Betances, organized by Aurelio Mendez Mercado and the armed forces were to be commanded by General Juan Ríus Rivera from Cuba. The political immigration to New York practically came to a halt in 1898 after the Spanish–American War when Puerto Rico became a possession of the United States. It is estimated that 1,800 Puerto Rican citizens (they were not American citizens until 1917) had immigrated to New York during this period.
Early 20th century
Cover of The San Juan News announcing the Supreme Court decision in the Isabel Gonzalez case of 1904
In 1902, the United States Treasury Department issued new immigration guidelines that changed the status of all Puerto Ricans to "foreigners". Isabel Gonzalez was a young single mother who was expecting her second child. Her fiancé, who was in New York, sent for her with the intention of getting married. When Gonzalez arrived in New York, she and all the Puerto Ricans who were with her, were detained in Ellis Island and denied entry. She was accused of being an alien and as an unwed parent she was deemed as a burden to the welfare system of the country. Gonzalez challenged the Government of the United States in the groundbreaking case "GONZALES v. WILLIAMS' (her surname was misspelled by immigration officials). The Supreme Court ruled that under the immigration laws González was not an alien, and therefore could not be denied entry into New York. It also stated that Puerto Ricans were not U.S. citizens, they were "noncitizen nationals". Gonzalez, who became an activist on behalf of all Puerto Ricans, paved the way for the Jones–Shafroth Act, which conferred United States citizenship on all citizens of Puerto Rico.
In 1917, the United States entered World War I and that same year the United States Congress approved the Jones–Shafroth Act which gave Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship. Puerto Ricans no longer needed a passport to travel to the U.S. and were allowed to seek public office in the mainland U.S. The economic situation in the island was bad and continued to worsen as a result of the many hurricanes which destroyed most of its crops. Many Puerto Rican families migrated to the United States, the bulk of whom went to New York, in search of a better way of life. In New York, they faced the same hardships and discrimination that earlier groups of immigrants, such as the Irish, the Italians, and the Jews, had faced before them. It was difficult for them to find well paying jobs because of the language barrier and their lack of technical working skills. The few men who found jobs worked for low salaries in factories. The women usually stayed home as housewives and tended to their children. Those who did not find jobs had the option of joining the United States Military. Prior to the Jones–Shafroth Act, Puerto Ricans in the mainland United States as all other non-citizens, who were permanent residents were required to register with the Selective Service System by law and could be drafted, however one of the effects of the Act was that all Puerto Ricans were now eligible for the military "draft" (conscription). One of the military units at that time was New York's U.S. 369th Infantry Regiment. Rafael Hernández was a Puerto Rican who served in the almost all Afro-American unit. The unit fought against the Germans in France and became known as the "Harlem Hellfighters". Hernández, his brother Jesus and 16 other Puerto Ricans were assigned to the United States Army's Harlem Hellfighters musical band, the Orchestra Europe.
1924 Baseball Game between the San Juan BBC and Porto Rico Stars in New York
Nero Chen was one of the many Puerto Ricans who settled in East Harlem. He became the first Puerto Rican boxer to gain acclaim when in 1917 he fought against "Panama Joe Gans" at Harlem's Palace Casino which was located at 28 East 135th St., between Fifth and Madison Avenues, in Manhattan. As evidenced by an early 1924 poster, migrants in New York organized baseball teams which played against each other. The poster announces a game which was held at Howard Field in Brooklyn between two teams, the San Juan B.B.C. and the Porto Rican Stars, made of Puerto Ricans from the East Side section of Manhattan.
As the economic situation in the United States worsened in a prelude to the Great Depression, many Puerto Ricans in the mainland found themselves competing with other groups for the positions of unskilled labor such as dishwashers, maintenance and laundry workers. This led to the "Harlem Riots" of July 1926. between unemployed Jews and Puerto Ricans. Various Puerto Rican organizations in East Harlem, organized a media campaign to ease the tensions between the groups involved and called upon the mayor, governor of the state to restore order and provide protection to the area.
In 1937, Oscar Garcia Rivera, Sr. (1900–1969), a native of Mayagüez and resident of East Harlem, became the first Puerto Rican to be elected to public office in the continental United States as a member of the New York State Assembly. A witness of the discrimination which Puerto Ricans were subject to, he created the "Unemployment Insurance Bill" which paved the way for the passage of bills which established minimum hours and wages for working people, the creation of a Wage Board within the Labor Department, and the right of employees to organize and negotiate grievances. In 1956, he also became the first Puerto Rican to be nominated as the Republican candidate for Justice of the City Court.
Tabaqueros
Tabaqueros in Yauco, Puerto Rico rolling cigars by hand
Tabaqueros are tobacco workers. The tobacco industry was extremely popular but increased in popularity and manufacturing during the first decade of the United States domination of exportation. By 1901, Puerto Rico shifted from importing to exporting, and cigar making began to increase. By the 1920s, the Puerto Rican tobacco-processing industry exports grew thirty times from when it began in 1901. This provided thousands of migrants with job opportunities to move to the United States in search of better economic opportunities.
During this time of industrial prosperity the Puerto Rican community grew in cities like New York City. Bernardo Vega explained in his memoir, Memoirs of Bernardo Vega the lifestyle of the working Puerto Rican community in New York City more importantly the tabaquero culture. Tabaqueros were very politically and socially involved in their communities, and were successfully organized collectively as a group. Politically tabaqueros were suspected of socialist orientation, and were influenced by the Jewish Workmen Circle, that were mutual aid societies of the working-class socialists. These mutual aid groups, tobacco worker's associations were no mimic to those of already established by other ethnic working class, mainly they were recreated organizations that were known to the workers back on the island. The life of a tabaquero was very simple during these times, but were a very progressive working community that understood how cultural form/discrimination could reflect political will towards the community. The Tabaqueros held a sense of pride in their work as well as their eloquent knowledge of politics and culture, which they would learn during working hours and events of associations like Circulo de Tabaqueros. Hand rolling cigars gave pride to the workers as they found this job to be more on the artistic side rather than domestic. They thought of themselves more like an "artist rather than a worker."
Teatro Puerto RicoCigar makers would sit in front of tables for hours and hand roll each cigar. Since this was a very tedious process, workers would pay 15–20 cents each week for someone to read them the newspaper or books while they worked. This was more of a custom in the Puerto Rican cigar making factories. Many newspapers and magazines that would advocate social and political doctrines were published in Spanish in New York City: Cultura Proletria an anarchist read; more general-topics El Heraldo; La Prensa, was a daily that began to be published in 1913. Mainly at this time the readers were women, that would read but women during this time were not just reading at factories but also rolling the cigars themselves. By the 1920s the economic depression hit industry hard. Many cigar workers/ tabaqueros were going on strike due to pay. Tabaqueros traditionally were known in the community for being the highest paid workers in the Puerto Rican Community. However now with the crisis, factories began to move and seek workers like women to take over the tabaquero skill for cheap labor. By 1920 there were 8,766 women working in these factories. Women that worked in tobacco factories mainly did leaf stripping and were considered to be equal in the structural exploitation of labor. For the unions of the tabaqueros the difference in sex/gender of the worker did not matter in the fight against exploitation.
World War II and The Great Migration
A Puerto Rican woman working in a garment factory
Several factors contributed and led to what came to be known as "The Great Migration" of Puerto Ricans to New York. These were the following: the Great Depression, World War II and the advent of air travel.
The Great Depression which spread throughout the world was also felt in Puerto Rico. Since the island's economy was and still is dependent to that of the United States, it was to be expected that when the American banks and industries began to fail the effect would be felt in the island. Unemployment was on the rise as a consequence and therefore, many families fled to the mainland US in search of jobs.
The outbreak of World War II opened the doors to many of the migrants who were searching for jobs. Since a large portion of the male population of the U.S. was sent to war, there was a sudden need of manpower to fulfill the jobs left behind. Puerto Ricans, both male and female, found themselves employed in factories and ship docks, producing both domestic and warfare goods. The new migrants gained the knowledge and working skills which in the future would serve them well. The military also provided a steady source of income, in 1944, the Puerto Rican WAC unit, Company 6, 2nd Battalion, 21st Regiment of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps, a segregated Hispanic unit, was assigned to the New York Port of Embarkation, after their basic training at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia. They were assigned to work in military offices which planned the shipment of troops around the world.
The advent of air travel provided Puerto Ricans with an affordable and faster way of travel to New York. The one thing that most migrants had in common was that they wanted a better way of life than was available in Puerto Rico, and although each held personal reasons for migrating, their decision generally was rooted in the island's impoverished conditions as well as the public policies that sanctioned migration.
In 1948, the Migration Division of the Department of Labor of Puerto Rico opened its office in New York City. Its mission was to mediate between the island and the New York/Puerto Rican community, assuage the adjustment experience of new arrivals, and generally inform them about jobs, housing and other critical concerns. It wasn't long before the Puerto Rican "Barrios" in the Williamsburg, Bushwick, South Bronx, Spanish Harlem, and Manhattan's Lower East Side began to resemble "Little Puerto Ricos" with their "Bodegas" (small grocery stores) and "Piragueros" (Puerto Rican shaved ice venders) in every corner. It is estimated that from 1946 to 1950 there were 31,000 Puerto Rican migrants each year to New York.
Puerto Rican culture in New York
A piragüero in NYC posing with his Piragua pushcart in the 1920s
Puerto Ricans began to form their own small "barrios", in The Bronx, Brooklyn, and in East Harlem (which would become known as Spanish Harlem). It was in East Harlem where the Puerto Rican migrants established a cultural life of great vitality and sociality. They also participated in some of the sports, such as boxing and baseball which were first introduced in the island by the American Armed Forces after the Spanish–American War.
Puerto Ricans who moved to New York not only took with them their customs and traditions, they also took with them their piraguas, a Puerto Rican frozen treat, shaped like a pyramid, made of shaved ice and covered with fruit flavored syrup. According to Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia: by Winston James, piraguas were introduced in New York by Puerto Ricans as early as 1926.
Puerto Rican music in New York
Jennifer Lopez, one of the highest-grossing and most multi-faceted triple threat entertainers in global history, is a Nuyorican.
Puerto Rican music flourished with the likes of Rafael Hernández and Pedro Flores who formed the "Trio Borincano" and gained recognition in the city. Myrta Silva who later joined Hernandez's "Cuarteto Victoria" also gained fame as a singer after the group traveled and played throughout the United States.
Puerto Ricans played an important role in the New York’s Latin dance and jazz scenes between the World Wars, with singer and band leader Manuel Jimenez (“El Canario”) popularizing the traditional Puerto Rican plena through his big band arrangements. Nuyorican band leaders Tito Puente and Tito Rodriguez popularized the mambo style in the 1950s and early 1960s, which was followed by the emergence of salsa in the late 1960s with a younger generation of Nuyorican musicians led by Willie Colon, Ray Barretto, and the Fania Allstars. Joe Cuba and other Nuyoricans fused mambo and Cuban dance rhythms with African American rhythm and blues to create the popular New York boogaloo sound in the 1960s. In the 1980s, Nuyorican Break dancers Rock Steady Crew and DJ Charlie Chase helped shape the early South Bronx hip hop scene.
Following the in migration of large numbers of Puerto Ricans to New York in the 1950s, folk style jibaro, bomba, and plena music became part of the cultural fabric of East Harlem (El Barrio) and the South Bronx. The Afro Puerto Rican styles of bomba and plena enjoyed a renaissance in New York in the 1980s and 1990s through the efforts of the drum and dance ensemble Los Pleneros de la 21, led by Santurce native Juan “Junago” Guiterrez.
The South Bronx became a hub for Puerto Rican music. Theaters which had served to previous groups of immigrants, such as the Irish and the Italians, for their dramatic works or vaudeville style shows, now served the growing Puerto Rican and Latino population with musical performances from musicians from Puerto Rico and Latin America. Plus, the local Bronx's burgeoning Latino musicians. Among these theaters were the historical Teatro Puerto Rico at E. 138th St. and Hunts Point Palace in Southern Blvd. During the Teatro Puerto Rico's "golden era", which lasted from 1947 to 1956, musician José Feliciano made his stateside debut
New York City also became the mecca for freestyle music in the 1980s, of which Puerto Rican singer-songwriters represented an integral component. Puerto Rican influence in popular music continues in the 21st century, encompassing major artists such as Jennifer Lopez.
1950s
The third great wave of domestic migration from Puerto Rico came after World War II. Nearly 40,000 Puerto Ricans settled in New York City in 1946, and 58,500 in 1952–53. Many soldiers who returned after World War II made use of the GI Bill and went to college. Puerto Rican women confronted economic exploitation, discrimination, racism, and the insecurities inherent in the migration process on a daily basis, however they fared better than did men in the job market. The women left their homes for the factories in record numbers. By 1953, Puerto Rican migration to New York reached its peak when 75,000 people left the island.
Ricky Martin at the annual Puerto Rican parade in New York City
Operation Bootstrap ("Operación Manos a la Obra") is the name given to the ambitious projects which industrialized Puerto Rico in the mid-20th century engineered by Teodoro Moscoso. The attracted industry did not provide sufficient job opportunities. With increased population growth and displacement from traditional labor pursuits, the growing population could not be accommodated. Much of the surplus labor migrated to the United States. In 1948, Puerto Ricans elected their first governor Luis Muñoz Marín, who together with his government initiated a series of social and economic reforms with the introduction of new programs in the island. Some of these programs met some resistance from the American government and therefore, the local government had some trouble implementing the same. New York Mayor Robert F. Wagner, Jr. began a campaign to recruit Puerto Rican laborers in the island to work in the city's factories. Mayor Wagner figured that the city would benefit greatly by the luring of what was considered to be "cheap labor".
Discrimination was rampant in the United States and it was no different in New York. As stated by Lolita Lebrón, there were signs in restaurants which read "No dogs or Puerto Ricans allowed". The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party established an office in New York in the 1950s and attracted many migrants. Leaders of the party conceived a plan that would involve an attack on the Blair House with the intention of assassinating United States President Harry S. Truman and an attack on the House of Representatives. These events had a negative impact on the Puerto Rican migrants. Americans viewed Puerto Ricans as anti-Americans and the discrimination against them became even more widespread.
Many Puerto Ricans were able to overcome these obstacles and became respected members of their communities. Many such as Antonia Pantoja, established organizations such as "ASPIRA", that helped their fellow countrymen to reach their goals.
In 1954, a group of politicians close to Carmine Gerard DeSapio, then the leader of Tammany Hall, chose Tony Méndez to lead the eastern section of the district, known as the 14th Assembly District. He was chosen by the group, which was also known as the Democratic County Committee, because in those days there was no direct election of district leaders. Plus, the influx of Puerto Ricans moving to the 14th Assembly District, in which East Harlem is located, replaced the members of the Italian Community who preceded them and eventually moved out. Méndez became the first native-born Puerto Rican to become a district leader of a major political party in New York City.
The first New York Puerto Rican Day Parade, founded by Tony Méndez was held on Sunday, April 13, 1958, in the "Barrio" in Manhattan. Its first President was Victor López and it was coordinated by José Caballero. The grand marshals were Oscar González Suarez and Tony Méndez Esq. Prominent personalities from Puerto Rico headed by then Governor Luis Muñoz Marín, attended the initial parade. The parade was organized as a show of Puerto Rican pride and is a tradition which not only continues today in the city of New York but, that has also extended to other cities such as Chicago, Illinois and Orlando, Florida. By 1960, the United States census showed that there were well over 600,000 New Yorkers of Puerto Rican birth or parentage. Estimates were that more than one million Puerto Ricans had migrated during that period.
Nuyorican Movement
The Nuyorican Poets Café
See also: Nuyorican movement
Puerto Rican writer Jesús Colón founded an intellectual movement involving poets, writers, musicians and artists who are Puerto Rican or of Puerto Rican descent and who live in or near New York City which became known as the Nuyorican Movement. The phenomenon of the "Nuyoricans" came about when many Puerto Ricans who migrated to New York City faced difficult situations and hardships, such as racial discrimination. Leading voices include Giannina Braschi, Sandra Maria Esteves, and Tato Laviera. A "Nuyorican" subculture developed. In 1980, Puerto Rican poets Miguel Algarín, Miguel Piñero and Pedro Pietri established the "Nuyorican Poets Café" on Manhattan's Lower East Side (236 E 3rd Street, between Avenues B and C) which is now considered a New York landmark.
Late 20th century and early 21st century
Historical Puerto Rican population in New York CityYearPop.±%1910554— 19207,364+1229.2%193044,908+509.8%194061,463+36.9%1950187,420+204.9%1960612,574+226.8%1970917,712+49.8%1980860,552−6.2%1990896,763+4.2%2000789,172−12.0%2010723,621−8.3%2020595,535−17.7%
By 1964, the Puerto Rican community made up 9.3 percent of the total New York City's population. The Puerto Rican migrants who gained economic success began to move away from the "Barrios" and settled in Westchester County, Staten Island, and Long Island or moved to other cities in other states like New Jersey (especially North Jersey which is still a part of the NYC metropolitan area), Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and Florida, among others. New immigrants from the Dominican Republic, Mexico and South America moved into the Barrios which were once mainly occupied by the Puerto Ricans. The 1970s saw what became known as reverse-migration. Many Puerto Ricans returned to the island to buy homes and to invest in local businesses. Puerto Ricans have made many important contributions to the cultural and political spheres of New York and the society of the United States in general. They have contributed in the fields of entertainment, the arts, music, industry, science, politics, and military. Other Puerto Ricans have moved from New York to settle in smaller cities throughout the northeastern United States. For example, in 2009 Puerto Ricans alone made up 29.1% of Reading, Pennsylvania's population, which was over 53% Hispanic, and 25.0% of Lawrence, Massachusetts' population, which was over 70% Hispanic.
Chart reflecting Puerto Rican migration in the United States circa 1980s
However, since 2006, there has been a resurgence in migration from Puerto Rico to New York City and New Jersey, with an apparently multifactorial allure to Puerto Ricans, primarily for economic and cultural considerations. The Census estimate for the New York City, the city proper with the largest Puerto Rican population by a significant margin, has increased from 723,621 in 2010, to 730,848 in 2012; while New York State's Puerto Rican population was estimated to have increased from 1,070,558 in 2010, to 1,103,067 in 2013.
New York State overall has also resumed its net in-migration of Puerto Rican Americans since 2006, a dramatic reversal from being the only state to register a decrease in its Puerto Rican population between 1990 and 2000. The Puerto Rican population of New York State, still the largest in the United States, is estimated by the U.S. Census Bureau to have increased from 1,070,558 in 2010 to 1,103,067 in 2013. New York State gained more Puerto Rican migrants from Puerto Rico as well as from elsewhere on the mainland between 2006 and 2012 than any other state in absolute numbers. Also, unlike the initial pattern of migration several decades ago, this second Puerto Rican migration into New York and surrounding states is being driven by movement not only into New York City proper, but also into the city's surrounding suburban areas, such that the New York City Metropolitan Area gained the highest number of additional Puerto Rican Americans of any metropolitan area between 2010 and 2016, to 1,494,670 in 2016.
National Puerto Rican Parade in New York City, 2005
Northern New Jersey has also received a robust influx of Puerto Rican migration in the 21st century, given its proximity to both New York City's and Philadelphia's Puerto Rican establishments. Within the metropolitan area surrounding New York City, Paterson and Newark in New Jersey are important homes for Puerto Rican Americans. Jose "Joey" Torres was elected mayor of Paterson in 2014, where he had served two prior terms as mayor as well; while Luis A. Quintana, born in Añasco, Puerto Rico, was sworn in as Newark's first Latino mayor in November 2013, assuming the unexpired term of Cory Booker, who vacated the position to become a U.S. Senator from New Jersey. However, as Puerto Ricans continue to climb the socioeconomic ladder and to enter professional occupations in greater numbers, they are also purchasing homes in New Jersey's more affluent suburban towns. After Hurricane Maria struck Puerto Rico in September 2017, devastating the infrastructure of the island, New York State was expected to be the likeliest destination for Puerto Rican migrants to the U.S. mainland when premised upon family ties, with New Jersey being the third likeliest destination. The 5.6 million Puerto Ricans living stateside in 2017, were largely concentrated in Florida, NY and NJ; 20% in Florida, 20% in New York, and 8% in New Jersey.
2019 was the first time in 15 years when New York was not in the top ten destinations for people leaving Puerto Rico. In 2019, New York was ranked 11th.
Year
Puerto Rican population in New York City
% of NYC total population
% of NYC hispanic population
% of total stateside Puerto Rican population
1940
61,463
0.9%
56%
87%
1950
187,420
2.3%
-
82%
1960
612,574
7.8%
-
68%
1970
917,712
11.6%
76%
65%
1980
860,552
12.1%
61%
42%
1990
896,763
12.2%
51%
32%
2000
789,172
9.8%
36%
23%
2010
723,621
8.9%
31%
15%
2020
595,535
6.7%
23%
10%
Enclaves
Brooklyn has several neighborhoods with a Puerto Rican presence, and many of the ethnic Puerto Rican neighborhoods in Brooklyn formed before the Puerto Rican neighborhoods in the South Bronx because of the work demand in the Brooklyn Navy Yard in the 1940s and 50s. Bushwick has the highest concentration of Puerto Ricans in Brooklyn. Other neighborhoods with significant populations include Williamsburg, East New York, Brownsville, Coney Island, Red Hook, and Sunset Park. In Williamsburg; Graham Avenue is nicknamed "Avenue of Puerto Rico" because of the high density and strong ethnic enclave of Puerto Ricans who have been living in the neighborhood since the 1950s. The Puerto Rican Day Parade is also hosted on the avenue.
Ridgewood, Queens, also has a significant Puerto Rican population, as does the neighboring community of Bushwick, Brooklyn.
Puerto Rican neighborhoods in Manhattan include Spanish Harlem and Loisaida. Spanish Harlem was "Italian Harlem" from the 1880s until the 1940s. By 1940, however, the name "Spanish Harlem" was becoming widespread, and by 1950, the area was predominately Puerto Rican and African American. Loisaida is an enclave east of Avenue A that originally comprised German, Jewish, Irish, and Italian working class residents who lived in tenements without running water; the German presence, already in decline, virtually ended after the General Slocum disaster in 1904. Since then, the community has become Puerto Rican and Latino in character, despite the "gentrification" that has affected the East Village and the Lower East Side since the late 20th century.
Staten Island has a fairly large Puerto Rican population along the North Shore, especially in the Mariners' Harbor, Arlington, Elm Park, Graniteville, Port Richmond, and Stapleton neighborhoods, where the population is in the 20% range.
Puerto Ricans are present in large numbers throughout the Bronx, which has the highest percentage of Puerto Ricans of any borough. In some places in the South Bronx, Spanish is the primary language. Throughout the 1970s, the South Bronx became known as the epitome of urban decay, but has since made a recovery. Although, Puerto Rican presence is widespread throughout the Bronx, the south central portions of the borough have the highest concentrations. Neighborhoods like Castle Hill, Clason Point, Soundview, Longwood, Hunts Point, and West Farms have some of the highest concentrations of Puerto Ricans in the New York metropolitan area. The Bronx currently has more Puerto Ricans than any US county. In 2010, there were 298,921 Puerto Ricans in the Bronx, representing 21.6% of the borough and 41% of the New York City's Puerto Ricans, and between 1970-1990 the percentage Puerto Ricans made up of the Bronx was around 25-30%.
In New York and many other cities, Puerto Ricans usually live in close proximity with Dominicans and African Americans. High concentrations of Puerto Ricans are also present in numerous public housing developments throughout the city.
Puerto Rican population in New York
Sonia Sotomayor, born in the Bronx, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court
As of 1990, New Yorkers of Puerto Rican descent (Nuyoricans), numbered 143,974. Nearly 41,800 state residents (Nuyoricans) in 1990 had lived in Puerto Rico in 1985. According to the Census taken in the year 2000, Puerto Rican migrants made up 1.2% of the total population of the United States, with a population of well over 3 million Puerto Ricans (including those of Puerto Rican descent). If taken into account together with the almost 4 million Puerto Ricans who are U.S. citizens (nevertheless, excluded by the U.S. Census statistics of U.S. population), Puerto Ricans make up about 2.5% of the total population of U.S. citizens around the world (within and outside the U.S. mainland).
2020 Puerto Rican population by borough
New York City's total Puerto Rican population was 595,535 and they represented 6.7% of the population. The Puerto Rican population and the percentage Puerto Ricans make up of each borough, as of the 2020 census, is:
Bronx – 237,047 (16.1%)
Brooklyn – 140,029 (5.1%)
Manhattan – 91,274 (5.3%)
Queens – 89,115 (3.7%)
Staten Island – 38,070 (7.6%)
Puerto Rican influence
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, a Nuyorican representing parts of The Bronx and Queens in New York's 14th congressional district, is the youngest woman ever to be elected to Congress in November 2018.
In July 1930, Puerto Rico's Department of Labor established an employment service in New York City. The Migration Division (known as the "Commonwealth Office"), also part of Puerto Rico's Department of Labor, was created in 1948, and by the end of the 1950s, was operating in 115 cities and towns stateside. The Department of Puerto Rican Affairs in the United States was established in 1989 as a cabinet-level department in Puerto Rico. Currently, the Commonwealth operates the Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration, which is headquartered in Washington, D.C. and has 12 regional offices throughout the United States.
Puerto Ricans in New York have preserved their cultural heritage by being involved actively in the different political and social rights movements in the United States. They founded "Aspira", a leader in the field of education, in 1961. The ASPIRA Association is now one of the largest national Latino nonprofit organizations in the United States. Other educational and social organizations founded by Puerto Ricans in New York and elsewhere are the National Puerto Rican Coalition in Washington, DC, the National Puerto Rican Forum, the Puerto Rican Family Institute, Boricua College, the Center for Puerto Rican Studies of the City University of New York at Hunter College, the Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund, the National Conference of Puerto Rican Women, and the New York League of Puerto Rican Women, Inc., among others.
Hostos Community College in the Bronx, was named after a Puerto Rican Eugenio Maria de Hostos, and was founded as an all-Puerto Rican college. The college now accepts students of all races, however it largely caters to Hispanics with up to 80% of its students being of Hispanic descent. Boricua College is another originally all-Puerto Rican college with campuses in East Williamsburg and Manhattan.
Cultural ties between New York and Puerto Rico are strong. In September 2017, following the immense destruction wrought upon Puerto Rico by Hurricane Maria, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo led an aid delegation to San Juan, including engineers form the New York Power Authority to help restore Puerto Rico's electrical grid. Subsequently, on the one-year anniversary of the storm, in September 2018, Governor Cuomo announced plans for the official New York State memorial to honor the victims of Hurricane Maria, to be built in Battery Park City, Manhattan, citing the deep cultural connections shared between New Yorkers and Puerto Rican Americans. The Hurricane Maria Memorial was unveiled by Governor Cuomo on March 26, 2021 in lower Manhattan.
Notable people who migrated to New York from Puerto Rico
The following is a short list of notable Puerto Ricans who migrated to New York:
Aída Álvarez – former Small Business Administrator
Juanita Arocho – political activist, journalist
Ivonne Belen – movie director
Herman Badillo – first Puerto Rican to serve in Congress
Giannina Braschi – novelist and essayist
Judge José A. Cabranes – U.S. circuit judge
Hector Camacho – boxer
Marta Casals Istomin – musician
Oscar Collazo – Puerto Rican nationalist
Jesús Colón – writer
Míriam Colón – actress
Rev. Nicky Cruz – minister
Julia de Burgos – poet
Nicholas Estavillo – the first Hispanic to become a three-star Chief in NYPD
Angelo Falcón – political scientist
José Ferrer – actor
Oscar Garcia Rivera, Sr. – first Puerto Rican to hold public office in the mainland USA
Isabel Gonzalez – paved the way for the Jones–Shafroth Act which conferred United States citizenship on all citizens of Puerto Rico
Maria Elena Holly – widow of "rock n roll" pioneer Buddy Holly
Pedro J. Labarthe – poet, journalist, essayist, and novelist
Héctor Lavoe – singer
Lolita Lebrón – Puerto Rican nationalist
Melissa Mark-Viverito – elected speaker of the New York City Council in January 2014
Olga A. Méndez – New York state senator
Tony Méndez – The first native-born Puerto Rican to become a district leader of a major political party in New York City
Rita Moreno – actress
Carlos Ortiz – boxer
Adam Clayton Powell IV – N.Y. State Assembly member
Herman Santiago – composer of "Why do Fools Fall in Love"
Yolanda Serrano – HIV/AIDS activist
Arturo Alfonso Schomburg – considered by many as the "Father of Black History"
José Torres – boxer
Nydia Velázquez – congresswoman
See also
Puerto Rico portalNew York City portal
List of Puerto Ricans
List of Stateside Puerto Ricans
Puerto Ricans in the United States (Stateside Puerto Ricans)
Nuyorican
Nuyorican movement
Nuyorican Poets Café
Music of Puerto Rico
Hispanics and Latinos in New Jersey
Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Puerto Rican diaspora in New York City.
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Undocumented immigrants
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EarlyPRimmigrants.gif"},{"link_name":"Puerto Ricans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_people"},{"link_name":"Spanish–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rican citizens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_citizenship"},{"link_name":"Contiguous United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiguous_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Jones–Shafroth Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones%E2%80%93Shafroth_Act"},{"link_name":"U.S. citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._citizenship"},{"link_name":"Selective Service Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"air travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_travel"},{"link_name":"mainland United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_United_States"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ByType2010-3"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PuertoRicansReturningToNewYork-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Maria"},{"link_name":"New York City Metropolitan Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Metropolitan_Area"},{"link_name":"Nuyorican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuyorican"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYMetroPRest-6"},{"link_name":"San Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico"}],"text":"Early Puerto Rican immigrants in New York CityPuerto Ricans have both immigrated and migrated to New York City. The first group of Puerto Ricans immigrated to New York City in the mid-19th century when Puerto Rico was a Spanish colony and its people Spanish subjects. The following wave of Puerto Ricans to move to New York City did so after the Spanish–American War in 1898.[1] Puerto Ricans were no longer Spanish subjects and citizens of Spain, they were now Puerto Rican citizens of an American possession and needed passports to travel to the Contiguous United States.That was until 1917, when the United States Congress approved Jones–Shafroth Act which gave Puerto Ricans in Puerto Rico U.S. citizenship with certain limitations. Puerto Ricans living in the mainland United States however, were given full American citizenship and were allowed to seek political office in the states in which they resided. Two months later, when Congress passed the Selective Service Act, conscription was extended to the Puerto Ricans both on the island and on the mainland. It was expected that Puerto Rican men 18 years and older serve in the U.S. military[2] during World War I.[1] The Jones–Shafroth Act also allowed Puerto Ricans to travel between Puerto Rico and the U.S. mainland without the need of a passport, thereby becoming migrants. The advent of air travel was one of the principal factors that led to the largest wave of migration of Puerto Ricans to New York City in the 1950s, known as \"The Great Migration.\"In New York City and other northeast cities such as Philadelphia and Boston, Puerto Ricans were the first Hispanic group to come in large numbers as early as the 1940s, being seen as the \"Pioneer\" group among the Hispanic community in these cities. From 1970 until about 1990, the city's Puerto Rican population was at its height. They represented up to 80% of the city's Hispanic community and 12% of the city's total population. At that time, nearly 70% of Puerto Ricans in the mainland United States lived in New York City. It wasn't until the 1990s that the percentage of Puerto Ricans that made up the city's Hispanic community and the population as a whole started to decrease, largely due to a declining Puerto Rican population, increasingly diversifying Hispanic community, and New York City's economy rebounding after deindustrialization, which ultimately resulted in a faster growing city population and dwindling Puerto Rican influence. However, since the early 2010s, New York's Puerto Rican population started to grow again, being in the midst of another major migration wave out of Puerto Rico.According to the 2010 census, Puerto Ricans represent 8.9 percent of New York City alone (32% of the city's Hispanic community), and 5.5% of New York State as a whole.[3] Of over a million Puerto Ricans in the state, about 70% are present in the city, with the remaining portion scattered in the city's suburbs and other major cities throughout New York State. Although Florida has received some dispersal of the population, there has been a resurgence in Puerto Rican migration to New York and New Jersey, primarily for economic and cultural considerations,[4][5] topped by another surge of arrivals after Hurricane Maria devastated Puerto Rico in September 2017 – consequently, the New York City Metropolitan Area has witnessed a significant increase in its Nuyorican population, individuals in the region of Puerto Rican descent, from 1,177,430 in 2010 to a Census-estimated 1,494,670 in 2016,[6] maintaining New York's status by a significant margin as the most important cultural and demographic center for Puerto Ricans outside San Juan.","title":"Puerto Ricans in New York City"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Coast of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Augusto Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(soldier)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CW-7"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"steamship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamship"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palante-8"},{"link_name":"Ramón Emeterio Betances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Emeterio_Betances"},{"link_name":"Segundo Ruiz Belvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segundo_Ruiz_Belvis"},{"link_name":"\"The Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"El Grito de Lares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Grito_de_Lares"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Arturo Alfonso Schomburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Alfonso_Schomburg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"During the 19th century, commerce existed between the ports of the East Coast of the United States and the Spanish colony of Puerto Rico. Ship records show that many Puerto Ricans traveled on ships that sailed from and to the U.S. and Puerto Rico. Many of them settled in places such as New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts. Upon the outbreak of the American Civil War, many Puerto Ricans, such as Lieutenant Augusto Rodriguez, joined the ranks of the armed forces, however since Puerto Ricans were Spanish subjects they were inscribed as Spaniards.[7] The earliest Puerto Rican enclave in New York City was in Manhattan. Most of the Puerto Ricans who moved there came from well-to-do families or were people whose economic situation could permit them the luxury of traveling from the island to New York City by way of steamship, an expensive and long trip. Amongst the first Puerto Ricans to immigrate to New York City were men and women who were exiled by the Spanish Crown for their political beliefs and struggles for the cause of Puerto Rican independence. By 1850, Puerto Rico and Cuba were the only two remaining Spanish colonies in the New World. The Spanish Crown would either imprison or banish any person who promoted the independence of these two nations.[8] Two of these exiles were Ramón Emeterio Betances and Segundo Ruiz Belvis who together founded \"The Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico\" in New York. They were the planners of the short and failed 1868 revolt against Spain in Puerto Rico known as El Grito de Lares.[9] Another prominent Puerto Rican who in 1871 immigrated to New York was Arturo Alfonso Schomburg, considered by many as the \"Father of Black History\". He became a member of the \"Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico\" and was an outspoken promoter of not only the independence of Puerto Rico, but of Cuba also.[10]","title":"Early 19th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antonio Vélez Alvarado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_V%C3%A9lez_Alvarado"},{"link_name":"Juan Ríus Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_R%C3%ADus_Rivera"},{"link_name":"Francisco Gonzalo Marín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Gonzalo_Mar%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FGMS-12"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FGMS-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junta_Revolucionaria.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sotero Figueroa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotero_Figueroa"},{"link_name":"José Martí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rican Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Flag"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Antonio Mattei Lluberas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Mattei_Lluberas"},{"link_name":"coffee plantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_plantation"},{"link_name":"Ramón Emeterio Betances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Emeterio_Betances"},{"link_name":"Intentona de Yauco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentona_de_Yauco"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HMPR-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Immigartion-16"}],"text":"Four other Puerto Ricans who moved to New York because of political reasons were Manuel Besosa, Antonio Vélez Alvarado, Juan Ríus Rivera, and Francisco Gonzalo Marín. These four Puerto Ricans joined the Cuban Liberation Army whose headquarters was in New York City.Some sources document Francisco Gonzalo Marín with presenting a Puerto Rican flag prototype in 1895 for adoption by the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee in New York City. Marín has since been credited by some with the flag's design.[11] There is a letter written by Juan de Mata Terreforte which gives credit to Marin. The original contents of the letter in Spanish are the following:[12]\"La adopción de la bandera cubana con los colores invertidos me fue sugerida por el insigne patriota Francisco Gonzalo Marín en una carta que me escribió desde Jamaica. Yo hice la proposición a los patriotas puertorriqueños que asistieron al mitin de Chimney Hall y fue aprobada unánimemente.\"Which translated in English states the following:The adaptation of the Cuban flag with the colors inverted was suggested by the patriot Francisco Gonzalo Marín in a letter which he wrote from Jamaica. I made the proposition to various Puerto Rican patriots during a meeting at Chimney Hall and it was approved unanimously.[12]Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee(standing L-R) Manuel Besosa, Aurelio Méndez Martínez, and Sotero Figueroa (seated L-R) Juan de M. Terreforte, D. Jose Julio Henna and Roberto H. ToddIt is also believed that on June 12, 1892, Antonio Vélez Alvarado was at his apartment at 219 Twenty-Third Street in Manhattan, when he stared at a Cuban flag for a few minutes, and then took a look at the blank wall in which it was being displayed. Vélez suddenly perceived an optical illusion, in which he perceived the image of the Cuban flag with the colors in the flag's triangle and stripes inverted. Almost immediately he visited a nearby merchant, Domingo Peraza, from whom he bought some crepe paper to build a crude prototype. He later displayed his prototype in a dinner meeting at his neighbor's house, where the owner, Micaela Dalmau vda. de Carreras, had invited José Martí as a guest.[13]In a letter written by Maria Manuela (Mima) Besosa, the daughter of the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee member Manuel Besosa, she stated that she sewed the flag. This message created a belief that her father could have been its designer.Even though Marín presented the Puerto Rican Flag in New York's \"Chimney Corner Hotel\",[14] it may never be known who designed the current flag. What is known, however, is that on December 22, 1895, the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee officially adopted a design which is today the official flag of Puerto Rico.In 1897, Antonio Mattei Lluberas, a wealthy coffee plantation owner from Yauco, visited the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee in New York City. There he met with Ramón Emeterio Betances, Juan de Mata Terreforte and Aurelio Méndez Martinez and together they proceeded to plan a major coup. The uprising, which became known as the Intentona de Yauco was to be directed by Betances, organized by Aurelio Mendez Mercado and the armed forces were to be commanded by General Juan Ríus Rivera from Cuba.[15] The political immigration to New York practically came to a halt in 1898 after the Spanish–American War when Puerto Rico became a possession of the United States. It is estimated that 1,800 Puerto Rican citizens (they were not American citizens until 1917) had immigrated to New York during this period.[16]","title":"Origins of the Puerto Rican Flag"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TheSanJuanNews.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States Treasury Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Treasury_Department"},{"link_name":"Isabel Gonzalez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Gonzalez"},{"link_name":"Ellis Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Island"},{"link_name":"Jones–Shafroth Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones%E2%80%93Shafroth_Act"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"migrated to the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Immigartion-16"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"conscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription"},{"link_name":"U.S. 369th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/369th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Rafael Hernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Mar%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Afro-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-American"},{"link_name":"Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Pr_baseball_game_poster.gif"},{"link_name":"Nero Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero_Chen"},{"link_name":"Fifth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Madison Avenues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Avenue"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PPNY-22"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Oscar Garcia Rivera, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Garcia_Rivera,_Sr."},{"link_name":"Mayagüez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayag%C3%BCez"},{"link_name":"New York State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EHN-24"}],"text":"Cover of The San Juan News announcing the Supreme Court decision in the Isabel Gonzalez case of 1904In 1902, the United States Treasury Department issued new immigration guidelines that changed the status of all Puerto Ricans to \"foreigners\". Isabel Gonzalez was a young single mother who was expecting her second child. Her fiancé, who was in New York, sent for her with the intention of getting married. When Gonzalez arrived in New York, she and all the Puerto Ricans who were with her, were detained in Ellis Island and denied entry. She was accused of being an alien and as an unwed parent she was deemed as a burden to the welfare system of the country. Gonzalez challenged the Government of the United States in the groundbreaking case \"GONZALES v. WILLIAMS' (her surname was misspelled by immigration officials). The Supreme Court ruled that under the immigration laws González was not an alien, and therefore could not be denied entry into New York. It also stated that Puerto Ricans were not U.S. citizens, they were \"noncitizen nationals\". Gonzalez, who became an activist on behalf of all Puerto Ricans, paved the way for the Jones–Shafroth Act, which conferred United States citizenship on all citizens of Puerto Rico.[17]In 1917, the United States entered World War I and that same year the United States Congress approved the Jones–Shafroth Act which gave Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship. Puerto Ricans no longer needed a passport to travel to the U.S. and were allowed to seek public office in the mainland U.S.[18] The economic situation in the island was bad and continued to worsen as a result of the many hurricanes which destroyed most of its crops. Many Puerto Rican families migrated to the United States, the bulk of whom went to New York, in search of a better way of life.[16] In New York, they faced the same hardships and discrimination that earlier groups of immigrants, such as the Irish, the Italians, and the Jews, had faced before them. It was difficult for them to find well paying jobs because of the language barrier and their lack of technical working skills. The few men who found jobs worked for low salaries in factories. The women usually stayed home as housewives and tended to their children. Those who did not find jobs had the option of joining the United States Military.[19] Prior to the Jones–Shafroth Act, Puerto Ricans in the mainland United States as all other non-citizens, who were permanent residents were required to register with the Selective Service System by law and could be drafted,[20] however one of the effects of the Act was that all Puerto Ricans were now eligible for the military \"draft\" (conscription). One of the military units at that time was New York's U.S. 369th Infantry Regiment. Rafael Hernández was a Puerto Rican who served in the almost all Afro-American unit. The unit fought against the Germans in France and became known as the \"Harlem Hellfighters\".[21] Hernández, his brother Jesus and 16 other Puerto Ricans were assigned to the United States Army's Harlem Hellfighters musical band, the Orchestra Europe.1924 Baseball Game between the San Juan BBC and Porto Rico Stars in New YorkNero Chen was one of the many Puerto Ricans who settled in East Harlem. He became the first Puerto Rican boxer to gain acclaim when in 1917 he fought against \"Panama Joe Gans\" at Harlem's Palace Casino which was located at 28 East 135th St., between Fifth and Madison Avenues, in Manhattan.[22] As evidenced by an early 1924 poster, migrants in New York organized baseball teams which played against each other. The poster announces a game which was held at Howard Field in Brooklyn between two teams, the San Juan B.B.C. and the Porto Rican Stars, made of Puerto Ricans from the East Side section of Manhattan.As the economic situation in the United States worsened in a prelude to the Great Depression, many Puerto Ricans in the mainland found themselves competing with other groups for the positions of unskilled labor such as dishwashers, maintenance and laundry workers. This led to the \"Harlem Riots\" of July 1926. between unemployed Jews and Puerto Ricans. Various Puerto Rican organizations in East Harlem, organized a media campaign to ease the tensions between the groups involved and called upon the mayor, governor of the state to restore order and provide protection to the area.[23]In 1937, Oscar Garcia Rivera, Sr. (1900–1969), a native of Mayagüez and resident of East Harlem, became the first Puerto Rican to be elected to public office in the continental United States as a member of the New York State Assembly. A witness of the discrimination which Puerto Ricans were subject to, he created the \"Unemployment Insurance Bill\" which paved the way for the passage of bills which established minimum hours and wages for working people, the creation of a Wage Board within the Labor Department, and the right of employees to organize and negotiate grievances. In 1956, he also became the first Puerto Rican to be nominated as the Republican candidate for Justice of the City Court.[24]","title":"Early 20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CigarMakersPR.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yauco, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yauco,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-25"},{"link_name":"Bernardo Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Vega_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-26"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Puerto_Rican_cigar_history-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Teatro_Puerto_Rico_-_1954.jpg"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Puerto_Rican_cigar_history-29"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-25"}],"text":"Tabaqueros in Yauco, Puerto Rico rolling cigars by handTabaqueros are tobacco workers. The tobacco industry was extremely popular but increased in popularity and manufacturing during the first decade of the United States domination of exportation. By 1901, Puerto Rico shifted from importing to exporting, and cigar making began to increase. By the 1920s, the Puerto Rican tobacco-processing industry exports grew thirty times from when it began in 1901.[25] This provided thousands of migrants with job opportunities to move to the United States in search of better economic opportunities.During this time of industrial prosperity the Puerto Rican community grew in cities like New York City. Bernardo Vega explained in his memoir, Memoirs of Bernardo Vega the lifestyle of the working Puerto Rican community in New York City more importantly the tabaquero culture. Tabaqueros were very politically and socially involved in their communities, and were successfully organized collectively as a group.[26] Politically tabaqueros were suspected of socialist orientation, and were influenced by the Jewish Workmen Circle, that were mutual aid societies of the working-class socialists.[27] These mutual aid groups, tobacco worker's associations were no mimic to those of already established by other ethnic working class, mainly they were recreated organizations that were known to the workers back on the island.[26][27] The life of a tabaquero was very simple during these times, but were a very progressive working community that understood how cultural form/discrimination could reflect political will towards the community.[28] The Tabaqueros held a sense of pride in their work as well as their eloquent knowledge of politics and culture, which they would learn during working hours and events of associations like Circulo de Tabaqueros.[26] Hand rolling cigars gave pride to the workers as they found this job to be more on the artistic side rather than domestic. They thought of themselves more like an \"artist rather than a worker.\"[29]Teatro Puerto RicoCigar makers would sit in front of tables for hours and hand roll each cigar. Since this was a very tedious process, workers would pay 15–20 cents each week for someone to read them the newspaper or books while they worked. This was more of a custom in the Puerto Rican cigar making factories.[29] Many newspapers and magazines that would advocate social and political doctrines were published in Spanish in New York City: Cultura Proletria an anarchist read; more general-topics El Heraldo; La Prensa, was a daily that began to be published in 1913.[26] Mainly at this time the readers were women, that would read but women during this time were not just reading at factories but also rolling the cigars themselves. By the 1920s the economic depression hit industry hard. Many cigar workers/ tabaqueros were going on strike due to pay. Tabaqueros traditionally were known in the community for being the highest paid workers in the Puerto Rican Community. However now with the crisis, factories began to move and seek workers like women to take over the tabaquero skill for cheap labor. By 1920 there were 8,766 women working in these factories.[25] Women that worked in tobacco factories mainly did leaf stripping and were considered to be equal in the structural exploitation of labor. For the unions of the tabaqueros the difference in sex/gender of the worker did not matter in the fight against exploitation.","title":"Tabaqueros"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Woman_sewing_in_a_Puerto_Rico_garment_shop.jpg"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greatdepressionsbook.com-30"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palante-8"},{"link_name":"New York Port of Embarkation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Port_of_Embarkation"},{"link_name":"Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Oglethorpe,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PR_Women-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Immigartion-16"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Williamsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Bushwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushwick,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"South Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx"},{"link_name":"Piragueros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piragua_(food)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AJES-34"}],"text":"A Puerto Rican woman working in a garment factorySeveral factors contributed and led to what came to be known as \"The Great Migration\" of Puerto Ricans to New York. These were the following: the Great Depression, World War II and the advent of air travel.The Great Depression which spread throughout the world was also felt in Puerto Rico. Since the island's economy was and still is dependent to that of the United States, it was to be expected that when the American banks and industries began to fail the effect would be felt in the island. Unemployment was on the rise as a consequence and therefore, many families fled to the mainland US in search of jobs.[30]The outbreak of World War II opened the doors to many of the migrants who were searching for jobs. Since a large portion of the male population of the U.S. was sent to war, there was a sudden need of manpower to fulfill the jobs left behind. Puerto Ricans, both male and female, found themselves employed in factories and ship docks, producing both domestic and warfare goods. The new migrants gained the knowledge and working skills which in the future would serve them well. The military also provided a steady source of income,[8] in 1944, the Puerto Rican WAC unit, Company 6, 2nd Battalion, 21st Regiment of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps, a segregated Hispanic unit, was assigned to the New York Port of Embarkation, after their basic training at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia. They were assigned to work in military offices which planned the shipment of troops around the world.[31][32]The advent of air travel provided Puerto Ricans with an affordable and faster way of travel to New York. The one thing that most migrants had in common was that they wanted a better way of life than was available in Puerto Rico, and although each held personal reasons for migrating, their decision generally was rooted in the island's impoverished conditions as well as the public policies that sanctioned migration.[16]In 1948, the Migration Division of the Department of Labor of Puerto Rico opened its office in New York City. Its mission was to mediate between the island and the New York/Puerto Rican community, assuage the adjustment experience of new arrivals, and generally inform them about jobs, housing and other critical concerns.[33] It wasn't long before the Puerto Rican \"Barrios\" in the Williamsburg, Bushwick, South Bronx, Spanish Harlem, and Manhattan's Lower East Side began to resemble \"Little Puerto Ricos\" with their \"Bodegas\" (small grocery stores) and \"Piragueros\" (Puerto Rican shaved ice venders) in every corner.[34] It is estimated that from 1946 to 1950 there were 31,000 Puerto Rican migrants each year to New York.","title":"World War II and The Great Migration"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Piragua1920.jpg"},{"link_name":"barrios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrio"},{"link_name":"The Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Spanish Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Harlem"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"piraguas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piragua_(food)"},{"link_name":"shaved ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaved_ice"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greatdepressionsbook.com-30"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Puerto Rican culture in New York","text":"A piragüero in NYC posing with his Piragua pushcart in the 1920sPuerto Ricans began to form their own small \"barrios\", in The Bronx, Brooklyn, and in East Harlem (which would become known as Spanish Harlem).[35] It was in East Harlem where the Puerto Rican migrants established a cultural life of great vitality and sociality. They also participated in some of the sports, such as boxing and baseball which were first introduced in the island by the American Armed Forces after the Spanish–American War.[36]Puerto Ricans who moved to New York not only took with them their customs and traditions, they also took with them their piraguas, a Puerto Rican frozen treat, shaped like a pyramid, made of shaved ice and covered with fruit flavored syrup.[30][37] According to Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia: by Winston James, piraguas were introduced in New York by Puerto Ricans as early as 1926.","title":"World War II and The Great Migration"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TIFF_2019_jlo_(1_of_1)-2_(48696671561)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez"},{"link_name":"triple threat entertainers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_threat_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Nuyorican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuyorican"},{"link_name":"Pedro Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Flores_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Myrta Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrta_Silva"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AJES-34"},{"link_name":"Manuel Jimenez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Jim%C3%A9nez_(musician)"},{"link_name":"plena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plena"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Tito Puente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Puente"},{"link_name":"Tito Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Rodr%C3%ADguez"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"salsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_music"},{"link_name":"Willie Colon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Col%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Ray Barretto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Barretto"},{"link_name":"Fania Allstars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fania_All-Stars"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Joe Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Cuba"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Rock Steady Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Steady_Crew"},{"link_name":"DJ Charlie Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Charlie_Chase"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"jibaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%ADbaro_music"},{"link_name":"bomba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba_(Puerto_Rico)"},{"link_name":"plena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plena"},{"link_name":"El Barrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Harlem"},{"link_name":"South Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Los Pleneros de la 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Pleneros_de_la_21"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Teatro Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"José Feliciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Feliciano"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CJ-46"},{"link_name":"freestyle music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_music"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Puerto Rican music in New York","text":"Jennifer Lopez, one of the highest-grossing and most multi-faceted triple threat entertainers in global history, is a Nuyorican.Puerto Rican music flourished with the likes of Rafael Hernández and Pedro Flores who formed the \"Trio Borincano\" and gained recognition in the city. Myrta Silva who later joined Hernandez's \"Cuarteto Victoria\" also gained fame as a singer after the group traveled and played throughout the United States.[34]Puerto Ricans played an important role in the New York’s Latin dance and jazz scenes between the World Wars, with singer and band leader Manuel Jimenez (“El Canario”) popularizing the traditional Puerto Rican plena through his big band arrangements.[38] Nuyorican band leaders Tito Puente and Tito Rodriguez popularized the mambo style in the 1950s and early 1960s,[39] which was followed by the emergence of salsa in the late 1960s with a younger generation of Nuyorican musicians led by Willie Colon, Ray Barretto, and the Fania Allstars.[40] [41] Joe Cuba and other Nuyoricans fused mambo and Cuban dance rhythms with African American rhythm and blues to create the popular New York boogaloo sound in the 1960s.[42] In the 1980s, Nuyorican Break dancers Rock Steady Crew and DJ Charlie Chase helped shape the early South Bronx hip hop scene.[43]Following the in migration of large numbers of Puerto Ricans to New York in the 1950s, folk style jibaro, bomba, and plena music became part of the cultural fabric of East Harlem (El Barrio) and the South Bronx.[44] The Afro Puerto Rican styles of bomba and plena enjoyed a renaissance in New York in the 1980s and 1990s through the efforts of the drum and dance ensemble Los Pleneros de la 21, led by Santurce native Juan “Junago” Guiterrez.[45]The South Bronx became a hub for Puerto Rican music. Theaters which had served to previous groups of immigrants, such as the Irish and the Italians, for their dramatic works or vaudeville style shows, now served the growing Puerto Rican and Latino population with musical performances from musicians from Puerto Rico and Latin America. Plus, the local Bronx's burgeoning Latino musicians. Among these theaters were the historical Teatro Puerto Rico at E. 138th St. and Hunts Point Palace in Southern Blvd. During the Teatro Puerto Rico's \"golden era\", which lasted from 1947 to 1956, musician José Feliciano made his stateside debut[46]New York City also became the mecca for freestyle music in the 1980s, of which Puerto Rican singer-songwriters represented an integral component.[47] Puerto Rican influence in popular music continues in the 21st century, encompassing major artists such as Jennifer Lopez.[48]","title":"World War II and The Great Migration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GI Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GI_Bill"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-27"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palante-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ricky_Martin_at_the_National_Puerto_Rican_Day_Parade.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ricky Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Martin"},{"link_name":"Operation Bootstrap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bootstrap"},{"link_name":"Teodoro Moscoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Moscoso"},{"link_name":"Luis Muñoz Marín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Mu%C3%B1oz_Mar%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Robert F. Wagner, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner,_Jr."},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palante-8"},{"link_name":"Lolita Lebrón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolita_Lebr%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rican Nationalist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party"},{"link_name":"Blair House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blair_House"},{"link_name":"Harry S. Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Antonia Pantoja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonia_Pantoja"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Carmine Gerard DeSapio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmine_DeSapio"},{"link_name":"Tammany Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall"},{"link_name":"Tony Méndez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_M%C3%A9ndez"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TM-52"},{"link_name":"Tony Méndez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_M%C3%A9ndez"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TM-52"},{"link_name":"Orlando, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palante-8"}],"text":"The third great wave of domestic migration from Puerto Rico came after World War II. Nearly 40,000 Puerto Ricans settled in New York City in 1946, and 58,500 in 1952–53. Many soldiers who returned after World War II made use of the GI Bill and went to college. Puerto Rican women confronted economic exploitation, discrimination, racism, and the insecurities inherent in the migration process on a daily basis, however they fared better than did men in the job market. The women left their homes for the factories in record numbers.[27] By 1953, Puerto Rican migration to New York reached its peak when 75,000 people left the island.[8]Ricky Martin at the annual Puerto Rican parade in New York CityOperation Bootstrap (\"Operación Manos a la Obra\") is the name given to the ambitious projects which industrialized Puerto Rico in the mid-20th century engineered by Teodoro Moscoso. The attracted industry did not provide sufficient job opportunities. With increased population growth and displacement from traditional labor pursuits, the growing population could not be accommodated. Much of the surplus labor migrated to the United States. In 1948, Puerto Ricans elected their first governor Luis Muñoz Marín, who together with his government initiated a series of social and economic reforms with the introduction of new programs in the island. Some of these programs met some resistance from the American government and therefore, the local government had some trouble implementing the same.[49] New York Mayor Robert F. Wagner, Jr. began a campaign to recruit Puerto Rican laborers in the island to work in the city's factories. Mayor Wagner figured that the city would benefit greatly by the luring of what was considered to be \"cheap labor\".[8]Discrimination was rampant in the United States and it was no different in New York. As stated by Lolita Lebrón, there were signs in restaurants which read \"No dogs or Puerto Ricans allowed\". The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party established an office in New York in the 1950s and attracted many migrants. Leaders of the party conceived a plan that would involve an attack on the Blair House with the intention of assassinating United States President Harry S. Truman and an attack on the House of Representatives. These events had a negative impact on the Puerto Rican migrants. Americans viewed Puerto Ricans as anti-Americans and the discrimination against them became even more widespread.[50]Many Puerto Ricans were able to overcome these obstacles and became respected members of their communities. Many such as Antonia Pantoja, established organizations such as \"ASPIRA\", that helped their fellow countrymen to reach their goals.[51]In 1954, a group of politicians close to Carmine Gerard DeSapio, then the leader of Tammany Hall, chose Tony Méndez to lead the eastern section of the district, known as the 14th Assembly District. He was chosen by the group, which was also known as the Democratic County Committee, because in those days there was no direct election of district leaders. Plus, the influx of Puerto Ricans moving to the 14th Assembly District, in which East Harlem is located, replaced the members of the Italian Community who preceded them and eventually moved out. Méndez became the first native-born Puerto Rican to become a district leader of a major political party in New York City.[52]The first New York Puerto Rican Day Parade, founded by Tony Méndez was held on Sunday, April 13, 1958, in the \"Barrio\" in Manhattan.[52] Its first President was Victor López and it was coordinated by José Caballero. The grand marshals were Oscar González Suarez and Tony Méndez Esq. Prominent personalities from Puerto Rico headed by then Governor Luis Muñoz Marín, attended the initial parade. The parade was organized as a show of Puerto Rican pride and is a tradition which not only continues today in the city of New York but, that has also extended to other cities such as Chicago, Illinois and Orlando, Florida.[53] By 1960, the United States census showed that there were well over 600,000 New Yorkers of Puerto Rican birth or parentage. Estimates were that more than one million Puerto Ricans had migrated during that period.[8]","title":"1950s"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuyorican_Poets_Cafe_in_Loisaida_section_of_New_York_City.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nuyorican movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuyorican_movement"},{"link_name":"Jesús Colón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Col%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Nuyorican Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuyorican_Movement"},{"link_name":"Giannina Braschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giannina_Braschi"},{"link_name":"Sandra Maria Esteves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Maria_Esteves"},{"link_name":"Tato Laviera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tato_Laviera"},{"link_name":"Miguel Algarín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Algar%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Miguel Piñero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Pi%C3%B1ero"},{"link_name":"Pedro Pietri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"The Nuyorican Poets CaféSee also: Nuyorican movementPuerto Rican writer Jesús Colón founded an intellectual movement involving poets, writers, musicians and artists who are Puerto Rican or of Puerto Rican descent and who live in or near New York City which became known as the Nuyorican Movement. The phenomenon of the \"Nuyoricans\" came about when many Puerto Ricans who migrated to New York City faced difficult situations and hardships, such as racial discrimination. Leading voices include Giannina Braschi, Sandra Maria Esteves, and Tato Laviera. A \"Nuyorican\" subculture developed. In 1980, Puerto Rican poets Miguel Algarín, Miguel Piñero and Pedro Pietri established the \"Nuyorican Poets Café\" on Manhattan's Lower East Side (236 E 3rd Street, between Avenues B and C) which is now considered a New York landmark.[54]","title":"Nuyorican Movement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westchester County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Staten Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staten_Island,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"North Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"spheres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Reading, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Lawrence, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PRimmigrationchart.png"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012PRestNYC-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013PRestNYState-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pew2014-65"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYMetroPRest-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PR_Parade_2005.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Puerto Rican Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Day_Parade"},{"link_name":"Northern New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Paterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Luis A. Quintana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_A._Quintana"},{"link_name":"Añasco, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1asco,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Cory Booker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory_Booker"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senator"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"socioeconomic ladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioeconomic_status"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Maria_(2017)"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PostMariaPuertoRicanDestination-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"text":"By 1964, the Puerto Rican community made up 9.3 percent of the total New York City's population. The Puerto Rican migrants who gained economic success began to move away from the \"Barrios\" and settled in Westchester County, Staten Island, and Long Island or moved to other cities in other states like New Jersey (especially North Jersey which is still a part of the NYC metropolitan area), Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and Florida, among others.[57] New immigrants from the Dominican Republic, Mexico and South America moved into the Barrios which were once mainly occupied by the Puerto Ricans.[58] The 1970s saw what became known as reverse-migration. Many Puerto Ricans returned to the island to buy homes and to invest in local businesses. Puerto Ricans have made many important contributions to the cultural and political spheres of New York and the society of the United States in general. They have contributed in the fields of entertainment, the arts, music, industry, science, politics, and military.[59] Other Puerto Ricans have moved from New York to settle in smaller cities throughout the northeastern United States. For example, in 2009 Puerto Ricans alone made up 29.1% of Reading, Pennsylvania's population,[60] which was over 53% Hispanic, and 25.0% of Lawrence, Massachusetts' population, which was over 70% Hispanic.[61]Chart reflecting Puerto Rican migration in the United States circa 1980sHowever, since 2006, there has been a resurgence in migration from Puerto Rico to New York City[62] and New Jersey, with an apparently multifactorial allure to Puerto Ricans, primarily for economic and cultural considerations. The Census estimate for the New York City, the city proper with the largest Puerto Rican population by a significant margin, has increased from 723,621 in 2010, to 730,848 in 2012;[63] while New York State's Puerto Rican population was estimated to have increased from 1,070,558 in 2010, to 1,103,067 in 2013.[64]New York State overall has also resumed its net in-migration of Puerto Rican Americans since 2006, a dramatic reversal from being the only state to register a decrease in its Puerto Rican population between 1990 and 2000. The Puerto Rican population of New York State, still the largest in the United States, is estimated by the U.S. Census Bureau to have increased from 1,070,558 in 2010 to 1,103,067 in 2013. New York State gained more Puerto Rican migrants from Puerto Rico as well as from elsewhere on the mainland between 2006 and 2012 than any other state in absolute numbers.[65] Also, unlike the initial pattern of migration several decades ago, this second Puerto Rican migration into New York and surrounding states is being driven by movement not only into New York City proper, but also into the city's surrounding suburban areas, such that the New York City Metropolitan Area gained the highest number of additional Puerto Rican Americans of any metropolitan area between 2010 and 2016, to 1,494,670 in 2016.[6]National Puerto Rican Parade in New York City, 2005Northern New Jersey has also received a robust influx of Puerto Rican migration in the 21st century,[66][67] given its proximity to both New York City's and Philadelphia's Puerto Rican establishments. Within the metropolitan area surrounding New York City, Paterson[68] and Newark[69] in New Jersey are important homes for Puerto Rican Americans. Jose \"Joey\" Torres was elected mayor of Paterson in 2014, where he had served two prior terms as mayor as well;[70][71] while Luis A. Quintana, born in Añasco, Puerto Rico, was sworn in as Newark's first Latino mayor in November 2013, assuming the unexpired term of Cory Booker, who vacated the position to become a U.S. Senator from New Jersey.[72] However, as Puerto Ricans continue to climb the socioeconomic ladder and to enter professional occupations in greater numbers, they are also purchasing homes in New Jersey's more affluent suburban towns. After Hurricane Maria struck Puerto Rico in September 2017, devastating the infrastructure of the island, New York State was expected to be the likeliest destination for Puerto Rican migrants to the U.S. mainland when premised upon family ties, with New Jersey being the third likeliest destination.[73] The 5.6 million Puerto Ricans living stateside in 2017, were largely concentrated in Florida, NY and NJ; 20% in Florida, 20% in New York, and 8% in New Jersey.[74]2019 was the first time in 15 years when New York was not in the top ten destinations for people leaving Puerto Rico. In 2019, New York was ranked 11th.[75]","title":"Late 20th century and early 21st century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"South Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx"},{"link_name":"Bushwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushwick,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Williamsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"East New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_New_York,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Brownsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsville,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Coney Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coney_Island,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Red Hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hook,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Sunset Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_Park,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flatbush-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williamsburgpuertorico-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eastnewyorkghetto-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sunsetparkcloseup-85"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rican Day Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Day_Parade"},{"link_name":"Ridgewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridgewood,_Queens"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ridgewoodallcity-86"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Spanish Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Harlem"},{"link_name":"Loisaida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loisaida"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eastharlemhistory-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sellingloisaida-88"},{"link_name":"Italian Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Harlem"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eastharlemhistory-87"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eastharlemhistory-87"},{"link_name":"Avenue A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_A_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_immigration_into_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_American"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_American"},{"link_name":"General Slocum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Slocum"},{"link_name":"East Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Village,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Lower East Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_East_Side"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sellingloisaida-88"},{"link_name":"Mariners' Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariners_Harbor,_Staten_Island"},{"link_name":"Elm Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm_Park,_Staten_Island"},{"link_name":"Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ByType2010-3"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vonypuertorico-89"},{"link_name":"urban decay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_decay"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cityonahill-90"},{"link_name":"Castle Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Hill,_Bronx"},{"link_name":"Clason Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clason_Point,_Bronx"},{"link_name":"Soundview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundview,_Bronx"},{"link_name":"Longwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwood,_Bronx"},{"link_name":"Hunts Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunts_Point,_Bronx"},{"link_name":"West Farms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Farms,_Bronx"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cen20-92"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ByType2010-3"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Census-80"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Census-80"}],"text":"Brooklyn has several neighborhoods with a Puerto Rican presence, and many of the ethnic Puerto Rican neighborhoods in Brooklyn formed before the Puerto Rican neighborhoods in the South Bronx because of the work demand in the Brooklyn Navy Yard in the 1940s and 50s. Bushwick has the highest concentration of Puerto Ricans in Brooklyn. Other neighborhoods with significant populations include Williamsburg, East New York, Brownsville, Coney Island, Red Hook, and Sunset Park.[82][83][84][85] In Williamsburg; Graham Avenue is nicknamed \"Avenue of Puerto Rico\" because of the high density and strong ethnic enclave of Puerto Ricans who have been living in the neighborhood since the 1950s. The Puerto Rican Day Parade is also hosted on the avenue.Ridgewood, Queens, also has a significant Puerto Rican population, as does the neighboring community of Bushwick, Brooklyn.[86]Puerto Rican neighborhoods in Manhattan include Spanish Harlem and Loisaida.[87][88] Spanish Harlem was \"Italian Harlem\" from the 1880s until the 1940s.[87] By 1940, however, the name \"Spanish Harlem\" was becoming widespread, and by 1950, the area was predominately Puerto Rican and African American.[87] Loisaida is an enclave east of Avenue A that originally comprised German, Jewish, Irish, and Italian working class residents who lived in tenements without running water; the German presence, already in decline, virtually ended after the General Slocum disaster in 1904. Since then, the community has become Puerto Rican and Latino in character, despite the \"gentrification\" that has affected the East Village and the Lower East Side since the late 20th century.[88]Staten Island has a fairly large Puerto Rican population along the North Shore, especially in the Mariners' Harbor, Arlington, Elm Park, Graniteville, Port Richmond, and Stapleton neighborhoods, where the population is in the 20% range.Puerto Ricans are present in large numbers throughout the Bronx, which has the highest percentage of Puerto Ricans of any borough.[3] In some places in the South Bronx, Spanish is the primary language.[89] Throughout the 1970s, the South Bronx became known as the epitome of urban decay, but has since made a recovery.[90] Although, Puerto Rican presence is widespread throughout the Bronx, the south central portions of the borough have the highest concentrations. Neighborhoods like Castle Hill, Clason Point, Soundview, Longwood, Hunts Point, and West Farms have some of the highest concentrations of Puerto Ricans in the New York metropolitan area.[91] The Bronx currently has more Puerto Ricans than any US county.[92] In 2010, there were 298,921 Puerto Ricans in the Bronx, representing 21.6% of the borough and 41% of the New York City's Puerto Ricans, and between 1970-1990 the percentage Puerto Ricans made up of the Bronx was around 25-30%.[3][93]In New York and many other cities, Puerto Ricans usually live in close proximity with Dominicans and African Americans.[80] High concentrations of Puerto Ricans are also present in numerous public housing developments throughout the city.[80]","title":"Enclaves"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sonia_Sotomayor_in_SCOTUS_robe.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sonia Sotomayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor"},{"link_name":"Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"U.S. Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"}],"sub_title":"Puerto Rican population in New York","text":"Sonia Sotomayor, born in the Bronx, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme CourtAs of 1990, New Yorkers of Puerto Rican descent (Nuyoricans), numbered 143,974. Nearly 41,800 state residents (Nuyoricans) in 1990 had lived in Puerto Rico in 1985. According to the Census taken in the year 2000, Puerto Rican migrants made up 1.2% of the total population of the United States, with a population of well over 3 million Puerto Ricans (including those of Puerto Rican descent). If taken into account together with the almost 4 million Puerto Ricans who are U.S. citizens (nevertheless, excluded by the U.S. Census statistics of U.S. population), Puerto Ricans make up about 2.5% of the total population of U.S. citizens around the world (within and outside the U.S. mainland).[94]","title":"Enclaves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cen20-92"},{"link_name":"Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Staten Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staten_Island"}],"sub_title":"2020 Puerto Rican population by borough","text":"New York City's total Puerto Rican population was 595,535 and they represented 6.7% of the population. The Puerto Rican population and the percentage Puerto Ricans make up of each borough, as of the 2020 census, is:[92]Bronx – 237,047 (16.1%)\nBrooklyn – 140,029 (5.1%)\nManhattan – 91,274 (5.3%)\nQueens – 89,115 (3.7%)\nStaten Island – 38,070 (7.6%)","title":"Enclaves"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez_Official_Portrait.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez"},{"link_name":"Nuyorican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuyorican"},{"link_name":"The Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx"},{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"New York's 14th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%27s_14th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"ASPIRA Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASPIRA_Association"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pantoja_2002:_93-108-97"},{"link_name":"Hostos Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostos_Community_College"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Boricua College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boricua_College"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Maria_(2017)"},{"link_name":"New York Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Andrew Cuomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"New York Power Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Power_Authority"},{"link_name":"electrical grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_grid"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Battery Park City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_Park_City,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Maria Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Maria_Memorial"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"}],"text":"Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, a Nuyorican representing parts of The Bronx and Queens in New York's 14th congressional district, is the youngest woman ever to be elected to Congress in November 2018.In July 1930, Puerto Rico's Department of Labor established an employment service in New York City.[95] The Migration Division (known as the \"Commonwealth Office\"), also part of Puerto Rico's Department of Labor, was created in 1948, and by the end of the 1950s, was operating in 115 cities and towns stateside.[96] The Department of Puerto Rican Affairs in the United States was established in 1989 as a cabinet-level department in Puerto Rico. Currently, the Commonwealth operates the Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration, which is headquartered in Washington, D.C. and has 12 regional offices throughout the United States.Puerto Ricans in New York have preserved their cultural heritage by being involved actively in the different political and social rights movements in the United States. They founded \"Aspira\", a leader in the field of education, in 1961. The ASPIRA Association is now one of the largest national Latino nonprofit organizations in the United States.[97] Other educational and social organizations founded by Puerto Ricans in New York and elsewhere are the National Puerto Rican Coalition in Washington, DC, the National Puerto Rican Forum, the Puerto Rican Family Institute, Boricua College, the Center for Puerto Rican Studies of the City University of New York at Hunter College, the Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund, the National Conference of Puerto Rican Women, and the New York League of Puerto Rican Women, Inc., among others.Hostos Community College in the Bronx, was named after a Puerto Rican Eugenio Maria de Hostos, and was founded as an all-Puerto Rican college. The college now accepts students of all races, however it largely caters to Hispanics with up to 80% of its students being of Hispanic descent.[98] Boricua College is another originally all-Puerto Rican college with campuses in East Williamsburg and Manhattan.Cultural ties between New York and Puerto Rico are strong. In September 2017, following the immense destruction wrought upon Puerto Rico by Hurricane Maria, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo led an aid delegation to San Juan,[99] including engineers form the New York Power Authority to help restore Puerto Rico's electrical grid.[100] Subsequently, on the one-year anniversary of the storm, in September 2018, Governor Cuomo announced plans for the official New York State memorial to honor the victims of Hurricane Maria, to be built in Battery Park City, Manhattan, citing the deep cultural connections shared between New Yorkers and Puerto Rican Americans.[101] The Hurricane Maria Memorial was unveiled by Governor Cuomo on March 26, 2021 in lower Manhattan.[102]","title":"Puerto Rican influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aída Álvarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%ADda_%C3%81lvarez"},{"link_name":"Juanita Arocho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juanita_Arocho"},{"link_name":"Ivonne Belen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivonne_Belen"},{"link_name":"Herman Badillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Badillo"},{"link_name":"Giannina Braschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giannina_Braschi"},{"link_name":"José A. Cabranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_A._Cabranes"},{"link_name":"Hector Camacho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Camacho"},{"link_name":"Marta Casals Istomin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marta_Casals_Istomin"},{"link_name":"Oscar Collazo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Collazo"},{"link_name":"Jesús Colón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Col%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Míriam Colón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADriam_Col%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Nicky Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky_Cruz"},{"link_name":"Julia de Burgos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_de_Burgos"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Estavillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Estavillo"},{"link_name":"Angelo Falcón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Falc%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"José Ferrer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferrer"},{"link_name":"Oscar Garcia Rivera, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Garcia_Rivera,_Sr."},{"link_name":"Isabel Gonzalez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Gonzalez"},{"link_name":"Maria Elena Holly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Elena_Holly"},{"link_name":"Buddy Holly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Holly"},{"link_name":"Pedro J. Labarthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_J._Labarthe"},{"link_name":"Héctor Lavoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Lavoe"},{"link_name":"Lolita Lebrón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolita_Lebr%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Melissa Mark-Viverito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Mark-Viverito"},{"link_name":"New York City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Olga A. Méndez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_A._M%C3%A9ndez"},{"link_name":"Tony Méndez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_M%C3%A9ndez"},{"link_name":"Rita Moreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Moreno"},{"link_name":"Carlos Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Ortiz_(boxer)"},{"link_name":"Adam Clayton Powell IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_IV"},{"link_name":"Herman Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Santiago"},{"link_name":"Yolanda Serrano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolanda_Serrano"},{"link_name":"Arturo Alfonso Schomburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Alfonso_Schomburg"},{"link_name":"José Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Torres"},{"link_name":"Nydia Velázquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nydia_Vel%C3%A1zquez"}],"text":"The following is a short list of notable Puerto Ricans who migrated to New York:Aída Álvarez – former Small Business Administrator\nJuanita Arocho – political activist, journalist\nIvonne Belen – movie director\nHerman Badillo – first Puerto Rican to serve in Congress\nGiannina Braschi – novelist and essayist\nJudge José A. Cabranes – U.S. circuit judge\nHector Camacho – boxer\nMarta Casals Istomin – musician\nOscar Collazo – Puerto Rican nationalist\nJesús Colón – writer\nMíriam Colón – actress\nRev. Nicky Cruz – minister\nJulia de Burgos – poet\nNicholas Estavillo – the first Hispanic to become a three-star Chief in NYPD\nAngelo Falcón – political scientist\nJosé Ferrer – actor\nOscar Garcia Rivera, Sr. – first Puerto Rican to hold public office in the mainland USA\nIsabel Gonzalez – paved the way for the Jones–Shafroth Act which conferred United States citizenship on all citizens of Puerto Rico\nMaria Elena Holly – widow of \"rock n roll\" pioneer Buddy Holly\nPedro J. Labarthe – poet, journalist, essayist, and novelist\nHéctor Lavoe – singer\nLolita Lebrón – Puerto Rican nationalist\nMelissa Mark-Viverito – elected speaker of the New York City Council in January 2014[103]\nOlga A. Méndez – New York state senator\nTony Méndez – The first native-born Puerto Rican to become a district leader of a major political party in New York City\nRita Moreno – actress\nCarlos Ortiz – boxer\nAdam Clayton Powell IV – N.Y. State Assembly member\nHerman Santiago – composer of \"Why do Fools Fall in Love\"\nYolanda Serrano – HIV/AIDS activist\nArturo Alfonso Schomburg – considered by many as the \"Father of Black History\"\nJosé Torres – boxer\nNydia Velázquez – congresswoman","title":"Notable people who migrated to New York from Puerto Rico"}]
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[{"image_text":"Early Puerto Rican immigrants in New York City","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/EarlyPRimmigrants.gif/300px-EarlyPRimmigrants.gif"},{"image_text":"Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee(standing L-R) Manuel Besosa, Aurelio Méndez Martínez, and Sotero Figueroa (seated L-R) Juan de M. Terreforte, D. Jose Julio Henna and Roberto H. Todd","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Junta_Revolucionaria.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cover of The San Juan News announcing the Supreme Court decision in the Isabel Gonzalez case of 1904","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/TheSanJuanNews.jpg/220px-TheSanJuanNews.jpg"},{"image_text":"1924 Baseball Game between the San Juan BBC and Porto Rico Stars in New York","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Old_Pr_baseball_game_poster.gif/160px-Old_Pr_baseball_game_poster.gif"},{"image_text":"Tabaqueros in Yauco, Puerto Rico rolling cigars by hand","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/CigarMakersPR.jpg/220px-CigarMakersPR.jpg"},{"image_text":"Teatro Puerto Rico","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Teatro_Puerto_Rico_-_1954.jpg/200px-Teatro_Puerto_Rico_-_1954.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Puerto Rican woman working in a garment factory","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Woman_sewing_in_a_Puerto_Rico_garment_shop.jpg/200px-Woman_sewing_in_a_Puerto_Rico_garment_shop.jpg"},{"image_text":"A piragüero in NYC posing with his Piragua pushcart in the 1920s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Piragua1920.jpg/220px-Piragua1920.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jennifer Lopez, one of the highest-grossing and most multi-faceted triple threat entertainers in global history, is a Nuyorican.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/TIFF_2019_jlo_%281_of_1%29-2_%2848696671561%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-TIFF_2019_jlo_%281_of_1%29-2_%2848696671561%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ricky Martin at the annual Puerto Rican parade in New York City","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ricky_Martin_at_the_National_Puerto_Rican_Day_Parade.jpg/260px-Ricky_Martin_at_the_National_Puerto_Rican_Day_Parade.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Nuyorican Poets Café","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Nuyorican_Poets_Cafe_in_Loisaida_section_of_New_York_City.jpg/250px-Nuyorican_Poets_Cafe_in_Loisaida_section_of_New_York_City.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chart reflecting Puerto Rican migration in the United States circa 1980s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PRimmigrationchart.png/250px-PRimmigrationchart.png"},{"image_text":"National Puerto Rican Parade in New York City, 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/PR_Parade_2005.jpg/290px-PR_Parade_2005.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sonia Sotomayor, born in the Bronx, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sonia_Sotomayor_in_SCOTUS_robe.jpg/150px-Sonia_Sotomayor_in_SCOTUS_robe.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, a Nuyorican representing parts of The Bronx and Queens in New York's 14th congressional district, is the youngest woman ever to be elected to Congress in November 2018.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez_Official_Portrait.jpg/140px-Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez_Official_Portrait.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Puerto Rico portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Puerto_Rico"},{"title":"New York City portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_York_City"},{"title":"List of Puerto Ricans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Ricans"},{"title":"List of Stateside Puerto Ricans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Stateside_Puerto_Ricans"},{"title":"Puerto Ricans in the United States (Stateside Puerto Ricans)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_the_United_States_(Stateside_Puerto_Ricans)"},{"title":"Nuyorican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuyorican"},{"title":"Nuyorican movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuyorican_movement"},{"title":"Nuyorican Poets Café","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuyorican_Poets_Caf%C3%A9"},{"title":"Music of Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"title":"Hispanics and Latinos in New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_New_Jersey"},{"title":"Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_Philadelphia"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"The World of 1898: The Spanish–American War\". Loc.gov. June 22, 2011. Retrieved June 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/puertorico.html","url_text":"\"The World of 1898: The Spanish–American War\""}]},{"reference":"\"Puerto Rican Laborers During World War I\". Historymatters.gmu.edu. Retrieved June 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5064/","url_text":"\"Puerto Rican Laborers During World War I\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010 Census Summary File 1\". U.S. Census Bureau. 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10&prodType=table","url_text":"\"Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010 Census Summary File 1\""}]},{"reference":"Cindy Y. Rodriguez (March 22, 2014). \"Why more Puerto Ricans are living in mainland U.S. than in Puerto Rico\". CNN. 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Migration\""},{"Link":"https://www.theweeklyjournal.com/business/number-of-puerto-ricans-living-abroad-keeps-growing/article_7cb7aac2-000e-11ea-b167-9f10687038fa.html","external_links_name":"\"Number of Puerto Ricans Living Abroad Keeps Growing\""},{"Link":"https://estadisticas.pr/files/Publicaciones/PM_2018-2019_1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Perfil del Migrante 2018-2019\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html","external_links_name":"Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For Large Cities And Other Urban Places In The United States"},{"Link":"https://academicworks.cuny.edu/clacls_pubs/112/","external_links_name":"The Puerto Rican Population of the New York Metropolitan Region, 1970-2020"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070613011114/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/pub/puerto.shtml","external_links_name":"Puerto Rican New Yorkers in 1990"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/detailed-race-ethnicities-2020-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the U.S. and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100611082314/http://2010.census.gov/partners/materials/factsheets-pr.php","external_links_name":"\"2010 Census\""},{"Link":"https://2010.census.gov/partners/materials/factsheets-pr.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10&prodType=table","external_links_name":"\"QT-P10 Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010, Census Summary File 1\""},{"Link":"http://www.thirteen.org/brooklyn/i-movie.html","external_links_name":"\"A Walk Around Brooklyn – Interactive Map\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090302090121/http://www.walkingaround.com/williamsburg_puerto_rican.html","external_links_name":"\"Walking Around – Williamsburg – Puerto Rican New York City's Ethnic Neighborhoods\""},{"Link":"http://www.walkingaround.com/williamsburg_puerto_rican.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TWo8OFJpFtAC","external_links_name":"How East New York became a ghetto"},{"Link":"http://www.villagevoice.com/2006-02-21/nyc-life/close-up-on-sunset-park-brooklyn/","external_links_name":"\"Close-Up on Sunset Park, Brooklyn\""},{"Link":"http://walk.allcitynewyork.com/2008/02/ridgewood-to-maspeth.html","external_links_name":"\"All City New York: Ridgewood to Maspeth\""},{"Link":"http://www.east-harlem.com/cb11_197A_history.htm","external_links_name":"\"East Harlem History – 197-A Plan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080513161743/http://www.upress.umn.edu/sles/Chapter6/ch6-2.html","external_links_name":"\"Selling the Lower East Side – The Emergence of Loisaida\""},{"Link":"http://www.upress.umn.edu/sles/chapter6/ch6-2.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020220042519/http://www.nyu.edu/classes/blake.map2001/puertorico.html","external_links_name":"\"¿Hablas Spanish?: The Linguistic Culture of Bronx Puerto Ricans\""},{"Link":"http://www.nyu.edu/classes/blake.map2001/puertorico.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.demographia.com/db-sbrx-txt.htm","external_links_name":"\"CITY ON A HILL: The South Bronx\""},{"Link":"https://steinhardt.nyu.edu/research-alliance/research/spotlight-nyc-schools/where-do-puerto-rican-students-live-new-york-city","external_links_name":"Where do Puerto Ricans in New York City?"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/detailed-race-ethnicities-2020-census.html","external_links_name":"Detailed race ethnicities 2020 census"},{"Link":"https://centropr-archive.hunter.cuny.edu/education/story-us-puerto-ricans-part-four","external_links_name":"Puerto Ricans. Part Four"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070613011114/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/pub/puerto.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Puerto Rican New Yorkers in 1990, analysis of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the city's Puerto Ricans and changes over time\""},{"Link":"http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/pub/puerto.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED452703.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Standards, Exit Exams, and the Politicization of Bilingual Education: The Writing Exit Exam at Hostos College\""},{"Link":"http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/cuomo-puerto-rico-faces-long-road-recovery-wake-maria-article-1.3513329","external_links_name":"\"Cuomo says Puerto Rico faces 'long road' to recovery after assessing Maria's damage to island with relief workers\""},{"Link":"https://www.usnews.com/news/us/articles/2017-09-22/ny-power-company-sends-crew-to-aid-puerto-rico-after-hurricane","external_links_name":"\"N.Y. Power Company Sends Crew to Aid Puerto Rico After Hurricane\""},{"Link":"https://ny.curbed.com/2018/9/20/17884014/hurricane-maria-memorial-new-york-city-puerto-rico","external_links_name":"\"Hurricane Maria memorial will be built in Battery Park City\""},{"Link":"https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2021/03/26/hurricane-maria-memorial-nyc-segundo-cardona-antonio-martorell/","external_links_name":"\"Hurricane Maria Memorial Designed By Segundo Cardona, Antonio Martorell Unveiled In NYC\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/09/nyregion/mark-viverito-is-elected-city-council-speaker.html?hp&_r=0","external_links_name":"\"Mark-Viverito Is Elected City Council Speaker\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060325081938/http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/women/html/wh_030800_puertoricanw.htm","external_links_name":"Puerto Rican Women"},{"Link":"http://nationalyounglords.com/","external_links_name":"Puerto Rican migration within U.S."},{"Link":"http://palante.org/History.htm","external_links_name":"History Puerto Rican migration"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Daye
|
Prince Daye
|
["1 Career","2 References"]
|
Liberian former footballer
Prince DayePersonal informationDate of birth
(1978-04-11) 11 April 1978 (age 46)Place of birth
Monrovia, LiberiaHeight
1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)Position(s)
MidfielderSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1995–1996
Real Republican
?
(?)1996–1997
Invincible Eleven
?
(?)1997–2002
Bastia
93
(13)2002–2003
Club Africain
?
(?)2003–2004
Badajoz
11
(1)2004–2005
Maccabi Petah Tikva
26
(4)2006–2007
Al-Sailiya
?
(?)Total
130+
(18+)International career1996–2004
Liberia
25
(7)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Prince Daye (born 11 April 1978) is a Liberian former footballer who played at both professional and international levels as a midfielder.
Career
Daye played in Ghana for Real Republican, in Liberia for Invincible Eleven, in France for Bastia, in Tunisia for Club Africain, in Spain for Badajoz, in Israel for Maccabi Petah Tikva and in Qatar for Al-Sailiya. After leaving Al-Sailiya in 2007, Daye trialled with Major League Soccer side Los Angeles Galaxy.
Daye also earned 25 caps for Liberia between 1996 and 2004, scoring seven goals. During his international career, Daye appeared in 10 FIFA World Cup qualifying matches.
References
^ a b Prince Daye at National-Football-Teams.com
^ "Prince Daye is on Trial with the MLS club LA Galaxy". LiberianSoccer.com. Archived from the original on 2008-04-04. Retrieved 2008-02-09.
^ Prince Daye – FIFA competition record (archived)
vteLiberia squad – 2002 African Cup of Nations
1 Crayton
2 F. Johnson
3 E. Dixon
4 Kpoto
5 D. Sebwe
6 K. Sebwe
7 Seator
8 D. Johnson
9 Roberts
10 Debbah
11 Sarr Jr
12 Makor
13 Brown
14 Weah
15 Daye
16 Jackson
17 Gebro
18 Yenay
19 Menyongar
20 J. Dixon
21 Kojo
22 Bestman
Coach: Vava
This biographical article related to Liberian association football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"}],"text":"Prince Daye (born 11 April 1978) is a Liberian former footballer who played at both professional and international levels as a midfielder.","title":"Prince Daye"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Real Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Real_Republican&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Invincible Eleven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invincible_Eleven"},{"link_name":"Bastia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Bastia"},{"link_name":"Club Africain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Africain"},{"link_name":"Badajoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Badajoz"},{"link_name":"Maccabi Petah Tikva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabi_Petah_Tikva_F.C."},{"link_name":"Al-Sailiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sailiya_Sport_Club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFT-1"},{"link_name":"Major League Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Galaxy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFT-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Daye played in Ghana for Real Republican, in Liberia for Invincible Eleven, in France for Bastia, in Tunisia for Club Africain, in Spain for Badajoz, in Israel for Maccabi Petah Tikva and in Qatar for Al-Sailiya.[1] After leaving Al-Sailiya in 2007, Daye trialled with Major League Soccer side Los Angeles Galaxy.[2]Daye also earned 25 caps for Liberia between 1996 and 2004, scoring seven goals.[1] During his international career, Daye appeared in 10 FIFA World Cup qualifying matches.[3]","title":"Career"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Prince Daye is on Trial with the MLS club LA Galaxy\". LiberianSoccer.com. Archived from the original on 2008-04-04. Retrieved 2008-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080404133804/http://www.liberiansoccer.com/Prince_Daye_is_on_Trial_with_the_MLS_club_LA_Galaxy20017261541.htm","url_text":"\"Prince Daye is on Trial with the MLS club LA Galaxy\""},{"url":"http://www.liberiansoccer.com/Prince_Daye_is_on_Trial_with_the_MLS_club_LA_Galaxy20017261541.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/3816.html","external_links_name":"Prince Daye"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080404133804/http://www.liberiansoccer.com/Prince_Daye_is_on_Trial_with_the_MLS_club_LA_Galaxy20017261541.htm","external_links_name":"\"Prince Daye is on Trial with the MLS club LA Galaxy\""},{"Link":"http://www.liberiansoccer.com/Prince_Daye_is_on_Trial_with_the_MLS_club_LA_Galaxy20017261541.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=162591/index.html","external_links_name":"Prince Daye"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_Daye&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_90_AFV
|
Type 90 AFV
|
["1 Description","2 Variants","3 Operators","4 External links","5 References"]
|
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Type 90 AFV" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Armoured personnel carrier Type 90 (YW535) TypeArmoured personnel carrierPlace of originChinaProduction historyDesignedlate 1980sManufacturerNorincoProduced1991SpecificationsMass14.5 tonneLength6.744 mWidth3.148 mHeight2.376 mCrew2 (commander and driver) and 13 passengersArmorWelded steel hull, resist rounds up to 12.7mmMainarmament1x Type 54 12.7mm anti-aircraft machine gunEngineDeutz/KHD BF8L 413F 4-cycle air-cooled diesel235 kW (320 hp)Power/weight16.21 kW/tSuspensiontorsion barOperationalrange500 kmMaximum speed 65 km/h
The Type 90 is an armoured fighting vehicle produced by Chinese company Norinco; it is the successor for the Type 85 AFV of which it uses some components. The Type 90 series was developed for export, and consists of at least 10 different types; its industrial index is YW535.
This new type is rather similar to its predecessors Type 85 AFV and Type 89 AFV, but the hull has a different shape, having a vertical lower side wall and a sloping upper side wall. Overall, the Type 90 is bigger and heavier, yet has a lower profile.
Description
The hull is made of all-welded homogeneous armour plate, and provides protection against small arms fire. The vehicle carries a maximum of 15 including crew. The driver sits in the front left of the hull, and has a single piece hatch, which opens to the left. The driver is provided with three day periscopes. One of them can be replaced by a passive low-light-level night vision device or infrared sight. The commander sits behind the driver and has a single piece hatch.
The air-cooled, turbocharged diesel engine sits to the right rear of the driver. The engine is usually the BF8L 413F of 320 hp, but some models (Type 91) are powered by a more powerful 360 hp engine BF8L 513C. A large intake is located in the top of the hull, with an exhaust on the right hand side. The engine feeds a new hydraulic gearbox with 4 forward gears and 1 reverse gear. The track is driven at the front by a drive sprocket, and passes over five dual rubber-typed road wheels and three track-return rollers, then loops over an idler at the rear, before returning to the front again.
A 12.7 millimetre calibre machine gun with armoured shields is located in an open mount at the front of a small hatch in the center of the hull which opens into the troop compartment. The gun can traverse through 360 degrees and can be elevated to an angle of 90 degrees. A total of 1,050 rounds is carried on board. The troop compartment is at the rear of the hull with the infantrymen entering via a large door hinged on the right. Over the top of the troop compartment is a total of four hatches, two small ones located towards the front and two oblong ones to the rear; the latter open outwards. In each side of the hull there are three firing ports with periscopes. On either side of the forward hull, a cluster of four 76 mm smoke grenade dischargers is mounted.
The vehicle is fully amphibious, a folding trim board stowed at the front of the hull needs to be raised, and the vehicle can then propel itself in the water using its tracks. Standard equipment includes an NBC system, a Type 889 radio, and a Type 803 intercom system.
Variants
Type 90 Tracked Armoured Personnel Carrier - Basic version, as described.
Type 90 Armoured Command Vehicle - Retains the basic low-profile hull, but has some of the periscopes removed. Specialised equipment consists of a generator and additional radio sets.
Type 90 Armoured Command Post - Has a higher roofline and is equipped with a generator and multiple radio sets.
Type 90 Tracked Armoured Ambulance - Unarmed ambulance with a higher roofline, can carry 4 stretcher patients.
Type 90 Recovery Vehicle - Has a slightly wider hull and is equipped with a 1-tonne crane, generator and welding equipment.
Type 90 Self-Propelled Artillery Rocket Launcher - Variant with a 30-round 130 mm rocket launcher mounted on top of the hull. A total of 60 rockets is carried on board. Crew: 6.
Type 90 Self-Propelled Mortar 120mm - With a 120 mm mortar Type W86 and 50 rounds in the hull rear. The mortar is fired through a big circular opening in the hull roof and has a range of 11 km. Weight: 15 tonnes.
Type 90 Self-Propelled Mortar 82mm - With an 82 mm mortar Type W87 mounted in the rear hull and 112 rounds of ammunition. Weight: 14.6 tonnes.
Type 91 Armoured Infantry Fighting Vehicle - This version is powered by the 360 hp engine and has a longer chassis with 6 roadwheels either side. It is fitted with a 2-man turret which is very similar to the one of the Russian BMP-2. The turret can be armed with an automatic gun of calibre 23, 25 or 30 mm.
Type 91 Self-Propelled Howitzer 122mm - Turret-less version with a Type 85 122mm howitzer mounted on top of the open rear hull. 40 rounds of ammunition are provided. Crew: 6. Weight: 17.4 tonnes. This version too has a longer chassis and 360 hp engine.
Type 91 Re-Supply Vehicle - Logistics version.
Operators
Myanmar - 250+ in service
External links
Pictures of the Type 90 APC
Sinodefence - Type 85/89
References
^ "The Kiev Connection". www.irrawaddy.org. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
Norinco booklet about Type 90 Armoured Personnel Carrier
Jane's Armour and Artillery 2005-2006
vte Chinese modern armoured fighting vehiclesMain battle tank and Light tanksDomestic
Type 59
Type 62x
Type 69/79x
Type 80/88x
Type 96
Type 99
Type 15
Export
Type 59G(BD) Durjoy
Type 85x
Type 90x
MBT2000
VT1A
VT2
VT4
VT5
Amphibious tanks and fighting vehicles
Type 63x
Type 63A
ZTD-05
VN16
Infantry fighting vehiclesDomestic
ZBD-86/A
ZSL-92/B
ZBD-03
ZBD-04
ZBD-05
ZBL-08
ZBL-19
Export
YW-307
YW-501
Type 91
VN1
VN11
VN12
VN17
VN18
VN20
VN22
CS/AA5
Type 59 HIFV
Armoured personnel carriersDomestic
Type 63x
Type 77
ZSD-89/A
ZFB-91
ZSL-92
ZFB-05
ZSL-10
Export
YW531
Type 85/YW531H
Type 89/YW534
Type 90/YW535
WZ-523
WZ-551
CS/VN9
Armored car and MRAPs
NJ2045/2046
EQ2050
MV3
CSK-131
CSK-141
CSK-181
Lynx ATV
VP11
VP22
Self-propelled howitzers and mortarsDomestic
Type 70 SPGx
Type 83 SPH
PLZ-89
PCP-001
PLL-05
PLZ-05
PLZ-07
PLL-09
PLZ-10
PCL-09
PCL-171
PCL-161
PCL-181
Export
Type 85 SPG
SH-3
PLZ-45
PLZ-52
PLZ-04
CS/SM4
SH5
Tank destroyer/ATMC and Assault gunsDomestic
PTZ-89x
ZDF-89x
BJ2020 ATMCx
PTL-97x
PTL-02
WZ-550 ATMC
ZBD-04A ATMC
ZTL-11
CTM-133 ATMC
CTL-181A ATMC
CSK-181 ATMC
Export
ST1
VN-1 ATMC
SPAAGsDomestic
Type 63x
Type 80x
Type 92 Yitianx
PGZ-88x
PGZ-95
PGZ-09
PGL-12
PGL-625
LD-2000
HQ-16
HQ-17
Export
CS/SA5
SWS2
MRLsDomestic
Type 63
Type 70
Type 82x
PHL-81 / PHZ-89 / PHL-90
PHL-11 / PHZ-11
PHL-03
PHL-16
Export
Type 83 (WM-40) / WM-80
Type 90
SR-4 / SR-5 / SR-7
A-100E
AR-3
WS-1
WS-2
WS-3
WS-6
WS-15
WS-22 / PR50
WS-32
WS-33
WS-35
WS-43
WS-63
WS-64
A200
A300
SY300
SY400
Prototypes
WZ-111
WZ-132
WZ-122
59-16
NFV-1
Type 80
Type 98
Note: x = retired from service or has ceased development
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"armoured fighting vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Norinco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norinco"},{"link_name":"Type 85 AFV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_85_AFV"},{"link_name":"Type 85 AFV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_85_AFV"},{"link_name":"Type 89 AFV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_89_AFV"}],"text":"Armoured personnel carrierThe Type 90 is an armoured fighting vehicle produced by Chinese company Norinco; it is the successor for the Type 85 AFV of which it uses some components. The Type 90 series was developed for export, and consists of at least 10 different types; its industrial index is YW535.This new type is rather similar to its predecessors Type 85 AFV and Type 89 AFV, but the hull has a different shape, having a vertical lower side wall and a sloping upper side wall. Overall, the Type 90 is bigger and heavier, yet has a lower profile.","title":"Type 90 AFV"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The hull is made of all-welded homogeneous armour plate, and provides protection against small arms fire. The vehicle carries a maximum of 15 including crew. The driver sits in the front left of the hull, and has a single piece hatch, which opens to the left. The driver is provided with three day periscopes. One of them can be replaced by a passive low-light-level night vision device or infrared sight. The commander sits behind the driver and has a single piece hatch.The air-cooled, turbocharged diesel engine sits to the right rear of the driver. The engine is usually the BF8L 413F of 320 hp, but some models (Type 91) are powered by a more powerful 360 hp engine BF8L 513C. A large intake is located in the top of the hull, with an exhaust on the right hand side. The engine feeds a new hydraulic gearbox with 4 forward gears and 1 reverse gear. The track is driven at the front by a drive sprocket, and passes over five dual rubber-typed road wheels and three track-return rollers, then loops over an idler at the rear, before returning to the front again.A 12.7 millimetre calibre machine gun with armoured shields is located in an open mount at the front of a small hatch in the center of the hull which opens into the troop compartment. The gun can traverse through 360 degrees and can be elevated to an angle of 90 degrees. A total of 1,050 rounds is carried on board. The troop compartment is at the rear of the hull with the infantrymen entering via a large door hinged on the right. Over the top of the troop compartment is a total of four hatches, two small ones located towards the front and two oblong ones to the rear; the latter open outwards. In each side of the hull there are three firing ports with periscopes. On either side of the forward hull, a cluster of four 76 mm smoke grenade dischargers is mounted.The vehicle is fully amphibious, a folding trim board stowed at the front of the hull needs to be raised, and the vehicle can then propel itself in the water using its tracks. Standard equipment includes an NBC system, a Type 889 radio, and a Type 803 intercom system.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BMP-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP-2"},{"link_name":"Type 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/122_mm_howitzer_2A18_(D-30)"}],"text":"Type 90 Tracked Armoured Personnel Carrier - Basic version, as described.\nType 90 Armoured Command Vehicle - Retains the basic low-profile hull, but has some of the periscopes removed. Specialised equipment consists of a generator and additional radio sets.\nType 90 Armoured Command Post - Has a higher roofline and is equipped with a generator and multiple radio sets.\nType 90 Tracked Armoured Ambulance - Unarmed ambulance with a higher roofline, can carry 4 stretcher patients.\nType 90 Recovery Vehicle - Has a slightly wider hull and is equipped with a 1-tonne crane, generator and welding equipment.\nType 90 Self-Propelled Artillery Rocket Launcher - Variant with a 30-round 130 mm rocket launcher mounted on top of the hull. A total of 60 rockets is carried on board. Crew: 6.\nType 90 Self-Propelled Mortar 120mm - With a 120 mm mortar Type W86 and 50 rounds in the hull rear. The mortar is fired through a big circular opening in the hull roof and has a range of 11 km. Weight: 15 tonnes.\nType 90 Self-Propelled Mortar 82mm - With an 82 mm mortar Type W87 mounted in the rear hull and 112 rounds of ammunition. Weight: 14.6 tonnes.\nType 91 Armoured Infantry Fighting Vehicle - This version is powered by the 360 hp engine and has a longer chassis with 6 roadwheels either side. It is fitted with a 2-man turret which is very similar to the one of the Russian BMP-2. The turret can be armed with an automatic gun of calibre 23, 25 or 30 mm.\nType 91 Self-Propelled Howitzer 122mm - Turret-less version with a Type 85 122mm howitzer mounted on top of the open rear hull. 40 rounds of ammunition are provided. Crew: 6. Weight: 17.4 tonnes. This version too has a longer chassis and 360 hp engine.\nType 91 Re-Supply Vehicle - Logistics version.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Myanmar - 250+ in service[1]","title":"Operators"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Alfred
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Pamela Alfred
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Saint Lucian cricketer
Pamela AlfredPersonal informationFull namePamela AlfredBorn (1978-09-28) 28 September 1978 (age 45)Saint LuciaBattingRight-handedBowlingRight-arm mediumRoleAll-rounderInternational information
National sideWest Indies (2003)ODI debut (cap 36)13 March 2003 v Sri LankaLast ODI20 March 2003 v Sri Lanka
Domestic team information
YearsTeam1999–2008Saint Lucia
Career statistics
Competition
WODI
WLA
Matches
4
19
Runs scored
53
418
Batting average
13.25
34.83
100s/50s
0/0
0/2
Top score
40
57
Balls bowled
156
222
Wickets
3
12
Bowling average
30.33
17.37
5 wickets in innings
0
0
10 wickets in match
0
0
Best bowling
2/32
4/?
Catches/stumpings
2/–
2/–Source: CricketArchive, 15 March 2022
Pamela Alfred (born 28 September 1978) is a Saint Lucian former cricketer who played as a right-handed batter and right-arm medium bowler. She appeared in four One Day Internationals for the West Indies in 2003, all against Sri Lanka. She played domestic cricket for Saint Lucia.
References
^ "Player Profile: Pamela Alfred". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
^ "Player Profile: Pamela Alfred". CricketArchive. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
External links
Pamela Alfred at ESPNcricinfo
Pamela Alfred at CricketArchive (subscription required)
This biographical article related to cricket in Saint Lucia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Tangmere
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RAF Tangmere
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["1 History","1.1 First World War","1.2 Inter-War Years","1.3 Second World War","1.4 Postwar","2 Present use","2.1 Tangmere Military Aviation Museum","3 34067 locomotive","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Citations","5.2 Bibliography","6 External links"]
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Coordinates: 50°50′45″N 000°42′23″W / 50.84583°N 0.70639°W / 50.84583; -0.70639Former Royal Air Force station in West Sussex, England
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "RAF Tangmere" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
RAF Tangmere Tangmere, West Sussex in EnglandAerial photograph of Tangmere airfield, 10 February 1944Station badgeRAF TangmereLocation in West SussexCoordinates50°50′45″N 000°42′23″W / 50.84583°N 0.70639°W / 50.84583; -0.70639Grid referenceSU910060TypeRoyal Air Force Sector StationCodeRNSite informationOwnerMinistry of DefenceOperatorRoyal Air Force 1919-201925-Royal Flying Corps 1917U.S. Signal Corps 1918-1919Fleet Air ArmControlled byRAF Fighter Command* No. 11 Group RAFRAF Second Tactical Air Force*No. 84 Group RAFRAF Signals Command 1958-Open tothe publicYesSite historyBuilt25 September 1917 (1917) & 1927-30In use1917-201925 - October 16, 1970 (1970-10-16)Battles/warsFirst World WarEuropean theatre of World War IIEventsBattle of BritainGarrison informationPastcommandersC. W. HillDesignationsGrade IIAirfield informationElevation15 metres (49 ft) AMSL
Runways
Direction
Length and surface
07/25
1,828.75 metres (6,000 ft) Concrete
17/35
1,463 metres (4,800 ft) Concrete
Royal Air Force Tangmere or more simply RAF Tangmere is a former Royal Air Force station located in Tangmere, England, famous for its role in the Battle of Britain.
It was one of several stations near Chichester, West Sussex. The famous Second World War aces Wing Commander Douglas Bader, and the then inexperienced Johnnie Johnson were stationed at Tangmere in 1941.
History
First World War
The aerodrome was founded in 1917 for use by the Royal Flying Corps as a training base. In 1918 it was turned over to the Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps (USSC) as a training ground, and continued as such until the end of the Great War in November of that year, after which the airfield was mothballed in 1919.
Additional units:
No. 14 Squadron RAF during 1919
No. 32 Squadron RAF during 1919
No. 40 Squadron RAF during 1919
No. 41 Squadron RAF during 1919
No. 82 (United Provinces) Squadron RAF during 1919
No. 84 Squadron RAF during 1919
No. 91 (Nigeria) Squadron RAF during 1918-19
No. 92 (East India) Squadron RAF during 1918
No. 93 Squadron RAF during 1918
No. 148 Squadron RAF during 1919
No. 207 Squadron RAF during 1919
No. 40 Training Squadron (1916)
No. 61 Training Depot Station (1918-19) became No. 61 Training Squadron (1919)
Inter-War Years
In 1925 the station re-opened to serve the RAF's Royal Flying Corps, and went operational in 1926 with No. 43 Squadron equipped with biplane Gloster Gamecocks (there is a row of houses located near the museum entrance called Gamecock Terrace).
As war threatened in the late 1930s, the fighter aircraft based at Tangmere became faster, with Hawker Furies, Gloster Gladiators, and Hawker Hurricanes all being used.
In 1934, Squadron Leader C W Hill, famous WW1 prisoner-of-war escaper, commanded No. 1 Fighter Squadron at RAF Tangmere. Two years later, as a Wing Commander, he became the station commander.
Additional units:
Coastal Area Storage Unit (1925-28)
1 Squadron between 1927-39
43 Squadron between 1926-39
Second World War
In a memoir, Peter Townsend (noted Battle of Britain pilot and, post-war, romantically linked with Princess Margaret), recounts the arrival of 605 Squadron at Tangmere, just before the outbreak of war. Townsend says that
Things hummed at Tangmere Cottage, just opposite the guard room, where kept open house. There we spent wild evenings, drinking, singing, dancing to romantic tunes . . . we danced blithely, relentlessly towards catastrophe. . . . With one chance in five of survival - not counting the burnt and the wounded - only a handful of us would come through .
In 1939 the airfield was enlarged to defend the south coast against attack by the Luftwaffe, with Tangmere's only hotel and some houses being demolished in the process. The RAF commandeered the majority of houses in the centre of the village, with only six to eight families being allowed to stay. The village would not resume its status as a civilian community until 1966.
A line of Supermarine Spitfire Mark VBs of No. 131 Squadron RAF, being prepared for a sweep at Merston, a satellite airfield of Tangmere
In August 1940 the first squadron (No. 602 Squadron RAF) of Supermarine Spitfires was based at the satellite airfield at nearby Westhampnett, as the Battle of Britain began. By now the villagers had mainly been evacuated, and extensive ranges of RAF buildings had sprung up.
The first, and worst, enemy raid on the station came on 16 August 1940 when hundreds of Junkers Ju 87 (Stuka) dive bombers and fighters crossed the English coast and attacked Tangmere. There was extensive damage to buildings and aircraft on the ground and 14 ground staff and six civilians were killed. However the station was kept in service and brought back into full operation.
Throughout the war, the station was used by the Royal Air Force Special Duty Service when 161 (Special Duty) Squadron's Westland Lysander flight came down to do their insertion and pick-up operations into occupied Europe. The SOE used Tangmere Cottage, opposite the main entrance to the base to house and receive their agents. Today the cottage sports a commemorative plaque to its former secret life.
Later in the war, as the RAF turned from defence to attack, Group Captain Douglas Bader, the legless fighter ace, commanded the Tangmere wing of Fighter Command. Today he is commemorated by a plaque outside the former Bader Arms public house, now a Co-operative Food outlet in the village. 616 Squadron, which included Johnnie Johnson and Hugh Dundas, arrived at Tangmere in late February 1941. Johnson went on to become the highest scoring Western Allied fighter ace against the Luftwaffe.
For D-Day, the RAF created Airfield Headquarters units which transformed into wings to control multiple similar squadrons for offensive actions for eventual use in mainland Europe.
No. 23 (Fighter) Wing RAF (1944) controlling:
No. 146 Airfield RAF (January 1944)
No. 183 (Gold Coast) Squadron RAF with the Typhoon Ib during 1943 & 44
No. 197 Squadron RAF with the Typhoon Ib during 1943 & 44
No. 257 (Burma) Squadron RAF with the Typhoon Ib during 1944
No. 126 Airfield RAF (May 1944) became No. 126 (RCAF) (Fighter) Wing RAF (May - June 1944)
No. 401 (Ram) Squadron RCAF with the Spitfire IXb during 1944
No. 411 (Grizzly Bear) Squadron RCAF with the Spitfire IXb during 1944
No. 412 (Falcon) Squadron RCAF with the Spitfire Vb & IXb during 1942 & 44
No. 127 Airfield RAF (April - May 1944) became No. 127 (RCAF) (Fighter) Wing RAF (May - June 1944)
No. 403 (Wolf) Squadron RCAF with the Spitfire IXb during 1944
No. 416 (City of Oshawa) Squadron RCAF with the Spitfire IXb during 1944
No. 421 (Red Indian) Squadron RCAF with the Spitfire IXb during 1944
No. 132 (Norwegian) (Fighter) Wing RAF (June - July 1944)
No. 66 Squadron RAF with the Spitfire Vb, Vc & LFIXb during 1942 & 44
No. 127 Squadron RAF with the Spitfire LFIXe during 1944
No. 331 (Norwegian) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire IXb during 1944
No. 332 (Norwegian) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire IXb during 1944
No. 134 (Czech) (Fighter) Wing RAF (June - July 1944)
No. 33 Squadron RAF with the Sptifire LFIXe during 1944
No. 74 (Trinidad) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire LFIXe during 1944
No. 127 Squadron RAF with the Spitfire LFIXe during 1944
No. 310 (Czechoslovak) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire LFIX during 1944
No. 312 (Czechoslovak) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire HFIX during 1944
No. 313 (Czechoslovak) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire IX during 1944
No. 135 (Fighter) Wing RAF (August 1944)
No. 222 (Natal) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire LFIXb during 1944
No. 349 (Belgian) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire LFIXe during 1944
No. 485 (NZ) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire IXe during 1944
No. 145 (French) (Fighter) Wing RAF (August 1944)
No. 74 (Trinidad) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire LFIXe during 1944
No. 329 (GC I/2 'Cicognes') Squadron RAF with the Spitfire IX during 1944
No. 340 (GC IV/2 'IIe de France) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire IXb during 1944
No. 341 (G.C.III/2 'Alsace') Squadron RAF with the Spitfire IXb during 1944
German (right) and Commonwealth pilot graves, St Andrew's Church. The large tombstone is a mémorial to pilots lost at sea.
Many of those killed at the base, from both sides in conflict, are buried in the cemetery at St Andrews Church, Tangmere, today tended by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. American RAF pilot Billy Fiske who died at Tangmere in 1940 was one of the first American aviators to die during the Second World War.
Defensive units (1939-41):
1 Squadron during 1940 & 41
No. 17 Squadron RAF with the Hurricane during 1940
No. 42 Squadron RAF detachment during 1938
43 Squadron during 1940
No. 65 (East India) Squadron RAF with the Sptifire during 1940 & 41
No. 72 Squadron RAF during 1937
No. 87 (United Provinces) Squadron RAF during 1937
No. 92 (East India) Squadron RAF during 1939
No. 145 Squadron RAF with the Spitfire I, IIa during 1940 & 41
No. 213 (Ceylon) Squadron RAF with the Hurricane I during 1940
No. 217 Squadron RAF during 1937, 38 & 39
No. 238 Squadron RAF with the Spitfire I during 1940
No. 501 (County of Gloucester) Squadron RAuxAF with the Hurricane I, Spitfire Vb & Vc during 1939, 40 & 42
No. 601 (County of London) Squadron RAuxAF with the Blenheim If & Hurricane I during 1940
No. 605 (County of Warwick) Squadron RAuxAF with the Gladiator I & Hurricane I during 1939 & 40
No. 607 (County of Durham) Squadron RAuxAF with the Hurricane I during 1940
No. 614 (County of Glamorgan) Squadron RAuxAF detachment during 1940
Offensive units (1941-45):
1 Squadron during 1942
No. 23 Squadron RAF, detachment during 1941
No. 26 (South African) Squadron RAF during 1944
No. 41 Squadron RAF with the Spitfire Vb, XII during 1942, 43 & 44
43 Squadron during 1942
No. 56 Squadron RAF detachment during 1942
No. 82 (United Provinces) Squadron RAF Detachment 1939-42
No. 91 (Nigeria) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire XII during 1943-44
No. 96 Squadron RAF detachment between 1942-43
No. 118 Squadron RAF with the Spitfire Vb during 1942
No. 124 (Baroda) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire VI during 1942
No. 129 (Mysore) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire Vb during 1943
No. 130 (Punjab) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire XIV during 1944
No. 131 (County of Kent) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire Vb during 1942
No. 141 Squadron RAF with the Beaufighter If during 1942
161 Squadron detachment during 1942 with the Lysander
No. 164 (Argentine–British) Squadron RAF detachment 1942-43
No. 165 (Ceylon) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire Vb during 1942 & 43
No. 168 Squadron RAF detachment during 1942
No. 170 Squadron RAF detachment during 1943
No. 198 Squadron RAF with the Typhoon Ib during 1944
No. 219 (Mysore) Squadron RAF with the Blenheim If & Beaufighter If during 1940, 41 & 42
No. 222 (Natal) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire LFIXb during 1944
No. 229 Squadron RAF with the Spitfire LFIXb during 1944
No. 266 (Rhodesia) Squadron RAF with the Typhoon Ib during 1944
No. 268 Squadron RAF detachment during 1943
No. 302 Polish Fighter Squadron during 1943
No. 486 (NZ) Squadron RAF with the Typhoon Ib during 1942, 43 & 44
No. 534 Squadron RAF with the Boston during 1942 & 43
No. 609 (West Riding) Squadron RAuxAF with the Typhoon Ib during 1944
616 Squadron during 1941
823 Naval Air Squadron, Fleet Air Arm (1942-43) (Helping RAF Coastal Command ASW patrols)
841 Naval Air Squadron detachment No. 4, Fleet Air Arm (1943) (Helping RAF Coastal Command ASW patrols)
Units:
No. 2 Air Delivery Letter Service (June 1944)
Detachment of No. 11 Group Anti-Aircraft Co-operation Flight (1941)
No. 410 Repair & Salvage Unit (1944)
No. 419 (Special Duties) Flight RAF (1940)
No. 1455 (Fighter) Flight RAF (1941-42)
No. 3205 Servicing Commando (1944)
No. 3207 Servicing Commando (1943)
No. 3210 Servicing Commando (1944)
No. 3225 Servicing Commando (1943)
Fighter Interception Unit RAF (1940)
RAF Regiment:
The following RAF Regiment units were also here at some point:
No. 1304 Mobile Wing RAF Regiment
No. 1305 Mobile Wing RAF Regiment
No. 1315 Mobile Wing RAF Regiment
No. 2702 Squadron RAF Regiment
No. 2704 Squadron RAF Regiment
No. 2720 Squadron RAF Regiment
No. 2723 Squadron RAF Regiment
No. 2748 Squadron RAF Regiment
No. 2760 Squadron RAF Regiment
No. 2786 Squadron RAF Regiment
No. 2789 Squadron RAF Regiment
No. 2795 Squadron RAF Regiment
No. 2813 Squadron RAF Regiment
No. 2832 Squadron RAF Regiment
No. 2894 Squadron RAF Regiment
No. 4016 Anti-Aircraft Flight RAF Regiment
No. 4067 Anti-Aircraft Flight RAF Regiment
No. 4260 Anti-Aircraft Flight RAF Regiment
Postwar
After the war, the Central Fighter Establishment arrived from RAF Wittering on 27 February 1945 with the station being renamed to CFE Tangmere. The RAF High Speed Flight was reformed here on 14 June 1946 and in September 1946, a world air speed record of 616 mph (991 km/h) was set by Group Captain Edward "Teddy" Mortlock Donaldson in a Gloster Meteor F.4; after his death in 1992, he was buried in St Andrews Church. In September 1953, Squadron Leader Neville Duke became holder of the world air speed record when he flew a modified Hawker Hunter prototype at 727.63 mph (1,170 km/h) – the 50th anniversary of this event was commemorated in 2003.
A number of units associated with the CFE also arrived including:
Day Fighter Leaders School (1945) part of CFE
Enemy Aircraft Flight RAF (1945) part of CFE
Fighter Interception Development Squadron RAF (1945) part of CFE
Night Fighter Development Wing RAF (1945) part of CFE
Night Fighter Training Squadron RAF (1945) part of CFE
787 Naval Air Squadron, Fleet Air Arm (1945) connection to CFE
The unit moved to RAF West Raynham on 1 October 1945, with No. 85 Squadron RAF arriving on 11 October 1945 with the de Havilland Mosquito XXX, upgrading to the Mosquito NF.36 from January 1946, the unit deployed to RAF Lubeck and RAF Acklington for varying periods of time until finally leaving on 16 April 1947 going to RAF West Malling. No. 1 Squadron RAF returned on 30 April 1946 from their previous base of RAF Hutton Cranswick with the Supermarine Spitfire F.21, the unit deployed to Acklington and Lubeck at various times. From October 1946 the Gloster Meteor F.3 was introduced, being replaced by the Harvard T.2b and Oxford T.2 from August 1947 in preparation for conversion to the Meteor F.4 which arrived during June 1948. This was replaced by the F.8 during August 1950 and this in turn was replaced by the Hawker Hunter F.5 in September 1958. The squadron was disbanded on 1 July 1958. No. 222 (Natal) Squadron RAF arrived on 2 October 1946 from RAF Weston Zoyland already operating the Meteor F.3, converting to the newer F.4 during the first few months of 1948 before moving to RAF Lubeck on 1 May 1948.
On 1 June 1950, a Gloster Meteor flying eastwards over Portsmouth reported a UFO at 20,000 ft. It is also seen by the radar at RAF Wartling, and was described as Britain's first flying saucer, and led to the Flying Saucer Working Party later that year.
No. 266 (Rhodesia) Squadron RAF arrived on 16 April 1947 from RAF Wattisham with the Meteor F.3 replacing No. 85 Squadron RAF. No. 266 Squadron upgraded to the Meteor F.4 from February 1948, with the squadron deploying to Lubeck and Acklington during its stay. 266 was disbanded on 11 February 1949 and renumbered as No. 43 Squadron RAF, the Meteor F.8 was introduced from September 1950 and the squadron moved to RAF Leuchars on 11 November 1950. On 25 November 1950 No. 29 Squadron RAF arrived from RAF West Malling with the Mosquito NF.30 converting to the Meteor NF.11 from July 1951. The squadron moved to RAF Acklington on 14 January 1957 where it eventually changed to the Gloster Javelin FAW.6. On 1 August 1954 No. 34 Squadron RAF was reformed here with the Meteor F.8, upgrading to the Hunter F.5 from October 1955 before being disbanded on 15 January 1958. On 30 September 1957 No. 25 Squadron RAF arrived from RAF West Malling with the Meteor NF.12 & NF.14 until 1 July 1958 when the squadron was disbanded.
No. 164 (Argentine–British) Squadron RAF arrived from RAF Turnhouse on 25 March 1946 with the Spitfire IX, staying until 26 April 1946 when the squadron moved to RAF Middle Wallop. No. 587 Squadron RAF arrvied from RAF Weston Zoyland on 1 June 1946 with the Spitfire XVI for two weeks before being disbanded. No. 69 Squadron RAF arrived on 19 April 1947 from RAF Wahn during a break from West Germany. It used the Mosquito B.16 until 16 May 1947 when it moved back to Wahn. No. 74 (Trinidad) Squadron RAF arrived on 1 July 1950 for a total of 8 days from RAF Horsham St Faith using Meteor F.4's.
In the late 1950s the flying was reduced to ground radar calibration under RAF Signals Command with the arrival of No. 115 Squadron RAF on 25 August 1958 from RAF Watton with the Varsity T.1. The Valetta C.1 was introduced from August 1963 but the squadron moved back to Watton on 1 October 1963. No. 245 Squadron RAF arrived on 25 August 1958 along from Watton, but with the Canberra B.2, however the squadron was disbanded on 19 April 1963 to become No. 98 Squadron. No. 98 Squadron RAF used the Canberra B.2 until 1 October 1963 when the Squadron moved to RAF Watton. Between January and March 1958 a detachment of No. 208 Squadron RAF operated here training crews on the new Hunter F.6.
The Joint Services Language School moved here and in 1960 the station was granted the "freedom of the City of Chichester" and the event was marked by a march through the town and service in the Cathedral.
No. 38 Group Tactical Communications Wing RAF and 244 Signal Squadron (Air Support) were the last units to leave the base, relocating to RAF Benson.
Some of the last flying units to be based at the station included:
'B' Flt, No. 22 Squadron RAF (June 1961 - May 1964)
22 Squadron - detachment sometime between 1956-74
720 Naval Air Squadron, Fleet Air Arm (1947)
771 Naval Air Squadron detachment, Fleet Air Arm (1948-49)
778 Naval Air Squadron, Fleet Air Arm (1947-48)
801 Naval Air Squadron, Fleet Air Arm (1947)
Units:
No. 38 Group Support Unit (December 1964 - December 1970)
No. 49 Maintenance Unit RAF detachment (November 1946)
No. 161 Gliding School RAF (1945 & 47-53)
No. 623 Gliding School RAF (1963-74)
No. 8 Fighter Command Servicing Unit (September to October 1945)
No. 9 Fighter Command Servicing Unit (February 1945 to April 1946)
Fighter Command Instrument Training Flight RAF (1948-50)
Towed Target Flight, Tangmere RAF (1950-51)
In 1963-64 the last flying units left. However the station continued to be used for several years and, in 1968, Prince Charles took his first flying lesson at Tangmere. The station finally closed on 16 October 1970; a single Spitfire flew over the airfield as the RAF ensign was lowered for the last time.
Present use
Following the closure of the RAF station, some of the land around the runways was returned to farming. Tangmere Airfield Nurseries have built large glasshouses for the cultivation of peppers and aubergines.
RAF Tangmere Control Tower in 2009
Until 1983 37 acres (150,000 m2) of barracks, admin blocks and repair workshops remained derelict until bought by Seawards Properties Ltd. Housing soon spread around the airfield, and most RAF buildings were demolished. Officers' quarters have been retained as homes and two original RAF buildings remain, the grade II listed Control Tower, and one of the 'H Block' accommodation buildings.
The majority of the airfield is now farmed, and since 1979 the runways have slowly been removed thus returning the whole airfield back to large scale farming once again. In 2016 the final piece of apron and the three T.2 hangars were removed, with houses built in their place on a street called Hangar Drive.
The derelict control tower forms part of the farm but is now bricked up and partly overgrown. It became a grade II listed building as of 2011 and was placed on the heritage at risk register in 2015. A campaign is currently underway to restore the control tower which has received local and national press coverage. This is being led by Tangmere Tower Community Interest Company, who restaged 'The Eisenhower Dinner' at the Chichester Harbour Hotel in 2019 to mark the 75th anniversary of General Eisenhower's original meal in 1944. The CIC are working with the local Aviation Museum, the University of Chichester and Sussex Police and with their architect have submitted a planning application for phase one of the project.
Tangmere Military Aviation Museum
Main article: Tangmere Military Aviation Museum
Tangmere Air Museum, February 1995
Tangmere Military Aviation Museum was founded by a group of enthusiastic veterans. It has a replica Supermarine Spitfire and Hawker Hurricane as well as many original aircraft, including Neville Duke's speed record Hawker Hunter. On display is the 'Star' Meteor flown by Teddy Donaldson when he set the World Air Speed Record in September 1946, breaking the 1,000 km/h barrier.
34067 locomotive
A number of Oliver Bulleid's light pacific locomotives were named after Battle of Britain squadrons, stations, or commanders. One such locomotive that is preserved and still in main line operation is named "Tangmere" (no 34067).
See also
List of Battle of Britain airfields
List of Battle of Britain squadrons
References
Citations
^ Birtles 2012, p. 49.
^ a b c Falconer 2012, p. 189.
^ Birtles 2012, p. 51.
^ Smith, Andrew W. M. (4 March 2018). "Eclipse in the dark years: pick-up flights, routes of resistance and the Free French". European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire. 25 (2): 392–414. doi:10.1080/13507486.2017.1411889. ISSN 1350-7486. S2CID 148856854.
^ Delve, Ken (24 April 2018). "The RAF at 100: Exploring Sussex's airfields". Retrieved 20 May 2019.
^ Jefford 1988, p. 28.
^ Jefford 1988, p. 35.
^ a b c Jefford 1988, p. 38.
^ a b c Jefford 1988, p. 50.
^ a b c d e Jefford 1988, p. 52.
^ Jefford 1988, p. 62.
^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 69.
^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 277.
^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 275.
^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 278.
^ a b Byron, Reginald (2013). Tangmere : Famous Royal Air Force Fighter Station An Authorised History. Grub Street Publishing. ISBN 978-1909166196.
^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 92.
^ a b c d Jefford 1988, p. 23.
^ a b c d e Jefford 1988, p. 39.
^ a b Saunders, Andy (1998). RAF Tangmere revisited. Sutton. ISBN 075091906X.
^ Sarkar, Dilip. Spitfire Ace of Aces: The True Wartime Story of Johnnie Johnson. Amberley Publishing, 2011. ISBN 978-1-4456-0475-6 page43
^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 288.
^ a b c Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 46.
^ Jefford 1988, p. 66.
^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 67.
^ Jefford 1988, p. 79.
^ a b c d e Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 295.
^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 89.
^ a b c d Jefford 1988, p. 90.
^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 45.
^ a b c d e Jefford 1988, p. 59.
^ a b c d Jefford 1988, p. 87.
^ Jefford 1988, p. 36.
^ a b c Jefford 1988, p. 48.
^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 85.
^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 86.
^ a b c Jefford 1988, p. 73.
^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 88.
^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 94.
^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 296.
^ Jefford 1988, p. 30.
^ Jefford 1988, p. 47.
^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 51.
^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 61.
^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 71.
^ Jefford 1988, p. 76.
^ Jefford 1988, p. 95.
^ Jefford 1988, p. 98.
^ a b c Jefford 1988, p. 99.
^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 100.
^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 32.
^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 33.
^ Jefford 1988, p. 43.
^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 53.
^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 57.
^ Jefford 1988, p. 58.
^ a b c d e Jefford 1988, p. 64.
^ Jefford 1988, p. 65.
^ Jefford 1988, p. 72.
^ Jefford 1988, p. 74.
^ a b c Jefford 1988, p. 81.
^ Jefford 1988, p. 96.
^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 209.
^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 254.
^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 44.
^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 155.
^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 223.
^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 122.
^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 123.
^ a b c d Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 233.
^ a b c d Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 113.
^ "Tangmere". Airfields of Britain Conservation Trust. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 84.
^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 100.
^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 108.
^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 193.
^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 194.
^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 111.
^ Good, Timothy (12 July 2012). A Need to Know: UFOs, the Military and Intelligence. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-330-54349-1.
^ Jefford 1988, p. 34.
^ Jefford 1988, p. 37.
^ Jefford 1988, p. 97.
^ Jefford 1988, p. 46.
^ Jefford 1988, p. 77.
^ "National Archives: RAF Tangmere: Freedom of City of Chichester". Retrieved 29 June 2021.
^ "No 22 Squadron". RAF Web. Retrieved 6 April 2023.(subscription required)
^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 41.
^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 91.
^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 99.
^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 132.
^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 161.
^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 177.
^ a b Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 147.
^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 112.
^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 273.
^ "Campaign to restore Tangmere's 'iconic' airfield control tower". 2 November 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
^ "Unit History: RAF Tangmere". Forces War Records. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
^ "Tangmere Pilots". Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
^ Historic England. "Watch Office (Control Tower), former RAF Tangmere (1403165)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
^ Khoo, Anna (27 March 2019). "Recreation of Eisenhower's visit as Tangmere Tower campaign progresses". Chichester Observer. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
^ Thomas, Nick. RAF Top Gun: Teddy Donaldson CB, DSO, AFC and Bar Battle of Britain Ace and World Air Speed Record Holder, Pen & Sword, 2008. ISBN 1-84415-685-0
Bibliography
Birtles, P. (2012). UK Airfields of the Cold War. Midland Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85780-346-4.
Falconer, J. (2012). RAF Airfields of World War 2. UK: Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85780-349-5.
Jefford, C. G. (1988). RAF Squadrons. A comprehensive record of the movement and equipment of all RAF squadrons and their antecedents since 1912. Shrewsbury: Airlife. ISBN 1-85310-053-6.
Sturtivant, R.; Ballance, T. (1994). The Squadrons of The Fleet Air Arm. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 0-85130-223-8.
Sturtivant, R.; Hamlin, J. (2007). Royal Air Force flying training and support units since 1912. UK: Air-Britain (Historians). ISBN 978-0851-3036-59.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Tangmere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangmere"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Battle of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith2018-4"},{"link_name":"Chichester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester"},{"link_name":"aces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_ace"},{"link_name":"Wing Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_Commander_(rank)"},{"link_name":"Douglas Bader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Bader"},{"link_name":"Johnnie Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnnie_Johnson_(RAF_officer)"}],"text":"Former Royal Air Force station in West Sussex, EnglandRoyal Air Force Tangmere or more simply RAF Tangmere is a former Royal Air Force station located in Tangmere, England, famous for its role in the Battle of Britain.[4]It was one of several stations near Chichester, West Sussex. The famous Second World War aces Wing Commander Douglas Bader, and the then inexperienced Johnnie Johnson were stationed at Tangmere in 1941.","title":"RAF Tangmere"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Flying Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps"},{"link_name":"Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_Section,_U.S._Signal_Corps"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"No. 14 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._14_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198828-6"},{"link_name":"No. 32 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._32_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198835-7"},{"link_name":"No. 40 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._40_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198838-8"},{"link_name":"No. 41 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._41_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198838-8"},{"link_name":"No. 82 (United Provinces) Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._82_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198850-9"},{"link_name":"No. 84 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._84_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198850-9"},{"link_name":"No. 91 (Nigeria) Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._91_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198852-10"},{"link_name":"No. 92 (East India) Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._92_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198852-10"},{"link_name":"No. 93 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._93_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198852-10"},{"link_name":"No. 148 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._148_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198862-11"},{"link_name":"No. 207 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._207_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198869-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007277-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007275-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007278-15"}],"sub_title":"First World War","text":"The aerodrome was founded in 1917 for use by the Royal Flying Corps as a training base. In 1918 it was turned over to the Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps (USSC) as a training ground, and continued as such until the end of the Great War in November of that year, after which the airfield was mothballed in 1919.[5]Additional units:No. 14 Squadron RAF during 1919[6]\nNo. 32 Squadron RAF during 1919[7]\nNo. 40 Squadron RAF during 1919[8]\nNo. 41 Squadron RAF during 1919[8]\nNo. 82 (United Provinces) Squadron RAF during 1919 [9]\nNo. 84 Squadron RAF during 1919[9]\nNo. 91 (Nigeria) Squadron RAF during 1918-19[10]\nNo. 92 (East India) Squadron RAF during 1918[10]\nNo. 93 Squadron RAF during 1918[10]\nNo. 148 Squadron RAF during 1919[11]\nNo. 207 Squadron RAF during 1919[12]\nNo. 40 Training Squadron (1916)[13]\nNo. 61 Training Depot Station (1918-19)[14] became No. 61 Training Squadron (1919)[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"No. 43 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._43_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Gloster Gamecocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloster_Gamecock"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TangmereByron-16"},{"link_name":"fighter aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircraft"},{"link_name":"Hawker Furies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Fury"},{"link_name":"Gloster Gladiators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloster_Gladiator"},{"link_name":"Hawker Hurricanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane"},{"link_name":"C W Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_W_Hill"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin200792-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198823-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198839-19"}],"sub_title":"Inter-War Years","text":"In 1925 the station re-opened to serve the RAF's Royal Flying Corps, and went operational in 1926 with No. 43 Squadron equipped with biplane Gloster Gamecocks (there is a row of houses located near the museum entrance called Gamecock Terrace).[16]As war threatened in the late 1930s, the fighter aircraft based at Tangmere became faster, with Hawker Furies, Gloster Gladiators, and Hawker Hurricanes all being used.In 1934, Squadron Leader C W Hill, famous WW1 prisoner-of-war escaper, commanded No. 1 Fighter Squadron at RAF Tangmere. Two years later, as a Wing Commander, he became the station commander.Additional units:Coastal Area Storage Unit (1925-28)[17]\n1 Squadron between 1927-39[18]\n43 Squadron between 1926-39[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Townsend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Townsend_(RAF_officer)"},{"link_name":"Princess Margaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Margaret,_Countess_of_Snowdon"},{"link_name":"605 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._605_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[605's commanding officer John Willoughby de Broke and his wife Rachel]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Verney,_20th_Baron_Willoughby_de_Broke"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Supermarine_Spitfire_of_Fighter_Command.jpg"},{"link_name":"No. 602 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._602_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Supermarine 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house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub"},{"link_name":"Co-operative Food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-op_Food"},{"link_name":"616 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._616_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Hugh Dundas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Dundas"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Western Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"No. 23 (Fighter) Wing RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._23_Wing_RAF"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007288-22"},{"link_name":"No. 146 Airfield RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No._146_Airfield_RAF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin200746-23"},{"link_name":"No. 183 (Gold Coast) Squadron 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RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._145_Wing_RAF"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007296-40"},{"link_name":"No. 74 (Trinidad) Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._74_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198848-34"},{"link_name":"No. 329 (GC I/2 'Cicognes') Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._329_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198887-32"},{"link_name":"No. 340 (GC IV/2 'IIe de France) Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._340_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198887-32"},{"link_name":"No. 341 (G.C.III/2 'Alsace') Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._341_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198888-38"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Andrew%27s_Tangmere_5.JPG"},{"link_name":"St Andrews Church, Tangmere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews_Church,_Tangmere"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth War Graves Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Billy Fiske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Fiske"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TangmereByron-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198823-18"},{"link_name":"No. 17 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._17_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198830-41"},{"link_name":"No. 42 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._42_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198839-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198839-19"},{"link_name":"No. 65 (East India) Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._65_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198845-30"},{"link_name":"No. 72 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._72_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198847-42"},{"link_name":"No. 87 (United Provinces) Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._87_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198851-43"},{"link_name":"No. 92 (East India) Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._92_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198852-10"},{"link_name":"No. 145 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._145_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198861-44"},{"link_name":"No. 213 (Ceylon) Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._213_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198871-45"},{"link_name":"No. 217 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._217_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198871-45"},{"link_name":"No. 238 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._238_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198876-46"},{"link_name":"No. 501 (County of Gloucester) Squadron RAuxAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._501_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198895-47"},{"link_name":"No. 601 (County of London) Squadron RAuxAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._601_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198898-48"},{"link_name":"No. 605 (County of Warwick) Squadron RAuxAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._605_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198899-49"},{"link_name":"No. 607 (County of Durham) Squadron RAuxAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._607_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198899-49"},{"link_name":"No. 614 (County of Glamorgan) Squadron RAuxAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._614_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford1988100-50"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198823-18"},{"link_name":"No. 23 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._23_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198832-51"},{"link_name":"No. 26 (South African) Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._26_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198833-52"},{"link_name":"No. 41 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._41_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198838-8"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198839-19"},{"link_name":"No. 56 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._56_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198843-53"},{"link_name":"No. 82 (United Provinces) Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._82_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198850-9"},{"link_name":"No. 91 (Nigeria) Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._91_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198852-10"},{"link_name":"No. 96 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._96_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198853-54"},{"link_name":"No. 118 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._118_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198857-55"},{"link_name":"No. 124 (Baroda) Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._124_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198858-56"},{"link_name":"No. 129 (Mysore) Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._129_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198859-31"},{"link_name":"No. 130 (Punjab) Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._130_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198859-31"},{"link_name":"No. 131 (County of Kent) Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._131_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198859-31"},{"link_name":"No. 141 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._141_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198861-44"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198864-57"},{"link_name":"No. 164 (Argentine–British) Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._164_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198864-57"},{"link_name":"No. 165 (Ceylon) Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._165_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198864-57"},{"link_name":"No. 168 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._168_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198864-57"},{"link_name":"No. 170 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._170_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198865-58"},{"link_name":"No. 198 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._198_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198867-25"},{"link_name":"No. 219 (Mysore) Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._219_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198872-59"},{"link_name":"No. 222 (Natal) Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._222_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198873-37"},{"link_name":"No. 229 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._229_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198874-60"},{"link_name":"No. 266 (Rhodesia) Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._266_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198881-61"},{"link_name":"No. 268 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._268_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198881-61"},{"link_name":"No. 302 Polish Fighter Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._302_Polish_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198885-35"},{"link_name":"No. 486 (NZ) Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._486_Squadron_RNZAF"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198894-39"},{"link_name":"No. 534 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._534_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198896-62"},{"link_name":"No. 609 (West Riding) Squadron RAuxAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._609_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198899-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford1988100-50"},{"link_name":"823 Naval Air Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/823_Naval_Air_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantBallance1994209-63"},{"link_name":"841 Naval Air Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/841_Naval_Air_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantBallance1994254-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin200744-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007155-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007223-67"},{"link_name":"No. 419 (Special Duties) Flight RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No._419_(Special_Duties)_Flight_RAF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007122-68"},{"link_name":"No. 1455 (Fighter) Flight RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._1455_(Fighter)_Flight_RAF"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007123-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007233-70"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007233-70"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007233-70"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007233-70"},{"link_name":"Fighter Interception Unit RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fighter_Interception_Unit_RAF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007113-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABCT-72"},{"link_name":"No. 1304 Mobile Wing RAF Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._1304_Mobile_Wing_RAF_Regiment"},{"link_name":"No. 1305 Mobile Wing RAF Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._1305_Mobile_Wing_RAF_Regiment"},{"link_name":"No. 1315 Mobile Wing RAF Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._1315_Mobile_Wing_RAF_Regiment"},{"link_name":"No. 2702 Squadron RAF Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._2702_Squadron_RAF_Regiment"},{"link_name":"No. 2704 Squadron RAF Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._2704_Squadron_RAF_Regiment"},{"link_name":"No. 2720 Squadron RAF Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._2720_Squadron_RAF_Regiment"},{"link_name":"No. 2723 Squadron RAF Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._2723_Squadron_RAF_Regiment"},{"link_name":"No. 2748 Squadron RAF Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._2748_Squadron_RAF_Regiment"},{"link_name":"No. 2760 Squadron RAF Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._2760_Squadron_RAF_Regiment"},{"link_name":"No. 2786 Squadron RAF Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._2786_Squadron_RAF_Regiment"},{"link_name":"No. 2789 Squadron RAF Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._2789_Squadron_RAF_Regiment"},{"link_name":"No. 2795 Squadron RAF Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._2795_Squadron_RAF_Regiment"},{"link_name":"No. 2813 Squadron RAF Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._2813_Squadron_RAF_Regiment"},{"link_name":"No. 2832 Squadron RAF Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._2832_Squadron_RAF_Regiment"},{"link_name":"No. 2894 Squadron RAF Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._2894_Squadron_RAF_Regiment"},{"link_name":"No. 4016 Anti-Aircraft Flight RAF Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_RAF_Regiment_units#Flights"},{"link_name":"No. 4067 Anti-Aircraft Flight RAF Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_RAF_Regiment_units#Flights"},{"link_name":"No. 4260 Anti-Aircraft Flight RAF Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_RAF_Regiment_units#Flights"}],"sub_title":"Second World War","text":"In a memoir, Peter Townsend (noted Battle of Britain pilot and, post-war, romantically linked with Princess Margaret), recounts the arrival of 605 Squadron at Tangmere, just before the outbreak of war. Townsend says thatThings hummed at Tangmere Cottage, just opposite the guard room, where [605's commanding officer John Willoughby de Broke and his wife Rachel] kept open house. There we spent wild evenings, drinking, singing, dancing to romantic tunes . . . we danced blithely, relentlessly towards catastrophe. . . . With one chance in five of survival - not counting the burnt and the wounded - only a handful of us would come through [i.e., survive to the end of World War II].In 1939 the airfield was enlarged to defend the south coast against attack by the Luftwaffe, with Tangmere's only hotel and some houses being demolished in the process. The RAF commandeered the majority of houses in the centre of the village, with only six to eight families being allowed to stay. The village would not resume its status as a civilian community until 1966.A line of Supermarine Spitfire Mark VBs of No. 131 Squadron RAF, being prepared for a sweep at Merston, a satellite airfield of TangmereIn August 1940 the first squadron (No. 602 Squadron RAF) of Supermarine Spitfires was based at the satellite airfield at nearby Westhampnett, as the Battle of Britain began. By now the villagers had mainly been evacuated, and extensive ranges of RAF buildings had sprung up.[20]The first, and worst, enemy raid on the station came on 16 August 1940 when hundreds of Junkers Ju 87 (Stuka) dive bombers and fighters crossed the English coast and attacked Tangmere. There was extensive damage to buildings and aircraft on the ground and 14 ground staff and six civilians were killed. However the station was kept in service and brought back into full operation.Throughout the war, the station was used by the Royal Air Force Special Duty Service when 161 (Special Duty) Squadron's Westland Lysander flight came down to do their insertion and pick-up operations into occupied Europe. The SOE used Tangmere Cottage, opposite the main entrance to the base to house and receive their agents.[20] Today the cottage sports a commemorative plaque to its former secret life.Later in the war, as the RAF turned from defence to attack, Group Captain Douglas Bader, the legless fighter ace, commanded the Tangmere wing of Fighter Command. Today he is commemorated by a plaque outside the former Bader Arms public house, now a Co-operative Food outlet in the village. 616 Squadron, which included Johnnie Johnson and Hugh Dundas, arrived at Tangmere in late February 1941.[21] Johnson went on to become the highest scoring Western Allied fighter ace against the Luftwaffe.For D-Day, the RAF created Airfield Headquarters units which transformed into wings to control multiple similar squadrons for offensive actions for eventual use in mainland Europe.No. 23 (Fighter) Wing RAF (1944) controlling:[22]\nNo. 146 Airfield RAF (January 1944)[23]\nNo. 183 (Gold Coast) Squadron RAF with the Typhoon Ib during 1943 & 44[24]\nNo. 197 Squadron RAF with the Typhoon Ib during 1943 & 44[25]\nNo. 257 (Burma) Squadron RAF with the Typhoon Ib during 1944[26]\nNo. 126 Airfield RAF (May 1944)[23] became No. 126 (RCAF) (Fighter) Wing RAF (May - June 1944)[27]\nNo. 401 (Ram) Squadron RCAF with the Spitfire IXb during 1944[28]\nNo. 411 (Grizzly Bear) Squadron RCAF with the Spitfire IXb during 1944[29]\nNo. 412 (Falcon) Squadron RCAF with the Spitfire Vb & IXb during 1942 & 44[29]\nNo. 127 Airfield RAF (April - May 1944)[23] became No. 127 (RCAF) (Fighter) Wing RAF (May - June 1944)[27]\nNo. 403 (Wolf) Squadron RCAF with the Spitfire IXb during 1944[28]\nNo. 416 (City of Oshawa) Squadron RCAF with the Spitfire IXb during 1944[29]\nNo. 421 (Red Indian) Squadron RCAF with the Spitfire IXb during 1944[29]\nNo. 132 (Norwegian) (Fighter) Wing RAF (June - July 1944)[27]\nNo. 66 Squadron RAF with the Spitfire Vb, Vc & LFIXb during 1942 & 44[30]\nNo. 127 Squadron RAF with the Spitfire LFIXe during 1944[31]\nNo. 331 (Norwegian) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire IXb during 1944[32]\nNo. 332 (Norwegian) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire IXb during 1944[32]\nNo. 134 (Czech) (Fighter) Wing RAF (June - July 1944)[27]\nNo. 33 Squadron RAF with the Sptifire LFIXe during 1944[33]\nNo. 74 (Trinidad) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire LFIXe during 1944[34]\nNo. 127 Squadron RAF with the Spitfire LFIXe during 1944[31]\nNo. 310 (Czechoslovak) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire LFIX during 1944[35]\nNo. 312 (Czechoslovak) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire HFIX during 1944[36]\nNo. 313 (Czechoslovak) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire IX during 1944[36]\nNo. 135 (Fighter) Wing RAF (August 1944)[27]\nNo. 222 (Natal) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire LFIXb during 1944[37]\nNo. 349 (Belgian) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire LFIXe during 1944[38]\nNo. 485 (NZ) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire IXe during 1944[39]\nNo. 145 (French) (Fighter) Wing RAF (August 1944)[40]\nNo. 74 (Trinidad) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire LFIXe during 1944[34]\nNo. 329 (GC I/2 'Cicognes') Squadron RAF with the Spitfire IX during 1944[32]\nNo. 340 (GC IV/2 'IIe de France) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire IXb during 1944[32]\nNo. 341 (G.C.III/2 'Alsace') Squadron RAF with the Spitfire IXb during 1944[38]German (right) and Commonwealth pilot graves, St Andrew's Church. The large tombstone is a mémorial to pilots lost at sea.Many of those killed at the base, from both sides in conflict, are buried in the cemetery at St Andrews Church, Tangmere, today tended by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. American RAF pilot Billy Fiske who died at Tangmere in 1940 was one of the first American aviators to die during the Second World War.[16]Defensive units (1939-41):1 Squadron during 1940 & 41[18]\nNo. 17 Squadron RAF with the Hurricane during 1940[41]\nNo. 42 Squadron RAF detachment during 1938[19]\n43 Squadron during 1940[19]\nNo. 65 (East India) Squadron RAF with the Sptifire during 1940 & 41[30]\nNo. 72 Squadron RAF during 1937[42]\nNo. 87 (United Provinces) Squadron RAF during 1937[43]\nNo. 92 (East India) Squadron RAF during 1939[10]\nNo. 145 Squadron RAF with the Spitfire I, IIa during 1940 & 41[44]\nNo. 213 (Ceylon) Squadron RAF with the Hurricane I during 1940[45]\nNo. 217 Squadron RAF during 1937, 38 & 39[45]\nNo. 238 Squadron RAF with the Spitfire I during 1940[46]\nNo. 501 (County of Gloucester) Squadron RAuxAF with the Hurricane I, Spitfire Vb & Vc during 1939, 40 & 42[47]\nNo. 601 (County of London) Squadron RAuxAF with the Blenheim If & Hurricane I during 1940[48]\nNo. 605 (County of Warwick) Squadron RAuxAF with the Gladiator I & Hurricane I during 1939 & 40[49]\nNo. 607 (County of Durham) Squadron RAuxAF with the Hurricane I during 1940[49]\nNo. 614 (County of Glamorgan) Squadron RAuxAF detachment during 1940[50]Offensive units (1941-45):1 Squadron during 1942[18]\nNo. 23 Squadron RAF, detachment during 1941[51]\nNo. 26 (South African) Squadron RAF during 1944[52]\nNo. 41 Squadron RAF with the Spitfire Vb, XII during 1942, 43 & 44[8]\n43 Squadron during 1942[19]\nNo. 56 Squadron RAF detachment during 1942[53]\nNo. 82 (United Provinces) Squadron RAF Detachment 1939-42 [9]\nNo. 91 (Nigeria) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire XII during 1943-44[10]\nNo. 96 Squadron RAF detachment between 1942-43[54]\nNo. 118 Squadron RAF with the Spitfire Vb during 1942[55]\nNo. 124 (Baroda) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire VI during 1942[56]\nNo. 129 (Mysore) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire Vb during 1943[31]\nNo. 130 (Punjab) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire XIV during 1944[31]\nNo. 131 (County of Kent) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire Vb during 1942[31]\nNo. 141 Squadron RAF with the Beaufighter If during 1942[44]\n161 Squadron detachment during 1942 with the Lysander[57]\nNo. 164 (Argentine–British) Squadron RAF detachment 1942-43[57]\nNo. 165 (Ceylon) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire Vb during 1942 & 43[57]\nNo. 168 Squadron RAF detachment during 1942[57]\nNo. 170 Squadron RAF detachment during 1943[58]\nNo. 198 Squadron RAF with the Typhoon Ib during 1944[25]\nNo. 219 (Mysore) Squadron RAF with the Blenheim If & Beaufighter If during 1940, 41 & 42[59]\nNo. 222 (Natal) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire LFIXb during 1944[37]\nNo. 229 Squadron RAF with the Spitfire LFIXb during 1944[60]\nNo. 266 (Rhodesia) Squadron RAF with the Typhoon Ib during 1944[61]\nNo. 268 Squadron RAF detachment during 1943[61]\nNo. 302 Polish Fighter Squadron during 1943[35]\nNo. 486 (NZ) Squadron RAF with the Typhoon Ib during 1942, 43 & 44[39]\nNo. 534 Squadron RAF with the Boston during 1942 & 43[62]\nNo. 609 (West Riding) Squadron RAuxAF with the Typhoon Ib during 1944[49]\n616 Squadron during 1941[50]\n823 Naval Air Squadron, Fleet Air Arm (1942-43)[63] (Helping RAF Coastal Command ASW patrols)\n841 Naval Air Squadron detachment No. 4, Fleet Air Arm (1943)[64] (Helping RAF Coastal Command ASW patrols)Units:No. 2 Air Delivery Letter Service (June 1944)[65]\nDetachment of No. 11 Group Anti-Aircraft Co-operation Flight (1941)[66]\nNo. 410 Repair & Salvage Unit (1944)[67]\nNo. 419 (Special Duties) Flight RAF (1940)[68]\nNo. 1455 (Fighter) Flight RAF (1941-42)[69]\nNo. 3205 Servicing Commando (1944)[70]\nNo. 3207 Servicing Commando (1943)[70]\nNo. 3210 Servicing Commando (1944)[70]\nNo. 3225 Servicing Commando (1943)[70]\nFighter Interception Unit RAF (1940)[71]RAF Regiment:The following RAF Regiment units were also here at some point:[72]No. 1304 Mobile Wing RAF Regiment\nNo. 1305 Mobile Wing RAF Regiment\nNo. 1315 Mobile Wing RAF Regiment\nNo. 2702 Squadron RAF Regiment\nNo. 2704 Squadron RAF Regiment\nNo. 2720 Squadron RAF Regiment\nNo. 2723 Squadron RAF Regiment\nNo. 2748 Squadron RAF Regiment\nNo. 2760 Squadron RAF Regiment\nNo. 2786 Squadron RAF Regiment\nNo. 2789 Squadron RAF Regiment\nNo. 2795 Squadron RAF Regiment\nNo. 2813 Squadron RAF Regiment\nNo. 2832 Squadron RAF Regiment\nNo. 2894 Squadron RAF Regiment\nNo. 4016 Anti-Aircraft Flight RAF Regiment\nNo. 4067 Anti-Aircraft Flight RAF Regiment\nNo. 4260 Anti-Aircraft Flight RAF Regiment","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Fighter Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Fighter_Establishment"},{"link_name":"RAF Wittering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Wittering"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin200784-73"},{"link_name":"Edward \"Teddy\" Mortlock Donaldson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Mortlock_Donaldson"},{"link_name":"Gloster Meteor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloster_Meteor"},{"link_name":"Neville Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Duke"},{"link_name":"Hawker Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Day Fighter Leaders School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_Fighter_Leaders_School"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007100-74"},{"link_name":"Enemy Aircraft Flight RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy_Aircraft_Flight_RAF"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007108-75"},{"link_name":"Fighter Interception Development Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Fighter_Establishment"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007113-71"},{"link_name":"Night Fighter Development Wing RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Fighter_Establishment"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007193-76"},{"link_name":"Night Fighter Training Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Fighter_Establishment"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007194-77"},{"link_name":"787 Naval Air Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/787_Naval_Air_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantBallance1994111-78"},{"link_name":"RAF West Raynham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_West_Raynham"},{"link_name":"No. 85 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._85_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"RAF Lubeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Lubeck"},{"link_name":"RAF Acklington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Acklington"},{"link_name":"RAF West Malling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_West_Malling"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198851-43"},{"link_name":"No. 1 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._1_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"RAF Hutton Cranswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Hutton_Cranswick"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198823-18"},{"link_name":"No. 222 (Natal) Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._222_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"RAF Weston Zoyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Weston_Zoyland"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198873-37"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"RAF Wartling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Wartling"},{"link_name":"Flying Saucer Working Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Saucer_Working_Party"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"No. 266 (Rhodesia) Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._266_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"RAF Wattisham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Wattisham"},{"link_name":"No. 43 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._43_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198881-61"},{"link_name":"RAF Leuchars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Leuchars"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198839-19"},{"link_name":"No. 29 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._29_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"RAF West Malling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_West_Malling"},{"link_name":"Gloster Javelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloster_Javelin"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198834-80"},{"link_name":"No. 34 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._34_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198837-81"},{"link_name":"No. 25 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._25_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198833-52"},{"link_name":"No. 164 (Argentine–British) Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._164_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"RAF Turnhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Turnhouse"},{"link_name":"RAF Middle Wallop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Middle_Wallop"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198864-57"},{"link_name":"No. 587 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._587_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"RAF Weston Zoyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Weston_Zoyland"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198897-82"},{"link_name":"No. 69 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._69_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"RAF Wahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Wahn"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198846-83"},{"link_name":"No. 74 (Trinidad) Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._74_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198848-34"},{"link_name":"No. 115 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._115_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"RAF Watton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Watton"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198857-55"},{"link_name":"No. 245 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._245_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198877-84"},{"link_name":"No. 98 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._98_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198853-54"},{"link_name":"No. 208 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._208_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198869-12"},{"link_name":"Chichester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Tactical Communications Wing RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_Communications_Wing_RAF"},{"link_name":"RAF Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Benson"},{"link_name":"No. 22 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._22_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefford198832-51"},{"link_name":"720 Naval Air Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/720_Naval_Air_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantBallance199441-87"},{"link_name":"771 Naval Air Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/771_Naval_Air_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantBallance199491-88"},{"link_name":"778 Naval Air Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/778_Naval_Air_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantBallance199499-89"},{"link_name":"801 Naval Air Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/801_Naval_Air_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantBallance1994132-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007161-91"},{"link_name":"No. 49 Maintenance Unit RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._49_Maintenance_Unit_RAF"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007177-92"},{"link_name":"No. 161 Gliding School RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._161_Gliding_School_RAF"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007147-93"},{"link_name":"No. 623 Gliding School RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._623_Gliding_School_RAF"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007147-93"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007113-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007113-71"},{"link_name":"Fighter Command Instrument Training Flight RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fighter_Command_Instrument_Training_Flight_RAF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007112-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007273-95"},{"link_name":"Prince Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Charles"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"}],"sub_title":"Postwar","text":"After the war, the Central Fighter Establishment arrived from RAF Wittering on 27 February 1945 with the station being renamed to CFE Tangmere.[73] The RAF High Speed Flight was reformed here on 14 June 1946 and in September 1946, a world air speed record of 616 mph (991 km/h) was set by Group Captain Edward \"Teddy\" Mortlock Donaldson in a Gloster Meteor F.4; after his death in 1992, he was buried in St Andrews Church. In September 1953, Squadron Leader Neville Duke became holder of the world air speed record when he flew a modified Hawker Hunter prototype at 727.63 mph (1,170 km/h) – the 50th anniversary of this event was commemorated in 2003.A number of units associated with the CFE also arrived including:Day Fighter Leaders School (1945)[74] part of CFE\nEnemy Aircraft Flight RAF (1945)[75] part of CFE\nFighter Interception Development Squadron RAF (1945)[71] part of CFE\nNight Fighter Development Wing RAF (1945)[76] part of CFE\nNight Fighter Training Squadron RAF (1945)[77] part of CFE\n787 Naval Air Squadron, Fleet Air Arm (1945)[78] connection to CFEThe unit moved to RAF West Raynham on 1 October 1945, with No. 85 Squadron RAF arriving on 11 October 1945 with the de Havilland Mosquito XXX, upgrading to the Mosquito NF.36 from January 1946, the unit deployed to RAF Lubeck and RAF Acklington for varying periods of time until finally leaving on 16 April 1947 going to RAF West Malling.[43] No. 1 Squadron RAF returned on 30 April 1946 from their previous base of RAF Hutton Cranswick with the Supermarine Spitfire F.21, the unit deployed to Acklington and Lubeck at various times. From October 1946 the Gloster Meteor F.3 was introduced, being replaced by the Harvard T.2b and Oxford T.2 from August 1947 in preparation for conversion to the Meteor F.4 which arrived during June 1948. This was replaced by the F.8 during August 1950 and this in turn was replaced by the Hawker Hunter F.5 in September 1958. The squadron was disbanded on 1 July 1958.[18] No. 222 (Natal) Squadron RAF arrived on 2 October 1946 from RAF Weston Zoyland already operating the Meteor F.3, converting to the newer F.4 during the first few months of 1948 before moving to RAF Lubeck on 1 May 1948.[37]On 1 June 1950, a Gloster Meteor flying eastwards over Portsmouth reported a UFO at 20,000 ft. It is also seen by the radar at RAF Wartling, and was described as Britain's first flying saucer, and led to the Flying Saucer Working Party later that year.[79]No. 266 (Rhodesia) Squadron RAF arrived on 16 April 1947 from RAF Wattisham with the Meteor F.3 replacing No. 85 Squadron RAF. No. 266 Squadron upgraded to the Meteor F.4 from February 1948, with the squadron deploying to Lubeck and Acklington during its stay. 266 was disbanded on 11 February 1949 and renumbered as No. 43 Squadron RAF,[61] the Meteor F.8 was introduced from September 1950 and the squadron moved to RAF Leuchars on 11 November 1950.[19] On 25 November 1950 No. 29 Squadron RAF arrived from RAF West Malling with the Mosquito NF.30 converting to the Meteor NF.11 from July 1951. The squadron moved to RAF Acklington on 14 January 1957 where it eventually changed to the Gloster Javelin FAW.6.[80] On 1 August 1954 No. 34 Squadron RAF was reformed here with the Meteor F.8, upgrading to the Hunter F.5 from October 1955 before being disbanded on 15 January 1958.[81] On 30 September 1957 No. 25 Squadron RAF arrived from RAF West Malling with the Meteor NF.12 & NF.14 until 1 July 1958 when the squadron was disbanded.[52]No. 164 (Argentine–British) Squadron RAF arrived from RAF Turnhouse on 25 March 1946 with the Spitfire IX, staying until 26 April 1946 when the squadron moved to RAF Middle Wallop.[57] No. 587 Squadron RAF arrvied from RAF Weston Zoyland on 1 June 1946 with the Spitfire XVI for two weeks before being disbanded.[82] No. 69 Squadron RAF arrived on 19 April 1947 from RAF Wahn during a break from West Germany. It used the Mosquito B.16 until 16 May 1947 when it moved back to Wahn.[83] No. 74 (Trinidad) Squadron RAF arrived on 1 July 1950 for a total of 8 days from RAF Horsham St Faith using Meteor F.4's.[34]In the late 1950s the flying was reduced to ground radar calibration under RAF Signals Command with the arrival of No. 115 Squadron RAF on 25 August 1958 from RAF Watton with the Varsity T.1. The Valetta C.1 was introduced from August 1963 but the squadron moved back to Watton on 1 October 1963.[55] No. 245 Squadron RAF arrived on 25 August 1958 along from Watton, but with the Canberra B.2, however the squadron was disbanded on 19 April 1963 to become No. 98 Squadron.[84] No. 98 Squadron RAF used the Canberra B.2 until 1 October 1963 when the Squadron moved to RAF Watton.[54] Between January and March 1958 a detachment of No. 208 Squadron RAF operated here training crews on the new Hunter F.6.[12]The Joint Services Language School moved here and in 1960 the station was granted the \"freedom of the City of Chichester\" and the event was marked by a march through the town and service in the Cathedral.[85]No. 38 Group Tactical Communications Wing RAF and 244 Signal Squadron (Air Support) were the last units to leave the base, relocating to RAF Benson.Some of the last flying units to be based at the station included:'B' Flt, No. 22 Squadron RAF (June 1961 - May 1964)[86]\n22 Squadron - detachment sometime between 1956-74[51]\n720 Naval Air Squadron, Fleet Air Arm (1947) [87]\n771 Naval Air Squadron detachment, Fleet Air Arm (1948-49)[88]\n778 Naval Air Squadron, Fleet Air Arm (1947-48)[89]\n801 Naval Air Squadron, Fleet Air Arm (1947)[90]Units:No. 38 Group Support Unit (December 1964 - December 1970)[91]\nNo. 49 Maintenance Unit RAF detachment (November 1946)[92]\nNo. 161 Gliding School RAF (1945 & 47-53)[93]\nNo. 623 Gliding School RAF (1963-74)[93]\nNo. 8 Fighter Command Servicing Unit (September to October 1945)[71]\nNo. 9 Fighter Command Servicing Unit (February 1945 to April 1946)[71]\nFighter Command Instrument Training Flight RAF (1948-50)[94]\nTowed Target Flight, Tangmere RAF (1950-51)[95]In 1963-64 the last flying units left. However the station continued to be used for several years and, in 1968, Prince Charles took his first flying lesson at Tangmere.[96] The station finally closed on 16 October 1970;[97] a single Spitfire flew over the airfield as the RAF ensign was lowered for the last time.[98]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RAF_Tangmere_Control_Tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1177618.jpg"},{"link_name":"control tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_tower"},{"link_name":"grade II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_II"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistoricEngland-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChiObserver-100"}],"text":"Following the closure of the RAF station, some of the land around the runways was returned to farming. Tangmere Airfield Nurseries have built large glasshouses for the cultivation of peppers and aubergines.RAF Tangmere Control Tower in 2009Until 1983 37 acres (150,000 m2) of barracks, admin blocks and repair workshops remained derelict until bought by Seawards Properties Ltd. Housing soon spread around the airfield, and most RAF buildings were demolished. Officers' quarters have been retained as homes and two original RAF buildings remain, the grade II listed Control Tower, and one of the 'H Block' accommodation buildings.The majority of the airfield is now farmed, and since 1979 the runways have slowly been removed thus returning the whole airfield back to large scale farming once again. In 2016 the final piece of apron and the three T.2 hangars were removed, with houses built in their place on a street called Hangar Drive.The derelict control tower forms part of the farm but is now bricked up and partly overgrown. It became a grade II listed building as of 2011 and was placed on the heritage at risk register in 2015.[99] A campaign is currently underway to restore the control tower which has received local and national press coverage. This is being led by Tangmere Tower Community Interest Company, who restaged 'The Eisenhower Dinner' at the Chichester Harbour Hotel in 2019 to mark the 75th anniversary of General Eisenhower's original meal in 1944.[100] The CIC are working with the local Aviation Museum, the University of Chichester and Sussex Police and with their architect have submitted a planning application for phase one of the project.","title":"Present use"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tangmere_Air_Museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_109302.jpg"},{"link_name":"Supermarine Spitfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire"},{"link_name":"Hawker Hurricane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane"},{"link_name":"Neville Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Duke"},{"link_name":"Hawker Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Hunter"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"}],"sub_title":"Tangmere Military Aviation Museum","text":"Tangmere Air Museum, February 1995Tangmere Military Aviation Museum was founded by a group of enthusiastic veterans. It has a replica Supermarine Spitfire and Hawker Hurricane as well as many original aircraft, including Neville Duke's speed record Hawker Hunter. On display is the 'Star' Meteor flown by Teddy Donaldson when he set the World Air Speed Record in September 1946, breaking the 1,000 km/h barrier.[101]","title":"Present use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oliver Bulleid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Bulleid"},{"link_name":"light pacific locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SR_West_Country_and_Battle_of_Britain_class_locomotives"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A number of Oliver Bulleid's light pacific locomotives were named after Battle of Britain squadrons, stations, or commanders. One such locomotive that is preserved and still in main line operation is named \"Tangmere\" (no 34067).[citation needed]","title":"34067 locomotive"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A line of Supermarine Spitfire Mark VBs of No. 131 Squadron RAF, being prepared for a sweep at Merston, a satellite airfield of Tangmere","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Supermarine_Spitfire_of_Fighter_Command.jpg/220px-Supermarine_Spitfire_of_Fighter_Command.jpg"},{"image_text":"German (right) and Commonwealth pilot graves, St Andrew's Church. The large tombstone is a mémorial to pilots lost at sea.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/St_Andrew%27s_Tangmere_5.JPG/220px-St_Andrew%27s_Tangmere_5.JPG"},{"image_text":"RAF Tangmere Control Tower in 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/RAF_Tangmere_Control_Tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1177618.jpg/220px-RAF_Tangmere_Control_Tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1177618.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tangmere Air Museum, February 1995","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tangmere_Air_Museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_109302.jpg/220px-Tangmere_Air_Museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_109302.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of Battle of Britain airfields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Battle_of_Britain_airfields"},{"title":"List of Battle of Britain squadrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Battle_of_Britain_squadrons"}]
|
[{"reference":"Smith, Andrew W. M. (4 March 2018). \"Eclipse in the dark years: pick-up flights, routes of resistance and the Free French\". European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire. 25 (2): 392–414. doi:10.1080/13507486.2017.1411889. ISSN 1350-7486. S2CID 148856854.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13507486.2017.1411889","url_text":"\"Eclipse in the dark years: pick-up flights, routes of resistance and the Free French\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13507486.2017.1411889","url_text":"10.1080/13507486.2017.1411889"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1350-7486","url_text":"1350-7486"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148856854","url_text":"148856854"}]},{"reference":"Delve, Ken (24 April 2018). \"The RAF at 100: Exploring Sussex's airfields\". Retrieved 20 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sussexlife.co.uk/out-about/places/the-raf-at-100-exploring-sussex-s-airfields-1-5489261","url_text":"\"The RAF at 100: Exploring Sussex's airfields\""}]},{"reference":"Byron, Reginald (2013). Tangmere : Famous Royal Air Force Fighter Station An Authorised History. Grub Street Publishing. ISBN 978-1909166196.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1909166196","url_text":"978-1909166196"}]},{"reference":"Saunders, Andy (1998). RAF Tangmere revisited. Sutton. ISBN 075091906X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/075091906X","url_text":"075091906X"}]},{"reference":"\"Tangmere\". Airfields of Britain Conservation Trust. Retrieved 6 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abct.org.uk/airfields/airfield-finder/tangmere/","url_text":"\"Tangmere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfields_of_Britain_Conservation_Trust","url_text":"Airfields of Britain Conservation Trust"}]},{"reference":"Good, Timothy (12 July 2012). A Need to Know: UFOs, the Military and Intelligence. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-330-54349-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7KC4LQALF8MC&pg=PA148","url_text":"A Need to Know: UFOs, the Military and Intelligence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-54349-1","url_text":"978-0-330-54349-1"}]},{"reference":"\"National Archives: RAF Tangmere: Freedom of City of Chichester\". Retrieved 29 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C1229337","url_text":"\"National Archives: RAF Tangmere: Freedom of City of Chichester\""}]},{"reference":"\"No 22 Squadron\". RAF Web. Retrieved 6 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://rafweb.org/Squadrons/Sqn021-25.htm","url_text":"\"No 22 Squadron\""}]},{"reference":"\"Campaign to restore Tangmere's 'iconic' airfield control tower\". 2 November 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chichester.co.uk/news/people/campaign-to-restore-tangmere-s-iconic-airfield-control-tower-1-8227322","url_text":"\"Campaign to restore Tangmere's 'iconic' airfield control tower\""}]},{"reference":"\"Unit History: RAF Tangmere\". Forces War Records. Retrieved 10 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forces-war-records.co.uk/units/705/raf-tangmere/","url_text":"\"Unit History: RAF Tangmere\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tangmere Pilots\". Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190623122343/http://www.tangmerepilots.co.uk/history.htm","url_text":"\"Tangmere Pilots\""},{"url":"http://www.tangmerepilots.co.uk/history.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Watch Office (Control Tower), former RAF Tangmere (1403165)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 20 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1403165","url_text":"\"Watch Office (Control Tower), former RAF Tangmere (1403165)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Khoo, Anna (27 March 2019). \"Recreation of Eisenhower's visit as Tangmere Tower campaign progresses\". Chichester Observer. Retrieved 20 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chichester.co.uk/news/people/recreation-of-eisenhower-s-visit-as-tangmere-tower-campaign-progresses-1-8867345","url_text":"\"Recreation of Eisenhower's visit as Tangmere Tower campaign progresses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester_Observer","url_text":"Chichester Observer"}]},{"reference":"Birtles, P. (2012). UK Airfields of the Cold War. Midland Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85780-346-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-346-4","url_text":"978-1-85780-346-4"}]},{"reference":"Falconer, J. (2012). RAF Airfields of World War 2. UK: Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85780-349-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-349-5","url_text":"978-1-85780-349-5"}]},{"reference":"Jefford, C. G. (1988). RAF Squadrons. A comprehensive record of the movement and equipment of all RAF squadrons and their antecedents since 1912. Shrewsbury: Airlife. ISBN 1-85310-053-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury","url_text":"Shrewsbury"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85310-053-6","url_text":"1-85310-053-6"}]},{"reference":"Sturtivant, R.; Ballance, T. (1994). The Squadrons of The Fleet Air Arm. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 0-85130-223-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonbridge","url_text":"Tonbridge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent","url_text":"Kent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85130-223-8","url_text":"0-85130-223-8"}]},{"reference":"Sturtivant, R.; Hamlin, J. (2007). Royal Air Force flying training and support units since 1912. UK: Air-Britain (Historians). ISBN 978-0851-3036-59.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0851-3036-59","url_text":"978-0851-3036-59"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Philipp
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Christian Philipp
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[]
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Christian PhilippPhilipp in 1942, FinlandBorn3 September 1893Died16 October 1963(1963-10-16) (aged 70)Allegiance Nazi GermanyService/branchArmy (Wehrmacht)RankGeneralleutnantCommands held6th Mountain Division8th Jäger DivisionBattles/warsWorld War IIAwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Christian Philipp (3 September 1893 – 16 October 1963) was a German general during World War II who commanded several divisions. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany.
Awards and decorations
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 11 March 1945 as Generalleutnant and commander of 8. Jäger-Division
References
Citations
^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 276.
Bibliography
Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) . Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
Military offices
Preceded byGeneralmajor Ferdinand Schörner
Commander of 6. Gebirgs-Division 1 February 1942 - 20 August 1944
Succeeded byGeneralmajor Max-Josef Pemsel
Preceded byGeneral der Gebirgstruppen Friedrich-Jobst Volckamer von Kirchensittenbach
Commander of 8th Jäger Division 1 September 1944 - April 1945
Succeeded bynone
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross recipients of the 8th Jäger Division (8th Infantry Division)Staff
Gustav Höhne (Oak Leaves)
Rudolf Koch-Erpach
Christian Philipp
Friedrich-Jobst Volckamer von Kirchensittenbach
Units
Erhard Berner
Johann-Heinrich Eckhardt2 (Oak Leaves)
Arthur Jüttner3 (Oak Leaves & Swords)
Lothar Berger (Oak Leaves)
Horst Großmann6 (Oak Leaves)
3Oak Leaves with the 383rd Infantry Division. Swords the 62nd Volksgrenadier Division. 6Oak Leaves with the 6th Infantry Division.
Portal: Biography
|
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walther-Peer_Fellgiebel&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7909-0284-6","url_text":"978-3-7909-0284-6"}]}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16S_ribosomal_DNA
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16S ribosomal RNA
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["1 Functions","2 Structure","3 Universal primers","3.1 PCR and NGS applications","3.2 Hypervariable regions","4 Promiscuity of 16S rRNA genes","5 16S ribosomal databases","5.1 MIMt","5.2 EzBioCloud","5.3 Ribosomal Database Project","5.4 SILVA","5.5 GreenGenes","6 References","7 External links"]
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For the mitochondrially encoded 16S RNA, see MT-RNR2.
RNA component
This article is missing information about Rfam SSU_rRNA_bacteria, SSU_rRNA_archaea. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (December 2020)
Molecular structure of the 30S Subunit from Thermus thermophilus. Proteins are shown in blue and the single RNA strand in orange.
16S ribosomal RNA (or 16S rRNA) is the RNA component of the 30S subunit of a prokaryotic ribosome (SSU rRNA). It binds to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and provides most of the SSU structure.
The genes coding for it are referred to as 16S rRNA genes and are used in reconstructing phylogenies, due to the slow rates of evolution of this region of the gene. Carl Woese and George E. Fox were two of the people who pioneered the use of 16S rRNA in phylogenetics in 1977. Multiple sequences of the 16S rRNA gene can exist within a single bacterium.
Functions
Like the large (23S) ribosomal RNA, it has a structural role, acting as a scaffold defining the positions of the ribosomal proteins.
The 3′-end contains the anti-Shine-Dalgarno sequence, which binds upstream to the AUG start codon on the mRNA. The 3′-end of 16S RNA binds to the proteins S1 and S21 which are known to be involved in initiation of protein synthesis
Interacts with 23S, aiding in the binding of the two ribosomal subunits (50S and 30S)
Stabilizes correct codon-anticodon pairing in the A-site by forming a hydrogen bond between the N1 atom of adenine residues 1492 and 1493 and the 2′OH group of the mRNA backbone.
Structure
SSU Ribosomal RNA, bacteria and archaea. From Woese 1987.
Universal primers
The 16S rRNA gene is used for phylogenetic studies as it is highly conserved between different species of bacteria and archaea. Carl Woese pioneered this use of 16S rRNA in 1977. It is suggested that 16S rRNA gene can be used as a reliable molecular clock because 16S rRNA sequences from distantly related bacterial lineages are shown to have similar functionalities. Some thermophilic archaea (e.g. order Thermoproteales) contain 16S rRNA gene introns that are located in highly conserved regions and can impact the annealing of "universal" primers. Mitochondrial and chloroplastic rRNA are also amplified.
The most common primer pair was devised by Weisburg et al. (1991) and is currently referred to as 27F and 1492R; however, for some applications shorter amplicons may be necessary, for example for 454 sequencing with titanium chemistry the primer pair 27F-534R covering V1 to V3.
Often 8F is used rather than 27F. The two primers are almost identical, but 27F has an M instead of a C. AGAGTTTGATCMTGGCTCAG compared with 8F.
Primer name
Sequence (5′–3′)
Ref.
8F
AGA GTT TGA TCC TGG CTC AG
27F
AGA GTT TGA TCM TGG CTC AG
336R
ACT GCT GCS YCC CGT AGG AGT CT
337F
GAC TCC TAC GGG AGG CWG CAG
518R
GTA TTA CCG CGG CTG CTG G
533F
GTG CCA GCM GCC GCG GTA A
785F
GGA TTA GAT ACC CTG GTA
806R
GGA CTA CVS GGG TAT CTA AT
907R
CCG TCA ATT CCT TTR AGT TT
928F
TAA AAC TYA AAK GAA TTG ACG GG
1100F
YAA CGA GCG CAA CCC
1100R
GGG TTG CGC TCG TTG
U1492R
GGT TAC CTT GTT ACG ACT T
1492R
CGG TTA CCT TGT TAC GAC TT
PCR and NGS applications
In addition to highly conserved primer binding sites, 16S rRNA gene sequences contain hypervariable regions that can provide species-specific signature sequences useful for identification of bacteria.
As a result, 16S rRNA gene sequencing has become prevalent in medical microbiology as a rapid and cheap alternative to phenotypic methods of bacterial identification. Although it was originally used to identify bacteria, 16S sequencing was subsequently found to be capable of reclassifying bacteria into completely new species, or even genera.
It has also been used to describe new species that have never been successfully cultured.
With third-generation sequencing coming to many labs, simultaneous identification of thousands of 16S rRNA sequences is possible within hours, allowing metagenomic studies, for example of gut flora.
Hypervariable regions
The bacterial 16S gene contains nine hypervariable regions (V1–V9), ranging from about 30 to 100 base pairs long, that are involved in the secondary structure of the small ribosomal subunit. The degree of conservation varies widely between hypervariable regions, with more conserved regions correlating to higher-level taxonomy and less conserved regions to lower levels, such as genus and species. While the entire 16S sequence allows for comparison of all hypervariable regions, at approximately 1,500 base pairs long it can be prohibitively expensive for studies seeking to identify or characterize diverse bacterial communities. These studies commonly utilize the Illumina platform, which produces reads at rates 50-fold and 12,000-fold less expensive than 454 pyrosequencing and Sanger sequencing, respectively. While cheaper and allowing for deeper community coverage, Illumina sequencing only produces reads 75–250 base pairs long (up to 300 base pairs with Illumina MiSeq), and has no established protocol for reliably assembling the full gene in community samples. Full hypervariable regions can be assembled from a single Illumina run, however, making them ideal targets for the platform.
While 16S hypervariable regions can vary dramatically between bacteria, the 16S gene as a whole maintains greater length homogeneity than its eukaryotic counterpart (18S ribosomal RNA), which can make alignments easier. Additionally, the 16S gene contains highly conserved sequences between hypervariable regions, enabling the design of universal primers that can reliably produce the same sections of the 16S sequence across different taxa. Although no hypervariable region can accurately classify all bacteria from domain to species, some can reliably predict specific taxonomic levels. Many community studies select semi-conserved hypervariable regions like the V4 for this reason, as it can provide resolution at the phylum level as accurately as the full 16S gene. While lesser-conserved regions struggle to classify new species when higher order taxonomy is unknown, they are often used to detect the presence of specific pathogens. In one study by Chakravorty et al. in 2007, the authors characterized the V1–V8 regions of a variety of pathogens in order to determine which hypervariable regions would be most useful to include for disease-specific and broad assays. Amongst other findings, they noted that the V3 region was best at identifying the genus for all pathogens tested, and that V6 was the most accurate at differentiating species between all CDC-watched pathogens tested, including anthrax.
While 16S hypervariable region analysis is a powerful tool for bacterial taxonomic studies, it struggles to differentiate between closely related species. In the families Enterobacteriaceae, Clostridiaceae, and Peptostreptococcaceae, species can share up to 99% sequence similarity across the full 16S gene. As a result, the V4 sequences can differ by only a few nucleotides, leaving reference databases unable to reliably classify these bacteria at lower taxonomic levels. By limiting 16S analysis to select hypervariable regions, these studies can fail to observe differences in closely related taxa and group them into single taxonomic units, therefore underestimating the total diversity of the sample. Furthermore, bacterial genomes can house multiple 16S genes, with the V1, V2, and V6 regions containing the greatest intraspecies diversity. While not the most precise method of classifying bacterial species, analysis of the hypervariable regions remains one of the most useful tools available to bacterial community studies.
Promiscuity of 16S rRNA genes
Under the assumption that evolution is driven by vertical transmission, 16S rRNA genes have long been believed to be species-specific, and infallible as genetic markers inferring phylogenetic relationships among prokaryotes. However, a growing number of observations suggest the occurrence of horizontal transfer of these genes. In addition to observations of natural occurrence, transferability of these genes is supported experimentally using a specialized Escherichia coli genetic system. Using a null mutant of E. coli as host, growth of the mutant strain was shown to be complemented by foreign 16S rRNA genes that were phylogenetically distinct from E. coli at the phylum level. Such functional compatibility was also seen in Thermus thermophilus. Furthermore, in T. thermophilus, both complete and partial gene transfer was observed. Partial transfer resulted in spontaneous generation of apparently random chimera between host and foreign bacterial genes. Thus, 16S rRNA genes may have evolved through multiple mechanisms, including vertical inheritance and horizontal gene transfer; the frequency of the latter may be much higher than previously thought.
16S ribosomal databases
The 16S rRNA gene is used as the standard for classification and identification of microbes, because it is present in most microbes and shows proper changes. Type strains of 16S rRNA gene sequences for most bacteria and archaea are available on public databases, such as NCBI. However, the quality of the sequences found on these databases is often not validated. Therefore, secondary databases that collect only 16S rRNA sequences are widely used. The most frequently used databases are listed below:
MIMt
MIMt is a compact non-redundant 16S database for a rapid metagenomic samples identification. It is composed of 39.940 full 16S sequences belonging to 17,625 well classified bacteria and archaea species. All sequences were obtained from complete genomes deposited in NCBI and for each of the sequences full taxonomic hierarchy is provided. It contains no redundancy, so only one representative for each species was considered avoiding same sequences from differente strains, isolates or patovars resulting in a very fast tool for microorganisms identification, compatible with any classification software (QIIME, Mothur, DADA, etc).
EzBioCloud
EzBioCloud database, formerly known as EzTaxon, consists of a complete hierarchical taxonomic system containing 62,988 bacteria and archaea species/phylotypes which includes 15,290 valid published names as of September 2018. Based on the phylogenetic relationship such as maximum-likelihood and OrthoANI, all species/subspecies are represented by at least one 16S rRNA gene sequence. The EzBioCloud database is systematically curated and updated regularly which also includes novel candidate species. Moreover, the website provides bioinformatics tools such as ANI calculator, ContEst16S and 16S rRNA DB for QIIME and Mothur pipeline.^^
Ribosomal Database Project
The Ribosomal Database Project (RDP) is a curated database that offers ribosome data along with related programs and services. The offerings include phylogenetically ordered alignments of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences, derived phylogenetic trees, rRNA secondary structure diagrams and various software packages for handling, analyzing and displaying alignments and trees. The data are available via ftp and electronic mail. Certain analytic services are also provided by the electronic mail server. Due to its large size the RDP database is often used as the basis for bioinformatic tool development and creating manually curated databases.
SILVA
SILVA provides comprehensive, quality checked and regularly updated datasets of aligned small (16S/18S, SSU) and large subunit (23S/28S, LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences for all three domains of life as well as a suite of search, primer-design and alignment tools (Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya).
GreenGenes
GreenGenes is a quality controlled, comprehensive 16S rRNA gene reference database and taxonomy based on a de novo phylogeny that provides standard operational taxonomic unit sets. Beware that it utilizes taxonomic terms proposed from phylogenetic methods applied years ago between 2012 and 2013. Since then, a variety of novel phylogenetic methods have been proposed for Archaea and Bacteria.
References
^ Schluenzen F, Tocilj A, Zarivach R, Harms J, Gluehmann M, Janell D, et al. (September 2000). "Structure of functionally activated small ribosomal subunit at 3.3 angstroms resolution". Cell. 102 (5): 615–623. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00084-2. PMID 11007480. S2CID 1024446.
^ a b Woese CR, Fox GE (November 1977). "Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 74 (11): 5088–5090. Bibcode:1977PNAS...74.5088W. doi:10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088. PMC 432104. PMID 270744.
^ Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML (June 1990). "Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (12): 4576–4579. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.4576W. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576. PMC 54159. PMID 2112744.
^ Case RJ, Boucher Y, Dahllöf I, Holmström C, Doolittle WF, Kjelleberg S (January 2007). "Use of 16S rRNA and rpoB genes as molecular markers for microbial ecology studies". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 73 (1): 278–288. Bibcode:2007ApEnM..73..278C. doi:10.1128/AEM.01177-06. PMC 1797146. PMID 17071787.
^ Czernilofsky AP, Kurland CG, Stöffler G (October 1975). "30S ribosomal proteins associated with the 3'-terminus of 16S RNA". FEBS Letters. 58 (1): 281–284. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(75)80279-1. PMID 1225593. S2CID 22941368.
^ Woese CR (June 1987). "Bacterial evolution". Microbiological Reviews. 51 (2): 221–271. doi:10.1128/MR.51.2.221-271.1987. PMC 373105. PMID 2439888.
^ a b c Weisburg WG, Barns SM, Pelletier DA, Lane DJ (January 1991). "16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study". Journal of Bacteriology. 173 (2): 697–703. doi:10.1128/jb.173.2.697-703.1991. PMC 207061. PMID 1987160.
^ a b Coenye T, Vandamme P (November 2003). "Intragenomic heterogeneity between multiple 16S ribosomal RNA operons in sequenced bacterial genomes". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 228 (1): 45–49. doi:10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00717-1. PMID 14612235.
^ Tsukuda M, Kitahara K, Miyazaki K (August 2017). "Comparative RNA function analysis reveals high functional similarity between distantly related bacterial 16 S rRNAs". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 9993. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.9993T. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-10214-3. PMC 5577257. PMID 28855596.
^ Jay ZJ, Inskeep WP (July 2015). "The distribution, diversity, and importance of 16S rRNA gene introns in the order Thermoproteales". Biology Direct. 10 (35): 35. doi:10.1186/s13062-015-0065-6. PMC 4496867. PMID 26156036.
^ Walker, Sidney P.; Barrett, Maurice; Hogan, Glenn; Flores Bueso, Yensi; Claesson, Marcus J.; Tangney, Mark (2020-10-01). "Non-specific amplification of human DNA is a major challenge for 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 16356. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73403-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7529756. PMID 33004967.
^ "Human Microbiome Project DACC - Home". www.hmpdacc.org. Archived from the original on 2010-10-30.
^ a b "Primers, 16S ribosomal DNA - François Lutzoni's Lab". lutzonilab.net. Archived from the original on 2012-12-27.
^ a b Eden PA, Schmidt TM, Blakemore RP, Pace NR (April 1991). "Phylogenetic analysis of Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum using polymerase chain reaction-amplified 16S rRNA-specific DNA". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 41 (2): 324–325. doi:10.1099/00207713-41-2-324. PMID 1854644.
^ a b James, Greg (15 May 2018). "Universal Bacterial Identification by PCR and DNA Sequencing of 16S rRNA Gene". PCR for Clinical Microbiology. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 209–214. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9039-3_28. ISBN 978-90-481-9038-6.
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^ Yoon, S. H., Ha, S. M., Kwon, S., Lim, J., Kim, Y., Seo, H. and Chun, J. (2017). Introducing EzBioCloud: A taxonomically united database of 16S rRNA and whole genome assemblies. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 67:1613–1617
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External links
University of Washington Laboratory Medicine: Molecular Diagnosis | Bacterial Sequencing
MIMt 16S database
The Ribosomal Database Project Archived 2020-08-19 at the Wayback Machine
Ribosomes and Ribosomal RNA: (rRNA)
SILVA rRNA database
Greengenes: 16S rDNA data and tools
EzBioCloud
vteRibosomal RNA / ribosome subunitsArchaea(70S)Large (50S):
5S23SSmall (30S):
16SBacteria(70S)Large (50S):
5S23SSmall (30S):
16SEukaryotesCytoplasmic (80S)Large (60S):
5S5.8S28SSmall (40S):
18SMitochondrial (55S)Large (28S):
MT-RNR2, 16SMT-tRNAValSmall (39S):
MT-RNR1, 12SChloroplast (70S)Large (50S):
5S4.5S23SSmall (30S):
16SRibosomal proteins(See article table)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MT-RNR2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT-RNR2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:010_small_subunit-1FKA.gif"},{"link_name":"Thermus thermophilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermus_thermophilus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schluenzen-1"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svedberg"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svedberg"},{"link_name":"rRNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRNA"},{"link_name":"30S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30S"},{"link_name":"prokaryotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryotic"},{"link_name":"ribosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome"},{"link_name":"SSU rRNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSU_rRNA"},{"link_name":"Shine-Dalgarno sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shine-Dalgarno_sequence"},{"link_name":"phylogenies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetics"},{"link_name":"evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woese1977-2"},{"link_name":"Carl Woese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Woese"},{"link_name":"George E. Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_E._Fox"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woese_1990-3"},{"link_name":"bacterium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterium"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17071787-4"}],"text":"For the mitochondrially encoded 16S RNA, see MT-RNR2.RNA componentMolecular structure of the 30S Subunit from Thermus thermophilus. Proteins are shown in blue and the single RNA strand in orange.[1]16S ribosomal RNA (or 16S rRNA) is the RNA component of the 30S subunit of a prokaryotic ribosome (SSU rRNA). It binds to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and provides most of the SSU structure.The genes coding for it are referred to as 16S rRNA genes and are used in reconstructing phylogenies, due to the slow rates of evolution of this region of the gene.[2] Carl Woese and George E. Fox were two of the people who pioneered the use of 16S rRNA in phylogenetics in 1977.[3] Multiple sequences of the 16S rRNA gene can exist within a single bacterium.[4]","title":"16S ribosomal RNA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"large (23S) ribosomal RNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23S_ribosomal_RNA"},{"link_name":"ribosomal proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_protein"},{"link_name":"3′-end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directionality_(molecular_biology)"},{"link_name":"Shine-Dalgarno sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shine-Dalgarno_sequence"},{"link_name":"start codon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Start_codon"},{"link_name":"mRNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA"},{"link_name":"protein synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_synthesis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"50S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50S"},{"link_name":"30S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30S"},{"link_name":"A-site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-site"},{"link_name":"hydrogen bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bond"},{"link_name":"adenine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenine"}],"text":"Like the large (23S) ribosomal RNA, it has a structural role, acting as a scaffold defining the positions of the ribosomal proteins.\nThe 3′-end contains the anti-Shine-Dalgarno sequence, which binds upstream to the AUG start codon on the mRNA. The 3′-end of 16S RNA binds to the proteins S1 and S21 which are known to be involved in initiation of protein synthesis[5]\nInteracts with 23S, aiding in the binding of the two ribosomal subunits (50S and 30S)\nStabilizes correct codon-anticodon pairing in the A-site by forming a hydrogen bond between the N1 atom of adenine residues 1492 and 1493 and the 2′OH group of the mRNA backbone.","title":"Functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:16S.svg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"SSU Ribosomal RNA, bacteria and archaea. From Woese 1987.[6]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phylogenetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetics"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weisburg-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid14612235-8"},{"link_name":"Carl Woese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Woese"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woese1977-2"},{"link_name":"molecular clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_clock"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"thermophilic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermophile"},{"link_name":"archaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea"},{"link_name":"Thermoproteales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoproteales"},{"link_name":"introns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intron"},{"link_name":"annealing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annealing_(biology)"},{"link_name":"primers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer_(molecular_biology)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jay-10"},{"link_name":"chloroplastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weisburg-7"},{"link_name":"amplicons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplicon"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-13"}],"text":"The 16S rRNA gene is used for phylogenetic studies[7] as it is highly conserved between different species of bacteria and archaea.[8] Carl Woese pioneered this use of 16S rRNA in 1977.[2] It is suggested that 16S rRNA gene can be used as a reliable molecular clock because 16S rRNA sequences from distantly related bacterial lineages are shown to have similar functionalities.[9] Some thermophilic archaea (e.g. order Thermoproteales) contain 16S rRNA gene introns that are located in highly conserved regions and can impact the annealing of \"universal\" primers.[10] Mitochondrial and chloroplastic rRNA are also amplified.[11]The most common primer pair was devised by Weisburg et al. (1991)[7] and is currently referred to as 27F and 1492R; however, for some applications shorter amplicons may be necessary, for example for 454 sequencing with titanium chemistry the primer pair 27F-534R covering V1 to V3.[12]\nOften 8F is used rather than 27F. The two primers are almost identical, but 27F has an M instead of a C. AGAGTTTGATCMTGGCTCAG compared with 8F.[13]","title":"Universal primers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hypervariable regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervariable_region"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"medical microbiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_microbiology"},{"link_name":"phenotypic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"genera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weisburg-7"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"third-generation sequencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_sequencing"},{"link_name":"metagenomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_sequencing#Metagenomics"},{"link_name":"gut flora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid25226019-28"}],"sub_title":"PCR and NGS applications","text":"In addition to highly conserved primer binding sites, 16S rRNA gene sequences contain hypervariable regions that can provide species-specific signature sequences useful for identification of bacteria.[21][22]\nAs a result, 16S rRNA gene sequencing has become prevalent in medical microbiology as a rapid and cheap alternative to phenotypic methods of bacterial identification.[23] Although it was originally used to identify bacteria, 16S sequencing was subsequently found to be capable of reclassifying bacteria into completely new species,[24] or even genera.[7][25]\nIt has also been used to describe new species that have never been successfully cultured.[26][27]\nWith third-generation sequencing coming to many labs, simultaneous identification of thousands of 16S rRNA sequences is possible within hours, allowing metagenomic studies, for example of gut flora.[28]","title":"Universal primers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"base pairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair"},{"link_name":"small ribosomal subunit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30S"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid6462918-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-30"},{"link_name":"Illumina platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illumina_dye_sequencing"},{"link_name":"pyrosequencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrosequencing"},{"link_name":"Sanger sequencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanger_sequencing"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-32"},{"link_name":"18S ribosomal RNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18S_ribosomal_RNA"},{"link_name":"alignments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_alignment"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8811093-33"},{"link_name":"taxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-34"},{"link_name":"domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-30"},{"link_name":"assays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assay"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-35"},{"link_name":"CDC-watched pathogens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notifiable_diseases_in_USA"},{"link_name":"anthrax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-34"},{"link_name":"Enterobacteriaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterobacteriaceae"},{"link_name":"Clostridiaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridiaceae"},{"link_name":"Peptostreptococcaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptostreptococcaceae"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-36"},{"link_name":"nucleotides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-36"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-34"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid14612235-8"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-36"}],"sub_title":"Hypervariable regions","text":"The bacterial 16S gene contains nine hypervariable regions (V1–V9), ranging from about 30 to 100 base pairs long, that are involved in the secondary structure of the small ribosomal subunit.[29] The degree of conservation varies widely between hypervariable regions, with more conserved regions correlating to higher-level taxonomy and less conserved regions to lower levels, such as genus and species.[30] While the entire 16S sequence allows for comparison of all hypervariable regions, at approximately 1,500 base pairs long it can be prohibitively expensive for studies seeking to identify or characterize diverse bacterial communities.[30] These studies commonly utilize the Illumina platform, which produces reads at rates 50-fold and 12,000-fold less expensive than 454 pyrosequencing and Sanger sequencing, respectively.[31] While cheaper and allowing for deeper community coverage, Illumina sequencing only produces reads 75–250 base pairs long (up to 300 base pairs with Illumina MiSeq), and has no established protocol for reliably assembling the full gene in community samples.[32] Full hypervariable regions can be assembled from a single Illumina run, however, making them ideal targets for the platform.[32]While 16S hypervariable regions can vary dramatically between bacteria, the 16S gene as a whole maintains greater length homogeneity than its eukaryotic counterpart (18S ribosomal RNA), which can make alignments easier.[33] Additionally, the 16S gene contains highly conserved sequences between hypervariable regions, enabling the design of universal primers that can reliably produce the same sections of the 16S sequence across different taxa.[34] Although no hypervariable region can accurately classify all bacteria from domain to species, some can reliably predict specific taxonomic levels.[30] Many community studies select semi-conserved hypervariable regions like the V4 for this reason, as it can provide resolution at the phylum level as accurately as the full 16S gene.[30] While lesser-conserved regions struggle to classify new species when higher order taxonomy is unknown, they are often used to detect the presence of specific pathogens. In one study by Chakravorty et al. in 2007, the authors characterized the V1–V8 regions of a variety of pathogens in order to determine which hypervariable regions would be most useful to include for disease-specific and broad assays.[35] Amongst other findings, they noted that the V3 region was best at identifying the genus for all pathogens tested, and that V6 was the most accurate at differentiating species between all CDC-watched pathogens tested, including anthrax.[35]While 16S hypervariable region analysis is a powerful tool for bacterial taxonomic studies, it struggles to differentiate between closely related species.[34] In the families Enterobacteriaceae, Clostridiaceae, and Peptostreptococcaceae, species can share up to 99% sequence similarity across the full 16S gene.[36] As a result, the V4 sequences can differ by only a few nucleotides, leaving reference databases unable to reliably classify these bacteria at lower taxonomic levels.[36] By limiting 16S analysis to select hypervariable regions, these studies can fail to observe differences in closely related taxa and group them into single taxonomic units, therefore underestimating the total diversity of the sample.[34] Furthermore, bacterial genomes can house multiple 16S genes, with the V1, V2, and V6 regions containing the greatest intraspecies diversity.[8] While not the most precise method of classifying bacterial species, analysis of the hypervariable regions remains one of the most useful tools available to bacterial community studies.[36]","title":"Universal primers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vertical transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_transmission"},{"link_name":"prokaryotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryotes"},{"link_name":"horizontal transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_transfer"},{"link_name":"Escherichia coli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli"},{"link_name":"null mutant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_mutant"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Thermus thermophilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermus_thermophilus"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"chimera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimera_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"horizontal gene transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"Under the assumption that evolution is driven by vertical transmission, 16S rRNA genes have long been believed to be species-specific, and infallible as genetic markers inferring phylogenetic relationships among prokaryotes. However, a growing number of observations suggest the occurrence of horizontal transfer of these genes. In addition to observations of natural occurrence, transferability of these genes is supported experimentally using a specialized Escherichia coli genetic system. Using a null mutant of E. coli as host, growth of the mutant strain was shown to be complemented by foreign 16S rRNA genes that were phylogenetically distinct from E. coli at the phylum level.[37][38] Such functional compatibility was also seen in Thermus thermophilus.[39] Furthermore, in T. thermophilus, both complete and partial gene transfer was observed. Partial transfer resulted in spontaneous generation of apparently random chimera between host and foreign bacterial genes. Thus, 16S rRNA genes may have evolved through multiple mechanisms, including vertical inheritance and horizontal gene transfer; the frequency of the latter may be much higher than previously thought.[40]","title":"Promiscuity of 16S rRNA genes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid25118885-41"},{"link_name":"NCBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information"}],"text":"The 16S rRNA gene is used as the standard for classification and identification of microbes, because it is present in most microbes and shows proper changes.[41] Type strains of 16S rRNA gene sequences for most bacteria and archaea are available on public databases, such as NCBI. However, the quality of the sequences found on these databases is often not validated. Therefore, secondary databases that collect only 16S rRNA sequences are widely used. The most frequently used databases are listed below:","title":"16S ribosomal databases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"MIMt","text":"MIMt is a compact non-redundant 16S database for a rapid metagenomic samples identification. It is composed of 39.940 full 16S sequences belonging to 17,625 well classified bacteria and archaea species. All sequences were obtained from complete genomes deposited in NCBI and for each of the sequences full taxonomic hierarchy is provided. It contains no redundancy, so only one representative for each species was considered avoiding same sequences from differente strains, isolates or patovars resulting in a very fast tool for microorganisms identification, compatible with any classification software (QIIME, Mothur, DADA, etc).[42]","title":"16S ribosomal databases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EzTaxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EzTaxon_Database"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"EzBioCloud","text":"EzBioCloud database, formerly known as EzTaxon, consists of a complete hierarchical taxonomic system containing 62,988 bacteria and archaea species/phylotypes which includes 15,290 valid published names as of September 2018. Based on the phylogenetic relationship such as maximum-likelihood and OrthoANI, all species/subspecies are represented by at least one 16S rRNA gene sequence. The EzBioCloud database is systematically curated and updated regularly which also includes novel candidate species. Moreover, the website provides bioinformatics tools such as ANI calculator, ContEst16S and 16S rRNA DB for QIIME and Mothur pipeline.[43]^^","title":"16S ribosomal databases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Ribosomal Database Project","text":"The Ribosomal Database Project (RDP) is a curated database that offers ribosome data along with related programs and services. The offerings include phylogenetically ordered alignments of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences, derived phylogenetic trees, rRNA secondary structure diagrams and various software packages for handling, analyzing and displaying alignments and trees. The data are available via ftp and electronic mail. Certain analytic services are also provided by the electronic mail server.[44] Due to its large size the RDP database is often used as the basis for bioinformatic tool development and creating manually curated databases.[45]","title":"16S ribosomal databases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SILVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SILVA_ribosomal_RNA_database"},{"link_name":"18S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18S_ribosomal_RNA"},{"link_name":"SSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_subunit"},{"link_name":"23S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23S_ribosomal_RNA"},{"link_name":"28S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28S_ribosomal_RNA"},{"link_name":"LSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_subunit"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"SILVA","text":"SILVA provides comprehensive, quality checked and regularly updated datasets of aligned small (16S/18S, SSU) and large subunit (23S/28S, LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences for all three domains of life as well as a suite of search, primer-design and alignment tools (Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya).[46]","title":"16S ribosomal databases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"GreenGenes","text":"GreenGenes is a quality controlled, comprehensive 16S rRNA gene reference database and taxonomy based on a de novo phylogeny that provides standard operational taxonomic unit sets. Beware that it utilizes taxonomic terms proposed from phylogenetic methods applied years ago between 2012 and 2013. Since then, a variety of novel phylogenetic methods have been proposed for Archaea and Bacteria.[47][48]","title":"16S ribosomal databases"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Molecular structure of the 30S Subunit from Thermus thermophilus. Proteins are shown in blue and the single RNA strand in orange.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/010_small_subunit-1FKA.gif/220px-010_small_subunit-1FKA.gif"},{"image_text":"SSU Ribosomal RNA, bacteria and archaea. From Woese 1987.[6]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/16S.svg/600px-16S.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Schluenzen F, Tocilj A, Zarivach R, Harms J, Gluehmann M, Janell D, et al. (September 2000). \"Structure of functionally activated small ribosomal subunit at 3.3 angstroms resolution\". Cell. 102 (5): 615–623. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00084-2. PMID 11007480. S2CID 1024446.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2900084-2","url_text":"\"Structure of functionally activated small ribosomal subunit at 3.3 angstroms resolution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2900084-2","url_text":"10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00084-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11007480","url_text":"11007480"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1024446","url_text":"1024446"}]},{"reference":"Woese CR, Fox GE (November 1977). \"Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 74 (11): 5088–5090. Bibcode:1977PNAS...74.5088W. doi:10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088. PMC 432104. 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Biology Direct. 10 (35): 35. doi:10.1186/s13062-015-0065-6. PMC 4496867. PMID 26156036.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4496867","url_text":"\"The distribution, diversity, and importance of 16S rRNA gene introns in the order Thermoproteales\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13062-015-0065-6","url_text":"10.1186/s13062-015-0065-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4496867","url_text":"4496867"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26156036","url_text":"26156036"}]},{"reference":"Walker, Sidney P.; Barrett, Maurice; Hogan, Glenn; Flores Bueso, Yensi; Claesson, Marcus J.; Tangney, Mark (2020-10-01). \"Non-specific amplification of human DNA is a major challenge for 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis\". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 16356. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73403-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7529756. PMID 33004967.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7529756","url_text":"\"Non-specific amplification of human DNA is a major challenge for 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-020-73403-7","url_text":"10.1038/s41598-020-73403-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322","url_text":"2045-2322"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7529756","url_text":"7529756"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33004967","url_text":"33004967"}]},{"reference":"\"Human Microbiome Project DACC - Home\". www.hmpdacc.org. Archived from the original on 2010-10-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101030101644/http://hmpdacc.org/tools_protocols.php","url_text":"\"Human Microbiome Project DACC - Home\""},{"url":"http://www.hmpdacc.org/tools_protocols.php#sequencing","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Primers, 16S ribosomal DNA - François Lutzoni's Lab\". lutzonilab.net. Archived from the original on 2012-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lutzonilab.net/primers/page604.shtml","url_text":"\"Primers, 16S ribosomal DNA - François Lutzoni's Lab\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121227103440/http://www.lutzonilab.net/primers/page604.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Eden PA, Schmidt TM, Blakemore RP, Pace NR (April 1991). \"Phylogenetic analysis of Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum using polymerase chain reaction-amplified 16S rRNA-specific DNA\". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 41 (2): 324–325. doi:10.1099/00207713-41-2-324. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodmer%E2%80%93Witten_assumption
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Strangelet
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["1 Theoretical possibility","1.1 Strange matter hypothesis","1.2 Relationship with nuclei","1.3 Size","2 Natural or artificial occurrence","2.1 Accelerator production","2.2 Space-based detection","2.3 Possible seismic detection","2.4 Impacts on Solar System bodies","3 Potential propagation","4 Debate about the strange matter hypothesis","5 In fiction","6 See also","7 Further reading","8 References","9 External links"]
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Type of hypothetical particle
This article is about the hypothetical particle. For the album, see Strangelet (album).
A strangelet (pronounced /ˈstreɪndʒ.lɪt/) is a hypothetical particle consisting of a bound state of roughly equal numbers of up, down, and strange quarks. An equivalent description is that a strangelet is a small fragment of strange matter, small enough to be considered a particle. The size of an object composed of strange matter could, theoretically, range from a few femtometers across (with the mass of a light nucleus) to arbitrarily large. Once the size becomes macroscopic (on the order of metres across), such an object is usually called a strange star. The term "strangelet" originates with Edward Farhi and Robert Jaffe in 1984. Strangelets can convert matter to strange matter on contact. Strangelets have been suggested as a dark matter candidate.
Theoretical possibility
Strange matter hypothesis
The known particles with strange quarks are unstable. Because the strange quark is heavier than the up and down quarks, it can spontaneously decay, via the weak interaction, into an up quark. Consequently, particles containing strange quarks, such as the lambda particle, always lose their strangeness, by decaying into lighter particles containing only up and down quarks.
However, condensed states with a larger number of quarks might not suffer from this instability. That possible stability against decay is the "strange matter hypothesis", proposed separately by Arnold Bodmer and Edward Witten. According to this hypothesis, when a large enough number of quarks are concentrated together, the lowest energy state is one which has roughly equal numbers of up, down, and strange quarks, namely a strangelet. This stability would occur because of the Pauli exclusion principle; having three types of quarks, rather than two as in normal nuclear matter, allows more quarks to be placed in lower energy levels.
Relationship with nuclei
A nucleus is a collection of a large number of up and down quarks, confined into triplets (neutrons and protons). According to the strange matter hypothesis, strangelets are more stable than nuclei, so nuclei are expected to decay into strangelets. But this process may be extremely slow because there is a large energy barrier to overcome: as the weak interaction starts making a nucleus into a strangelet, the first few strange quarks form strange baryons, such as the Lambda, which are heavy. Only if many conversions occur almost simultaneously will the number of strange quarks reach the critical proportion required to achieve a lower energy state. This is very unlikely to happen, so even if the strange matter hypothesis were correct, nuclei would never be seen to decay to strangelets because their lifetime would be longer than the age of the universe.
Size
The stability of strangelets depends on their size. This is because of (a) surface tension at the interface between quark matter and vacuum (which affects small strangelets more than big ones), and (b) screening of charges, which allows small strangelets to be charged, with a neutralizing cloud of electrons/positrons around them, but requires large strangelets, like any large piece of matter, to be electrically neutral in their interior. The charge screening distance tends to be of the order of a few femtometers, so only the outer few femtometers of a strangelet can carry charge.
The surface tension of strange matter is unknown. If it is smaller than a critical value (a few MeV per square femtometer) then large strangelets are unstable and will tend to fission into smaller strangelets (strange stars would still be stabilized by gravity). If it is larger than the critical value, then strangelets become more stable as they get bigger.
Natural or artificial occurrence
Although nuclei do not decay to strangelets, there are other ways to create strangelets, so if the strange matter hypothesis is correct there should be strangelets in the universe. There are at least three ways they might be created in nature:
Cosmogonically, i.e. in the early universe when the QCD confinement phase transition occurred. It is possible that strangelets were created along with the neutrons and protons that form ordinary matter.
High-energy processes. The universe is full of very high-energy particles (cosmic rays). It is possible that when these collide with each other or with neutron stars they may provide enough energy to overcome the energy barrier and create strangelets from nuclear matter. Some identified exotic cosmic ray events, like the Price's event with very low charge-to-mass ratio could have already registered strangelets.
Cosmic ray impacts. In addition to head-on collisions of cosmic rays, ultra high energy cosmic rays impacting on Earth's atmosphere may create strangelets.
These scenarios offer possibilities for observing strangelets. If there are strangelets flying around the universe, then occasionally a strangelet should hit Earth, where it would appear as an exotic type of cosmic ray. If strangelets can be produced in high-energy collisions, then they might be produced by heavy-ion colliders.
Accelerator production
At heavy ion accelerators like the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), nuclei are collided at relativistic speeds, creating strange and antistrange quarks that could conceivably lead to strangelet production. The experimental signature of a strangelet would be its very high ratio of mass to charge, which would cause its trajectory in a magnetic field to be very nearly, but not quite, straight. The STAR collaboration has searched for strangelets produced at the RHIC, but none were found. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is even less likely to produce strangelets, but searches are planned for the LHC ALICE detector.
Space-based detection
The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), an instrument that is mounted on the International Space Station, could detect strangelets.
Possible seismic detection
In May 2002, a group of researchers at Southern Methodist University reported the possibility that strangelets may have been responsible for seismic events recorded on October 22 and November 24 in 1993. The authors later retracted their claim, after finding that the clock of one of the seismic stations had a large error during the relevant period.
It has been suggested that the International Monitoring System be set up to verify the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) after entry into force may be useful as a sort of "strangelet observatory" using the entire Earth as its detector. The IMS will be designed to detect anomalous seismic disturbances down to 1 kiloton of TNT (4.2 TJ) energy release or less, and could be able to track strangelets passing through Earth in real time if properly exploited.
Impacts on Solar System bodies
It has been suggested that strangelets of subplanetary (i.e. heavy meteorite) mass would puncture planets and other Solar System objects, leading to impact craters which show characteristic features.
Potential propagation
If the strange matter hypothesis is correct, and if a stable negatively-charged strangelet with a surface tension larger than the aforementioned critical value exists, then a larger strangelet would be more stable than a smaller one. One speculation that has resulted from the idea is that a strangelet coming into contact with a lump of ordinary matter could over time convert the ordinary matter to strange matter.
This is not a concern for strangelets in cosmic rays because they are produced far from Earth and have had time to decay to their ground state, which is predicted by most models to be positively charged, so they are electrostatically repelled by nuclei, and would rarely merge with them. On the other hand, high-energy collisions could produce negatively charged strangelet states, which could live long enough to interact with the nuclei of ordinary matter.
The danger of catalyzed conversion by strangelets produced in heavy-ion colliders has received some media attention, and concerns of this type were raised at the commencement of the RHIC experiment at Brookhaven, which could potentially have created strangelets. A detailed analysis concluded that the RHIC collisions were comparable to ones which naturally occur as cosmic rays traverse the Solar System, so we would already have seen such a disaster if it were possible. RHIC has been operating since 2000 without incident. Similar concerns have been raised about the operation of the LHC at CERN but such fears are dismissed as far-fetched by scientists.
In the case of a neutron star, the conversion scenario may be more plausible. A neutron star is in a sense a giant nucleus (20 km across), held together by gravity, but it is electrically neutral and would not electrostatically repel strangelets. If a strangelet hit a neutron star, it might catalyze quarks near its surface to form into more strange matter, potentially continuing until the entire star became a strange star.
Debate about the strange matter hypothesis
The strange matter hypothesis remains unproven. No direct search for strangelets in cosmic rays or particle accelerators has yet confirmed a strangelet. If any of the objects such as neutron stars could be shown to have a surface made of strange matter, this would indicate that strange matter is stable at zero pressure, which would vindicate the strange matter hypothesis. However, there is no strong evidence for strange matter surfaces on neutron stars.
Another argument against the hypothesis is that if it were true, essentially all neutron stars should be made of strange matter, and otherwise none should be. Even if there were only a few strange stars initially, violent events such as collisions would soon create many fragments of strange matter flying around the universe. Because collision with a single strangelet would convert a neutron star to strange matter, all but a few of the most recently formed neutron stars should by now have already been converted to strange matter.
This argument is still debated, but if it is correct then showing that one old neutron star has a conventional nuclear matter crust would disprove the strange matter hypothesis.
Because of its importance for the strange matter hypothesis, there is an ongoing effort to determine whether the surfaces of neutron stars are made of strange matter or nuclear matter. The evidence currently favors nuclear matter. This comes from the phenomenology of X-ray bursts, which is well explained in terms of a nuclear matter crust, and from measurement of seismic vibrations in magnetars.
In fiction
An episode of Odyssey 5 featured an attempt to destroy the planet by intentionally creating negatively charged strangelets in a particle accelerator.
The BBC docudrama End Day features a scenario where a particle accelerator in New York City explodes, creating a strangelet and starting a catastrophic chain reaction which destroys Earth.
The story A Matter most Strange in the collection Indistinguishable from Magic by Robert L. Forward deals with the making of a strangelet in a particle accelerator.
Impact, published in 2010 and written by Douglas Preston, deals with an alien machine that creates strangelets. The machine's strangelets impact the Earth and Moon and pass through.
The novel Phobos, published in 2011 and written by Steve Alten as the third and final part of his Domain trilogy, presents a fictional story where strangelets are unintentionally created at the LHC and escape from it to destroy the Earth.
In the 1992 black-comedy novel Humans by Donald E. Westlake, an irritated God sends an angel to Earth to bring about Armageddon by means of using a strangelet created in a particle accelerator to convert the Earth into a quark star.
In the 2010 film Quantum Apocalypse, a strangelet approaches the Earth from space.
In the novel The Quantum Thief by Hannu Rajaniemi and the rest of the trilogy, strangelets are mostly used as weapons, but during an early project to terraform Mars, one was used to convert Phobos into an additional "sun".
See also
Grey goo
Ice-nine
Further reading
Holden, Joshua (May 17, 1998). "The Story of Strangelets". Rutgers. Archived from the original on January 7, 2010. Retrieved April 1, 2010.
Fridolin Weber (2005). "Strange Quark Matter and Compact Stars". Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics. 54 (1): 193–288. arXiv:astro-ph/0407155. Bibcode:2005PrPNP..54..193W. doi:10.1016/j.ppnp.2004.07.001. S2CID 15002134.
Jes Madsen (1999). "Physics and astrophysics of strange quark matter". Hadrons in Dense Matter and Hadrosynthesis. Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 516. pp. 162–203. arXiv:astro-ph/9809032. doi:10.1007/BFb0107314. ISBN 978-3-540-65209-0. S2CID 16566509.
References
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^ Sadovsky, S. A.; Kharlov, Yu. V.; Angelis, A. L. S.; Gładysz-Dziaduš, E.; Korotkikh, V. L.; Mavromanolakis, G.; Panagiotou, A. D. (2004). "Model for describing the production of Centauro events and strangelets in heavy-ion collisions". Physics of Atomic Nuclei. 67 (2): 396–405. arXiv:nucl-th/0301003. Bibcode:2004PAN....67..396S. doi:10.1134/1.1648929. S2CID 117706766.
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^ Anderson, D. P.; Rajagopal, Krishna; Reddy, Sanjay; Steiner, Andrew (2003). "Unexplained Sets of Seismographic Station Reports and a Set Consistent with a Quark Nugget Passage". The Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 93 (6): 2363–2374. arXiv:astro-ph/0205089. Bibcode:2003BuSSA..93.2363A. doi:10.1785/0120020138. S2CID 43388747.
^ Herrin, Eugene T.; Rosenbaum, Doris C.; Teplitz, Vigdor L.; Steiner, Andrew (2006). "Seismic search for strange quark nuggets". Physical Review D. 73 (4): 043511. arXiv:astro-ph/0505584. Bibcode:2006PhRvD..73d3511H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.73.043511. S2CID 119368573.
^ Rafelski, Johann; Labun, Lance; Birrell, Jeremiah; Steiner, Andrew (2013). "Compact Ultra Dense Matter Impactors". Physical Review Letters. 110 (11): 111102. arXiv:1104.4572. Bibcode:2011arXiv1104.4572R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.111102. PMID 25166521. S2CID 28532909. Archived from the original on 2022-03-22. Retrieved 2011-11-13.
^ a b Dar, A.; De Rujula, A.; Heinz, Ulrich; Steiner, Andrew (1999). "Will relativistic heavy-ion colliders destroy our planet?". Physics Letters B. 470 (1–4): 142–148. arXiv:hep-ph/9910471. Bibcode:1999PhLB..470..142D. doi:10.1016/S0370-2693(99)01307-6. S2CID 17837332.
^ a b Jaffe, R. L.; Busza, W.; Wilczek, F.; Sandweiss, J. (2000). "Review of speculative disaster scenarios at RHIC". Reviews of Modern Physics. 72 (4): 1125–1140. arXiv:hep-ph/9910333. Bibcode:2000RvMP...72.1125J. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.72.1125. S2CID 444580.
^ Madsen, Jes; Rajagopal, Krishna; Reddy, Sanjay; Steiner, Andrew (2000). "Intermediate Mass Strangelets are Positively Charged". Physical Review Letters. 85 (22): 4687–4690. arXiv:hep-ph/0008217. Bibcode:2000PhRvL..85.4687M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.4687. PMID 11082627. S2CID 44845761.
^ Madsen, Jes; Rajagopal, Krishna; Reddy, Sanjay; Steiner, Andrew (2006). "Strangelets in Cosmic Rays". arXiv:astro-ph/0612784.
^ Schaffner-Bielich, Jürgen; Greiner, Carsten; Diener, Alexander; Stöcker, Horst (1997). "Detectability of strange matter in heavy ion experiments". Physical Review C. 55 (6): 3038–3046. arXiv:nucl-th/9611052. Bibcode:1997PhRvC..55.3038S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.55.3038. S2CID 12781374.
^ Robert Matthews (28 August 1999). "A Black Hole Ate My Planet". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
^ Horizon: End Days, an episode of the BBC television series Horizon
^ Wagner, Walter L. (1999). "Black Holes at Brookhaven?". Scientific American. 281 (1): 8. JSTOR 26058304.
^ a b Dennis Overbye (29 March 2008). "Asking a Judge to Save the World, and Maybe a Whole Lot More". New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
^ "Safety at the LHC". Archived from the original on 2008-05-13. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
^ J. Blaizot et al., "Study of Potentially Dangerous Events During Heavy-Ion Collisions at the LHC", CERN library record Archived 2019-04-02 at the Wayback Machine CERN Yellow Reports Server (PDF)
^ Alcock, Charles; Farhi, Edward & Olinto, Angela (1986). "Strange stars". Astrophysical Journal. 310: 261. Bibcode:1986ApJ...310..261A. doi:10.1086/164679.
^ Caldwell, R.R.; Friedman, John L. (1991). "Evidence against a strange ground state for baryons". Physics Letters B. 264 (1–2): 143–148. Bibcode:1991PhLB..264..143C. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(91)90718-6.
^ Alford, Mark G.; Rajagopal, Krishna; Reddy, Sanjay; Steiner, Andrew (2003). "Strangelets as Cosmic Rays beyond the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin Cutoff". Physical Review Letters. 90 (12): 121102. arXiv:astro-ph/0211597. Bibcode:2003PhRvL..90l1102M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.121102. PMID 12688863. S2CID 118913495.
^ Balberg, Shmuel; Rajagopal, Krishna; Reddy, Sanjay; Steiner, Andrew (2004). "Comment on Strangelets as Cosmic Rays beyond the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin Cutoff". Physical Review Letters. 92 (11): 119001. arXiv:astro-ph/0403503. Bibcode:2004PhRvL..92k9001B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.119001. PMID 15089181. S2CID 35971928.
^ Madsen, Jes; Rajagopal, Krishna; Reddy, Sanjay; Steiner, Andrew (2004). "Madsen Replies". Physical Review Letters. 92 (11): 119002. arXiv:astro-ph/0403515. Bibcode:2004PhRvL..92k9002M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.119002. S2CID 26518446.
^ Madsen, Jes (2005). "Strangelet propagation and cosmic ray flux". Physical Review D. 71 (1): 014026. arXiv:astro-ph/0411538. Bibcode:2005PhRvD..71a4026M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.71.014026. S2CID 119485839.
^ Heger, Alexander; Cumming, Andrew; Galloway, Duncan K.; Woosley, Stanford E. (2007). "Models of type I X-ray bursts from GS 1826-24: A probe of rp-process hydrogen burning". The Astrophysical Journal. 671 (2): L141. arXiv:0711.1195. Bibcode:2007ApJ...671L.141H. doi:10.1086/525522. S2CID 14986572.
^ Watts, Anna L.; Reddy, Sanjay (2007). "Magnetar oscillations pose challenges for strange stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 379 (1): L63. arXiv:astro-ph/0609364. Bibcode:2007MNRAS.379L..63W. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2007.00336.x. S2CID 14055493.
^ Odyssey 5: Trouble with Harry Archived 2019-09-30 at the Wayback Machine, an episode of the Canadian science fiction television series Odyssey 5 by Manny Coto (2002)
External links
"The Most Dangerous Stuff in the Universe – Strange Stars Explained" (Video). Kurzgesagt. 14 April 2019. Archived from the original on 2021-12-15. Retrieved 15 April 2019 – via YouTube.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strangelet (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangelet_(album)"},{"link_name":"/ˈstreɪndʒ.lɪt/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"hypothetical particle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothetical_particle"},{"link_name":"bound state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bound_state"},{"link_name":"up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_quark"},{"link_name":"down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_quark"},{"link_name":"strange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_quark"},{"link_name":"quarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark"},{"link_name":"strange matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_matter"},{"link_name":"particle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle"},{"link_name":"femtometers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi_(unit)"},{"link_name":"strange star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_star"},{"link_name":"Edward Farhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Farhi"},{"link_name":"Robert Jaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jaffe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farhi_and_Jaffe-1"},{"link_name":"dark matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Witten-2"}],"text":"This article is about the hypothetical particle. For the album, see Strangelet (album).A strangelet (pronounced /ˈstreɪndʒ.lɪt/) is a hypothetical particle consisting of a bound state of roughly equal numbers of up, down, and strange quarks. An equivalent description is that a strangelet is a small fragment of strange matter, small enough to be considered a particle. The size of an object composed of strange matter could, theoretically, range from a few femtometers across (with the mass of a light nucleus) to arbitrarily large. Once the size becomes macroscopic (on the order of metres across), such an object is usually called a strange star. The term \"strangelet\" originates with Edward Farhi and Robert Jaffe in 1984. Strangelets can convert matter to strange matter on contact.[1] Strangelets have been suggested as a dark matter candidate.[2]","title":"Strangelet"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Theoretical possibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spontaneously decay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_decay"},{"link_name":"weak interaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interaction"},{"link_name":"lambda particle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_baryon"},{"link_name":"strangeness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangeness"},{"link_name":"Arnold Bodmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Bodmer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Edward Witten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Witten"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pauli exclusion principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli_exclusion_principle"}],"sub_title":"Strange matter hypothesis","text":"The known particles with strange quarks are unstable. Because the strange quark is heavier than the up and down quarks, it can spontaneously decay, via the weak interaction, into an up quark. Consequently, particles containing strange quarks, such as the lambda particle, always lose their strangeness, by decaying into lighter particles containing only up and down quarks.However, condensed states with a larger number of quarks might not suffer from this instability. That possible stability against decay is the \"strange matter hypothesis\", proposed separately by Arnold Bodmer[3] and Edward Witten.[4] According to this hypothesis, when a large enough number of quarks are concentrated together, the lowest energy state is one which has roughly equal numbers of up, down, and strange quarks, namely a strangelet. This stability would occur because of the Pauli exclusion principle; having three types of quarks, rather than two as in normal nuclear matter, allows more quarks to be placed in lower energy levels.","title":"Theoretical possibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neutrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron"},{"link_name":"protons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saga-5"}],"sub_title":"Relationship with nuclei","text":"A nucleus is a collection of a large number of up and down quarks, confined into triplets (neutrons and protons). According to the strange matter hypothesis, strangelets are more stable than nuclei, so nuclei are expected to decay into strangelets. But this process may be extremely slow because there is a large energy barrier to overcome: as the weak interaction starts making a nucleus into a strangelet, the first few strange quarks form strange baryons, such as the Lambda, which are heavy. Only if many conversions occur almost simultaneously will the number of strange quarks reach the critical proportion required to achieve a lower energy state. This is very unlikely to happen, so even if the strange matter hypothesis were correct, nuclei would never be seen to decay to strangelets because their lifetime would be longer than the age of the universe.[5]","title":"Theoretical possibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-screen-7"}],"sub_title":"Size","text":"The stability of strangelets depends on their size. This is because of (a) surface tension at the interface between quark matter and vacuum (which affects small strangelets more than big ones), and (b) screening of charges, which allows small strangelets to be charged, with a neutralizing cloud of electrons/positrons around them, but requires large strangelets, like any large piece of matter, to be electrically neutral in their interior. The charge screening distance tends to be of the order of a few femtometers, so only the outer few femtometers of a strangelet can carry charge.[6]The surface tension of strange matter is unknown. If it is smaller than a critical value (a few MeV per square femtometer[7]) then large strangelets are unstable and will tend to fission into smaller strangelets (strange stars would still be stabilized by gravity). If it is larger than the critical value, then strangelets become more stable as they get bigger.","title":"Theoretical possibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"QCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics"},{"link_name":"cosmic rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray"},{"link_name":"Price's event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Price%27s_event&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"ultra high energy cosmic rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_high_energy_cosmic_ray"},{"link_name":"Earth's atmosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere"}],"text":"Although nuclei do not decay to strangelets, there are other ways to create strangelets, so if the strange matter hypothesis is correct there should be strangelets in the universe. There are at least three ways they might be created in nature:Cosmogonically, i.e. in the early universe when the QCD confinement phase transition occurred. It is possible that strangelets were created along with the neutrons and protons that form ordinary matter.\nHigh-energy processes. The universe is full of very high-energy particles (cosmic rays). It is possible that when these collide with each other or with neutron stars they may provide enough energy to overcome the energy barrier and create strangelets from nuclear matter. Some identified exotic cosmic ray events, like the Price's event[clarification needed] with very low charge-to-mass ratio could have already registered strangelets.[8]\nCosmic ray impacts. In addition to head-on collisions of cosmic rays, ultra high energy cosmic rays impacting on Earth's atmosphere may create strangelets.These scenarios offer possibilities for observing strangelets. If there are strangelets flying around the universe, then occasionally a strangelet should hit Earth, where it would appear as an exotic type of cosmic ray. If strangelets can be produced in high-energy collisions, then they might be produced by heavy-ion colliders.","title":"Natural or artificial occurrence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_Heavy_Ion_Collider"},{"link_name":"STAR collaboration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STAR_detector"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Large Hadron Collider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LSAGreport-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"ALICE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALICE:_A_Large_Ion_Collider_Experiment"}],"sub_title":"Accelerator production","text":"At heavy ion accelerators like the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), nuclei are collided at relativistic speeds, creating strange and antistrange quarks that could conceivably lead to strangelet production. The experimental signature of a strangelet would be its very high ratio of mass to charge, which would cause its trajectory in a magnetic field to be very nearly, but not quite, straight. The STAR collaboration has searched for strangelets produced at the RHIC,[9] but none were found. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is even less likely to produce strangelets,[10] but searches are planned[11] for the LHC ALICE detector.","title":"Natural or artificial occurrence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Magnetic_Spectrometer"},{"link_name":"International Space Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Space-based detection","text":"The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), an instrument that is mounted on the International Space Station, could detect strangelets.[12]","title":"Natural or artificial occurrence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southern Methodist University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"International Monitoring System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Test_Ban_Treaty_Organization#International_Monitoring_System"},{"link_name":"Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Test_Ban_Treaty"},{"link_name":"kiloton of TNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNT_equivalent"},{"link_name":"TJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terajoule"}],"sub_title":"Possible seismic detection","text":"In May 2002, a group of researchers at Southern Methodist University reported the possibility that strangelets may have been responsible for seismic events recorded on October 22 and November 24 in 1993.[13] The authors later retracted their claim, after finding that the clock of one of the seismic stations had a large error during the relevant period.[14]It has been suggested that the International Monitoring System be set up to verify the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) after entry into force may be useful as a sort of \"strangelet observatory\" using the entire Earth as its detector. The IMS will be designed to detect anomalous seismic disturbances down to 1 kiloton of TNT (4.2 TJ) energy release or less, and could be able to track strangelets passing through Earth in real time if properly exploited.","title":"Natural or artificial occurrence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Impacts on Solar System bodies","text":"It has been suggested that strangelets of subplanetary (i.e. heavy meteorite) mass would puncture planets and other Solar System objects, leading to impact craters which show characteristic features.[15]","title":"Natural or artificial occurrence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DDH-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BJSW-17"},{"link_name":"cosmic rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_rays"},{"link_name":"ground state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_state"},{"link_name":"electrostatically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_electricity"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"ordinary matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary_matter"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"heavy-ion colliders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-energy_nuclear_physics"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DDH-16"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"RHIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RHIC"},{"link_name":"Brookhaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BJSW-17"},{"link_name":"Solar System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System"},{"link_name":"LHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LHC"},{"link_name":"CERN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"neutron star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_star"},{"link_name":"gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity"},{"link_name":"strange star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_star"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"If the strange matter hypothesis is correct, and if a stable negatively-charged strangelet with a surface tension larger than the aforementioned critical value exists, then a larger strangelet would be more stable than a smaller one. One speculation that has resulted from the idea is that a strangelet coming into contact with a lump of ordinary matter could over time convert the ordinary matter to strange matter.[16][17]This is not a concern for strangelets in cosmic rays because they are produced far from Earth and have had time to decay to their ground state, which is predicted by most models to be positively charged, so they are electrostatically repelled by nuclei, and would rarely merge with them.[18][19] On the other hand, high-energy collisions could produce negatively charged strangelet states, which could live long enough to interact with the nuclei of ordinary matter.[20]The danger of catalyzed conversion by strangelets produced in heavy-ion colliders has received some media attention,[21][22] and concerns of this type were raised[16][23] at the commencement of the RHIC experiment at Brookhaven, which could potentially have created strangelets. A detailed analysis[17] concluded that the RHIC collisions were comparable to ones which naturally occur as cosmic rays traverse the Solar System, so we would already have seen such a disaster if it were possible. RHIC has been operating since 2000 without incident. Similar concerns have been raised about the operation of the LHC at CERN[24] but such fears are dismissed as far-fetched by scientists.[24][25][26]In the case of a neutron star, the conversion scenario may be more plausible. A neutron star is in a sense a giant nucleus (20 km across), held together by gravity, but it is electrically neutral and would not electrostatically repel strangelets. If a strangelet hit a neutron star, it might catalyze quarks near its surface to form into more strange matter, potentially continuing until the entire star became a strange star.[27]","title":"Potential propagation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"particle accelerators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_accelerators"},{"link_name":"pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"nuclear matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_matter"},{"link_name":"phenomenology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(physics)"},{"link_name":"X-ray bursts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_burst"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"magnetars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetar"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"The strange matter hypothesis remains unproven. No direct search for strangelets in cosmic rays or particle accelerators has yet confirmed a strangelet. If any of the objects such as neutron stars could be shown to have a surface made of strange matter, this would indicate that strange matter is stable at zero pressure, which would vindicate the strange matter hypothesis. However, there is no strong evidence for strange matter surfaces on neutron stars.Another argument against the hypothesis is that if it were true, essentially all neutron stars should be made of strange matter, and otherwise none should be.[28] Even if there were only a few strange stars initially, violent events such as collisions would soon create many fragments of strange matter flying around the universe. Because collision with a single strangelet would convert a neutron star to strange matter, all but a few of the most recently formed neutron stars should by now have already been converted to strange matter.This argument is still debated,[29][30][31][32] but if it is correct then showing that one old neutron star has a conventional nuclear matter crust would disprove the strange matter hypothesis.Because of its importance for the strange matter hypothesis, there is an ongoing effort to determine whether the surfaces of neutron stars are made of strange matter or nuclear matter. The evidence currently favors nuclear matter. This comes from the phenomenology of X-ray bursts, which is well explained in terms of a nuclear matter crust,[33] and from measurement of seismic vibrations in magnetars.[34]","title":"Debate about the strange matter hypothesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Odyssey 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey_5"},{"link_name":"particle accelerator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_accelerator"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"docudrama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docudrama"},{"link_name":"End Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_Day"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Indistinguishable from Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indistinguishable_from_Magic_(book)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert L. Forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_L._Forward"},{"link_name":"particle accelerator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_accelerator"},{"link_name":"Impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Douglas Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Preston"},{"link_name":"Steve Alten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Alten"},{"link_name":"LHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LHC"},{"link_name":"Donald E. Westlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_E._Westlake"},{"link_name":"Armageddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armageddon"},{"link_name":"Quantum Apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_Apocalypse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Quantum Thief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quantum_Thief"},{"link_name":"Hannu Rajaniemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannu_Rajaniemi"},{"link_name":"terraform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terraforming"},{"link_name":"Phobos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobos_(moon)"}],"text":"An episode of Odyssey 5 featured an attempt to destroy the planet by intentionally creating negatively charged strangelets in a particle accelerator.[35]\nThe BBC docudrama End Day features a scenario where a particle accelerator in New York City explodes, creating a strangelet and starting a catastrophic chain reaction which destroys Earth.\nThe story A Matter most Strange in the collection Indistinguishable from Magic by Robert L. Forward deals with the making of a strangelet in a particle accelerator.\nImpact, published in 2010 and written by Douglas Preston, deals with an alien machine that creates strangelets. The machine's strangelets impact the Earth and Moon and pass through.\nThe novel Phobos, published in 2011 and written by Steve Alten as the third and final part of his Domain trilogy, presents a fictional story where strangelets are unintentionally created at the LHC and escape from it to destroy the Earth.\nIn the 1992 black-comedy novel Humans by Donald E. Westlake, an irritated God sends an angel to Earth to bring about Armageddon by means of using a strangelet created in a particle accelerator to convert the Earth into a quark star.\nIn the 2010 film Quantum Apocalypse, a strangelet approaches the Earth from space.\nIn the novel The Quantum Thief by Hannu Rajaniemi and the rest of the trilogy, strangelets are mostly used as weapons, but during an early project to terraform Mars, one was used to convert Phobos into an additional \"sun\".","title":"In fiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The Story of Strangelets\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100107024303/http://www.physics.rutgers.edu/~jholden/strange/strange.html"},{"link_name":"Rutgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.physics.rutgers.edu/~jholden/strange/strange.html"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"astro-ph/0407155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0407155"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2005PrPNP..54..193W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PrPNP..54..193W"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2004.07.001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ppnp.2004.07.001"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15002134","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15002134"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"astro-ph/9809032","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9809032"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/BFb0107314","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2FBFb0107314"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-540-65209-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-65209-0"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16566509","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16566509"}],"text":"Holden, Joshua (May 17, 1998). \"The Story of Strangelets\". Rutgers. Archived from the original on January 7, 2010. Retrieved April 1, 2010.\nFridolin Weber (2005). \"Strange Quark Matter and Compact Stars\". Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics. 54 (1): 193–288. arXiv:astro-ph/0407155. Bibcode:2005PrPNP..54..193W. doi:10.1016/j.ppnp.2004.07.001. S2CID 15002134.\nJes Madsen (1999). \"Physics and astrophysics of strange quark matter\". Hadrons in Dense Matter and Hadrosynthesis. Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 516. pp. 162–203. arXiv:astro-ph/9809032. doi:10.1007/BFb0107314. ISBN 978-3-540-65209-0. S2CID 16566509.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"Grey goo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_goo"},{"title":"Ice-nine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice-nine"}]
|
[{"reference":"Holden, Joshua (May 17, 1998). \"The Story of Strangelets\". Rutgers. Archived from the original on January 7, 2010. Retrieved April 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100107024303/http://www.physics.rutgers.edu/~jholden/strange/strange.html","url_text":"\"The Story of Strangelets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers","url_text":"Rutgers"},{"url":"http://www.physics.rutgers.edu/~jholden/strange/strange.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fridolin Weber (2005). \"Strange Quark Matter and Compact Stars\". Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics. 54 (1): 193–288. arXiv:astro-ph/0407155. Bibcode:2005PrPNP..54..193W. doi:10.1016/j.ppnp.2004.07.001. S2CID 15002134.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0407155","url_text":"astro-ph/0407155"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PrPNP..54..193W","url_text":"2005PrPNP..54..193W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ppnp.2004.07.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2004.07.001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15002134","url_text":"15002134"}]},{"reference":"Jes Madsen (1999). \"Physics and astrophysics of strange quark matter\". Hadrons in Dense Matter and Hadrosynthesis. Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 516. pp. 162–203. arXiv:astro-ph/9809032. doi:10.1007/BFb0107314. ISBN 978-3-540-65209-0. S2CID 16566509.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9809032","url_text":"astro-ph/9809032"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBFb0107314","url_text":"10.1007/BFb0107314"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-65209-0","url_text":"978-3-540-65209-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16566509","url_text":"16566509"}]},{"reference":"Farhi, Edward; Jaffe, R. L. (1984). \"Strange matter\". Physical Review D. 30 (11): 2379–2390. Bibcode:1984PhRvD..30.2379F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.30.2379.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984PhRvD..30.2379F","url_text":"1984PhRvD..30.2379F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.30.2379","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRevD.30.2379"}]},{"reference":"Witten, Edward (1984). \"Cosmic separation of phases\". Physical Review D. 30 (2): 272–285. Bibcode:1984PhRvD..30..272W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.30.272.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984PhRvD..30..272W","url_text":"1984PhRvD..30..272W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.30.272","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRevD.30.272"}]},{"reference":"Bodmer, A.R. (15 September 1971). \"Collapsed Nuclei\". Physical Review D. 4 (6): 1601–1606. Bibcode:1971PhRvD...4.1601B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.4.1601.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971PhRvD...4.1601B","url_text":"1971PhRvD...4.1601B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.4.1601","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRevD.4.1601"}]},{"reference":"Witten, Edward (15 July 1984). \"Cosmic separation of phases\". Physical Review D. 30 (2): 272–285. Bibcode:1984PhRvD..30..272W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.30.272.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984PhRvD..30..272W","url_text":"1984PhRvD..30..272W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.30.272","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRevD.30.272"}]},{"reference":"Norbeck, E.; Onel, Y. (2011). \"The strangelet saga\". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 316 (1): 012034–2. Bibcode:2011JPhCS.316a2034N. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/316/1/012034.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F316%2F1%2F012034","url_text":"\"The strangelet saga\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Physics:_Conference_Series","url_text":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JPhCS.316a2034N","url_text":"2011JPhCS.316a2034N"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F316%2F1%2F012034","url_text":"10.1088/1742-6596/316/1/012034"}]},{"reference":"Heiselberg, H. (1993). \"Screening in quark droplets\". Physical Review D. 48 (3): 1418–1423. Bibcode:1993PhRvD..48.1418H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.48.1418. PMID 10016374.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993PhRvD..48.1418H","url_text":"1993PhRvD..48.1418H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.48.1418","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRevD.48.1418"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10016374","url_text":"10016374"}]},{"reference":"Alford, Mark G.; Rajagopal, Krishna; Reddy, Sanjay; Steiner, Andrew W. (2006). \"Stability of strange star crusts and strangelets\". Physical Review D. 73 (11): 114016. arXiv:hep-ph/0604134. Bibcode:2006PhRvD..73k4016A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.73.114016. S2CID 35951483.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0604134","url_text":"hep-ph/0604134"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PhRvD..73k4016A","url_text":"2006PhRvD..73k4016A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.73.114016","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRevD.73.114016"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35951483","url_text":"35951483"}]},{"reference":"Banerjee, Shibaji; Ghosh, Sanjay K.; Raha, Sibaji; Syam, Debapriyo (2000). \"Can Cosmic Strangelets Reach the Earth?\". Physical Review Letters. 85 (7): 1384–1387. arXiv:hep-ph/0006286. Bibcode:2000PhRvL..85.1384B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.1384. PMID 10970510. S2CID 27542402.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0006286","url_text":"hep-ph/0006286"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PhRvL..85.1384B","url_text":"2000PhRvL..85.1384B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.85.1384","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.1384"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10970510","url_text":"10970510"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27542402","url_text":"27542402"}]},{"reference":"Abelev, B. I.; Aggarwal, M. M.; Ahammed, Z.; Anderson, B. D.; Arkhipkin, D.; Averichev, G. S.; Bai, Y.; Balewski, J.; Barannikova, O.; Barnby, L. S.; Baudot, J.; Baumgart, S.; Belaga, V. V.; Bellingeri-Laurikainen, A.; Bellwied, R.; Benedosso, F.; Betts, R. R.; Bhardwaj, S.; Bhasin, A.; Bhati, A. K.; Bichsel, H.; Bielcik, J.; Bielcikova, J.; Bland, L. C.; Blyth, S. -L.; Bombara, M.; Bonner, B. E.; Botje, M.; Bouchet, J.; et al. (2007). \"Strangelet search in Au+Au collisions at sNN=200 GeV\". Physical Review C. 76 (1): 011901. arXiv:nucl-ex/0511047. Bibcode:2007PhRvC..76a1901A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.76.011901. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998-99_Heineken_Cup
|
1998–99 Heineken Cup
|
["1 Teams","2 Pool stage","2.1 Pool 1","2.2 Pool 2","2.3 Pool 3","2.4 Pool 4","3 Seeding","4 Knockout stage","4.1 Quarter-finals","4.2 Semi-finals","4.3 Final","5 References"]
|
1998–99 Heineken CupTournament detailsCountries France Ireland Italy Scotland WalesTournament format(s)Round-robin and KnockoutDate18 September 1998 to 30 January 1999Tournament statisticsTeams16Matches played55Attendance322,340 (5,861 per match)Top point scorer(s)Simon Mason (Ulster)(144 points)Top try scorer(s)Thomas Lombard (Stade Français)Michel Marfaing (Toulouse)Émile Ntamack (Toulouse)(7 tries)FinalVenueLansdowne Road, DublinAttendance49,000Champions Ulster (1st title)Runners-up Colomiers← 1997–98 (Previous)(Next) 1999–2000 →
The 1998–99 Heineken Cup was the fourth edition of the Heineken Cup. Competing teams from France, Ireland, Italy, Wales, and Scotland, were divided into four pools of four, in which teams played home and away matches against each other. Cardiff and Swansea did not compete due to a dispute with their union, the Welsh Rugby Union, whereas teams from England did not compete due to a dispute between European Rugby and the Rugby Football Union. The pool winners and runners-up qualified for the knock-out stages.
Teams
France
Wales
Scotland
Ireland
Italy
Stade Français
Bègles-Bordeaux
Perpignan
Toulouse
Colomiers
Llanelli
Neath
Ebbw Vale
Pontypridd
Edinburgh
Glasgow
Leinster
Munster
Ulster
Petrarca
Treviso
Pool stage
Further information: 1998-99 Heineken Cup pool stage
In the pool matches teams received 2 points for a win, 1 point for a draw and 0 points for a defeat.
Pool 1
Team
P
W
D
L
Tries for
Tries against
Try diff
Points for
Points against
Points diff
Pts
Stade Français
6
5
0
1
27
10
17
219
117
102
10
Llanelli
6
3
0
3
12
22
−10
113
180
−67
6
Leinster
6
2
0
4
17
12
5
141
124
17
4
Bègles-Bordeaux
6
2
0
4
11
23
−12
127
179
−52
4
Pool 2
Team
P
W
D
L
Tries for
Tries against
Try diff
Points for
Points against
Points diff
Pts
Perpignan
6
5
0
1
35
13
22
238
108
130
10
Munster
6
4
1
1
17
13
4
144
108
36
9
Neath
6
1
1
4
14
27
−13
118
194
−76
3
Petrarca Padova
6
1
0
5
8
21
−13
79
169
−90
2
Pool 3
Team
P
W
D
L
Tries for
Tries against
Try diff
Points for
Points against
Points diff
Pts
Ulster
6
4
1
1
23
20
3
197
168
29
9
Toulouse
6
4
0
2
31
11
20
234
103
131
8
Edinburgh Reivers
6
2
1
3
21
14
7
179
146
33
5
Ebbw Vale
6
1
0
5
11
41
−30
114
307
−193
2
Pool 4
Team
P
W
D
L
Tries for
Tries against
Try diff
Points for
Points against
Points diff
Pts
Colomiers
6
4
0
2
22
10
12
176
121
55
8
Pontypridd
6
3
0
3
13
16
−3
160
141
19
6
Benetton Treviso
6
3
0
3
13
13
0
142
150
−8
6
Glasgow Caledonians
6
2
0
4
10
19
−9
121
187
−66
4
Seeding
Seed
Pool winners
Pts
TF
+/−
1
Perpignan
10
35
+130
2
Stade Français
10
27
+102
3
Ulster
9
23
+29
4
Colomiers
8
22
+55
Seed
Pool runners-up
Pts
TF
+/−
5
Munster
9
17
+36
6
Toulouse
8
31
+131
7
Pontypridd
6
13
+19
8
Llanelli
6
12
−67
Knockout stage
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Final
3
Ulster
15
6
Toulouse
13
3
Ulster
33
2
Stade Français
27
2
Stade Français
71
7
Pontypridd
14
3
Ulster
21
4
Colomiers
6
4
Colomiers
23
5
Munster
9
4
Colomiers
10
1
Perpignan
6
1
Perpignan
34
8
Llanelli
17
Quarter-finals
11 December 199819:15Ulster 15–13 ToulousePen: Mason (3)Drop: Humphreys (2)ReportTry: PelousCon: OugierPen: Delaigue (2)RavenhillAttendance: 11,500Referee: B. Campbell
12 December 199815:00Perpignan 34–17 LlanelliStade Aime GiralAttendance: 10,000
12 December 199815:30Stade Francais 71–14 PontypriddStade Jean-BouinAttendance: 5,000
13 December 199815:00Colomiers 23–9 MunsterStade SeleryAttendance: 8,000
Semi-finals
9 January 199913:00Ulster 33–27 Stade FrancaisTry: McKinty, HumphreysCon: MasonPen: Mason (5)Drop: Mason, HumphreysReportHighlightsTry: Juillet (2), LièvremontCon: Dominguez (3)Pen: Dominguez (2)RavenhillAttendance: 20,000Referee: J. Fleming
9 January 199914:45Colomiers 10–6 PerpignanStadium Municipal, ToulouseAttendance: 30,000
Final
Main article: 1999 Heineken Cup Final
30 January 199914:45Ulster 21–6 ColomiersPen: Mason (6)Drop: HumphreysReportPen: LabitMickael CarreLansdowne Road, DublinAttendance: 49,000Referee: Clayton Thomas (Wales)
References
^ Jim Stokes, "Oh la, la, magical Ulster", Belfast Telegraph, 12 December 1998
^ "Chance to remember a lost time", Irish Times, 20 October 2000
^ Brendan Fanning, "Euro dream lives on", Sunday Independent, 10 January 1999
^ Chris Hewett, "Rugby Union: Ulster revel in magic of Europe", The Independent, 11 January 1999
vteEuropean Rugby Champions CupOrganised by European Professional Club RugbyFormerly the Heineken Cup, organised by European Rugby Cup2023–24 teams
Bath
Bayonne
Bordeaux Bègles
Bristol Bears
Bulls
Cardiff
Connacht
Exeter Chiefs
Glasgow Warriors
Harlequins
La Rochelle
Leicester Tigers
Leinster
Lyon
Munster
Northampton Saints
Racing 92
Sale Sharks
Saracens
Stade Français
Stormers
Toulon
Toulouse
Ulster
Heineken Cup(1995–2014)Seasons
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
Pool stages
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
Finals
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
European RugbyChampions Cup(2014–present)Seasons
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
Pool stages
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
Finals
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Qualification play-off
Heineken Cup Play-off (2004–09)
2014–15
2015–16
2017–18
|
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Cardiff and Swansea did not compete due to a dispute with their union, the Welsh Rugby Union, whereas teams from England did not compete due to a dispute between European Rugby and the Rugby Football Union. The pool winners and runners-up qualified for the knock-out stages.","title":"1998–99 Heineken Cup"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1998-99 Heineken Cup pool stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998-99_Heineken_Cup_pool_stage"}],"text":"Further information: 1998-99 Heineken Cup pool stageIn the pool matches teams received 2 points for a win, 1 point for a draw and 0 points for a defeat.","title":"Pool stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pool 1","title":"Pool stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pool 2","title":"Pool stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pool 3","title":"Pool stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pool 4","title":"Pool stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Seeding"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Mason_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Humphreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Humphreys_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-losttime-2"},{"link_name":"Pelous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabien_Pelous"},{"link_name":"Ougier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Ougier"},{"link_name":"Delaigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yann_Delaigue"},{"link_name":"Ravenhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenhill_Stadium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Stade Aime Giral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Aime_Giral"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Stade Jean-Bouin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Jean-Bouin_(Paris)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Stade Selery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Selery"}],"sub_title":"Quarter-finals","text":"11 December 199819:15Ulster 15–13 ToulousePen: Mason (3)Drop: Humphreys (2)Report[1][2]Try: PelousCon: OugierPen: Delaigue (2)RavenhillAttendance: 11,500Referee: B. Campbell12 December 199815:00Perpignan 34–17 LlanelliStade Aime GiralAttendance: 10,00012 December 199815:30Stade Francais 71–14 PontypriddStade Jean-BouinAttendance: 5,00013 December 199815:00Colomiers 23–9 MunsterStade SeleryAttendance: 8,000","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"McKinty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_McKinty&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Humphreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Humphreys_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Mason_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Mason_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Mason_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Humphreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Humphreys_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Highlights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-xoHVas2qs"},{"link_name":"Juillet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_Juillet"},{"link_name":"Lièvremont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Li%C3%A8vremont"},{"link_name":"Dominguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Dom%C3%ADnguez_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Dominguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Dom%C3%ADnguez_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Ravenhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenhill_Stadium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Stadium Municipal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium_Municipal"}],"sub_title":"Semi-finals","text":"9 January 199913:00Ulster 33–27 Stade FrancaisTry: McKinty, HumphreysCon: MasonPen: Mason (5)Drop: Mason, HumphreysReport[3][4]HighlightsTry: Juillet (2), LièvremontCon: Dominguez (3)Pen: Dominguez (2)RavenhillAttendance: 20,000Referee: J. Fleming9 January 199914:45Colomiers 10–6 PerpignanStadium Municipal, ToulouseAttendance: 30,000","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Rugby"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Colomiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Colomiers"},{"link_name":"Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Mason_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Humphreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Humphreys_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ercrugby.com/eng/matchcentre/17040.php"},{"link_name":"Labit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Labit"},{"link_name":"Mickael Carre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mickael_Carre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lansdowne Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansdowne_Road"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Clayton Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Rugby_Union"}],"sub_title":"Final","text":"30 January 199914:45Ulster 21–6 ColomiersPen: Mason (6)Drop: HumphreysReportPen: LabitMickael CarreLansdowne Road, DublinAttendance: 49,000Referee: Clayton Thomas (Wales)","title":"Knockout stage"}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-xoHVas2qs","external_links_name":"Highlights"},{"Link":"http://www.ercrugby.com/eng/matchcentre/17040.php","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/chance-to-remember-a-lost-time-1.1111145","external_links_name":"\"Chance to remember a lost time\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby-union-ulster-revel-in-magic-of-europe-1046422.html","external_links_name":"\"Rugby Union: Ulster revel in magic of Europe\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantoncillo_Island
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Banton, Romblon
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["1 Etymology","2 History","2.1 Early history","2.2 20th century","2.3 21st century","3 Geography","3.1 Barangays","3.2 Climate","4 Demographics","4.1 Language","5 Economy","6 Tourism","6.1 Heritage sites","6.2 Natural formations","6.3 Beaches","6.4 Festivals","7 Government","7.1 Local government","7.2 Municipal seal","8 Infrastructure","8.1 Utilities","8.2 Transportation","9 Health","10 Education","11 Notable personalities","12 Gallery","13 Notes","14 References","15 External links"]
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Coordinates: 12°56′46″N 122°05′46″E / 12.946°N 122.096°E / 12.946; 122.096Municipality in Romblon, Philippines
Municipality in Mimaropa, PhilippinesBanton
JonesMunicipalityMunicipality of Banton(From top, left to right) Banton Island, Fort San Jose, the 16th century St. Nicholas de Tolentino Parish Church, Macat-ang Beach in Barangay Mainit, pre-colonial artifacts found in Banton's Guyangan Cave System, Banton Civic Center, and Banton's poblacion viewed from Manamyaw Cliff.
FlagSealMap of Romblon with Banton highlightedOpenStreetMapBantonLocation within the PhilippinesCoordinates: 12°56′46″N 122°05′46″E / 12.946°N 122.096°E / 12.946; 122.096CountryPhilippinesRegionMimaropaProvinceRomblonDistrict
Lone districtFounded1622Barangays17
(see Barangays)Government • TypeSangguniang Bayan • MayorMilagros F. Faderanga • Vice MayorLoijorge F. Fegalan • RepresentativeEleandro Jesus F. Madrona • Councilors
Allan Fabula
Carmi Faderanga
Monie Faderanga
Bert Fadrilan
Renato Faz
Joemel Ferrancol
Onad Ferrolino
Bemboy Fonte
• Electorate3,963 voters (2022)Area • Total32.48 km2 (12.54 sq mi)Elevation13 m (43 ft)Highest elevation (Mount Ampongo)607 m (1,991 ft)Lowest elevation0 m (0 ft)Population (2020 census) • Total5,737 • Density180/km2 (460/sq mi) • Households1,495DemonymBantoanonEconomy • Income class5th municipal income class • Poverty incidence24.85% (2021) • Revenue₱ 55.8 million (2020) • Assets₱ 197.2 million (2020) • Expenditure₱ 57.92 million (2020) • Liabilities₱ 27.75 million (2020)Service provider • ElectricityRomblon Electric Cooperative (ROMELCO)Time zoneUTC+8 (PST)ZIP code5515PSGC1705902000IDD : area code +63 (0)42Native languagesBantoanon TagalogPatron saintSan Nicolas de Tolentino
Banton, officially the Municipality of Banton (Bantoanon: Banwa it Banton, Filipino: Bayan ng Banton, formerly known as Jones), is a 5th class municipality in the province of Romblon, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 5,737 people.
Its territory encompasses the entire Banton Island and a few uninhabited smaller islands. The island is located in the northern portion of the province and lies in the northern portion of the Sibuyan Sea near the southern tip of Marinduque. It is a town of about 5,000 people majority of which speak the Bantoanon language (also known as Asi), one of the five primary branches of the Bisayan languages.
Banton is thought to have been inhabited by Filipinos since the pre-colonial period, based on analysis of human remains, coffins, an ancient burial cloth and other archaeological finds discovered at the Guyangan Cave System by the National Museum in 1936. The present settlement was founded in 1622 by the Spanish and is the oldest settlement in the province. During the American colonial period, the municipality changed its name to Jones in honor of American congressman William Jones, who authored the Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916. Today, Banton is one of Romblon's thriving municipalities, with an economy dependent on copra farming, fishing, raffia palm weaving, and tourism. The island is collectively known as a cultural landscape due to its historical, cultural and archaeological value to humanity.
Etymology
The name "Banton" was derived from the Asi word batoon, meaning "rocky", referring to the mountainous and rocky topography of the island due to its volcanic origin. Another possible origin is the word bantoy, which is the Asi word for the venomous stonefish.
History
The Banton Cloth, the oldest existing example of warp ikat in Southeast Asia, displayed at the National Museum of the Philippines.
Ipot Cave, where the earliest known warp ikat textile in Southeast Asia was found in 1936
Fuerza de San José, Banton's Spanish colonial era fort
Early history
Banton was already inhabited during pre-colonial times as proven by ancient artefacts such as wooden coffins and skeletal remains found in the island's Guyangan Cave System in 1936 by a team of researchers from the National Museum of the Philippines. Among the artefacts was the Banton Cloth, a piece of a traditional burial cloth found in one of the wooden coffins. It is estimated to be 400 years old, making it the earliest known warp ikat (tie-resist dyeing) textile in the Philippines and Southeast Asia. These artifacts are now preserved at the National Museum of Anthropology in Manila.
The municipality of Banton was established by Spanish colonial authorities in 1622, the first town established in Romblon, which was then part of Capiz province. It was initially founded in a site in Bacoco Hill (now part of Barangay Hambian), south-west of its present site. The administration of the other islands of Romblon were put under the jurisdiction of Banton until 1631, when Pueblo de Romblon was founded. In 1640, due to frequent raids by Moros, who looted and pillaged the settlement, the limestone fort called Fuerza de San Jose and the San Nicolas de Tolentino Parish Church was constructed under the leadership of Father Agustin de San Pedro, also known as El Padre Capitan, who was the parish priest of Banton at that time. The construction was completed in 1644, and in 1648, San Nicolas de Tolentino was installed as the town's patron saint. The fort effectively protected the town against further Moro raids. Banton ceased being part of Capiz when the Spanish colonial government created the politico-military province of Romblon on 11 January 1868.
20th century
When civilian government was introduced in Romblon by the Americans on 16 March 1901, Banton was one of the 11 new municipalities reinstated or created. In 1918, the municipality was renamed Jones in honor of American congressman William Jones, who authored the Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 that provided for greater autonomy for the Philippines under American colonial rule. On 8 June 1940, with the passage of Commonwealth Act No. 581, all of Romblon's municipalities were dissolved and Jones, together with Corcuera and Concepcion, were consolidated into a special municipality called Maghali, one of four special municipalities that the law created (the rest being Romblon, Tablas and Sibuyan). The reorganization proved to be difficult for the province's local leaders, and after World War II, Republic Act No. 38 repealed Commonwealth Act No. 581, restoring Jones to its pre-war status. On 24 April 1959, Republic Act No. 2158 restored the island to its former name, Banton.
21st century
In 2013, Banton was one of the sites of a detailed resource assessment by the Department of Energy (DOE), along with Maricaban Island in Batangas and Balut Island in Saranggani. The study aimed to determine whether the island can be a site for low enthalpy geothermal power generation. However, no exploitable geothermal resource has been delineated on the island. On 19 March 2013, the National Museum of the Philippines declared the island's Guyangan Cave System, where precolonial wooden coffins, remains, and the Banton Cloth were found, as an Important Cultural Property.
The island municipality was greatly devastated by Typhoon Melor on 15 December 2015, which made its fourth landfall over the island, and by Typhoon Kammuri on 3 December 2019, which made its second landfall over the island. The typhoon destroyed or damaged 912 houses in the island municipality, while 42 percent of agricultural lands were damaged. The estimated cost of damage to infrastructure in the town was ₱39 million.
In 2020, the population of the Philippine long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis philippensis) in the island was found to have increased over previously documented levels, with the monkeys destroying crops and raiding homes. The Department of Environment and Natural Resources sent a team to the island, which confirmed the population increase. To control its population, the team suggested that the macaques be exported to monkey farms in Luzon for use in scientific research on diseases such as Ebola. Nedim Buyukmihci, a professor emeritus of veterinary medicine at the University of California-Davis has expressed opposition to the plan.
On 21 October 2020, several fishing boats in the villages of Mainit and Yabawon on the western side of the island municipality were destroyed by huge waves caused by Typhoon Saudel, which passed over the central portion of Luzon Island in the north of the Philippines. A few days later, on 25 October, the island municipality was devastated by Typhoon Molave, which made landfall over Torrijos, Marinduque, just north of the island. PAGASA raised typhoon Signal No. 3 over the island, along with the rest of northern Romblon, as the typhoon passed over the province with winds of up to 130 kph. The typhoon caused a landslide along the Togbongan-Nabalay Road on the north of the island and also destroyed several homes and agricultural lands.
In 2021 and 2022, the island municipality marked two important milestones: On 15 March 2021, Banton marked a year of being COVID-19 free since the community quarantine in the Philippines began. It joined 23 other municipalities in the distinguished status. In August 2022, the town celebrated its 400th founding anniversary with a host of religious and festive social activities, including a ceremonial release of balloons.
On 16 July 2023, MV Maria Helena, a ROPAX ferry owned and operated by Montenegro Shipping Lines intentionally beached in Barangay Nasunogan after it titled in the Sibuyan Sea while en route to San Agustin from Lucena. The incident was caused by a tire blowout in one of the vehicles being carried by the ferry amid rough seas, causing the vehicle the tilt and its lashing to snap, and resulting in vehicle pileup on the port side of the vessel. All 120 passengers and crew were rescued. The vessel has since been righted, its cargo transferred to another vessel, and has sailed back to Lucena for repairs.
Geography
Banton lies on the northern portion of the Sibuyan Sea and is equidistant between Marinduque Island to the north and Tablas Island to the south. It is composed of the main island of Banton and the uninhabited islands of Bantoncillo, Carlota and Isabel, the last two of which are collectively known as the Dos Hermanas Islands. There is also Polloc Islet near Tabonan Beach just off the northwest portion of the island and part of Barangay Yabawon.
The Islands of Banton, Romblon
Banton Island, where the main settlement is located.
Bantoncillo Island, also known as Gakot Island.
The Dos Hermanas Islands, composed of Carlota and Isabel Islands.
Polloc, an uninhabited island a few meters off the coast of Tabunan Beach in Barangay Yabawon.
Banton has a total land area of 3,248 hectares (32.48 km2). Based on rock petrology, the island is a dormant volcano which lies at the southernmost portion of the Pleistocene-Quaternary West Luzon volcanic arc and may have been active during the Pliocene period. Because of its volcanic origin, the island has a mountainous, rocky topography, with very few patches of flat land suitable for farming. The island's highest elevation, Mount Ampongo, rises at 596 metres (1,955 ft).
Barangays
Bird's eye view of Barangay Poblacion
Banton is politically subdivided into 17 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.
In 1954, the sitios of Mahaba, Angomon, Solocan, Kapanranan, and Yabawon were consolidated into the barangay known as Yabawon.
Balogo
Banice
Hambi-an
Lagang
Libtong
Mainit
Nabalay
Nasunogan
Poblacion
Sibay
Tan-Ag
Toctoc
Togbongan
Togong
Tungonan
Tumalum
Yabawon
Climate
Climate data for Banton, Romblon
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
28(82)
29(84)
29(84)
27(81)
32(90)
31(88)
29(84)
30(86)
31(88)
30(86)
29(84)
28(82)
29(84)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
23(73)
24(75)
24(75)
23(73)
25(77)
25(77)
24(75)
25(77)
25(77)
25(77)
24(75)
24(75)
25(77)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
102(4.0)
27(1.1)
30(1.2)
129(5.1)
120(4.7)
237(9.3)
189(7.4)
186(7.3)
126(5.0)
231(9.1)
162(6.4)
90(3.5)
1,629(64.1)
Average rainy days
14
12
9
11
20
20
21
22
19
21
17
17
203
Source: World Weather Online
As part of Romblon, Banton is classified under Type III of the Corona climatic classification system. This type of climate is described as having no prominent wet or dry seasons. The wet season, which usually occurs from June to November can extend up to December during the onset of the southwest monsoon. The dry season from January to May may sometimes have periods of rainfall or even inclement weather.
Demographics
Population census of BantonYearPop.±% p.a.1903 4,043— 1918 6,060+2.73%1939 4,972−0.94%1948 5,542+1.21%1960 6,155+0.88%1970 6,447+0.46%1975 7,545+3.20%1980 7,362−0.49%1990 7,077−0.39%1995 6,069−2.84%2000 6,769+2.37%2007 6,799+0.06%2010 5,963−4.66%2015 5,536−1.41%2020 5,737+0.70%Source: Philippine Statistics Authority
According to the 2020 census, Banton has a population of 5,737 people. The island municipality is sparsely populated with a population density of 170/km2 (441/sq mi). According to the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) and the Commission on Elections (COMELEC), in 2013, there were 3,694 registered voters in Banton, spread over 31 electoral precincts. Of this figure, 1,794 are male registered voters, while 1,900 are female.
Language
A sign written in the Asi language that says "Huyatang Lugar" (waiting place) for motorcycle taxis.
Main article: Asi language
The island's inhabitants speak the Asi language (also known as Bantoanon), one of three major languages spoken in Romblon and one of five primary branches of the Bisayan language family. The island's inhabitants were the first speakers of the language throughout the province, having spoken it since precolonial times. From Banton, the language spread to other island like Maestro de Campo, Simara, and in the towns of Calatrava, and Odiongan in Tablas Island.
David Paul Zorc, a linguist from the Australian National University whose expertise is on Philippine languages, notes that Asi speakers may have been the first Bisayan speakers in the Romblon region. He also suggests that Asi may have a Cebuano substratum and that many of its words may have been influenced by the later influx of other languages such as Romblomanon.
Economy
Copra farming in Banton
Banton has a primarily agricultural economy, with copra farming and fishing as the main sources of livelihood. There is also an indigenous raffia palm handicraft industry. Other crops grown in the island are root crops (such as cassava, sweet potatoes), fruits and vegetables. The locals also engage in livestock raising for local consumption, and small-scale shipbuilding of wooden boats and launches.
Due to the island's rocky topography and lack of a stable supply of freshwater, rice production is difficult in the island. Rice from Mindoro, Marinduque or Quezon is supplied to the island by local traders. In recent years, the island has also become a small tourist hub for Asi expatriates and foreign tourists from the United States and other countries.
Poverty incidence of Banton
10
20
30
40
50
2006 42.40
2009 37.97
2012 30.65
2015 25.02
2018 16.71
2021 24.85
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority
Tourism
Banton is an eco-tourism and heritage destination due to its beaches, diving sites, caves, churches and Spanish-era fortifications.
Heritage sites
The retablo or altarpiece of Banton Church showing different Catholic saints.
Tambak Beach
Tabonan Beach
Being the oldest settlement in Romblon, Banton has several Spanish-era fortifications and churches, as well as American-era houses. These include Fuerza de San José, Banton Church, the old campanile made of limestone at Everlast in Barangay Poblacion, and a limestone watchtower at Onte in Barangay Toctoc. There is an American-era house at Pinagkaisahan in Barangay Poblacion which used to be the Ugat Faigao Museum but now serves as a sari-sari store. The Asi Studies Center for Culture and the Arts (also in Purok Everlast) serves as an information center for the Asi language and Banton history, as well as depository of Banton's archaeological and cultural artifacts. The Church of San Nicolas de Tolentino also has a small museum of pre-colonial and Spanish-era artifacts. Among these artifacts is an intricate jar known locally as balogodibo, which three children accidentally found at Barangay Balogo in 2010.
The National Museum of the Philippines also announced in 2016 the construction of a site museum near the island's Guyangan Cave System on a 1.5-hectare (3.7-acre) property donated by the Fabicon family. The site museum will serve as depository of the island's cultural treasures and will conduct research on how to best preserve the island's intangible heritage.
Natural formations
Caves are Banton's well-known natural formations. The Guyangan Cave System, situated at the boundary of Barangay Toctoc and Togbongan, has seven caves, some of which were inhabited during pre-colonial times, and is now an Important Cultural Treasure as declared by the National Museum. Guyangan Hill, where the caves are situated, also has a natural view deck called Manamyaw overlooking Barangay Poblacion and the Sibuyan Sea. On a clear day, the islands of Sibuyan, Romblon, and Tablas, as well as Burias Island, can be easily seen from Manamyaw. The island has several rock formations as well. Punta Matagar in Barangay Poblacion is a pointed rock formation in the shape of a spear or arrow head. In Barangay Banice, on the southern portion of the island, lies a rock arch said to be the anchorage of "Lolo Amang", a mythological figure in Romblon's nautical folklore similar to the Flying Dutchman.
Beaches
Several beaches dot Banton's coast including Macat-ang, Tabonan, Mahaba, Recodo, Togbongan, Mainit, and Tambak beaches. Some like Macat-ang, Tabonan, and Tambak are white sand beaches, while others, like Togbongan, are pebbled and rocky. The island's waters are also well-known dive sites, with corals that serve as breeding ground for groupers, snappers, sharks, and stingrays.
Festivals
Banton has annual religious and cultural festivals. The Sanrokan festival showcases the local tradition of sharing food, especially viand, among neighbors and starts from Holy Saturday up to Easter Sunday. The festival has two phases: the Sanrokan sa Barangay (sharing of food in the villages) and the Sanrokan sa Poblacion (sharing of food at the town proper). Parlor games such as chasing the pig and palosebo (climbing a greased bamboo pole to claim a prize) are held during the celebration. This is followed by the Hanrumanan (meaning "souvenir/legacy") street dancing and parade. Meanwhile, every year, on 10 September, the entire island pays tribute and homage to the town's patron saint, San Nicolas de Tolentino through the Biniray festival. Holy mass is held during feast day, followed by the parading of the saint's image around town. This leads to a fluvial parade around the island, with each village giving homage to the saint. Bantoanons also hold an annual Via Crucis during the Holy Week and Flores de Mayo in May.
Government
Banton Civic Center in Barangay Poblacion is the seat of the municipal government of Banton, Romblon
Local government
Main article: Philippine municipality
As a municipality in the Province of Romblon, government officials in the provincial level are voted by the electorates of the town. The provincial government have political jurisdiction over local transactions of the municipal government.
Pursuant to the Local Government Code of 1991, the municipality of Banton is composed of a mayor (alkalde), a vice mayor (bise alkalde) and eight members (kagawad) of the Sangguniang Bayan or town council, alongside a secretary to the said council, all of which are elected to a three-year term and are eligible to run for three consecutive terms. As of 30 June 2022, Banton's incumbent mayor is Milagros "Mely" Faderanga of the Nacionalista Party while the incumbent Vice Mayor is Loijorge Fegalan, also of the Nacionalista Party.
The barangays or villages, meanwhile, are headed by elected officials, the topmost being the Punong Barangay or the Barangay Chairperson (addressed as Kapitan; also known as the Barangay Captain). The Kapitan is aided by the Sangguniang Barangay (Barangay Council) whose members, called Barangay Kagawad (Councilors), are also elected. The barangays have SK federation which represents the barangay, headed by SK chairperson and whose members are called SK councilors. All officials are also elected every three years.
In 2011 and 2013, Banton was a recipient of the Seal of Good Housekeeping from the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG). As recipient of the award, the local government was rewarded with one million pesos from the Performance Challenge Fund of the DILG for use in local projects. The Seal of Good Housekeeping is a mechanism which tracks the performance of local government units, "specifically in the areas of local legislation, development planning, resource generation, and resource allocation".
Municipal seal
Banton's municipal seal
The municipal seal of Banton is composed of two concentric circles: a thin yellow outer circle and a small white circle. The yellow outer circle has the words Bayan ng Banton (Municipality of Banton) written on top in a semi-circular fashion and the words Lalawigan ng Romblon (Province of Romblon) on the bottom in a semi-circular fashion. At the center of the small white circle is a shield with five grey sides, a motif taken from the Provincial Seal of Romblon. The shield has a light blue field representing the Sibuyan Sea where the island municipality is located.
At the center of the light blue field is an outline map of the island in green. Two figures can also be seen on the seal: A coconut tree on the center of the outline of the island, representing copra, the island's major crop and economic activity, which als' symbolizes the Bantoanons' desire to live a decent life and gain greater knowledge for a brighter tomorrow. On light blue field to left of the outline of the island is an image of a wooden ship, locally known lanson, as the Bantoanons are skilled shipbuilders. It also symbolizes their desire to seek adventure and greener pastures.
Infrastructure
Motorcycle taxis are the main mode of transportation in Banton.
Utilities
Electricity in the island is supplied by a 0.326 MW diesel power plant of the Romblon Electric Cooperative (ROMELCO). Electricity service used to be available only in early morning, from 4:00 to 6:00 a.m. and at night, from 5:00 to 11:00 p.m., due to limited fuel supplies. On 16 March 2018, ROMELCO began supplying the island with 24-hour electricity.
Water is being supplied through a level-one water system installed by the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) through its Kapit-Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan-Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social Services (Kalahi CIDDS) initiative in 2015. The water is sourced from underground freshwater springs in Barangay Mainit and distributed to individual homes through a network of pipes and pumps. Aside from this system, locals also get potable water from artesian wells built in several locations in the island and rainwater collection systems that many residents have in their homes.
The island has access to cellular phone and Internet service through Smart and Globe. Terrestrial and cable television service are also available.
Transportation
As seas surrounding Banton can be rough during the wet season, the best time to visit the island is from March to May during the dry (summer) season. This is also the typical time for Asi families living in Metro Manila or abroad to visit the island since it coincides with the Lenten season and barangay fiestas. Within the island, the main forms of transportation are passenger motorcycles (known elsewhere as habal-habal) and motorized boats. A circumferential road connects the 17 barangays of Banton to each other.
By sea: Banton is accessible via RORO vessels, wooden launches and motorized boats that regularly travel from Lucena City, Quezon. A RORO ferry by Starhorse Shipping leaves for Banton at 4 p.m. every Sunday, Tuesday, and Thursday and returns to Lucena City from Banton at 5 p.m. every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. Tourists and visitors can also take RORO vessels that ply the Manila-Odiongan, Batangas City-Odiongan, or the Roxas-Odiongan route. From Odiongan, Banton can be reached by jeepney and motorized boat via Calatrava, Romblon. Another alternative route is through Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro using motorized boats.
By air: The closest airport with active airline service is Tugdan Airport in Alcantara, Romblon. AirSWIFT has flights to the airport, with two flights weekly from Manila. From Alcantara, Banton can be reached in five to six hours by jeepney and motorized outrigger boats from Calatrava.
Health
The building of the Banton Rural Health Unit in Barangay Poblacion.
Banton has a rural health unit located beside the town hall and town square in Barangay Poblacion that can provide basic healthcare services to its residents. Aside from this, there are barangays that have a health center that provide healthcare monitoring, first aid, and other basic healthcare services. For more severe medical emergencies and other medical tests, patients need to be transported to Romblon, Odiongan, or Lucena to receive healthcare services.
Education
Banice Elementary School
Banton has a high literacy rate owing to the establishment of several public elementary and secondary schools. All schools in the island are administered by the Department of Education (DepEd). The main public elementary school, Banton Central School, and the main secondary school, Banton National High School, are both located in the main village of Poblacion. There are public elementary schools as well in the villages of Balogo, Banice, Libtong, Nasunogan, Tan-ag, Tungonan, and Tumalum (shared with the village of Lagang). Another secondary school, Tungonan National High School, is located in Tungonan.
Notable personalities
Gabriel Fabella, co-founder and first president of the Philippine Historical Association; Father of June 12 Independence Day; and sole representative of Romblon in the First National Assembly (1935–1938).
Gallery
Banton Island in the Sibuyan Sea
Punta Matagar rock formation
The 15th-century limestone walls of Fuerza de San Jose
Heritage houses along Banton's seawall
The interior of the San Nicolas de Tolentino Parish Church
A Spanish era cannon in front of the Banton Civic Center
Ruins of an old Spanish era watchtower in barrio Onti
Notes
^ a b c d e f g h i j "Banton: Brief History". Banton Official Website. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
^ Municipality of Banton | (DILG)
^ "2015 Census of Population, Report No. 3 – Population, Land Area, and Population Density" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. Quezon City, Philippines. August 2016. ISSN 0117-1453. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
^ a b c Census of Population (2020). "Mimaropa". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Fabonan III, Epi (29 May 2009). "Banton Island". Tourism Philippines. Archived from the original on 30 May 2009. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
^ "PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. 2 April 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
^ a b "Banton Cloth". National Museum of the Philippines. 10 February 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
^ Ocampo, Ambeth (19 October 2011). "Looking Back: History and design in Death Blankets". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
^ Batongbakal, Jr., Luisito. "15 Most Intense Archaeological Discoveries in Philippine History". Filipiknow.net. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
^ Buencamino, Felipe & Villamor, Ignacio. (1920)
^ a b Esquejo, Kristoffer (2014). The Making of a Philippine Province: Romblon During the American Colonial Period. Manila: University of the Philippines-Diliman. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "R. A. No. 2158". An Act Changing the Name of the Municipality of Jones, province of Romblon, to municipality of Banton. PhilippineLaw.info. Archived from the original on 18 April 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
^ a b Halcon, Rainier, Fronda, Ariel et al. (2015)
^ Loyola, James (21 June 2014). "DOE to bid out 3 new geothermal sites". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on 9 December 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
^ Feliciano, Claire-Ann (19 June 2014). "Geothermal area up for auction in Q3". BusinessWorld. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
^ a b Cultural Properties Division. "2013 Heritage Pride: NM declarations of National Cultural Treasures (NCTs) and Important Cultural Properties (ICPs)". National Museum of the Philippines. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
^ Lao, Levine Andro (26 May 2013). "Romblon cathedral, ancient Hispanic forts declared National Cultural Treasures". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
^ Henares, Ivan (26 January 2014). "Updated Philippine Registry of Cultural Property (PRECUP)". Ivan About Town. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
^ "'Nona' makes fifth landfall in Oriental Mindoro". The Philippine Star. 15 December 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
^ Fos, Paul Jaysent (9 December 2019). "Romblon attains zero casualty on Tisoy's onslaught". Philippine Information Agency. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
^ Ornedpo, Julia Mari (5 December 2019). "State of calamity declared in Oriental Mindoro and areas in Quezon, Romblon". GMA News. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
^ Fos, Paul Jaysent (6 December 2019). "Tagalog News: Bagyong Tisoy, sinira ang 912 bahay sa Banton, Romblon". Philippine Information Agency. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ Mayuga, Jonathan (2 April 2020). "DENR official sees revival of native monkey farming amid global virus contagion". BusinessMirror. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
^ Mayuga, Jonathan (13 April 2020). "Don't export monkeys for research—activist". BusinessMirror. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
^ Fos, Paul Jaysent (21 October 2020). "Ilang bangka sa Banton, sinira ng malalakas na alon". Romblon News. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ Fos, Paul Jaysent (25 October 2020). "Signal #3 itinaas sa Corcuera, Banton at Concepcion dahil kay Quinta; Signal #2 ang natitirang bahagi ng Romblon". Romblon News. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ Ornedo, Julia Mari (15 March 2021). "24 municipalities COVID-free a year since community quarantine took effect". GMA News Online. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
^ Mallari, Delfin Jr. (3 March 2021). "Romblon town records 1st Covid-19 case". Inquirer.net. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
^ Virola, Madonna (31 August 2022). "Romblon town's plan to release 400 balloons in anniversary called out". Inquirer.net. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
^ "Ferry runs aground off Romblon town; nobody hurt". Philstar.com. 16 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
^ "Passenger vessel tilted off Romblon shoreline —PCG". GMA News Online. 16 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
^ a b "Municipality: Banton". PSGC Interactive. Makati City, Philippines: National Statistical Coordination Board. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
^ "R.A. No. 1014". An Act Creating the Barrio of Yabawon in the Municipality of Jones, Province of Romblon. PhilippineLaw.info. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
^
"Banton, Romblon: Average Temperatures and Rainfall". World Weather Online. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
^ Census of Population (2015). "Region IV-B (Mimaropa)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
^ Census of Population and Housing (2010). "Region IV-B (Mimaropa)" (PDF). Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. National Statistics Office. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
^ Censuses of Population (1903–2007). "Region IV-B (Mimaropa)". Table 1. Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province/Highly Urbanized City: 1903 to 2007. National Statistics Office.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^
"Province of". Municipality Population Data. Local Water Utilities Administration Research Division. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
^ "Political Information: Banton, Romblon". Department of the Interior and Local Government. 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
^ Zorc, R. David Paul. (1977)
^ "Poverty incidence (PI):". Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
^ "Poverty Incidence, 2000" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 29 November 2005.
^ "Poverty Incidence, 2003" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 23 March 2009.
^ "Poverty Incidence, 2006" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 3 August 2012.
^ "Poverty Incidence, 2012" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 31 May 2016.
^ "Poverty Incidence, 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. 10 July 2019.
^ "PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
^ "PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. 2 April 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
^ Taruc, Jay (18 March 2014). "Mga Yaman ng Guyangan". I-Witness. GMA Network. Archived from the original on 2021-11-15. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
^ Fos, Paul Jaysent (21 September 2016). "Fabicon family of Banton Island donates 1.5 hectare property to National Museum". Romblon News Network. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
^ David Espinosa, Fiona Nichols, et al. (1997)
^ "An Act Providing for a Local Government Code of 1991". The LawPhil Project. 8th Congress of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved April 21, 2014.
^ "Halalan 2022 Banton, Romblon Election Results". ABS-CBN News.
^ "The Barangay". Local Government Code of the Philippines. Chan Robles Law Library.
^ "2011 PCF Beneficiaries Per Seal of Good Housekeeping". Department of the Interior and Local Government. 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
^ "2013 PCF Beneficiaries Per Seal of Good Housekeeping". Department of the Interior and Local Government. 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
^ Serafica, Raisa (16 January 2014). "DILG introduces 'seal of good local governance'". Rappler. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
^ a b "Banton". Interactive Registry of Government Seals. National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2020 – via Wayback Machine.
^ "Missionary Electrification Plan (2012–2021)" (PDF). Small Power Utilities Group, National Power Corporation. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
^ "ROMELCO's Trust And Dedication Of Service". ROMELCO. 23 March 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
^ Catapang, Sharmaine (8 October 2015). "DSWD MiMaRoPa conducts Organizational Development and Management Training in Banton Romblon". Department of Social Welfare and Development. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
^ "BUB Programs and Projects: Banton, Romblon". OpenBUB.gov.ph. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
^ Fos, Paul Jaysent (19 April 2017). "Bagong barko ikokonekta na ang Romblon, Sibuyan, San Agustin, Banton, Marinduque, Lucena". Romblon News Network. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
^ a b "How to get to Romblon". Romblon Lifestyles. Archived from the original on 28 February 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
^ "Tablas, Romblon, Here We Come". AirSWIFT. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
^ "Facilities List: Banton Rural Health Unit". National Health Facility Registry. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
^ Junio, Leilani (20 February 2018). "LGUs get portable ultrasound machines from DOH-Mimaropa". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
^ "Tagalog news: 8 ambulansiya, ipinagkaloob ng PCSO sa mga munisipyo sa Romblon". PIA Mimaropa. 15 February 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
^ "Master List of Schools for SY 2013–2014". Manila, Philippines: Bureau of Public Schools, Department of Education. 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
References
Buencamino, Felipe & Villamor, Ignacio (1920). Census of the Philippine Islands Taken Under the Direction of the Philippine Legislature in the Year 1918, Volume 1. Manila, Philippines: Bureau of Printing.
Halcon, Rainier; Fronda, Ariel; et al. "Detailed Resource Assessment of Selected Low-Enthalpy Geothermal Areas in the Philippines" (PDF). Geothermal Energy Management Division, Renewable Energy Management Bureau, Department of Energy.
Zorc, R. David Paul (1977). The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and Reconstruction. Canberra, Australia: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University.
David Espinosa, Fiona Nichols, et al. (1997) Diving Southeast Asia. University of California: Periplus Action Guides. ISBN 978-962-593-141-8
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Banton, Romblon.
Banton Profile at PhilAtlas.com
Banton, Romblon Profile - Cities and Municipalities Competitive Index
Philippine Standard Geographic Code
Yagting Web Service Provider: Banton, Romblon Archived 2012-04-15 at the Wayback Machine
Banton, Romblon on YouTube
Places adjacent to Banton, Romblon
Buenavista, MarinduqueSibuyan Sea
Concepcion / Sibuyan Sea
Banton
Sibuyan Sea
Sibuyan SeaCorcuera
vte Province of RomblonRomblon (capital) Odiongan (largest municipality)Municipalities
Alcantara
Banton
Cajidiocan
Calatrava
Concepcion
Corcuera
Ferrol
Looc
Magdiwang
Odiongan
Romblon
San Agustin
San Andres
San Fernando
San Jose
Santa Fe
Santa Maria
vteSouthwestern Tagalog Region (Mimaropa)MIndoro, MArinduque, ROmblon, PAlawanRegional center
Calapan
Provinces
Marinduque
Occidental Mindoro
Oriental Mindoro
Palawan
Romblon
Highly urbanized city
Puerto Princesa
Component city
Calapan
Provincial capitals
Boac
Calapan
Mamburao
Puerto Princesa
Romblon
Municipalities
Aborlan
Abra de Ilog
Agutaya
Alcantara
Araceli
Baco
Balabac
Bansud
Banton
Bataraza
Boac
Bongabong
Brooke's Point
Buenavista
Bulalacao
Busuanga
Cagayancillo
Cajidiocan
Calatrava
Calintaan
Concepcion
Corcuera
Coron
Cuyo
Dumaran
El Nido
Ferrol
Gasan
Gloria
Kalayaan
Linapacan
Looc (Occidental Mindoro)
Looc (Romblon)
Lubang
Magdiwang
Magsaysay (Occidental Mindoro)
Magsaysay (Palawan)
Mamburao
Mansalay
Mogpog
Narra
Naujan
Odiongan
Paluan
Pinamalayan
Pola
Puerto Galera
Quezon
Rizal (Occidental Mindoro)
Rizal (Palawan)
Romblon
Roxas (Oriental Mindoro)
Roxas (Palawan)
Sablayan
San Agustin
San Andres
San Fernando
San Jose (Occidental Mindoro)
San Jose (Romblon)
San Teodoro
San Vicente
Santa Cruz (Marinduque)
Santa Cruz (Occidental Mindoro)
Santa Fe
Santa Maria
Socorro
Sofronio Española
Taytay
Torrijos
Victoria
Luzon, Republic of the Philippines
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"Bantoanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantoanon_language"},{"link_name":"Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_language"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Province"},{"link_name":"Romblon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romblon"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSA20%E2%80%9317-4"},{"link_name":"Sibuyan Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibuyan_Sea"},{"link_name":"Marinduque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinduque"},{"link_name":"Bantoanon language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asi_language"},{"link_name":"Bisayan languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisayan_languages"},{"link_name":"Filipinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinos"},{"link_name":"Guyangan Cave System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyangan_Cave_System"},{"link_name":"National Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"congressman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressman"},{"link_name":"William Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Atkinson_Jones"},{"link_name":"Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_Law_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"copra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copra"},{"link_name":"raffia palm weaving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffia_palm"}],"text":"Municipality in Romblon, PhilippinesMunicipality in Mimaropa, PhilippinesBanton, officially the Municipality of Banton (Bantoanon: Banwa it Banton, Filipino: Bayan ng Banton, formerly known as Jones), is a 5th class municipality in the province of Romblon, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 5,737 people.[4]Its territory encompasses the entire Banton Island and a few uninhabited smaller islands. The island is located in the northern portion of the province and lies in the northern portion of the Sibuyan Sea near the southern tip of Marinduque. It is a town of about 5,000 people majority of which speak the Bantoanon language (also known as Asi), one of the five primary branches of the Bisayan languages.Banton is thought to have been inhabited by Filipinos since the pre-colonial period, based on analysis of human remains, coffins, an ancient burial cloth and other archaeological finds discovered at the Guyangan Cave System by the National Museum in 1936. The present settlement was founded in 1622 by the Spanish and is the oldest settlement in the province. During the American colonial period, the municipality changed its name to Jones in honor of American congressman William Jones, who authored the Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916. Today, Banton is one of Romblon's thriving municipalities, with an economy dependent on copra farming, fishing, raffia palm weaving, and tourism. The island is collectively known as a cultural landscape due to its historical, cultural and archaeological value to humanity.","title":"Banton, Romblon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-5"},{"link_name":"stonefish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synanceia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Banton-1"}],"text":"The name \"Banton\" was derived from the Asi word batoon, meaning \"rocky\", referring to the mountainous and rocky topography of the island due to its volcanic origin.[5] Another possible origin is the word bantoy, which is the Asi word for the venomous stonefish.[1]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banton_Burial_Cloth.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ipot_Cave.JPG"},{"link_name":"ikat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fort_San_Jose,_Banton,_Romblon.JPG"},{"link_name":"Fuerza de San José","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerza_de_San_Jos%C3%A9"}],"text":"The Banton Cloth, the oldest existing example of warp ikat in Southeast Asia, displayed at the National Museum of the Philippines.Ipot Cave, where the earliest known warp ikat textile in Southeast Asia was found in 1936Fuerza de San José, Banton's Spanish colonial era fort","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guyangan Cave System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyangan_Cave_System"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NM-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ikat-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Anthropology_(Manila)"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NM-7"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality"},{"link_name":"Romblon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romblon"},{"link_name":"Capiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capiz"},{"link_name":"Pueblo de Romblon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romblon,_Romblon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Banton-1"},{"link_name":"Moros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_people"},{"link_name":"San Nicolas de Tolentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Tolentino"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Banton-1"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"Banton was already inhabited during pre-colonial times as proven by ancient artefacts such as wooden coffins and skeletal remains found in the island's Guyangan Cave System in 1936 by a team of researchers from the National Museum of the Philippines. Among the artefacts was the Banton Cloth, a piece of a traditional burial cloth found in one of the wooden coffins. It is estimated to be 400 years old, making it the earliest known warp ikat (tie-resist dyeing) textile in the Philippines and Southeast Asia.[7][8][9] These artifacts are now preserved at the National Museum of Anthropology in Manila.[7]The municipality of Banton was established by Spanish colonial authorities in 1622, the first town established in Romblon, which was then part of Capiz province. It was initially founded in a site in Bacoco Hill (now part of Barangay Hambian), south-west of its present site. The administration of the other islands of Romblon were put under the jurisdiction of Banton until 1631, when Pueblo de Romblon was founded.[1] In 1640, due to frequent raids by Moros, who looted and pillaged the settlement, the limestone fort called Fuerza de San Jose and the San Nicolas de Tolentino Parish Church was constructed under the leadership of Father Agustin de San Pedro, also known as El Padre Capitan, who was the parish priest of Banton at that time. The construction was completed in 1644, and in 1648, San Nicolas de Tolentino was installed as the town's patron saint. The fort effectively protected the town against further Moro raids. Banton ceased being part of Capiz when the Spanish colonial government created the politico-military province of Romblon on 11 January 1868.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civilian government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_government"},{"link_name":"Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones-10"},{"link_name":"Maghali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghali_Islands"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Esquejo-11"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Esquejo-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"When civilian government was introduced in Romblon by the Americans on 16 March 1901, Banton was one of the 11 new municipalities reinstated or created. In 1918, the municipality was renamed Jones in honor of American congressman William Jones, who authored the Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 that provided for greater autonomy for the Philippines under American colonial rule.[10] On 8 June 1940, with the passage of Commonwealth Act No. 581, all of Romblon's municipalities were dissolved and Jones, together with Corcuera and Concepcion, were consolidated into a special municipality called Maghali, one of four special municipalities that the law created (the rest being Romblon, Tablas and Sibuyan).[11] The reorganization proved to be difficult for the province's local leaders, and after World War II, Republic Act No. 38 repealed Commonwealth Act No. 581, restoring Jones to its pre-war status.[11] On 24 April 1959, Republic Act No. 2158 restored the island to its former name, Banton.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Department of Energy (DOE)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Energy_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"Maricaban Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maricaban_Island"},{"link_name":"Batangas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batangas"},{"link_name":"Balut Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balut_Island"},{"link_name":"Saranggani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saranggani"},{"link_name":"enthalpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy"},{"link_name":"geothermal power generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_electricity"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Volcano-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guyangan-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Typhoon Melor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Melor_(2015)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Typhoon Kammuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Kammuri_(2019)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Philippine long-tailed macaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab-eating_macaque"},{"link_name":"Department of Environment and Natural Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Environment_and_Natural_Resources"},{"link_name":"Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon"},{"link_name":"Ebola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease"},{"link_name":"University of California-Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California-Davis"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Typhoon Saudel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Saudel"},{"link_name":"Luzon Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon_Island"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Typhoon Molave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Molave_(2020)"},{"link_name":"Torrijos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrijos,_Marinduque"},{"link_name":"Marinduque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinduque"},{"link_name":"PAGASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAGASA"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"ROPAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROPAX"},{"link_name":"Montenegro Shipping Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro_Shipping_Lines"},{"link_name":"Sibuyan Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibuyan_Sea"},{"link_name":"San Agustin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Agustin,_Romblon"},{"link_name":"Lucena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucena,_Quezon"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"21st century","text":"In 2013, Banton was one of the sites of a detailed resource assessment by the Department of Energy (DOE), along with Maricaban Island in Batangas and Balut Island in Saranggani. The study aimed to determine whether the island can be a site for low enthalpy geothermal power generation. However, no exploitable geothermal resource has been delineated on the island.[13][14][15] On 19 March 2013, the National Museum of the Philippines declared the island's Guyangan Cave System, where precolonial wooden coffins, remains, and the Banton Cloth were found, as an Important Cultural Property.[16][17][18]The island municipality was greatly devastated by Typhoon Melor on 15 December 2015,[19] which made its fourth landfall over the island, and by Typhoon Kammuri on 3 December 2019, which made its second landfall over the island.[20][21] The typhoon destroyed or damaged 912 houses in the island municipality, while 42 percent of agricultural lands were damaged. The estimated cost of damage to infrastructure in the town was ₱39 million.[22]In 2020, the population of the Philippine long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis philippensis) in the island was found to have increased over previously documented levels, with the monkeys destroying crops and raiding homes. The Department of Environment and Natural Resources sent a team to the island, which confirmed the population increase. To control its population, the team suggested that the macaques be exported to monkey farms in Luzon for use in scientific research on diseases such as Ebola. Nedim Buyukmihci, a professor emeritus of veterinary medicine at the University of California-Davis has expressed opposition to the plan.[23][24]On 21 October 2020, several fishing boats in the villages of Mainit and Yabawon on the western side of the island municipality were destroyed by huge waves caused by Typhoon Saudel, which passed over the central portion of Luzon Island in the north of the Philippines.[25] A few days later, on 25 October, the island municipality was devastated by Typhoon Molave, which made landfall over Torrijos, Marinduque, just north of the island. PAGASA raised typhoon Signal No. 3 over the island, along with the rest of northern Romblon, as the typhoon passed over the province with winds of up to 130 kph. The typhoon caused a landslide along the Togbongan-Nabalay Road on the north of the island and also destroyed several homes and agricultural lands.[26]In 2021 and 2022, the island municipality marked two important milestones: On 15 March 2021, Banton marked a year of being COVID-19 free since the community quarantine in the Philippines began. It joined 23 other municipalities in the distinguished status.[27][28] In August 2022, the town celebrated its 400th founding anniversary with a host of religious and festive social activities, including a ceremonial release of balloons.[29]On 16 July 2023, MV Maria Helena, a ROPAX ferry owned and operated by Montenegro Shipping Lines intentionally beached in Barangay Nasunogan after it titled in the Sibuyan Sea while en route to San Agustin from Lucena. The incident was caused by a tire blowout in one of the vehicles being carried by the ferry amid rough seas, causing the vehicle the tilt and its lashing to snap, and resulting in vehicle pileup on the port side of the vessel. All 120 passengers and crew were rescued. The vessel has since been righted, its cargo transferred to another vessel, and has sailed back to Lucena for repairs.[30][31]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marinduque Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinduque_Island"},{"link_name":"Tablas Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablas_Island"},{"link_name":"Bantoncillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantoncillo_Island"},{"link_name":"Carlota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlota_Island"},{"link_name":"Isabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabela_Island_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Banton-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banton_Island_Horizon.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bantoncillo.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dos_Hermanas,_Banton,_Romblon.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polloc_Island.jpg"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stats-32"},{"link_name":"petrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrology"},{"link_name":"dormant volcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano"},{"link_name":"Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"Quaternary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary"},{"link_name":"volcanic arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_arc"},{"link_name":"Pliocene period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocene"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Volcano-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-5"}],"text":"Banton lies on the northern portion of the Sibuyan Sea and is equidistant between Marinduque Island to the north and Tablas Island to the south. It is composed of the main island of Banton and the uninhabited islands of Bantoncillo, Carlota and Isabel, the last two of which are collectively known as the Dos Hermanas Islands. There is also Polloc Islet near Tabonan Beach just off the northwest portion of the island and part of Barangay Yabawon.[1]The Islands of Banton, Romblon\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBanton Island, where the main settlement is located.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBantoncillo Island, also known as Gakot Island.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Dos Hermanas Islands, composed of Carlota and Isabel Islands.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPolloc, an uninhabited island a few meters off the coast of Tabunan Beach in Barangay Yabawon.Banton has a total land area of 3,248 hectares (32.48 km2).[32] Based on rock petrology, the island is a dormant volcano which lies at the southernmost portion of the Pleistocene-Quaternary West Luzon volcanic arc and may have been active during the Pliocene period.[13] Because of its volcanic origin, the island has a mountainous, rocky topography, with very few patches of flat land suitable for farming. The island's highest elevation, Mount Ampongo, rises at 596 metres (1,955 ft).[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banton_Church_2.JPG"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stats-32"},{"link_name":"puroks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purok"},{"link_name":"sitios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitios"},{"link_name":"sitios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitio"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barrios-33"}],"sub_title":"Barangays","text":"Bird's eye view of Barangay PoblacionBanton is politically subdivided into 17 barangays.[32] Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.In 1954, the sitios of Mahaba, Angomon, Solocan, Kapanranan, and Yabawon were consolidated into the barangay known as Yabawon.[33]Balogo\nBanice\nHambi-an\nLagang\nLibtong\nMainit\nNabalay\nNasunogan\nPoblacion\nSibay\nTan-Ag\nToctoc\nTogbongan\nTogong\nTungonan\nTumalum\nYabawon","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-met_norms-34"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Climate data for Banton, Romblon\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n28(82)\n\n29(84)\n\n29(84)\n\n27(81)\n\n32(90)\n\n31(88)\n\n29(84)\n\n30(86)\n\n31(88)\n\n30(86)\n\n29(84)\n\n28(82)\n\n29(84)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n23(73)\n\n24(75)\n\n24(75)\n\n23(73)\n\n25(77)\n\n25(77)\n\n24(75)\n\n25(77)\n\n25(77)\n\n25(77)\n\n24(75)\n\n24(75)\n\n25(77)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n102(4.0)\n\n27(1.1)\n\n30(1.2)\n\n129(5.1)\n\n120(4.7)\n\n237(9.3)\n\n189(7.4)\n\n186(7.3)\n\n126(5.0)\n\n231(9.1)\n\n162(6.4)\n\n90(3.5)\n\n1,629(64.1)\n\n\nAverage rainy days\n\n14\n\n12\n\n9\n\n11\n\n20\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n19\n\n21\n\n17\n\n17\n\n203\n\n\nSource: World Weather Online[34]As part of Romblon, Banton is classified under Type III of the Corona climatic classification system. This type of climate is described as having no prominent wet or dry seasons. The wet season, which usually occurs from June to November can extend up to December during the onset of the southwest monsoon. The dry season from January to May may sometimes have periods of rainfall or even inclement weather.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSA20%E2%80%9317-4"},{"link_name":"Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_the_Interior_and_Local_Government_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"Commission on Elections (COMELEC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"According to the 2020 census, Banton has a population of 5,737 people.[4] The island municipality is sparsely populated with a population density of 170/km2 (441/sq mi). According to the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) and the Commission on Elections (COMELEC), in 2013, there were 3,694 registered voters in Banton, spread over 31 electoral precincts. Of this figure, 1,794 are male registered voters, while 1,900 are female.[39]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_waiting_shed_in_Banton,_Romblon,_Philippines._The_sign_reads_%27Huyatang_Lugar%27_(Asi_for_%27Waiting_Place%27).jpg"},{"link_name":"Asi language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asi_language"},{"link_name":"Maestro de Campo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepcion,_Romblon"},{"link_name":"Simara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corcuera,_Romblon"},{"link_name":"Odiongan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odiongan,_Romblon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Banton-1"},{"link_name":"linguist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguist"},{"link_name":"Australian National University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University"},{"link_name":"Philippine languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_languages"},{"link_name":"Cebuano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuano_language"},{"link_name":"substratum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrata_(geology)"},{"link_name":"Romblomanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romblomanon_language"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zorc-40"}],"sub_title":"Language","text":"A sign written in the Asi language that says \"Huyatang Lugar\" (waiting place) for motorcycle taxis.The island's inhabitants speak the Asi language (also known as Bantoanon), one of three major languages spoken in Romblon and one of five primary branches of the Bisayan language family. The island's inhabitants were the first speakers of the language throughout the province, having spoken it since precolonial times. From Banton, the language spread to other island like Maestro de Campo, Simara, and in the towns of Calatrava, and Odiongan in Tablas Island.[1]David Paul Zorc, a linguist from the Australian National University whose expertise is on Philippine languages, notes that Asi speakers may have been the first Bisayan speakers in the Romblon region. He also suggests that Asi may have a Cebuano substratum and that many of its words may have been influenced by the later influx of other languages such as Romblomanon.[40]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Copra_farming_in_Romblon.JPG"},{"link_name":"cassava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava"},{"link_name":"sweet potatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_potatoes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-5"},{"link_name":"Mindoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindoro"},{"link_name":"Quezon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quezon_Province"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-5"}],"text":"Copra farming in BantonBanton has a primarily agricultural economy, with copra farming and fishing as the main sources of livelihood. There is also an indigenous raffia palm handicraft industry. Other crops grown in the island are root crops (such as cassava, sweet potatoes), fruits and vegetables. The locals also engage in livestock raising for local consumption, and small-scale shipbuilding of wooden boats and launches.[5]Due to the island's rocky topography and lack of a stable supply of freshwater, rice production is difficult in the island. Rice from Mindoro, Marinduque or Quezon is supplied to the island by local traders. In recent years, the island has also become a small tourist hub for Asi expatriates and foreign tourists from the United States and other countries.[5]Poverty incidence of Banton","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eco-tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-tourism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-5"}],"text":"Banton is an eco-tourism and heritage destination due to its beaches, diving sites, caves, churches and Spanish-era fortifications.[5]","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banton_Church_Retablo_Mayor.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tambak_Beach.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tabunan_Beach.JPG"},{"link_name":"Fuerza de San José","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerza_de_San_Jos%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Banton Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banton_Church"},{"link_name":"sari-sari store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sari-sari_store"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Banton-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-5"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Guyangan Cave System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyangan_Cave_System"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Heritage sites","text":"The retablo or altarpiece of Banton Church showing different Catholic saints.Tambak BeachTabonan BeachBeing the oldest settlement in Romblon, Banton has several Spanish-era fortifications and churches, as well as American-era houses. These include Fuerza de San José, Banton Church, the old campanile made of limestone at Everlast in Barangay Poblacion, and a limestone watchtower at Onte in Barangay Toctoc. There is an American-era house at Pinagkaisahan in Barangay Poblacion which used to be the Ugat Faigao Museum but now serves as a sari-sari store. The Asi Studies Center for Culture and the Arts (also in Purok Everlast) serves as an information center for the Asi language and Banton history, as well as depository of Banton's archaeological and cultural artifacts. The Church of San Nicolas de Tolentino also has a small museum of pre-colonial and Spanish-era artifacts.[1][5] Among these artifacts is an intricate jar known locally as balogodibo, which three children accidentally found at Barangay Balogo in 2010.[49]The National Museum of the Philippines also announced in 2016 the construction of a site museum near the island's Guyangan Cave System on a 1.5-hectare (3.7-acre) property donated by the Fabicon family. The site museum will serve as depository of the island's cultural treasures and will conduct research on how to best preserve the island's intangible heritage.[50]","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guyangan-16"},{"link_name":"Sibuyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibuyan"},{"link_name":"Romblon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romblon_Island"},{"link_name":"Burias Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burias_Island"},{"link_name":"rock formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_formation"},{"link_name":"rock arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_arch"},{"link_name":"nautical folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailors%27_superstitions"},{"link_name":"Flying Dutchman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Dutchman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Banton-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-5"}],"sub_title":"Natural formations","text":"Caves are Banton's well-known natural formations. The Guyangan Cave System, situated at the boundary of Barangay Toctoc and Togbongan, has seven caves, some of which were inhabited during pre-colonial times, and is now an Important Cultural Treasure as declared by the National Museum.[16] Guyangan Hill, where the caves are situated, also has a natural view deck called Manamyaw overlooking Barangay Poblacion and the Sibuyan Sea. On a clear day, the islands of Sibuyan, Romblon, and Tablas, as well as Burias Island, can be easily seen from Manamyaw. The island has several rock formations as well. Punta Matagar in Barangay Poblacion is a pointed rock formation in the shape of a spear or arrow head. In Barangay Banice, on the southern portion of the island, lies a rock arch said to be the anchorage of \"Lolo Amang\", a mythological figure in Romblon's nautical folklore similar to the Flying Dutchman.[1][5]","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Banton-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-5"},{"link_name":"corals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral"},{"link_name":"groupers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupers"},{"link_name":"snappers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_red_snapper"},{"link_name":"sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharks"},{"link_name":"stingrays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stingrays"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Beaches","text":"Several beaches dot Banton's coast including Macat-ang, Tabonan, Mahaba, Recodo, Togbongan, Mainit, and Tambak beaches. Some like Macat-ang, Tabonan, and Tambak are white sand beaches, while others, like Togbongan, are pebbled and rocky.[1][5] The island's waters are also well-known dive sites, with corals that serve as breeding ground for groupers, snappers, sharks, and stingrays.[51]","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"viand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viand"},{"link_name":"Holy Saturday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Saturday"},{"link_name":"Easter Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Sunday"},{"link_name":"Parlor games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlor_games"},{"link_name":"palosebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palosebo"},{"link_name":"street dancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_dancing"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-5"},{"link_name":"Holy mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"Via Crucis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross"},{"link_name":"Holy Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Week"},{"link_name":"Flores de Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores_de_Mayo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Banton-1"}],"sub_title":"Festivals","text":"Banton has annual religious and cultural festivals. The Sanrokan festival showcases the local tradition of sharing food, especially viand, among neighbors and starts from Holy Saturday up to Easter Sunday. The festival has two phases: the Sanrokan sa Barangay (sharing of food in the villages) and the Sanrokan sa Poblacion (sharing of food at the town proper). Parlor games such as chasing the pig and palosebo (climbing a greased bamboo pole to claim a prize) are held during the celebration. This is followed by the Hanrumanan (meaning \"souvenir/legacy\") street dancing and parade.[5] Meanwhile, every year, on 10 September, the entire island pays tribute and homage to the town's patron saint, San Nicolas de Tolentino through the Biniray festival. Holy mass is held during feast day, followed by the parading of the saint's image around town. This leads to a fluvial parade around the island, with each village giving homage to the saint. Bantoanons also hold an annual Via Crucis during the Holy Week and Flores de Mayo in May.[1]","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banton_town_hall.JPG"}],"text":"Banton Civic Center in Barangay Poblacion is the seat of the municipal government of Banton, Romblon","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"},{"link_name":"vice mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_mayor"},{"link_name":"members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Councilors"},{"link_name":"Nacionalista Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalista_Party"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abs-cbn.com-53"},{"link_name":"Punong Barangay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punong_Barangay"},{"link_name":"Sangguniang Barangay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangguniang_Barangay"},{"link_name":"Barangay Kagawad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barangay_Kagawad"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Local government","text":"As a municipality in the Province of Romblon, government officials in the provincial level are voted by the electorates of the town. The provincial government have political jurisdiction over local transactions of the municipal government.Pursuant to the Local Government Code of 1991,[52] the municipality of Banton is composed of a mayor (alkalde), a vice mayor (bise alkalde) and eight members (kagawad) of the Sangguniang Bayan or town council, alongside a secretary to the said council, all of which are elected to a three-year term and are eligible to run for three consecutive terms. As of 30 June 2022, Banton's incumbent mayor is Milagros \"Mely\" Faderanga of the Nacionalista Party while the incumbent Vice Mayor is Loijorge Fegalan, also of the Nacionalista Party.[53]The barangays or villages, meanwhile, are headed by elected officials, the topmost being the Punong Barangay or the Barangay Chairperson (addressed as Kapitan; also known as the Barangay Captain). The Kapitan is aided by the Sangguniang Barangay (Barangay Council) whose members, called Barangay Kagawad (Councilors), are also elected.[54] The barangays have SK federation which represents the barangay, headed by SK chairperson and whose members are called SK councilors. All officials are also elected every three years.In 2011 and 2013, Banton was a recipient of the Seal of Good Housekeeping from the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG). As recipient of the award, the local government was rewarded with one million pesos from the Performance Challenge Fund of the DILG for use in local projects.[55][56] The Seal of Good Housekeeping is a mechanism which tracks the performance of local government units, \"specifically in the areas of local legislation, development planning, resource generation, and resource allocation\".[57]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banton_Romblon.png"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seal-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seal-58"}],"sub_title":"Municipal seal","text":"Banton's municipal sealThe municipal seal of Banton is composed of two concentric circles: a thin yellow outer circle and a small white circle. The yellow outer circle has the words Bayan ng Banton (Municipality of Banton) written on top in a semi-circular fashion and the words Lalawigan ng Romblon (Province of Romblon) on the bottom in a semi-circular fashion. At the center of the small white circle is a shield with five grey sides, a motif taken from the Provincial Seal of Romblon. The shield has a light blue field representing the Sibuyan Sea where the island municipality is located.[58]At the center of the light blue field is an outline map of the island in green. Two figures can also be seen on the seal: A coconut tree on the center of the outline of the island, representing copra, the island's major crop and economic activity, which als' symbolizes the Bantoanons' desire to live a decent life and gain greater knowledge for a brighter tomorrow. On light blue field to left of the outline of the island is an image of a wooden ship, locally known lanson, as the Bantoanons are skilled shipbuilders. It also symbolizes their desire to seek adventure and greener pastures.[58]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banton_motorcycle.JPG"},{"link_name":"Motorcycle taxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_taxi"}],"text":"Motorcycle taxis are the main mode of transportation in Banton.","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Department of Social Welfare and Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Social_Welfare_and_Development"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Smart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Communications"},{"link_name":"Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe_Telecom"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-5"}],"sub_title":"Utilities","text":"Electricity in the island is supplied by a 0.326 MW diesel power plant of the Romblon Electric Cooperative (ROMELCO). Electricity service used to be available only in early morning, from 4:00 to 6:00 a.m. and at night, from 5:00 to 11:00 p.m., due to limited fuel supplies.[59] On 16 March 2018, ROMELCO began supplying the island with 24-hour electricity.[60]Water is being supplied through a level-one water system installed by the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) through its Kapit-Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan-Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social Services (Kalahi CIDDS) initiative in 2015. The water is sourced from underground freshwater springs in Barangay Mainit and distributed to individual homes through a network of pipes and pumps. Aside from this system, locals also get potable water from artesian wells built in several locations in the island and rainwater collection systems that many residents have in their homes.[61][62]The island has access to cellular phone and Internet service through Smart and Globe. Terrestrial and cable television service are also available.[5]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metro Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila"},{"link_name":"Lenten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lent"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-5"},{"link_name":"RORO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RORO"},{"link_name":"Lucena City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucena,_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Quezon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quezon"},{"link_name":"Starhorse Shipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starhorse_Shipping_Lines"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Batangas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batangas_City"},{"link_name":"Roxas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxas,_Oriental_Mindoro"},{"link_name":"Calatrava, Romblon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calatrava,_Romblon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-5"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Travel-64"},{"link_name":"Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinamalayan,_Oriental_Mindoro"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-5"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Travel-64"},{"link_name":"Tugdan Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugdan_Airport"},{"link_name":"Alcantara, Romblon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcantara,_Romblon"},{"link_name":"AirSWIFT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirSWIFT"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"jeepney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeepney"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-5"}],"sub_title":"Transportation","text":"As seas surrounding Banton can be rough during the wet season, the best time to visit the island is from March to May during the dry (summer) season. This is also the typical time for Asi families living in Metro Manila or abroad to visit the island since it coincides with the Lenten season and barangay fiestas.[5] Within the island, the main forms of transportation are passenger motorcycles (known elsewhere as habal-habal) and motorized boats. A circumferential road connects the 17 barangays of Banton to each other.[5]By sea: Banton is accessible via RORO vessels, wooden launches and motorized boats that regularly travel from Lucena City, Quezon. A RORO ferry by Starhorse Shipping leaves for Banton at 4 p.m. every Sunday, Tuesday, and Thursday and returns to Lucena City from Banton at 5 p.m. every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday.[63] Tourists and visitors can also take RORO vessels that ply the Manila-Odiongan, Batangas City-Odiongan, or the Roxas-Odiongan route. From Odiongan, Banton can be reached by jeepney and motorized boat via Calatrava, Romblon.[5][64] Another alternative route is through Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro using motorized boats.[5][64]By air: The closest airport with active airline service is Tugdan Airport in Alcantara, Romblon. AirSWIFT has flights to the airport, with two flights weekly from Manila.[65] From Alcantara, Banton can be reached in five to six hours by jeepney and motorized outrigger boats from Calatrava.[5]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rural_Health_Unit_in_Banton,_Romblon,_Philippines.jpg"},{"link_name":"Romblon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romblon,_Romblon"},{"link_name":"Odiongan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odiongan,_Romblon"},{"link_name":"Lucena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucena,_Quezon"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"text":"The building of the Banton Rural Health Unit in Barangay Poblacion.Banton has a rural health unit located beside the town hall and town square in Barangay Poblacion that can provide basic healthcare services to its residents. Aside from this, there are barangays that have a health center that provide healthcare monitoring, first aid, and other basic healthcare services. For more severe medical emergencies and other medical tests, patients need to be transported to Romblon, Odiongan, or Lucena to receive healthcare services.[66][67][68]","title":"Health"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banice_Elementary_School.jpg"},{"link_name":"Department of Education (DepEd)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"text":"Banice Elementary SchoolBanton has a high literacy rate owing to the establishment of several public elementary and secondary schools. All schools in the island are administered by the Department of Education (DepEd). The main public elementary school, Banton Central School, and the main secondary school, Banton National High School, are both located in the main village of Poblacion. There are public elementary schools as well in the villages of Balogo, Banice, Libtong, Nasunogan, Tan-ag, Tungonan, and Tumalum (shared with the village of Lagang). Another secondary school, Tungonan National High School, is located in Tungonan.[69]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gabriel Fabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Fabella"},{"link_name":"Philippine Historical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Historical_Association"},{"link_name":"June 12 Independence Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Independence_Day"}],"text":"Gabriel Fabella, co-founder and first president of the Philippine Historical Association; Father of June 12 Independence Day; and sole representative of Romblon in the First National Assembly (1935–1938).","title":"Notable personalities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banton_Island.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Punta_Matagar.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banton_Church_16.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banton_Island,_Romblon_10.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banton_Church_25.JPG"},{"link_name":"San Nicolas de Tolentino Parish Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banton_Church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banton_Church_3.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Onti_Watchtower.JPG"}],"text":"Banton Island in the Sibuyan Sea\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPunta Matagar rock formation\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe 15th-century limestone walls of Fuerza de San Jose\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHeritage houses along Banton's seawall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe interior of the San Nicolas de Tolentino Parish Church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Spanish era cannon in front of the Banton Civic Center\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRuins of an old Spanish era watchtower in barrio Onti","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Banton_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Banton_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Banton_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Banton_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Banton_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Banton_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Banton_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Banton_1-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Banton_1-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Banton_1-9"},{"link_name":"\"Banton: Brief 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National Statistics Office.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)\n\n^ \n \"Province of\". Municipality Population Data. Local Water Utilities Administration Research Division. Retrieved 17 December 2016.\n\n^ \"Political Information: Banton, Romblon\". Department of the Interior and Local Government. 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2015.\n\n^ Zorc, R. David Paul. (1977)\n\n^ \"Poverty incidence (PI):\". Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved December 28, 2020.\n\n^ \"Poverty Incidence, 2000\" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 29 November 2005.\n\n^ \"Poverty Incidence, 2003\" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 23 March 2009.\n\n^ \"Poverty Incidence, 2006\" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 3 August 2012.\n\n^ \"Poverty Incidence, 2012\" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 31 May 2016.\n\n^ \"Poverty Incidence, 2015\". Philippine Statistics Authority. 10 July 2019.\n\n^ \"PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates\". Philippine Statistics Authority. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2022.\n\n^ \"PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates\". Philippine Statistics Authority. 2 April 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2024.\n\n^ Taruc, Jay (18 March 2014). \"Mga Yaman ng Guyangan\". I-Witness. GMA Network. Archived from the original on 2021-11-15. Retrieved 21 September 2016.\n\n^ Fos, Paul Jaysent (21 September 2016). \"Fabicon family of Banton Island donates 1.5 hectare property to National Museum\". Romblon News Network. Retrieved 21 September 2016.\n\n^ David Espinosa, Fiona Nichols, et al. (1997)\n\n^ \"An Act Providing for a Local Government Code of 1991\". The LawPhil Project. 8th Congress of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved April 21, 2014.\n\n^ \"Halalan 2022 Banton, Romblon Election Results\". ABS-CBN News.\n\n^ \"The Barangay\". Local Government Code of the Philippines. Chan Robles Law Library.\n\n^ \"2011 PCF Beneficiaries Per Seal of Good Housekeeping\". Department of the Interior and Local Government. 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2015.\n\n^ \"2013 PCF Beneficiaries Per Seal of Good Housekeeping\". Department of the Interior and Local Government. 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2015.\n\n^ Serafica, Raisa (16 January 2014). \"DILG introduces 'seal of good local governance'\". Rappler. Retrieved 17 August 2015.\n\n^ a b \"Banton\". Interactive Registry of Government Seals. National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2020 – via Wayback Machine.\n\n^ \"Missionary Electrification Plan (2012–2021)\" (PDF). Small Power Utilities Group, National Power Corporation. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2015.\n\n^ \"ROMELCO's Trust And Dedication Of Service\". ROMELCO. 23 March 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2018.\n\n^ Catapang, Sharmaine (8 October 2015). \"DSWD MiMaRoPa conducts Organizational Development and Management Training in Banton Romblon\". Department of Social Welfare and Development. Retrieved 30 June 2018.\n\n^ \"BUB Programs and Projects: Banton, Romblon\". OpenBUB.gov.ph. Retrieved 30 June 2018.\n\n^ Fos, Paul Jaysent (19 April 2017). \"Bagong barko ikokonekta na ang Romblon, Sibuyan, San Agustin, Banton, Marinduque, Lucena\". Romblon News Network. Retrieved 18 April 2018.\n\n^ a b \"How to get to Romblon\". Romblon Lifestyles. Archived from the original on 28 February 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2014.\n\n^ \"Tablas, Romblon, Here We Come\". AirSWIFT. Retrieved 19 August 2022.\n\n^ \"Facilities List: Banton Rural Health Unit\". National Health Facility Registry. Retrieved 3 February 2023.\n\n^ Junio, Leilani (20 February 2018). \"LGUs get portable ultrasound machines from DOH-Mimaropa\". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved 3 February 2023.\n\n^ \"Tagalog news: 8 ambulansiya, ipinagkaloob ng PCSO sa mga munisipyo sa Romblon\". PIA Mimaropa. 15 February 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2023.\n\n^ \"Master List of Schools for SY 2013–2014\". Manila, Philippines: Bureau of Public Schools, Department of Education. 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2015.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The Banton Cloth, the oldest existing example of warp ikat in Southeast Asia, displayed at the National Museum of the Philippines.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Banton_Burial_Cloth.JPG/220px-Banton_Burial_Cloth.JPG"},{"image_text":"Ipot Cave, where the earliest known warp ikat textile in Southeast Asia was found in 1936","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ipot_Cave.JPG/220px-Ipot_Cave.JPG"},{"image_text":"Fuerza de San José, Banton's Spanish colonial era fort","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Fort_San_Jose%2C_Banton%2C_Romblon.JPG/220px-Fort_San_Jose%2C_Banton%2C_Romblon.JPG"},{"image_text":"Bird's eye view of Barangay Poblacion","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Banton_Church_2.JPG/220px-Banton_Church_2.JPG"},{"image_text":"A sign written in the Asi language that says \"Huyatang Lugar\" (waiting place) for motorcycle taxis.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/A_waiting_shed_in_Banton%2C_Romblon%2C_Philippines._The_sign_reads_%27Huyatang_Lugar%27_%28Asi_for_%27Waiting_Place%27%29.jpg/200px-A_waiting_shed_in_Banton%2C_Romblon%2C_Philippines._The_sign_reads_%27Huyatang_Lugar%27_%28Asi_for_%27Waiting_Place%27%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Copra farming in Banton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Copra_farming_in_Romblon.JPG/220px-Copra_farming_in_Romblon.JPG"},{"image_text":"The retablo or altarpiece of Banton Church showing different Catholic saints.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Banton_Church_Retablo_Mayor.JPG/220px-Banton_Church_Retablo_Mayor.JPG"},{"image_text":"Tambak Beach","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tambak_Beach.JPG/220px-Tambak_Beach.JPG"},{"image_text":"Tabonan Beach","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tabunan_Beach.JPG/220px-Tabunan_Beach.JPG"},{"image_text":"Banton Civic Center in Barangay Poblacion is the seat of the municipal government of Banton, Romblon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Banton_town_hall.JPG/220px-Banton_town_hall.JPG"},{"image_text":"Banton's municipal seal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d4/Banton_Romblon.png/150px-Banton_Romblon.png"},{"image_text":"Motorcycle taxis are the main mode of transportation in Banton.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Banton_motorcycle.JPG/220px-Banton_motorcycle.JPG"},{"image_text":"The building of the Banton Rural Health Unit in Barangay Poblacion.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Rural_Health_Unit_in_Banton%2C_Romblon%2C_Philippines.jpg/200px-Rural_Health_Unit_in_Banton%2C_Romblon%2C_Philippines.jpg"},{"image_text":"Banice Elementary School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Banice_Elementary_School.jpg/200px-Banice_Elementary_School.jpg"}]
| null |
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Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province/Highly Urbanized City: 1903 to 2007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority#National_Statistics_Office","url_text":"National Statistics Office"}]},{"reference":"\"Province of\". Municipality Population Data. Local Water Utilities Administration Research Division. Retrieved 17 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://122.54.214.222/population/MunPop.asp?prov=","url_text":"\"Province of\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Water_Utilities_Administration","url_text":"Local Water Utilities Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"Political Information: Banton, Romblon\". Department of the Interior and Local Government. 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://lgu201.dilg.gov.ph/view.php?r=17&p=59&m=02","url_text":"\"Political Information: Banton, Romblon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Poverty incidence (PI):\". Philippine Statistics Authority. 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|
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Lucena\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150228003714/http://www.romblonlifestyles.com/general-info/how-to-get-to-romblon-province-plane-boat-boracay","external_links_name":"\"How to get to Romblon\""},{"Link":"http://www.romblonlifestyles.com/general-info/how-to-get-to-romblon-province-plane-boat-boracay","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://air-swift.com/romblon-intro/","external_links_name":"\"Tablas, Romblon, Here We Come\""},{"Link":"https://nhfr.doh.gov.ph/VActivefacilitiesView/DOH000000000003609?showdetail=","external_links_name":"\"Facilities List: Banton Rural Health Unit\""},{"Link":"https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1025718","external_links_name":"\"LGUs get portable ultrasound machines from DOH-Mimaropa\""},{"Link":"https://pia4b.wordpress.com/2016/02/15/tagalog-news-8-ambulansiya-ipinagkaloob-ng-pcso-sa-mga-munisipyo-sa-romblon/","external_links_name":"\"Tagalog news: 8 ambulansiya, ipinagkaloob ng PCSO sa mga munisipyo sa 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Standard Geographic Code"},{"Link":"http://www.yagting.com/bantonvol01/banton_vol1.asp","external_links_name":"Yagting Web Service Provider: Banton, Romblon"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120415145151/http://www.yagting.com/bantonvol01/banton_vol1.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mq5lg0gDqds","external_links_name":"Banton, Romblon"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_Holidays
|
Thomson Travel Group
|
["1 History","2 Thomson Founders' Club","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Former business owned by the Thomson Corporation
This article is about the formerly publicly listed, Thomson Travel Group. For the successor to TUI Northern Europe, see TUI Travel plc.
Thomson Travel GroupCompany typePublicIndustryTravel and TourismFounded1965; 59 years ago (1965)FounderRoy ThomsonDefunct2002 (2002)SuccessorTUI Northern Europe LimitedHeadquartersLuton, EnglandArea servedUnited KingdomProductsCharter and scheduled passenger airlines, package holidays, cruise lines, hotels and resortsParentPreussag AG
Thomson Travel Group plc was a business formed by the Thomson Corporation of Canada, when it was floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1998. It was acquired by Preussag AG, an industrial and transport conglomerate, in 2000. The group continued until 2002 when it was renamed TUI Northern Europe Limited, a full subsidiary of TUI AG.
History
The company was created in 1965 when Thomson Corporation of Canada acquired four tour operators, Skytours, Riviera, Luxitours and Gaytours as well as the airline Britannia Airways, and named the combined business Thomson Travel.
Thomson travel agents in Wetherby, United Kingdom in 2012
In 1970, the business was re-launched as "Thomson Holidays" under the leadership of Bryan Llewellyn as managing director.
In 1972 Thomson acquired Lunn Poly, a small chain of agents which Thomson grew to become the largest chain of travel agents in the United Kingdom.
In 1981, Thomson Holidays were the first recorded users of Business-to-Business online shopping.
The business was floated on the London Stock Exchange with a valuation of £1.7 billion as Thomson Travel in May 1998.
In 2000, Thomson Travel was acquired by Preussag AG, an industrial and transport conglomerate. Although Preussag AG, which re-named as TUI AG in 2002, retained the Thomson brand for a while, it was retired completely in 2017.
Thomson Founders' Club
When Thomson Travel was floated in 1998, new shareholders were given membership in the "Thomson Founders' Club" which offered a 10% discount on Thomson holidays. Membership was conditional on retaining a minimum of 294 shares, but when Thomson Travel was acquired by Preussag membership of the Founders' Club was made permanent and unconditional. However, on 31 January 2008 the Club was abolished without notice or compensation.
References
^ Calder, Simon (18 October 2017). "UK's biggest holiday firm rebrands from Thomson to TUI". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
^ Thomson Holiday changes The Times, Tuesday, 24 June 1969; pg. 20; Issue 57594
^ "Lunn Poly going away for good". The Telegraph. 6 November 2004. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
^ Palmer, C (1 December 1988). "Using IT for Competitive Advantage at Thomson Holidays: Long Range Planning" (PDF). Institute of Strategic Studies Journal, London Pergamon Press now Elsevier B.V. pp. 26–29.
^ SFA launches Thomson inquiry: Criticism prompts extension of perks for investors The Times, Saturday, 9 May 1998; pg. 27; Issue 66199
^ Quick profit for Thomson fans The Times, Tuesday, 12 May 1998; pg. 29; Issue 66199
^ a b "Goodbye Thomson, hello TUI – how Germany beat Britain in the battle of the sunlounge". The Telegraph. 18 October 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
^ "Thomson Founder's Club". Thomson Holidays.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to TUI UK.
vteTUI GroupTravel
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|
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|
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| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_Omloop_Het_Volk
|
1950 Omloop Het Volk
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["1 General classification","2 References"]
|
Cycling race
1950 Omloop Het VolkRace detailsDates5 March 1950Stages1Distance235 km (146.0 mi)Winning time6h 12' 30"Results
Winner
André Declerck (BEL)
Second
Maurice Meersman (BEL)
Third
Briek Schotte (BEL)← 1949 1951 →
The 1950 Omloop Het Volk was the sixth edition of the Omloop Het Volk cycle race and was held on 5 March 1950. The race started and finished in Ghent. The race was won by André Declerck.
General classification
Final general classification
Rank
Rider
Time
1
André Declerck (BEL)
6h 12' 30"
2
Maurice Meersman (BEL)
+ 0"
3
Briek Schotte (BEL)
+ 0"
4
Maurice De Muer (FRA)
+ 0"
5
Joseph Verhaert (BEL)
+ 0"
6
Roger Gyselinck (BEL)
+ 0"
7
Georges Vermeersch (BEL)
+ 0"
8
Rik Evens (BEL)
+ 1' 55"
9
Georges Furniere (BEL)
+ 2' 07"
10
Edward Peeters (BEL)
+ 2' 10"
References
^ "Omloop Het Nieuwsblad (HC)". BikeRaceInfo. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
^ "1950 Omloop Het Volk ( HC)". BikeRaceInfo. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
^ a b "6ème Het Volk 1950". Memoire du cyclisme. Archived from the original on 8 December 2004.
^ "1950 Omloop Het Nieuwsblad". First Cycling. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
vte Omloop Het Nieuwsblad Men's editions
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This Omloop Het Nieuwsblad race article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Manch%C3%B3n
|
Rosa Manchón
|
["1 Career","2 Research","3 Bibliography","3.1 Books","3.2 Articles","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Spanish linguist
Rosa M. ManchónBorn (1957-07-06) 6 July 1957 (age 66)Murcia, SpainKnown for
Second language writing
Scientific careerFields
Second language acquisition
Second language writing
Institutions
University of Murcia
WebsiteManchón on the website of the University of Murcia
Rosa María Manchón Ruiz (born 1957) is a Spanish linguist. She is currently a professor of applied linguistics at the University of Murcia, Spain. Her research focuses on second language acquisition and second language writing. She was the editor of the Journal of Second Language Writing between 2008 and 2014.
Career
Manchón started teaching at the University of Murcia in 1995.
From 2011 and 2014, she was a member of the Executive Board of the International Association of Applied Linguistics. From 2008 and 2014, she was the co-editor of the Journal of Second Language Writing.
On 24 March 2010, she was interviewed along with Ilona Leki on the goals and the future of the Journal of Second Language Writing.
On 26 July 2012, she presented at the Campus Mare Nostrum of the University of Murcia: Curso de verano entitled Escribir ciencia en inglés.
She is an associate editor of The Modern Language Journal, a peer-reviewed academic journal.
Research
Manchón has published extensively in prestigious journals such as Journal of Second Language Writing, The Modern Language Journal, Language Learning, Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching.
Manchón is noted for her theoretical contributions to the study of second language writing. She distinguished the writing-to-learn (WL) and the learning-to-write (LW) dimensions. Her research interests have focused on the cognitive dimension of the acquisition and use of second languages, with special emphasis on the psycholinguistic dimension of textual production.
She has edited several books on second language writing: Writing in Foreign Language Contexts: Learning, Teaching and Research, Learning-to-Write and Writing-to-Learn in an Additional Language, L2 Writing Development: Multiple Perspectives and Writing and Language Learning: Advancing Research Agendas.
Bibliography
Books
Writing in foreign language contexts: Learning, teaching, and research. (2009)
Learning-to-write and writing-to-learn in an additional language. (2011)
L2 Writing Development: Multiple Perspectives. (2012)
Task-Based Language Learning – Insights from and for L2 Writing. (2014)
Handbook of Second and Foreign Language Writing. (2016)
Writing and Language Learning: Advancing Research Agendas. (2020)
Articles
"The use of restructuring strategies in EFL writing: A study of Spanish learners of English as a foreign language." (2008)
"The foreign language writer's strategic behaviour in the allocation of time to writing processes." (2008)
"Generating text in native and foreign language writing: A temporal analysis of problemsolving formulation processes." (2006)
"An approximation to the study of backtracking in L2 writing." (2000)
"On the temporal nature of planning in L1 and L2 composing." (2007)
References
^ "Manchón - University of Murcia". Universidad de Murcia. 7 September 2018.
^ "Manchón on Worldcat". WorldCat. 23 November 2018.
^ "Second Language Writing for SLA". SLW4SLA. 7 September 2018.
^ Journal of Second Language Writing. Journals Elsevier. 7 September 2018.
^ "Manchón - Curriculum vitae". University of Murcia. 2018.
^ "AILA - Committees". Aila. 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-09-07. Retrieved 2018-09-07.
^ "Symposium on Second Language Writing". Sslw.asu.edu. 2015.
^ "Interview with Ilona Leki and Rosa Manchon, Editors of the Journal of Second Language Writing". Elsevier Journals. 2010.
^ "Curso UNIMAR-CMN. Conferencia Rosa Manchón". Campus Mare Nostrum. 2012.
^ "The Modern Language Journal - Editorial Board". Wiley.com. 6 October 2018.
^ Manchón, Rosa M. (2017). "Manchón R. M. (2017). The potential impact of multimodal composition on language learning". Journal of Second Language Writing. 38: 94–95. doi:10.1016/j.jslw.2017.10.008.
^ De Larios, Julio Roca; Manchón, Rosa M.; Murphy, LIZ (2006). "Generating Text in Native and Foreign Language Writing: A Temporal Analysis of Problem Solving Formulation Processes". The Modern Language Journal. 90: 100–114. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.2006.00387.x.
^ Vasylets, Olena; Gilabert, Roger; Manchón, Rosa M. (2017). "Vasylets O., Gilabert R., & Manchón R. M. (2017). The Effects of Mode and Task Complexity on Second Language Production". Language Learning. 67 (2): 394–430. doi:10.1111/lang.12228.
^ Gilabert, Roger; Manchón, Rosa; Vasylets, Olena (2016). "Mode in Theoretical and Empirical TBLT Research: Advancing Research Agendas". Annual Review of Applied Linguistics. 36: 117–135. doi:10.1017/S0267190515000112.
^ Manchón, Rosa; Cenoz, Jasone (2008). "Doing second language acquisition research: An introduction". Iral - International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching. 46 (3). doi:10.1515/IRAL.2008.007. S2CID 144189895.
^ Learning-to-Write and Writing-to-Learn in an Additional Language. John Benjamins Publishing. 2011. ISBN 9789027284839.
^ Manchón, Rosa (2009). Manchón, Rosa M; Matsuda, Paul Kei (eds.). Writing in foreign language contexts: Learning, teaching, and research. De Gruyter. p. 648. doi:10.1515/9781614511335. ISBN 978-1-61451-133-5.
^ Kim, Soo Hyon (2011). "WRITING IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE CONTEXTS: LEARNING, TEACHING, AND RESEARCH. Rosa M. Manchón (Ed.). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters, 2009. Pp. Vii + 297". Studies in Second Language Acquisition. 33 (3): 467–469. doi:10.1017/S0272263111000088. JSTOR 44486016. S2CID 146415526.
^ Manchón, Rosa (2011). Learning-to-write and writing-to-learn in an additional language. Language Learning & Language Teaching. Vol. 31. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 263. doi:10.1075/lllt.31. ISBN 9789027213037.
^ Manchón, Rosa (2012). Manchón, Rosa (ed.). L2 Writing Development: Multiple Perspectives. De Gruyter. p. 252. doi:10.1515/9781934078303. ISBN 978-1-934078-30-3.
^ Manchón, Rosa (2014). Task-Based Language Learning – Insights from and for L2 Writing. Task-Based Language Teaching. Vol. 7. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 312. doi:10.1075/tblt.7. ISBN 9789027207296.
^ Manchón, Rosa (2016). Manchón, Rosa M; Matsuda, Paul Kei (eds.). Handbook of Second and Foreign Language Writing. De Gruyter. p. 648. doi:10.1515/9781614511335. ISBN 978-1-61451-133-5.
^ Manchón, Rosa (2020). Manchón, R M (ed.). Writing and Language Learning: Advancing Research Agendas. Language Learning & Language Teaching. Vol. 56. John Benjamins. p. 432. doi:10.1075/lllt.56. ISBN 978-90-272-0774-6. S2CID 241681126.
^ De Larios, Julio Roca; Murphy, Liz; Manchon, Rosa (2008). "Roca de Larios J., Murphy L., & Manchón R. M. (2008). The use of restructuring strategies in EFL writing: A study of Spanish learners of English as a foreign language". Journal of Second Language Writing. 8: 13–44. doi:10.1016/S1060-3743(99)80111-8.
^ Roca De Larios, Julio; Manchón, Rosa; Murphy, Liz; Marín, Javier (2008). "The foreign language writer's strategic behaviour in the allocation of time to writing processes". Journal of Second Language Writing. 17: 30–47. doi:10.1016/j.jslw.2007.08.005.
External links
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vteSecond language writingGeneral
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_people"},{"link_name":"linguist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguist"},{"link_name":"applied linguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_linguistics"},{"link_name":"University of Murcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Murcia"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"second language acquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_language_acquisition"},{"link_name":"second language writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_language_writing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Journal of Second Language Writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Second_Language_Writing"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Rosa María Manchón Ruiz (born 1957) is a Spanish linguist. She is currently a professor of applied linguistics at the University of Murcia, Spain.[1][2] Her research focuses on second language acquisition and second language writing.[3] She was the editor of the Journal of Second Language Writing between 2008 and 2014.[4]","title":"Rosa Manchón"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"International Association of Applied Linguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Applied_Linguistics"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ilona Leki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilona_Leki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"University of Murcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Murcia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"associate editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_editor"},{"link_name":"The Modern Language Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Modern_Language_Journal"},{"link_name":"peer-reviewed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_review"},{"link_name":"academic journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_journal"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Manchón started teaching at the University of Murcia in 1995.[5]From 2011 and 2014, she was a member of the Executive Board of the International Association of Applied Linguistics. From 2008 and 2014, she was the co-editor of the Journal of Second Language Writing.[6][7]On 24 March 2010, she was interviewed along with Ilona Leki on the goals and the future of the Journal of Second Language Writing.[8]On 26 July 2012, she presented at the Campus Mare Nostrum of the University of Murcia: Curso de verano entitled Escribir ciencia en inglés.[9]She is an associate editor of The Modern Language Journal, a peer-reviewed academic journal.[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Journal of Second Language Writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Second_Language_Writing"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"The Modern Language Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Modern_Language_Journal"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Language Learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_Learning_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"second language writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_language_writing"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Manchón has published extensively in prestigious journals such as Journal of Second Language Writing,[11] The Modern Language Journal,[12] Language Learning,[13] Annual Review of Applied Linguistics,[14] International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching.[15]Manchón is noted for her theoretical contributions to the study of second language writing. She distinguished the writing-to-learn (WL) and the learning-to-write (LW) dimensions.[16] Her research interests have focused on the cognitive dimension of the acquisition and use of second languages, with special emphasis on the psycholinguistic dimension of textual production.She has edited several books on second language writing: Writing in Foreign Language Contexts: Learning, Teaching and Research, Learning-to-Write and Writing-to-Learn in an Additional Language, L2 Writing Development: Multiple Perspectives and Writing and Language Learning: Advancing Research Agendas.","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Writing_in_foreign_language_contexts:_Learning,_teaching,_and_research.-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Learning-to-write_and_writing-to-learn_in_an_additional_language.-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-L2_Writing_Development:_Multiple_Perspectives.-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Task-Based_Language_Learning_%E2%80%93_Insights_from_and_for_L2_Writing.-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbook_of_Second_and_Foreign_Language_Writing.-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Writing_and_Language_Learning:_Advancing_Research_Agendas.-23"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Writing in foreign language contexts: Learning, teaching, and research. (2009)[17][18]\nLearning-to-write and writing-to-learn in an additional language. (2011)[19]\nL2 Writing Development: Multiple Perspectives. (2012)[20]\nTask-Based Language Learning – Insights from and for L2 Writing. (2014)[21]\nHandbook of Second and Foreign Language Writing. (2016)[22]\nWriting and Language Learning: Advancing Research Agendas. (2020)[23]","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Articles","text":"\"The use of restructuring strategies in EFL writing: A study of Spanish learners of English as a foreign language.\" (2008)[24]\n\"The foreign language writer's strategic behaviour in the allocation of time to writing processes.\" (2008)[25]\n\"Generating text in native and foreign language writing: A temporal analysis of problemsolving formulation processes.\" (2006)\n\"An approximation to the study of backtracking in L2 writing.\" (2000)\n\"On the temporal nature of planning in L1 and L2 composing.\" (2007)","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
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[{"reference":"\"Manchón - University of Murcia\". Universidad de Murcia. 7 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.um.es/web/filologia-inglesa/contenido/pdi","url_text":"\"Manchón - University of Murcia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manchón on Worldcat\". WorldCat. 23 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n2009027290/","url_text":"\"Manchón on Worldcat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldCat","url_text":"WorldCat"}]},{"reference":"\"Second Language Writing for SLA\". SLW4SLA. 7 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://slw4sla.weebly.com/rosa-m-manchoacuten.html","url_text":"\"Second Language Writing for SLA\""}]},{"reference":"Journal of Second Language Writing. Journals Elsevier. 7 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-second-language-writing","url_text":"Journal of Second Language Writing"}]},{"reference":"\"Manchón - Curriculum vitae\". University of Murcia. 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ciencia.gob.es/portal/site/MICINN/menuitem.8ce192e94ba842bea3bc811001432ea0/?vgnextoid=88228c7a4b240510VgnVCM1000001d04140aRCRD","url_text":"\"Manchón - Curriculum vitae\""}]},{"reference":"\"AILA - Committees\". Aila. 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-09-07. Retrieved 2018-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180907144737/https://aila.info/about/organization/international_committee-2/","url_text":"\"AILA - Committees\""},{"url":"https://aila.info/about/organization/international_committee-2/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Symposium on Second Language Writing\". Sslw.asu.edu. 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://sslw.asu.edu/2015/keynote.html","url_text":"\"Symposium on Second Language Writing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interview with Ilona Leki and Rosa Manchon, Editors of the Journal of Second Language Writing\". Elsevier Journals. 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ngLHqdtmNE","url_text":"\"Interview with Ilona Leki and Rosa Manchon, Editors of the Journal of Second Language Writing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Curso UNIMAR-CMN. Conferencia Rosa Manchón\". Campus Mare Nostrum. 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g0WOw-5zO1I","url_text":"\"Curso UNIMAR-CMN. Conferencia Rosa Manchón\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Modern Language Journal - Editorial Board\". Wiley.com. 6 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/page/journal/15404781/homepage/editorialboard.html","url_text":"\"The Modern Language Journal - Editorial Board\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley.com","url_text":"Wiley.com"}]},{"reference":"Manchón, Rosa M. (2017). \"Manchón R. M. (2017). The potential impact of multimodal composition on language learning\". Journal of Second Language Writing. 38: 94–95. doi:10.1016/j.jslw.2017.10.008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jslw.2017.10.008","url_text":"10.1016/j.jslw.2017.10.008"}]},{"reference":"De Larios, Julio Roca; Manchón, Rosa M.; Murphy, LIZ (2006). \"Generating Text in Native and Foreign Language Writing: A Temporal Analysis of Problem Solving Formulation Processes\". The Modern Language Journal. 90: 100–114. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.2006.00387.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-4781.2006.00387.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1540-4781.2006.00387.x"}]},{"reference":"Vasylets, Olena; Gilabert, Roger; Manchón, Rosa M. (2017). \"Vasylets O., Gilabert R., & Manchón R. M. (2017). The Effects of Mode and Task Complexity on Second Language Production\". Language Learning. 67 (2): 394–430. doi:10.1111/lang.12228.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Flang.12228","url_text":"10.1111/lang.12228"}]},{"reference":"Gilabert, Roger; Manchón, Rosa; Vasylets, Olena (2016). \"Mode in Theoretical and Empirical TBLT Research: Advancing Research Agendas\". Annual Review of Applied Linguistics. 36: 117–135. doi:10.1017/S0267190515000112.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0267190515000112","url_text":"\"Mode in Theoretical and Empirical TBLT Research: Advancing Research Agendas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0267190515000112","url_text":"10.1017/S0267190515000112"}]},{"reference":"Manchón, Rosa; Cenoz, Jasone (2008). \"Doing second language acquisition research: An introduction\". 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Journal of Second Language Writing. 8: 13–44. doi:10.1016/S1060-3743(99)80111-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1060-3743%2899%2980111-8","url_text":"10.1016/S1060-3743(99)80111-8"}]},{"reference":"Roca De Larios, Julio; Manchón, Rosa; Murphy, Liz; Marín, Javier (2008). \"The foreign language writer's strategic behaviour in the allocation of time to writing processes\". Journal of Second Language Writing. 17: 30–47. doi:10.1016/j.jslw.2007.08.005.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jslw.2007.08.005","url_text":"10.1016/j.jslw.2007.08.005"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_350_racers
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MV Agusta 350 racers
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["1 MV Agusta 350 4C 1954–1964","1.1 Technical data MV Agusta 350 4C 1954–1964","1.2 Results 1954–1964","2 MV Agusta 350 3C 1965–1973","2.1 Technical data MV Agusta 350 3C","2.2 Results 1965–1973","3 MV Agusta 350 4C 1972–1976","3.1 Technical data MV Agusta 350 4C 1972–1976","3.2 Results 1972–1976","4 Prototypes","4.1 MV Agusta 350 6C 1957","4.2 MV Agusta 350 2C 1957","4.3 MV Agusta 350 6C 1968","4.4 Technical data MV Agusta prototypes","5 References","6 Bibliography"]
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Type of motorcycle
MV Agusta 350 racersAngelo Bergamonti's 1970 MV Agusta 350 3CManufacturerMV AgustaProduction1954–1976ClassRacerEngine350 cc
The MV Agusta 350 cc racers were motorcycles produced by MV Agusta between 1954 and 1976 and raced in the 350 cc motorcycle GP championships. 10 world titles were achieved by riders John Surtees, Gary Hocking and Giacomo Agostini on these machines.
MV Agusta 350 4C 1954–1964
Count Domenico Agusta never released technical data of his machines and personnel, technical staff and riders were forbidden to divulge anything about the machines. Because a number of newer machines were later sold through auctions, data is known about these, but the machines from the early years sometimes remain a mystery. Of the original 350 4C is really only known that it was a reduced version of the MV Agusta 500 4C. Designer Piero Remor initially provided that machine with experimental and often useless technology, but rider Leslie Graham made some improvements. In 1953 that machine had a telescopic forks and a double cradle frame. It had a Four-stroke transverse in-line four-cylinder engine with DOHC with two valves per cylinder.
Technical data MV Agusta 350 4C 1954–1964
MV Agusta 350 4C
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
Valvetrain
DOHC with two valves per cylinder
Engine configuration
Four-stroke transverse in-line four-cylinder engine
Engine cooling
Air cooling
Bore
47.5 mm
Stroke
49.3 mm
Engine displacement
349 cc
Lubrication system
Wet sump
Carburetors
4 Dell'Orto SSI 28A
Max power
c. 40 bhp (30 kW)
50 bhp (37 kW) @ 12,000 rpm
Top speed
210 km/h (130 mph)
Primary drive
Gear
Clutch
Wet multi-plate
Gears
5
Final drive
Chain drive
Frame
Double cradle
Front forks
Telescopic forks
Rear forks
Swingarm
Brakes
Drum brakes
Results 1954–1964
1954
Bill Lomas and Dickie Dale received MV Agustas for the 500 cc Senior TT on the Isle of Man, but also started with the 350 cc version in the Junior TT. It was not a success: Lomas was only 7th and Dale was 25th. For the time being, MV Agusta still had to bow to the AJS 7R and the Norton Manx.
1955
In 1955 the 350 cc MV Agustas did not start in GPs, possibly because they were concentrating on the 250 cc class.
1956
When John Surtees came to MV Agusta in 1956, he brought his knowledge of the Norton Featherbed frame with him. The improvements to the 500 cc MV Agusta were also applied to the 350 cc four-cylinder. Surtees finished second in the 350 cc TT in Assen and won the Grand Prix of Belgium, but after a nasty fall in the Grand Prix of Germany, breaking an arm, he was eliminated for the rest of the season. Umberto Masetti rode a send MV in the Belgian and Nations Grand Prix at Monza. Carlo Bandirola also raced an MV at Monza. Surtees finished fourth in the 350 cc world championship.
1957
Surtees drove the MV Agusta 350 four-cylinder in almost all the 1957 GPs, but the machine was hopelessly unreliable. He finished fourth in the Junior TT, but dropped out in five other GPs. He finished 10th in the Championship.
1958
At the end of 1957, the Italian brands Gilera, FB Mondial, Moto Guzzi and MV Agusta announced that they would stop road racing. Racing was simply too expensive, especially for the companies that had to live off motorcycle sales. For Count Domenico Agusta however, the situation was different. He earned his money by building helicopters and motorcycles were just a hobby. With the loss of the biggest competitors (the British brands had stopped earlier), the fortunes for MV Agusta turned. The development of new prototypes was stopped, because it was clear that the four-cylinder MV Agusta would now be strong enough for the world title. That turned out to be the case in 1958: the brand won all the world titles in the solo classes, including the manufacturer's titles. Surtees won all six 350 cc races he started in, and won the championship. John Hartle was runner-up in the world championship as MV's second rider.
1959
In 1959 John Surtees won all six of the GPs and the Championship. Again his teammate John Hartle was runner-up in the world championship.
1960
The 1960 season was exciting due to the battle between the two teammates from MV Agusta, John Surtees and Gary Hocking. Both riders finished with 22 points. They both had two wins and one second place. Surtees had also achieved third place, which made Surtees world champion. At the end of the season John Surtees left to pursue a Formula One career.
1961
In 1961, Gary Hocking was the sole rider for MV Agusta in the 350 cc class. He skipped the first race (Germany) but then started collecting points. He was second in the Junior TT, and this was followed by victories in the Netherlands, the GDR, Ulster and Italy. He missed the last Grand Prix in Sweden, as his world title was already won by then.
1962
In 1961 Honda had not competed in the 350 cc class, but for the 1962 season the Honda RC 162 was bored out to 284.5 cc and designated RC 170. Bob McIntyre and Tom Phillis rode the machine in the Junior TT. Phillis crashed during that race and McIntyre retired. Mike Hailwood won the race with the MV Agusta. He was second in the TT of Assen and the Grand Prix of the GDR, but the Hondas won all the races and Jim Redman (Honda) became world champion ahead of Tommy Robb (Honda) and Mike Hailwood (MV Agusta).
1963
Honda took a step back in 1963 and no new models were introduced. After the Ulster GP the mechanics were called back to Japan. Hailwood then won in the GDR and in Finland, but by then the world title was already decided in favour of Jim Redman and Honda.
1964
In 1964, MV Agusta focused primarily on the 500 cc class, where there was still no significant opposition. In the 350 cc class, Hailwood only started in Assen where he finished second.
MV Agusta 350 3C 1965–1973
In 1965 the new three-cylinder MV Agusta appeared. Count Agusta had wanted a 350 cc three-cylinder because he was impressed by the three-cylinder two-stroke DKW RM 350. Arturo Magni and designer Mario Rossi tried to dissuade him, but the count insisted. He even suggested adding an extra cylinder to the MV Agusta 250 Bicilindrica. When the three-cylinder engine seemed ready, Count Agusta was displeased because there were only two valves per cylinder. Within a week the technicians converted the engine to four valves per cylinder and that immediately yielded an extra 6 horsepower. In 1966 a version with the engine enlarged to 420 cc was produced for the 500 cc class.
Technical data MV Agusta 350 3C
MV Agusta 350 3C
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
Valvetrain
DOHC with four valves per cylinder
Engine configuration
Four-stroke transverse in-line three-cylinder engine
Engine cooling
Air cooling
Bore
56 mm
Stroke
47 mm
Engine displacement
347.3 cc
Lubrication system
Wet sump
Carburetors
3 x Dell'Orto 28 mm
Max power
65 bhp (48 kW) @ 13.500 tpm
68 bhp (51 kW) @ 14.000 - 15.000 rpm
Top speed
270 km/h (170 mph)
Primary drive
Gears
Clutch
Dry multi-plate
Gears
7
6
Final drive
Chain Drive
Frame
Double cradle
Front forks
Telescopic fork
Rear forks
Swingarm
Brakes
Drum brakes
Results 1965–1973
1965
In 1965 MV Agusta used the new 350 three-cylinder engine, but reliability was a problem. MV had two top drivers: Mike Hailwood and Giacomo Agostini, who took points off each other, while Honda put everything on Jim Redman. In the first 350 cc race of 1965 at the Nürburgring, Agostini won ahead of his teammate Hailwood and Gustav Havel on a Jawa, while Redman (Honda) crashed in the rain and broke his collarbone. During the Junior TT, Redman was out for his third win in a row, but Hailwood led by 20 seconds after the opening round with the new MV three-cylinder. He then made a long pit stop, allowing Redman to take the lead. The MV Agusta of Hailwood stopped at Sarah's Cottage on the fourth lap, giving Redman the win. Phil Read was second with the 250 cc Yamaha and Agostini took third place after Derek Woodman with the MZ had dropped out on the final lap.
In Assen, Redman won again, with Hailwood in second and Agostini in third. In East Germany, both Hailwood and Agostini dropped out. Redman won the race, Woodman (MZ) came in second and Havel came in third (Jawa). In Czechoslovakia, both MV Agustas dropped out again. Redman won again from Woodman. After two races without points, MV Agusta didn't enter the 350 cc race at the Ulster Grand Prix. In retrospect, this turned out to have been a major mistake as Honda did not enter either. MV Agusta didn't intend on travelling to the Finnish Grand Prix, but when Redman broke his collarbone again in Ulster, MV seized the advantage and took part. Agostini won the 350 cc race ahead of Honda's second man Bruce Beale. Honda blundered by letting Redman know that there would be no motorcycles at Monza, so he stayed in his native Rhodesia. In the end it turned out that a 350 cc Honda was ready for Redman in Monza, but it remained on the sidelines. Agostini won the race, which started dry. It rained in the final laps, causing Hailwood to fall. Just like in the 125cc class, two drivers were on 32 points before the start of the 350 cc race in Suzuka: Jim Redman and Giacomo Agostini. An exciting race for the world title was expected, but Agostini's engine started running poorly due to a broken Contact breaker spring. Hailwood took the lead and Redman was content to follow having been stung above his eye by a bee just before the start and his eye was almost closed. Second place was enough for Redman to win the world title.
1966
Mike Hailwood switched to Honda for 1966. At the season open race in the 350 cc class, the German Grand Prix at Hockenheimring, Giacomo Agostini retired and Mike Hailwood won on the Honda RC 173. In France, Hailwood won again, with Agostini 20 seconds behind. At Assen, Hailwood set a new lap record in practice, a full second faster than his own record lap from 1965 that he had set on a 500 cc MV Agusta. In the race, in conditions of rain and wind, Hailwood won with Agostini 45.2 seconds behind. In the GDR, Hailwood was entered in the 250, 350 and 500 cc classes. This would have involved riding more than 500 km in one day, which was not allowed. Hailwood had to replace the Jim Redman in the 500 cc class and, because he had won all the previous races in the 350 cc class, he dropped this class. Agostini won the race comfortably without the opposition from Honda.
A close battle between Hailwood and Agostini took place in Czechoslovakia, with Hailwood eventually coming out on top. The 350 cc race in Imatra, Finland, was won by Hailwood, while Agostini dropped out. The 350 cc Ulster Grand Prix started in the rain and Hailwood won comfortably. With this victory, Hailwood had secured his seventh world title. The Hailwood Honda did not go well during the Junior TT. At Ballacraine, 13 km into the race, he was overtaken by Agostini who started 20 seconds after him. Agostini won the race. At Monza, Hailwood didn't start and Agostini won his 3rd victory of the season.
1967
Only MV Agusta and Benelli brought full 350 cc machines into the 1967 season. Honda used the RC 174, a 250 cc six-cylinder bored to 297 cc. Hailwood won the German 350 cc Grand Prix with Giacomo Agostini almost a minute behind on his MV Agusta. After the first lap of the Junior TT, Hailwood had 48 seconds over Agostini, and by the end of the race more than three minutes lead. Hailwood won again in Assen, at the Sachsenring and at Brno securing the world title. In Ulster, Hailwood concentrated on the classes in which he was not yet a world champion, the 250 and 500 cc, and Ralph Bryans rode his six-cylinder Honda. Bryans led for five laps, but was passed by Agostini, who quickly established a lead. Now that the title had been decided in favour of Honda, the 350 cc race at Monza was more for the Italian honour for Agostini and Renzo Pasolini (Benelli). They fought a hard fight, but for second place as Ralph Bryans was already way out in front on the Honda. Agostini did not start in Japan.
1968
Honda withdrew from racing after the 1967 season and again, as in 1958, MV Agusta had little opposition in the 1968 season. Honda had paid Hailwood £50,000 not to ride for another team. Renzo Pasolini on the Benelli was the nearest competitor, but Agostini won all seven Grands Prix, sometimes lapping the whole field.
1969
In 1969 Yamaha had its TR 2 ready, but the machine did not pose a threat to Agostini with his MV Agusta. Bill Ivy started the new Jawa 350 cc V4. The Jawa was fast, but less reliable and Ivy crashed and was killed during practice for the DDR. Agostini won the first eight races, but because Count Agusta did not agree with the move of the GP des Nations to Imola, he did not ride there. This allowed Phil Read to win on the Yamaha. In Opatija, Agostini didn't start and Silvio Grassetti won on the Jawa V4.
1970
MV Agusta was dominant in the 1970 season. Agostini won all races in the 350 and 500 cc classes except the last race in Spain. His new teammate Angelo Bergamonti won both classes there.
1971
The 1971 season started sadly for MV Agusta, when Angelo Bergamonti was killed in a crash during the spring race in Riccione. Agostini won in Austria, Germany, the Netherlands, the GDR, Finland and Sweden. His machine suffered breakdowns at the Isle of Man TT, Czechoslovakia and in Italy (where Alberto Pagani rode the machines that had been intended for Angelo Bergamonti). Agostini did not compete at Ulster and Spain, but his six wins gave him the championship. Yamaha were beginning to mount a strong challenge in the form of Jarno Saarinen in the new Yamaha TR3. His first 350 cc Grand Prix was in Czechoslovakia after Agostini's motorcycle had a mechanical failure. He then finished second to Agostini in the Finnish Grand Prix before winning the Nations Grand Prix in Italy. Saarinen finished second to Agostini in the 350 cc Championship.
MV Agusta 350 4C 1972–1976
With the two-stroke Yamahas rapidly challenging MV Agusta's dominance, more power was needed from the engine. The three cylinder engine was at the limit of its development, so leading engineer Ruggero Mazza designed an ultra-short-stroke (54 x 38mm) inline-four that safely revved to 16,500 rpm. To offset the weight of the complex engine compared to the simpler Yamaha twins, the cycle parts were made as light as possible. The frame, designed by Arturo Magni was made of titanium. Magnesium forks were sourced from Ceriani and magnesium cast wheels from Morris. Disc brakes were used front and rear.
Technical data MV Agusta 350 4C 1972–1976
MV Agusta 350 4C
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
Valvetrain
DOHC with four valves per cylinder
Engine configuration
Four-stroke transverse in-line four-cylinder engine
Engine cooling
Air cooling
Bore
54 mm
Stroke
38 mm
Engine displacement
348 cc
Lubrication system
Wet sump
Carburetors
4 x Dell'Orto 34 mm
Max power
77 bhp (57 kW) @ 16.400 rpm
Primary drive
Gear
Clutch
Dry multi-plate
Gears
6
Final drive
Chain drive
Frame
Double cradle
Front forks
Telescopic fork
Rear forks
Swingarm
Brakes
Disc brakes
Results 1972–1976
1972
The 1972 season did not start well for MV Agusta. In the opening race Germany, Agostini was defeated by Saarinen in a direct head-to-head. With his new water-cooled Yamaha YZ 634, Saarinen set a new absolute lap record. In France, the difference in weight between the water-cooled Yamaha YZ 634 (approx. 90 kilos) and the MV Agusta 350 3C (approx. 140 kilos). Saarinen won and Teuvo Länsivuori on an air-cooled Yamaha TR 3 finished second, 1½ minutes behind Saarinen. Renzo Pasolini on the Aermacchi-Harley-Davidson was third and Agostini forth. He took his loss, however, sportingly, but stated that the three-cylinder MV Agusta had become too slow.
After two wins for Yamaha, Agostini came to Austria with the new MV Agusta 350 4C. In the race, the Saarinen's engine lost some power, leaving him in fourth place. Agostini won the race. MV Agusta hired Phil Read to support Agostini in Imola. Agostini won the race, but the star of the race for the Italian home crowd was Renzo Pasolini on the Aermacchi-Harley-Davidson. Pasolini had a bad start and was tenth after the first lap, but fought through the field to finish second. Read finished fourth. In the Junior TT, where Saarinen refused to ride due to the risks, Agostini led from start to finish, while his team-mate Phil Read dropped out on the second lap with shift problems. Both MV drivers rode the three-cylinder machines.
Agostini dropped out in the Yugoslavia GP. Phil Read finished the race, but could not keep up with the Yamaha TR 3 of the Hungarian János Drapál. Read finished third. In Assen, Agostini won after a fight with Drapál, Pasolini and Read. (Agostini was on the four-cylinder, Read on the three-cylinder). Agostini dropped out in the GDR, but Phil Read now also had a four-cylinder MV Agusta at his disposal and won, setting a new lap record. His time was the same as that of Agostini in the 500 cc race.
In Brno, Agostini fell, leaving Read in the lead. Saarinen passed Read to win the race. In Anderstorp, Agostini and Read fought hard in the first laps against Jarno Saarinen. Agostini took the lead and retained it throughout the race. Agostini's sixth win in Finland gave him the 1972 world title, with Saarinen in second place.
1973
For 1973, Phil Read was given contract with MV Agusta, but as No 2 rider to Agostini. Yamaha withdrew from the 350 cc class, concentrating on the 250 and 500 cc classes with Jarno Saarinen and Hideo Kanaya, but when Saarinen died in Monza, the factory team was withdrawn. Some privateers contested the 350 cc class with Yamaha TZ 350s. Due to the poor reliability of the MV Agusta 350 4C, even in 1973, the team sometimes rode the "old" three-cylinder.
Agostini led the opening race in France race from start to finish Phil Read came second. Although it had been sunny in Austria during practice, race day was wet. Phil Read retired because of a problem with his visor. Agostini built up a large lead over János Drapál, but on the penultimate lap the MV Agusta stopped due to water in the ignition, giving the victory to Drapál. In Germany, the Harley-Davidson factory team was missing, working hard on getting water-cooled machines ready. In the practice sessions private driver John Dodds (Yamaha TZ 350) was fastest. In the race Read fell on the fifth lap and on the eleventh lap the same happened to Agostini whilst he was in the lead. Teuvo Länsivuori won the race.
The 350 cc race in Monza was initially quite exciting. The Harley-Davidson team had skipped the German GP to work on the new water-cooled machines and that paid off: Pasolini was less than a second slower than Agostini in practice. The race was initially led by Agostini and Read, but Read went into the pit with a bad running engine and Agostini won. Read, Agostini and Länsivuoridid not race in Yugoslavia, where János Drapál won. The 350 cc race in Assen led to a great fight between Agostini, Read and Länsivuori, until the latter had problems with his gearbox and had to quit. Agostini won with a 0.1 second lead over Read and Länsivuori was still third. Länsivuori won the 350 cc GP of Czechoslovakia with a big lead over Agostini and Read and also in Sweden, Länsivuori won, while Agostini came in second and Phil Read third. In Imatra, Agostini used the four-cylinder again. Teuvo Länsivuori had to win this race to still have a chance of winning the world title, but he was expertly kept in third place by Phil Read, who thus allowed Agostini to stay on top. In the end Länsivuori fell on the 9th lap and so Agostini was able to grab first place and the 350 cc world title.
1974
Giacomo Agostini left for the Yamaha team at the end of 1973 and Phil Read became No 1 at MV Agusta. He was supported by Franco Bonera, but only in the 500 cc class. MV Agusta started the first three races in the 350 cc class, but withdrew from the fourth race, the GP des Nations. The MV Agusta 350 4C was considered uncompetitive and a new machine that was under development was by no means ready. Read did not finish in any race and MV Agusta remained without points in the 350 cc class.
Giacomo Agostini on the 350 cc MV Agusta during practice for the 1976 West German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring.
1975
In 1975 the MV Agusta 350 cc racers were not entered.
1976
For the 1976 opening race in France, Agostini had a 350 cc Yamaha hastily brought from Amsterdam. The MV had failed the new noise limit of dB(A) (the MV was measured at 132 dB(A)). The FIM admitted, however, that this new rule had been announced too late, giving the MV Agusta a little respite. The machine almost never reached the finish. In France a stone hit the distributor cap, in Austria the clutch slipped, in Italy, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia and Germany, Ago stopped for unknown reasons and in Finland the ignition broke down. The organisation had even done everything there to get the MV Agusta through the noise inspection. A false statement of the team's bore / stroke ratio was then accepted, while it was still fairly well-known: 54 x 38 mm. As a result, the measurement was carried out at a specific corrected piston speed at 7,000 rpm, while that should have been 10,000 rpm. The measurement was 113 dB(A) and MV Agusta claimed a power loss of 3 hp. The only time the MV scored points that season was Agostini's win in Assen. At the end of the season, MV Agusta announced it would stop road racing.
Prototypes
MV Agusta 350 6C GP, 1969
In 1957, MV Agusta developed two prototypes for the 350 cc class, a six-cylinder and a two-cylinder. Nello Pagani rode the six-cylinder unsuccessfully in the last race of 1957, the GP des Nations at Monza. The two-cylinder was never raced.
MV Agusta 350 6C 1957
Main article: MV Agusta 350 Six § 1957 prototype
The six-cylinder in- line engine was a logical development because MV Agusta built a 500 cc version in response to the Moto Guzzi Otto Cilindri. The machine provided enough power, but this did not outweigh the extra weight. The machine had a six-cylinder in-line engine with only two valves per cylinder. The air-cooled six-cylinder engine still had double overhead camshafts and a double cradle frame, the lower tubes of which could be detached for easy removal of the engine block.
MV Agusta 350 2C 1957
A completely different techniques were used with the 350 cc two-cylinder, especially with regard to the frame. This machine had a trellis frame that consisted of triangular constructions of thin tubes, and where the engine was a structural part. The cylinders leaned sharply forward and the machine used the old-fashioned Earles front fork again, probably because using the same thin tubes it was lighter than a telescopic fork. By applying two external flywheels, the engine block could be made compact and strong. The engine also had a dry-sump system and delivered around 47 hp at 12,000 rpm.
MV Agusta 350 6C 1968
Main article: MV Agusta 350 Six § 1968 prototype
In 1968 they wanted to continue developing the six-cylinder engine, but the FIM ruled that from now on the 350 and 500 cc racers should not have more than four cylinders. A prototype was built, this time with four valves per cylinder, but that could not be used in the world championship. Sometimes the drivers did practice on it: in 1971 both Giacomo Agostini and Angelo Bergamonti did that in the spring race in Modena.
Technical data MV Agusta prototypes
MV Agusta
350 2C
350 6C
350 6C
Year
1957
1968
Valvetrain
DOHC with two valves per cylinder
DOHC with four valves per cylinder
Engine configuration
Four-stroke transverse Straight-twin engine
Four-stroke transverse Straight-six engine
Engine cooling
Air cooling
Bore
62 mm
44 mm
46 mm
Stroke
58 mm
38,25 mm
35 mm
Engine displacement
350 cc
349 cc
349 cc
Lubrication system
Dry sump
Wet sump
Carburetors
2 x Dell'Orto 29 mm
6 x Dell'Orto 24 mm
6 Dell'Orto 16 mm
Max power
47 bhp (35 kW) @ 12.000 rpm
70 bhp (52 kW) @ 16.000 rpm
75 bhp (56 kW) @ 16.000 rpm
Primary drive
Gear
Clutch
Wet multi-plate
Gears
5
7
6
Final drive
Chain drive
Frame
Trellis
Double cradle
Front forks
Earles forks
Telescopic forks
Rear forks
Swingarm
Brakes
Drum brakes
References
^ "MV Agusta Corse 350 Quattro". www.mv-agusta-club.de (in German). MV Agusta Club Deutschland. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
^ "Race Results - TT 1954 Senior Results". www.iomtt.com. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
^ a b c Büla & Schertenleib 2001.
^ Cook 1956, p. 158.
^ a b Cook 1956, pp. 158–159.
^ a b Cook 1956, pp. 160–161.
^ "350 cc World Standing 1956". www.motogp.com. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Noyes & Scott 1999.
^ "Race Results -1957 Junior TT". www.iomtt.com. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
^ "motogp.com · 350 cc World Standing 1957". www.motogp.com. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
^ "History of the MotoGP". Devitt Insurance. 2 February 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
^ "motogp.com · 350 cc World Standing 1958". www.motogp.com. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
^ "motogp.com · 350 cc World Standing 1959". www.motogp.com. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
^ "motogp.com · 350 cc World Standing 1960". www.motogp.com. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
^ Adam Cooper, Obituary: John Surtees, 1934–2017, www.motorsport.com Retrieved 12 March 2017
^ "Race Results - 1961 Junior TT". www.iomtt.com. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
^ "motogp.com · 350 cc World Standing 1961". www.motogp.com. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
^ Kortekaas, Joep (2002). "Honda's Race History - 1962". www.vf750fd.com. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
^ "Race Results - 1962 Junior TT". www.iomtt.com. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
^ "motogp.com · 350 cc World Standing 1962". www.motogp.com. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
^ Kortekaas, Joep (2002). "Honda's Race History - 1963". www.vf750fd.com. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
^ "motogp.com · 350 cc World Standing 1963". www.motogp.com. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
^ Statement from manufacturer Arturo Magni to journalist Carlo Perelli, summer 1993, published in Moto 73 No. 13 of 1993
^ "MV Agusta Corse 350 Tre Cilindrica". www.mv-agusta-club.de (in German). MV Agusta Club Deutschland. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
^ a b c d e Kortekaas, Joep (2002). "Honda's Race History - 1965". www.vf750fd.com. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
^ "Race Results - 1965 Junior TT". www.iomtt.com. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
^ "motogp.com · 350 cc World Standing 1965". www.motogp.com. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
^ a b "Mike Hailwood". www.motorcyclemuseum.org. AMA Motorcycle Museum Hall of Fame.
^ "motogp.com · 350 cc World Standing 1966". www.motogp.com. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
^ "Race Results - 1966 Junior TT". www.iomtt.com.
^ a b Kortekaas, Joep (2002). "Honda's Race History - 1967 and 1968". www.vf750fd.com. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
^ "Race Results - 1967 Junior TT". www.iomtt.com. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
^ "350 cc World Standing 1967". www.motogp.com. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
^ "350 cc World Standing 1968". www.motogp.com. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
^ "Bill Ivy". www.motorsportmemorial.org. Motorsport Memorial. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
^ "The year 1969". Racing Memory. Retrieved 15 November 2006.
^ a b Phil Read career statistics at MotoGP.com
^ "Silvio Grassetti career statistics". motogp.com. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
^ a b "motogp.com · Giacomo Agostini". www.motogp.com. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
^ Angelo Bergamonti career statistics at MotoGP.com
^ "Motorsport Memorial - Angelo Bergamonti". www.motorsportmemorial.org. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
^ Alberto Pagani career statistics at MotoGP.com
^ "motogp.com · 350 cc World Standing 1971". www.motogp.com. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
^ a b c "Rider Statistics - Jarno Saarinen". MotoGP.com. Retrieved 2008-08-31.
^ a b "Jarno Saarinen at Motorsport Memorial". motorsportmemorial.org. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
^ Frank, Aaron (2 March 2018). "Riding Agostini's MV Agusta 350". Motorcyclist. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
^ Burgers, Burgers & Weeink 2002.
^ a b c "Rider Statistics – Teuvo Länsivuori". MotoGP.com. Retrieved 2012-12-15.
^ "Rider Statistics – Renzo Pasolini". MotoGP.com. Retrieved 29 August 2008.
^ "Race Results - 1972 Junior TT". www.iomtt.com. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
^ a b c János Drapál career statistics at MotoGP.com
^ "motogp.com · 350 cc World Standing 1972". www.motogp.com. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
^ "The darkest day". motorsportmagazine.com. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
^ The problems with Read's vision have been questioned.
^ A controversial decision by MV team principal Magni. He was not convinced of the safety of the track, although it had been approved by a delegation of four drivers, including Agostini.
^ "motogp.com · 350 cc World Standing 1973". www.motogp.com. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
^ "motogp.com · 350 cc World Standing 1974". www.motogp.com. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
^ Oxley, Mat (7 April 2017). "Forty years ago: MV's last hurrah". Motor Sport Magazine. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
^ "MV Agusta Corse 350 Bicilindrica". www.mv-agusta-club.de (in German). MV Agusta Club Deutschland. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
^ "MV Agusta Corse 350 Sei Cilindrica". www.mv-agusta-club.de (in German). MV Agusta Club Deutschland. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
Bibliography
Wikimedia Commons has media related to MV Agusta 350 racing.
Büla, Maurice; Schertenleib, Jean-Claude (2001). Continental Circus 1949-2000 (in French). Chronosports. ISBN 9782940125760.
Burgers, Jan; Burgers, Hetty; Weeink, Frank (2002). Continental circus : the races and the places, the people and the faces : pictures and stories from the early seventies (2nd ed.). Mastix Press. ISBN 978-90-818639-5-7.
Cook, R.A.B., ed. (1956). Motor Cycling Sports Yearbook 1956. Temple Press Ltd.
Noyes, Dennis; Scott, Michael (1999). Motocourse: 50 Years Of Moto Grand Prix. Hazleton Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-874557-83-7.
vteMV AgustaMotorcycles 1998-
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Rivale
Rush 1000
RVS#1
Stradale 800
Superveloce 800
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Motorcycles 1946-1980
125 Motore Lungo
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175 series
235 Tevere
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Racing motorcycles
125 Motore Lungo
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125 Bialbero
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175 Bialbero
203 Bialbero
220 Bialbero
250 Monocilindrica Bialbero
250 Bicilindrica
350 racers
350 Six
500 racers
500 Three
500 Four
500 Six
Designers
Giorgetto Giugiaro
Arturo Magni
Piero Remor
Massimo Tamburini
Racing riders
Giacomo Agostini
Carlo Bandirola
Angelo Copeta
Leslie Graham
Silvio Grassetti
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Gary Hocking
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Because a number of newer machines were later sold through auctions, data is known about these, but the machines from the early years sometimes remain a mystery. Of the original 350 4C is really only known that it was a reduced version of the MV Agusta 500 4C. Designer Piero Remor initially provided that machine with experimental and often useless technology, but rider Leslie Graham made some improvements. In 1953 that machine had a telescopic forks and a double cradle frame. It had a Four-stroke transverse in-line four-cylinder engine with DOHC with two valves per cylinder.","title":"MV Agusta 350 4C 1954–1964"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Technical data MV Agusta 350 4C 1954–1964","title":"MV Agusta 350 4C 1954–1964"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Lomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Lomas"},{"link_name":"Dickie Dale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickie_Dale"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_Isle_of_Man_TT"},{"link_name":"AJS 7R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJS_7R"},{"link_name":"Norton Manx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Manx"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"1955","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season"},{"link_name":"Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Motorcycle_Company"},{"link_name":"Featherbed 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Hailwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Hailwood"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Jim Redman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Redman"},{"link_name":"Tommy Robb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Robb_(motorcyclist)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoyesScott1999-8"}],"sub_title":"Results 1954–1964","text":"1954Bill Lomas and Dickie Dale received MV Agustas for the 500 cc Senior TT on the Isle of Man, but also started with the 350 cc version in the Junior TT. It was not a success: Lomas was only 7th and Dale was 25th. For the time being, MV Agusta still had to bow to the AJS 7R and the Norton Manx.[2]1955In 1955 the 350 cc MV Agustas did not start in GPs, possibly because they were concentrating on the 250 cc class.1956When John Surtees came to MV Agusta in 1956, he brought his knowledge of the Norton Featherbed frame with him. The improvements to the 500 cc MV Agusta were also applied to the 350 cc four-cylinder.[3] Surtees finished second in the 350 cc TT in Assen[4] and won the Grand Prix of Belgium,[5] but after a nasty fall in the Grand Prix of Germany, breaking an arm, he was eliminated for the rest of the season. Umberto Masetti rode a send MV in the Belgian[5] and Nations Grand Prix at Monza.[6] Carlo Bandirola also raced an MV at Monza.[6] Surtees finished fourth in the 350 cc world championship.[7]1957Surtees drove the MV Agusta 350 four-cylinder in almost all the 1957 GPs,[8] but the machine was hopelessly unreliable. He finished fourth in the Junior TT,[9] but dropped out in five other GPs.[8] He finished 10th in the Championship.[10]1958At the end of 1957, the Italian brands Gilera, FB Mondial, Moto Guzzi and MV Agusta announced that they would stop road racing. Racing was simply too expensive, especially for the companies that had to live off motorcycle sales.[11] For Count Domenico Agusta however, the situation was different. He earned his money by building helicopters and motorcycles were just a hobby. With the loss of the biggest competitors (the British brands had stopped earlier), the fortunes for MV Agusta turned. The development of new prototypes was stopped, because it was clear that the four-cylinder MV Agusta would now be strong enough for the world title. That turned out to be the case in 1958: the brand won all the world titles in the solo classes, including the manufacturer's titles. Surtees won all six 350 cc races he started in,[8] and won the championship. John Hartle was runner-up in the world championship as MV's second rider.[12]1959In 1959 John Surtees won all six of the GPs[8] and the Championship. Again his teammate John Hartle was runner-up in the world championship.[13]1960The 1960 season was exciting due to the battle between the two teammates from MV Agusta, John Surtees and Gary Hocking. Both riders finished with 22 points. They both had two wins and one second place. Surtees had also achieved third place,[8] which made Surtees world champion.[14] At the end of the season John Surtees left to pursue a Formula One career.[15]1961In 1961, Gary Hocking was the sole rider for MV Agusta in the 350 cc class. He skipped the first race (Germany) but then started collecting points. He was second in the Junior TT,[16] and this was followed by victories in the Netherlands, the GDR, Ulster and Italy. He missed the last Grand Prix in Sweden,[8] as his world title was already won by then.[17]1962In 1961 Honda had not competed in the 350 cc class, but for the 1962 season the Honda RC 162 was bored out to 284.5 cc and designated RC 170.[18] Bob McIntyre and Tom Phillis rode the machine in the Junior TT. Phillis crashed during that race and McIntyre retired. Mike Hailwood won the race with the MV Agusta.[19] He was second in the TT of Assen and the Grand Prix of the GDR, but the Hondas won all the races and Jim Redman (Honda) became world champion ahead of Tommy Robb (Honda) and Mike Hailwood (MV Agusta).[20]1963Honda took a step back in 1963 and no new models were introduced. After the Ulster GP the mechanics were called back to Japan.[21] Hailwood then won in the GDR and in Finland, but by then the world title was already decided in favour of Jim Redman and Honda.[22]1964In 1964, MV Agusta focused primarily on the 500 cc class, where there was still no significant opposition. In the 350 cc class, Hailwood only started in Assen where he finished second.[8]","title":"MV Agusta 350 4C 1954–1964"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DKW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DKW"},{"link_name":"Arturo Magni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Magni"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"MV Agusta 250 Bicilindrica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_250_Bicilindrica"},{"link_name":"four valves per cylinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-valve#Four_valves"}],"text":"In 1965 the new three-cylinder MV Agusta appeared. Count Agusta had wanted a 350 cc three-cylinder because he was impressed by the three-cylinder two-stroke DKW RM 350. Arturo Magni and designer Mario Rossi tried to dissuade him, but the count insisted.[23] He even suggested adding an extra cylinder to the MV Agusta 250 Bicilindrica. When the three-cylinder engine seemed ready, Count Agusta was displeased because there were only two valves per cylinder. Within a week the technicians converted the engine to four valves per cylinder and that immediately yielded an extra 6 horsepower. In 1966 a version with the engine enlarged to 420 cc was produced for the 500 cc class.","title":"MV Agusta 350 3C 1965–1973"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Technical data MV Agusta 350 3C","title":"MV Agusta 350 3C 1965–1973"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season"},{"link_name":"Nürburgring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrburgring"},{"link_name":"Gustav Havel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Havel"},{"link_name":"Jawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa_Moto"},{"link_name":"collarbone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collarbone"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kortekaas_1965-25"},{"link_name":"Junior TT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_Isle_of_Man_TT"},{"link_name":"Sarah's Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%27s_Cottage,_Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"Phil Read","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Read"},{"link_name":"Yamaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Derek Woodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Woodman"},{"link_name":"MZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MZ_Motorrad-_und_Zweiradwerk"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_motorcycle_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kortekaas_1965-25"},{"link_name":"Bruce Beale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Beale"},{"link_name":"Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kortekaas_1965-25"},{"link_name":"Suzuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuka_International_Racing_Course"},{"link_name":"Contact breaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_breaker"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kortekaas_1965-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kortekaas_1965-25"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMA_Hailwood-28"},{"link_name":"Hockenheimring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockenheimring"},{"link_name":"Imatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imatra_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Junior TT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Isle_of_Man_TT"},{"link_name":"Ballacraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballacraine"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEB%C3%BClaSchertenleib2001-3"},{"link_name":"1967 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season"},{"link_name":"RC 174","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_RC174"},{"link_name":"six-cylinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-six_engine"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kortekaas_67-31"},{"link_name":"Junior TT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_Isle_of_Man_TT"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Sachsenring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsenring"},{"link_name":"Brno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Ralph Bryans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bryans"},{"link_name":"Renzo Pasolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renzo_Pasolini"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_motorcycle_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEB%C3%BClaSchertenleib2001-3"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kortekaas_67-31"},{"link_name":"1968 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMA_Hailwood-28"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season"},{"link_name":"TR 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha_TD2"},{"link_name":"Bill Ivy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Ivy"},{"link_name":"V4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V4_engine"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-racingmemory-36"},{"link_name":"Imola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodromo_Enzo_e_Dino_Ferrari"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoyesScott1999-8"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phil_Read_career_statistics_at_MotoGP.com-37"},{"link_name":"Opatija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opatija_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Silvio Grassetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Grassetti"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silvio_Grassetti_career_statistics-38"},{"link_name":"1970 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-motogp.com_%C2%B7_Giacomo_Agostini-39"},{"link_name":"Angelo Bergamonti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Bergamonti"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"1971 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season"},{"link_name":"Riccione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccione"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_motorcycle_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man TT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Isle_of_Man_TT"},{"link_name":"Alberto Pagani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Pagani"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Jarno Saarinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarno_Saarinen"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MotoGP.com_August_29-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jarno_Saarinen_at_Motorsport_Memorial-45"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MotoGP.com_August_29-44"}],"sub_title":"Results 1965–1973","text":"1965In 1965 MV Agusta used the new 350 three-cylinder engine, but reliability was a problem. MV had two top drivers: Mike Hailwood and Giacomo Agostini, who took points off each other, while Honda put everything on Jim Redman. In the first 350 cc race of 1965 at the Nürburgring, Agostini won ahead of his teammate Hailwood and Gustav Havel on a Jawa, while Redman (Honda) crashed in the rain and broke his collarbone.[25] During the Junior TT, Redman was out for his third win in a row, but Hailwood led by 20 seconds after the opening round with the new MV three-cylinder. He then made a long pit stop, allowing Redman to take the lead. The MV Agusta of Hailwood stopped at Sarah's Cottage on the fourth lap, giving Redman the win. Phil Read was second with the 250 cc Yamaha and Agostini took third place after Derek Woodman with the MZ had dropped out on the final lap.[26]In Assen, Redman won again, with Hailwood in second and Agostini in third. In East Germany, both Hailwood and Agostini dropped out. Redman won the race, Woodman (MZ) came in second and Havel came in third (Jawa). In Czechoslovakia, both MV Agustas dropped out again. Redman won again from Woodman. After two races without points, MV Agusta didn't enter the 350 cc race at the Ulster Grand Prix. In retrospect, this turned out to have been a major mistake as Honda did not enter either. MV Agusta didn't intend on travelling to the Finnish Grand Prix, but when Redman broke his collarbone again in Ulster,[25] MV seized the advantage and took part. Agostini won the 350 cc race ahead of Honda's second man Bruce Beale. Honda blundered by letting Redman know that there would be no motorcycles at Monza, so he stayed in his native Rhodesia. In the end it turned out that a 350 cc Honda was ready for Redman in Monza, but it remained on the sidelines.[25] Agostini won the race, which started dry. It rained in the final laps, causing Hailwood to fall. Just like in the 125cc class, two drivers were on 32 points before the start of the 350 cc race in Suzuka: Jim Redman and Giacomo Agostini. An exciting race for the world title was expected, but Agostini's engine started running poorly due to a broken Contact breaker spring.[25] Hailwood took the lead and Redman was content to follow having been stung above his eye by a bee just before the start and his eye was almost closed.[25] Second place was enough for Redman to win the world title.[27]1966Mike Hailwood switched to Honda for 1966.[28] At the season open race in the 350 cc class, the German Grand Prix at Hockenheimring, Giacomo Agostini retired and Mike Hailwood won on the Honda RC 173. In France, Hailwood won again, with Agostini 20 seconds behind. At Assen, Hailwood set a new lap record in practice, a full second faster than his own record lap from 1965 that he had set on a 500 cc MV Agusta. In the race, in conditions of rain and wind, Hailwood won with Agostini 45.2 seconds behind. In the GDR, Hailwood was entered in the 250, 350 and 500 cc classes. This would have involved riding more than 500 km in one day, which was not allowed. Hailwood had to replace the Jim Redman in the 500 cc class and, because he had won all the previous races in the 350 cc class, he dropped this class. Agostini won the race comfortably without the opposition from Honda.A close battle between Hailwood and Agostini took place in Czechoslovakia, with Hailwood eventually coming out on top. The 350 cc race in Imatra, Finland, was won by Hailwood, while Agostini dropped out. The 350 cc Ulster Grand Prix started in the rain and Hailwood won comfortably. With this victory, Hailwood had secured his seventh world title.[29] The Hailwood Honda did not go well during the Junior TT. At Ballacraine, 13 km into the race, he was overtaken by Agostini who started 20 seconds after him. Agostini won the race.[30] At Monza, Hailwood didn't start and Agostini won his 3rd victory of the season.[3]1967Only MV Agusta and Benelli brought full 350 cc machines into the 1967 season. Honda used the RC 174, a 250 cc six-cylinder bored to 297 cc.[31] Hailwood won the German 350 cc Grand Prix with Giacomo Agostini almost a minute behind on his MV Agusta. After the first lap of the Junior TT, Hailwood had 48 seconds over Agostini, and by the end of the race more than three minutes lead.[32] Hailwood won again in Assen, at the Sachsenring and at Brno securing the world title.[33] In Ulster, Hailwood concentrated on the classes in which he was not yet a world champion, the 250 and 500 cc, and Ralph Bryans rode his six-cylinder Honda. Bryans led for five laps, but was passed by Agostini, who quickly established a lead. Now that the title had been decided in favour of Honda, the 350 cc race at Monza was more for the Italian honour for Agostini and Renzo Pasolini (Benelli). They fought a hard fight, but for second place as Ralph Bryans was already way out in front on the Honda. Agostini did not start in Japan.[3]1968Honda withdrew from racing after the 1967 season[31] and again, as in 1958, MV Agusta had little opposition in the 1968 season. Honda had paid Hailwood £50,000 not to ride for another team.[28] Renzo Pasolini on the Benelli was the nearest competitor, but Agostini won all seven Grands Prix, sometimes lapping the whole field.[34]1969In 1969 Yamaha had its TR 2 ready, but the machine did not pose a threat to Agostini with his MV Agusta. Bill Ivy started the new Jawa 350 cc V4.[35] The Jawa was fast, but less reliable and Ivy crashed and was killed during practice for the DDR.[36] Agostini won the first eight races, but because Count Agusta did not agree with the move of the GP des Nations to Imola, he did not ride there.[8] This allowed Phil Read to win on the Yamaha.[37] In Opatija, Agostini didn't start and Silvio Grassetti won on the Jawa V4.[38]1970MV Agusta was dominant in the 1970 season. Agostini won all races in the 350 and 500 cc classes except the last race in Spain.[39] His new teammate Angelo Bergamonti won both classes there.[40]1971The 1971 season started sadly for MV Agusta, when Angelo Bergamonti was killed in a crash during the spring race in Riccione.[41] Agostini won in Austria, Germany, the Netherlands, the GDR, Finland and Sweden. His machine suffered breakdowns at the Isle of Man TT, Czechoslovakia and in Italy (where Alberto Pagani rode the machines that had been intended for Angelo Bergamonti).[42] Agostini did not compete at Ulster and Spain, but his six wins gave him the championship.[43] Yamaha were beginning to mount a strong challenge in the form of Jarno Saarinen in the new Yamaha TR3. His first 350 cc Grand Prix was in Czechoslovakia after Agostini's motorcycle had a mechanical failure.[44][45] He then finished second to Agostini in the Finnish Grand Prix before winning the Nations Grand Prix in Italy. Saarinen finished second to Agostini in the 350 cc Championship.[44]","title":"MV Agusta 350 3C 1965–1973"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoyesScott1999-8"},{"link_name":"titanium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium"},{"link_name":"Magnesium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium"},{"link_name":"Ceriani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceriani"},{"link_name":"Disc brakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_brake"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"With the two-stroke Yamahas rapidly challenging MV Agusta's dominance, more power was needed from the engine.[8] The three cylinder engine was at the limit of its development, so leading engineer Ruggero Mazza designed an ultra-short-stroke (54 x 38mm) inline-four that safely revved to 16,500 rpm. To offset the weight of the complex engine compared to the simpler Yamaha twins, the cycle parts were made as light as possible. The frame, designed by Arturo Magni was made of titanium. Magnesium forks were sourced from Ceriani and magnesium cast wheels from Morris. Disc brakes were used front and rear.[46]","title":"MV Agusta 350 4C 1972–1976"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Technical data MV Agusta 350 4C 1972–1976","title":"MV Agusta 350 4C 1972–1976"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1972 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgersBurgersWeeink2002-47"},{"link_name":"Teuvo Länsivuori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teuvo_L%C3%A4nsivuori"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Teuvo_L%C3%A4nsivuori-48"},{"link_name":"Aermacchi-Harley-Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aermacchi"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pasolini-49"},{"link_name":"Junior TT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Isle_of_Man_TT"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia GP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_motorcycle_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"János Drapál","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Drap%C3%A1l"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drap%C3%A1l-51"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phil_Read_career_statistics_at_MotoGP.com-37"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MotoGP.com_August_29-44"},{"link_name":"Anderstorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderstorp_Raceway"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season"},{"link_name":"Hideo Kanaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideo_Kanaya"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jarno_Saarinen_at_Motorsport_Memorial-45"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_darkest_day-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drap%C3%A1l-51"},{"link_name":"John Dodds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dodds_(motorcyclist)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Teuvo_L%C3%A4nsivuori-48"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drap%C3%A1l-51"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Teuvo_L%C3%A4nsivuori-48"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoyesScott1999-8"},{"link_name":"Franco Bonera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Bonera"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agostini,_Giacomo_1976-08-28.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nürburgring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrburgring"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season"},{"link_name":"dB(A)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB(A)"},{"link_name":"FIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_Motocyclisme"},{"link_name":"distributor cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributor_cap"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-motogp.com_%C2%B7_Giacomo_Agostini-39"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Results 1972–1976","text":"1972The 1972 season did not start well for MV Agusta. In the opening race Germany, Agostini was defeated by Saarinen in a direct head-to-head. With his new water-cooled Yamaha YZ 634, Saarinen set a new absolute lap record.[47] In France, the difference in weight between the water-cooled Yamaha YZ 634 (approx. 90 kilos) and the MV Agusta 350 3C (approx. 140 kilos). Saarinen won and Teuvo Länsivuori on an air-cooled Yamaha TR 3 finished second,[48] 1½ minutes behind Saarinen. Renzo Pasolini on the Aermacchi-Harley-Davidson was third[49] and Agostini forth. He took his loss, however, sportingly, but stated that the three-cylinder MV Agusta had become too slow.After two wins for Yamaha, Agostini came to Austria with the new MV Agusta 350 4C. In the race, the Saarinen's engine lost some power, leaving him in fourth place. Agostini won the race. MV Agusta hired Phil Read to support Agostini in Imola. Agostini won the race, but the star of the race for the Italian home crowd was Renzo Pasolini on the Aermacchi-Harley-Davidson. Pasolini had a bad start and was tenth after the first lap, but fought through the field to finish second. Read finished fourth. In the Junior TT, where Saarinen refused to ride due to the risks, Agostini led from start to finish, while his team-mate Phil Read dropped out on the second lap with shift problems.[50] Both MV drivers rode the three-cylinder machines.Agostini dropped out in the Yugoslavia GP. Phil Read finished the race, but could not keep up with the Yamaha TR 3 of the Hungarian János Drapál.[51] Read finished third. In Assen, Agostini won after a fight with Drapál, Pasolini and Read. (Agostini was on the four-cylinder, Read on the three-cylinder). Agostini dropped out in the GDR, but Phil Read now also had a four-cylinder MV Agusta at his disposal and won,[37] setting a new lap record. His time was the same as that of Agostini in the 500 cc race.In Brno, Agostini fell, leaving Read in the lead. Saarinen passed Read to win the race.[44] In Anderstorp, Agostini and Read fought hard in the first laps against Jarno Saarinen. Agostini took the lead and retained it throughout the race. Agostini's sixth win in Finland gave him the 1972 world title, with Saarinen in second place.[52]1973For 1973, Phil Read was given contract with MV Agusta, but as No 2 rider to Agostini. Yamaha withdrew from the 350 cc class, concentrating on the 250 and 500 cc classes with Jarno Saarinen and Hideo Kanaya, but when Saarinen died in Monza,[45] the factory team was withdrawn.[53] Some privateers contested the 350 cc class with Yamaha TZ 350s. Due to the poor reliability of the MV Agusta 350 4C, even in 1973, the team sometimes rode the \"old\" three-cylinder.Agostini led the opening race in France race from start to finish Phil Read came second. Although it had been sunny in Austria during practice, race day was wet. Phil Read retired because of a problem with his visor.[54] Agostini built up a large lead over János Drapál, but on the penultimate lap the MV Agusta stopped due to water in the ignition, giving the victory to Drapál.[51] In Germany, the Harley-Davidson factory team was missing, working hard on getting water-cooled machines ready. In the practice sessions private driver John Dodds (Yamaha TZ 350) was fastest. In the race Read fell on the fifth lap and on the eleventh lap the same happened to Agostini whilst he was in the lead. Teuvo Länsivuori won the race.[48]The 350 cc race in Monza was initially quite exciting. The Harley-Davidson team had skipped the German GP to work on the new water-cooled machines and that paid off: Pasolini was less than a second slower than Agostini in practice. The race was initially led by Agostini and Read, but Read went into the pit with a bad running engine and Agostini won. Read, Agostini and Länsivuoridid not race in Yugoslavia,[55] where János Drapál won.[51] The 350 cc race in Assen led to a great fight between Agostini, Read and Länsivuori, until the latter had problems with his gearbox and had to quit. Agostini won with a 0.1 second lead over Read and Länsivuori was still third. Länsivuori won the 350 cc GP of Czechoslovakia with a big lead over Agostini and Read and also in Sweden, Länsivuori won,[48] while Agostini came in second and Phil Read third. In Imatra, Agostini used the four-cylinder again. Teuvo Länsivuori had to win this race to still have a chance of winning the world title, but he was expertly kept in third place by Phil Read, who thus allowed Agostini to stay on top. In the end Länsivuori fell on the 9th lap and so Agostini was able to grab first place and the 350 cc world title.[56]1974Giacomo Agostini left for the Yamaha team at the end of 1973 and Phil Read became No 1 at MV Agusta.[8] He was supported by Franco Bonera, but only in the 500 cc class. MV Agusta started the first three races in the 350 cc class, but withdrew from the fourth race, the GP des Nations. The MV Agusta 350 4C was considered uncompetitive and a new machine that was under development was by no means ready. Read did not finish in any race and MV Agusta remained without points in the 350 cc class.[57]Giacomo Agostini on the 350 cc MV Agusta during practice for the 1976 West German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring.1975In 1975 the MV Agusta 350 cc racers were not entered.1976For the 1976 opening race in France, Agostini had a 350 cc Yamaha hastily brought from Amsterdam. The MV had failed the new noise limit of dB(A) (the MV was measured at 132 dB(A)). The FIM admitted, however, that this new rule had been announced too late, giving the MV Agusta a little respite. The machine almost never reached the finish. In France a stone hit the distributor cap, in Austria the clutch slipped, in Italy, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia and Germany, Ago stopped for unknown reasons and in Finland the ignition broke down. The organisation had even done everything there to get the MV Agusta through the noise inspection. A false statement of the team's bore / stroke ratio was then accepted, while it was still fairly well-known: 54 x 38 mm. As a result, the measurement was carried out at a specific corrected piston speed at 7,000 rpm, while that should have been 10,000 rpm. The measurement was 113 dB(A) and MV Agusta claimed a power loss of 3 hp. The only time the MV scored points that season was Agostini's win in Assen.[39] At the end of the season, MV Agusta announced it would stop road racing.[58]","title":"MV Agusta 350 4C 1972–1976"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MV350_6C_1969_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"six-cylinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-six_engine"},{"link_name":"two-cylinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-twin_engine"}],"text":"MV Agusta 350 6C GP, 1969In 1957, MV Agusta developed two prototypes for the 350 cc class, a six-cylinder and a two-cylinder. Nello Pagani rode the six-cylinder unsuccessfully in the last race of 1957, the GP des Nations at Monza. The two-cylinder was never raced.","title":"Prototypes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moto Guzzi Otto Cilindri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moto_Guzzi_V8"}],"sub_title":"MV Agusta 350 6C 1957","text":"The six-cylinder in- line engine was a logical development because MV Agusta built a 500 cc version in response to the Moto Guzzi Otto Cilindri. The machine provided enough power, but this did not outweigh the extra weight. The machine had a six-cylinder in-line engine with only two valves per cylinder. The air-cooled six-cylinder engine still had double overhead camshafts and a double cradle frame, the lower tubes of which could be detached for easy removal of the engine block.","title":"Prototypes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_frame#Trellis"},{"link_name":"Earles front fork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earles_fork"}],"sub_title":"MV Agusta 350 2C 1957","text":"A completely different techniques were used with the 350 cc two-cylinder, especially with regard to the frame. This machine had a trellis frame that consisted of triangular constructions of thin tubes, and where the engine was a structural part. The cylinders leaned sharply forward and the machine used the old-fashioned Earles front fork again, probably because using the same thin tubes it was lighter than a telescopic fork. By applying two external flywheels, the engine block could be made compact and strong. The engine also had a dry-sump system and delivered around 47 hp at 12,000 rpm.","title":"Prototypes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"MV Agusta 350 6C 1968","text":"In 1968 they wanted to continue developing the six-cylinder engine, but the FIM ruled that from now on the 350 and 500 cc racers should not have more than four cylinders. A prototype was built, this time with four valves per cylinder, but that could not be used in the world championship. Sometimes the drivers did practice on it: in 1971 both Giacomo Agostini and Angelo Bergamonti did that in the spring race in Modena.","title":"Prototypes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Technical data MV Agusta prototypes","title":"Prototypes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MV Agusta 350 racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:MV_Agusta_350_racing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9782940125760","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782940125760"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-818639-5-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-818639-5-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-874557-83-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874557-83-7"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:MV_Agusta"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:MV_Agusta"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MV_Agusta"},{"link_name":"MV Agusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta"},{"link_name":"Brutale series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_Brutale_series"},{"link_name":"Dragster series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_Dragster_series"},{"link_name":"F3 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_F3_series"},{"link_name":"F4 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_F4_series"},{"link_name":"Rivale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_Rivale"},{"link_name":"Rush 1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_Rush_1000"},{"link_name":"RVS#1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_RVS_1"},{"link_name":"Stradale 800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_Stradale_800"},{"link_name":"Superveloce 800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_Superveloce"},{"link_name":"Turismo Veloce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_Turismo_Veloce"},{"link_name":"125 Motore Lungo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_125_Motore_Lungo"},{"link_name":"125 Pullman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_125_Pullman"},{"link_name":"125 Regolarità","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_125_Regolarit%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"125 Sport SE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_125_Sport_SE"},{"link_name":"125 Super Pullman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_125_Super_Pullman"},{"link_name":"150 Sport RS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_150_Sport_RS"},{"link_name":"150 Sport RS-S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_150_Sport_RS-S"},{"link_name":"150 Turismo GT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_150_Turismo_GT"},{"link_name":"175 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_175_series"},{"link_name":"235 Tevere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_235_Tevere"},{"link_name":"250B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_250B"},{"link_name":"250 Raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_250_Raid"},{"link_name":"300 Raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_300_Raid"},{"link_name":"350B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_350B"},{"link_name":"350 Ipotesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_350_Ipotesi"},{"link_name":"600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_600"},{"link_name":"750 S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_750_S"},{"link_name":"750 Sport America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_750_Sport_America"},{"link_name":"Arno 166 GT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_Arno_166_GT"},{"link_name":"Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_Liberty"},{"link_name":"125 Motore Lungo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_125_Motore_Lungo"},{"link_name":"125 Monoalbero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_125_Monoalbero"},{"link_name":"125 Bialbero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_125_Bialbero"},{"link_name":"175 CSS-5V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_175_CSS-5V"},{"link_name":"175 Bialbero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_175_Bialbero"},{"link_name":"203 Bialbero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_203_Bialbero"},{"link_name":"220 Bialbero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_220_Bialbero"},{"link_name":"250 Monocilindrica Bialbero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_250_Monocilindrica_Bialbero"},{"link_name":"250 Bicilindrica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_250_Bicilindrica"},{"link_name":"350 racers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"350 Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_350_Six"},{"link_name":"500 racers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_500_racers"},{"link_name":"500 Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_500_Three"},{"link_name":"500 Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_500_Four"},{"link_name":"500 Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_500_Six"},{"link_name":"Designers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_design"},{"link_name":"Giorgetto Giugiaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgetto_Giugiaro"},{"link_name":"Arturo Magni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Magni"},{"link_name":"Piero Remor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_Remor"},{"link_name":"Massimo Tamburini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Tamburini"},{"link_name":"Racing riders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_racing"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Agostini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Agostini"},{"link_name":"Carlo Bandirola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Bandirola"},{"link_name":"Angelo Copeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Copeta"},{"link_name":"Leslie Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Graham"},{"link_name":"Silvio Grassetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Grassetti"},{"link_name":"Mike Hailwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Hailwood"},{"link_name":"Gary Hocking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Hocking"},{"link_name":"Bill Lomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Lomas"},{"link_name":"Umberto Masetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Masetti"},{"link_name":"Tarquinio Provini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarquinio_Provini"},{"link_name":"Phil Read","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Read"},{"link_name":"Cecil Sandford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Sandford"},{"link_name":"Luca Scassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Scassa"},{"link_name":"Bruno Spaggiari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Spaggiari"},{"link_name":"John Surtees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Surtees"},{"link_name":"Carlo Ubbiali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Ubbiali"},{"link_name":"Remo Venturi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remo_Venturi"},{"link_name":"Agusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agusta"},{"link_name":"Domenico Agusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Agusta"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Agusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Agusta"},{"link_name":"Cagiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagiva"},{"link_name":"Hansen & Schneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansen_%26_Schneider_(motorcycle)"},{"link_name":"Magni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magni_(motorcycle)"},{"link_name":"MV Agusta Reparto Corse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta_Reparto_Corse"},{"link_name":"MV Alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Alpha"},{"link_name":"MV Avello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Avello"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to MV Agusta 350 racing.Büla, Maurice; Schertenleib, Jean-Claude (2001). Continental Circus 1949-2000 (in French). Chronosports. ISBN 9782940125760.\nBurgers, Jan; Burgers, Hetty; Weeink, Frank (2002). Continental circus : the races and the places, the people and the faces : pictures and stories from the early seventies (2nd ed.). Mastix Press. ISBN 978-90-818639-5-7.\nCook, R.A.B., ed. (1956). Motor Cycling Sports Yearbook 1956. Temple Press Ltd.\nNoyes, Dennis; Scott, Michael (1999). Motocourse: 50 Years Of Moto Grand Prix. Hazleton Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-874557-83-7.vteMV AgustaMotorcycles 1998-\nBrutale series\nDragster series\nF3 series\nF4 series\nRivale\nRush 1000\nRVS#1\nStradale 800\nSuperveloce 800\nTurismo Veloce\nMotorcycles 1946-1980\n125 Motore Lungo\n125 Pullman\n125 Regolarità\n125 Sport SE\n125 Super Pullman\n150 Sport RS\n150 Sport RS-S\n150 Turismo GT\n175 series\n235 Tevere\n250B\n250 Raid\n300 Raid\n350B\n350 Ipotesi\n600\n750 S\n750 Sport America\nArno 166 GT\nLiberty\nRacing motorcycles\n125 Motore Lungo\n125 Monoalbero\n125 Bialbero\n175 CSS-5V\n175 Bialbero\n203 Bialbero\n220 Bialbero\n250 Monocilindrica Bialbero\n250 Bicilindrica\n350 racers\n350 Six\n500 racers\n500 Three\n500 Four\n500 Six\nDesigners\nGiorgetto Giugiaro\nArturo Magni\nPiero Remor\nMassimo Tamburini\nRacing riders\nGiacomo Agostini\nCarlo Bandirola\nAngelo Copeta\nLeslie Graham\nSilvio Grassetti\nMike Hailwood\nGary Hocking\nBill Lomas\nUmberto Masetti\nTarquinio Provini\nPhil Read\nCecil Sandford\nLuca Scassa\nBruno Spaggiari\nJohn Surtees\nCarlo Ubbiali\nRemo Venturi\nOther\nAgusta\nDomenico Agusta\nGiovanni Agusta\nCagiva\nHansen & Schneider\nMagni\nMV Agusta Reparto Corse\nMV Alpha\nMV Avello","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Giacomo Agostini on the 350 cc MV Agusta during practice for the 1976 West German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Agostini%2C_Giacomo_1976-08-28.jpg/220px-Agostini%2C_Giacomo_1976-08-28.jpg"},{"image_text":"MV Agusta 350 6C GP, 1969","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MV350_6C_1969_cropped.jpg/220px-MV350_6C_1969_cropped.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"MV Agusta Corse 350 Quattro\". www.mv-agusta-club.de (in German). MV Agusta Club Deutschland. Retrieved 14 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mv-agusta-club.de/MV%20Agusta/Modelle/MV%20Agusta%20Corse%20-%20350%20Quatro.aspx","url_text":"\"MV Agusta Corse 350 Quattro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Race Results - TT 1954 Senior Results\". www.iomtt.com. Retrieved 14 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iomtt.com/tt-database/events/races?meet_code=TT54&race_seq=5","url_text":"\"Race Results - TT 1954 Senior Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"350 cc World Standing 1956\". www.motogp.com. Retrieved 14 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.motogp.com/en/Results+Statistics/1956/NAT/350cc/World+Standing","url_text":"\"350 cc World Standing 1956\""}]},{"reference":"\"Race Results -1957 Junior TT\". www.iomtt.com. Retrieved 14 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iomtt.com/tt-database/events/races?meet_code=TT57&race_seq=1","url_text":"\"Race Results -1957 Junior TT\""}]},{"reference":"\"motogp.com · 350 cc World Standing 1957\". www.motogp.com. Retrieved 14 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.motogp.com/en/Results+Statistics/1957/NAT/350cc/World+Standing","url_text":"\"motogp.com · 350 cc World Standing 1957\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of the MotoGP\". Devitt Insurance. 2 February 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.devittinsurance.com/guides/motorcycle-racing/motogp/motogp-history/","url_text":"\"History of the MotoGP\""}]},{"reference":"\"motogp.com · 350 cc World Standing 1958\". www.motogp.com. Retrieved 14 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.motogp.com/en/Results+Statistics/1958/NAT/350cc/World+Standing","url_text":"\"motogp.com · 350 cc World Standing 1958\""}]},{"reference":"\"motogp.com · 350 cc World Standing 1959\". www.motogp.com. 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Retrieved 29 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/profiles/Renzo+Pasolini","url_text":"\"Rider Statistics – Renzo Pasolini\""}]},{"reference":"\"Race Results - 1972 Junior TT\". www.iomtt.com. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iomtt.com/tt-database/events/races?meet_code=TT72&race_seq=7","url_text":"\"Race Results - 1972 Junior TT\""}]},{"reference":"\"motogp.com · 350 cc World Standing 1972\". www.motogp.com. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.motogp.com/en/Results+Statistics/1972/SPA/350cc/World+Standing","url_text":"\"motogp.com · 350 cc World Standing 1972\""}]},{"reference":"\"The darkest day\". motorsportmagazine.com. Retrieved 2017-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/june-2013/24/mat-oxley","url_text":"\"The darkest day\""}]},{"reference":"\"motogp.com · 350 cc World Standing 1973\". www.motogp.com. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.motogp.com/en/Results+Statistics/1973/SPA/350cc/World+Standing","url_text":"\"motogp.com · 350 cc World Standing 1973\""}]},{"reference":"\"motogp.com · 350 cc World Standing 1974\". www.motogp.com. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.motogp.com/en/Results+Statistics/1974/SPA/350cc/World+Standing","url_text":"\"motogp.com · 350 cc World Standing 1974\""}]},{"reference":"Oxley, Mat (7 April 2017). \"Forty years ago: MV's last hurrah\". Motor Sport Magazine. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/november-2016/42/mat-oxley","url_text":"\"Forty years ago: MV's last hurrah\""}]},{"reference":"\"MV Agusta Corse 350 Bicilindrica\". www.mv-agusta-club.de (in German). MV Agusta Club Deutschland. Retrieved 14 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mv-agusta-club.de/MV%20Agusta/Modelle/MV%20Agusta%20Corse%20-%20350%20Bicilindrica.aspx","url_text":"\"MV Agusta Corse 350 Bicilindrica\""}]},{"reference":"\"MV Agusta Corse 350 Sei Cilindrica\". www.mv-agusta-club.de (in German). MV Agusta Club Deutschland. Retrieved 14 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mv-agusta-club.de/MV%20Agusta/Modelle/MV%20Agusta%20Corse%20-%20350%20Sei%20Cilindrica.aspx","url_text":"\"MV Agusta Corse 350 Sei Cilindrica\""}]},{"reference":"Büla, Maurice; Schertenleib, Jean-Claude (2001). Continental Circus 1949-2000 (in French). Chronosports. ISBN 9782940125760.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782940125760","url_text":"9782940125760"}]},{"reference":"Burgers, Jan; Burgers, Hetty; Weeink, Frank (2002). Continental circus : the races and the places, the people and the faces : pictures and stories from the early seventies (2nd ed.). Mastix Press. ISBN 978-90-818639-5-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-818639-5-7","url_text":"978-90-818639-5-7"}]},{"reference":"Cook, R.A.B., ed. (1956). Motor Cycling Sports Yearbook 1956. Temple Press Ltd.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Noyes, Dennis; Scott, Michael (1999). Motocourse: 50 Years Of Moto Grand Prix. Hazleton Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-874557-83-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874557-83-7","url_text":"1-874557-83-7"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_delle_Bande_Nere
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Giovanni delle Bande Nere
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["1 Early life","2 Mercenary","3 Death","4 Legacy","5 Ancestors","6 Descendants","7 Later references","8 See also","9 References"]
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Italian condottiero
For the 1956 film, see The Violent Patriot.
Ludovico di Giovanni de' MediciPortrait of Giovanni by Carlo PortelliBorn6 April 1498Forlì, Papal StatesDied30 November 1526(1526-11-30) (aged 28) (DOW)Mantua, Duchy of MantuaNoble familyMediciSpouse(s)Maria SalviatiIssueCosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of TuscanyFatherGiovanni de' Medici il PopolanoMotherCaterina Sforza
Ludovico de' Medici, also known as Giovanni delle Bande Nere (6 April 1498 – 30 November 1526) was an Italian condottiero. He is known for leading the Black Bands and serving valiantly in military combat under his third cousins, Pope Leo X and Pope Clement VII, in the War of Urbino and the War of the League of Cognac, respectively.
Early life
Statue at the Uffizi
Giovanni was born in the Northern Italian town of Forlì to Giovanni de' Medici il Popolano and Caterina Sforza, one of the most famous women of the Italian Renaissance.
From an early age, he demonstrated great interest and ability in physical activity, especially the martial arts of the age, such as horse riding and sword fighting. He committed his first murder at the age of 12, and was twice banished from the city of Florence for his unruly behaviour, including involvement in the rape of a sixteen-year-old boy, Giovanni being about thirteen at the time. He had a son, Cosimo (1519–1574), who went on to become the Grand Duke of Tuscany.
Mercenary
Giovanni became a condottiero, or mercenary military captain, in the employ of Pope Leo X (Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici) and on 5 March 1516 led the war against Francesco Maria I della Rovere, Duke of Urbino. He thenceforth formed a company of his own, mounted on light horses and specializing in fast but devastating skirmishing tactics and ambushes. In 1520 he defeated several rebel barons in the Marche. The following year Leo X allied with Emperor Charles V against King Francis I of France to regain Milan, Parma and Piacenza; Giovanni was called in under the command of Prospero Colonna, defeating the French at Vaprio d'Adda in November.
As a symbol of mourning for the death of Pope Leo X (1 December 1521), Giovanni added black stripes to his insignia, whence comes his nickname, Giovanni delle Bande Nere (or Giovanni of the Black Bands). In August 1523 he was hired by the Imperial army, and in January 1524 he defeated the French and the Swiss at Caprino Bergamasco. In the same year another Medici, Giulio di Giuliano, became Pope and took the name of Clement VII. The new Pope paid all of Giovanni's debt, but in exchange ordered him to switch to the French side of the ongoing conflict. He did not take part in the battle of Pavia, but was soon severely wounded in a skirmish and later had to move to Venice to recuperate from his wounds.
In 1526, the War of the League of Cognac broke out. The League's captain general, Francesco Maria I della Rovere, abandoned Milan in the face of the overwhelming superiority of the Imperial army led by Georg von Frundsberg. Giovanni was able to defeat the Landsknechts rearguard, at the confluence of the Mincio with the Po River.
Death
On the evening of 25 November he was hit by a shot from a falconet in a battle near Governolo. According to a contemporary account by Luigi Guicciardini, the ball shattered his right leg above the knee and he had to be carried to San Nicolò Po, near Bagnolo San Vito, where no doctor could be found. He was taken to Aloisio Gonzaga's palace, marquis of Castel Goffredo, in Mantua, where the surgeon Abramo, who had cared for him two years earlier, amputated his leg. To perform the operation Abramo asked for 10 men to hold down the stricken condottiero.
Pietro Aretino, an eyewitness to the event, recalled in a letter to Francesco Albizi:
'Not even twenty' Giovanni said smiling 'could hold me', and he took a candle in his hand, so that he could make light onto himself, I ran away, and shutting my ears I heard only two voices, and then calling, and when I reached him he told me: 'I am healed', and turning all around he greatly rejoiced.
Despite the surgery, Giovanni de' Medici died five days later, supposedly of sepsis, on 30 November 1526.
Giovanni's body was exhumed in 2012 along with that of his wife to preserve the remains, which were damaged in the 1966 flood of the Arno River, and to ascertain the cause of his death. Preliminary investigation revealed that his leg was amputated below the knee. No damage was found to the thigh, where the shot supposedly hit. The tibia and fibula, the bones of the lower leg, were found sawed off from the amputation. There was no damage to the femur. It is now thought that de' Medici may have died of gangrene.
Legacy
Giovanni's premature death metaphorically signalled the end of the age of the condottieri, as their mode of fighting (which emphasized armoured knights on horseback) was rendered practically obsolete by the introduction of pike-armed infantry. He is therefore known as the last of the great Italian condottieri. His lasting reputation has been kept alive in part thanks to Pietro Aretino, the Renaissance author, satirist, playwright and "scourge of the princes", who was Giovanni's close friend and accompanied him on some of his exploits.
Ancestors of Giovanni delle Bande Nere 16. Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici 8. Lorenzo the Elder 17. Piccarda Bueri 4. Pierfrancesco the Elder 18. Giovanni Cavalcanti c.1332/92- 9. Ginevra Cavalcanti 1397-1435 19. Costanza Malaspina c.1332/92- 2. Giovanni de' Medici il Popolano 20. Nerio II Acciaioli 10. Francesco I Acciaioli 21. Chiara Zorzi 5. Laudomia Acciaioli of Athens 22. Beltrane di Castrone de' Bardi - c. 1350 11. Costanza de' Bardi 1. Giovanni delle Bande Nere 24. Muzio Sforza 12.Francesco I Sforza 25. Lucia da Torsano 6. Galeazzo Maria Sforza 26. Filippo Maria Visconti 13. Bianca Maria Visconti 27. Agnese del Maino 3. Caterina Sforza 7. Lucrezia Landriani
Ancestors
Lodovico de' Medici (Giovanni delle Bande Nere) in four generations
Giovanni delle Bande Nere(Lodovico de' Medici)
Mother:Caterina SforzaCountess of Forlì
Father:Giovanni il Popolano
Paternal Grandfather:Pierfrancesco the Elder
Paternal Great-grandfather:Lorenzo the Elder ()Medici Popolani line
Paternal Great-great-grandfather:Giovanni di Bicci de' MediciFounder of the Medici
Descendants
Descendants of Lodovico de' Medici (Giovanni delle Bande Nere) in four generations
Lodovico de' MediciGiovanni delle Bande Nere
Son:Cosimo I de' MediciGrand Duke of Tuscany
Grandson:Francesco I de' MediciGrand Duke of Tuscany
Great-granddaughter:Marie de' MediciQueen of France
Great-Great-granddaughter:Henrietta Maria of FranceQueen of England
Later references
A cruiser of the Regia Marina was named after Giovanni delle Bande Nere in 1930.
Ermanno Olmi's 2001 film The Profession of Arms, faithfully follows Giovanni delle Bande Nere in his last week of life, as he engages in battle with the Imperial forces amidst the cold, damp fields of the Lombard countryside.
See also
Italian Wars
Condottieri
Black Bands
References
^ Rocke, Michael, Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence. New York, Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 229
^ a b c "Riesumato Giovanni delle Bande Nere" (in Italian). Pisa: Università di Pisa. 27 November 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
^ Luigi Guicciardini, Il Sacco di Roma (Paris, 1664). In this edition the author's name is given simply as 'Guicciardini'; hence the attribution to Francesco Guicciardini in previous versions of this article. Luigi (1478–1551), a distinguished Florentine magistrate and political philosopher, was Francesco's brother.
^ Pappas, Stephanie (21 November 2012). "Tomb of Renaissance Warrior Reveals Mystery Amputation". livescience.com. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
^ "Famed Warrior Medici Died From Gangrene". Seeker.
vteHouse of MediciPeopleLords of Florence
Cosimo "The Elder"
Piero "The Gouty"
Lorenzo "The Magnificent"
Piero "The Brief"
Giovanni, Pope Leo X
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Violent Patriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Violent_Patriot"},{"link_name":"condottiero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condottiero"},{"link_name":"Black Bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Bands"},{"link_name":"Pope Leo X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_X"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII"},{"link_name":"War of Urbino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Urbino"},{"link_name":"War of the League of Cognac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac"}],"text":"For the 1956 film, see The Violent Patriot.Ludovico de' Medici, also known as Giovanni delle Bande Nere (6 April 1498 – 30 November 1526) was an Italian condottiero. He is known for leading the Black Bands and serving valiantly in military combat under his third cousins, Pope Leo X and Pope Clement VII, in the War of Urbino and the War of the League of Cognac, respectively.","title":"Giovanni delle Bande Nere"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uffizi_17,_Giovanni_delle_Bande_nere.JPG"},{"link_name":"Forlì","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forl%C3%AC"},{"link_name":"Giovanni de' Medici il Popolano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_de%27_Medici_il_Popolano"},{"link_name":"Caterina Sforza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterina_Sforza"},{"link_name":"Italian Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cosimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany"}],"text":"Statue at the UffiziGiovanni was born in the Northern Italian town of Forlì to Giovanni de' Medici il Popolano and Caterina Sforza, one of the most famous women of the Italian Renaissance.From an early age, he demonstrated great interest and ability in physical activity, especially the martial arts of the age, such as horse riding and sword fighting. He committed his first murder at the age of 12,[citation needed] and was twice banished from the city of Florence for his unruly behaviour, including involvement in the rape of a sixteen-year-old boy, Giovanni being about thirteen at the time.[1] He had a son, Cosimo (1519–1574), who went on to become the Grand Duke of Tuscany.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"condottiero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condottiero"},{"link_name":"Pope Leo X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_X"},{"link_name":"the war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Urbino"},{"link_name":"Francesco Maria I della Rovere, Duke of Urbino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Maria_I_della_Rovere,_Duke_of_Urbino"},{"link_name":"Marche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marche"},{"link_name":"Emperor Charles V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Francis I of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_France"},{"link_name":"Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma"},{"link_name":"Piacenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piacenza"},{"link_name":"Prospero Colonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospero_Colonna"},{"link_name":"Vaprio d'Adda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaprio_d%27Adda"},{"link_name":"Imperial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Caprino Bergamasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprino_Bergamasco"},{"link_name":"Clement VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_VII"},{"link_name":"battle of Pavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"War of the League of Cognac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac"},{"link_name":"Georg von Frundsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_von_Frundsberg"},{"link_name":"Landsknechts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsknecht"},{"link_name":"Mincio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mincio"},{"link_name":"Po River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po_River"}],"text":"Giovanni became a condottiero, or mercenary military captain, in the employ of Pope Leo X (Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici) and on 5 March 1516 led the war against Francesco Maria I della Rovere, Duke of Urbino. He thenceforth formed a company of his own, mounted on light horses and specializing in fast but devastating skirmishing tactics and ambushes. In 1520 he defeated several rebel barons in the Marche. The following year Leo X allied with Emperor Charles V against King Francis I of France to regain Milan, Parma and Piacenza; Giovanni was called in under the command of Prospero Colonna, defeating the French at Vaprio d'Adda in November.As a symbol of mourning for the death of Pope Leo X (1 December 1521), Giovanni added black stripes to his insignia, whence comes his nickname, Giovanni delle Bande Nere (or Giovanni of the Black Bands). In August 1523 he was hired by the Imperial army, and in January 1524 he defeated the French and the Swiss at Caprino Bergamasco. In the same year another Medici, Giulio di Giuliano, became Pope and took the name of Clement VII. The new Pope paid all of Giovanni's debt, but in exchange ordered him to switch to the French side of the ongoing conflict. He did not take part in the battle of Pavia, but was soon severely wounded in a skirmish and later had to move to Venice to recuperate from his wounds.In 1526, the War of the League of Cognac broke out. The League's captain general, Francesco Maria I della Rovere, abandoned Milan in the face of the overwhelming superiority of the Imperial army led by Georg von Frundsberg. Giovanni was able to defeat the Landsknechts rearguard, at the confluence of the Mincio with the Po River.","title":"Mercenary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"falconet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconet_(cannon)"},{"link_name":"Governolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governolo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unipinews-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unipinews-2"},{"link_name":"Bagnolo San Vito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagnolo_San_Vito"},{"link_name":"Aloisio Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloisio_Gonzaga"},{"link_name":"Castel Goffredo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castel_Goffredo"},{"link_name":"Mantua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantua"},{"link_name":"Pietro Aretino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Aretino"},{"link_name":"sepsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis"},{"link_name":"1966 flood of the Arno River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Flood_of_the_Arno_River"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unipinews-2"},{"link_name":"tibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibia"},{"link_name":"fibula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibula"},{"link_name":"femur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femur"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Livescience-4"},{"link_name":"gangrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangrene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"On the evening of 25 November he was hit by a shot from a falconet in a battle near Governolo.[2] According to a contemporary account[3] by Luigi Guicciardini, the ball shattered his right leg above the knee[2] and he had to be carried to San Nicolò Po, near Bagnolo San Vito, where no doctor could be found. He was taken to Aloisio Gonzaga's palace, marquis of Castel Goffredo, in Mantua, where the surgeon Abramo, who had cared for him two years earlier, amputated his leg. To perform the operation Abramo asked for 10 men to hold down the stricken condottiero.Pietro Aretino, an eyewitness to the event, recalled in a letter to Francesco Albizi:'Not even twenty' Giovanni said smiling 'could hold me', and he took a candle in his hand, so that he could make light onto himself, I ran away, and shutting my ears I heard only two voices, and then calling, and when I reached him he told me: 'I am healed', and turning all around he greatly rejoiced.Despite the surgery, Giovanni de' Medici died five days later, supposedly of sepsis, on 30 November 1526.Giovanni's body was exhumed in 2012 along with that of his wife to preserve the remains, which were damaged in the 1966 flood of the Arno River, and to ascertain the cause of his death.[2] Preliminary investigation revealed that his leg was amputated below the knee. No damage was found to the thigh, where the shot supposedly hit. The tibia and fibula, the bones of the lower leg, were found sawed off from the amputation. There was no damage to the femur.[4] It is now thought that de' Medici may have died of gangrene.[5]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metaphorically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphor"},{"link_name":"Pietro Aretino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Aretino"},{"link_name":"Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_di_Bicci_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Piccarda Bueri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccarda_Bueri"},{"link_name":"Pierfrancesco the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierfrancesco_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Cavalcanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Cavalcanti_(husband_of_Costanza)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ginevra Cavalcanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ginevra_Cavalcanti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Costanza Malaspina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Costanza_Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giovanni de' Medici il Popolano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_de%27_Medici_il_Popolano"},{"link_name":"Nerio II Acciaioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerio_II_Acciaioli"},{"link_name":"Francesco I Acciaioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_I_Acciaioli"},{"link_name":"Chiara Zorzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiara_Zorzi"},{"link_name":"Laudomia Acciaioli of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laudomia_Acciaioli_of_Athens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beltrane di Castrone de' Bardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beltrane_di_Castrone_de%27_Bardi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Costanza de' Bardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Costanza_de%27_Bardi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Muzio Sforza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzio_Sforza"},{"link_name":"Francesco I Sforza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_I_Sforza"},{"link_name":"Lucia da Torsano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucia_da_Torsano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Galeazzo Maria Sforza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeazzo_Maria_Sforza"},{"link_name":"Filippo Maria Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Maria_Visconti"},{"link_name":"Bianca Maria Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianca_Maria_Visconti"},{"link_name":"Agnese del Maino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnese_del_Maino"},{"link_name":"Caterina Sforza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterina_Sforza"},{"link_name":"Lucrezia Landriani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucrezia_Landriani"}],"text":"Giovanni's premature death metaphorically signalled the end of the age of the condottieri, as their mode of fighting (which emphasized armoured knights on horseback) was rendered practically obsolete by the introduction of pike-armed infantry. He is therefore known as the last of the great Italian condottieri. His lasting reputation has been kept alive in part thanks to Pietro Aretino, the Renaissance author, satirist, playwright and \"scourge of the princes\", who was Giovanni's close friend and accompanied him on some of his exploits.Ancestors of Giovanni delle Bande Nere 16. Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici 8. Lorenzo the Elder 17. Piccarda Bueri 4. Pierfrancesco the Elder 18. Giovanni Cavalcanti c.1332/92- 9. Ginevra Cavalcanti 1397-1435 19. Costanza Malaspina c.1332/92- 2. Giovanni de' Medici il Popolano 20. Nerio II Acciaioli 10. Francesco I Acciaioli 21. Chiara Zorzi 5. Laudomia Acciaioli of Athens 22. Beltrane di Castrone de' Bardi - c. 1350 11. Costanza de' Bardi 1. Giovanni delle Bande Nere 24. Muzio Sforza 12.Francesco I Sforza 25. Lucia da Torsano 6. Galeazzo Maria Sforza 26. Filippo Maria Visconti 13. Bianca Maria Visconti 27. Agnese del Maino 3. Caterina Sforza 7. Lucrezia Landriani","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ancestors"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Descendants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_cruiser_Giovanni_delle_Bande_Nere"},{"link_name":"Regia Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regia_Marina"},{"link_name":"Ermanno Olmi's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermanno_Olmi"},{"link_name":"The Profession of Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Profession_of_Arms_(2001_film)"},{"link_name":"Lombard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy"}],"text":"A cruiser of the Regia Marina was named after Giovanni delle Bande Nere in 1930.\nErmanno Olmi's 2001 film The Profession of Arms, faithfully follows Giovanni delle Bande Nere in his last week of life, as he engages in battle with the Imperial forces amidst the cold, damp fields of the Lombard countryside.","title":"Later references"}]
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[{"image_text":"Statue at the Uffizi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Uffizi_17%2C_Giovanni_delle_Bande_nere.JPG/220px-Uffizi_17%2C_Giovanni_delle_Bande_nere.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"Italian Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Wars"},{"title":"Condottieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condottieri"},{"title":"Black Bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Bands"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Riesumato Giovanni delle Bande Nere\" (in Italian). Pisa: Università di Pisa. 27 November 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unipi.it/index.php/tutte-le-news/item/1140-riesumato-giovanni-dalle-bande-nere","url_text":"\"Riesumato Giovanni delle Bande Nere\""}]},{"reference":"Pappas, Stephanie (21 November 2012). \"Tomb of Renaissance Warrior Reveals Mystery Amputation\". livescience.com. Retrieved 2 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.livescience.com/24981-renaissance-tomb-reveals-mystery-injury.html","url_text":"\"Tomb of Renaissance Warrior Reveals Mystery Amputation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Famed Warrior Medici Died From Gangrene\". Seeker.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seeker.com/famed-warrior-medici-died-from-gangrene-1766374265.html","url_text":"\"Famed Warrior Medici Died From Gangrene\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecopedagogy
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Ecopedagogy
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["1 Early history","2 Objectives and aims","3 Discussion of term in literature","4 Criticisms","5 Ecopedagogy in action","6 References","7 Sources"]
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Pedagogy grounded on the ecological worldview
Critical pedagogy
Major works
Pedagogy of the Oppressed
Critical Pedagogy Primer
Learning to Labour
Schooling and the Struggle for Public Life
Theorists
Paulo Freire
Henry Giroux
Peter McLaren
bell hooks
Antonia Darder
Joe Kincheloe
Shirley Steinberg
Paul Willis
Ira Shor
Pedagogy
Anti-oppressive education
Abolitionist teaching
Anti-bias curriculum
Antipedagogy
Multicultural education
Teaching for social justice
Humanitarian education
Inclusion
Public sphere pedagogy
Popular education
Feminist composition
Ecopedagogy
Queer pedagogy
Critical literacy
Critical consciousness
Critical theory of maker education
Concepts
Praxis
Hidden curriculum
Consciousness raising
Related
Reconstructivism
Critical theory
Ecological empathy
Frankfurt School
Political consciousness
vte
The ecopedagogy movement is an outgrowth of the theory and practice of critical pedagogy, a body of educational praxis influenced by the philosopher and educator Paulo Freire. Ecopedagogy's mission is to develop a robust appreciation for the collective potentials of humanity and to foster social justice throughout the world. It does so as part of a future-oriented, ecological and political vision that radically opposes the globalization of ideologies such as neoliberalism and imperialism, while also attempting to foment forms of critical ecoliteracy. Recently, there have been attempts to integrate critical eco-pedagogy, as defined by Greg Misiaszek with Modern Stoic philosophy to create Stoic eco-pedagogy.
One of ecopedagogy's goals is the realization of culturally relevant forms of knowledge grounded in normative concepts such as sustainability, planetarity (i.e. identifying as an earthling) and biophilia (i.e. love of all life).
Early history
The ecopedagogy movement began in a Latin American educational context, growing out of discussions at the second Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. Educators desired to present a theory and discourse about the interrelationship between society and the environment, a statement would eventually be ratified as the Earth Charter in 2000. In 1999 the First International Symposium on the Earth Charter in the Perspective of Education was held by the Instituto Paulo Freire, Brasil directed by Moacir Gadotti and in collaboration with the Earth Council and UNESCO. This was soon followed by the First International Forum on Ecopedagogy. As a result of these conferences, the Ecopedagogy Charter was also formed, launching the spread of ecopedagogy seminars and programs around the world.
Objectives and aims
Ecopedagogy's primary goal is to create a "planetary consciousness" through revolutionary teaching and learning. The movement aims to create educational programs that interrogate the intersection of social, political, economic and environmental systems. As an outgrowth of critical pedagogy, ecopedagogy critiques environmental education and education for sustainable development as vain attempts by mainstream forms of pedagogy seeking to appear relevant regarding current issues of environmental degradation. It is critical of mainstream representations of nature that are potentially informed by racist, sexist, and classist values, and wary of the tendency of "greenwashing" of environmental terminology.
While members of the ecopedagogy movement recognize that environmental education can accomplish some positive change, they question the ways in which environmental education (especially within global north) is often reduced to forms of experiential pedagogy and outdoor education without questioning the mainstream experience of nature as pristine wilderness. Ecopedagogy points out that environmental education is often tethered to state and corporate-sponsored science and social studies standards or fails to articulate the political necessity for widespread understanding of the unsustainable nature of modern lifestyles. However, ecopedagogy has tried to utilize the ongoing United Nations Decade of Educational for Sustainable Development (2005–2015) to make strategic interventions on behalf of the oppressed, using it as an opportunity to unpack and clarify the concept of sustainable development.
Ecopedagogy scholar Richard Kahn describes the three main goals of the ecopedagogy movement to be:
Creating opportunities for the proliferation of ecoliteracy programs, both within schools and society.
Bridging the gap of praxis between scholars and the public (especially activists) on ecopedagogical interests.
Instigating dialogue and self-reflective solidarity across the many groups among educational left, particularly in light of the existing planetary crisis.
Angela Antunes and Moacir Gadotti (2005) write:Ecopedagogy is not just another pedagogy among many other pedagogies. It not only has meaning as an alternative project concerned with nature preservation (Natural Ecology) and the impact made by human societies on the natural environment (Social Ecology), but also as a new model for sustainable civilization from the ecological point of view (Integral Ecology), which implies making changes on economic, social, and cultural structures.According to social movement theorists Ron Ayerman and Andrew Jamison, there are three broad dimensions of environmentally related movements: cosmological, technological, and organizational. In ecopedagogy, these dimensions are outlined by Richard Kahn (2010) as the following:
The cosmological dimension focuses on how ecoliteracy, i.e. understanding the natural systems that sustain life, can transform people’s worldviews. For example, assumptions about society’s having the right to exploit nature can be transformed into understanding of the need for ecological balance to support society in the long term. The success of such ‘cosmological’ thinking transformations can be assessed by the degree to which such paradigm shifts are adopted by the public.
The technological dimension is two-fold: critiquing the set of polluting technologies that have contributed to traditional development as well as some which are used or misused under the pretext of sustainable development; and promoting clean technologies that do not interfere with ecological and social balance.
The organizational dimension emphasizes that knowledge should be of and for the people, thus academics should be in dialogue with public discourse and social movements.
Discussion of term in literature
Ecopedagogy is not the collection of theories or practices developed by any particular set of individuals. Rather, akin to the World Social Forum and other related forms of contemporary popular education strategies, it is a worldwide association of critical educators, theorists, non-governmental and governmental organizations, grassroots activists and concerned citizens who engage in ongoing dialogue and political action. This process attempts to develop ecopedagogical praxis in relation to the needs of particular places, groups and time periods.
The earliest use of the term "ecopedagogy" may have been by de Haan (1984) in a now little-known German text. Shortly thereafter, in the first known English use of the term, Gronemeyer (1987) described ecopedagogy as the merging of environmentalist politics and adult education. Ecopedagogy has also been discussed by Ahlberg (1998); Jardine (2000); Petrina (2000); Yang & Hung (2004); and Payne (2005). The work of Lummis (2002) shares some sympathies, such as a critical theory approach.
Ironically, at the same time it was coined by Freire's friend-cum-critic Ivan Illich (1988) to describe an educational process in which educators and educands become inscribed in abstract pedagogical systems, resulting in pedagogy as an end and not a means. As used by Illich, ecopedagogy is represented by forms of education that seek the total administration of life through mandatory pedagogical experiences of systemization. As such, he believed that the movements for lifelong education and the creation of global classrooms (Illich & Verne, 1981) by bureaucratic educational institutions exemplified such approaches. However, he was also critical of popular environmentalist pedagogy attempting to mobilize people's sentiments for solutions to problems such as global warming, hunger, and rainforest destruction. Illich's point was that such an ecopedagogy works on a problems/solutions axis that implies a global managerialism that is abhorrent to truly sustainable living in the world. This is a different idea from the way the term and concept is being defined and utilized in critical education circles today, though it is potentially of great importance for the future development of the ecopedagogy movement on the whole.
Paulo Freire was himself at work on a book of ecopedagogy upon his death in 1997, parts of which are included in his posthumous Pedagogy of Indignation (2004). Other influential books include: Francisco Gutierrez and Cruz Prado's Ecopedagogy and Planetary Citizenship (1999), Moacir Gadotti's Pedagogy of the Earth (2000), and Richard Kahn's Critical Pedagogy, Ecoliteracy, and Planetary Crisis: The Ecopedagogy Movement.
Criticisms
Both supporters and critics of ecopedagogy agree that historically, critical educators in the West have been largely unsuccessful at addressing environmental issues in their classrooms. However, much disagreement still exists between critics and supporters of ecopedagogy on the ethics, theoretical approach, and methodology of this pedagogical style.
The strongest criticisms of ecopedagogy begins with the idea that Paulo Freire, critical pedagogy's founding figure, was unconscious of ecological challenges. The well-known collection, Rethinking Freire, includes strong criticisms of many aspects of critical pedagogy by Illichan and eco-literacy teachers, criticisms that necessarily include the ecopedagogy movement. One critic, C.A. Bowers, argues that if ecopedagogy (and the larger critical pedagogy of Freire and Gadotti) were universally adopted, it would contribute to the hegemonic spread of Western culture and systems, thereby choking out non-Western ways of thinking, viewing, and interacting with the human and built environments. Bowers further argues that adoption of Freirean ecopedagogy would hasten the existence of a world monoculture and would fail to address the systemic roots of the current ecological crisis and fail to protect the commons from further exploitation. In this view, ecopedagogy is akin to an educational Trojan horse that is little more than a vehicle for transmitting Western culture and domination.
Moderate critics of ecopedagogy argue that the critical lens of ecopedagogy can be useful, but that its adherents must be actively critical of ecopedagogy itself. They argue that without a constant focus on understanding and fostering diversity in thought, culture, and ecosystem, ecopedagogy is meaningless and could be counter-productive to its aims. Ecopedagogy (and critical pedagogy) has also been heavily criticized for not being critical of the categories that underlie its work. Here, critics argue that in valuing individualism, ecopedagogy fails to attend to traditional eco-centered cultures' already deep connection to the non-human world. Moreover, some scholars from the eco- and critical pedagogical traditions fail to recognize how the "primary categories in classical liberal thought may operate in the discourse of critical pedagogy".
Ecopedagogy in action
Ecopedagogy emphasizes the necessity of praxis alongside theory. Besides the specific ecopedagogy degree programs and Paulo Freire Institutes, there are many instances of ecological education that not only teach people the critical thinking of ecopedagogy but also engage them in learning through action. For example, a study conducted with 10-year-old children in West Scotland concluded that interactive dramatic education was successful in engaging students in ecological, social, and political dimensions of global problems such as solid waste and deforestation. The dramatic exercises required to make a decision or take a stance, thus strengthening their understanding and conviction of the issues. And ecopedagogy is not limited to formal students; in Turkey, for example, participatory action research showed that an outdoor community-based ecopedagogy program for university professors was successful in the "promotion of public participation, the engagement of students, teacher and parents in local environmental issues, and the development of social capital to achieve environmental sustainability. By situating local knowledge within critical pedagogy and social activism, these projects can help universities to bridge the gap between academia and society."
Greta Gaard outlines the necessity for children's environmental literature to encompass the following core aspects of ecopedagogy:
Praxis
Teaching ABOUT the social and natural environment
Teaching IN the social and natural environment
Teaching THROUGH the social and natural environment
Teaching the connections of sustainability
Urgency
The question of technology had become increasingly pertinent. While the production and consumption of technology largely has a negative effect on the environment and certain aspects of society-environment relations, technology still provides certain new avenues in ecopedagogy. For example, more people have access to information and collaboration through the internet and thus can engage in informal ecological education faster and in wider spheres. Similarly, community projects to install solar panels or wind turbines or simple technology that help farms to transition to agroecology are examples of the uses of technology in ecopedagogy.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kahn, Richard. Ecopedagogy: An Introduction. Counterpoints, Vol. 359, Critical Pedagogy, Ecoliteracy, and Planetary Crisis: the Ecopedagogy Movement. (2010), pp. 1–33.
^ Misiaszek, Greg William (2017-12-15). Educating the Global Environmental Citizen. New York : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Critical global citizenship education ; 2: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315204345. ISBN 9781315204345.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ Carmona, Luis Gabriel; Simpson, Edward; Misiaszek, Greg; Konstantakos, Leonidas; Whiting, Kai (December 2018). "Education for the Sustainable Global Citizen: What Can We Learn from Stoic Philosophy and Freirean Environmental Pedagogies?". Education Sciences. 8 (4): 204. doi:10.3390/educsci8040204.
^ Freire, P. 2000. Pedagogia da Terra. São Paulo, Brazil: Peiropolis.
^ Bowers, C.A. (2004). "Revitalizing the Commons or an Individualized Approach to Planetary Citizenship: The Choice Before Us". Educational Studies. 36:1 – via Taylor & Francis.
^ Kahn, Richard. (2008). From Education for Sustainable Development to Ecopedagogy: Sustaining Capitalism or Sustaining Life? Green Theory & Praxis: The Journal of Ecopedagogy. 4:1
^ Bowers, C.A. 2010. Educational Reforms that Foster Ecological Intelligence. Education and the Environment Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 9–31
^ de Haan, G. 1984. Die Schwierigkeiten der Padagogik. In Beer & de Haan (Eds.), Okopadagogik. Aufstehen gegen den Untergang der Natur. Weinheim, Basel: Beltz: pp. 77–91.
^ Gronemeyer, M. 1987. Ecological Education a Failing Practice? Or: Is the Ecological Movement an Educational Movement? In W. Lierman & J. Kulich (Eds.), Adult Education and the Challenge of the 1990s. London: Croom Helm.
^ Ahlberg, M. 1998. Ecopedagogy and Ecodidactics: Education for Sustainable Development, Good Environment and Good Life. Bulletins of the Faculty of Education. No: 69.University of Joensuu.
^ Jardine, D. W. 2000. “Under the Tough Old Stars”: Ecopedagogical Essays. Brandon, Vermont: Solomon Press.
^ Petrina, S (2000). "The Political Ecology of Design and Technology Education: An Inquiry into Methods". International Journal of Technology and Design Education. 10 (3): 207–237. doi:10.1023/a:1008955016067. S2CID 143329178.
^ Yang, S. K.; Hung, R. (2004). "Towards Construction of an Ecopedagogy Based on the Philosophy of Ecocentrism". Journal of Taiwan Normal University. 49 (2).
^ Payne, P (2005). "Growing Up Green". Journal of the HEIA. 12 (3): 2–12.
^ Lummis, G (2002). "Globalisation: Building a Partnership Ethic for an Ecopedagogy in Western Australia". Australian Journal of Teacher Education. 27 (1). doi:10.14221/ajte.2002v27n1.2.
^ Illich, I. 1988. Ecopedagogia. Alternativas II. Mexico: Joaquín Mortiz / Planeta.
^ Illich, I. & E. Verne. 1981. Imprisoned in the Global Classroom. London: Writers & Readers.
^ Freire, P. 2004. Pedagogy of Indignation. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.
^ Gutierrez, F. & C. Prado. 1999. Ecopedagogia e Cidadania Planetaria. São Paulo, Brazil: Cortez.
^ Gadotti, M. 2003. Pedagogy of the Earth and the Culture of Sustainability. Paper presented at Lifelong Learning, Participatory Democracy and Social Change: Local and Global Perspectives conference, Toronto, Canada.
^ McLaren and Houston (2005). "Revolutionary Ecologies: Ecosocialism and Critical Pedagogy". Educational Studies. 37:2.
^ Houston, D and McLaren, P. (2005). "The Nature of Political Amnesia: A Response to C.A. 'Chet' Bowers". Educational Studies: 196–214. doi:10.1207/s15326993es3702_9. S2CID 143611924.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Bowers, Chet A.; Apffel-Marglin, Fr'd'Rique (2004-12-13). Re-Thinking Freire: Globalization and the Environmental Crisis. ISBN 9781135609016.
^ Bowers, C.A. (2005). "How Peter McLaren and Donna Houston, and Other "Green" Marxists Contribute to the Globalization of the West's Industrial Culture". Educational Studies. 37:2 (2): 185–195. doi:10.1207/s15326993es3702_8. S2CID 32849595.
^ Gruenewald, David A. (2005). "More than one profound truth: Making sense of divergent criticalities". Educational Studies. 37 (2): 206–214. doi:10.1207/s15326993es3702_10. S2CID 144718751.
^ Bowers, C.A. (2012). "Questioning the idea of the individual as an autonomous moral agent". Journal of Moral Education. 41:3 (3): 301–310. doi:10.1080/03057240.2012.691626. S2CID 144169018 – via Routledge.
^ Martisewicz, Rebecca (2005). "On Acknowledging Differences that Make a Difference: My Two Cents". Educational Studies. 37 (2): 215–224. doi:10.1207/s15326993es3702_11. S2CID 144040386.
^ a b c Gaard, G. (2009). Children’s environmental literature: from ecocriticism to ecopedagogy. Neohelicon 36:321–334.
^ Milstein, T., Pileggi, M., & Morgan, E. (Eds.) (2017). Environmental Communication Pedagogy and Practice. London, UK: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315562148
^ Castro-Sotomayor, J. Hoffman, J., Parks, M. Siebert, & M. Thomas, M., Milstein, T. (2018). Embodying education: performing environmental meanings, knowledges, and transformations. The Journal of Sustainability Education. Special Issue: Art, Social change, & a Vision of Sustainability
^ a b McNaughton, M.J. (2010). Educational drama in education for sustainable development: ecopedagogy in action. Pedagogy, Culture & Society. 18:3, 289-308.
^ a b Mustafa, Y.U. et al. (2010). A Participatory Action Research Study of Nature Education in Nature: Towards Community-based Eco-pedagogy. International Journal of Progressive Education. 6:3.
^ a b Kahn, Richard. Technological Transformation as Ecopedagogy: Reconstructing Technoliteracy. Counterpoints, Vol. 359, Critical Pedagogy, Ecoliteracy, and Planetary Crisis: the Ecopedagogy Movement. (2010), pp. 61–80
Sources
Grigorov, S. 2012. International Handbook of Ecopedagogy for Students, Educators and Parents. A Project for a New Eco-Sustainable Civilization. BCSLDE, Sofia. Free for download at: www.bcslde.org
Grigorov, S & Fleuri, R. 2012. Ecopedagogy: educating for a new eco-social intercultural perspective. Visão Global, UNOESC, Florianopolis. Free for download at: http://editora.unoesc.edu.br/index.php/visaoglobal/article/view/3435/1534 and https://www.academia.edu/4111655/Grigorov_S_and_Fleuri_R._2012._Ecopedagogy_educating_for_a_new_eco-social_intercultural_perspective._Visao_Global_UNOESC_Florianopolis
Kahn, R. 2010. Love Hurts: Ecopedagogy Between Avatars and Elegies. Teacher Education Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 4 (Fall).
Kahn, R. 2009. Producing Crisis: Green Consumerism as an Ecopedagogical Issue. In J. Sandlin and P. McLaren (Eds.), Critical Pedagogies of Consumption: Living and Learning Beyond the Shopocalypse. New York: Routledge.
Kahn, R. 2008. Towards Ecopedagogy: Weaving a Broad-based Pedagogy of Liberation for Animals, Nature and the Oppressed Peoples of the Earth. In A. Darder, R. Torres and M. Baltodano (Eds.), The Critical Pedagogy Reader (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
Kahn, R. 2007. The Ecopedagogy Movement: From Global Ecological Crisis to Cosmological, Technological and Organizational Transformation in Education. Doctoral Dissertation (Committee: Douglas Kellner, Chair; Peter McLaren; and Steven Best), Graduate School of Education & Information Studies, University of California, Los Angeles.
Kahn, R (2006). "The Educative Potential of Ecological Militancy in an Age of Big Oil: Towards a Marcusean ecopedagogy". Policy Futures in Education. 4 (1): 31–44. doi:10.2304/pfie.2006.4.1.31. S2CID 145592432.
Magalhaes, H. G. D. (2005). "Ecopedagogia y Utopia". Educação Temática Digital, Campinas. 7 (1): 53–60.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"critical pedagogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_pedagogy"},{"link_name":"Paulo Freire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_Freire"},{"link_name":"neoliberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoliberalism"},{"link_name":"imperialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism"},{"link_name":"ecoliteracy.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_literacy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Modern Stoic philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Stoicism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"sustainability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"}],"text":"The ecopedagogy movement is an outgrowth of the theory and practice of critical pedagogy, a body of educational praxis influenced by the philosopher and educator Paulo Freire. Ecopedagogy's mission is to develop a robust appreciation for the collective potentials of humanity and to foster social justice throughout the world. It does so as part of a future-oriented, ecological and political vision that radically opposes the globalization of ideologies such as neoliberalism and imperialism, while also attempting to foment forms of critical ecoliteracy.[1] Recently, there have been attempts to integrate critical eco-pedagogy, as defined by Greg Misiaszek[2] with Modern Stoic philosophy to create Stoic eco-pedagogy.[3]One of ecopedagogy's goals is the realization of culturally relevant forms of knowledge grounded in normative concepts such as sustainability, planetarity (i.e. identifying as an earthling) and biophilia (i.e. love of all life).[1]","title":"Ecopedagogy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Earth Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Summit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"Earth Charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Charter"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Instituto Paulo Freire, Brasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170422034657/http://paulofreire.org/"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"}],"text":"The ecopedagogy movement began in a Latin American educational context, growing out of discussions at the second Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992.[1] Educators desired to present a theory and discourse about the interrelationship between society and the environment, a statement would eventually be ratified as the Earth Charter in 2000.[4] In 1999 the First International Symposium on the Earth Charter in the Perspective of Education was held by the Instituto Paulo Freire, Brasil directed by Moacir Gadotti and in collaboration with the Earth Council and UNESCO. This was soon followed by the First International Forum on Ecopedagogy. As a result of these conferences, the Ecopedagogy Charter was also formed, launching the spread of ecopedagogy seminars and programs around the world.[1]","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-5"},{"link_name":"environmental education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_education"},{"link_name":"education for sustainable development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_for_sustainable_development"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"greenwashing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwashing"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"outdoor education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outdoor_education"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"sustainable development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"social movement theorists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_movement_theory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"ecoliteracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_literacy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"}],"text":"Ecopedagogy's primary goal is to create a \"planetary consciousness\" through revolutionary teaching and learning.[5] The movement aims to create educational programs that interrogate the intersection of social, political, economic and environmental systems. As an outgrowth of critical pedagogy, ecopedagogy critiques environmental education and education for sustainable development as vain attempts by mainstream forms of pedagogy seeking to appear relevant regarding current issues of environmental degradation.[6] It is critical of mainstream representations of nature that are potentially informed by racist, sexist, and classist values,[1] and wary of the tendency of \"greenwashing\" of environmental terminology.[7]While members of the ecopedagogy movement recognize that environmental education can accomplish some positive change, they question the ways in which environmental education (especially within global north) is often reduced to forms of experiential pedagogy and outdoor education without questioning the mainstream experience of nature as pristine wilderness.[1] Ecopedagogy points out that environmental education is often tethered to state and corporate-sponsored science and social studies standards or fails to articulate the political necessity for widespread understanding of the unsustainable nature of modern lifestyles. However, ecopedagogy has tried to utilize the ongoing United Nations Decade of Educational for Sustainable Development (2005–2015) to make strategic interventions on behalf of the oppressed, using it as an opportunity to unpack and clarify the concept of sustainable development.Ecopedagogy scholar Richard Kahn describes the three main goals of the ecopedagogy movement to be:Creating opportunities for the proliferation of ecoliteracy programs, both within schools and society.\nBridging the gap of praxis between scholars and the public (especially activists) on ecopedagogical interests.\nInstigating dialogue and self-reflective solidarity across the many groups among educational left, particularly in light of the existing planetary crisis.[1]Angela Antunes and Moacir Gadotti (2005) write:Ecopedagogy is not just another pedagogy among many other pedagogies. It not only has meaning as an alternative project concerned with nature preservation (Natural Ecology) and the impact made by human societies on the natural environment (Social Ecology), but also as a new model for sustainable civilization from the ecological point of view (Integral Ecology), which implies making changes on economic, social, and cultural structures.[1]According to social movement theorists Ron Ayerman and Andrew Jamison, there are three broad dimensions of environmentally related movements: cosmological, technological, and organizational.[1] In ecopedagogy, these dimensions are outlined by Richard Kahn (2010) as the following:The cosmological dimension focuses on how ecoliteracy, i.e. understanding the natural systems that sustain life, can transform people’s worldviews. For example, assumptions about society’s having the right to exploit nature can be transformed into understanding of the need for ecological balance to support society in the long term. The success of such ‘cosmological’ thinking transformations can be assessed by the degree to which such paradigm shifts are adopted by the public.\nThe technological dimension is two-fold: critiquing the set of polluting technologies that have contributed to traditional development as well as some which are used or misused under the pretext of sustainable development; and promoting clean technologies that do not interfere with ecological and social balance.\nThe organizational dimension emphasizes that knowledge should be of and for the people, thus academics should be in dialogue with public discourse and social movements.[1]","title":"Objectives and aims"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Social Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Social_Forum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"environmentalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalist"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"critical theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_theory"},{"link_name":"Ivan Illich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Illich"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"managerialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managerialism"},{"link_name":"Paulo Freire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_Freire"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-20"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"}],"text":"Ecopedagogy is not the collection of theories or practices developed by any particular set of individuals. Rather, akin to the World Social Forum and other related forms of contemporary popular education strategies, it is a worldwide association of critical educators, theorists, non-governmental and governmental organizations, grassroots activists and concerned citizens who engage in ongoing dialogue and political action. This process attempts to develop ecopedagogical praxis in relation to the needs of particular places, groups and time periods.The earliest use of the term \"ecopedagogy\" may have been by de Haan (1984) in a now little-known German text.[8] Shortly thereafter, in the first known English use of the term, Gronemeyer (1987) described ecopedagogy as the merging of environmentalist politics and adult education.[9] Ecopedagogy has also been discussed by Ahlberg (1998);[10] Jardine (2000);[11] Petrina (2000);[12] Yang & Hung (2004);[13] and Payne (2005).[14] The work of Lummis (2002)[15] shares some sympathies, such as a critical theory approach.Ironically, at the same time it was coined by Freire's friend-cum-critic Ivan Illich (1988) to describe an educational process in which educators and educands become inscribed in abstract pedagogical systems, resulting in pedagogy as an end and not a means.[16] As used by Illich, ecopedagogy is represented by forms of education that seek the total administration of life through mandatory pedagogical experiences of systemization. As such, he believed that the movements for lifelong education and the creation of global classrooms (Illich & Verne, 1981) by bureaucratic educational institutions exemplified such approaches. However, he was also critical of popular environmentalist pedagogy attempting to mobilize people's sentiments for solutions to problems such as global warming, hunger, and rainforest destruction.[17] Illich's point was that such an ecopedagogy works on a problems/solutions axis that implies a global managerialism that is abhorrent to truly sustainable living in the world. This is a different idea from the way the term and concept is being defined and utilized in critical education circles today, though it is potentially of great importance for the future development of the ecopedagogy movement on the whole.Paulo Freire was himself at work on a book of ecopedagogy upon his death in 1997, parts of which are included in his posthumous Pedagogy of Indignation (2004).[18] Other influential books include: Francisco Gutierrez and Cruz Prado's Ecopedagogy and Planetary Citizenship (1999),[19] Moacir Gadotti's Pedagogy of the Earth (2000),[20] and Richard Kahn's Critical Pedagogy, Ecoliteracy, and Planetary Crisis: The Ecopedagogy Movement.[1]","title":"Discussion of term in literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Illichan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Illich"},{"link_name":"eco-literacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_literacy"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"ecological crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_crisis"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-27"}],"text":"Both supporters and critics of ecopedagogy agree that historically, critical educators in the West have been largely unsuccessful at addressing environmental issues in their classrooms.[21] However, much disagreement still exists between critics and supporters of ecopedagogy on the ethics, theoretical approach, and methodology of this pedagogical style.[22]The strongest criticisms of ecopedagogy begins with the idea that Paulo Freire, critical pedagogy's founding figure, was unconscious of ecological challenges. The well-known collection, Rethinking Freire, includes strong criticisms of many aspects of critical pedagogy by Illichan and eco-literacy teachers, criticisms that necessarily include the ecopedagogy movement.[23] One critic, C.A. Bowers, argues that if ecopedagogy (and the larger critical pedagogy of Freire and Gadotti) were universally adopted, it would contribute to the hegemonic spread of Western culture and systems, thereby choking out non-Western ways of thinking, viewing, and interacting with the human and built environments. Bowers further argues that adoption of Freirean ecopedagogy would hasten the existence of a world monoculture and would fail to address the systemic roots of the current ecological crisis and fail to protect the commons from further exploitation.[24] In this view, ecopedagogy is akin to an educational Trojan horse that is little more than a vehicle for transmitting Western culture and domination.Moderate critics of ecopedagogy argue that the critical lens of ecopedagogy can be useful, but that its adherents must be actively critical of ecopedagogy itself. They argue that without a constant focus on understanding and fostering diversity in thought, culture, and ecosystem, ecopedagogy is meaningless and could be counter-productive to its aims.[25] Ecopedagogy (and critical pedagogy) has also been heavily criticized for not being critical of the categories that underlie its work. Here, critics argue that in valuing individualism, ecopedagogy fails to attend to traditional eco-centered cultures' already deep connection to the non-human world.[26] Moreover, some scholars from the eco- and critical pedagogical traditions fail to recognize how the \"primary categories in classical liberal thought may operate in the discourse of critical pedagogy\".[27]","title":"Criticisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-32"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-28"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-33"}],"text":"Ecopedagogy emphasizes the necessity of praxis alongside theory.[28][29][30] Besides the specific ecopedagogy degree programs and Paulo Freire Institutes, there are many instances of ecological education that not only teach people the critical thinking of ecopedagogy but also engage them in learning through action. For example, a study conducted with 10-year-old children in West Scotland concluded that interactive dramatic education was successful in engaging students in ecological, social, and political dimensions of global problems such as solid waste and deforestation.[31] The dramatic exercises required to make a decision or take a stance, thus strengthening their understanding and conviction of the issues.[31] And ecopedagogy is not limited to formal students; in Turkey, for example, participatory action research showed that an outdoor community-based ecopedagogy program for university professors was successful in the \"promotion of public participation, the engagement of students, teacher and parents in local environmental issues, and the development of social capital to achieve environmental sustainability.[32] By situating local knowledge within critical pedagogy and social activism, these projects can help universities to bridge the gap between academia and society.\"[32]Greta Gaard outlines the necessity for children's environmental literature to encompass the following core aspects of ecopedagogy:[28]Praxis\nTeaching ABOUT the social and natural environment\nTeaching IN the social and natural environment\nTeaching THROUGH the social and natural environment\nTeaching the connections of sustainability\nUrgency[28]The question of technology had become increasingly pertinent.[33] While the production and consumption of technology largely has a negative effect on the environment and certain aspects of society-environment relations, technology still provides certain new avenues in ecopedagogy. For example, more people have access to information and collaboration through the internet and thus can engage in informal ecological education faster and in wider spheres.[33] Similarly, community projects to install solar panels or wind turbines or simple technology that help farms to transition to agroecology are examples of the uses of technology in ecopedagogy.","title":"Ecopedagogy in action"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"http://editora.unoesc.edu.br/index.php/visaoglobal/article/view/3435/1534","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//editora.unoesc.edu.br/index.php/visaoglobal/article/view/3435/1534"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"https://www.academia.edu/4111655/Grigorov_S_and_Fleuri_R._2012._Ecopedagogy_educating_for_a_new_eco-social_intercultural_perspective._Visao_Global_UNOESC_Florianopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/4111655/Grigorov_S_and_Fleuri_R._2012._Ecopedagogy_educating_for_a_new_eco-social_intercultural_perspective._Visao_Global_UNOESC_Florianopolis"},{"link_name":"Love Hurts: Ecopedagogy Between Avatars and Elegies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//antiochla.academia.edu/RichardKahn/Papers/173263/Love_Hurts_Ecopedagogy_Between_Avatars_and_Elegies"},{"link_name":"Producing Crisis: Green Consumerism as an Ecopedagogical Issue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100612183030/http://und.academia.edu/RichardKahn/attachment/102617/full/Producing-Crisis--Green-Consumerism-as-an-Ecopedagogical-Issue"},{"link_name":"Towards Ecopedagogy: Weaving a Broad-based Pedagogy of Liberation for Animals, Nature and the Oppressed Peoples of the Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//und.academia.edu/RichardKahn/Papers/72002/Towards-Ecopedagogy--Weaving-a-Broad-based-Pedagogy-of-Liberation-for-Animals--Nature-and-the-Oppressed-Peoples-of-the-Earth"},{"link_name":"Douglas Kellner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Kellner"},{"link_name":"Peter McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_McLaren"},{"link_name":"Steven Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Best"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2304/pfie.2006.4.1.31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2304%2Fpfie.2006.4.1.31"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"145592432","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145592432"}],"text":"Grigorov, S. 2012. International Handbook of Ecopedagogy for Students, Educators and Parents. A Project for a New Eco-Sustainable Civilization. BCSLDE, Sofia. Free for download at: www.bcslde.org\nGrigorov, S & Fleuri, R. 2012. Ecopedagogy: educating for a new eco-social intercultural perspective. Visão Global, UNOESC, Florianopolis. Free for download at: http://editora.unoesc.edu.br/index.php/visaoglobal/article/view/3435/1534[permanent dead link] and https://www.academia.edu/4111655/Grigorov_S_and_Fleuri_R._2012._Ecopedagogy_educating_for_a_new_eco-social_intercultural_perspective._Visao_Global_UNOESC_Florianopolis\nKahn, R. 2010. Love Hurts: Ecopedagogy Between Avatars and Elegies. Teacher Education Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 4 (Fall).\nKahn, R. 2009. Producing Crisis: Green Consumerism as an Ecopedagogical Issue. In J. Sandlin and P. McLaren (Eds.), Critical Pedagogies of Consumption: Living and Learning Beyond the Shopocalypse. New York: Routledge.\nKahn, R. 2008. Towards Ecopedagogy: Weaving a Broad-based Pedagogy of Liberation for Animals, Nature and the Oppressed Peoples of the Earth. In A. Darder, R. Torres and M. Baltodano (Eds.), The Critical Pedagogy Reader (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.\nKahn, R. 2007. The Ecopedagogy Movement: From Global Ecological Crisis to Cosmological, Technological and Organizational Transformation in Education. Doctoral Dissertation (Committee: Douglas Kellner, Chair; Peter McLaren; and Steven Best), Graduate School of Education & Information Studies, University of California, Los Angeles.\nKahn, R (2006). \"The Educative Potential of Ecological Militancy in an Age of Big Oil: Towards a Marcusean ecopedagogy\". Policy Futures in Education. 4 (1): 31–44. doi:10.2304/pfie.2006.4.1.31. S2CID 145592432.\nMagalhaes, H. G. D. (2005). \"Ecopedagogia y Utopia\". Educação Temática Digital, Campinas. 7 (1): 53–60.","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"reference":"Misiaszek, Greg William (2017-12-15). Educating the Global Environmental Citizen. New York : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Critical global citizenship education ; 2: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315204345. ISBN 9781315204345.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315204345","url_text":"10.4324/9781315204345"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315204345","url_text":"9781315204345"}]},{"reference":"Carmona, Luis Gabriel; Simpson, Edward; Misiaszek, Greg; Konstantakos, Leonidas; Whiting, Kai (December 2018). \"Education for the Sustainable Global Citizen: What Can We Learn from Stoic Philosophy and Freirean Environmental Pedagogies?\". Education Sciences. 8 (4): 204. doi:10.3390/educsci8040204.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Feducsci8040204","url_text":"\"Education for the Sustainable Global Citizen: What Can We Learn from Stoic Philosophy and Freirean Environmental Pedagogies?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Feducsci8040204","url_text":"10.3390/educsci8040204"}]},{"reference":"Bowers, C.A. (2004). \"Revitalizing the Commons or an Individualized Approach to Planetary Citizenship: The Choice Before Us\". Educational Studies. 36:1 – via Taylor & Francis.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Petrina, S (2000). \"The Political Ecology of Design and Technology Education: An Inquiry into Methods\". International Journal of Technology and Design Education. 10 (3): 207–237. doi:10.1023/a:1008955016067. S2CID 143329178.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2Fa%3A1008955016067","url_text":"10.1023/a:1008955016067"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143329178","url_text":"143329178"}]},{"reference":"Yang, S. K.; Hung, R. (2004). \"Towards Construction of an Ecopedagogy Based on the Philosophy of Ecocentrism\". Journal of Taiwan Normal University. 49 (2).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Payne, P (2005). \"Growing Up Green\". Journal of the HEIA. 12 (3): 2–12.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lummis, G (2002). \"Globalisation: Building a Partnership Ethic for an Ecopedagogy in Western Australia\". Australian Journal of Teacher Education. 27 (1). doi:10.14221/ajte.2002v27n1.2.","urls":[{"url":"https://ro.ecu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1308&context=ajte","url_text":"\"Globalisation: Building a Partnership Ethic for an Ecopedagogy in Western Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.14221%2Fajte.2002v27n1.2","url_text":"10.14221/ajte.2002v27n1.2"}]},{"reference":"McLaren and Houston (2005). \"Revolutionary Ecologies: Ecosocialism and Critical Pedagogy\". Educational Studies. 37:2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Houston, D and McLaren, P. (2005). \"The Nature of Political Amnesia: A Response to C.A. 'Chet' Bowers\". Educational Studies: 196–214. doi:10.1207/s15326993es3702_9. S2CID 143611924.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15326993es3702_9","url_text":"10.1207/s15326993es3702_9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143611924","url_text":"143611924"}]},{"reference":"Bowers, Chet A.; Apffel-Marglin, Fr'd'Rique (2004-12-13). Re-Thinking Freire: Globalization and the Environmental Crisis. ISBN 9781135609016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-bCQAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Re-Thinking Freire: Globalization and the Environmental Crisis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135609016","url_text":"9781135609016"}]},{"reference":"Bowers, C.A. (2005). \"How Peter McLaren and Donna Houston, and Other \"Green\" Marxists Contribute to the Globalization of the West's Industrial Culture\". Educational Studies. 37:2 (2): 185–195. doi:10.1207/s15326993es3702_8. S2CID 32849595.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15326993es3702_8","url_text":"10.1207/s15326993es3702_8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32849595","url_text":"32849595"}]},{"reference":"Gruenewald, David A. (2005). \"More than one profound truth: Making sense of divergent criticalities\". Educational Studies. 37 (2): 206–214. doi:10.1207/s15326993es3702_10. S2CID 144718751.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15326993es3702_10","url_text":"10.1207/s15326993es3702_10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144718751","url_text":"144718751"}]},{"reference":"Bowers, C.A. (2012). \"Questioning the idea of the individual as an autonomous moral agent\". Journal of Moral Education. 41:3 (3): 301–310. doi:10.1080/03057240.2012.691626. S2CID 144169018 – via Routledge.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03057240.2012.691626","url_text":"10.1080/03057240.2012.691626"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144169018","url_text":"144169018"}]},{"reference":"Martisewicz, Rebecca (2005). \"On Acknowledging Differences that Make a Difference: My Two Cents\". Educational Studies. 37 (2): 215–224. doi:10.1207/s15326993es3702_11. S2CID 144040386.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15326993es3702_11","url_text":"10.1207/s15326993es3702_11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144040386","url_text":"144040386"}]},{"reference":"Kahn, R (2006). \"The Educative Potential of Ecological Militancy in an Age of Big Oil: Towards a Marcusean ecopedagogy\". Policy Futures in Education. 4 (1): 31–44. doi:10.2304/pfie.2006.4.1.31. S2CID 145592432.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2304%2Fpfie.2006.4.1.31","url_text":"10.2304/pfie.2006.4.1.31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145592432","url_text":"145592432"}]},{"reference":"Magalhaes, H. G. D. (2005). \"Ecopedagogia y Utopia\". Educação Temática Digital, Campinas. 7 (1): 53–60.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Storey
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The Storey
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["1 History","2 Architecture","2.1 Main building","2.2 Back entrance","3 See also","4 References","4.1 Bibliography","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 54°02′55″N 2°48′15″W / 54.0487°N 2.8043°W / 54.0487; -2.8043This article is about the Storey Institute. For other uses, see storey (disambiguation).
Historic siteThe StoreyStorey InstituteThe StoreyCoordinates54°02′55″N 2°48′15″W / 54.0487°N 2.8043°W / 54.0487; -2.8043OS grid referenceSD 474,617Built1887–1891Built forLancaster City CouncilArchitectPaley, Austin and PaleyAustin and PaleyArchitectural style(s)Jacobean Revival
Listed Building – Grade IIOfficial nameStorey InstituteDesignated18 February 1970Reference no.1194973
Listed Building – Grade IIOfficial nameStorey Institute, Back EntranceDesignated22 December 1953Reference no.1194906
Location in Lancaster
The Storey, formerly the Storey Institute, is a multi-purpose building located at the corner of Meeting House Lane and Castle Hill in Lancaster, Lancashire, England. Its main part is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building, with its back entrance being listed separately, also at Grade II.
History
The building was constructed between 1887 and 1891 as a replacement for the Lancaster Mechanic's Institute, to commemorate Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee. It was paid for by Thomas Storey, a local businessman who had been mayor in the year of the Jubilee, and was renamed the Storey Institute in his honour in 1891. Its purpose was "the promotion of art, science, literature, and technical instruction". The building was designed by the architects Paley, Austin and Paley whose office stood nearby. It contained a reading room, a library, a lecture room, a laboratory, a music room, a picture gallery, a school of art, and accommodation for a caretaker. The building cost about £12,000 (equivalent to £1,660,000 in 2023). In 1906–08 it was extended to commemorate the accession of Edward VII. This was designed by the successors in the architectural practice, Austin and Paley, to provide more rooms for teaching. Thomas Storey's son, Herbert, paid £10,000 towards the cost of the extension, which almost doubled the size of the building.
Over the years, the building has been housed the City Art Gallery, the public library, a girls’ grammar school, and from the 1950s to 1982, Lancaster College of Art.
The opening art exhibition, held in 1889, included paintings by Gainsborough, Constable, and Canaletto. The art collection included paintings by local artists including Samuel John "Lamorna" Birch and William Hoggatt. In the 1960s there were touring exhibitions of works by Picasso, Matisse, and Francis Bacon. The art collection was moved in 1968 to Lancaster City Museum.
By the 1980s the gallery was rarely used, but in 1991 a group of local artists re-established it as the Storey Gallery, and delivered a continuous programme of over 100 exhibitions of contemporary art until 2013. The exhibition programme included one-person shows by Andy Goldsworthy, Gillian Ayres, Basil Beattie, Michael Brennand-Wood, Simon Callery, Anthony Green, Albert Irvin, Michael Kenny, Sophie Ryder, and Richard Wilson, plus touring exhibitions from Japan, Spain, and Italy, and a variety of curated group shows. In 1998 the walled gardens behind the institute were laid out as an art work, The Tasting Garden, by Mark Dion.
In the early 21st century the institute was converted into a multi-use building by Lancaster City Council, and was renamed The Storey. It provided accommodation for small businesses, a café, galleries and exhibitions areas, workshops, and an information centre. The architects were Mason Gillibrand Architects of Caton.
Architecture
Back entrance
Main building
The building is constructed in sandstone ashlar with slate roofs, and is in Jacobean Revival style. It has façades on two fronts, with a turret on the corner. The turret is octagonal, with a lead dome surmounted by a spirelet. The building is in two storeys plus attics, above which are gables, some shaped and some segmental. Inside the building, on the first floor, is a curved window containing stained glass designed by Jowett of Shrigley and Hunt depicting representations of the arts. Also on this floor is a top-lit exhibition gallery.
Back entrance
This consists of a portico in Roman Doric style with two columns supporting a triglyph frieze and a cornice. At its summit is a pediment decorated with dentils. It contains its original wrought iron gates and overthrow. The structure was moved from an 18th-century house that was demolished in 1921, and rebuilt on the present site. The entrance leads to walled gardens behind the institute.
See also
Lancashire portal
Listed buildings in Lancaster, Lancashire
List of works by Paley, Austin and Paley
List of non-ecclesiastical works by Austin and Paley (1895–1914)
References
^ a b Historic England, "Storey Institute, Lancaster (1194973)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 20 September 2012
^ a b Historic England, "Storey Institute, Back Entrance, Lancaster (1194906)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 20 September 2012
^ Brandwood et al. 2012, pp. 169–170.
^ Brandwood et al. 2012, pp. 169–170, 236–237.
^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017), "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)", MeasuringWorth, retrieved 7 May 2024
^ a b Morris 2001, p. 80.
^ Brandwood et al. 2012, pp. 170, 246.
^ The Gallery Space, Storey Gallery, retrieved 20 September 2012
^ Morris 2001, p. 82.
^ "Storey Gallery". StoreyG2. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
^ Hartwell & Pevsner 2009, p. 390.
^ "The Tasting Garden". StoreyG2. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
^ The Storey Creative Industries Project (SCIC), Lancaster City Council, archived from the original on 19 January 2013, retrieved 20 September 2012
^ Hartwell & Pevsner 2009, pp. 389–390.
Bibliography
Brandwood, Geoff; Austin, Tim; Hughes, John; Price, James (2012), The Architecture of Sharpe, Paley and Austin, Swindon: English Heritage, ISBN 978-1-84802-049-8
Hartwell, Clare; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2009) , Lancashire: North, The Buildings of England, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-12667-9
Morris, Edward (2001), Public Art Collections in North-West England, Liverpool University Press, ISBN 0-85323-527-9, retrieved 20 September 2012
External links
The Storey - official site
vteBuildings and structures in the City of LancasterGrade I
Ashton Hall
Ashton Memorial
Borwick Hall
Burrow Hall
Claughton Hall
Cockersand Abbey
Cockersand Abbey chapter house
Hornby Castle
Judges' Lodgings
Lancaster Castle
Lancaster Priory
Lune Aqueduct
Old Rectory
St Oswald's Vicarage
Thurnham Hall
Churches Gressingham: St John the Evangelist
Heysham: St Patrick
St Peter
Hornby: St Margaret
Melling: St Wilfrid
Tunstall: St John the Baptist
Grade II*
Capernwray Hall
Custom House
Lancaster City Museum
Lancaster Moor Hospital
Lancaster Town Hall
Leighton Hall
Loyn Bridge
Midland Hotel
Morecambe Winter Gardens
Quernmore Park
Royal Albert Hospital
Skerton Bridge
Thurland Castle
Whittington Hall
Churches Arkholme: St John the Baptist
Bolton-le-Sands: Holy Trinity
Brookhouse: St Paul
Cockerham: St Michael
Lancaster: Cathedral
Ripley School
St John the Evangelist
Over Kellet: St Cuthbert
Overton: St Helen
Silverdale: St John
Tatham: St James the Less
Whittington: St Michael
Grade II
Abbeystead House
Cockerham Vicarage
Conder Bridge
The Dukes
Greaves Park Hotel
Grand Theatre
Grizedale Bridge
Hornby Village Institute
Lancaster Carriage and Wagon Works
Lancaster (Greaves) railway station
Lancaster Moor Hospital
Lancaster railway station
Lancaster Royal Grammar School
Leck Hall
Lindeth Tower
Littledale Hall
Morecambe and Heysham War Memorial
Queen Victoria Memorial
The Storey
The Stork
Wennington Hall
Windermere House
Churches Borwick: St Mary
Capernwray: Chapel
Claughton: St Chad
Dolphinholme: St Mark
Ellel: St John
Glasson: Christ
Halton-on-Lune: St Wilfrid
Lancaster: Christ
Cemetery
St Paul, Scotforth
St Thomas
Leck: St Peter
Morecambe: Holy Trinity
St John the Divine
St Laurence
Over Wyresdale: Christ
Quernmore: St Peter
Slyne-with-Hest St Luke
Tatham: Good Shepherd
Warton: St Oswald
Yealand Conyers: St John the Evangelist
St Mary
Unlisted
Carlisle Bridge
Carnforth MPD
Carnforth War Memorial
Escowbeck
The Gregson Centre
Greyhound Bridge
HM Prison Lancaster Farms
Hazelwood Hall
Heysham nuclear power station
Lancaster bus station
Langthwaite Filter House
Lune Millennium Bridge
Phoenix Street drill hall
Plover Scar Lighthouse
Stone Jetty
Three Brothers
Churches Aughton: St Saviour
Lancaster: St Michael, Lancaster Moor Hospital
King's Community
Morecambe: Clark Street Congregational
St Barnabas
St Christopher, Bare
Wray: Holy Trinity
Demolished
Aldcliffe Hall
Central Pier, Morecambe
Cockerham Priory
Hornby Priory
Lancaster Friary
Lancaster Roman Fort
North Western Hotel
Over Burrow Roman Fort
Old Loyne Bridge
West End Pier, Morecambe
Wyresdale Abbey
Listedbuildingsin
Arkholme-with-Cawood
Bolton-le-Sands
Borwick
Burrow-with-Burrow
Cantsfield
Carnforth
Caton-with-Littledale
Claughton
Cockerham
Ellel
Gressingham
Halton-with-Aughton
Heaton-with-Oxcliffe
Heysham
Hornby-with-Farleton
Ireby
Lancaster
Leck
Melling-with-Wrayton
Middleton
Morecambe
Nether Kellet
Over Kellet
Over Wyresdale
Overton
Priest Hutton
Quernmore
Roeburndale
Scotforth
Silverdale
Slyne-with-Hest
Tatham
Thurnham
Tunstall
Warton
Wennington
Whittington
Wray-with-Botton
Yealand Conyers
Yealand Redmayne
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"storey (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storey_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster,_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"National Heritage List for England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England"},{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building#England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhl-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhlb-2"}],"text":"This article is about the Storey Institute. For other uses, see storey (disambiguation).Historic siteThe Storey, formerly the Storey Institute, is a multi-purpose building located at the corner of Meeting House Lane and Castle Hill in Lancaster, Lancashire, England. Its main part is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building,[1] with its back entrance being listed separately, also at Grade II.[2]","title":"The Storey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Golden Jubilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Jubilee_of_Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandwoodAustinHughesPrice2012169%E2%80%93170-3"},{"link_name":"Paley, Austin and Paley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paley,_Austin_and_Paley"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandwoodAustinHughesPrice2012169%E2%80%93170,_236%E2%80%93237-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-UK-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200180-6"},{"link_name":"Edward VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII"},{"link_name":"Austin and Paley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_and_Paley"},{"link_name":"Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Storey"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandwoodAustinHughesPrice2012170,_246-7"},{"link_name":"Gainsborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gainsborough"},{"link_name":"Constable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable"},{"link_name":"Canaletto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaletto"},{"link_name":"Samuel John \"Lamorna\" Birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamorna_Birch"},{"link_name":"William Hoggatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hoggatt"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200180-6"},{"link_name":"Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso"},{"link_name":"Matisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Matisse"},{"link_name":"Francis Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(artist)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gall-8"},{"link_name":"Lancaster City Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_City_Museum"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200182-9"},{"link_name":"Storey Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//storeyg2.org.uk/past/"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Andy Goldsworthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Goldsworthy"},{"link_name":"Gillian Ayres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillian_Ayres"},{"link_name":"Basil Beattie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Beattie"},{"link_name":"Simon Callery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Callery"},{"link_name":"Anthony Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Green_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Albert Irvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Irvin"},{"link_name":"Michael Kenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kenny_(sculptor)"},{"link_name":"Sophie Ryder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Ryder"},{"link_name":"Richard Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wilson_(sculptor)"},{"link_name":"Mark Dion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Dion"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartwellPevsner2009390-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Lancaster City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The building was constructed between 1887 and 1891 as a replacement for the Lancaster Mechanic's Institute, to commemorate Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee. It was paid for by Thomas Storey, a local businessman who had been mayor in the year of the Jubilee, and was renamed the Storey Institute in his honour in 1891. Its purpose was \"the promotion of art, science, literature, and technical instruction\".[3] The building was designed by the architects Paley, Austin and Paley whose office stood nearby. It contained a reading room, a library, a lecture room, a laboratory, a music room, a picture gallery, a school of art, and accommodation for a caretaker.[4] The building cost about £12,000 (equivalent to £1,660,000 in 2023).[5][6] In 1906–08 it was extended to commemorate the accession of Edward VII. This was designed by the successors in the architectural practice, Austin and Paley, to provide more rooms for teaching. Thomas Storey's son, Herbert, paid £10,000 towards the cost of the extension, which almost doubled the size of the building.[7]Over the years, the building has been housed the City Art Gallery, the public library, a girls’ grammar school, and from the 1950s to 1982, Lancaster College of Art. \nThe opening art exhibition, held in 1889, included paintings by Gainsborough, Constable, and Canaletto. The art collection included paintings by local artists including Samuel John \"Lamorna\" Birch and William Hoggatt.[6] In the 1960s there were touring exhibitions of works by Picasso, Matisse, and Francis Bacon.[8] The art collection was moved in 1968 to Lancaster City Museum.[9] \nBy the 1980s the gallery was rarely used, but in 1991 a group of local artists re-established it as the Storey Gallery, and delivered a continuous programme of over 100 exhibitions of contemporary art until 2013.[10] The exhibition programme included one-person shows by Andy Goldsworthy, Gillian Ayres, Basil Beattie, Michael Brennand-Wood, Simon Callery, Anthony Green, Albert Irvin, Michael Kenny, Sophie Ryder, and Richard Wilson, plus touring exhibitions from Japan, Spain, and Italy, and a variety of curated group shows. In 1998 the walled gardens behind the institute were laid out as an art work, The Tasting Garden, by Mark Dion.[11] [12]In the early 21st century the institute was converted into a multi-use building by Lancaster City Council, and was renamed The Storey. It provided accommodation for small businesses, a café, galleries and exhibitions areas, workshops, and an information centre.[13] The architects were Mason Gillibrand Architects of Caton.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Entrance_to_Storey_Gardens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_437582.jpg"}],"text":"Back entrance","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"ashlar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashlar"},{"link_name":"slate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate"},{"link_name":"Jacobean Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobean_architecture"},{"link_name":"turret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turret_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"gables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gable"},{"link_name":"Shrigley and Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrigley_and_Hunt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhl-1"}],"sub_title":"Main building","text":"The building is constructed in sandstone ashlar with slate roofs, and is in Jacobean Revival style. It has façades on two fronts, with a turret on the corner. The turret is octagonal, with a lead dome surmounted by a spirelet. The building is in two storeys plus attics, above which are gables, some shaped and some segmental. Inside the building, on the first floor, is a curved window containing stained glass designed by Jowett of Shrigley and Hunt depicting representations of the arts. Also on this floor is a top-lit exhibition gallery.[1]","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"portico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portico"},{"link_name":"Roman Doric style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doric_order"},{"link_name":"triglyph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyph"},{"link_name":"frieze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieze"},{"link_name":"cornice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornice"},{"link_name":"pediment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediment"},{"link_name":"dentils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentil"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhlb-2"},{"link_name":"wrought iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_iron"},{"link_name":"overthrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overthrow_(structure)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartwellPevsner2009389%E2%80%93390-14"}],"sub_title":"Back entrance","text":"This consists of a portico in Roman Doric style with two columns supporting a triglyph frieze and a cornice. At its summit is a pediment decorated with dentils.[2] It contains its original wrought iron gates and overthrow. The structure was moved from an 18th-century house that was demolished in 1921, and rebuilt on the present site. The entrance leads to walled gardens behind the institute.[14]","title":"Architecture"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Back entrance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Entrance_to_Storey_Gardens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_437582.jpg/220px-Entrance_to_Storey_Gardens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_437582.jpg"}]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lancashire_rose.svg"},{"title":"Lancashire portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Lancashire"},{"title":"Listed buildings in Lancaster, Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Lancaster,_Lancashire"},{"title":"List of works by Paley, Austin and Paley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_by_Paley,_Austin_and_Paley"},{"title":"List of non-ecclesiastical works by Austin and Paley (1895–1914)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-ecclesiastical_works_by_Austin_and_Paley_(1895%E2%80%931914)"}]
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[{"reference":"Historic England, \"Storey Institute, Lancaster (1194973)\", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 20 September 2012","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1194973","url_text":"\"Storey Institute, Lancaster (1194973)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England, \"Storey Institute, Back Entrance, Lancaster (1194906)\", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 20 September 2012","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1194906","url_text":"\"Storey Institute, Back Entrance, Lancaster (1194906)\""}]},{"reference":"Clark, Gregory (2017), \"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\", MeasuringWorth, retrieved 7 May 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/","url_text":"\"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeasuringWorth","url_text":"MeasuringWorth"}]},{"reference":"The Gallery Space, Storey Gallery, retrieved 20 September 2012","urls":[{"url":"http://www.storeygallery.org.uk/pages.php?page=000002","url_text":"The Gallery Space"}]},{"reference":"\"Storey Gallery\". StoreyG2. Retrieved 10 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.storeyg2.org.uk/past/","url_text":"\"Storey Gallery\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Tasting Garden\". StoreyG2. Retrieved 19 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://storeyg2.org.uk/past/storey-gardens/tasting-garden-description/","url_text":"\"The Tasting Garden\""}]},{"reference":"The Storey Creative Industries Project (SCIC), Lancaster City Council, archived from the original on 19 January 2013, retrieved 20 September 2012","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130119154801/http://www.lancaster.gov.uk/planning/regeneration/storey-creative-industries-project-scic/","url_text":"The Storey Creative Industries Project (SCIC)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_City_Council","url_text":"Lancaster City Council"},{"url":"http://www.lancaster.gov.uk/planning/regeneration/storey-creative-industries-project-scic/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brandwood, Geoff; Austin, Tim; Hughes, John; Price, James (2012), The Architecture of Sharpe, Paley and Austin, Swindon: English Heritage, ISBN 978-1-84802-049-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Heritage","url_text":"English Heritage"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84802-049-8","url_text":"978-1-84802-049-8"}]},{"reference":"Hartwell, Clare; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2009) [1969], Lancashire: North, The Buildings of England, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-12667-9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner","url_text":"Pevsner, Nikolaus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press","url_text":"Yale University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12667-9","url_text":"978-0-300-12667-9"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Edward (2001), Public Art Collections in North-West England, Liverpool University Press, ISBN 0-85323-527-9, retrieved 20 September 2012","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Sks583w0MXkC&q=Public+Art+Collections+in+North-West+England","url_text":"Public Art Collections in North-West England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85323-527-9","url_text":"0-85323-527-9"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Storey¶ms=54.0487_N_2.8043_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"54°02′55″N 2°48′15″W / 54.0487°N 2.8043°W / 54.0487; -2.8043"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Storey¶ms=54.0487_N_2.8043_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"54°02′55″N 2°48′15″W / 54.0487°N 2.8043°W / 54.0487; -2.8043"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Storey¶ms=54.048566_N_2.804857_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=The+Storey","external_links_name":"SD 474,617"},{"Link":"http://storeyg2.org.uk/past/","external_links_name":"Storey Gallery"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1194973","external_links_name":"\"Storey Institute, Lancaster (1194973)\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1194906","external_links_name":"\"Storey Institute, Back Entrance, Lancaster (1194906)\""},{"Link":"https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/","external_links_name":"\"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\""},{"Link":"http://www.storeygallery.org.uk/pages.php?page=000002","external_links_name":"The Gallery Space"},{"Link":"http://www.storeyg2.org.uk/past/","external_links_name":"\"Storey Gallery\""},{"Link":"http://storeyg2.org.uk/past/storey-gardens/tasting-garden-description/","external_links_name":"\"The Tasting Garden\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130119154801/http://www.lancaster.gov.uk/planning/regeneration/storey-creative-industries-project-scic/","external_links_name":"The Storey Creative Industries Project (SCIC)"},{"Link":"http://www.lancaster.gov.uk/planning/regeneration/storey-creative-industries-project-scic/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Sks583w0MXkC&q=Public+Art+Collections+in+North-West+England","external_links_name":"Public Art Collections in North-West England"},{"Link":"http://www.thestorey.co.uk/","external_links_name":"The Storey"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Litton_Sr.
|
Charles Litton Sr.
|
["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Career","1.3 Death and legacy","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Charles Litton Sr.BornMarch 13, 1904San Francisco, CaliforniaDiedNovember 1972(1972-11-00) (aged 68)Carson City, NevadaEducationStanford UniversityOccupation(s)Engineer, inventorChildrenCharles Jr., Larry, AliceParent(s)Charles A. LittonAlice J. Vincent
Charles Vincent Litton Sr. (1904–1972) was an engineer and inventor from the area now known as Silicon Valley.
Biography
Early life
Charles Vincent Litton was born on March 13, 1904, in San Francisco, California. His mother was Alice J. Vincent and father was Charles A. Litton. As a boy he experimented with radio technology at his parents' house in Redwood City, California.
Litton learned machining in the California School of Mechanical Arts of San Francisco, and then attended Stanford University, where he graduated with an A.B. in mechanical engineering in 1924 and electrical engineering in 1925.
Career
In the 1920s, he experimented with new techniques and materials for building vacuum tubes. For example, he built the first practical glass blowing lathe. He worked for Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1925 through 1927, and moved back to California in 1927.
Amateur radio enthusiasts sought vacuum tubes that would perform better than those then available from RCA, Western Electric, General Electric, and Westinghouse, and the San Francisco Bay area was one of the early centers of amateur radio activity and experimentation, containing about 10% of the total operators in the US. Litton joined fellow amateur radio operators William Eitel and Jack McCullough at their vacuum tube manufacturing company located in the Bay area to address amateur needs. There, Litton originated glass lathe techniques which made mass production of reliable high quality power tubes possible, and resulted in the award of wartime contracts to the company. Eitel and McCullough's company, Eitel-McCullough, was headquartered in San Bruno and manufactured power-grid tubes for radio amateurs and aircraft radio equipment.
He later went to work for the Federal Telegraph Company, and headed tube engineering there. Cecil Howard Green (later the founder of Texas Instruments) worked for Litton during that time. During the Great Depression, Federal was acquired and moved its facilities to New Jersey. Litton stayed in California.
In 1932, he founded Litton Engineering Laboratories with his savings, and continued to experiment in the shop on his parents' Redwood City property. He held 65 patents on various high-tech innovations. Some of these patents resulted in notable litigation. At Frederick Terman's request, Litton helped Stanford build a tube research lab, and recruit David Packard.
During World War II, Litton participated in the design and production of microwave tubes used in communications and radar equipment, for which he was awarded the Presidential Certificate of Merit. In 1941 he formed a partnership called Industrial and Commercial Electronics with Philip Scofield and Ralph Shermund. Russell and Sigurd Varian used Litton klystron tube-making equipment in their family firm, Varian Associates. Another firm (later called Eimac) founded by fellow amateur radio operators William Eitel and Jack McCullough used Litton technology.
After the war, Litton Industries was incorporated in 1947 to manufacture vacuum tubes and the machinery used to produce them. The company grew rapidly, soon rivaling established electronics firms in the east. On August 3, 1952, Litton split off the glass lathe products, which became the sole proprietorship Litton Engineering Laboratories on May 1, 1953. On November 4, 1953, he sold the vacuum tube manufacturing portion of the company to Electro Dynamics Corporation, which had been founded by Charles Bates "Tex" Thornton. In 1954, Electro Dynamics bought the rights to the name Litton Industries. It grew to a multi-national conglomerate. Also in 1954, Litton moved the machinery manufacturing division into a new facility in Grass Valley, California. Litton convinced friend Dr. Donald Hare to move to Grass Valley, and Hare's company became the Grass Valley Group.
Death and legacy
He died in November 1972 in Carson City, Nevada. His papers are in the collection of The Bancroft Library. His sons Charles Jr. and Larry carried on the business of producing glassworking lathes under the "Litton Engineering Laboratories" name in Grass Valley. He also had five grand children.
Litton was a leader in developing the Nevada County Airpark, and the Sierra Nevada Memorial Hospital.
References
^ a b c "Engineering heroes". School of Engineering web site. Stanford University. 2010. Archived from the original on August 2, 2011. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
^ a b c "Guide to the Charles Vincent Litton papers, 1912-1972". Online Archive of California. Bancroft Library. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
^ Orr, B (1994). Radio FUNdamentals, Do You Want A Kilowatt?? , CQ p.60
^ Christophe Lécuyer; Professor of the History of Science and Technology Christophe Lecuyer (2006). Making Silicon Valley: Innovation and the Growth of High Tech, 1930-1970. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-12281-8.
^ a b c Christophe Lécuyer (2006). Making Silicon Valley: innovation and the growth of high tech, 1930-1970. MIT Press. pp. 14–15, 21–22, 28, 30. ISBN 978-0-262-12281-8.
^ Thomas Lee (April 6, 2009). "When Silicon Valley was "Arc Alley"". SLAC Colloquium Detail. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. Archived from the original on May 1, 2012. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
^ a b "Alphonsus E. McCarthy Jr. vs. Litton Industries, Inc". Case 410 Mass. 15. 1991. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
^ C. Stewart Gillmor (2004). Fred Terman at Stanford: building a discipline, a university, and Silicon Valley. Stanford University Press. pp. 119, 126, 156, 181. ISBN 978-0-8047-4914-5.
^ McKinney, Gage (2016). MacBoyle's Gold. Santa Rosa: Comstock Bonanza Press. p. 345. ISBN 9780933994614.
^ "Steele v. Superior Court". Court case 56 Cal.2d 402. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
^ James E. O'Neal (November 15, 2006). "Grass Valley: From the Movies to the Movies". TV Technology. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
^ "Milestones". Time magazine. November 27, 1972. Archived from the original on October 22, 2010. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
^ McKinney, Gage (2016). MacBoyle's Gold. Santa Rosa: Comstock Bonanza Press. pp. 345–351. ISBN 9780933994614.
External links
Charles Litton Sr. on Littoncorp website
"About Litton Products". Official website. Litton Engineering Laboratories. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Silicon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-su-1"}],"text":"Charles Vincent Litton Sr. (1904–1972) was an engineer and inventor from the area now known as Silicon Valley.[1]","title":"Charles Litton Sr."},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Francisco, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-papers-2"},{"link_name":"Redwood City, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redwood_City,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-papers-2"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"mechanical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering"},{"link_name":"electrical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-su-1"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Charles Vincent Litton was born on March 13, 1904, in San Francisco, California. His mother was Alice J. Vincent and father was Charles A. Litton.[2] As a boy he experimented with radio technology at his parents' house in Redwood City, California.[2]Litton learned machining in the California School of Mechanical Arts of San Francisco, and then attended Stanford University, where he graduated with an A.B. in mechanical engineering in 1924 and electrical engineering in 1925.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vacuum tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube"},{"link_name":"Bell Telephone Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"vacuum tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orr-3"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay"},{"link_name":"amateur radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio"},{"link_name":"amateur radio operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio_operator"},{"link_name":"glass lathe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathe#Glass-working"},{"link_name":"Eitel-McCullough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eimac"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSV13-40-4"},{"link_name":"Federal Telegraph Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Telegraph_Company"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-making-5"},{"link_name":"Cecil Howard Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Howard_Green"},{"link_name":"Texas Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-su-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-case-7"},{"link_name":"Frederick Terman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Terman"},{"link_name":"David Packard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Packard"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"microwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-making-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Russell and Sigurd Varian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_and_Sigurd_Varian"},{"link_name":"klystron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klystron"},{"link_name":"Varian Associates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varian_Associates"},{"link_name":"Eimac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eimac"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-making-5"},{"link_name":"Charles Bates \"Tex\" Thornton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tex_Thornton"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Litton Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litton_Industries"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-case-7"},{"link_name":"Grass Valley, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_Valley,_California"},{"link_name":"Grass Valley Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_Valley_Group"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Career","text":"In the 1920s, he experimented with new techniques and materials for building vacuum tubes. For example, he built the first practical glass blowing lathe. He worked for Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1925 through 1927, and moved back to California in 1927.Amateur radio enthusiasts sought vacuum tubes that would perform better than those then available from RCA, Western Electric, General Electric, and Westinghouse,[3] and the San Francisco Bay area was one of the early centers of amateur radio activity and experimentation, containing about 10% of the total operators in the US. Litton joined fellow amateur radio operators William Eitel and Jack McCullough at their vacuum tube manufacturing company located in the Bay area to address amateur needs. There, Litton originated glass lathe techniques which made mass production of reliable high quality power tubes possible, and resulted in the award of wartime contracts to the company. Eitel and McCullough's company, Eitel-McCullough, was headquartered in San Bruno and manufactured power-grid tubes for radio amateurs and aircraft radio equipment.[4]He later went to work for the Federal Telegraph Company, and headed tube engineering there.[5] Cecil Howard Green (later the founder of Texas Instruments) worked for Litton during that time.[6] During the Great Depression, Federal was acquired and moved its facilities to New Jersey. Litton stayed in California.In 1932, he founded Litton Engineering Laboratories with his savings, and continued to experiment in the shop on his parents' Redwood City property. He held 65 patents on various high-tech innovations.[1] Some of these patents resulted in notable litigation.[7] At Frederick Terman's request, Litton helped Stanford build a tube research lab, and recruit David Packard.[8]During World War II, Litton participated in the design and production of microwave tubes used in communications and radar equipment, for which he was awarded the Presidential Certificate of Merit. In 1941 he formed a partnership called Industrial and Commercial Electronics with Philip Scofield and Ralph Shermund.[5][9] Russell and Sigurd Varian used Litton klystron tube-making equipment in their family firm, Varian Associates. Another firm (later called Eimac) founded by fellow amateur radio operators William Eitel and Jack McCullough used Litton technology.[5]After the war, Litton Industries was incorporated in 1947 to manufacture vacuum tubes and the machinery used to produce them. The company grew rapidly, soon rivaling established electronics firms in the east. On August 3, 1952, Litton split off the glass lathe products, which became the sole proprietorship Litton Engineering Laboratories on May 1, 1953. On November 4, 1953, he sold the vacuum tube manufacturing portion of the company to Electro Dynamics Corporation, which had been founded by Charles Bates \"Tex\" Thornton.[10] In 1954, Electro Dynamics bought the rights to the name Litton Industries.[7] It grew to a multi-national conglomerate. Also in 1954, Litton moved the machinery manufacturing division into a new facility in Grass Valley, California. Litton convinced friend Dr. Donald Hare to move to Grass Valley, and Hare's company became the Grass Valley Group.[11]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carson City, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_City,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"The Bancroft Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bancroft_Library"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-papers-2"},{"link_name":"Nevada County Airpark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_County_Airpark"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Death and legacy","text":"He died in November 1972 in Carson City, Nevada.[12] His papers are in the collection of The Bancroft Library.[2] His sons Charles Jr. and Larry carried on the business of producing glassworking lathes under the \"Litton Engineering Laboratories\" name in Grass Valley. He also had five grand children.Litton was a leader in developing the Nevada County Airpark, and the Sierra Nevada Memorial Hospital.[13]","title":"Biography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Engineering heroes\". School of Engineering web site. Stanford University. 2010. Archived from the original on August 2, 2011. Retrieved October 1, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110802205225/http://soe.stanford.edu/visit/huang_center/heroes.html","url_text":"\"Engineering heroes\""},{"url":"http://soe.stanford.edu/visit/huang_center/heroes.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to the Charles Vincent Litton papers, 1912-1972\". Online Archive of California. Bancroft Library. Retrieved October 1, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf100001d1","url_text":"\"Guide to the Charles Vincent Litton papers, 1912-1972\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancroft_Library","url_text":"Bancroft Library"}]},{"reference":"Christophe Lécuyer; Professor of the History of Science and Technology Christophe Lecuyer (2006). Making Silicon Valley: Innovation and the Growth of High Tech, 1930-1970. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-12281-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5TgKinNy5p8C","url_text":"Making Silicon Valley: Innovation and the Growth of High Tech, 1930-1970"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-12281-8","url_text":"978-0-262-12281-8"}]},{"reference":"Christophe Lécuyer (2006). Making Silicon Valley: innovation and the growth of high tech, 1930-1970. MIT Press. pp. 14–15, 21–22, 28, 30. ISBN 978-0-262-12281-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/makingsiliconval00chri","url_text":"Making Silicon Valley: innovation and the growth of high tech, 1930-1970"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/makingsiliconval00chri/page/14","url_text":"14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-12281-8","url_text":"978-0-262-12281-8"}]},{"reference":"Thomas Lee (April 6, 2009). \"When Silicon Valley was \"Arc Alley\"\". SLAC Colloquium Detail. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. Archived from the original on May 1, 2012. Retrieved October 1, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120501101546/http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/colloquium/details.asp?EventID=255","url_text":"\"When Silicon Valley was \"Arc Alley\"\""},{"url":"http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/colloquium/details.asp?EventID=255","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alphonsus E. McCarthy Jr. vs. Litton Industries, Inc\". Case 410 Mass. 15. 1991. Retrieved October 1, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://masscases.com/cases/sjc/410/410mass15.html","url_text":"\"Alphonsus E. McCarthy Jr. vs. Litton Industries, Inc\""}]},{"reference":"C. Stewart Gillmor (2004). Fred Terman at Stanford: building a discipline, a university, and Silicon Valley. Stanford University Press. pp. 119, 126, 156, 181. ISBN 978-0-8047-4914-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fredtermanatstan0000gill","url_text":"Fred Terman at Stanford: building a discipline, a university, and Silicon Valley"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fredtermanatstan0000gill/page/119","url_text":"119"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4914-5","url_text":"978-0-8047-4914-5"}]},{"reference":"McKinney, Gage (2016). MacBoyle's Gold. Santa Rosa: Comstock Bonanza Press. p. 345. ISBN 9780933994614.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780933994614","url_text":"9780933994614"}]},{"reference":"\"Steele v. Superior Court\". Court case 56 Cal.2d 402. Retrieved October 1, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://scocal.stanford.edu/opinion/steele-v-superior-court-27070","url_text":"\"Steele v. Superior Court\""}]},{"reference":"James E. O'Neal (November 15, 2006). \"Grass Valley: From the Movies to the Movies\". TV Technology. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved October 1, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081011101859/http://hdnews.tvtechnology.com/pages/s.0042/t.471.html","url_text":"\"Grass Valley: From the Movies to the Movies\""},{"url":"http://hdnews.tvtechnology.com/pages/s.0042/t.471.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Milestones\". Time magazine. November 27, 1972. Archived from the original on October 22, 2010. Retrieved October 1, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101022195329/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,944564,00.html","url_text":"\"Milestones\""},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,944564,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McKinney, Gage (2016). MacBoyle's Gold. Santa Rosa: Comstock Bonanza Press. pp. 345–351. ISBN 9780933994614.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780933994614","url_text":"9780933994614"}]},{"reference":"\"About Litton Products\". Official website. Litton Engineering Laboratories. Retrieved October 1, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.littonengr.com/About_Litton_Products.cfm","url_text":"\"About Litton Products\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Brennan
|
Jane Brennan
|
["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Irish actress
Jane BrennanBornIrelandOccupationActressYears active1980–present
Jane Brennan is an Irish actress. Primarily known for her work on the stage, she played Mary Lacey in the Academy Award-nominated film Brooklyn. She also had a recurring role as Lady Margaret Bryan on the series The Tudors. She is the co-founder of the Bespoke Theatre Company.
Biography
Her father was Denis Brennan, a theatre director. Her mother was Daphne (née Carroll) Brennan, an actress. Several other members of her family are also actors.
Brennan made her film debut in Attracta (1983), an Irish film that starred Wendy Hiller. In 2002, she appeared in the television remake of The Magnificent Ambersons. She played Hannah Arnold in the 2003 television film Benedict Arnold: A Question of Honor. Also in 2003, she appeared in Veronica Guerrin, an Irish drama film about the murder of Veronica Guerin. She also had supporting roles in Perrier's Bounty, Death of a Superhero, and John Crowley's Intermission.
For her performance as Mary Lacey, the mother of Saoirse Ronan's character in Brooklyn, she won Best Supporting Actress at the 13th Irish Film & Television Awards.
On stage, she has performed in many productions at the Abbey and Peacock Theatres in Dublin. As well as the Gate Theatre. Among her many roles include performances in The Singular Life of Albert Nobbs, Dancing at Lughnasa, The Playboy of the Western World, and The Beauty Queen of Leenane.
She appeared opposite Sarah Bolger in Abner Pastoll's 2019 crime-thriller A Good Woman Is Hard to Find, written by Academy Award nominee Ronan Blaney. She had a main cast role in crime drama Hidden Assets as CAB Chief Eileen Gately.
References
^ "Jane Brennan profile". Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
^ Daphne Brennan obituary
^ Brennan family profile
^ Winners list
^ Jane Brennan profile
External links
Jane Brennan at IMDb
vteIrish Film and Television Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role – Film
None (2003)
Susan Lynch (2004)
Charlotte Bradley (2005)
Fionnula Flanagan (2006)
Saoirse Ronan (2007)
Saoirse Ronan (2008)
Dervla Kirwan (2009)
Saoirse Ronan (2010)
Fionnula Flanagan (2011)
Bríd Brennan (2012)
Sinéad Cusack (2013)
Sarah Greene (2014)
Jane Brennan (2015)
Charleigh Bailey (2016)
Victoria Smurfit (2017)
Niamh Algar (2018 & 2019)
Sharon Horgan (2020/2021)
Jessie Buckley (2021/2022)
Kerry Condon (2022/2023)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_people"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_(film)"},{"link_name":"Lady Margaret Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Bryan"},{"link_name":"The Tudors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tudors"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Jane Brennan is an Irish actress. Primarily known for her work on the stage, she played Mary Lacey in the Academy Award-nominated film Brooklyn. She also had a recurring role as Lady Margaret Bryan on the series The Tudors. She is the co-founder of the Bespoke Theatre Company.[1]","title":"Jane Brennan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Attracta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attracta_(film)"},{"link_name":"Wendy Hiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Hiller"},{"link_name":"The Magnificent Ambersons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magnificent_Ambersons_(2002_film)"},{"link_name":"Benedict Arnold: A Question of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Arnold:_A_Question_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"Veronica Guerrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronica_Guerin_(film)"},{"link_name":"Veronica Guerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronica_Guerin"},{"link_name":"Perrier's Bounty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perrier%27s_Bounty"},{"link_name":"Death of a Superhero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_a_Superhero"},{"link_name":"John Crowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Crowley_(director)"},{"link_name":"Intermission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermission_(film)"},{"link_name":"Saoirse Ronan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saoirse_Ronan"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_(film)"},{"link_name":"13th Irish Film & Television Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Irish_Film_%26_Television_Awards"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Gate Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_Theatre"},{"link_name":"The Singular Life of Albert Nobbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Singular_Life_of_Albert_Nobbs"},{"link_name":"Dancing at Lughnasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_at_Lughnasa"},{"link_name":"The Playboy of the Western World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Playboy_of_the_Western_World"},{"link_name":"The Beauty Queen of Leenane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beauty_Queen_of_Leenane"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sarah Bolger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Bolger"},{"link_name":"Abner Pastoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abner_Pastoll"},{"link_name":"A Good Woman Is Hard to Find","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Good_Woman_Is_Hard_to_Find"},{"link_name":"Ronan Blaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ronan_Blaney&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hidden Assets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_Assets_(TV_series)"}],"text":"Her father was Denis Brennan, a theatre director. Her mother was Daphne (née Carroll) Brennan, an actress. Several other members of her family are also actors.[2][3]Brennan made her film debut in Attracta (1983), an Irish film that starred Wendy Hiller. In 2002, she appeared in the television remake of The Magnificent Ambersons. She played Hannah Arnold in the 2003 television film Benedict Arnold: A Question of Honor. Also in 2003, she appeared in Veronica Guerrin, an Irish drama film about the murder of Veronica Guerin. She also had supporting roles in Perrier's Bounty, Death of a Superhero, and John Crowley's Intermission.For her performance as Mary Lacey, the mother of Saoirse Ronan's character in Brooklyn, she won Best Supporting Actress at the 13th Irish Film & Television Awards.[4]On stage, she has performed in many productions at the Abbey and Peacock Theatres in Dublin. As well as the Gate Theatre. Among her many roles include performances in The Singular Life of Albert Nobbs, Dancing at Lughnasa, The Playboy of the Western World, and The Beauty Queen of Leenane.[5]She appeared opposite Sarah Bolger in Abner Pastoll's 2019 crime-thriller A Good Woman Is Hard to Find, written by Academy Award nominee Ronan Blaney. She had a main cast role in crime drama Hidden Assets as CAB Chief Eileen Gately.","title":"Biography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Jane Brennan profile\". Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161220105019/https://www.abbeytheatre.ie/people/view/jane_brennan1","url_text":"\"Jane Brennan profile\""},{"url":"https://www.abbeytheatre.ie/people/view/jane_brennan1","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161220105019/https://www.abbeytheatre.ie/people/view/jane_brennan1","external_links_name":"\"Jane Brennan profile\""},{"Link":"https://www.abbeytheatre.ie/people/view/jane_brennan1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/tributes-paid-at-funeral-of-mother-of-dublin-acting-family-daphne-brennan-1.2100330","external_links_name":"Daphne Brennan obituary"},{"Link":"http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/acting-is-brennanbred-26823599.html","external_links_name":"Brennan family profile"},{"Link":"http://www.ifta.ie/awards/iftawinners2016.php","external_links_name":"Winners list"},{"Link":"http://www.lisarichards.ie/actorsf/jane-brennan-actor#.WE-vxSmTus4","external_links_name":"Jane Brennan profile"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1120609/","external_links_name":"Jane Brennan"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osip_Abdulov
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Osip Abdulov
|
["1 Biography","2 Notable roles","2.1 Theater roles","2.2 Film roles","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Soviet actor
Osip Naumovich AbdulovBorn16 November 1900 Łódź, Piotrków Governorate Russian EmpireDied14 June 1953(1953-06-14) (aged 52)Moscow, Russian SFSR Soviet UnionOccupation(s)Theater, radio, and film actorYears active1918 - 1953SpouseYelizaveta Moiseyevna Abdulova (née Shekhtman)RelativesVsevolod Abdulov (son)AwardsPeople's Artist of the RSFSR (1944) Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1949) Stalin Prize (1951)
Osip Naumovich Abdulov (Russian: Осип Наумович Абдулов; 16 November 1900 in Łódź – 14 June 1953 in Moscow) was a Soviet actor.
Biography
Osip Naumovich Abdulov was born to a Jewish family in Łódź, Poland (then part of the Russian Empire) in 1900. He briefly studied at Moscow University (now Moscow State University) in 1917 before turning his interest to acting.
Abdulov began working at the Shalyapin studio in 1918, where he had first performing role in 1919. He worked at various theaters in Moscow during the 1920s and 1930s and joined the company of the Theater of the Mossovet in 1943.
Abdulov additionally worked for Soviet radio broadcasting (first as an announcer and actor, then as a director) in 1924. He was involved in radio plays based on the dramatic works of Romain Rolland, Alphonse Daudet, Charles Dickens, Nikolay Gogol, and Maxim Gorky and took part in organizing artistic broadcasting for children. Abdulov worked as a news reader on Soviet radio during World War II.
Abdulov began to appear in films in 1933.
He became a People's Artist of the RSFSR in 1944. He was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour in 1949 and a Stalin State Prize (second degree) in 1951.
Osip Abdulov's son Vsevolod Osipovich Abdulov (1942 - 2002) also became a notable actor. Both were interred at the Vvedenskoye Cemetery in Moscow.
Notable roles
Theater roles
Year
Title
Playwright(s)
Role
1928
Enough Stupidity for Every Wise Man
Alexander Ostrovsky
Krupitsky
1933
The Devil's Disciple
George Bernard Shaw
General Burgoyne
1933
Wolves and Sheep
Alexander Ostrovsky
Lynyayev
1933
The School for Taxpayers
Louis Verneuil and Georges Berr
Fromanteel
1940
Without a Dowry
Alexander Ostrovsky
Knurov
1945
The Seagull
Anton Chekhov
Sorin
1945
The Cabinet Minister's Wife
Branislav Nušić
Uncle Vas
1950
Dawn Over Moscow
Anatoly Surov
Academician Ryzhov
1953
The Story of Turkey
Nâzım Hikmet
Old ashik
Film roles
Year
Title
Director(s)
Role
1936
The Last Night
Yuly Rayzman and Dmitri Ivanovich Vasilyev
Colonel
1936
The Dawn of Paris
Grigory Roshal
Vasse Jr.
1938
Treasure Island
Vladimir Vaynshtok
Long John Silver
1938
The Oppenheim Family
Grigory Roshal
Jacques Lavendel
1938
Honor
Yevgeny Chervyakov
Engineer
1945
The Man in a Case
Isidor Annensky
Tarantulov
1940
Tanya
Grigori Aleksandrov
Feodor Karpovich Dorokhov
1941
They Met in Moscow
Ivan Pyryev
Levon Mikhaylovich
1941
How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich
Andrey Kustov and Anisim Mazur
Town governor
1941
The Sea Hawk
Vladimir Braun
Ivan Akimovich
1944
The Wedding
Isidor Annensky
Dymba the Greek
1944
The Duel
Vladimir Legoshin
Gestapo Colonel Krauschke
1949
Alexander Popov
Herbert Rappaport and Viktor Eysymont
Isaacs
1953
Silvery Dust
Pavel Armand and Abram Room
Sheriff Smiles
References
^ The Encyclopedia of Russian Jewry Volume 1, Biographies A-I. (1998). Ed. Herman Branover. Northvale, New Jersey: Jason Aaronson. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-7657-9981-4.
^ Российская еврейская энциклопедия, т. 1, Российская академия естественных наук
^ Geldern, James von. (1995). "Radio Moscow: The Voice from the Center". In Richard Stites (ed.), Culture and Entertainment in Wartime Russia. p. 46. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-20949-8.
^ Актеры Советского Кино
^ Опустела без него Москва Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Osip Abdulov.
(in Russian) Biography
Osip Abdulov at IMDb
Osip Abdulov at Find a Grave
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Israel
United States
Netherlands
Poland
|
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wallace_(physicist)
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David Wallace (physicist)
|
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Personal","4 References","5 External links"]
|
British physicist
Sir David WallaceCBE FRS FRSEDavid Wallace (left) and Peter Higgs6th Master of Churchill College, CambridgeIn office2006–2014Preceded bySir John BoydSucceeded byDame Athene Donald
Personal detailsBornDavid James Wallace (1945-10-07) 7 October 1945 (age 78)SpouseElizabeth Anne YeatsAwardsOrder of the British EmpireFellow of the Royal SocietyFellow of the Royal Society of EdinburghDeputy LieutenantHarkness FellowshipFellow of the Royal Academy of EngineeringWebsitewww.chu.cam.ac.uk/people/view/david-wallace/Alma materUniversity of EdinburghScientific careerInstitutionsUniversity of CambridgePrinceton UniversityUniversity of SouthamptonLoughborough UniversityUniversity of EdinburghEPCCHarrow SchoolInstitute of PhysicsThesisApplications of current algebras and chiral symmetry breaking (1971)Doctoral advisorPeter HiggsDoctoral studentsChristopher BishopNeil Gunther
Sir David James Wallace, CBE, FRS, FRSE, FREng (born 7 October 1945) is a British physicist and academic. He was the Vice-Chancellor of Loughborough University from 1994 to 2005, and the Master of Churchill College, Cambridge from 2006 to 2014.
Early life and education
Wallace was born on 7 October 1945. He was educated at Hawick High School in Hawick, Borders, Scotland and went to the University of Edinburgh where he earned a degree in Mathematical Physics and a PhD in Elementary particle theory, under the supervision of Peter Higgs.
Career
After postdoctoral research work as a Harkness Fellow at Princeton University, Wallace became a physics lecturer at the University of Southampton in 1972.
In 1979 he became the fourth Tait Professor of Mathematical Physics at the University of Edinburgh, succeeding Nicholas Kemmer. He won the James Clerk Maxwell Medal and Prize in 1980. He became Director of the Edinburgh Parallel Computing Centre (EPCC) and in 1996 he was appointed a CBE for his computing work.
Wallace is currently Vice-President for Physical Sciences of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, of which he was made a Fellow of in 1982. He was formerly Vice-President and Treasurer of the Royal Society and Chair of the Council for the Mathematical Sciences. From 1994 to January 2006 he was the Vice-Chancellor of Loughborough University. From 2006 to 2011 he was the Director of the Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences in Cambridge. Wallace has also been President of the Institute of Physics and Deputy Lieutenant of Leicestershire. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 1998, and was a commissioner of the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 from 2001-2011.
In 2014, the Department of Mathematical Sciences at Loughborough University launched a series of public lectures honouring Wallace. The Sir David Wallace lectures are hosted by the University. Speakers have included Cédric Villani and Michael Berry (physicist).
Personal
He has a wife, Elizabeth and a daughter, Sara.
References
^ a b c d e "'WALLACE, Sir David (James)', Who's Who 2013, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 2013; online edn, Oxford University Press".(subscription required)
^ a b c d "List of Fellows". Archived from the original on 8 June 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
^ a b "David Wallace CV" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 September 2015.
^ a b c David Wallace at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
^ David Wallace publications indexed by Microsoft Academic
^ "Birthdays". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media. 7 October 2014. p. 37.
^ Wallace, David (1971). Applications of Current Algebras and Chiral Symmetry Breaking (PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh.
^ "Royal Society of Edinburgh Council". The Royal Society of Edinburgh. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
^ "Royal Society of Edinburgh Fellows" (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
^ "Sir David Wallace Lectures". Loughborough University. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
External links
Cam.ac.uk: "Master Appointed to Churchill College
Number-10.gov.uk: "Master Of Churchill College, Cambridge" (via The National Archives, UK)
Archive Version of Loughbourgh University: Vice-Chancellor's Office at the Wayback Machine (archived 5 February 2005)
University of Cambridge: "Director of the Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences appointed"
Academic offices
Preceded bySir David Davies
Vice-Chancellor of Loughborough University 1994–2005
Succeeded byDame Shirley Pearce
Preceded bySir John Kingman
Director of Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences 2006–2011
Succeeded byJohn Toland
Preceded bySir John Boyd
Master of Churchill College 2006–2014
Succeeded byDame Athene Donald
vteFellows of the Royal Society elected in 1986Fellows
Roy M. Anderson
John Argyris
Ian Axford
Alec Broers
Geoffrey Burnstock
Dennis Chapman
John Clarke
Peter Day
Richard Dixon
Simon Donaldson
John Dowell
John M. Edmond
Peter Fellgett
Martin Fleischmann
C. Robin Ganellin
Adrian Gill
John Rodney Guest
Gabriel Horn
Werner Israel
Alec Jeffreys
Allen Kerr
Chris J. Leaver
George Lorimer
Thomas Nelson Marsham
William Mitchell
Keith Moffatt
Michael Augustine Raftery
Vulimiri Ramalingaswami
Peter Richardson
Harold Ridley
Raymond Smallman
Michael Smith
Charles J. M. Stirling
John Sulston
Jean Thomas
David Wallace
Elizabeth Warrington
Allan Wilson
Gordon Richard Wray
Foreign
Piet Borst
Albert Eschenmoser
Antonio Garcia-Bellido
Joseph Keller
Edwin H. Land
Shosaku Numa
Vivian Fuchs
Statute 12
Roger Makins, 1st Baron Sherfield
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
Catalonia
Germany
Israel
United States
Australia
Academics
MathSciNet
Mathematics Genealogy Project
Scopus
zbMATH
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"FRSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"FREng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-List_of_Fellows-2"},{"link_name":"physicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicist"},{"link_name":"Vice-Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-Chancellor"},{"link_name":"Loughborough University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughborough_University"},{"link_name":"Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_(college)"},{"link_name":"Churchill College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-microsoft-5"}],"text":"Sir David James Wallace, CBE, FRS, FRSE, FREng[2] (born 7 October 1945) is a British physicist and academic. He was the Vice-Chancellor of Loughborough University from 1994 to 2005, and the Master of Churchill College, Cambridge from 2006 to 2014.[5]","title":"David Wallace (physicist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whoswho-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hawick High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawick_High_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whoswho-1"},{"link_name":"Hawick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawick"},{"link_name":"Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Borders"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Elementary particle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_particle"},{"link_name":"Peter Higgs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Higgs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mathgene-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wallacephd-7"}],"text":"Wallace was born on 7 October 1945.[1][6] He was educated at Hawick High School[1] in Hawick, Borders, Scotland and went to the University of Edinburgh where he earned a degree in Mathematical Physics and a PhD in Elementary particle theory, under the supervision of Peter Higgs.[4][7]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"postdoctoral research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postdoctoral_research"},{"link_name":"Harkness Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harkness_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"University of Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southampton"},{"link_name":"Tait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Guthrie_Tait"},{"link_name":"Mathematical Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_physics"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Kemmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Kemmer"},{"link_name":"James Clerk Maxwell Medal and Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell_Medal_and_Prize"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Parallel Computing Centre (EPCC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPCC"},{"link_name":"CBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"Council for the Mathematical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_the_Mathematical_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Vice-Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-Chancellor"},{"link_name":"Loughborough University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughborough_University"},{"link_name":"Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Institute_for_Mathematical_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Institute of Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Physics"},{"link_name":"Deputy Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-List_of_Fellows-2"},{"link_name":"Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Commission_for_the_Exhibition_of_1851"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whoswho-1"},{"link_name":"Loughborough University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughborough_University"},{"link_name":"Cédric Villani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9dric_Villani"},{"link_name":"Michael Berry (physicist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Berry_(physicist)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"After postdoctoral research work as a Harkness Fellow at Princeton University, Wallace became a physics lecturer at the University of Southampton in 1972.In 1979 he became the fourth Tait Professor of Mathematical Physics at the University of Edinburgh, succeeding Nicholas Kemmer. He won the James Clerk Maxwell Medal and Prize in 1980. He became Director of the Edinburgh Parallel Computing Centre (EPCC) and in 1996 he was appointed a CBE for his computing work.Wallace is currently Vice-President for Physical Sciences of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, of which he was made a Fellow of in 1982.[8][9] He was formerly Vice-President and Treasurer of the Royal Society and Chair of the Council for the Mathematical Sciences. From 1994 to January 2006 he was the Vice-Chancellor of Loughborough University. From 2006 to 2011 he was the Director of the Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences in Cambridge. Wallace has also been President of the Institute of Physics and Deputy Lieutenant of Leicestershire. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering[2] in 1998, and was a commissioner of the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 from 2001-2011.[1]In 2014, the Department of Mathematical Sciences at Loughborough University launched a series of public lectures honouring Wallace. The Sir David Wallace lectures are hosted by the University. Speakers have included Cédric Villani and Michael Berry (physicist).[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cv-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whoswho-1"}],"text":"He has a wife, Elizabeth[3][1] and a daughter, Sara.","title":"Personal"}]
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[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Battaglia
|
Sam Battaglia
|
["1 Early career","2 Outfit member","3 References","4 Further reading","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]
|
American mobster (1908–1973)
Sam BattagliaBornSalvatore Joseph Battaglia(1908-11-05)November 5, 1908Chicago, Illinois, U.S.DiedSeptember 7, 1973(1973-09-07) (aged 64)Chicago, Illinois, U.S.Other names"Teets"OccupationCrime bossAllegianceChicago Outfit
Salvatore Joseph "Sam" Battaglia (November 5, 1908 – September 7, 1973) was an American mobster and high-level member of the Chicago Outfit criminal organization.
Early career
Battaglia was born in Chicago, Illinois. At age 16, Battaglia joined bosses Johnny Torrio and Al Capone in the Chicago Outfit at the start of the gang war against the mostly Irish North Side Gang, which was underboss Dean O'Banion. By the late 1930s, Battaglia had become a high-ranking member of the Outfit and a formidable loan shark. Debtors behind in their payments would be brought to Battaglia in the back room of the Casa Madrid restaurant, in Melrose Park, IL., where they would be severely beaten or killed. Supposedly, Battaglia's nickname "Teets" came from one such encounter. Another mobster was questioning Battaglia's handling of a debtor, and Battaglia yelled back at him, "Shaddup, or I'll bust ya in da teets!"
Outfit member
By 1950, Battaglia had an extensive criminal record that included over 12 counts of burglary, robbery, and murder (he was a suspect in seven homicides). A close associate of Outfit boss Giancana, Battaglia was considered Giancana's successor once he stepped down. While testifying before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the U.S. Senate Committee on Government Operations investigations on organized crime, Battaglia pleaded the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution over 60 times.
As long-time Outfit leader Antonino ("Tony," "Joe Batters") Accardo stepped away from the limelight to shield himself in the 1950s, Battaglia struggled for power along with rivals Giancana, Felix Alderisio and Fiore "Fifi" Buccieri. In 1965, Battaglia became outfit boss, succeeding Giancana, who had fled the country. However, in 1967, Battaglia was convicted of violating the Hobbs Act for obstructing interstate commerce and sentenced to 15 years. With Battaglia in prison and Giancana living in exile in Mexico, Felix "Milwaukee Phil" Alderisio took over as day-to-day boss.
References
Further reading
Binder, John J. The Chicago Outfit. Chicago: Arcadia Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0-7385-2326-7
Giancana, Sam and Chuck. Double Cross: The Explosive, Inside Story of the Mobster Who Controlled America. New York: Warner Books, 1992. ISBN 0-446-51624-4
Ovid, Demaris. Captive City: Chicago in Chains. New York: Lyle Stuart, 1969.
Bibliography
Kelly, Robert J. Encyclopedia of Organized Crime in the United States. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2000. ISBN 0-313-30653-2
Sifakis, Carl. The Mafia Encyclopedia. New York: Da Capo Press, 2005. ISBN 0-8160-5694-3
Sifakis, Carl. The Encyclopedia of American Crime (2nd. ed) New York: Facts on File Inc., 2005. ISBN 0-8160-4040-0
External links
Battaglia Brothers by John William Tuohy
Chicago Sun-Times: A century of Chicago mob bosses
American Mafia
Preceded bySam Giancana
Chicago Outfit Boss 1966
Succeeded byJackie Cerone
vteChicago OutfitBosses
Big Jim Colosimo
Johnny Torrio
Al Capone
Frank Nitti
Paul Ricca
Tony Accardo
Sam Giancana
Sam Battaglia
Jackie Cerone
Felix Alderisio
Joey Aiuppa
Samuel Carlisi
John DiFronzo
Current members
Joseph Andriacchi
James Marcello
Michael Sarno
Past membersMade men
Dominick Basso
James Belcastro
Fiore Buccieri
Frank Buccieri
John Caifano
Frank Capone
Ralph Capone
Frank T. Caruso
Dominic Cortina
William Daddano
Marco D'Amico
Mario Anthony DeStefano
Peter DiFronzo
Joseph Ferriola
Joseph Giunta
Angelo LaPietra
Frankie LaPorte
Antonio Lombardo
Joseph Lombardo
Pat Marcy
Louis Marino
Jack McGurn
James McLain
Charles Nicoletti
Rocco Pranno
Frank Rio
John Scalise
Anthony Spilotro
Michael Spilotro
Albert Tocco
George "Babe" Tuffanelli
Associates
Harry Aleman
Gus Alex
Herbert Blitzstein
Richard Cain
Mickey Cohen
Michael J. Corbitt
Sam DeStefano
William Dauber
Allen Dorfman
Angelo Genna
Mike Genna
Tony Genna
Jake Guzik
Virginia Hill
Murray Humphreys
William Jackson
Hyman Larner
Lucky Luciano
Frank McErlane
Joseph Saltis
Bugsy Siegel
William White
Frankie Yale
Jack Zuta
Informants
William Morris Bioff
Nicholas Calabrese
Robert Cooley
Frank Cullotta
Ken Eto
Leonard Patrick
Frank Rosenthal
Gerald Scarpelli
Family eventsHearings
Kefauver Committee (1950–1951)
Operation Family Secrets (2005)
Trials
Capone Tax Evasion Trial (1931)
Mafia Commission Trial (1986)
Wars
Castellammarese War (1929–1931) (Unofficial)
Relation to other groupsAllies
Bonanno family
Buffalo family
Bugs and Meyer Mob
Cleveland family
Colombo family
Denver family
Detroit Partnership
Forty-Two Gang
Gambino family
Genovese family
Genna family
Kansas City family
Los Angeles family
Lucchese family
Milwaukee family
New Orleans family
Patriarca family
San Francisco family
St. Louis family
Unione Siciliana
Rivals
Joe Aiello
North Side Gang
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mobster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobster"},{"link_name":"Chicago Outfit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Outfit"}],"text":"Salvatore Joseph \"Sam\" Battaglia (November 5, 1908 – September 7, 1973) was an American mobster and high-level member of the Chicago Outfit criminal organization.","title":"Sam Battaglia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Johnny Torrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Torrio"},{"link_name":"Al Capone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Capone"},{"link_name":"Chicago Outfit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Outfit"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish-American"},{"link_name":"North Side Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Side_Gang"},{"link_name":"Dean O'Banion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_O%27Banion"},{"link_name":"loan shark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_shark"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"mobster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobster"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Battaglia was born in Chicago, Illinois. At age 16, Battaglia joined bosses Johnny Torrio and Al Capone in the Chicago Outfit at the start of the gang war against the mostly Irish North Side Gang, which was underboss Dean O'Banion. By the late 1930s, Battaglia had become a high-ranking member of the Outfit and a formidable loan shark.[citation needed] Debtors behind in their payments would be brought to Battaglia in the back room of the Casa Madrid restaurant, in Melrose Park, IL., where they would be severely beaten or killed. Supposedly, Battaglia's nickname \"Teets\" came from one such encounter. Another mobster was questioning Battaglia's handling of a debtor, and Battaglia yelled back at him, \"Shaddup, or I'll bust ya in da teets!\"[citation needed]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"criminal record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_record"},{"link_name":"burglary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burglary"},{"link_name":"robbery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbery"},{"link_name":"murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder"},{"link_name":"homicides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicide"},{"link_name":"Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs_Permanent_Subcommittee_on_Investigations"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senate Committee on Government Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs"},{"link_name":"organized crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_crime"},{"link_name":"Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Antonino (\"Tony,\" \"Joe Batters\") Accardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Accardo"},{"link_name":"Felix Alderisio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Alderisio"},{"link_name":"Fiore \"Fifi\" Buccieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiore_Buccieri"},{"link_name":"Hobbs Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobbs_Act"},{"link_name":"Felix \"Milwaukee Phil\" Alderisio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Alderisio"}],"text":"By 1950, Battaglia had an extensive criminal record that included over 12 counts of burglary, robbery, and murder (he was a suspect in seven homicides). A close associate of Outfit boss Giancana, Battaglia was considered Giancana's successor once he stepped down. While testifying before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the U.S. Senate Committee on Government Operations investigations on organized crime, Battaglia pleaded the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution over 60 times.As long-time Outfit leader Antonino (\"Tony,\" \"Joe Batters\") Accardo stepped away from the limelight to shield himself in the 1950s, Battaglia struggled for power along with rivals Giancana, Felix Alderisio and Fiore \"Fifi\" Buccieri. In 1965, Battaglia became outfit boss, succeeding Giancana, who had fled the country. However, in 1967, Battaglia was convicted of violating the Hobbs Act for obstructing interstate commerce and sentenced to 15 years. With Battaglia in prison and Giancana living in exile in Mexico, Felix \"Milwaukee Phil\" Alderisio took over as day-to-day boss.","title":"Outfit member"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7385-2326-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7385-2326-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-446-51624-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-446-51624-4"}],"text":"Binder, John J. The Chicago Outfit. Chicago: Arcadia Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0-7385-2326-7\nGiancana, Sam and Chuck. Double Cross: The Explosive, Inside Story of the Mobster Who Controlled America. New York: Warner Books, 1992. ISBN 0-446-51624-4\nOvid, Demaris. Captive City: Chicago in Chains. New York: Lyle Stuart, 1969.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-313-30653-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30653-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8160-5694-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-5694-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8160-4040-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-4040-0"}],"text":"Kelly, Robert J. Encyclopedia of Organized Crime in the United States. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2000. ISBN 0-313-30653-2\nSifakis, Carl. The Mafia Encyclopedia. New York: Da Capo Press, 2005. ISBN 0-8160-5694-3\nSifakis, Carl. The Encyclopedia of American Crime (2nd. ed) New York: Facts on File Inc., 2005. ISBN 0-8160-4040-0","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.americanmafia.com/Feature_Articles_150.html","external_links_name":"Battaglia Brothers"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080502222232/http://www.suntimes.com/special_sections/crime/37620,cst-nws-mobtop18r.article","external_links_name":"Chicago Sun-Times: A century of Chicago mob bosses"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Sadiq_Hassan
|
Muhammad Sadiq Hassan
|
["1 Poetry","2 References"]
|
Mohammed Sadiq Hassanمحمد صادق حسنBorn1886Kirkuk, Ottoman EmpireDiedJuly 1, 1967Kirkuk, IraqOccupation(s)poet, teacher and writer
Mohammed Sadiq Hassan 'Awni Effendi (1886 - 1 July 1967) was an Iraqi polyglot poet and writer. Born in Kirkuk to a Turkmen-Arab family, he studied and learned Arabic, Persian, Turkish and Kurdish. Joined the Military Academy in Istanbul and graduated with the rank of second lieutenant, then was appointed to the Ottoman army and contributed to wars, such as Siege of Kut and World War I. After war, appointed in education and left the army to work in the teaching of religious Islamic sciences at the Khangah Mosque. He wrote poetry in Turkish, Persian, and Arabic, but was his best poets written in Turkish. He published his poetry in Iraqi newspapers and other local newspapers in Kirkuk, his hometown. Some of his printed books are The World War Memories (1925), My Reflections (1956) and The Passionate Sensations (1964), many of his poems were translated into Arabic. He died in Husam al-Din Mosque in central Kirkuk.
Poetry
Muhammad Sadiq wrote for many purposes and was famous for ghazal, nationalism, lamentation and divinities. In his youth, he loved a girl but did not last long because the girl died and this effect affected by her youth poetry. He wrote in Turkish, Arabic, Kurdish, and Persian and combined this languages in his "Mal'amah" poem. He wrote a large number of Gnostic ruba'iyat known as "Khuwairat". He visited Baghdad from time to time and met with Rasafi, Zahawi and others.
References
^ Mir Basri. Aʻlām al-Turkumān wa al-adab al-Turkī fī al-ʻIrāq al-ḥadīth (in Arabic) (1st ed.). London, United Kingdom: Dār al-Warrāq lil-Nashr. pp. 45–48. ISBN 9781900700054.
^ Kamil Salman al-Jabbouri (2002). Muʻjam al-shuʻarāʼ : min al-ʻAṣr al-Jāhilī ḥattá sanat 2002 M. Vol. 5th (1st ed.). Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyah. p. 350. ISBN 9782745136930.
|
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Mir Basri. Aʻlām al-Turkumān wa al-adab al-Turkī fī al-ʻIrāq al-ḥadīth (in Arabic) (1st ed.). London, United Kingdom: Dār al-Warrāq lil-Nashr. pp. 45–48. ISBN 9781900700054.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Basri","url_text":"Mir Basri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781900700054","url_text":"9781900700054"}]},{"reference":"Kamil Salman al-Jabbouri (2002). Muʻjam al-shuʻarāʼ : min al-ʻAṣr al-Jāhilī ḥattá sanat 2002 M. Vol. 5th (1st ed.). Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyah. p. 350. ISBN 9782745136930.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782745136930","url_text":"9782745136930"}]}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polling_Abbey
|
Polling Abbey
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 47°48′42″N 11°07′54″E / 47.81167°N 11.13167°E / 47.81167; 11.13167Polling Abbey
Polling Abbey (German: Kloster Polling) is a former monastery in Polling bei Weilheim, district of Weilheim-Schongau, in Upper Bavaria, Germany.
According to legend, the founder was Duke Tassilo III of Bavaria in about 750, but it seems more likely that the founders were members of the powerful Bavarian noble family of the Huosi.
Initially this was a Benedictine monastery, but later became a house of Augustinian canons. The abbey was dissolved during the secularization of 1803 and the buildings were mostly demolished between 1805 and 1807.
The important late Gothic abbey church with early Baroque stucco work by the Wessobrunn stuccoist Georg Schmuzer is now the parish church.
Part of what few buildings remained came into the possession of the Dominican sisters in 1892. The dispensary and the service block passed into private ownership.
The unique library of Polling Abbey was restored in 1970-1975 and may be visited by arrangement with the Verein der Freunde des Pollinger Bibliotheksaals e.V..
A hospice is also accommodated in the remaining premises on the former abbey site.
References
Hammermayer, Ludwig: Das Augustiner-Chorherrenstift Polling und sein Anteil an Entstehung und Entfaltung von Aufklärung und Akademie- und Sozietätsbewegung im süddeutsch-katholischen Raum (ca. 1717-1787) Paring 1997. ISBN 3-9805469-1-8
Milisterfer, Roland: Das Kloster Polling im 18. Jahrhundert. Polling 2004.
Matthias Memmel; Claudius Stein (ed.): "Ganz unbrauchbar..." Die Pollinger Pinakothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München 2011. ISBN 978-3-926163-72-1
External links
Media related to Polling Abbey at Wikimedia Commons
Verein der Freunde des Pollinger Bibliotheksaals e.V. ("Friends of the Polling Abbey Library")
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Geographic
Klosterdatenbank
MusicBrainz place
47°48′42″N 11°07′54″E / 47.81167°N 11.13167°E / 47.81167; 11.13167
This article about a Christian monastery, abbey, priory or other religious house is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a Bavarian building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kloster_Polling.jpg"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Polling bei Weilheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polling,_Weilheim-Schongau"},{"link_name":"Weilheim-Schongau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weilheim-Schongau"},{"link_name":"Upper Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Tassilo III of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tassilo_III_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Bavarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_St._Benedict"},{"link_name":"Augustinian canons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canons_regular"},{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture"},{"link_name":"stucco work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stucco"},{"link_name":"Wessobrunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessobrunn_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Dominican sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"dispensary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispensary"},{"link_name":"library of Polling Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polling_monastery_library"},{"link_name":"hospice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospice_care"}],"text":"Polling AbbeyPolling Abbey (German: Kloster Polling) is a former monastery in Polling bei Weilheim, district of Weilheim-Schongau, in Upper Bavaria, Germany.According to legend, the founder was Duke Tassilo III of Bavaria in about 750, but it seems more likely that the founders were members of the powerful Bavarian noble family of the Huosi.Initially this was a Benedictine monastery, but later became a house of Augustinian canons. The abbey was dissolved during the secularization of 1803 and the buildings were mostly demolished between 1805 and 1807.The important late Gothic abbey church with early Baroque stucco work by the Wessobrunn stuccoist Georg Schmuzer is now the parish church.Part of what few buildings remained came into the possession of the Dominican sisters in 1892. The dispensary and the service block passed into private ownership.The unique library of Polling Abbey was restored in 1970-1975 and may be visited by arrangement with the Verein der Freunde des Pollinger Bibliotheksaals e.V..A hospice is also accommodated in the remaining premises on the former abbey site.","title":"Polling Abbey"}]
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[{"image_text":"Polling Abbey","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Kloster_Polling.jpg/220px-Kloster_Polling.jpg"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Polling_Abbey¶ms=47_48_42_N_11_07_54_E_region:DE-BY_type:landmark_source:dewiki","external_links_name":"47°48′42″N 11°07′54″E / 47.81167°N 11.13167°E / 47.81167; 11.13167"},{"Link":"http://www.bibliotheksaal.de/","external_links_name":"Verein der Freunde des Pollinger Bibliotheksaals e.V."},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/243137859","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://klosterdatenbank.germania-sacra.de/gsn/60319","external_links_name":"Klosterdatenbank"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/place/7f4263cf-3858-4ac6-baa5-721620fa8cba","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz place"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Polling_Abbey¶ms=47_48_42_N_11_07_54_E_region:DE-BY_type:landmark_source:dewiki","external_links_name":"47°48′42″N 11°07′54″E / 47.81167°N 11.13167°E / 47.81167; 11.13167"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polling_Abbey&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polling_Abbey&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivaceous_piculet
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Olivaceous piculet
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["1 Taxonomy and systematics","2 Description","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Behavior","4.1 Movement","4.2 Feeding","4.3 Breeding","4.4 Vocalization","5 Status","6 References","7 Further reading"]
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Species of woodpecker
Olivaceous piculet
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Piciformes
Family:
Picidae
Genus:
Picumnus
Species:
P. olivaceus
Binomial name
Picumnus olivaceusLafresnaye, 1845
The olivaceous piculet (Picumnus olivaceus) is a species of bird in subfamily Picumninae of the woodpecker family Picidae. It is found from Guatemala south through Central America and western South America to Peru.
Taxonomy and systematics
The olivaceous piculet has these six subspecies:
P. o. dimotus Bangs, 1903
P. o. flavotinctus Ridgway, 1889
P. o. olivaceus Lafresnaye, 1845
P. o. eisenmanni Phelps, W.H. Jr. & Aveledo, 1966
P. o. tachirensis Phelps, W.H. & Gilliard, 1941
P. o. harterti Hellmayr, 1909
The olivaceous piculet and the grayish piculet (P. granadensis) were at one time considered to be conspecific and are now treated as sister species. The "evidence for treatment as separate species is weak". Some authors have proposed splitting each of subspecies flavotinctus and olivaceous into two subspecies but those changes have not been accepted.
Description
The olivaceous piculet is 8.5 to 10 cm (3.3 to 3.9 in) long and weighs 10 to 15 g (0.35 to 0.53 oz). Adult males of the nominate subspecies P. o. olivaceus have a black crown and nape with red tips on the feathers of the front and top and white spots on the rest. Their face is mostly brown with white feather tips. Their upperparts are olive-brown with a yellow tinge. Their flight feathers are dark brown with yellow to yellow-green edges. Their tail is brown; the innermost pair of feathers have pale buff or yellowish inner webs and the outer two pairs a pale buff or yellowish stripe. Their chin and throat are buff to yellowish white with a fine darker scaly appearance. Their underparts are yellowish brown on the breast becoming buffish white to dull yellowish on the belly; the belly and flanks have wide but variable brownish streaks. Their iris is dark brown, the beak black with a gray base to the mandible, the bare skin around the eye gray to blue-gray, and the legs gray with a green or blue tinge. Adult females are identical but with white spots on the whole crown and no red. Juveniles are duller and browner than adults and sometimes have paler and more heavily streaked underparts.
The other subspecies have some differences from the nominate. P. o. dimotus has more of a greenish tinge to the upperparts, is paler and more olive below, and has yellow-orange tips on the crown feathers. P. o. flavotinctus has darker and more olive upperparts, more olive underparts, and yellow on the crown. P. o. eisenmanni has much yellower upperparts, a pale yellowish olive breast and yellow belly, and orange to yellow on the crown. P. o. tachirensis has green-tinged upperparts and orange to yellow on the crown. P. o. harterti is a darker olive overall with yellow to golden on the crown.
Distribution and habitat
The subspecies of the olivaceous piculet are found thus:
P. o. dimotus, eastern Guatemala, northern Honduras, and eastern Nicaragua
P. o. flavotinctus, Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia's northern Chocó Department
P. o. olivaceus, Colombia from Sucre Department south in the Andes to Cauca Department and east to Huila Department
P. o. eisenmanni, the Serranía del Perijá in extreme northwestern Venezuela; possibly in adjacent northern Colombia
P. o. tachirensis, eastern slope of Colombia's Eastern Andes and adjacent southwestern Venezuela
P. o. harterti, from southwestern Colombia south through western Ecuador into northwestern Peru.
The olivaceous piculet inhabits a wide variety of landscapes including the edges of rainforest and cloudforest, drier forest, more open woodlands, secondary forest, plantations, and gardens. It shuns the interior of mature forest. In most of its range it is a bird of the lowlands but reaches 500 m (1,600 ft) in Guatemala and Honduras, 1,400 m (4,600 ft) in Costa Rica, 1,600 m (5,200 ft) on Panama's Pacific slope, 2,300 m (7,500 ft) in Venezuela, 1,800 m (5,900 ft) in Colombia, and 900 m (3,000 ft) in Ecuador.
Behavior
Movement
The olivaceous piculet is a year-round resident throughout its range.
Feeding
The olivaceous piculet forages on slender branches, stems, and vines, usually from the forest undergrowth to its mid-storey, though sometimes in the canopy. It is typically seen singly, in pairs, or in small family groups and frequently joins mixed species foraging flocks. Its primary diet is ant and termite adults, larvae, and pupae. It also takes beetles and the eggs of cockroaches. It extracts them from holes it drills and gleans them from twigs and leaves.
Breeding
The olivaceous piculet's breeding season varies latitudinally, for example from December to May in Costa Rica and February to September in Colombia. Both sexes excavate a nest hole in rotting wood including fence posts, typically within about 2 m (7 ft) of the ground though sometimes as high as 9 m (30 ft). The clutch size is two or three eggs. Both parents incubate the clutch and provision the young. The incubation period is 13 to 14 days and fledging occurs 24 to 25 days after hatch.
Songs and calls
Listen to olivaceous piculet on xeno-canto
Vocalization
The olivaceous piculet's voice is "a high thin chippering trill, often descending in pitch." It also makes a "sharp sibilant 'sst, ssip-ssip' or 'peep'."
Status
The IUCN has assessed the olivaceous piculet as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range and an estimated population of at least a half million mature individuals. However, the population is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified. It is considered uncommon to fairly common in most of its range and occurs in several protected areas.
References
^ a b BirdLife International (2020). "Olivaceous Piculet Picumnus olivaceus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22680774A168642156. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22680774A168642156.en. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
^ a b c Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (August 2022). "Woodpeckers". IOC World Bird List. v 12.2. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved July 24, 2022
^ a b c d e f g h i j Winkler, H. and D. A. Christie (2020). Olivaceous Piculet (Picumnus olivaceus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.olipic1.01 retrieved January 16, 2023
^ Gorman, Gerard (2014). Woodpeckers of the World: A Photographic Guide. Firefly Books. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-1770853096.
^ Ridgely, Robert S.; Greenfield, Paul J. (2001). The Birds of Ecuador: Field Guide. Vol. II. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8721-7.
Further reading
Skutch, Alexander F. (1969). "Olivaceous piculet" (PDF). Life Histories of Central American Birds III: Families Cotingidae, Pipridae, Formicariidae, Furnariidae, Dendrocolaptidae, and Picidae. Pacific Coast Avifauna, Number 35. Berkeley, California: Cooper Ornithological Society. pp. 533–546.
Taxon identifiersPicumnus olivaceus
Wikidata: Q1267535
Wikispecies: Picumnus olivaceus
ADW: Picumnus_olivaceus
Avibase: B190788AFD6100EB
BirdLife: 22680774
BOLD: 115513
BOW: olipic1
CoL: 4HR2N
eBird: olipic1
GBIF: 5228725
iNaturalist: 17772
IRMNG: 11440321
ITIS: 553973
IUCN: 22680774
NCBI: 2039157
Neotropical: olipic1
Observation.org: 70575
Open Tree of Life: 3600244
Xeno-canto: Picumnus-olivaceus
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"subfamily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfamily"},{"link_name":"Picumninae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picumninae"},{"link_name":"Picidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picidae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IOC12.2-2"}],"text":"The olivaceous piculet (Picumnus olivaceus) is a species of bird in subfamily Picumninae of the woodpecker family Picidae. It is found from Guatemala south through Central America and western South America to Peru.[2]","title":"Olivaceous piculet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IOC12.2-2"},{"link_name":"Bangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outram_Bangs"},{"link_name":"Ridgway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ridgway"},{"link_name":"Lafresnaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_de_Lafresnaye"},{"link_name":"Phelps, W.H. Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Phelps_Jr."},{"link_name":"Aveledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aveledo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Phelps, W.H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Phelps_Sr."},{"link_name":"Gilliard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Thomas_Gilliard"},{"link_name":"Hellmayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Eduard_Hellmayr"},{"link_name":"grayish piculet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayish_piculet"},{"link_name":"conspecific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspecific"},{"link_name":"sister species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_species"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SACClist-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OLPI-BOW-4"}],"text":"The olivaceous piculet has these six subspecies:[2]P. o. dimotus Bangs, 1903\nP. o. flavotinctus Ridgway, 1889\nP. o. olivaceus Lafresnaye, 1845\nP. o. eisenmanni Phelps, W.H. Jr. & Aveledo, 1966\nP. o. tachirensis Phelps, W.H. & Gilliard, 1941\nP. o. harterti Hellmayr, 1909The olivaceous piculet and the grayish piculet (P. granadensis) were at one time considered to be conspecific and are now treated as sister species. The \"evidence for treatment as separate species is weak\".[3] Some authors have proposed splitting each of subspecies flavotinctus and olivaceous into two subspecies but those changes have not been accepted.[4]","title":"Taxonomy and systematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nominate subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominate_subspecies"},{"link_name":"mandible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OLPI-BOW-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gorman2014-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OLPI-BOW-4"}],"text":"The olivaceous piculet is 8.5 to 10 cm (3.3 to 3.9 in) long and weighs 10 to 15 g (0.35 to 0.53 oz). Adult males of the nominate subspecies P. o. olivaceus have a black crown and nape with red tips on the feathers of the front and top and white spots on the rest. Their face is mostly brown with white feather tips. Their upperparts are olive-brown with a yellow tinge. Their flight feathers are dark brown with yellow to yellow-green edges. Their tail is brown; the innermost pair of feathers have pale buff or yellowish inner webs and the outer two pairs a pale buff or yellowish stripe. Their chin and throat are buff to yellowish white with a fine darker scaly appearance. Their underparts are yellowish brown on the breast becoming buffish white to dull yellowish on the belly; the belly and flanks have wide but variable brownish streaks. Their iris is dark brown, the beak black with a gray base to the mandible, the bare skin around the eye gray to blue-gray, and the legs gray with a green or blue tinge. Adult females are identical but with white spots on the whole crown and no red. Juveniles are duller and browner than adults and sometimes have paler and more heavily streaked underparts.[4][5]The other subspecies have some differences from the nominate. P. o. dimotus has more of a greenish tinge to the upperparts, is paler and more olive below, and has yellow-orange tips on the crown feathers. P. o. flavotinctus has darker and more olive upperparts, more olive underparts, and yellow on the crown. P. o. eisenmanni has much yellower upperparts, a pale yellowish olive breast and yellow belly, and orange to yellow on the crown. P. o. tachirensis has green-tinged upperparts and orange to yellow on the crown. P. o. harterti is a darker olive overall with yellow to golden on the crown.[4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IOC12.2-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OLPI-BOW-4"},{"link_name":"Chocó Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choc%C3%B3_Department"},{"link_name":"Sucre Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucre_Department"},{"link_name":"Cauca Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauca_Department"},{"link_name":"Huila Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huila_Department"},{"link_name":"Serranía del Perijá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serran%C3%ADa_del_Perij%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"cloudforest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloudforest"},{"link_name":"secondary forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_forest"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OLPI-BOW-4"}],"text":"The subspecies of the olivaceous piculet are found thus:[2][4]P. o. dimotus, eastern Guatemala, northern Honduras, and eastern Nicaragua\nP. o. flavotinctus, Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia's northern Chocó Department\nP. o. olivaceus, Colombia from Sucre Department south in the Andes to Cauca Department and east to Huila Department\nP. o. eisenmanni, the Serranía del Perijá in extreme northwestern Venezuela; possibly in adjacent northern Colombia\nP. o. tachirensis, eastern slope of Colombia's Eastern Andes and adjacent southwestern Venezuela\nP. o. harterti, from southwestern Colombia south through western Ecuador into northwestern Peru.The olivaceous piculet inhabits a wide variety of landscapes including the edges of rainforest and cloudforest, drier forest, more open woodlands, secondary forest, plantations, and gardens. It shuns the interior of mature forest. In most of its range it is a bird of the lowlands but reaches 500 m (1,600 ft) in Guatemala and Honduras, 1,400 m (4,600 ft) in Costa Rica, 1,600 m (5,200 ft) on Panama's Pacific slope, 2,300 m (7,500 ft) in Venezuela, 1,800 m (5,900 ft) in Colombia, and 900 m (3,000 ft) in Ecuador.[4]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OLPI-BOW-4"}],"sub_title":"Movement","text":"The olivaceous piculet is a year-round resident throughout its range.[4]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mixed species foraging flocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_species_foraging_flock"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OLPI-BOW-4"}],"sub_title":"Feeding","text":"The olivaceous piculet forages on slender branches, stems, and vines, usually from the forest undergrowth to its mid-storey, though sometimes in the canopy. It is typically seen singly, in pairs, or in small family groups and frequently joins mixed species foraging flocks. Its primary diet is ant and termite adults, larvae, and pupae. It also takes beetles and the eggs of cockroaches. It extracts them from holes it drills and gleans them from twigs and leaves.[4]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OLPI-BOW-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Birds"},{"link_name":"Listen to olivaceous piculet on xeno-canto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//xeno-canto.org/species/Picumnus-olivaceus"}],"sub_title":"Breeding","text":"The olivaceous piculet's breeding season varies latitudinally, for example from December to May in Costa Rica and February to September in Colombia. Both sexes excavate a nest hole in rotting wood including fence posts, typically within about 2 m (7 ft) of the ground though sometimes as high as 9 m (30 ft). The clutch size is two or three eggs. Both parents incubate the clutch and provision the young. The incubation period is 13 to 14 days and fledging occurs 24 to 25 days after hatch.[4]Songs and calls\nListen to olivaceous piculet on xeno-canto","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ridgely2-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OLPI-BOW-4"}],"sub_title":"Vocalization","text":"The olivaceous piculet's voice is \"a high thin chippering trill, often descending in pitch.\"[6] It also makes a \"sharp sibilant 'sst, ssip-ssip' or 'peep'.\"[4]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OLPI-BOW-4"}],"text":"The IUCN has assessed the olivaceous piculet as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range and an estimated population of at least a half million mature individuals. However, the population is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] It is considered uncommon to fairly common in most of its range and occurs in several protected areas.[4]","title":"Status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Skutch, Alexander F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Skutch"},{"link_name":"\"Olivaceous piculet\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/pca/pca_035.pdf#page=533"},{"link_name":"Taxon identifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata"},{"link_name":"Q1267535","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1267535"},{"link_name":"Wikispecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies"},{"link_name":"Picumnus olivaceus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Picumnus_olivaceus"},{"link_name":"ADW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web"},{"link_name":"Picumnus_olivaceus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//animaldiversity.org/accounts/Picumnus_olivaceus/"},{"link_name":"Avibase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avibase"},{"link_name":"B190788AFD6100EB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=B190788AFD6100EB"},{"link_name":"BirdLife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BirdLife_International"},{"link_name":"22680774","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22680774"},{"link_name":"BOLD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System"},{"link_name":"115513","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=115513"},{"link_name":"olipic1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/olipic1"},{"link_name":"CoL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life"},{"link_name":"4HR2N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4HR2N"},{"link_name":"eBird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBird"},{"link_name":"olipic1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ebird.org/species/olipic1"},{"link_name":"GBIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility"},{"link_name":"5228725","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gbif.org/species/5228725"},{"link_name":"iNaturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INaturalist"},{"link_name":"17772","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//inaturalist.org/taxa/17772"},{"link_name":"IRMNG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera"},{"link_name":"11440321","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11440321"},{"link_name":"ITIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System"},{"link_name":"553973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=553973"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"22680774","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22680774"},{"link_name":"NCBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information"},{"link_name":"2039157","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2039157"},{"link_name":"Neotropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neotropical_Birds_Online"},{"link_name":"olipic1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/olipic1"},{"link_name":"Observation.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation.org"},{"link_name":"70575","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//observation.org/species/70575/"},{"link_name":"Open Tree of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life"},{"link_name":"3600244","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3600244"},{"link_name":"Xeno-canto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeno-canto"},{"link_name":"Picumnus-olivaceus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//xeno-canto.org/species/Picumnus-olivaceus"}],"text":"Skutch, Alexander F. (1969). \"Olivaceous piculet\" (PDF). Life Histories of Central American Birds III: Families Cotingidae, Pipridae, Formicariidae, Furnariidae, Dendrocolaptidae, and Picidae. Pacific Coast Avifauna, Number 35. Berkeley, California: Cooper Ornithological Society. pp. 533–546.Taxon identifiersPicumnus olivaceus\nWikidata: Q1267535\nWikispecies: Picumnus olivaceus\nADW: Picumnus_olivaceus\nAvibase: B190788AFD6100EB\nBirdLife: 22680774\nBOLD: 115513\nBOW: olipic1\nCoL: 4HR2N\neBird: olipic1\nGBIF: 5228725\niNaturalist: 17772\nIRMNG: 11440321\nITIS: 553973\nIUCN: 22680774\nNCBI: 2039157\nNeotropical: olipic1\nObservation.org: 70575\nOpen Tree of Life: 3600244\nXeno-canto: Picumnus-olivaceus","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2020). \"Olivaceous Piculet Picumnus olivaceus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22680774A168642156. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22680774A168642156.en. Retrieved 16 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22680774/168642156","url_text":"\"Olivaceous Piculet Picumnus olivaceus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22680774A168642156.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22680774A168642156.en"}]},{"reference":"Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (August 2022). \"Woodpeckers\". IOC World Bird List. v 12.2. Retrieved January 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/woodpeckers/","url_text":"\"Woodpeckers\""}]},{"reference":"Gorman, Gerard (2014). Woodpeckers of the World: A Photographic Guide. Firefly Books. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-1770853096.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1770853096","url_text":"978-1770853096"}]},{"reference":"Ridgely, Robert S.; Greenfield, Paul J. (2001). The Birds of Ecuador: Field Guide. Vol. II. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8721-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8721-7","url_text":"978-0-8014-8721-7"}]},{"reference":"Skutch, Alexander F. (1969). \"Olivaceous piculet\" (PDF). Life Histories of Central American Birds III: Families Cotingidae, Pipridae, Formicariidae, Furnariidae, Dendrocolaptidae, and Picidae. Pacific Coast Avifauna, Number 35. Berkeley, California: Cooper Ornithological Society. pp. 533–546.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Skutch","url_text":"Skutch, Alexander F."},{"url":"https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/pca/pca_035.pdf#page=533","url_text":"\"Olivaceous piculet\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://xeno-canto.org/species/Picumnus-olivaceus","external_links_name":"Listen to olivaceous piculet on xeno-canto"},{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22680774/168642156","external_links_name":"\"Olivaceous Piculet Picumnus olivaceus\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22680774A168642156.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22680774A168642156.en"},{"Link":"https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/woodpeckers/","external_links_name":"\"Woodpeckers\""},{"Link":"https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm","external_links_name":"https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.olipic1.01","external_links_name":"https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.olipic1.01"},{"Link":"https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/pca/pca_035.pdf#page=533","external_links_name":"\"Olivaceous piculet\""},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Picumnus_olivaceus/","external_links_name":"Picumnus_olivaceus"},{"Link":"https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=B190788AFD6100EB","external_links_name":"B190788AFD6100EB"},{"Link":"https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22680774","external_links_name":"22680774"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=115513","external_links_name":"115513"},{"Link":"https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/olipic1","external_links_name":"olipic1"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4HR2N","external_links_name":"4HR2N"},{"Link":"https://ebird.org/species/olipic1","external_links_name":"olipic1"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5228725","external_links_name":"5228725"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/17772","external_links_name":"17772"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11440321","external_links_name":"11440321"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=553973","external_links_name":"553973"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22680774","external_links_name":"22680774"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2039157","external_links_name":"2039157"},{"Link":"https://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/olipic1","external_links_name":"olipic1"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/70575/","external_links_name":"70575"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3600244","external_links_name":"3600244"},{"Link":"https://xeno-canto.org/species/Picumnus-olivaceus","external_links_name":"Picumnus-olivaceus"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Memorial_Cup
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1985 Memorial Cup
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["1 Teams","1.1 Prince Albert Raiders","1.2 Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds","1.3 Shawinigan Cataractes","1.4 Verdun Junior Canadiens","2 Round-robin standings","3 Scores","3.1 Winning roster","4 Award winners","5 References","6 External links"]
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Canadian junior men's ice hockey championship
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1985 Memorial CupTournament detailsVenue(s)Shawinigan Municipal AuditoriumShawinigan, Quebec (initial venue)Centre CiviqueDrummondville, Quebec (replacement venue)DatesMay 11–18, 1985Teams4Host teamShawinigan Cataractes (QMJHL)Final positionsChampionsPrince Albert Raiders (WHL) (1st title)Tournament statisticsGames played8← 19841986 →
The Memorial Cup trophy
The 1985 Memorial Cup took place on May 11–18 at the Shawinigan Municipal Auditorium in Shawinigan, Quebec and at Centre Civique in Drummondville, Quebec. It was the 67th annual Memorial Cup competition and determined the major junior ice hockey champion of the Canadian Hockey League (CHL). The tournament was originally only to be played in Shawinigan, but support columns in the seats of the ancient Auditorium made televising the games impossible and the tournament was moved to Drummondville after the second game. Participating teams were the host team Shawinigan Cataractes, as well as the winners of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League, Ontario Hockey League and Western Hockey League which were the Verdun Junior Canadiens, Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds and Prince Albert Raiders. Prince Albert won their first Memorial Cup, defeating Shawinigan in the final game.
Teams
VerdunSault Ste. MariePrince AlbertShawiniganDrummondvilleclass=notpageimage| QMJHL Team OHL Team WHL Team Host Team Host City
Prince Albert Raiders
The Prince Albert Raiders represented the Western Hockey League at the 1985 Memorial Cup. The Raiders were the top team in the WHL during the 1984–85 season, as they had a record of 58-11-3, earning 119 points. Prince Albert was awarded the Scotty Munro Memorial Trophy for their achievement during the regular season. The Raiders had the highest scoring offense in the league, scoring 455 goals. Defensively, Prince Albert allowed the second fewest goals against, as they allowed 255 goals. In the East Division semi-finals, the Raiders swept the Calgary Wranglers in four games. In the East Division finals, Prince Albert had little trouble, as they defeated the Medicine Hat Tigers four games to one, advancing to the Ed Chynoweth Cup. In the championship round, the Raiders swept the Kamloops Blazers in four games to win the Cup and earn a berth into the 1985 Memorial Cup.
The Raiders high powered offense was led by Dan Hodgson, who led the club with 70 goals and 182 points in 64 games. Hodgson ranked second in overall league scoring during the regular season. In the playoffs, Hodgson continued to lead Prince Albert, as he scored 10 goals and 36 points in 13 games. Tony Grenier scored 62 goals and 120 points in 71 games, while Dave Pasin scored 64 goals and 116 points in 65 games, giving the Raiders three players with 60+ goals. Ken Morrison scored 51 goals and 108 points in 64 games, as Prince Albert had four 100+ point players. On defense, Emanuel Viveiros scored 17 goals and 88 points in 68 games to lead the club. Dave Manson scored eight goals and 38 points in 72 games, while accumulating 247 penalty minutes. He was a top prospect for the upcoming 1985 NHL Entry Draft. Goaltending duties were split between Ward Komonoksy, who earned a 30-7-1 record with a 3.52 GAA and a .883 save percentage in 38 games, and Roydon Gunn, who was 28-4-2 with a 3.42 GAA and .881 save percentage in 36 games.
The 1985 Memorial Cup was the Raiders first appearance at the tournament in team history.
Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds
The Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds represented the Ontario Hockey League at the 1985 Memorial Cup. The Greyhounds were the top regular season club in the OHL during the 1984–85 season, earning a record of 54-11-1 for 109 points. The Greyhounds were a perfect 33-0-0 at home during the season, and won the Hamilton Spectator Trophy as the top team. Sault Ste. Marie scored 384 goals, which ranked second in the league, while the club allowed a league-low 215 goals against. In the post-season, the Greyhounds swept the Kitchener Rangers in the Emms Division quarter-finals in four games. The club earned a bye to the Emms Division finals, in which they faced the Hamilton Steelhawks. Sault Ste. Marie defeated Hamilton four games to zero, with one game ending in a tie, to advance to the J. Ross Robertson Cup finals. In the final round, the Greyhounds faced the Peterborough Petes. Sault Ste. Marie defeated the Petes four games to two, with a tie, to win the OHL Championship and earn a berth into the 1985 Memorial Cup.
The Greyhounds offense was led by Wayne Groulx, who scored 59 goals and a team high 144 points in 64 games. Groulx finished second in OHL scoring during the regular season. In 16 playoff games, Groulx scored 18 goals and 36 points to lead the club. Graeme Bonar scored a team high 66 goals, while earning 137 points in 66 games, finishing fourth in OHL scoring. Derek King emerged as a top prospect for the 1985 NHL Entry Draft after scoring 35 goals and 73 points in 63 games during his rookie season. King was awarded the Emms Family Award as OHL Rookie of the Year. Bob Probert scored 20 goals and 72 points, as well as accumulating 172 penalty minutes in 44 games with the Greyhounds following a mid-season trade with the Hamilton Steelhawks. On defense, Chris Felix led the club, as he scored 29 goals and 101 points in 63 games. Jeff Beukeboom and Ken Sabourin provided solid stay-at-home defense for the Greyhounds. In goal, Marty Abrams saw the majority of action, earning a 3.38 GAA in 39 games. His backup was Scott Mosey, who posted a 2.66 GAA in 22 games. Abrams and Mosey won the Dave Pinkney Trophy, awarded to the goaltenders with the fewest goals against in the OHL.
The 1985 Memorial Cup was the first appearance by the Greyhounds in club history.
Shawinigan Cataractes
The Shawinigan Cataractes of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League was the host team at the 1985 Memorial Cup. The Cataractes were the best regular season club in the QMJHL during the 1984–85 season, finishing 48-18-1-1 to earn 98 points. The club was awarded the Jean Rougeau Trophy for being the top club during the regular season. Shawinigan scored a league high 384 goals, while the club also led the league by allowing the fewest goals at 255. In the QMJHL quarter-finals, the Cataractes swept the Quebec Remparts in four games. In the semi-finals, Shawinigan ran into the Verdun Junior Canadiens, who upset the Cataractes by winning the series in five games.
The Cataractes high-powered offense was led by Marc Damphousse, who led the team with 65 goals and 160 points in 68 games, finishing second in overall league scoring. Damphousse led Shawinigan in post-season scoring, as he had five goals and 16 points in eight games. Sergio Momesso scored 56 goals and 146 points in 64 games, finishing fourth in league scoring. Mario Belanger scored 44 goals and 113 points in 55 games, as the Cataractes had three players with 100+ points on their roster during the season. On defense, Yves Beaudoin scored 20 goals and 58 points in 58 games. Beaudoin won the Emile Bouchard Trophy as QMJHL Defenseman of the Year. In goal, duties were split between Robert Desjardins and Marc Desbiens. Desjardins earned a record of 24-12-1 with a 3.43 GAA in 42 games, winning the Raymond Lagace Trophy as Defensive Rookie in the QMJHL. Desbiens had a record of 23-7-0 with a 3.71 GAA in 38 games.
The 1985 Memorial Cup was the first time in club history that the Cataractes participated in the event.
Verdun Junior Canadiens
The Verdun Junior Canadiens represented the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League at the 1985 Memorial Cup. The Junior Canadiens were coached by Jean Bégin and were the top team in the Lebel Division, as they posted a record of 36-27-2-3, earning 77 points. During the regular season, the club scored 366 goals, ranking them third in the QMJHL. Verdun allowed 319 goals against, ranking them fourth in the league. In the QMJHL quarter-finals, the Junior Canadiens defeated the Hull Olympiques in five games. In the semi-finals, Verdun upset the heavily favoured Shawinigan Cataractes in five games, advancing to the President's Cup. In the final round, Verdun swept the Chicoutimi Sagueneens in four games to win the QMJHL championship and earn a berth into the 1985 Memorial Cup.
The Junior Canadiens offense was led by Claude Lemieux, who returned to Verdun after beginning his season in the NHL with the Montreal Canadiens. In 52 games, Lemieux scored 58 goals and 124 points to lead the club in scoring. In 14 playoff games, Lemieux scored 23 goals and 40 points, winning the Guy Lafleur Trophy as QMJHL Playoff MVP. Jimmy Carson scored 44 goals and 116 points in 68 games as a rookie, emerging as a top prospect for the 1986 NHL Entry Draft. Carson was awarded the Michel Bergeron Trophy as QMJHL Offensive Rookie of the Year. Jean Bourgeois scored 50 goals and 93 points in 63 games during the regular season. On defense, Ron Annear led the team, as he scored five goals and 51 points in 62 games, while Jerome Carrier scored seven goals and 39 points in 65 games. In goal, Troy Crosby emerged as the starting goaltender for Verdun, as he appeared in 42 games, earning a record of 21-15-2 with a 4.53 GAA.
The 1985 Memorial Cup was the second time in team history that Verdun was at the Memorial Cup. At the 1983 Memorial Cup as the Verdun Juniors, the club lost in the semi-finals to the Oshawa Generals.
Round-robin standings
Pos
Team
Pld
W
L
GF
GA
1
Shawinigan Cataractes (QMJHL Host)
3
2
1
14
7
Advanced directly to the championship game
2
Prince Albert Raiders (WHL)
3
2
1
15
15
Advanced to the semifinal game
3
Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds (OHL)
3
2
1
16
14
4
Verdun Junior Canadiens (QMJHL)
3
0
3
7
16
Source:
Scores
Round-robin
May 11 Sault Ste. Marie 4-3 Shawinigan
May 12 Shawinigan 6-2 Prince Albert
May 12 Sault Ste. Marie 6-3 Verdun
May 13 Prince Albert 5-3 Verdun
May 14 Prince Albert 8-6 Sault Ste. Marie
May 15 Shawinigan 5-1 Verdun
Semi-final
May 16 Prince Albert 8-3 Sault Ste. Marie
Final
May 18 Prince Albert 6-1 Shawinigan
Winning roster
1984-85 Prince Albert Raiders
Goaltenders
1 – Roydon Gunn
30 – Ward Komonosky
Defencemen
2 – Curtis Hunt
3 – Emanuel Viveiros
4 – Dave Manson
5 – Dave Goertz
6 – Doug Hobson - C
20 – Neil Davey
21 – Don Schmidt
Wingers
8 – Ken Morrison
14 – Dean Braham
15 – Kim Issel
17 – Pat Elynuik
18 – Rod Dallman
22 – Ken Baumgartner
23 – Dale McFee
24 – Brad Bennett
25 – Kurt Woolf
Centres
7 – Steve Gotaas
9 – Tony Grenier
10 – Collin Feser
12 – Dave Pasin
16 – Dan Hodgson - C
Coach: Terry Simpson
General Manager: Terry Simpson
Award winners
Stafford Smythe Memorial Trophy (MVP): Dan Hodgson, Prince Albert
George Parsons Trophy (Sportsmanship): Tony Grenier, Prince Albert
Hap Emms Memorial Trophy (Goaltender): Ward Komonosky, Prince Albert
All-star team
Goal: Robert Desjardins, Shawinigan
Defence: David Goertz, Prince Albert; Yves Beaudoin, Shawinigan
Centre: Dan Hodgson, Prince Albert
Left wing: Tony Grenier, Prince Albert
Right wing: Patrice Lefebvre, Shawinigan
References
^ "MemorialCup.ca - Winning Rosters". Archived from the original on September 10, 2017. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
External links
Memorial Cup Archived 2016-06-02 at the Wayback Machine
Canadian Hockey League
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Canadian Hockey League web site
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Memorial_Cup_at_the_2015_championship.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shawinigan Municipal Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A9na_Jacques_Plante"},{"link_name":"Shawinigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawinigan"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Centre Civique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Marcel_Dionne"},{"link_name":"Drummondville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drummondville"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Memorial Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Cup"},{"link_name":"major junior ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Shawinigan Cataractes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawinigan_Cataractes"},{"link_name":"Quebec Major Junior Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Major_Junior_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Ontario Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Western Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Verdun Junior Canadiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdun_Junior_Canadiens"},{"link_name":"Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie_Greyhounds"},{"link_name":"Prince Albert Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Albert_Raiders"}],"text":"The Memorial Cup trophyThe 1985 Memorial Cup took place on May 11–18 at the Shawinigan Municipal Auditorium in Shawinigan, Quebec and at Centre Civique in Drummondville, Quebec. It was the 67th annual Memorial Cup competition and determined the major junior ice hockey champion of the Canadian Hockey League (CHL). The tournament was originally only to be played in Shawinigan, but support columns in the seats of the ancient Auditorium made televising the games impossible and the tournament was moved to Drummondville after the second game. Participating teams were the host team Shawinigan Cataractes, as well as the winners of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League, Ontario Hockey League and Western Hockey League which were the Verdun Junior Canadiens, Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds and Prince Albert Raiders. Prince Albert won their first Memorial Cup, defeating Shawinigan in the final game.","title":"1985 Memorial Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canada_location_map_2.svg"},{"link_name":"Verdun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdun_Junior_Canadiens"},{"link_name":"Sault Ste. Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie_Greyhounds"},{"link_name":"Prince Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Albert_Raiders"},{"link_name":"Shawinigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawinigan_Cataractes"},{"link_name":"Drummondville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drummondville,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canada_location_map_2.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_pog.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Green_pog.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_pog.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Purple_pog.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_pog.svg"}],"text":"VerdunSault Ste. MariePrince AlbertShawiniganDrummondvilleclass=notpageimage| QMJHL Team OHL Team WHL Team Host Team Host City","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince Albert Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Albert_Raiders"},{"link_name":"Western Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"1984–85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_WHL_season"},{"link_name":"Scotty Munro Memorial Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotty_Munro_Memorial_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Calgary Wranglers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_Wranglers_(WHL)"},{"link_name":"Medicine Hat Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_Hat_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Ed Chynoweth Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"Kamloops Blazers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamloops_Blazers"},{"link_name":"Dan Hodgson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Hodgson"},{"link_name":"Tony Grenier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony_Grenier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dave Pasin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Pasin"},{"link_name":"Ken Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ken_Morrison_(ice_hockey)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Emanuel Viveiros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Viveiros"},{"link_name":"Dave Manson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Manson"},{"link_name":"1985 NHL Entry Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_NHL_Entry_Draft"},{"link_name":"Ward Komonoksy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ward_Komonoksy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roydon Gunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roydon_Gunn&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Prince Albert Raiders","text":"The Prince Albert Raiders represented the Western Hockey League at the 1985 Memorial Cup. The Raiders were the top team in the WHL during the 1984–85 season, as they had a record of 58-11-3, earning 119 points. Prince Albert was awarded the Scotty Munro Memorial Trophy for their achievement during the regular season. The Raiders had the highest scoring offense in the league, scoring 455 goals. Defensively, Prince Albert allowed the second fewest goals against, as they allowed 255 goals. In the East Division semi-finals, the Raiders swept the Calgary Wranglers in four games. In the East Division finals, Prince Albert had little trouble, as they defeated the Medicine Hat Tigers four games to one, advancing to the Ed Chynoweth Cup. In the championship round, the Raiders swept the Kamloops Blazers in four games to win the Cup and earn a berth into the 1985 Memorial Cup.The Raiders high powered offense was led by Dan Hodgson, who led the club with 70 goals and 182 points in 64 games. Hodgson ranked second in overall league scoring during the regular season. In the playoffs, Hodgson continued to lead Prince Albert, as he scored 10 goals and 36 points in 13 games. Tony Grenier scored 62 goals and 120 points in 71 games, while Dave Pasin scored 64 goals and 116 points in 65 games, giving the Raiders three players with 60+ goals. Ken Morrison scored 51 goals and 108 points in 64 games, as Prince Albert had four 100+ point players. On defense, Emanuel Viveiros scored 17 goals and 88 points in 68 games to lead the club. Dave Manson scored eight goals and 38 points in 72 games, while accumulating 247 penalty minutes. He was a top prospect for the upcoming 1985 NHL Entry Draft. Goaltending duties were split between Ward Komonoksy, who earned a 30-7-1 record with a 3.52 GAA and a .883 save percentage in 38 games, and Roydon Gunn, who was 28-4-2 with a 3.42 GAA and .881 save percentage in 36 games.The 1985 Memorial Cup was the Raiders first appearance at the tournament in team history.","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie_Greyhounds"},{"link_name":"Ontario Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"1984–85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_OHL_season"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Spectator Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Spectator_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Kitchener Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchener_Rangers"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Steelhawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Steelhawks_(junior)"},{"link_name":"J. Ross Robertson Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Ross_Robertson_Cup"},{"link_name":"Peterborough Petes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough_Petes"},{"link_name":"Wayne Groulx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Groulx"},{"link_name":"Graeme Bonar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graeme_Bonar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Derek King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_King"},{"link_name":"1985 NHL Entry Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_NHL_Entry_Draft"},{"link_name":"Emms Family Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emms_Family_Award"},{"link_name":"Bob Probert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Probert"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Steelhawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Steelhawks_(junior)"},{"link_name":"Chris Felix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Felix"},{"link_name":"Jeff Beukeboom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Beukeboom"},{"link_name":"Ken Sabourin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Sabourin"},{"link_name":"Marty Abrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marty_Abrams&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scott Mosey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scott_Mosey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dave Pinkney Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Pinkney_Trophy"}],"sub_title":"Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds","text":"The Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds represented the Ontario Hockey League at the 1985 Memorial Cup. The Greyhounds were the top regular season club in the OHL during the 1984–85 season, earning a record of 54-11-1 for 109 points. The Greyhounds were a perfect 33-0-0 at home during the season, and won the Hamilton Spectator Trophy as the top team. Sault Ste. Marie scored 384 goals, which ranked second in the league, while the club allowed a league-low 215 goals against. In the post-season, the Greyhounds swept the Kitchener Rangers in the Emms Division quarter-finals in four games. The club earned a bye to the Emms Division finals, in which they faced the Hamilton Steelhawks. Sault Ste. Marie defeated Hamilton four games to zero, with one game ending in a tie, to advance to the J. Ross Robertson Cup finals. In the final round, the Greyhounds faced the Peterborough Petes. Sault Ste. Marie defeated the Petes four games to two, with a tie, to win the OHL Championship and earn a berth into the 1985 Memorial Cup.The Greyhounds offense was led by Wayne Groulx, who scored 59 goals and a team high 144 points in 64 games. Groulx finished second in OHL scoring during the regular season. In 16 playoff games, Groulx scored 18 goals and 36 points to lead the club. Graeme Bonar scored a team high 66 goals, while earning 137 points in 66 games, finishing fourth in OHL scoring. Derek King emerged as a top prospect for the 1985 NHL Entry Draft after scoring 35 goals and 73 points in 63 games during his rookie season. King was awarded the Emms Family Award as OHL Rookie of the Year. Bob Probert scored 20 goals and 72 points, as well as accumulating 172 penalty minutes in 44 games with the Greyhounds following a mid-season trade with the Hamilton Steelhawks. On defense, Chris Felix led the club, as he scored 29 goals and 101 points in 63 games. Jeff Beukeboom and Ken Sabourin provided solid stay-at-home defense for the Greyhounds. In goal, Marty Abrams saw the majority of action, earning a 3.38 GAA in 39 games. His backup was Scott Mosey, who posted a 2.66 GAA in 22 games. Abrams and Mosey won the Dave Pinkney Trophy, awarded to the goaltenders with the fewest goals against in the OHL.The 1985 Memorial Cup was the first appearance by the Greyhounds in club history.","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shawinigan Cataractes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawinigan_Cataractes"},{"link_name":"Quebec Major Junior Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Major_Junior_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"1984–85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_QMJHL_season"},{"link_name":"Jean Rougeau Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Rougeau_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Quebec Remparts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Remparts"},{"link_name":"Verdun Junior Canadiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdun_Junior_Canadiens"},{"link_name":"Marc Damphousse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marc_Damphousse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sergio Momesso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Momesso"},{"link_name":"Mario Belanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Belanger"},{"link_name":"Yves Beaudoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Beaudoin"},{"link_name":"Emile Bouchard Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Bouchard_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Robert Desjardins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Desjardins"},{"link_name":"Marc Desbiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marc_Desbiens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Raymond Lagace Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Lagace_Trophy"}],"sub_title":"Shawinigan Cataractes","text":"The Shawinigan Cataractes of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League was the host team at the 1985 Memorial Cup. The Cataractes were the best regular season club in the QMJHL during the 1984–85 season, finishing 48-18-1-1 to earn 98 points. The club was awarded the Jean Rougeau Trophy for being the top club during the regular season. Shawinigan scored a league high 384 goals, while the club also led the league by allowing the fewest goals at 255. In the QMJHL quarter-finals, the Cataractes swept the Quebec Remparts in four games. In the semi-finals, Shawinigan ran into the Verdun Junior Canadiens, who upset the Cataractes by winning the series in five games.The Cataractes high-powered offense was led by Marc Damphousse, who led the team with 65 goals and 160 points in 68 games, finishing second in overall league scoring. Damphousse led Shawinigan in post-season scoring, as he had five goals and 16 points in eight games. Sergio Momesso scored 56 goals and 146 points in 64 games, finishing fourth in league scoring. Mario Belanger scored 44 goals and 113 points in 55 games, as the Cataractes had three players with 100+ points on their roster during the season. On defense, Yves Beaudoin scored 20 goals and 58 points in 58 games. Beaudoin won the Emile Bouchard Trophy as QMJHL Defenseman of the Year. In goal, duties were split between Robert Desjardins and Marc Desbiens. Desjardins earned a record of 24-12-1 with a 3.43 GAA in 42 games, winning the Raymond Lagace Trophy as Defensive Rookie in the QMJHL. Desbiens had a record of 23-7-0 with a 3.71 GAA in 38 games.The 1985 Memorial Cup was the first time in club history that the Cataractes participated in the event.","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Verdun Junior Canadiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdun_Junior_Canadiens"},{"link_name":"Quebec Major Junior Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Major_Junior_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Jean Bégin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_B%C3%A9gin"},{"link_name":"Hull Olympiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_Olympiques"},{"link_name":"Shawinigan Cataractes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawinigan_Cataractes"},{"link_name":"President's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s_Cup_(QMJHL)"},{"link_name":"Chicoutimi Sagueneens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicoutimi_Sagueneens"},{"link_name":"Claude Lemieux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Lemieux"},{"link_name":"Montreal Canadiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens"},{"link_name":"Guy Lafleur Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Lafleur_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carson"},{"link_name":"1986 NHL Entry Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_NHL_Entry_Draft"},{"link_name":"Michel Bergeron Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Bergeron_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Jean Bourgeois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bourgeois"},{"link_name":"Ron Annear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ron_Annear&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jerome Carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerome_Carrier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Troy Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Crosby"},{"link_name":"1983 Memorial Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Memorial_Cup"},{"link_name":"Verdun Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdun_Juniors"},{"link_name":"Oshawa Generals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshawa_Generals"}],"sub_title":"Verdun Junior Canadiens","text":"The Verdun Junior Canadiens represented the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League at the 1985 Memorial Cup. The Junior Canadiens were coached by Jean Bégin and were the top team in the Lebel Division, as they posted a record of 36-27-2-3, earning 77 points. During the regular season, the club scored 366 goals, ranking them third in the QMJHL. Verdun allowed 319 goals against, ranking them fourth in the league. In the QMJHL quarter-finals, the Junior Canadiens defeated the Hull Olympiques in five games. In the semi-finals, Verdun upset the heavily favoured Shawinigan Cataractes in five games, advancing to the President's Cup. In the final round, Verdun swept the Chicoutimi Sagueneens in four games to win the QMJHL championship and earn a berth into the 1985 Memorial Cup.The Junior Canadiens offense was led by Claude Lemieux, who returned to Verdun after beginning his season in the NHL with the Montreal Canadiens. In 52 games, Lemieux scored 58 goals and 124 points to lead the club in scoring. In 14 playoff games, Lemieux scored 23 goals and 40 points, winning the Guy Lafleur Trophy as QMJHL Playoff MVP. Jimmy Carson scored 44 goals and 116 points in 68 games as a rookie, emerging as a top prospect for the 1986 NHL Entry Draft. Carson was awarded the Michel Bergeron Trophy as QMJHL Offensive Rookie of the Year. Jean Bourgeois scored 50 goals and 93 points in 63 games during the regular season. On defense, Ron Annear led the team, as he scored five goals and 51 points in 62 games, while Jerome Carrier scored seven goals and 39 points in 65 games. In goal, Troy Crosby emerged as the starting goaltender for Verdun, as he appeared in 42 games, earning a record of 21-15-2 with a 4.53 GAA.The 1985 Memorial Cup was the second time in team history that Verdun was at the Memorial Cup. At the 1983 Memorial Cup as the Verdun Juniors, the club lost in the semi-finals to the Oshawa Generals.","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Source: [citation needed]","title":"Round-robin standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Round-robinMay 11 Sault Ste. Marie 4-3 Shawinigan\nMay 12 Shawinigan 6-2 Prince Albert\nMay 12 Sault Ste. Marie 6-3 Verdun\nMay 13 Prince Albert 5-3 Verdun\nMay 14 Prince Albert 8-6 Sault Ste. Marie\nMay 15 Shawinigan 5-1 VerdunSemi-finalMay 16 Prince Albert 8-3 Sault Ste. MarieFinalMay 18 Prince Albert 6-1 Shawinigan","title":"Scores"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Winning roster","title":"Scores"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stafford Smythe Memorial Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Smythe_Memorial_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Dan Hodgson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Hodgson"},{"link_name":"George Parsons Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Parsons_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Tony Grenier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony_Grenier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hap Emms Memorial Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hap_Emms_Memorial_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Ward Komonosky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ward_Komonosky&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Desjardins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Desjardins"},{"link_name":"David Goertz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Goertz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yves Beaudoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Beaudoin"},{"link_name":"Dan Hodgson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Hodgson"},{"link_name":"Tony Grenier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony_Grenier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Patrice Lefebvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lefebvre"}],"text":"Stafford Smythe Memorial Trophy (MVP): Dan Hodgson, Prince Albert\nGeorge Parsons Trophy (Sportsmanship): Tony Grenier, Prince Albert\nHap Emms Memorial Trophy (Goaltender): Ward Komonosky, Prince AlbertAll-star teamGoal: Robert Desjardins, Shawinigan\nDefence: David Goertz, Prince Albert; Yves Beaudoin, Shawinigan\nCentre: Dan Hodgson, Prince Albert\nLeft wing: Tony Grenier, Prince Albert\nRight wing: Patrice Lefebvre, Shawinigan","title":"Award winners"}]
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[{"image_text":"The Memorial Cup trophy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Memorial_Cup_at_the_2015_championship.jpg/220px-Memorial_Cup_at_the_2015_championship.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"MemorialCup.ca - Winning Rosters\". Archived from the original on September 10, 2017. Retrieved August 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170910221004/http://mastercardmemorialcup.ca/history-rosters/","url_text":"\"MemorialCup.ca - Winning Rosters\""},{"url":"http://mastercardmemorialcup.ca/history-rosters/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_Massacre
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1975 Beirut bus massacre
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["1 Background","2 Bus attack","3 Consequences","4 Controversy","5 See also","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]
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1975 armed clashes between Phalangist and Palestinian organizations in Beirut, Lebanon
Beirut bus massacrePart of the Lebanese Civil WarLocationBeirut, LebanonDate13 April 1975Target Arab Liberation Front PalestiniansDeaths27Injured19Perpetrator Kataeb PartyMotiveAnti-Palestinianism
vteLebanese Civil WarFirst phase: 1975–1977
Bus massacre
Black Thursday
Hotels
ASALA insurgency
Black Saturday
Karantina
Damour
1976 Syrian intervention
Tel al-Zaatar
Chekka
Aishiyeh
Second phase: 1977–1982
Chouf
St George's Church attack
Hundred Days' War
Litani
Kaukaba
Ehden
Qaa
Qnat
At Tiri
Safra
Zahleh
1981 Israeli bombing
Iraqi Embassy bombing
Third phase: 1982–1984
1982 Beirut bombing
1982 Lebanon War
1982 Iranian diplomats kidnapping
Assassination of Bachir Gemayel
Sabra and Shatila
U.S. Embassy bombing
Barracks bombings
Mountain War
Tripoli
February 6 Intifada
1984 Sohmor massacre
Fourth phase: 1984–1990
U.S. embassy annex bombing
War of the Camps
1985 Beirut bombings
LF coup
Assassination of Rashid Karami
War of Brothers
War of Elimination
War of Liberation
Dahr al-Wahsh massacre
Assassination of René Moawad
Sidon
Cantons and puppet states
East Beirut canton
People's Republic of Tyre
Fatahland
Civil Administration of the Mountain
State of Free Lebanon
South Lebanon security belt
administration
The 1975 Beirut bus massacre (Arabic: مجزرة بوسطة عين الرمانة ,مجزرة عين الرمانة), also known as the Ain el-Rammaneh incident and the Black Sunday, was the collective name given to a short series of armed clashes involving Phalangist and Palestinian elements in the streets of central Beirut, which is commonly presented as the spark that set off the Lebanese Civil War in the mid-1970s.
Background
The Church of Notre Dame de la Delivrance, in front of which took place the assassination attempt on Pierre Gemayel.
Early in the morning of April 13, 1975, outside the Church of Notre Dame de la Delivrance at the predominantly Maronite inhabited district of Ain el-Rammaneh in East Beirut, an altercation occurred between half a dozen armed Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) guerrillas (Arabic: Fedaiyyin) on a passing vehicle performing the customary wavering and firing their automatic rifles into the air (Arabic: Baroud) and a squad of uniformed militiamen belonging to the Phalangist Party's Kataeb Regulatory Forces (KRF) militia, who were diverting the traffic at the front of the newly consecrated church where a family baptism was taking place. As the rowdy Palestinians refused to be diverted from their route, the nervous Phalangists tried to halt their progress by force and a scuffle quickly ensued, which resulted in the death of the PLO driver of the vehicle after being accidentally shot.
At 10:30 a.m. when the congregation was concentrated outside the front door of the church upon the conclusion of the ceremony, a gang of unidentified gunmen approached in two civilian cars – rigged with posters and bumper stickers belonging to the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), a PLO faction – and suddenly opened fire on the church and at VIPs present, killing four people.
Among the dead caused by the drive-by shooting were Joseph Abu Assi, an off-duty Phalange militant and father of the baptised child, plus three bodyguards – Antoine Husseini, Dib Assaf and Selman Ibrahim Abou, shot while attempting to return fire on the assailants – of the personal entourage of the Maronite za'im (political boss) Pierre Gemayel, the powerful leader of the right-wing Phalangist Party, who managed nevertheless to escape unscathed. The attackers fled the scene under fire by the surviving bodyguards and KRF militiamen on duty at the time.
Bus attack
In the commotion that followed, armed Phalangist KRF and NLP Tigers militiamen took the streets, and began to set up roadblocks at Ain el-Rammaneh and other Christian-populated eastern districts of the Lebanese Capital, stopping vehicles and checked identities, while in the mainly Muslim western sectors the Palestinian factions did likewise.
Believing that the perpetrators were Palestinian guerrillas who carried the attack in retaliation for the earlier driver incident, and outraged by the audacity of the attempt on the life of their historical leader, the Phalangists planned an immediate response.
Shortly after mid-day, a PLO bus carrying unsuspecting Palestinian Arab Liberation Front (ALF) militants and Lebanese sympathizers (returning from a political rally at Tel el-Zaatar held by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command (PFLP-GC) passed through Ain el-Rammaneh on its way to Sabra refugee camp. As the bus drove through the narrow street-alleys, it fell into an ambush outside the same Church perpetrated by a squad of Phalange KRF militiamen. The Phalangists promptly fired upon the vehicle, killing 27 and wounding 19 of its passagers, including the driver. According to sociologist Samir Khalaf all 28 passengers were killed, although other sources stated that 22 PLO members were shot dead by the Phalangists.
Consequences
The Church Massacre that preceded the bloody incident known as the "Bus Massacre," incited long-standing sectarian hatred and mistrust. It sparked heavy fighting throughout the country between Kataeb Regulatory Forces militiamen and the Palestinian Fedaiyyin and their leftist allies of the Lebanese National Movement (LNM) alliance, resulting in over 300 dead in just three days.
The recently appointed Lebanese prime-minister, the Sunni Muslim Rashid al-Sulh, tried vainly to defuse the situation as quickly as possible by sending in the evening of the day following the massacre a Gendarmerie detachment from the Lebanese Internal Security Forces (ISF) to Ain el-Rammaneh, which detained a number of suspects. In addition, Prime-Minister Sulh tried to pressure Phalangist Party' President Pierre Gemayel to hand over to the authorities the Phalangist KRF militiamen responsible for the death of the Palestinian driver. Gemayel publicly refused however, hinting that he and his Party would no longer abide by the authority of the government. He later sent a Phalangist delegation on a mission to secure the release of the previously detained suspects held in custody by the Lebanese authorities, stating that the individuals involved in the incident were just defending themselves and that no charges could be pressed against them.
As news of the murders spread, armed clashes between PLO guerrilla factions and other Christian militias erupted throughout the Lebanese Capital. Soon Lebanese National Movement (LNM) militias entered the fray alongside the Palestinians. Numerous ceasefires and political talks held through international mediation proved fruitless. Sporadic violence escalated into a full-fledged civil war over the next two years, known as the 1975–77 phase of the Lebanese Civil War, in which 60,000 people lost their lives and split Lebanon along factional and sectarian lines for another 15 years.
Controversy
The chain of events that led to the Ain el-Rammaneh church shooting and the subsequent "Bus massacre" (or "Black Sunday") of April 1975 have been the subject of intense speculation and heated debate in Lebanon since the end of the Civil War in 1990. There are two conflicting versions of what happened that day, with the Phalangists describing it as an act of self-defense by insisting that the bus carried armed ALF guerrilla reinforcements firing weapons. The Phalangists anticipated such a reaction by guarding the church, and in the ensuing shoot-out they claimed to have killed 14 Palestinian Fedaiyyin.
Although most PLO accounts refute this version of the events by describing the bus passengers as civilian families' victims of an unprovoked attack and not fully armed guerrillas, Abd al-Rahim Ahmad of the ALF did confirm years later that some of them were off-duty members of that faction. Another high-ranking PLO official, Abu Iyad, later suggested that the incident was not the responsibility of the Phalange, but rather a deliberate provocation engineered by the National Liberal Party (NLP), a predominantly Christian conservative Party led by former President Camille Chamoun. Other Palestinian leaders suspected instead that the provocateurs were the Phalangists.
However, none of these versions was ever substantiated by plausible evidence, and many began to doubt that the Palestinian PFLP was really responsible the earlier Church attack. Indeed, critics pointed to the all-too-obvious presence of civilian automobiles plastered with propaganda of that PLO faction and the tactic employed (a drive-by shooting), which did not fit well into the methods commonly used by the Palestinian guerrilla movements at the time.
Therefore the true identity of the moral authors behind it – and particularly that of their faction or Party – remained shrouded in mystery until the late 1990s. New evidence that then came to light seems to confirm that they were not Palestinian feday’ but actually members of the Syrian Social National Party or SSNP, a rival Lebanese multi-confessional, pan-Syrian right-wing organization. The SSNP carried out the action in retaliation for the brutal clamp-down on their militants following their abortive coup attempt in the turn of 1961-62, orchestrated by the then Interior Minister Pierre Gemayel. As for the SSNP gunmen involved in the April 1975 drive-by shooting, they were never apprehended and apparently disappeared without a trace. Some unconfirmed reports suggest that they were later killed in action.
The bus was later found and exhibited in mid-2011.
See also
Bashir Gemayel
Pierre Gemayel
Lebanese Front
Lebanese Civil War
Lebanese National Movement
Tigers Militia
Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Lebanon
National Liberal Party
Kataeb Party
Kataeb Regulatory Forces
References
^ Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), Appendix B, B-2.
^ O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon (1998), p. 1.
^ Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), Appendix B, B-2.
^ Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), Appendix B, B-2.
^ Gordon, The Gemayels (1988), p. 48.
^ Katz, Russel & Volstad, Armies in Lebanon (1985), p. 4.
^ Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), Appendix B, B-2.
^ Gordon, The Gemayels (1988), p. 48.
^ Katz, Russel & Volstad, Armies in Lebanon (1985), p. 4.
^ Hirst, Beware of small states: Lebanon, battleground of the Middle East (2011), p. 99.
^ El-Khazen, The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976 (2000), p. 287.
^ Katz, Russel & Volstad, Armies in Lebanon (1985), p. 5.
^ Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), Appendix B, B-2.
^ Hirst, Beware of small states: Lebanon, battleground of the Middle East (2011), p. 99.
^ Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), Appendix B, B-2.
^ Weinberger, Syrian Intervention in Lebanon: The 1975–76 Civil War (1986), p. 147.
^ Kassir, La Guerre du Liban: De la dissension nationale au conflit régional (1994), p. 103.
^ Khalaf, Civil and Uncivil Violence in Lebanon: A History of the Internationalization of Human Contact (2002), p. 228f.
^ Laffin, The War of Desperation: Lebanon 1982-85 (1985), p. 10.
^ Harris, Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars, and Global Extensions (1997), p. 161.
^ O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon (1998), p. 2.
^ Personal interview with Rex Brynen in Amman, Jordan, December 28, 1986, quoted in Sanctuary and Survival: the PLO in Lebanon (1990), pp. 65-66, note 1.
^ Abu Iyad, My Home, My Land (1981), p. 164.
^ Weinberger, Syrian Intervention in Lebanon: The 1975–76 Civil War (1986), p. 148.
^ Collelo, Lebanon: a country study (1989), p. 241.
^ "Behind the Terror". The Atlantic. June 1987.
^ Beshara, The Politics of Frustration - The Failed Coup of 1961 (2013), pp. 1; 3; 153; 160.
^ Collelo, Lebanon: a country study (1989), p. 241.
^ Mayault, Isabelle (6 November 2011). "Le bus et son double". Mashallah News. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
Bibliography
Abu Iyad (Salah Khalaf, with Eric Rouleau), My Home, My Land: A Narrative of the Palestinian Struggle, Times Books, New York 1981. ISBN 0-8129-0936-4
Adel Beshara, The Politics of Frustration - The Failed Coup of 1961, Routledge 2013. ISBN 978-1-136-00614-2 –
David Hirst, Beware of small states: Lebanon, battleground of the Middle East, Nation Books, 2011. ISBN 978-1568586571, 1568586574
Denise Ammoun, Histoire du Liban contemporain: Tome 2 1943–1990, Éditions Fayard, Paris 2005. ISBN 978-2-213-61521-9 (in French) –
Edgar O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon, 1975–92, Palgrave Macmillan, London 1998. ISBN 0-333-72975-7
Farid El-Kazen, The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon 1967-1976, I.B. Tauris, London 2000. ISBN 0-674-08105-6 –
Jean Sarkis, Histoire de la guerre du Liban, Presses Universitaires de France – PUF, Paris 1993. ISBN 978-2-13-045801-2 (in French)
John Laffin, The War of Desperation: Lebanon 1982-85, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1985. ISBN 0 85045 603 7
Matthew S. Gordon, The Gemayels (World Leaders Past & Present), Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. ISBN 1-55546-834-9
Naomi Joy Weinberger, Syrian Intervention in Lebanon: The 1975–76 Civil War, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1986. ISBN 978-0195040104, 0195040104
Rex Brynen, Sanctuary and Survival: the PLO in Lebanon, Boulder: Westview Press, Oxford 1990. ISBN 0 86187 123 5 –
Robert Fisk, Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War, London: Oxford University Press, (3rd ed. 2001). ISBN 0-19-280130-9 –
Paul Jureidini, R. D. McLaurin, and James Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas, 1975-1978, Aberdeen, MD: U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Technical Memorandum 11-79, June 1979.
Samuel M. Katz, Lee E. Russel & Ron Volstad, Armies in Lebanon 1982–84, Men-at-Arms series 165, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1985. ISBN 0-85045-602-9
Samir Kassir, La Guerre du Liban: De la dissension nationale au conflit régional, Éditions Karthala/CERMOC, Paris 1994. ISBN 978-2865374991 (in French)
Samir Khalaf, Civil and Uncivil Violence in Lebanon: A History of the Internationalization of Human Contact, Columbia University Press, New York 2002. ISBN 978-0231124768, 0231124767
Thomas Collelo (ed.), Lebanon: a country study, Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, Headquarters, Department of the Army (DA Pam 550-24), Washington D.C., December 1987 (Third edition 1989). –
William W. Harris, Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars, and Global Extensions, Princeton Series on the Middle East, Markus Wiener Publishers, Princeton 1997. ISBN 978-1558761155, 1-55876-115-2
External links
Chamussy (René) – Chronique d'une guerre: Le Liban 1975-1977 – éd. Desclée – 1978 (in French)
Histoire militaire de l'armée libanaise de 1975 à 1990 (in French)
vteMassacres against Palestinians
Balad al-Shaykh massacre (1947–48)
Deir Yassin massacre (1948)
Ein al-Zeitun massacre (1948)
Abu Shusha massacre (1948)
Lydda massacre (1948)
Al-Dawayima massacre (1948)
Tantura massacre (1948)
Safsaf massacre (1948)
Saliha massacre (1948)
Eilabun massacre (1948)
Arab al-Mawasi massacre (1948)
Sa'sa' massacre (1948)
Qibya massacre (1953)
Kafr Qasim massacre (1956)
Khan Yunis massacre (1956)
Rafah massacre (1956)
Siege of Tel al-Zaatar (1976)
Sabra and Shatila massacre (1982)
Oyoun Qara massacre (1990)
Cave of the Patriarchs massacre (1994)
Wehda Street airstrikes (1994)
Shadia Abu Ghazala School massacre (2023)
Flour massacre (2024)
Tel al-Sultan massacre (2024)
|
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belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lebanon_security_belt"},{"link_name":"administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lebanon_security_belt_administration"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Phalangist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataeb_Regulatory_Forces"},{"link_name":"Palestinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"Lebanese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"vteLebanese Civil WarFirst phase: 1975–1977\nBus massacre\nBlack Thursday\nHotels\nASALA insurgency\nBlack Saturday\nKarantina\nDamour\n1976 Syrian intervention\nTel al-Zaatar\nChekka\nAishiyeh\nSecond phase: 1977–1982\n\nChouf\nSt George's Church attack\nHundred Days' War\nLitani\nKaukaba\nEhden\nQaa\nQnat\nAt Tiri\nSafra\nZahleh\n1981 Israeli bombing\nIraqi Embassy bombing\nThird phase: 1982–1984\n\n1982 Beirut bombing\n1982 Lebanon War\n1982 Iranian diplomats kidnapping\nAssassination of Bachir Gemayel\nSabra and Shatila\nU.S. Embassy bombing\nBarracks bombings\nMountain War\nTripoli\nFebruary 6 Intifada\n1984 Sohmor massacre\nFourth phase: 1984–1990\n\nU.S. embassy annex bombing\nWar of the Camps\n1985 Beirut bombings\nLF coup\nAssassination of Rashid Karami\nWar of Brothers\nWar of Elimination\nWar of Liberation\nDahr al-Wahsh massacre\nAssassination of René Moawad\nSidon\n\nCantons and puppet states\n\nEast Beirut canton\nPeople's Republic of Tyre\nFatahland\nCivil Administration of the Mountain\nState of Free Lebanon\nSouth Lebanon security belt\nadministrationThe 1975 Beirut bus massacre (Arabic: مجزرة بوسطة عين الرمانة ,مجزرة عين الرمانة), also known as the Ain el-Rammaneh incident and the Black Sunday, was the collective name given to a short series of armed clashes involving Phalangist and Palestinian elements in the streets of central Beirut, which is commonly presented as the spark that set off the Lebanese Civil War in the mid-1970s.[1]","title":"1975 Beirut bus massacre"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Notre_dame_du_salut_ain_el_remmaneh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pierre Gemayel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gemayel"},{"link_name":"Maronite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronite_Church"},{"link_name":"Ain el-Rammaneh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain_El_Remmaneh"},{"link_name":"East Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Beirut"},{"link_name":"Palestine Liberation Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Phalangist 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Assaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dib_Assaf&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Selman Ibrahim Abou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selman_Ibrahim_Abou&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Maronite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronite_Christianity_in_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"za'im","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Za%27im_system"},{"link_name":"Pierre Gemayel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gemayel"},{"link_name":"right-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing"},{"link_name":"Phalangist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataeb_Party"}],"text":"The Church of Notre Dame de la Delivrance, in front of which took place the assassination attempt on Pierre Gemayel.Early in the morning of April 13, 1975, outside the Church of Notre Dame de la Delivrance at the predominantly Maronite inhabited district of Ain el-Rammaneh in East Beirut, an altercation occurred between half a dozen armed Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) guerrillas (Arabic: Fedaiyyin) on a passing vehicle performing the customary wavering and firing their automatic rifles into the air (Arabic: Baroud)[2] and a squad of uniformed militiamen belonging to the Phalangist Party's Kataeb Regulatory Forces (KRF) militia,[3] who were diverting the traffic at the front of the newly consecrated church where a family baptism was taking place. As the rowdy Palestinians refused to be diverted from their route, the nervous Phalangists tried to halt their progress by force and a scuffle quickly ensued, which resulted in the death of the PLO driver of the vehicle after being accidentally shot.[citation needed]At 10:30 a.m. when the congregation was concentrated outside the front door of the church upon the conclusion of the ceremony, a gang of unidentified gunmen approached in two civilian cars – rigged with posters and bumper stickers belonging to the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), a PLO faction – and suddenly opened fire on the church and at VIPs present, killing four people.[4][5][6]Among the dead caused by the drive-by shooting were Joseph Abu Assi, an off-duty Phalange militant and father of the baptised child, plus three bodyguards – Antoine Husseini, Dib Assaf and Selman Ibrahim Abou, shot while attempting to return fire on the assailants[7][8][9][10][11] – of the personal entourage of the Maronite za'im (political boss) Pierre Gemayel, the powerful leader of the right-wing Phalangist Party, who managed nevertheless to escape unscathed. The attackers fled the scene under fire by the surviving bodyguards and KRF militiamen on duty at the time.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NLP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Lebanon)"},{"link_name":"Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigers_Militia"},{"link_name":"Ain el-Rammaneh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain_El_Remmaneh"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Arab Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Front"},{"link_name":"Tel el-Zaatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_el-Zaatar"},{"link_name":"Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine_%E2%80%93_General_Command"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Sabra refugee camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabra_camp"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Samir Khalaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samir_Khalaf"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"In the commotion that followed, armed Phalangist KRF and NLP Tigers militiamen took the streets, and began to set up roadblocks at Ain el-Rammaneh and other Christian-populated eastern districts of the Lebanese Capital, stopping vehicles and checked identities,[12] while in the mainly Muslim western sectors the Palestinian factions did likewise.Believing that the perpetrators were Palestinian guerrillas who carried the attack in retaliation for the earlier driver incident, and outraged by the audacity of the attempt on the life of their historical leader, the Phalangists planned an immediate response.[13] \nShortly after mid-day, a PLO bus carrying unsuspecting Palestinian Arab Liberation Front (ALF) militants and Lebanese sympathizers (returning from a political rally at Tel el-Zaatar held by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command (PFLP-GC)[14] passed through Ain el-Rammaneh on its way to Sabra refugee camp. As the bus drove through the narrow street-alleys, it fell into an ambush outside the same Church perpetrated by a squad of Phalange KRF militiamen. The Phalangists promptly fired upon the vehicle, killing 27 and wounding 19 of its passagers, including the driver.[15][16][17] According to sociologist Samir Khalaf all 28 passengers were killed,[18] although other sources stated that 22 PLO members were shot dead by the Phalangists.[19]","title":"Bus attack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kataeb Regulatory Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataeb_Regulatory_Forces"},{"link_name":"Lebanese National Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Sunni Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Rashid al-Sulh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_al-Sulh"},{"link_name":"massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre"},{"link_name":"Gendarmerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmerie"},{"link_name":"Internal Security Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Security_Forces"},{"link_name":"Ain el-Rammaneh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain_El_Remmaneh"},{"link_name":"Pierre Gemayel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gemayel"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Lebanese National Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement"},{"link_name":"1975–77 phase of the Lebanese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War#First_phase_(1975%E2%80%931977)"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"}],"text":"The Church Massacre that preceded the bloody incident known as the \"Bus Massacre,\" incited long-standing sectarian hatred and mistrust. It sparked heavy fighting throughout the country between Kataeb Regulatory Forces militiamen and the Palestinian Fedaiyyin and their leftist allies of the Lebanese National Movement (LNM) alliance, resulting in over 300 dead in just three days.[20]The recently appointed Lebanese prime-minister, the Sunni Muslim Rashid al-Sulh, tried vainly to defuse the situation as quickly as possible by sending in the evening of the day following the massacre a Gendarmerie detachment from the Lebanese Internal Security Forces (ISF) to Ain el-Rammaneh, which detained a number of suspects. In addition, Prime-Minister Sulh tried to pressure Phalangist Party' President Pierre Gemayel to hand over to the authorities the Phalangist KRF militiamen responsible for the death of the Palestinian driver. Gemayel publicly refused however, hinting that he and his Party would no longer abide by the authority of the government.[21] He later sent a Phalangist delegation on a mission to secure the release of the previously detained suspects held in custody by the Lebanese authorities, stating that the individuals involved in the incident were just defending themselves and that no charges could be pressed against them.As news of the murders spread, armed clashes between PLO guerrilla factions and other Christian militias erupted throughout the Lebanese Capital. Soon Lebanese National Movement (LNM) militias entered the fray alongside the Palestinians. Numerous ceasefires and political talks held through international mediation proved fruitless. Sporadic violence escalated into a full-fledged civil war over the next two years, known as the 1975–77 phase of the Lebanese Civil War, in which 60,000 people lost their lives and split Lebanon along factional and sectarian lines for another 15 years.","title":"Consequences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abd al-Rahim Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Rahim_Ahmad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Abu Iyad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Iyad"},{"link_name":"National Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Lebanon)"},{"link_name":"Camille Chamoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Chamoun"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Syrian Social National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party_in_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Atlantic.com-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beshara_2013-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"The chain of events that led to the Ain el-Rammaneh church shooting and the subsequent \"Bus massacre\" (or \"Black Sunday\") of April 1975 have been the subject of intense speculation and heated debate in Lebanon since the end of the Civil War in 1990. There are two conflicting versions of what happened that day, with the Phalangists describing it as an act of self-defense by insisting that the bus carried armed ALF guerrilla reinforcements firing weapons. The Phalangists anticipated such a reaction by guarding the church, and in the ensuing shoot-out they claimed to have killed 14 Palestinian Fedaiyyin.Although most PLO accounts refute this version of the events by describing the bus passengers as civilian families' victims of an unprovoked attack and not fully armed guerrillas, Abd al-Rahim Ahmad of the ALF did confirm years later that some of them were off-duty members of that faction.[22] Another high-ranking PLO official, Abu Iyad, later suggested that the incident was not the responsibility of the Phalange, but rather a deliberate provocation engineered by the National Liberal Party (NLP), a predominantly Christian conservative Party led by former President Camille Chamoun.[23] Other Palestinian leaders suspected instead that the provocateurs were the Phalangists.[24]However, none of these versions was ever substantiated by plausible evidence, and many began to doubt that the Palestinian PFLP was really responsible the earlier Church attack. Indeed, critics pointed to the all-too-obvious presence of civilian automobiles plastered with propaganda of that PLO faction and the tactic employed (a drive-by shooting), which did not fit well into the methods commonly used by the Palestinian guerrilla movements at the time.Therefore the true identity of the moral authors behind it – and particularly that of their faction or Party – remained shrouded in mystery until the late 1990s. New evidence that then came to light seems to confirm that they were not Palestinian feday’ but actually members of the Syrian Social National Party or SSNP, a rival Lebanese multi-confessional, pan-Syrian right-wing organization.[25] The SSNP carried out the action in retaliation for the brutal clamp-down on their militants following their abortive coup attempt in the turn of 1961-62, orchestrated by the then Interior Minister Pierre Gemayel.[26][27] As for the SSNP gunmen involved in the April 1975 drive-by shooting, they were never apprehended and apparently disappeared without a trace. Some unconfirmed reports suggest that they were later killed in action.[28]The bus was later found and exhibited in mid-2011.[29]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8129-0936-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-0936-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-136-00614-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-00614-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=R8hQeirqerEC&q=ssnp+left+wing&pg=PA160"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1568586571","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1568586571"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-213-61521-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-213-61521-9"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=aGHk5M0CGcoC&pg=PT234"},{"link_name":"Edgar O'Ballance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_O%27Ballance"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-333-72975-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-72975-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-674-08105-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-08105-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=TQdheeeXQCgC&pg=PA303"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-13-045801-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-045801-2"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0 85045 603 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B85045%2B603%2B7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-55546-834-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55546-834-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0195040104","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195040104"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0 86187 123 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B86187%2B123%2B5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//prrn.mcgill.ca/research/papers/brynen2.htm"},{"link_name":"Robert Fisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fisk"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-280130-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280130-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=VrXpeELOUNsC&pg=PA145"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85045-602-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85045-602-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2865374991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2865374991"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0231124768","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231124768"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cdn.loc.gov/master/frd/frdcstdy/le/lebanoncountryst00coll/lebanoncountryst00coll.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1558761155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1558761155"}],"text":"Abu Iyad (Salah Khalaf, with Eric Rouleau), My Home, My Land: A Narrative of the Palestinian Struggle, Times Books, New York 1981. ISBN 0-8129-0936-4\nAdel Beshara, The Politics of Frustration - The Failed Coup of 1961, Routledge 2013. ISBN 978-1-136-00614-2 – [1]\nDavid Hirst, Beware of small states: Lebanon, battleground of the Middle East, Nation Books, 2011. ISBN 978-1568586571, 1568586574\nDenise Ammoun, Histoire du Liban contemporain: Tome 2 1943–1990, Éditions Fayard, Paris 2005. ISBN 978-2-213-61521-9 (in French) – [2]\nEdgar O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon, 1975–92, Palgrave Macmillan, London 1998. ISBN 0-333-72975-7\nFarid El-Kazen, The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon 1967-1976, I.B. Tauris, London 2000. ISBN 0-674-08105-6 – [3]\nJean Sarkis, Histoire de la guerre du Liban, Presses Universitaires de France – PUF, Paris 1993. ISBN 978-2-13-045801-2 (in French)\nJohn Laffin, The War of Desperation: Lebanon 1982-85, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1985. ISBN 0 85045 603 7\nMatthew S. Gordon, The Gemayels (World Leaders Past & Present), Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. ISBN 1-55546-834-9\nNaomi Joy Weinberger, Syrian Intervention in Lebanon: The 1975–76 Civil War, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1986. ISBN 978-0195040104, 0195040104\nRex Brynen, Sanctuary and Survival: the PLO in Lebanon, Boulder: Westview Press, Oxford 1990. ISBN 0 86187 123 5 – [4]\nRobert Fisk, Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War, London: Oxford University Press, (3rd ed. 2001). ISBN 0-19-280130-9 – [5]\nPaul Jureidini, R. D. McLaurin, and James Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas, 1975-1978, Aberdeen, MD: U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Technical Memorandum 11-79, June 1979.\nSamuel M. Katz, Lee E. Russel & Ron Volstad, Armies in Lebanon 1982–84, Men-at-Arms series 165, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1985. ISBN 0-85045-602-9\nSamir Kassir, La Guerre du Liban: De la dissension nationale au conflit régional, Éditions Karthala/CERMOC, Paris 1994. ISBN 978-2865374991 (in French)\nSamir Khalaf, Civil and Uncivil Violence in Lebanon: A History of the Internationalization of Human Contact, Columbia University Press, New York 2002. ISBN 978-0231124768, 0231124767\nThomas Collelo (ed.), Lebanon: a country study, Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, Headquarters, Department of the Army (DA Pam 550-24), Washington D.C., December 1987 (Third edition 1989). – [6]\nWilliam W. Harris, Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars, and Global Extensions, Princeton Series on the Middle East, Markus Wiener Publishers, Princeton 1997. ISBN 978-1558761155, 1-55876-115-2","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"image_text":"The Church of Notre Dame de la Delivrance, in front of which took place the assassination attempt on Pierre Gemayel.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Notre_dame_du_salut_ain_el_remmaneh.jpg/220px-Notre_dame_du_salut_ain_el_remmaneh.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Bashir Gemayel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashir_Gemayel"},{"title":"Pierre Gemayel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gemayel"},{"title":"Lebanese Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Front"},{"title":"Lebanese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War"},{"title":"Lebanese National Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement"},{"title":"Tigers Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigers_Militia"},{"title":"Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party_in_Lebanon"},{"title":"National Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Lebanon)"},{"title":"Kataeb Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataeb_Party"},{"title":"Kataeb Regulatory Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataeb_Regulatory_Forces"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Behind the Terror\". The Atlantic. June 1987.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1987/06/behind-the-terror/376326/","url_text":"\"Behind the Terror\""}]},{"reference":"Mayault, Isabelle (6 November 2011). \"Le bus et son double\". Mashallah News. Retrieved 16 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://mashallahnews.com/?p=3474","url_text":"\"Le bus et son double\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1987/06/behind-the-terror/376326/","external_links_name":"\"Behind the Terror\""},{"Link":"http://mashallahnews.com/?p=3474","external_links_name":"\"Le bus et son double\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R8hQeirqerEC&q=ssnp+left+wing&pg=PA160","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aGHk5M0CGcoC&pg=PT234","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TQdheeeXQCgC&pg=PA303","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://prrn.mcgill.ca/research/papers/brynen2.htm","external_links_name":"[4]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VrXpeELOUNsC&pg=PA145","external_links_name":"[5]"},{"Link":"https://cdn.loc.gov/master/frd/frdcstdy/le/lebanoncountryst00coll/lebanoncountryst00coll.pdf","external_links_name":"[6]"},{"Link":"https://histoiredelarmeelibanaise.wordpress.com/2012/06/17/chamussy-rene-chronique-dune-guerre-le-liban-1975-1977-ed-desclee-1978/","external_links_name":"Chamussy (René) – Chronique d'une guerre: Le Liban 1975-1977 – éd. Desclée – 1978"},{"Link":"http://armeelibanaise.kazeo.com/","external_links_name":"Histoire militaire de l'armée libanaise de 1975 à 1990"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterodactyloidea
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Pterodactyloidea
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["1 Classification","2 References"]
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Suborder of monofenestratan pterosaurs
PterodactyloidsTemporal range: Middle Jurassic – Late Cretaceous, 162.7–66 Ma
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
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N
Several members of Pterodactyloidea (top to bottom): Pteranodon, Pterodaustro, the skulls of several pterosaurs (Guidraco, Anhanguera, Tupandactylus, and an unnamed dsungaripterid), Quetzalcoatlus, Aerodactylus, and Coloborhynchus
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Order:
†Pterosauria
Clade:
†Caelidracones
Suborder:
†PterodactyloideaPlieninger, 1901
Subgroups
†Dermodactylus
†Eurolimnornis
†Herbstosaurus
†Kryptodrakon
†Ningchengopterus
†Pangupterus
†Samrukia?
†Wenupteryx
†Lophocratia Unwin, 2003
†Archaeopterodactyloidea
†Eupterodactyloidea
Synonyms
Dracochira Haeckel, 1895
Pterodactyloidea (derived from the Greek words πτερόν (pterón, for usual ptéryx) "wing", and δάκτυλος (dáktylos) "finger") is one of the two traditional suborders of pterosaurs ("wing lizards"), and contains the most derived members of this group of flying reptiles. They appeared during the middle Jurassic Period, and differ from the basal (though paraphyletic) rhamphorhynchoids by their short tails and long wing metacarpals (hand bones). The most advanced forms also lack teeth, and by the late Cretaceous, all known pterodactyloids were toothless. Many species had well-developed crests on the skull, a form of display taken to extremes in giant-crested forms like Nyctosaurus and Tupandactylus. Pterodactyloids were the last surviving pterosaurs when the order became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous Period, together with the non-avian dinosaurs and most marine reptiles.
"Pterodactyl" is also a common term for pterodactyloid pterosaurs, though it can also be used to refer to Pterodactylus specifically. Well-known examples of pterodactyloids include Pterodactylus, Pteranodon, and Quetzalcoatlus.
In 2014, fossils from the Shishugou Formation of China were classified as the most basal pterodactyloid yet found, Kryptodrakon. At a minimum age of about 161 my, it is about 5 million years older than the oldest previously known confirmed specimens. Previously, a fossil jaw recovered from the Middle Jurassic Stonesfield Slate formation in the United Kingdom, was considered the oldest known. This specimen supposedly represented a member of the family Ctenochasmatidae, though further examination suggested it belonged to a teleosaurid stem-crocodilian instead of a pterosaur. O'Sullivan and Martill (2018) described a partial synsacrum from the Stonesfield Slate identified as possibly pterodactyloid based on the number of incorporated sacrals although they commented that the morphology was perhaps closer to that of wukongopterids. If correctly identified, it would be the oldest pterodactyloid fossil known.
Classification
Pterodactyloidea is traditionally considered to be the group of short-tailed pterosaurs with long wrists (metacarpus), compared with the relatively long tails and short wrist bones of basal pterosaurs ("rhamphorhynchoids"). In 2004, Kevin Padian formally defined Pterodactyloidea as an apomorphy-based clade containing those species possessing a metacarpal at least 80% of the length of the humerus, homologous with that of Pterodactylus. This definition was adopted by the PhyloCode in 2020.
A subgroup of pterodactyloids, called the Lophocratia, was named by David Unwin in 2003. Unwin defined the group as the most recent common ancestor of Pterodaustro guinazui and Quetzalcoatlus northropi, and all its descendants. This group was named for the presence of a head crest in most known species, though this feature has since been found in more primitive pterosaurs and was probably an ancestral feature for all pterodactyloids.
There are competing theories of pterodactyloid phylogeny. Below is cladogram following a topology recovered by Brian Andres, using the most recent iteration of his data set (Andres, 2021). This study found the two traditional groupings of ctenochasmatoids and kin as an early branching group, with all other pterodactyloids grouped into the Eupterodactyloidea.
Caelidracones
Anurognathidae
Pterodactyloidea
Kryptodrakon
Painten pro-pterodactyloid
Lophocratia
Archaeopterodactyloidea
Germanodactylidae
Euctenochasmatia
Pterodactylus
Ctenochasmatoidea
Gallodactylidae
Ctenochasmatidae
Eupterodactyloidea
Haopterus
Ornithocheiroidea
Pteranodontoidea
Ornithocheiromorpha
Serradraco
Aussiedraco
Lonchodectidae
Lonchodraconidae
Lanceodontia
Istiodactylidae
Ornithocheiriformes
Pteranodontia
Azhdarchoidea
Tapejaridae
Neoazhdarchia
Dsungaripteromorpha
Thalassodromidae
Dsungaripteridae
Neopterodactyloidea
Chaoyangopteridae
Azhdarchiformes
Radiodactylus
Azhdarchidae
Some studies based on a different type of analysis have found that this basic division into primitive (archaeopterodactyloid) and advanced (eupterodactyloid) species may not be correct. Beginning in 2014, Steven Vidovic and David Martill constructed an analysis in which several pterosaurs traditionally thought of as archaeopterodactyloids closely related to the ctenochasmatoids may have been more closely related to ornithocheiroids, or in some cases, fall outside both groups. The results of their updated 2017 analysis are shown below.
Pterodactyloidea
Eosipterus yangi
Pterodactylus antiquus
Lophocratia
Euctenochasmatia
Diopecephalus kochi
Ctenochasmatoidea
Aurorazhdarchia
Aerodactylus scolopaciceps
Aurorazhdarchidae
Gallodactylidae
Ctenochasmatidae
Eupterodactyloidea
Altmuehlopterus ramphastinus
Dsungaripteroidea
Germanodactylus cristatus
Elanodactylus prolatus
Ornithocheiroidea
Dsungaripteromorpha
Lonchodectes compressirostris
Prejanopterus curvirostra
Kepodactylus insperatus
Dsungaripteridae
Pteranodontoidea
Ornithocheiromorpha
Hamipterus tianshanensis
Ikrandraco avatar
Istiodactylus
Pteranodontia
Nyctosauridae
Pteranodon
Azhdarchoidea
Sinopterus dongi
Tapejarinae
Eoazhdarcho liaoxiensis
Neoazhdarchia
Tapejaromorpha
Bennettazhia oregonensis
Huaxiapterus jii
Thalassodromeus sethi
Tupuxuara leonardii
Azhdarchidae
References
^ Colbert, Edwin H. (Edwin Harris); Knight, Charles Robert (1951). The dinosaur book: the ruling reptiles and their relatives. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 153.
^ Review of taxonomy, geographic distribution, and paleoenvironments of Azhdarchidae (Pterosauria) – ZooKeys
^ a b Andres, B.; Clark, J.; Xu, X. (2014). "The Earliest Pterodactyloid and the Origin of the Group". Current Biology. 24 (9): 1011–6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.030. PMID 24768054.
^ Buffetaut, E. and Jeffrey, P. (2012). "A ctenochasmatid pterosaur from the Stonesfield Slate (Bathonian, Middle Jurassic) of Oxfordshire, England." Geological Magazine, (advance online publication) doi:10.1017/S0016756811001154
^ Michael O’Sullivan; David M. Martill (2018). "Pterosauria of the Great Oolite Group (Bathonian, Middle Jurassic) of Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire, England". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. Online edition. doi:10.4202/app.00490.2018.
^ de Queiroz. K., Cantino. P. D., Gauthier. J. A. eds. (2020). Phylonyms: A Companion to the PhyloCode. CRC Press Boca Raton, FL
^ Unwin, D. M., (2003). "On the phylogeny and evolutionary history of pterosaurs." Pp. 139–190. in Buffetaut, E. & Mazin, J.-M., (eds.) (2003). Evolution and Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs. Geological Society of London, Special Publications 217, London, 1–347.
^ Witton, Mark (2013). Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691150611.
^ Andres, B. (2021) Phylogenetic systematics of Quetzalcoatlus Lawson 1975 (Pterodactyloidea: Azhdarchoidea). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 41:sup1, 203-217. DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2020.1801703 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2020.1801703
^ Vidovic, S.U. and Martill, D.M. (2017). The taxonomy and phylogeny of Diopecephalus kochi (Wagner, 1837) and "Germanodactylus rhamphastinus" (Wagner, 1851). In Hone, D. W. E., Witton, M. P. &Martill, D. M. (eds) New Perspectives on Pterosaur Palaeobiology. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 455 doi:10.1144/SP455.12
vtePterosauria
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Sauropsida
Clade: Archosauria
Clade: Avemetatarsalia
Clade: Pterosauromorpha
Avemetatarsalia
see Avemetatarsalia
Pterosauria
see below↓
PterosauriaPterosauria
Daohugoupterus
Preondactylia
Austriadactylus
Preondactylus
Caviramidae?
Carniadactylus?
Caviramus
Raeticodactylus?
Austriadraconidae
Arcticodactylus?
Austriadraco
Seazzadactylus
Eopterosauria
Austriadraco?
Peteinosaurus?
Preondactylia?
EudimorphodontoideaRaeticodactylidae
Caviramus?
Pachagnathus
Raeticodactylus
Yelaphomte
Eudimorphodontidae
Arcticodactylus?
Eudimorphodontinae
Carniadactylus?
Eudimorphodon
Zambellisauria?
Peteinosaurus?
Macronychoptera
Herbstosaurus
Dimorphodontidae
Allkaruen?
Caelestiventus
Dimorphodon
Parapsicephalus?
Peteinosaurus?
Rhamphinion?
Lonchognatha?
Eudimorphodon?
NovialoideaCampylognathoididae
Bergamodactylus
Campylognathoides
BreviquartossaRhamphorhynchidae
Dolicorhamphus?
Klobiodon
Parapsicephalus?
Scaphognathinae?
Rhamphorhynchinae
Bellubrunnus
Cacibupteryx
Dorygnathus
Harpactognathus
Nesodactylus
Orientognathus
Qinglongopterus
RhamphorhynchaeAngustinaripterini
Angustinaripterus
Dearc
Harpactognathus?
Qinglongopterus?
Sericipterus
Rhamphorhynchini
Cacibupteryx?
Nesodactylus?
Rhamphorhynchus
Digibrevisauria?Scaphognathidae?
Fenghuangopterus
Jianchangnathus
Jianchangopterus
Scaphognathus
Sordes?
Pterodactylomorpha
see below↓
PterodactylomorphaPterodactylomorpha
Allkaruen?
Sordes?
Monofenestrata
Archaeoistiodactylus
Normannognathus
Anurognathidae?
Darwinoptera
Ceoptera
Pterorhynchus
Wukongopteridae
Kunpengopterus
Wukongopterinae
Archaeoistiodactylus?
Cuspicephalus
Darwinopterus
Douzhanopterus?
Wukongopterus
Pterodactyliformes
Changchengopterus?
Douzhanopterus
CaelidraconesAnurognathidae
Mesadactylus
Anurognathinae
Anurognathus
Dendrorhynchoides?
Jeholopterus?
Luopterus
Vesperopterylus
Batrachognathinae
Batrachognathus
Cascocauda
Dendrorhynchoides?
Jeholopterus?
Sinomacrops
Pterodactyloidea
Dermodactylus
Eurolimnornis
Herbstosaurus?
Kryptodrakon
Ningchengopterus
Pangupterus
Samrukia?
Wenupteryx
Lophocratia
see below↓
LophocratiaArchaeopterodactyloidea
Prejanopterus
Germanodactylidae
Altmuehlopterus?
Germanodactylus
Normannognathus?
Tendaguripterus?
Euctenochasmatia
Diopecephalus
Pterodactylus
CtenochasmatoideaGallodactylidae
Aurorazhdarcho?
Cycnorhamphus
Normannognathus?
Petrodactyle?
Moganopterinae?
Aurorazhdarchia
Aerodactylus
Gallodactylidae?
Aurorazhdarchidae
Ardeadactylus?
Aurorazhdarcho
Huanhepterus?
Ctenochasmatidae
Ardeadactylus?
Balaenognathus
Cathayopterus
Cratonopterus
Elanodactylus
Forfexopterus
Gladocephaloideus
Kepodactylus
Liaodactylus
Otogopterus
Petrodactyle
Pterofiltrus
Moganopterinae?
Feilongus
Moganopterus
Gnathosaurinae
Gnathosaurus
Huanhepterus?
Lusognathus
Plataleorhynchus
Tacuadactylus
Ctenochasmatinae
Ctenochasma
Pterodaustrini
Beipiaopterus
Eosipterus
Gegepterus
Pterodaustro
Eupterodactyloidea
Altmuehlopterus?
Ornithocheiroidea
see below↓
OrnithocheiroideaOrnithocheiroidea
Piksi?
TapejaroideaDsungaripteridae
Banguela?
Lonchognathosaurus?
Noripterus
Ordosipterus
Puntanipterus?
Tendaguripterus?
Dsungaripterinae
Domeykodactylus
Dsungaripterus
Azhdarchoidea
Argentinadraco
Keresdrakon?
Leptostomia?
Montanazhdarcho
Ornithostoma
NeoazhdarchiaTapejaromorpha
Bennettazhia
Keresdrakon?
Thalassodromidae?
Aerotitan?
Alanqa?
Argentinadraco?
Banguela?
Kariridraco
Lacusovagus?
Leptostomia?
Thalassodromeus
Tupuxuara
Xericeps?
TapejariformesCaupedactylia?
Aymberedactylus
Caupedactylus
Tapejaridae
Afrotapejara
Sinopterinae
Afrotapejara?
Bakonydraco?
Eopteranodon?
Huaxiadraco
Huaxiapterus
Nemicolopterus
Sinopterus
Wightia
Tapejarinae
Aymberedactylus?
Caupedactylus?
Keresdrakon?
Lacusovagus?
Vectidraco
Tapejarini
Bakonydraco?
Europejara
Tapejara
Tupandactylus
Caiuajarina
Caiuajara
Torukjara
Azhdarchomorpha
Cretornis?
Microtuban
Xericeps
Dsungaripteromorpha?
Alanqidae?
Alanqa
Argentinadraco?
Keresdrakon?
Leptostomia?
Montanazhdarcho?
Xericeps?
Neopterodactyloidea
Eoazhdarcho
Chaoyangopteridae
Apatorhamphus?
Argentinadraco?
Eoazhdarcho?
Lacusovagus
Meilifeilong
Microtuban?
Xericeps?
Chaoyangopterinae
Chaoyangopterus
Jidapterus
Shenzhoupterus
Azhdarchiformes
Montanazhdarcho?
Radiodactylus
Alanqidae?
Azhdarchidae
Alanqa?
Bogolubovia
Navajodactylus?
Palaeocursornis
Tethydraco?
Volgadraco?
Azhdarchinae
Aerotitan?
Albadraco
Azhdarcho
Mistralazhdarcho
Quetzalcoatlinae
Aralazhdarcho
Arambourgiania
Cryodrakon
Eurazhdarcho
Hatzegopteryx
Phosphatodraco
Quetzalcoatlus
Thanatosdrakon
Wellnhopterus?
Zhejiangopterus
Pteranodontoidea
see below↓
PteranodontoideaPteranodontoidea
Santanadactylus
PteranodontiaPteranodontidae
Bogolubovia?
Dawndraco
Ornithostoma?
Pteranodon
Tethydraco?
Volgadraco?
Nyctosauromorpha
Alamodactylus
Cretornis?
Aponyctosauria
Alcione
Epapatelo
Simurghia
Nyctosauridae
Barbaridactylus
Muzquizopteryx
Nyctosaurus
Volgadraco?
Ornithocheiromorpha
Aussiedraco
Serradraco
Unwindia
Lonchodectidae
Hongshanopterus?
Ikrandraco?
Lonchodectes
Lonchodraco?
Targaryendraco?
Lanceodontia
Draigwenia?
Lonchodraconidae
Ikrandraco
Lonchodraco
Istiodactyliformes
Hongshanopterus
Linlongopterus
Yixianopterus
Lonchodectidae?
Mimodactylidae
Haopterus
Linlongopterus
Mimodactylus
Istiodactylidae
Lingyuanopterus
Longchengpterus
Luchibang
Nurhachius
Istiodactylinae
Istiodactylus
Liaoxipterus
Ornithocheiriformes
Barbosania
Brasileodactylus
Cearadactylus
Hamipterus
Boreopteridae
Boreopterus
Zhenyuanopterus
OrnithocheiraeOrnithocheiridae
Araripesaurus
Arthurdactylus
Camposipterus?
Caulkicephalus?
Cimoliopterus?
Haliskia?
Tropeognathus?
Ornithocheirinae
Aetodactylus?
Camposipterus?
Coloborhynchus?
Draigwenia?
Ferrodraco?
Guidraco?
Ludodactylus?
Mythunga?
Ornithocheirus
Siroccopteryx?
Uktenadactylus?
Targaryendraconia?Cimoliopteridae
Aetodactylus
Camposipterus?
Cimoliopterus
Targaryendraconidae
Aussiedraco?
Barbosania?
Targaryendraco
Anhangueria
Brasileodactylus?
Ornithocheiridae?
Hamipteridae?
Hamipterus
Iberodactylus
AnhangueridaeTropeognathinae?
Amblydectes?
Ferrodraco?
Haliskia?
Mythunga?
Siroccopteryx?
Thapunngaka
Tropeognathus
Coloborhynchinae?
Aerodraco
Coloborhynchus
Nicorhynchus
Siroccopteryx?
Uktenadactylus
Anhanguerinae
Anhanguera
Caulkicephalus?
Cearadactylus?
Guidraco
Liaoningopterus
Ludodactylus
Maaradactylus
Taxon identifiersPterodactyloidea
Wikidata: Q746655
Wikispecies: Pterodactyloidea
EoL: 42418789
Paleobiology Database: 38479
|
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They appeared during the middle Jurassic Period, and differ from the basal (though paraphyletic) rhamphorhynchoids by their short tails and long wing metacarpals (hand bones). The most advanced forms also lack teeth, and by the late Cretaceous, all known pterodactyloids were toothless.[2] Many species had well-developed crests on the skull, a form of display taken to extremes in giant-crested forms like Nyctosaurus and Tupandactylus. Pterodactyloids were the last surviving pterosaurs when the order became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous Period, together with the non-avian dinosaurs and most marine reptiles.\"Pterodactyl\" is also a common term for pterodactyloid pterosaurs, though it can also be used to refer to Pterodactylus specifically. Well-known examples of pterodactyloids include Pterodactylus, Pteranodon, and Quetzalcoatlus.In 2014, fossils from the Shishugou Formation of China were classified as the most basal pterodactyloid yet found, Kryptodrakon. At a minimum age of about 161 my, it is about 5 million years older than the oldest previously known confirmed specimens.[3] Previously, a fossil jaw recovered from the Middle Jurassic Stonesfield Slate formation in the United Kingdom, was considered the oldest known. This specimen supposedly represented a member of the family Ctenochasmatidae,[4] though further examination suggested it belonged to a teleosaurid stem-crocodilian instead of a pterosaur.[3] O'Sullivan and Martill (2018) described a partial synsacrum from the Stonesfield Slate identified as possibly pterodactyloid based on the number of incorporated sacrals although they commented that the morphology was perhaps closer to that of wukongopterids. If correctly identified, it would be the oldest pterodactyloid fossil known.[5]","title":"Pterodactyloidea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"apomorphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apomorphy"},{"link_name":"clade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade"},{"link_name":"humerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humerus"},{"link_name":"homologous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Pterodactylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterodactylus"},{"link_name":"PhyloCode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhyloCode"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unwin2003-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-witton-8"},{"link_name":"cladogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogram"},{"link_name":"Eupterodactyloidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eupterodactyloidea"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-andres2021-9"},{"link_name":"Caelidracones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caelidracones"},{"link_name":"Anurognathidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anurognathidae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AnurognathusDB_white_background.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kryptodrakon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryptodrakon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kryptodrakon.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Painten 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yangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosipterus_yangi"},{"link_name":"Pterodactylus antiquus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterodactylus_antiquus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pterodactylus_BMMS7_life.png"},{"link_name":"Euctenochasmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euctenochasmatia"},{"link_name":"Diopecephalus kochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diopecephalus_kochi"},{"link_name":"Ctenochasmatoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctenochasmatoidea"},{"link_name":"Aurorazhdarchia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurorazhdarchia"},{"link_name":"Aerodactylus scolopaciceps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodactylus_scolopaciceps"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerodactylus_MCZ_1505.png"},{"link_name":"Aurorazhdarchidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurorazhdarchidae"},{"link_name":"Gallodactylidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallodactylidae"},{"link_name":"Ctenochasmatidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctenochasmatidae"},{"link_name":"Eupterodactyloidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eupterodactyloidea"},{"link_name":"Altmuehlopterus ramphastinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altmuehlopterus_ramphastinus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Altmuehlopterus_DB.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dsungaripteroidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dsungaripteroidea"},{"link_name":"Germanodactylus cristatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanodactylus_cristatus"},{"link_name":"Elanodactylus prolatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elanodactylus_prolatus"},{"link_name":"Ornithocheiroidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithocheiroidea"},{"link_name":"Dsungaripteromorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dsungaripteromorpha"},{"link_name":"Lonchodectes compressirostris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonchodectes_compressirostris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lonchodectes-concepts.png"},{"link_name":"Prejanopterus curvirostra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prejanopterus_curvirostra"},{"link_name":"Kepodactylus insperatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepodactylus_insperatus"},{"link_name":"Dsungaripteridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dsungaripteridae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Domeykodactylus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pteranodontoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteranodontoidea"},{"link_name":"Ornithocheiromorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithocheiromorpha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LiaoningopterusDB_flipped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hamipterus tianshanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamipterus_tianshanensis"},{"link_name":"Ikrandraco avatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikrandraco_avatar"},{"link_name":"Istiodactylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istiodactylus"},{"link_name":"Pteranodontia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteranodontia"},{"link_name":"Nyctosauridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctosauridae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nyctosaurus_DB_white_background.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pteranodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteranodon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pteranodon_longiceps_mmartyniuk_wiki.png"},{"link_name":"Azhdarchoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azhdarchoidea"},{"link_name":"Sinopterus dongi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopterus_dongi"},{"link_name":"Tapejarinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapejarinae"},{"link_name":"Eoazhdarcho liaoxiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoazhdarcho_liaoxiensis"},{"link_name":"Neoazhdarchia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoazhdarchia"},{"link_name":"Tapejaromorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapejaromorpha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bakonydraco_as_tapejarid_DB.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bennettazhia oregonensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennettazhia_oregonensis"},{"link_name":"Huaxiapterus jii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaxiapterus_jii"},{"link_name":"Thalassodromeus sethi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassodromeus_sethi"},{"link_name":"Tupuxuara leonardii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupuxuara_leonardii"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tupux_longDB2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Azhdarchidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azhdarchidae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quetzalcoatlus07.jpg"}],"text":"Pterodactyloidea is traditionally considered to be the group of short-tailed pterosaurs with long wrists (metacarpus), compared with the relatively long tails and short wrist bones of basal pterosaurs (\"rhamphorhynchoids\"). In 2004, Kevin Padian formally defined Pterodactyloidea as an apomorphy-based clade containing those species possessing a metacarpal at least 80% of the length of the humerus, homologous with that of Pterodactylus. This definition was adopted by the PhyloCode in 2020.[6]A subgroup of pterodactyloids, called the Lophocratia, was named by David Unwin in 2003. Unwin defined the group as the most recent common ancestor of Pterodaustro guinazui and Quetzalcoatlus northropi, and all its descendants.[7] This group was named for the presence of a head crest in most known species, though this feature has since been found in more primitive pterosaurs and was probably an ancestral feature for all pterodactyloids.[8]There are competing theories of pterodactyloid phylogeny. Below is cladogram following a topology recovered by Brian Andres, using the most recent iteration of his data set (Andres, 2021). This study found the two traditional groupings of ctenochasmatoids and kin as an early branching group, with all other pterodactyloids grouped into the Eupterodactyloidea.[9]Caelidracones \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAnurognathidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Pterodactyloidea \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKryptodrakon\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPainten pro-pterodactyloid\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLophocratia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Archaeopterodactyloidea \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGermanodactylidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Euctenochasmatia \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPterodactylus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Ctenochasmatoidea \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGallodactylidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCtenochasmatidae \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Eupterodactyloidea \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHaopterus\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOrnithocheiroidea\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Pteranodontoidea \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOrnithocheiromorpha\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSerradraco\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAussiedraco\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLonchodectidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLonchodraconidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLanceodontia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIstiodactylidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOrnithocheiriformes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPteranodontia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Azhdarchoidea \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTapejaridae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Neoazhdarchia \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDsungaripteromorpha\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThalassodromidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDsungaripteridae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNeopterodactyloidea\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nChaoyangopteridae\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAzhdarchiformes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRadiodactylus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAzhdarchidaeSome studies based on a different type of analysis have found that this basic division into primitive (archaeopterodactyloid) and advanced (eupterodactyloid) species may not be correct. Beginning in 2014, Steven Vidovic and David Martill constructed an analysis in which several pterosaurs traditionally thought of as archaeopterodactyloids closely related to the ctenochasmatoids may have been more closely related to ornithocheiroids, or in some cases, fall outside both groups. The results of their updated 2017 analysis are shown below.[10]Pterodactyloidea\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEosipterus yangi\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPterodactylus antiquus\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLophocratia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEuctenochasmatia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDiopecephalus kochi\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCtenochasmatoidea\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAurorazhdarchia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAerodactylus scolopaciceps\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAurorazhdarchidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGallodactylidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCtenochasmatidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEupterodactyloidea\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAltmuehlopterus ramphastinus\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDsungaripteroidea\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGermanodactylus cristatus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nElanodactylus prolatus\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOrnithocheiroidea\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDsungaripteromorpha\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLonchodectes compressirostris\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPrejanopterus curvirostra\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKepodactylus insperatus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDsungaripteridae \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPteranodontoidea\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOrnithocheiromorpha\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHamipterus tianshanensis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIkrandraco avatar\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIstiodactylus\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPteranodontia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNyctosauridae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPteranodon\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAzhdarchoidea\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSinopterus dongi\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTapejarinae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEoazhdarcho liaoxiensis\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNeoazhdarchia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTapejaromorpha\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBennettazhia oregonensis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHuaxiapterus jii\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThalassodromeus sethi\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTupuxuara leonardii\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAzhdarchidae","title":"Classification"}]
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[{"reference":"Colbert, Edwin H. (Edwin Harris); Knight, Charles Robert (1951). The dinosaur book: the ruling reptiles and their relatives. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 153.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bookruli00colb/page/152/mode/2up","url_text":"The dinosaur book: the ruling reptiles and their relatives"}]},{"reference":"Andres, B.; Clark, J.; Xu, X. (2014). \"The Earliest Pterodactyloid and the Origin of the Group\". Current Biology. 24 (9): 1011–6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.030. PMID 24768054.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2014.03.030","url_text":"\"The Earliest Pterodactyloid and the Origin of the Group\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2014.03.030","url_text":"10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.030"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24768054","url_text":"24768054"}]},{"reference":"Witton, Mark (2013). Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691150611.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691150611","url_text":"978-0691150611"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bookruli00colb/page/152/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The dinosaur book: the ruling reptiles and their relatives"},{"Link":"https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/3978/element/7/azhdarchidae/","external_links_name":"Review of taxonomy, geographic distribution, and paleoenvironments of Azhdarchidae (Pterosauria) – ZooKeys"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2014.03.030","external_links_name":"\"The Earliest Pterodactyloid and the Origin of the Group\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2014.03.030","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.030"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24768054","external_links_name":"24768054"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0016756811001154","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0016756811001154"},{"Link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2020.1801703","external_links_name":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2020.1801703"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1144%2FSP455.12","external_links_name":"10.1144/SP455.12"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/42418789","external_links_name":"42418789"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=38479","external_links_name":"38479"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_Kh%E1%BA%A3i
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Trịnh Khải
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["1 References"]
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Trịnh lords
Trịnh Khải鄭楷Trịnh lordsLord of TonkinTrịnh LordsReign1782–1786PredecessorTrịnh CánSuccessorTrịnh BồngBorn10 October 1763Đông Kinh, North VietnamDied23 July 1786Đông Kinh, North VietnamSpouse?NamesTrịnh Tông (鄭棕)Trịnh Khải (鄭楷)Regnal nameĐoan Nam Vương (端南王)HouseTrịnh LordsFatherTrịnh SâmMotherDương Thị Ngọc HoanReligionBuddhism
Đoan Nam Vương Trịnh Khải (chữ Hán: 鄭楷, 10 October 1763 – 23 July 1786) was one of the Trịnh lords in northern Vietnam. He fought against the armies of the infant Trịnh Cán to win leadership of the northern warlords (reigning 29 November 1782 – July 1786), but was himself defeated by the Tây Sơn rebel leader, later emperor Nguyễn Huệ. Trịnh Khải later committed suicide while were arrested by the Tây Sơn troops. He was succeeded by the last of the lords, Trịnh Bồng.
References
^ Bruce M. Lockhart, William J. Duiker - The A to Z of Vietnam 2010- Page 437 "Trịnh Khải (1782-86)"
^ David Kolzion - As the Wind Blowing: Testimonies from Beyond the Tomb 2005 - Page 8 "1784, Huệ went South to defeat Siam's 20,000 troops and 300-warship fleet called in by Nguyễn-Ánh. 1786, Huệ went North to terminate warlord Trịnh-Khải in favor of emperor LÊ Hiển Tông. Early 1788, Huệ went north again to punish his ..."
Vietnamese royalty
Preceded byTrịnh Cán
Trịnh lordsLord of Tonkin 1782–1786
Succeeded byTrịnh Bồng
vteTrịnh lords
Trịnh Kiểm
Trịnh Cối
Trịnh Tùng
Trịnh Tráng
Trịnh Tạc
Trịnh Căn
Trịnh Cương
Trịnh Giang
Trịnh Doanh
Trịnh Sâm
Trịnh Cán
Trịnh Khải
Trịnh Bồng
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
This Vietnamese biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chữ Hán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Trịnh lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_lords"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Trịnh Cán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_C%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Nguyễn Huệ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Hu%E1%BB%87"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Trịnh Bồng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_B%E1%BB%93ng"}],"text":"Đoan Nam Vương Trịnh Khải (chữ Hán: 鄭楷, 10 October 1763 – 23 July 1786) was one of the Trịnh lords in northern Vietnam.[1] He fought against the armies of the infant Trịnh Cán to win leadership of the northern warlords (reigning 29 November 1782 – July 1786), but was himself defeated by the Tây Sơn rebel leader, later emperor Nguyễn Huệ. Trịnh Khải later committed suicide while were arrested by the Tây Sơn troops.[2] He was succeeded by the last of the lords, Trịnh Bồng.","title":"Trịnh Khải"}]
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[{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/393213/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/48512680","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxRvKtC9WJ39BF8xVqmh3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97060921","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_Kh%E1%BA%A3i&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Center
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National Film Archive of Japan
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["1 Collection","2 Location","3 References","4 External links"]
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The NFAJ in Kyōbashi
The National Film Archive of Japan (国立映画アーカイブ, Kokuritsu Eiga Ākaibu) is an independent administrative institution and one of Japan's seven national museums of art which specializes in preserving and exhibiting the film heritage of Japan. In its previous incarnation, it was the National Film Center, which was part of the National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo. In April 2018, it became independent of the National Museum of Modern Art and was officially elevated to the rank of a national museum.
The NFAJ is located in Kyōbashi, Tokyo and is Japan's only public institution devoted to cinema, holding about 40,000 films and numerous other materials in its collection. The Archive has film-related materials on permanent display and it holds special screenings in its theaters. The NFAJ is a member of The International Federation of Film Archives. It preserves many important works of Japanese and world film history including films designated as Important Cultural Properties of Japan like Momijigari.
Collection
Screenshot from the oldest existing example of a Japanese animated film originally made for the cinema, Namakura-gatana (1917). This unique 2-minute film was restored and initially screened for the public in 2008.
The NFAJ restored a Japanese animated film which had been first released in 1917, the oldest existing example of a Japanese animated film originally made for the cinema. The film, The Dull Sword (Namakura-gatana), is the first work of Jun'ichi Kōuchi, one of the founders of Japanese animated film. A rare surviving print was unexpectedly discovered in an antique market in Osaka. In the silent comedy the animation tells the story of a samurai warrior who is tricked into buying a dull-edged sword. He tries to attack passers-by in an effort to test the sword's quality but lower-class townspeople fight back and knock him down. The animated story lasts just two minutes. Although the ultimate status of the film remains uncertain, it was screened by NFC for the public in late April 2008. With the involvement of the NFAJ the animated film became something more than an historical artifact—it also became an illustration of the progress film restoration has made over recent decades.
The National Film Archive collection includes original movie scripts (such as Akira Kurosawa's Rashomon, Yasujirō Ozu's Tokyo Story and Kenji Mizoguchi's Osaka Elegy), original movie posters (Godzilla, Rashomon, Tokyo Story, The Life of Oharu, etc.), photos shot on set, movie cameras and actors and actresses' personal effects (such as Kinuyo Tanaka's).
Location
The NFAJ's Tokyo headquarters in the Kyōbashi building is a one-minute walk from Kyōbashi Station (Station G-10) on the Tokyo Metro Ginza Line. It is also a one-minute walk from Takarachō Station (Station A-12) on the Toei Asakusa Line. An NFAJ branch is located in the city of Sagamihara in neighboring Kanagawa Prefecture.
References
^ "６館目の国立美術館 国立映画アーカイブがきょう誕生". 東京新聞 TOKYO Web (in Japanese). Retrieved 13 April 2018.
^ "Founding of National Film Archive of Japan in April, 2018 | The National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo". The National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
^ "Hakkutsu sareta eigatachi 2009" (in Japanese). National Film Center, National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
^ a b "Old anime discovered, restored," Daily Yomiuri Online. March 28, 2008.
^ "Japan’s oldest animation films," ImprintTALK. March 31, 2008.
External links
Official website
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Japan
Academics
CiNii
People
ISIL
JP-2001235
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"independent administrative institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_administrative_institution"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Modern_Art,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tokyo-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kyōbashi, Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dbashi,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"The International Federation of Film Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_Federation_of_Film_Archives"},{"link_name":"Important Cultural Properties of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Important_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Momijigari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momijigari_(film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The National Film Archive of Japan (国立映画アーカイブ, Kokuritsu Eiga Ākaibu) is an independent administrative institution and one of Japan's seven national museums of art which specializes in preserving and exhibiting the film heritage of Japan. In its previous incarnation, it was the National Film Center, which was part of the National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo. In April 2018, it became independent of the National Museum of Modern Art and was officially elevated to the rank of a national museum.[1][2]The NFAJ is located in Kyōbashi, Tokyo and is Japan's only public institution devoted to cinema, holding about 40,000 films and numerous other materials in its collection. The Archive has film-related materials on permanent display and it holds special screenings in its theaters. The NFAJ is a member of The International Federation of Film Archives. It preserves many important works of Japanese and world film history including films designated as Important Cultural Properties of Japan like Momijigari.[3]","title":"National Film Archive of Japan"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anime_cell_1917.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Dull Sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namakura_Gatana"},{"link_name":"Jun'ichi Kōuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun%27ichi_K%C5%8Duchi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anime1917-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anime1917-4"},{"link_name":"Akira Kurosawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa"},{"link_name":"Rashomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashomon"},{"link_name":"Yasujirō Ozu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasujir%C5%8D_Ozu"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Story"},{"link_name":"Kenji Mizoguchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenji_Mizoguchi"},{"link_name":"Osaka Elegy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_Elegy"},{"link_name":"Godzilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla_(1954_film)"},{"link_name":"Rashomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashomon"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Story"},{"link_name":"The Life of Oharu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Life_of_Oharu"},{"link_name":"Kinuyo Tanaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinuyo_Tanaka"}],"text":"Screenshot from the oldest existing example of a Japanese animated film originally made for the cinema, Namakura-gatana (1917). This unique 2-minute film was restored and initially screened for the public in 2008.The NFAJ restored a Japanese animated film which had been first released in 1917, the oldest existing example of a Japanese animated film originally made for the cinema. The film, The Dull Sword (Namakura-gatana), is the first work of Jun'ichi Kōuchi, one of the founders of Japanese animated film.[4] A rare surviving print was unexpectedly discovered in an antique market in Osaka. In the silent comedy the animation tells the story of a samurai warrior who is tricked into buying a dull-edged sword. He tries to attack passers-by in an effort to test the sword's quality but lower-class townspeople fight back and knock him down.[5] The animated story lasts just two minutes. Although the ultimate status of the film remains uncertain, it was screened by NFC for the public in late April 2008. With the involvement of the NFAJ the animated film became something more than an historical artifact—it also became an illustration of the progress film restoration has made over recent decades.[4]The National Film Archive collection includes original movie scripts (such as Akira Kurosawa's Rashomon, Yasujirō Ozu's Tokyo Story and Kenji Mizoguchi's Osaka Elegy), original movie posters (Godzilla, Rashomon, Tokyo Story, The Life of Oharu, etc.), photos shot on set, movie cameras and actors and actresses' personal effects (such as Kinuyo Tanaka's).","title":"Collection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kyōbashi Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dbashi_Station_(Tokyo)"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Metro Ginza Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_Ginza_Line"},{"link_name":"Takarachō Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takarach%C5%8D_Station_(Tokyo)"},{"link_name":"Toei Asakusa Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toei_Asakusa_Line"},{"link_name":"Sagamihara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagamihara,_Kanagawa"},{"link_name":"Kanagawa Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture"}],"text":"The NFAJ's Tokyo headquarters in the Kyōbashi building is a one-minute walk from Kyōbashi Station (Station G-10) on the Tokyo Metro Ginza Line. It is also a one-minute walk from Takarachō Station (Station A-12) on the Toei Asakusa Line. An NFAJ branch is located in the city of Sagamihara in neighboring Kanagawa Prefecture.","title":"Location"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The NFAJ in Kyōbashi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/MOMAT_FilmCenter.jpg/250px-MOMAT_FilmCenter.jpg"},{"image_text":"Screenshot from the oldest existing example of a Japanese animated film originally made for the cinema, Namakura-gatana (1917). This unique 2-minute film was restored and initially screened for the public in 2008.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Anime_cell_1917.jpg/220px-Anime_cell_1917.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"６館目の国立美術館 国立映画アーカイブがきょう誕生\". 東京新聞 TOKYO Web (in Japanese). Retrieved 13 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/entertainment/news/CK2018040102000148.html","url_text":"\"６館目の国立美術館 国立映画アーカイブがきょう誕生\""}]},{"reference":"\"Founding of National Film Archive of Japan in April, 2018 | The National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo\". The National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo. Retrieved 13 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.momat.go.jp/english/ge/topics/founding-of-national-film-archive-of-japan-in-april-2018/","url_text":"\"Founding of National Film Archive of Japan in April, 2018 | The National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hakkutsu sareta eigatachi 2009\" (in Japanese). National Film Center, National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo. Retrieved 10 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.momat.go.jp/FC/NFC_Calendar/2009-5A/kaisetsu.html","url_text":"\"Hakkutsu sareta eigatachi 2009\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/entertainment/news/CK2018040102000148.html","external_links_name":"\"６館目の国立美術館 国立映画アーカイブがきょう誕生\""},{"Link":"http://www.momat.go.jp/english/ge/topics/founding-of-national-film-archive-of-japan-in-april-2018/","external_links_name":"\"Founding of National Film Archive of Japan in April, 2018 | The National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo\""},{"Link":"http://www.momat.go.jp/FC/NFC_Calendar/2009-5A/kaisetsu.html","external_links_name":"\"Hakkutsu sareta eigatachi 2009\""},{"Link":"http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/20080328TDY03102.htm","external_links_name":"\"Old anime discovered, restored,\""},{"Link":"http://imprinttalk.com/?p=1557","external_links_name":"\"Japan’s oldest animation films,\""},{"Link":"http://www.nfaj.go.jp/english/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/3323152684013423430001","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001290321","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA19172533?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_civet
|
Sulawesi palm civet
|
["1 Characteristics","2 Distribution and habitat","3 Ecology and behaviour","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Species of carnivore
Sulawesi palm civet
Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Carnivora
Suborder:
Feliformia
Family:
Viverridae
Subfamily:
Paradoxurinae
Genus:
MacrogalidiaSchwarz, 1910
Species:
M. musschenbroekii
Binomial name
Macrogalidia musschenbroekii(Schlegel, 1877)
Sulawesi palm civet range
The Sulawesi palm civet (Macrogalidia musschenbroekii), also known as Sulawesi civet, musang and brown palm civet is a little-known viverrid endemic to Sulawesi. It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List due to population decline estimated to have been more than 30% over the last three generations (suspected to be 15 years) inferred from habitat destruction and degradation.
Macrogalidia is a monospecific genus. It is the only carnivoran native to Sulawesi.
Characteristics
The Sulawesi civet has a light brownish-chestnut coloured soft and short coat with numerous light hairs intermixed. The underparts vary from fulvous to white; the breast is rufescent. There is a pair of indistinct longitudinal stripes and some faint spots on the hinder part of the back. The whiskers are mixed brown and white. The tail is marked with alternating rings of dark and pale brown, which are indistinct on the under surface, and disappear towards the dark tip. The length of head and body is about 35 in (89 cm) with a 25 in (64 cm) long tail. The skull with the bony palate is much produced backwards, but otherwise resembles that of Asian palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus). The teeth differ from those of all the Paradoxurus species in that the two cheek-series run nearly parallel, in place of being widely divergent posteriorly.
Distribution and habitat
Sulawesi palm civets were recorded in lowland forest, lower and upper montane forest at elevations up to 2,600 m (8,500 ft), grasslands and near farms. They appear to be more common in forests than in agricultural areas. Although they appear to be generalists that can probably tolerate some degree of disturbed habitat, there is no evidence that populations can survive independent of tall forest.
Between September 2016 and April 2017, Sulawesi palm civets were recorded in Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park and in Tangkoko Batuangus Nature Reserve at elevations of 253–1,515 m (830–4,970 ft).
Ecology and behaviour
Sulawesi palm civets are partially arboreal, apparently nocturnal, and omnivorous, feeding on small mammals, fruit and grass. They occasionally take birds and farm animals. Their home range is estimated at 150 ha (0.58 sq mi).
References
^ a b c d Tasirin, J.; Dinets, V.; Meijaard, E.; Brodie, J.; Nijman, V.; Loffeld, T.A.C.; Hilser, H.; Shepherd, C.; Seymour, A.S.; Duckworth, J.W. (2015). "Macrogalidia musschenbroekii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T12592A45198901. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T12592A45198901.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^ Schlegel, H. (1879). "Paradoxurus musschenbroekii". Notes from the Royal Zoological Museum of the Netherlands at Leyden. 1 (Note XIV): 43.
^ Schwarz, E. (1910). "Notes on some Palm-Civets". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology. 8. 5 (29): 422–424.
^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Genus Macrogalidia". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 550. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ Groves, C. (2001). "Mammals in Sulawesi: Where did they come from and when, and what happened to them when they got there?". In Metcalfe, I.; Smith, J. M.B.; Morwood, M.; Davidson, I. (eds.). Faunal and Floral Migration and Evolution in SE Asia-Australasia. CRC Press. p. 336. ISBN 978-90-5809-349-3.
^ Lydekker, R. (1896). "The Celebean Palm-civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus". A Hand-book to the Carnivora, Part I. Cats, Civets, and Mungooses. London: Edward Lloyd, Limited. p. 239.
^ Wemmer, C. & Watling, D. (1986). "Ecology and status of the Sulawesi palm civet". Biological Conservation (35): 1–17. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(86)90024-8.
^ a b Lee, R. J.; Riley, J.; Hunowu, I. & Maneasa, E. (2003). "The Sulawesi palm civet: Expanded distribution of a little known endemic viverrid". Oryx. 37 (3): 378–381. doi:10.1017/S0030605303000656. S2CID 86204084.
^ Hunowu, I.; Patandung, A.; Pusparini, W.; Danismend, I.; Cahyana, A.; Abdullah, S.; Johnson, C.L.; Hilser, H.; Rahasia, R.; Gawina, J. & Linkie, M. (2020). "New insights into Sulawesi's apex predator: the Sulawesi civet Macrogalidia musschenbroekii". Oryx. 54 (first view): 1–4. doi:10.1017/S0030605319000723.
External links
Wikispecies has information related to Macrogalidia.
http://arcbc.org/cgi-bin/abiss.exe/spd?SID=587127028&spd=14358&sub=0&tx=MA
vteExtant Carnivora species
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Eutheria
Superorder: Laurasiatheria
Suborder FeliformiaNandiniidaeNandinia
African palm civet (N. binotata)
Herpestidae(Mongooses)Atilax
Marsh mongoose (A. paludinosus)
Bdeogale
Bushy-tailed mongoose (B. crassicauda)
Jackson's mongoose (B. jacksoni)
Black-footed mongoose (B. nigripes)
Crossarchus
Alexander's kusimanse (C. alexandri)
Angolan kusimanse (C. ansorgei)
Common kusimanse (C. obscurus)
Flat-headed kusimanse (C. platycephalus)
Cynictis
Yellow mongoose (C. penicillata)
Dologale
Pousargues's mongoose (D. dybowskii)
Helogale
Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (H. hirtula)
Common dwarf mongoose (H. parvula)
Herpestes
Angolan slender mongoose (H. flavescens)
Egyptian mongoose (H. ichneumon)
Somalian slender mongoose (H. ochracea)
Cape gray mongoose (H. pulverulenta)
Common slender mongoose (H. sanguinea)
Ichneumia
White-tailed mongoose (I. albicauda)
Liberiictus
Liberian mongoose (L. kuhni)
Mungos
Gambian mongoose (M. gambianus)
Banded mongoose (M. mungo)
Paracynictis
Selous's mongoose (P. selousi)
Rhynchogale
Meller's mongoose (R. melleri)
Suricata
Meerkat (S. suricatta)
Urva
Small Indian mongoose (U. auropunctata)
Short-tailed mongoose (U. brachyura)
Indian grey mongoose (U. edwardsii)
Indian brown mongoose (U. fusca)
Javan mongoose (U. javanica)
Collared mongoose (U. semitorquata)
Ruddy mongoose (U. smithii)
Crab-eating mongoose (U. urva)
Stripe-necked mongoose (U. vitticolla)
Xenogale
Long-nosed mongoose (X. naso)
Hyaenidae(Hyenas)Crocuta
Spotted hyena (C. crocuta)
Hyaena
Striped hyena (H. hyaena)
Parahyaena
Brown hyena (P. brunnea)
Proteles
Aardwolf (P. cristata)
FelidaeLarge family listed belowViverridaeLarge family listed belowEupleridaeSmall family listed belowFamily FelidaeFelinaeAcinonyx
Cheetah (A. jubatus)
Caracal
African golden cat (C. aurata)
Caracal (C. caracal)
Catopuma
Bay cat (C. badia)
Asian golden cat (C. temminckii)
Felis
Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti)
Domestic cat (F. catus)
Jungle cat (F. chaus)
African wildcat (F. lybica)
Sand cat (F. margarita)
Black-footed cat (F. nigripes)
European wildcat (F. silvestris)
Herpailurus
Jaguarundi (H. yagouaroundi)
Leopardus
Pampas cat (L. colocola)
Geoffroy's cat (L. geoffroyi)
Kodkod (L. guigna)
Southern tiger cat (L. guttulus)
Andean mountain cat (L. jacobita)
Ocelot (L. pardalis)
Oncilla (L. tigrinus)
Margay (L. wiedii)
Leptailurus
Serval (L. serval)
Lynx
Canada lynx (L. canadensis)
Eurasian lynx (L. lynx)
Iberian lynx (L. pardinus)
Bobcat (L. rufus)
Otocolobus
Pallas's cat (O. manul)
Pardofelis
Marbled cat (P. marmorata)
Prionailurus
Leopard cat (P. bengalensis)
Sunda leopard cat (P. javanensis)
Flat-headed cat (P. planiceps)
Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus)
Fishing cat (P. viverrinus)
Puma
Cougar (P. concolor)
PantherinaePanthera
Lion (P. leo)
Jaguar (P. onca)
Leopard (P. pardus)
Tiger (P. tigris)
Snow leopard (P. uncia)
Neofelis
Sunda clouded leopard (N. diardi)
Clouded leopard (N. nebulosa)
PrionodontidaePrionodon
Banded linsang (P. linsang)
Spotted linsang (P. pardicolor)
Family ViverridaeParadoxurinaeArctictis
Binturong (A. binturong)
Arctogalidia
Small-toothed palm civet (A. trivirgata)
Macrogalidia
Sulawesi palm civet (M. musschenbroekii)
Paguma
Masked palm civet (P. larvata)
Paradoxurus
Asian palm civet (P. hermaphroditus)
Brown palm civet (P. jerdoni)
Golden palm civet (P. zeylonensis)
HemigalinaeChrotogale
Owston's palm civet (C. owstoni)
Cynogale
Otter civet (C. bennettii)
Diplogale
Hose's palm civet (D. hosei)
Hemigalus
Banded palm civet (H. derbyanus)
ViverrinaeCivettictis
African civet (C. civetta)
Viverra
Malabar large-spotted civet (V. civettina)
Large-spotted civet (V. megaspila)
Malayan civet (V. tangalunga)
Large Indian civet (V. zibetha)
Viverricula
Small Indian civet (V. indica)
GenettinaeGenetta(Genets)
Abyssinian genet (G. abyssinica)
Angolan genet (G. angolensis)
Bourlon's genet (G. bourloni)
Crested servaline genet (G. cristata)
Common genet (G. genetta)
Johnston's genet (G. johnstoni)
Letaba genet (G. letabae)
Rusty-spotted genet (G. maculata)
Pardine genet (G. pardina)
Aquatic genet (G. piscivora)
King genet (G. poensis)
Servaline genet (G. servalina)
Hausa genet (G. thierryi)
Cape genet (G. tigrina)
Giant forest genet (G. victoriae)
South African small-spotted genet (G. felina)
Poiana
Central African oyan (P. richardsonii)
West African oyan (P. leightoni)
Family EupleridaeEuplerinaeCryptoprocta
Fossa (C. ferox)
Eupleres
Eastern falanouc (E. goudotii)
Western falanouc (E. major)
Fossa
Malagasy civet (F. fossana)
GalidiinaeGalidia
Ring-tailed vontsira (G. elegans)
Galidictis
Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (G. fasciata)
Grandidier's mongoose (G. grandidieri)
Mungotictis
Narrow-striped mongoose (M. decemlineata)
Salanoia
Brown-tailed mongoose (S. concolor)
Durrell's vontsira (S. durrelli)
Suborder Caniformia (cont. below)Ursidae(Bears)Ailuropoda
Giant panda (A. melanoleuca)
Helarctos
Sun bear (H. malayanus)
Melursus
Sloth bear (M. ursinus)
Tremarctos
Spectacled bear (T. ornatus)
Ursus
American black bear (U. americanus)
Brown bear (U. arctos)
Polar bear (U. maritimus)
Asian black bear (U. thibetanus)
Mephitidae(Skunks)Conepatus(Hog-nosedskunks)
Molina's hog-nosed skunk (C. chinga)
Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (C. humboldtii)
American hog-nosed skunk (C. leuconotus)
Striped hog-nosed skunk (C. semistriatus)
Mephitis
Hooded skunk (M. macroura)
Striped skunk (M. mephitis)
Mydaus
Sunda stink badger (M. javanensis)
Palawan stink badger (M. marchei)
Spilogale(Spotted skunks)
Southern spotted skunk (S. angustifrons)
Western spotted skunk (S. gracilis)
Eastern spotted skunk (S. putorius)
Pygmy spotted skunk (S. pygmaea)
Procyonidae(Raccoons, coatis, olingos)Bassaricyon(Olingos)
Eastern lowland olingo (B. alleni)
Northern olingo (B. gabbii)
Western lowland olingo (B. medius)
Olinguito (B. neblina)
Bassariscus
Ringtail (B. astutus)
Cacomistle (B. sumichrasti)
Nasua(Coatis inclusive)
White-nosed coati (N. narica)
South American coati (N. nasua)
Nasuella(Coatis inclusive)
Eastern mountain coati (N. meridensis)
Western mountain coati (N. olivacea)
Potos
Kinkajou (P. flavus)
Procyon
Crab-eating raccoon (P. cancrivorus)
Raccoon (P. lotor)
Cozumel raccoon (P. pygmaeus)
AiluridaeAilurus
Red panda (A. fulgens)
Suborder Caniformia (cont. above)Otariidae(Eared seals)(includes fur sealsand sea lions)(Pinniped inclusive)Arctocephalus
South American fur seal (A. australis)
Australasian fur seal (A. forsteri)
Galápagos fur seal (A. galapagoensis)
Antarctic fur seal (A. gazella)
Juan Fernández fur seal (A. philippii)
Brown fur seal (A. pusillus)
Guadalupe fur seal (A. townsendi)
Subantarctic fur seal (A. tropicalis)
Callorhinus
Northern fur seal (C. ursinus)
Eumetopias
Steller sea lion (E. jubatus)
Neophoca
Australian sea lion (N. cinerea)
Otaria
South American sea lion (O. flavescens)
Phocarctos
New Zealand sea lion (P. hookeri)
Zalophus
California sea lion (Z. californianus)
Galápagos sea lion (Z. wollebaeki)
Odobenidae(Pinniped inclusive)Odobenus
Walrus (O. rosmarus)
Phocidae(Earless seals)(Pinniped inclusive)Cystophora
Hooded seal (C. cristata)
Erignathus
Bearded seal (E. barbatus)
Halichoerus
Grey seal (H. grypus)
Histriophoca
Ribbon seal (H. fasciata)
Hydrurga
Leopard seal (H. leptonyx)
Leptonychotes
Weddell seal (L. weddellii)
Lobodon
Crabeater seal (L. carcinophagus)
Mirounga(Elephant seals)
Northern elephant seal (M. angustirostris)
Southern elephant seal (M. leonina)
Monachus
Mediterranean monk seal (M. monachus)
Neomonachus
Hawaiian monk seal (N. schauinslandi)
Ommatophoca
Ross seal (O. rossi)
Pagophilus
Harp seal (P. groenlandicus)
Phoca
Spotted seal (P. largha)
Harbor seal (P. vitulina)
Pusa
Caspian seal (P. caspica)
Ringed seal (P. hispida)
Baikal seal (P. sibirica)
CanidaeLarge family listed belowMustelidaeLarge family listed belowFamily CanidaeAtelocynus
Short-eared dog (A. microtis)
Canis
Golden jackal (C. aureus)
Domestic dog (C. familiaris)
Coyote (C. latrans)
African wolf (C. lupaster)
Wolf (C. lupus)
Eastern wolf (C. lycaon)
Red wolf (C. rufus)
Ethiopian wolf (C. simensis)
Cerdocyon
Crab-eating fox (C. thous)
Chrysocyon
Maned wolf (C. brachyurus)
Cuon
Dhole (C. alpinus)
Lupulella
Side-striped jackal (L. adustus)
Black-backed jackal (L. mesomelas)
Lycalopex
Culpeo (L. culpaeus)
Darwin's fox (L. fulvipes)
South American gray fox (L. griseus)
Pampas fox (L. gymnocercus)
Sechuran fox (L. sechurae)
Hoary fox (L. vetulus)
Lycaon
African wild dog (L. pictus)
Nyctereutes
Common raccoon dog (N. procyonoides)
Japanese raccoon dog (N. viverrinus)
Otocyon
Bat-eared fox (O. megalotis)
Speothos
Bush dog (S. venaticus)
Urocyon
Gray fox (U. cinereoargenteus)
Island fox (U. littoralis)
Vulpes (Foxes)
Bengal fox (V. bengalensis)
Blanford's fox (V. cana)
Cape fox (V. chama)
Corsac fox (V. corsac)
Tibetan fox (V. ferrilata)
Arctic fox (V. lagopus)
Kit fox (V. macrotis)
Pale fox (V. pallida)
Rüppell's fox (V. rueppelli)
Swift fox (V. velox)
Red fox (V. vulpes)
Fennec fox (V. zerda)
Family MustelidaeHelictidinae(Ferret-badgers)Melogale
Vietnam ferret-badger (M. cucphuongensis)
Bornean ferret badger (M. everetti)
Chinese ferret-badger (M. moschata)
Javan ferret-badger (M. orientalis)
Burmese ferret-badger (M. personata)
Formosan ferret-badger (M. subaurantiaca)
Guloninae(Martens and wolverines)Eira
Tayra (E. barbara)
Gulo
Wolverine (G. gulo)
Martes(Martens)
American marten (M. americana)
Pacific marten (M. caurina)
Yellow-throated marten (M. flavigula)
Beech marten (M. foina)
Nilgiri marten (M. gwatkinsii)
European pine marten (M. martes)
Japanese marten (M. melampus)
Sable (M. zibellina)
Pekania
Fisher (P. pennanti)
Ictonychinae(African polecats and grisons)Galictis
Lesser grison (G. cuja)
Greater grison (G. vittata)
Ictonyx
Saharan striped polecat (I. libyca)
Striped polecat (I. striatus)
Lyncodon
Patagonian weasel (L. patagonicus)
Poecilogale
African striped weasel (P. albinucha)
Vormela
Marbled polecat (V. peregusna)
Lutrinae(Otters)Aonyx
African clawless otter (A. capensis)
Asian small-clawed otter (A. cinereus)
Congo clawless otter (A. congicus)
Enhydra
Sea otter (E. lutris)
Hydrictis
Spotted-necked otter (H. maculicollis)
Lontra
North American river otter (L. canadensis)
Marine otter (L. felina)
Neotropical otter (L. longicaudis)
Southern river otter (L. provocax)
Lutra
Eurasian otter (L. lutra)
Hairy-nosed otter (L. sumatrana)
Lutrogale
Smooth-coated otter (L. perspicillata)
Pteronura
Giant otter (P. brasiliensis)
Melinae(Eurasian badgers)Arctonyx
Northern hog badger (A. albogularis)
Greater hog badger (A. collaris)
Sumatran hog badger (A. hoevenii)
Meles
Japanese badger (M. anakuma)
Caucasian badger (M. canescens)
Asian badger (M. leucurus)
European badger (M. meles)
MellivorinaeMellivora
Honey badger (M. capensis)
Mustelinae(Weasels and minks)Mustela(Weasels and ferrets)
Sichuan weasel (M. aistoodonnivalis)
Mountain weasel (M. altaica)
Stoat/Beringian ermine (M. erminea)
Steppe polecat (M. eversmannii)
Ferret (M. furo)
Haida ermine (M. haidarum)
Japanese weasel (M. itatsi)
Yellow-bellied weasel (M. kathiah)
European mink (M. lutreola)
Indonesian mountain weasel (M. lutreolina)
Black-footed ferret (M. nigripes)
Least weasel (M. nivalis)
Malayan weasel (M. nudipes)
European polecat (M. putorius)
American ermine (M. richardsonii)
Siberian weasel (M. sibirica)
Back-striped weasel (M. strigidorsa)
Neogale
Amazon weasel (N. africana)
Colombian weasel (N. felipei)
Long-tailed weasel (N. frenata)
American mink (N. vison)
TaxidiinaeTaxidea
American badger (T. taxus)
vteGenera of civets, mongooses, hyenas, cats, and their extinct allies
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Feliformia†Palaeogalidae
†Palaeogale?
†Nimravidae
See Nimravidae
Aeluroidea
†Alagtsavbaatar
†Anictis
†Asiavorator
†Shandgolictis
Nandiniidae
Nandinia
ViverroideaViverridae
†Africanictis
†Dunictis
†Forsythictis
†Lufengictis
†Ketketictis
†Mioprionodon
†Moghradictis
†Progenetta
Genettinae
Genetta
Poiana
Hemigalinae
Chrotogale
Cynogale
Diplogale
Hemigalus
Macrogalidia
Paradoxurinae
Arctictis
Arctogalidia
†Kanuites
†Kichechia
Paguma
Paradoxurus
†Siamictis
†Tugenictis
Viverrinae
Civettictis
†Semigenetta
Viverra
Viverricula
HerpestoideaHerpestidae
See below↓
Hyaenidae
See below↓
Feloidea
See below↓
HerpestidaeEupleridaeEuplerinae
Cryptoprocta
Eupleres
Fossa
Galidiinae
Galidia
Galidictis
Mungotictis
Salanoia
Herpestidae
†Kichechia
†Legetetia
†Leptoplesictis
†Ugandictis
Herpestinae
Atilax
Bdeogale
Cynictis
Herpestes
Ichneumia
Paracynictis
Urva
Xenogale
Mungotinae
Crossarchus
Dologale
Helogale
Liberiictis
Mungos
Suricata
Hyaenidae†Percrocutidae?
Dinocrocuta
Percrocuta
†Lophocyonidae
Euboictis
Izmirictis
Lophocyon
Sivanasua
Hyaenidae
†Allohyaena
†Belbus
†Metahyaena
†Pliocrocuta
†Tongxinictis
†Werdelinus
†Ictitheriinae
Herpestides
Hyaenotherium
Ictitherium
Lycyaena
Miohyaenotherium
Plioviverrops
Protictitherium
Thalassictis
Tungurictis
Protelinae
†Gansuyaena
Proteles
Hyaeninae
†Adcrocuta
†Chasmaporthetes
Crocuta
Hyaena
†Hyaenictis
†Ikelohyaena
†Leecyaena
†Lycyaenops
†Pachycrocuta
†Palinhyaena
Parahyaena
FeloideaFeloidea
†Pseudictis
†Stenogale
†Stenoplesictis
†Viretictis
†Barbourofelidae
(See Barbourofelidae)
Prionodontidae
†Haplogale
†Palaeoprionodon
Prionodon
Felidae
†Asilifelis
†Diamantofelis
†Hyperailurictis
†Katifelis
†Namafelis
†Miopanthera
†Pseudaelurus
†Sivaelurus
†Styriofelis
†Proailurinae
Proailurus
Vinayakia
Felinae
Acinonyx
Catopuma
Caracal
Felis
Herpailurus
Leopardus
Leptailurus
†Leptofelis
Lynx
†Magerifelis
†Miracinonyx
Otocolobus
Pardofelis
†Pratifelis
Prionailurus
†Pristifelis
Puma
†Sivapanthera
†Sivapardus
†Vishnufelis
†Machairodontinae
See Machairodontinae
Pantherinae
Neofelis
Panthera
†Leontoceryx
†Pachypanthera
Taxon identifiersMacrogalidia musschenbroekii
Wikidata: Q612589
Wikispecies: Macrogalidia musschenbroekii
ADW: Macrogalidia
CoL: 3X52R
EoL: 328087
GBIF: 2434740
iNaturalist: 41609
IRMNG: 11041843
ITIS: 621983
IUCN: 12592
MDD: 1006096
MSW: 14000297
NCBI: 1198224
Observation.org: 84519
Open Tree of Life: 220532
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"viverrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viverridae"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic"},{"link_name":"Sulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi"},{"link_name":"Vulnerable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_species"},{"link_name":"IUCN Red List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"habitat destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_destruction"},{"link_name":"degradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_degradation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"},{"link_name":"monospecific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic_taxon"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSW3-4"},{"link_name":"carnivoran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivora"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metcalfe2001-5"}],"text":"The Sulawesi palm civet (Macrogalidia musschenbroekii), also known as Sulawesi civet, musang and brown palm civet is a little-known viverrid endemic to Sulawesi. It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List due to population decline estimated to have been more than 30% over the last three generations (suspected to be 15 years) inferred from habitat destruction and degradation.[1]Macrogalidia is a monospecific genus.[4] It is the only carnivoran native to Sulawesi.[5]","title":"Sulawesi palm civet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"whiskers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiskers"},{"link_name":"skull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skull"},{"link_name":"bony palate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bony_palate"},{"link_name":"Asian palm civet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_palm_civet"},{"link_name":"Paradoxurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoxurus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Sulawesi civet has a light brownish-chestnut coloured soft and short coat with numerous light hairs intermixed. The underparts vary from fulvous to white; the breast is rufescent. There is a pair of indistinct longitudinal stripes and some faint spots on the hinder part of the back. The whiskers are mixed brown and white. The tail is marked with alternating rings of dark and pale brown, which are indistinct on the under surface, and disappear towards the dark tip. The length of head and body is about 35 in (89 cm) with a 25 in (64 cm) long tail. The skull with the bony palate is much produced backwards, but otherwise resembles that of Asian palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus). The teeth differ from those of all the Paradoxurus species in that the two cheek-series run nearly parallel, in place of being widely divergent posteriorly.[6]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lee2003-8"},{"link_name":"Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogani_Nani_Wartabone_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Tangkoko Batuangus Nature Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangkoko_Batuangus_Nature_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Sulawesi palm civets were recorded in lowland forest, lower and upper montane forest at elevations up to 2,600 m (8,500 ft),[1] grasslands and near farms.[7] They appear to be more common in forests than in agricultural areas. Although they appear to be generalists that can probably tolerate some degree of disturbed habitat, there is no evidence that populations can survive independent of tall forest.[8]\nBetween September 2016 and April 2017, Sulawesi palm civets were recorded in Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park and in Tangkoko Batuangus Nature Reserve at elevations of 253–1,515 m (830–4,970 ft).[9]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arboreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arboreal"},{"link_name":"nocturnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"},{"link_name":"omnivorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnivorous"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lee2003-8"}],"text":"Sulawesi palm civets are partially arboreal, apparently nocturnal,[1] and omnivorous, feeding on small mammals, fruit and grass. They occasionally take birds and farm animals. Their home range is estimated at 150 ha (0.58 sq mi).[8]","title":"Ecology and behaviour"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Tasirin, J.; Dinets, V.; Meijaard, E.; Brodie, J.; Nijman, V.; Loffeld, T.A.C.; Hilser, H.; Shepherd, C.; Seymour, A.S.; Duckworth, J.W. (2015). \"Macrogalidia musschenbroekii\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T12592A45198901. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T12592A45198901.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/12592/45198901","url_text":"\"Macrogalidia musschenbroekii\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T12592A45198901.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T12592A45198901.en"}]},{"reference":"Schlegel, H. (1879). \"Paradoxurus musschenbroekii\". Notes from the Royal Zoological Museum of the Netherlands at Leyden. 1 (Note XIV): 43.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/notesfromleydenm01rijk/page/43/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Paradoxurus musschenbroekii\""}]},{"reference":"Schwarz, E. (1910). \"Notes on some Palm-Civets\". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology. 8. 5 (29): 422–424.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/annalsmagazineof851910lond/page/422/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Notes on some Palm-Civets\""}]},{"reference":"Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). \"Genus Macrogalidia\". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 550. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Chris_Wozencraft","url_text":"Wozencraft, W. C."},{"url":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000297","url_text":"\"Genus Macrogalidia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_E._Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, D. E."},{"url":"http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA550","url_text":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0","url_text":"978-0-8018-8221-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","url_text":"62265494"}]},{"reference":"Groves, C. (2001). \"Mammals in Sulawesi: Where did they come from and when, and what happened to them when they got there?\". In Metcalfe, I.; Smith, J. M.B.; Morwood, M.; Davidson, I. (eds.). Faunal and Floral Migration and Evolution in SE Asia-Australasia. CRC Press. p. 336. ISBN 978-90-5809-349-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Groves","url_text":"Groves, C."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Fp-l8IEAFHQC&pg=PA336","url_text":"\"Mammals in Sulawesi: Where did they come from and when, and what happened to them when they got there?\""},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Fp-l8IEAFHQC","url_text":"Faunal and Floral Migration and Evolution in SE Asia-Australasia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5809-349-3","url_text":"978-90-5809-349-3"}]},{"reference":"Lydekker, R. (1896). \"The Celebean Palm-civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus\". A Hand-book to the Carnivora, Part I. Cats, Civets, and Mungooses. London: Edward Lloyd, Limited. p. 239.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/handbooktocarniv00lydekke#page/239/mode/1up","url_text":"\"The Celebean Palm-civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus\""}]},{"reference":"Wemmer, C. & Watling, D. (1986). \"Ecology and status of the Sulawesi palm civet\". Biological Conservation (35): 1–17. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(86)90024-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0006-3207%2886%2990024-8","url_text":"10.1016/0006-3207(86)90024-8"}]},{"reference":"Lee, R. J.; Riley, J.; Hunowu, I. & Maneasa, E. (2003). \"The Sulawesi palm civet: Expanded distribution of a little known endemic viverrid\". Oryx. 37 (3): 378–381. doi:10.1017/S0030605303000656. S2CID 86204084.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0030605303000656","url_text":"\"The Sulawesi palm civet: Expanded distribution of a little known endemic viverrid\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0030605303000656","url_text":"10.1017/S0030605303000656"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86204084","url_text":"86204084"}]},{"reference":"Hunowu, I.; Patandung, A.; Pusparini, W.; Danismend, I.; Cahyana, A.; Abdullah, S.; Johnson, C.L.; Hilser, H.; Rahasia, R.; Gawina, J. & Linkie, M. (2020). \"New insights into Sulawesi's apex predator: the Sulawesi civet Macrogalidia musschenbroekii\". Oryx. 54 (first view): 1–4. doi:10.1017/S0030605319000723.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0030605319000723","url_text":"\"New insights into Sulawesi's apex predator: the Sulawesi civet Macrogalidia musschenbroekii\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0030605319000723","url_text":"10.1017/S0030605319000723"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glattbrugg_Shiva_Temple
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Arulmihu Sivan Temple
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["1 History","2 Location","3 Cultural and religious life","3.1 Chor der gläubigen Bürger","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Coordinates: 47°17′0″N 8°51′0″E / 47.28333°N 8.85000°E / 47.28333; 8.85000Hindu temple in Switzerland
The Arulmiku Sivan Temple is a Hindu temple located in the municipality of Glattbrugg in the Canton of Zürich in Switzerland.
Entrance of the renewed building in June 2017
History
In the 1990s, an interreligious society was established in the canton of Zürich to support the foundation of a centre for spiritual and cultural care of Tamil people in Switzerland, as well as to preserve and maintain the Tamil culture of the approximatively 35,000 (around 20,000 in the canton of Zürich) Tamil people of Sri Lankan origin living in Switzerland. So, the Sri Sivasubramaniar Temple in Adliswil and the Arulmiku Sivan Temple in Glattbrugg were founded in 1994 as a non-profit foundation. While some 5,000 Indian Hindus in Switzerland founded their own cultural associations, but not a temple, the Tamil Hindus opened 19 houses of worship since the 1990s.
Location
The temple was established in a pre-existing warehouse at the industry quarter between Glattbrugg and Seebach (Zürich). The Temple is located at Industriestrasse 34, 8152 Glattbrugg.
Cultural and religious life
Poojas are celebrated twice per day, and the temple festivals attract up to 4,000 devotees and visitors.
Chor der gläubigen Bürger
Theater am Neumarkt in Zürich
What do people in Zürich believe in? Which prayer rooms, which churches, mosques or temples do they visit? These were the questions at the beginning of a research project in Zürich's religious life. The Neumarkt Theatre developed the play Urban Prayers Zürich from this, which was performed in March 2018 in the midst of the altars and columns of the Glattbrugg Shiva Temple. Five actresses and actors from the Theater am Neumarkt and fifteen members from different religious communities – Muslims, Hindus, Jews, Orthodox, Free Churchers and also atheists – form the Chor der gläubigen Bürger (englisch: Choir of Believing Citizens). But they do not speak with one voice. The ensemble tries, often in vain, to find a voice. But as soon as one of them starts talking, the other one already has his say. They talk to each other with many tongues and then pass each other again.
See also
Hinduism in Switzerland
List of Hindu temples in Switzerland
References
^ "Hinduismus in der Schweiz" (in German). Religionen in der Schweiz. Archived from the original on 2015-02-15. Retrieved 2015-03-20.
^ "Kontakt" (in German and Tamil). sivankovil.ch. Retrieved 2015-03-20.
^ "Öffnungszeiten" (in German and Tamil). sivankovil.ch. Retrieved 2015-03-20.
^ Simone Thommen Awe (2012-07-02). "Umzug zu Ehren der Götter" (in German). Zürcher Unterländer. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-20.
^ Vera Rüttimann (2018-03-06). "Theater Neumarkt bespielt den Shiva-Tempel in Glattbrugg" (in German). kath.ch. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
External links
Official website (in German and Tamil)
vteHindu temples in Switzerland
Arulmihu Sivan Temple
House of Religions
Sri Sivasubramaniar Temple
Sri Vishnu Thurkkai Amman Temple
47°17′0″N 8°51′0″E / 47.28333°N 8.85000°E / 47.28333; 8.85000
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindu temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_temple"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Glattbrugg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glattbrugg"},{"link_name":"Canton of Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glattbrugg_Sivan_Kovil_20170610_152530.jpg"}],"text":"Hindu temple in SwitzerlandThe Arulmiku Sivan Temple is a Hindu temple located in the municipality of Glattbrugg in the Canton of Zürich in Switzerland.Entrance of the renewed building in June 2017","title":"Arulmihu Sivan Temple"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamil people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_people"},{"link_name":"Tamil culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_culture"},{"link_name":"Sri Lankan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Sri Sivasubramaniar Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Sivasubramaniar_Temple"},{"link_name":"non-profit foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(nonprofit_organization)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-religionench-1"}],"text":"In the 1990s, an interreligious society was established in the canton of Zürich to support the foundation of a centre for spiritual and cultural care of Tamil people in Switzerland, as well as to preserve and maintain the Tamil culture of the approximatively 35,000 (around 20,000 in the canton of Zürich) Tamil people of Sri Lankan origin living in Switzerland. So, the Sri Sivasubramaniar Temple in Adliswil and the Arulmiku Sivan Temple in Glattbrugg were founded in 1994 as a non-profit foundation.[1] While some 5,000 Indian Hindus in Switzerland founded their own cultural associations, but not a temple, the Tamil Hindus opened 19 houses of worship since the 1990s.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seebach (Zürich)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seebach_(Z%C3%BCrich)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kontakt-2"}],"text":"The temple was established in a pre-existing warehouse at the industry quarter between Glattbrugg and Seebach (Zürich). The Temple is located at Industriestrasse 34, 8152 Glattbrugg.[2]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poojas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C3%B6ffnungszeiten-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zul-20120702-4"}],"text":"Poojas are celebrated twice per day,[3] and the temple festivals attract up to 4,000 devotees and visitors.[4]","title":"Cultural and religious life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neumarkt_-_Theater_2015-07-16_11-55-41.JPG"},{"link_name":"Theater am Neumarkt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_am_Neumarkt"},{"link_name":"Neumarkt Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neumarkt_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kathch-5"}],"sub_title":"Chor der gläubigen Bürger","text":"Theater am Neumarkt in ZürichWhat do people in Zürich believe in? Which prayer rooms, which churches, mosques or temples do they visit? These were the questions at the beginning of a research project in Zürich's religious life. The Neumarkt Theatre developed the play Urban Prayers Zürich from this, which was performed in March 2018 in the midst of the altars and columns of the Glattbrugg Shiva Temple. Five actresses and actors from the Theater am Neumarkt and fifteen members from different religious communities – Muslims, Hindus, Jews, Orthodox, Free Churchers and also atheists – form the Chor der gläubigen Bürger (englisch: Choir of Believing Citizens). But they do not speak with one voice. The ensemble tries, often in vain, to find a voice. But as soon as one of them starts talking, the other one already has his say. They talk to each other with many tongues and then pass each other again.[5]","title":"Cultural and religious life"}]
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[{"image_text":"Entrance of the renewed building in June 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Glattbrugg_Sivan_Kovil_20170610_152530.jpg/170px-Glattbrugg_Sivan_Kovil_20170610_152530.jpg"},{"image_text":"Theater am Neumarkt in Zürich","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Neumarkt_-_Theater_2015-07-16_11-55-41.JPG/170px-Neumarkt_-_Theater_2015-07-16_11-55-41.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"Hinduism in Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Switzerland"},{"title":"List of Hindu temples in Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_Switzerland"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Hinduismus in der Schweiz\" (in German). Religionen in der Schweiz. Archived from the original on 2015-02-15. Retrieved 2015-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150215200913/http://religionenschweiz.ch/hinduismus.html","url_text":"\"Hinduismus in der Schweiz\""},{"url":"http://www.religionenschweiz.ch/hinduismus.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kontakt\" (in German and Tamil). sivankovil.ch. Retrieved 2015-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sivankovil.ch/?pn=contact_de","url_text":"\"Kontakt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Öffnungszeiten\" (in German and Tamil). sivankovil.ch. Retrieved 2015-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sivankovil.ch/?pn=Open_time","url_text":"\"Öffnungszeiten\""}]},{"reference":"Simone Thommen Awe (2012-07-02). \"Umzug zu Ehren der Götter\" (in German). Zürcher Unterländer. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123751/http://www.zuonline.ch/artikel_72063.html","url_text":"\"Umzug zu Ehren der Götter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrcher_Unterl%C3%A4nder","url_text":"Zürcher Unterländer"},{"url":"http://www.zuonline.ch/artikel_72063.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Vera Rüttimann (2018-03-06). \"Theater Neumarkt bespielt den Shiva-Tempel in Glattbrugg\" (in German). kath.ch. Retrieved 2018-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kath.ch/newsd/theater-neumarkt-bespielt-den-shiva-tempel-in-glattbrugg/","url_text":"\"Theater Neumarkt bespielt den Shiva-Tempel in Glattbrugg\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_Medal_(RPS)
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Royal Photographic Society
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["1 History","1.1 Founding and early history","1.2 Modernisation and the 1970s","1.3 Bath project","1.4 Premises","2 Collection and archive","2.1 Collection","2.2 Archives","3 Publications","3.1 The Photographic Journal","3.2 The Imaging Science Journal","3.3 The Year's Photography","3.4 Other publications","4 Membership","5 Special interest groups","6 Distinctions and qualifications","7 Exhibitions","8 Workshops","9 Awards and medals","9.1 Progress Medal","9.2 Centenary Medal","9.3 Cinematic Production Award","9.4 Award for Outstanding Service to Photography","9.5 Combined Royal Colleges Medal","9.6 Education Award","9.7 Fenton Medal / Fenton Award (and Honorary Life Membership)","9.8 Hood Medal","9.9 J Dudley Johnston Award / Medal","9.10 Lumière Award","9.11 RPS Member's Award (and Honorary Life Membership)","9.12 Selwyn Award","9.13 Vic Odden Award","9.14 The Bill Wisden Fellowship of the Year","10 Previous awards","10.1 Colin Ford Award","10.2 Davies Medal","10.3 Saxby Medal / Saxby Award","11 Arms","12 See also","13 References","14 Further reading","15 External links"]
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Society founded in 1853 in London
The Royal Photographic SocietyFormation20 January 1853; 171 years ago (20 January 1853)HeadquartersBristol, United KingdomMembership 10,200PatronCatherine, Princess of WalesPresidentSimon Hill, HonFRPSCEODan JonesWebsiterps.org
The Royal Photographic Society of Great Britain, commonly known as the Royal Photographic Society (RPS), is one of the world's oldest photographic societies. It was founded in London, England, in 1853 as the Photographic Society of London with the objective of promoting the art and science of photography, and in 1853 received royal patronage from Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.
A change to the society's name to reflect the patronage was, however, not considered expedient at the time. In 1874, it was renamed the Photographic Society of Great Britain, and only from 1894 did it become known as the Royal Photographic Society of Great Britain, a title which it continues to use today. On 25 June 2019, the Duchess of Cambridge, now Catherine, Princess of Wales, became the Society's Patron, taking over from Queen Elizabeth II who had been patron since 1952.
A registered charity since 1962, in July 2004, the society was granted a royal charter recognising its eminence in the field of photography as a learned society. For most of its history the Society was based at various premises in London; since 2019 its headquarters and gallery are in Bristol, England. Membership remains international and open to anyone with an interest in photography.
In addition to ordinary membership, the Society offers three levels of distinction – Licentiate, Associate and Fellow – which set recognised standards of achievement throughout the world, and can be applied for by both members and non-members, in all aspects of photography and vocational qualifications in the areas of creative industries and imaging science. The Society runs a programme of events throughout the United Kingdom and abroad, through local groups and special interest groups. The Society acts as a national voice for photographers and for photography more generally, and it represents these interests on a range of governmental and national bodies dealing with matters such as copyright and photographers' rights.
History
Charles Thurston Thompson: Exhibition of the Photographic Society, London, 1858
Photographers were slow in coming together and forming clubs and societies. The first was an informal grouping the Edinburgh Calotype Club around 1843. The first British photographic society, the Leeds Photographic Society was formed in 1852 but between 1878 and 1881 it ceased to exist independently. The RPS has existed continuously since January 1853. In other countries the Société héliographique was established in Paris in 1851 and the Société française de photographie was founded in Paris in 1854.
Founding and early history
The catalyst behind the formation of The Photographic Society was Roger Fenton. The Great Exhibition of 1851 had raised public awareness of photography and in December 1852 an exhibition of nearly 800 photographs at The Society of Arts had brought together amateur and professional photographers. The inaugural meeting of The Photographic Society was held on 20 January 1853. Fenton became the Society's first secretary, a position he held for three years and Henry White was an early treasurer between 1866 and 1872.
Modernisation and the 1970s
As Jane Fletcher has argued the changing nature of photography and photographic education in the early 1970s forced The Society to modernise and to become more relevant to British photography. An internal review led to constitutional changes, the introduction of a new distinction called the Licentiate in 1972 and six new specialist groups were established.
Bath project
The rising cost of maintaining The Society's premises in South Audley Street, London, eventually led the society's executive committee to look for alternative premises. The Council approved at a meeting on 1 April 1977 a move to Bath and the establishment of a National Centre of Photography to house the Society's headquarters and collection. An appeal for £300,000 was launched in the summer of 1978 for the funds needed to convert The Octagon and adjacent buildings in Milsom Street, Bath. The inaugural exhibition opened in May 1980 with the building officially opened by Princess Margaret in April 1981.
Premises
Although the Society's inaugural meeting took places at the Society of Arts in London, it was some time before the Society had its own permanent home. It held functions as a number of London addresses, some concurrently for different types of meetings.
Premises used were: Royal Society of Arts, John Adam Street; 20 Bedford Street, 4 Trafalgar Square, 21 Regent Street, 28 George Street (Hanover Square), 1 Coventry Street; Kings College, Strand; 9 Conduit Street, 5A Pall Mall East – used for certain meetings until 1899; 50 Great Russell Street; and 12 Hanover Square.
The Society's premises were:
1899–1909 – 66 Russell Square, London.
1909–1940 – 35 Russell Square, London.
1940–1968 – Princes Gate, South Kensington, London.
1968–1970 – 1 Maddox Street, Mayfair, London (temporary premises).
1970–1979 – 14 South Audley Street, Mayfair, London
1980–2003 – The Octagon, Milsom Street, Bath.
2004 – January 2019 – Fenton House, 122 Wells Road, Bath; officially opened 16 February 2005.
7 February 2019 – RPS House, Paintworks, Bath Road, Bristol., which only 5 years later it announced it would sell to achieve financial stability.
Collection and archive
Collection
The Society had collected photographs and items of historical importance on an ad hoc basis, particularly from the 1890s. With the appointment of John Dudley Johnston as Honorary Curator, a post he held from 1924 to 1955, a more proactive approach was taken to collecting. Before Johnston's appointment the collection had concentrated on technical advances of photography, and he began add pictorial photography to the holdings. On Johnston's death in 1955 the role of Honorary Curator was taken over by his wife Florence and a succession of paid and unpaid staff, with Professor Margaret Harker as Honorary Curator over a long period. The collection was moved to the National Museum of Photography, Film, and Television at Bradford (later the National Media Museum) in 2002; the move was supported by the Head of the museum, Amanda Nevill, who had been the society's secretary in the 1990s.
By 1953 the number of items in the society's collection had reached 'upwards' of 3000 items. At the time of the collection's transfer to Bradford it consisted of some 270,000 photographic objects, over 6000 items of photographic equipment, 13,000 books, 13,000 bound periodicals, and 5000 other photography-related documents.
The collection was transferred from the National Media Museum to the Victoria and Albert Museum in 2017, where it forms a central part of the museum's Photography Centre.
The RPS is forming a new RPS Collection of photographs and material relevant to its own history, that of its former members and which will support its educational activities.
The Tyng Collection, part of the RPS Collection and now at the V&A Museum, is a collection of outstanding pictorial photography started in 1927 by an American philanthropist and society member, Stephen H. Tyng. He established a foundation to promote and recognise photographic work of outstanding pictorial merit. The first colour print to be accepted into the Tyng Collection, in 1960, was "Madrasi Fishermen" taken by Dr S. D. Jouhar during his six-month trip to India in 1959.
Archives
The society's early records, Council, Committee and Meeting Minute books, are held with the society's collection at the V&A. There is no published or online record of former or current members of the society. Occasional lists of members were published by the society up the 1890s when lists were issued more regularly; from the 1930s membership lists were issued periodically, and the last in 1947. They are now not issued. New members have usually been recorded in the Photographic Journal. Dr Michael Pritchard undertook a project to make an online searchable database of members from 1853 to 1901, published by De Montfort University's photographic history research centre. The Society has a card index of members from the late 1920s to 1980s, which it will search on request, and may also be able to assist with membership enquiries between 1900 and the 1930s.
Publications
From the Society's formation it has published a journal and other publications have been issued over the years.
The Photographic Journal
The Society's journal was originally called The Journal of the Photographic Society of London and for most of its existence has simply been called The Photographic Journal, it is now called RPS Journal. It has been published continuously since 1853 making it the UK's oldest photographic periodical. The journal, particularly in its early years was read and distributed beyond the Society's membership. Past editors have included Arthur Henfrey, Hugh Welch Diamond, William de Wiveleslie Abney, H. H. Blacklock, and more recently Jack Schofield and David Land. The current editor is Kathleen Morgan.
The Imaging Science Journal
The Society publishes a peer-reviewed journal devoted to imaging science and technology, The Imaging Science Journal (ISG), previously known as the Journal of Photographic Science. The ISJ is now published on behalf of The Society by Maney Publishing in print and digital versions.
The Year's Photography
The Year's Photography was published annually by the Society from 1922 until at least 1961. The flyleaf of the 1957 edition states: "This edition contains a selection from all the exhibitions held in 1956 under the Society's auspices which contained pictures suitable for reproduction There are also review of artistic photography and of the nature exhibition." The publication gives a broad overview of the state of British amateur and professional photography during the year.
Other publications
Over the years the Society has published a number of one-off publications often in partnership with commercial publishers. These include John Wall's Directory of British Photographic Collections in conjunction with Heinemann (1977), Roger Reynolds (ed.), Portfolio One (2007) and Roger Reynolds (ed.), Portfolio Two (2010). The Society publishes an annual International Print Exhibition catalogue and increasingly publishes digital catalogues of its exhibitions.
Membership
There are no restrictions on membership, which is international and includes amateur and professional photographers, photographic scientists and those involved in exhibiting, curating and writing about photography, as well as those with a general interest in the medium. Many of the great names in photographic history as well as many well-known photographers today have been members.
Special interest groups
The Society established special interest groups to cater for specific interests within the membership. These have included:
Pictorial Group (now renamed Visual Art Group) (1919)
Science and Technical Group (now renamed Imaging Science Group) (1920)
Kinematograph Group (1923)
Colour Group (1927)
Historical Group (1972)
Digital Imaging Group (1996)
Documentary Group (date)
Contemporary Group (date)
Landscape Group (date)
Analogue Group (date)
Women in Photography Group (date)
As of 2016 there are fourteen groups
Distinctions and qualifications
Until 1895 membership was limited simply to 'members' with some minor variations for those living overseas. In that year the Society introduced a new membership category of Fellow and it now offers (from lowest to highest distinction):
LRPS: Licentiateship of the Royal Photographic Society introduced in 1972
ARPS: Associateship of the Royal Photographic Society introduced in 1924
FRPS: Fellowship of the Royal Photographic Society introduced in 1895
These require the submission of evidence – photographs or written – which is assessed by competent panels before they are awarded by the Society's Council. The society also awards honorary fellowship, HonFRPS, to the persons who distinguished themselves in the field of photography. Usually, those awarded are famous and extremely known photographers in the field of art photography. Every year, no more than eight persons are awarded HonFRPS, including society incoming president and recipients of society's Progress and Centenary Medals.
In addition, the Society's Imaging Scientist Qualifications provide a structure leading to professional qualifications for engineers, scientists, and technologists whose professional activities are concerned with quantitative or mechanic aspects of imaging systems or their applications. These are broken down into four levels;
QIS; Qualified Imaging Scientist and Licentiate (QIS LRPS) of the Royal Photographic Society (Level 1)
GIS; Graduate Imaging Scientist and Associate (GIS ARPS) of the Royal Photographic Society (Level 2)
AIS; Accredited Imaging Scientist and Associate (AIS ARPS) of the Royal Photographic Society (Level 3)
ASIS; Accredited Senior Imaging Scientist and Fellow (ASIS FRPS) of the Royal Photographic Society (Level 4)
The RPS introduced in 2013 a qualification for those working in the Creative Industries and using photography. These also carry the Society's Distinction and, like the Imaging Science Qualification, the two are used together.
QCIQ; Qualified in Creative Industries and Licentiate (QCIQ LRPS) of the Royal Photographic Society
GCIQ; Graduate in Creative Industries and Associate (GCIQ ARPS) of the Royal Photographic Society
ACIQ; Accredited in Creative Industries and Associate (ACIQ ARPS) of the Royal Photographic Society
ASCIQ; Accredited Senior in Creative Industries and Fellowship (ASCIQ FRPS) of the Royal Photographic Society
Exhibitions
The Society has held an annual exhibition since 1854 and in 2024 it will be in its 166th edition. The Society now holds an annual International Photography Exhibition, which tours the United Kingdom, and other exhibitions. At its new headquarters it shows four major photography exhibitions annually.
Workshops
The Society runs more than 300 workshops and lectures throughout the UK that are open to members and non-members. Many are held at the RPS headquarters in Bath and range from an Introduction to Digital Photography to Plant and Garden Photography.
Awards and medals
Each year the Society presents a series of awards to photographers and other individuals in photography. The recipient receives a medal.
The highest award of the RPS is the Progress Medal, which was instituted in 1878.
The Society's other annual awards are the: Centenary Medal, Award for Cinematic Production, Award for Outstanding Service to Photography, the Combined Royal Colleges Medal, the Education Award, the Fenton Award (and Honorary Life Membership), the Hood Medal, the J Dudley Johnston Medal, the Lumière Award, RPS Member's Award (and Honorary Life Membership), the Selwyn Award, the Vic Odden Award, and The Bill Wisden Fellowship of the Year.
Progress Medal
The Progress Medal is awarded in recognition of any invention, research, publication or other contribution which has resulted in an important advance in the scientific or technological development of photography or imaging in the widest sense. It also carries with it an Honorary Fellowship of The Society. Recipients have been:
1878 – Captain William de Wiveleslie Abney
1881 – W. Willis
1882 – Leon Warnerke
1883 – Walter B. Woodbury
1884 – Josef Maria Eder
1885 – Josef Maria Eder
1890 – Captain William de Wiveleslie Abney
1891 – Colonel James Waterhouse
1895 – Peter Henry Emerson
1896 – Thomas Rudolphus Dallmeyer
1897 – Gabriel Lippmann
1898 – Ferdinand Hurter and Vero Charles Driffield
1899 – No award
1900 – Louis Ducos du Hauron
1901 – Richard Leach Maddox
1902 – Joseph Wilson Swan
1903 – Frederic Eugene Ives
1904 – Not awarded
1905 – Dr. Paul Rudolph
1906 – Pierre Jules César Janssen
1907 – E Sanger Shepherd
1908 – John Sterry
1909 – A Lumiere and sons
1910 – Alfred Watkins
1911 – Not awarded
1912 – Henry Chapman Jones
1913 – Charles Edward Kenneth Mees
1914 – William Bates Ferguson
1915 – André Callier
1916–1920 – Not awarded
1921 – Frank Forster Renwick
1922 – Not awarded
1923 – Nahum Ellan Luboshez
1924 – Alfred Stieglitz
1925–26 – Not awarded
1927 – George Eastman
1928 – Samuel E Sheppard
1929 – Olaf F Bloch
1932 – Hinricus Lüppo-Cramer
1935 – Harold Dennis Taylor
1936 – Arthur Samuel Newman
1944 – Francis James Mortimer CBE
1946 – John G Capstaff
1947 – Not awarded
1948 – Loyd Ancile Jones
1949 – John Eggert
1950 – Louis Phillippe Clerc
1951 – J Dudley Johnston
1952 – Charles Edward Kenneth Mees
1953 – Marcel Abribat
1954 – Julian Webb
1955 – J. D. Kendall
1956 – Not awarded
1957 – Edwin H. Land
1959 – Cecil Waller
1960 – Edward J. Steichen
1961 – André Rott
1962 – Frances M. Hamer
1963 – Leopold Godowsky Jr. and Leopold Mannes
1964 – Harold Eugene Edgerton
1965 – Walter Clark
1966 – L. Fritz Gruber
1967 – E. R. Davies
1968 – Konstantine Vladimirovich Chibosov
1969 – Laurence E. Hallett
1970 – W. F. Berg
1971 – Edward William Herbert Selwyn
1972 – Hellmut Frieser
1973 – T. Howard James
1974 – Man Ray
1975 – Beaumont Newhall
1976 – W. T. Hanson Jr
1977 – Stephen Dalton
1978 – Photographic Technology Division, NASA
1979 – Bill Brandt
1980 – Oxford Scientific Films
1981 – Norman Parkinson
1982 – Sue Davies
1983 – R. W. G. Hunt
1984 – Tom Hopkinson
1985 – Lord Snowdon
1986 – Yuri Denisyuk
1987 – Roy Jeffreys
1988 – David Hockney
1989 – Eric Hosking
1990 – Tadaaki Tani
1991 – John Szarkowski
1992 – G Farnell
1993 – Lennart Nilsson
1994 – John Wesley Mitchell
1995 – Thomas Knoll and John Knoll
1996 – Paul B Gilman
1998 – Emmett N. Leith
1999 – Leo J Thomas
2000 – A Zaleski
2001 – C T Elliott
2002 – Brad B. Amos and John G. White
2003 – Tim Berners-Lee
2004 – Eric R. Fossum
2005 – Carver Mead, Richard F. Lyon, Richard B. Merrill
2006 – Ferenc Krausz
2007 – Larry J. Hornbeck PhD
2008 – David Attenborough
2009 – Bryce E. Bayer
2010 – Nobukazu Teranishi
2011 – Rodney Shaw
2012 – Steven J. Sasson
2013 – Paul B. Corkum
2014 – Tim Webber
2015 – George E. Smith
2016 – Palmer Luckey
2017 – Michael Francis Tompsett
2018 – Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, Richard Henderson
2019 – Alan Bovik
2020 – Chuck Hull
2021 – Katie Bouman
2022 – Leonardo Chiariglione and Graham Hudson
2023 – Christopher Dainty
Centenary Medal
According to the Society's website this award is "in recognition of a sustained, significant contribution to the art of photography". Recipients have been:
1993 – Sebastião Salgado
1994 – Cornell Capa
1995 – Robert Delpire
1996–1997 – Freddie Young
1998 – Josef Koudelka
1999 – William Klein
2000 – Ray Metzker
2001 – Paul Caponigro
2002 – Elliott Erwitt
2003 – Special anniversary medals awarded (150th anniversary)
2004 – Arnold Newman
2005 – David Bailey
2006 – Susan Meiselas
2007 – Don McCullin
2008 – Martin Parr
2009 – Annie Leibovitz
2010 – Albert Watson
2011 – Terry O'Neill
2012 – Joel Meyerowitz
2013 – Brian Griffin
2014 – Steve McCurry
2015 – Wolfgang Tillmans
2016 – Thomas Struth
2017 – Hiroshi Sugimoto
2018 – Nan Goldin
2019 – Sophie Calle
2020 – Sally Mann
2021 – Bruce Davidson
2022 – Destiny Deacon
2023 – Ralph Gibson
Cinematic Production Award
This award is given to an individual for outstanding achievement or sustained contribution in the production, direction or development of film for the cinema, television, online or new media. Recipients have been:
2017 – David Heyman
2018 – Tim Bevan & Eric Fellner
2019 – Yorgos Lanthimos
2020 – Steve McQueen
2021 – Ava DuVernay
2022 – Werner Herzog
Award for Outstanding Service to Photography
According to the Society's website this award "carries with it an Honorary Fellowship of The Society. It recognizes major sustained, outstanding and influential contributions to the advancement of Photography and/or Imaging in their widest meanings." The recipients are:
2009 – Santhosh Varghese Kappola
2010 – Michael G. Wilson
2011 – Philippe Garner
2012 – Kathy Ryan
2013 – Weston Naef
2014 – Terence Pepper
2015 – Maria Morris
2016 – William Ewing
2017 – Anthony d'Offay
2018 – Brett Rogers
2019 – Mark Sealy
2020 – Deborah Willis
2021 – Zelda Cheatle
2022 – Howard Greenberg
Combined Royal Colleges Medal
Established in 1958 by the RPS in collaboration with the Royal College of Physicians of London, the Royal College of Surgeons of England and the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, this medal is awarded for "an outstanding contribution to the advancement and/or application of medical photography or the wider field of medical imaging".
2005 – Simon Brown
2006 – John Priestley
2007 – Nancy Durrell McKenna
2008 – Francis Ring
2009 – Catherine Draycott
2010 – Spike Walker
2011 – Northumbria Healthcare and Northumbria University Arts Partnership 2012 Micrima and The University of Bristol Microwave Imaging Group
2013 – Anders Persson
2014 – Emeritus Adolf Friedrich Fercher
2015 – Gavriel J. Idann
2016 – Caroline Wilkinson
2017 – Andrew Bastawrous
2018 – Kev Dhaliwal, Mark Bradley
2019 – Reza Razavi
2020 – Pankaj Chandak
2021 – Douglas Anderson
2023 – Daniyal Jafree, David Long, and Claire Walsh
Education Award
According to the Society's website this award "is given for outstanding achievement or sustained contribution in photographic education". The recipients are:
2011 – Paul Delmar, who taught Press Photography and Photojournalism at Norton College, Sheffield, for 30 years
2012 – Anne Williams, Programme Director for Photography at London College of Communication
2013 – Conrad Tracy
2014 – Corinne Noordenbos
2015 – David Alan Mellor
2016 – Paul Hill
2017 – Oliver Richon
2018 – David Bate
2019 – Beverley Carruthers
2020 – Andrea Liggins
2021 – Esther Teichmann
2023 – Max Houghton
Fenton Medal / Fenton Award (and Honorary Life Membership)
This award, established in 1980 and named after Roger Fenton, one of the RPS's founders, is made for an outstanding contribution to the work of The Royal Photographic Society. Usually, up to four Fenton Medals are awarded each year and since 1998 this award carries Honorary Membership of the RPS.
1980 – E. J. Moorfoot, R. Boyes, K. Warr
1981 – C. Morris
1982 – E. Nicholson
1983 – L. Bowcock, George and Lady Pollock, Eve Ritscher
1984 – Sam Welford
1985 – John Bardsley
1986 – R. J. Cox
1987 – J. D. J. Cole, R. H. Mason, G Smith
1988 – R Brightman, Herbert Dennis
1989 – David Dearnley, Pat Hallett, Prof M. Harker, E. Pothecary
1990 – Arthur Downes
1991 – Anne Bolt, Barry Mead
1992 – Peter Wilkinson, Desmond Groves, Kay Gordon, David Nellist
1993 – Edward Bowman, Hilary Graves, Matheson Beaumont
1994 – Margaret Hodge, Mervyn Leonardo de Calcina-Goff
1995 – Gustav Ahrens, Colin Balls, H. S. Fry
1996/7 – Brian Bower, Michael R. Pointer, Anthony J. Waterlow
1998 – Michael Austin, Tony Hilton, Tan Lip Seng
1999 – Peter Agius, Akira Aoki, David Tay Poey Cher
2000 – Joan Wakelin, Jon Richardson
2001 – John Long, Ossie Morris, Bill Wisden
2002 – Bryn Campbell, Roger Reynolds, Michael Christianson, Roy Green
2003 – Jane H. Black, Ron Frampton, Robert F. Moore, Jerry Wooldridge
2004 – Andy Callow, D. H. O. John, Keith Lawrey, A. Sethna
2005 – Sandy Cleland, Richard Sadler, Margaret Salisbury, Keith Suddaby
2006 – Andy Golding, Mark Haworth-Booth, Alan Millward, Tony Troman
2007 – Carol Agar, John Hankin LRPS, Robin Jenkin, Brian Steptoe, Tony Wharton
2008 – John Chamberlin, Peter Sephton Coles, Tom Dodd, John Page
2009 – Sara Beaugeard, Robert F. Rowe, Nicholas J. Scott, Roger Tooth, Jeff Vickers
2010 – Ian Bailey LRPS, Julian Comrie, Ralph Jacobson, David J. Wood
2011 – Des Clinton, Jim Moreland, Francis Ring, Barry Senior
2012 – Philip Ellis, Michael Hallett, Jack Jackson, Ray Spence
2013 – Afzal Ansary, Alan Elliott, Dawn Osborne, Tim Rudman
2014 – Andy Finney, Sue Harper, Jenny Leathes, Robert Tapper
2015 – Mark Buckley-Sharp, Anne Cassidy, Paul Goodman, Leo Palmer
2016 – John Bebbington, Hermon Dowling, Paul Hill, Andrea Liggins, John R Simpson
2020 – Tony Kaye, Armando Jongejan, David Osborn
2021 – Mary Crowther, Mark Reeves, Stewart Wall, Rex Waygood, Peter Hayes
2022 – Richard Brown, Sue Brown, Robert Gates, Janet Haines
2023 - Vanessa Slawson, Rajen Nandwana, Dr Rolf Kraehenbuehl, Chris Renk
Hood Medal
This medal is awarded "for a body of photographic work produced to promote or raise awareness of an aspect of public benefit or service". It was instituted in 1933 when Harold Hood offered to present an annual medal for photography with a particular emphasis on work for public service. The recipients have been:
1933 – G. Aubourne Clarke
1935 – Edwin H. Land
1936 – J. Crowther Cos
1948 – J. W. Cottingham
1939 – J. A. Fairfax-Fozzard
1941 – H. Bedford Lemere
1942 – Basil Hill
1945 – Margaret F. Harker
1946 – J. Crowther Cos
1947 – S. H. Thorpe
1948 – Margaret F. Harker
1949 – W. Mortensen
1950 – L. M. Condax
1951 – Institute of Ophthalmology (Department of Medical Illustration)
1956 – A. Faulkner Taylor
1957 – Clive Cadwallader
1958 – Maurice Broomfield
1959 – E. Victor Willmott
1960 – Walter Nurnberg
1961 – Alan S. Marshall
1962 – Adolf Morath
1964 – Gordon Clemetson
1966 – T. C. Dodds
1968 – W. H. Baddeley
1970 – K. G. Moreman
1971 – Stephen Dalton
1972 – Pat Whitehouse
1973 – John Chittock
1974 – R. M. Callender
1975 – Heather Angel
1976 – Ronald Smith
1977 – Jacques Cousteau
1978 – Lord Snowdon
1979 – Richard Attenborough
1980 – Harold Evans
1981 – Freddie Reed
1982 – Brian Tremain
1983 – John Webster
1984 – Brian Coe
1985 – Leslie Ryder
1986 – Zoe Dominic
1987 – Mark Haworth-Booth
1988 – Clifford Bestall
1989 – Colin Ford
1990 – Mike Ware
1992 – Llanfranco Colombo
1993 – Karl Steinorth
2003 – Joop Berendsen, Tom Gatsonides, Ted Janssen
2004 – Mark Holborn
2005 – Mike Birbeck
2006 – Ron Smith
2007 – Mark Sealy
2008 – Gina Glover
2009 – François Hébel
2010 – Tiffany Fairey, Anna Blackman
2011 – Edmund Clark
2012 – Marcus Bleasdale
2013 – Derek Kendall
2014 – James Balog
2015 – Jean-Jacques Naudet
2016 – Nick Hedges
2017 – Siân Davey
2019 – Laia Abril
2020 – Poulomi Basu
2021 – Dexter McLean
2022 – Hoda Afshar
J Dudley Johnston Award / Medal
J. Dudley Johnston (photo by Franz Ziegler, 1929)
According to the Society's website this is an "award for major achievement in the field of photographic criticism or the history of photography. To be awarded for sustained excellence over a period of time, or for a single outstanding publication". The recipients are:
1998 – Larry Schaaf
1999 – Vicki Goldberg
2000 – Colin Westerbeck
2001 – Bill Jay
2002 – Mike Weaver
2003 – Sara Stevenson
2004 – Colin Harding (Photohistory) and Val Williams (Curatorship)
2005 – Ian Jeffrey (Photohistory) and David Mellor (Curatorship)
2006 – Gerhard Steidl (Photohistory) and Martin Harrison (Curatorship)
2007 – Roger Taylor (Photohistory)
2008 – Gail Buckland
2009 – Matthew Butson
2010 – A. D. Coleman
2011 – Sean O'Hagan
2012 – Anthony Bannon
2013 – Martin Barnes
2014 – David Campany
2015 – Roger Hargreaves
2017 – Francis Hodgson
2018 – Gerry Badger
2019 – Zhuang Wubin
2020 – Professor Elizabeth Edwards
2021 – Professor Emeritus Helen Ennis
2022 – Liz Wells
Lumière Award
The Lumière Award is given for major achievement in British cinematography, video or animation.
1999 – Jack Cardiff
2000 – Alan Parker
2001 – Freddie Francis
2002 – William MacQuitty
2003 – Ridley Scott
2004 – Seamus McGarvey
2005 – Peter Lord, Nick Park, David Sproxton (Aardman)
2006 – John Mathieson
2007 – Martyn Colbeck
2008 – Giles Nuttgens
2009 – Roger Deakins
2010 – Chris Menges
2011 – Anthony Dod Mantle
2012 – Barry Ackroyd
2013 – John de Borman
2014 – Robbie Ryan
2015 – Dick Pope
2016 – Emmanuel Lubezki
2017 – Hoyte van Hoytema
2018 – Rachel Morrison
2019 – Łukasz Żal
2020 – Linus Sandgren
2021 – Phoebe Boswell
2022 – John Akomfrah
RPS Member's Award (and Honorary Life Membership)
An award, established in 2005, given to an ordinary member who, in the opinion of Council, has shown extraordinary support for The Society over a sustained period.
2005 – Frederick Smith
2006 – Matti Selanne
2007 – John Arnold Hubbard
2008 – Elaine Herbert
2009 – Ken Huscroft, Harry Miller
2010 – Hoosain M. Ebrahim; Charles Mahnken
2011 – Sylvia B. Jones
2012 – Mick Medley
2013 – Carol Palmer
2014 – Judith Parry, Patricia Ann Ruddle
2015 – Alexander Melrose
2016 – Mary O’Connor
2017 – Paul Hurst
2018 – Mike Christianson
2019 – John Margetts
2020 – Judy Buckley-Sharp
2021 – Sheila Haycox
2022 – Mark Phillips
Selwyn Award
This award is intended for those under-35 years who have conducted successful science-based research connected with imaging. Sponsored by the Imaging Science Group of the RSP, it was introduced in 1994 in memory of eminent photographic scientist E. W. H. Selwyn, who was the recipient of the Progress Medal in 1971 and the Williamson Research Award in 1936.
1994 – J. R. Palmer
1995 – A. Clarke
1996–1997 – Andrew Fitz
1998 – Adrian Ford
1999 – Juliet Rason
2000 – Sophie Triantaphillidou
2001 – Serguei Endrikhovski
2002 – Robin Jenkin
2003 – Ján Morovic
2004 – Efthimia Bilissi
2005 – Elizabeth Allen
2006 – James Sharpe
2007 – Christien J. Merrifield
2008 – Vien Cheung
2009 – Iris Sprow
2010 – Agnieszka Bialek
2011 – Toby P. Breckon
2012 – Anna Fricker
2013 – Yi-Ren Ng
2014 – Wen Luo
2015 – Not awarded
2016 – Gaurav Gupta
2017 – Lounis Chermak
2018 – Emma Talbot
2019 – Tobias Houlton
2020 – Dr Maria Castaneyra-Ruiz
2021 – Dr Carolyn Erolin
2022 – Edward Fry
Vic Odden Award
According to the Society's website this is an "award offered for a notable achievement in the art of photography by a British photographer aged 35 or under, endowed in memory of Vic Odden". Recipients of the Vic Odden Award:
1999 – Paul Lowe
2000 – Harriet Logan
2001 – Paul M. Smith
2002 – Donovan Wylie
2003 – Hannah Starkey
2004 – Adam Broomberg & Oliver Chanarin
2005 – Tom Craig
2006 – Stephen Gill
2007 – Simon Roberts
2008 – Alixandra Fazzina
2009 – James Mollison
2010 – Olivia Arthur
2011 – Venetia Dearden
2012 – Laura Pannack
2013 – Kate Peters
2014 – Jon Tonks
2015 – Matilda Temperley
2016 – Chloe Dewe Mathews
2017 – Jack Davison
2018 – Juno Calypso
2019 – Alix Marie
2020 – Daniel Castro Garcia
2021 – Sylvia Rossi
2022 – Carly Clarke
The Bill Wisden Fellowship of the Year
The Fellowship of the Year, inaugurated in 2012, was named after Bill Wisden for his 50-plus years service to the RSP's Distinctions. It is awarded for the most outstanding Fellowship of the year as decided by the Fellowship Board of The Society from more than 200 applications. Recipients have been:
2012 – Dawn McKeown
2013 – Paul Walker
2014 – Clare Acford
2015 – Yap Kok Hing
2016 – Tony Bramley
Previous awards
Colin Ford Award
The RPS established the annual Colin Ford Award in 2003 for contributions to curatorship. It was named after the first director of the UK's National Museum of Photography, Film and Television (now the National Science and Media Museum), in Bradford, Colin Ford CBE.
It has not been offered since 2015. Recipients were:
2003 – Paul Goodman, Brian Liddy, Dr Amanda Nevill HonFRPS, Russell Roberts
2004 – Professor Raymond P Clark ASIS HonFRPS, John R Page HonFRPS
2005 – Philippa Wright
2006 – Jane Fletcher
2007 – Gregory Hobson
2008 – Toni Booth
2009 – Pete James
2010 – John Falconer
2011 – Dr Dusan Stulik & Art Kaplan
2012 – Stephen Perloff
2013 – Dr Claude W Sui
2014 – Dr Sophie Gordon
2015 – Els Barents
Davies Medal
The Davies Medal was instituted in 1998 and was awarded until 2015 "for a significant contribution in the digital field of imaging science". Sponsored by Kodak European Research and Development, the medal was in memory of Dr E. R. Davies, who was a former Research Director of their Harrow Laboratories. Recipients were:
1998 – Kai Krause
1999 – Dr Michael Kriss
2000 – Stephen Watt-Smith
2001 – Professor David Whittaker
2002 – Dr Ghassan Alusi
2003 – Professor M. Ronnier Luo
2004 – Dr Peter Burns
2005 – Dr David Saunders
2006 – Professor Lindsay MacDonald
2007 – Professor Mark D. Fairchild
2008 – Professor Stephen Westland
2009 – Professor
2010 – Dr Mark Lythgoe
2011 – Dr Phil Green
2012 – Dr Sophie Triantaphillidou, ASIS, FRPS
2013 – Dr John D. Meyer
2014 – Peter Lawrence
2015 – Alessandro Rizzi
No longer awarded
Saxby Medal / Saxby Award
An award, no longer awarded, which was given for achievement in the field of three-dimensional imaging, endowed by Graham Saxby Hon FRPS "in appreciation of the benefits of 50 years membership of The Society".
1998 – Professor S. A. Benton
1999 – David Burder
2000 – Professor Tung H. Jeong
2001 – Hans Bjelkhagen
2002 – Professor Nicholas Phillips
2003 – Jeff Blyth
2004 – Jonathan Ross
2005 – Robert Munday
2006 – Steve McGrew
2007 – Dayton Taylor
2008 – Not awarded
2009 – Professor Martin Richardson
2010 – Dr Trevor J. Maternaghan
2011 – David Huson
2012 – Dr Brian May CBE
2013 – Dr Carl Jones
2015 – Masuji Suto
Arms
Coat of arms of Royal Photographic Society
Crest
Upon a helm with a wreath Or and Gules issuant from an ancient crown Or the rim jewelled with sapphires and rubies Proper a demi-lynx also Proper holding between the forelegs an octagon Azure voided Or thereon an equilateral triangle the points couped silver Proper.
Escutcheon
Per pale Argent and Sable a sun in splendour per pale Sable and Or visaged on the dexter side Argent and on the sinister side sable with blue eyes proper and ensigned by an ancient crown Or rim jewelled with sapphires and rubies Proper.
Supporters
On either side a lion rampant guardant Or crowned with an ancient crown of the last the rim jewelled with sapphires and rubies Proper around the neck of each a riband Azure pendant there from a torteau that to the dexter charged with the capital letter V Or and that to the sinister with the capital letter A Or.
Motto
Universae Vitae Percepta
See also
List of European art awards
British Institute of Professional Photography
References
^ a b "Privy Council Office – Record of Charters Granted". Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
^ The Society received a letter from Buckingham Palace dated 30 May 1853 which confirmed the monarch's and her consort's patronage. It was reproduced in the Photographic Journal, dated 21 June 1853, p. 69.
^ "Duchess of Cambridge becomes new Society Patron". Royal Photographic Society. 25 June 2019. Archived from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
^ "The Royal Photographic Society Of Great Britain (current), registered charity no. 1107831". Charity Commission for England and Wales.
^ "The Royal Photographic Society Of Great Britain (former), registered charity no. 212684". Charity Commission for England and Wales.
^ "History – RPS". Archived from the original on 14 July 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
^ "About Distinctions – RPS". Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
^ John Ferguson. "lps1852.co.uk". lps1852.co.uk. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
^ "Members of the Royal Photographic Society, 1853–1901: Henry White". www.dmu.ac.uk. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
^ Fletcher, Jane, '"Un Embarras de Richesses": Making the Most of the Royal Photographic Society Collection, 1970–1980', Photography & Culture, vol. 3., no. 2. (July 2010), pp. 133–152.
^ Fletcher, Jane, '"Un Embarras de Richesses": Making the Most of the Royal Photographic Society Collection, 1970–1980', Photography & Culture, vol. 3., no. 2 (July 2010), pp. 148–149.
^ The Photographic Journal, May 1940, p. 135
^ George, Chris (19 February 2019). "Royal Photographic Society sets up new home in Bristol". digitalcameraworld. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
^ "Royal Photographic Society opens new Bristol HQ". Bristol 24/7. 24 January 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
^ "Royal Photographic Society to Sell Bristol Headquarters". 23 May 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
^ Roberts, Pam, The Royal Photographic Society Collection. A companion volume to vol. 134, no. 10, of The Photographic Journal, p. 4.
^ a b "The Collection". Archived from the original on 12 November 2011.
^ Royal Photographic Society, Photogenic. From the Collection of the Royal Photographic Society, London: Scriptum Editions, 2001.
^ Wratten, I. D (January 1953)., "The Presidential Address", The Photographic Journal, p. 5.
^ Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (5 April 2017). "V&A to open new galleries for photos acquired from Bradford museum". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
^ A new RPS Collection. Accessed 7 March 2021.
^ Photographic Society of America Journal, Vol. 29, No. 4, April 1963, p. 12.
^ "Members of Royal Photographic Society". De Montfort University. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
^ "Requests may be directed to the Society in Bath". Rps.org. Archived from the original on 2 April 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
^ "Taylor & Francis Group has acquired Maney Publishing". Maney Publishing. 18 November 2015. Archived from the original on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
^ The Photographic Journal, May 1925, p. 272.
^ Provisionally formed 27 February 1927. The Photographic Journal, May 1928, p. 222.
^ "Groups". Archived from the original on 7 June 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
^ Extraordinary General Meeting, held `3 September 1971. The EGM approved the introduction of the Licentiate and the first were award in 1972.
^ "About Distinctions". rps.org. Archived from the original on 4 November 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
^ Harris, Geoff (22 April 2018). "RPS: A day of distinction". amateurphotographer.co.uk. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
^ "Honorary Fellowships (HonFRPS)". Royal Photographic Society. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
^ See peib.dmu.ac.uk Archived 2018-06-20 at the Wayback Machine and erps.dmu.ac.uk Archived 2008-09-17 at the Wayback Machine for a list and searchable database of exhibitions and exhibitors from 1854–1915.
^ Exhibitions http://rps.org/exhibitions-and-competitions Archived 19 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 12 May 2019.
^ a b "Progress Medal". RPS. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
^ a b "Centenary Medal". RPS. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
^ a b "Cinematic Production". The Royal Photographic Society. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
^ a b "Outstanding Service". RPS. Archived from the original on 22 May 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
^ a b "Combined Royal Colleges Medal". RPS. Archived from the original on 21 May 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
^ a b "Education Award". RPS. Archived from the original on 21 May 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
^ a b "Fenton Award". RPS. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
^ a b "Hood Medal". RPS. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
^ a b "J Dudley Johnston Award". RPS. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
^ a b "Lumière Award". RPS. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
^ a b "Members' Award". RPS. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
^ a b "Selwyn Award". RPS. Archived from the original on 22 May 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
^ a b "Vic Odden Award". RPS. Archived from the original on 21 May 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
^ a b "The Bill Wisden Fellowship of the Year". RPS. Archived from the original on 21 May 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
^ "The Macallan Royal Photographic Society Awards 2011". Royal Photographic Society. 18 July 2011. Archived from the original on 5 February 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2014. New for 2011 is the Education Award, for outstanding achievement or sustained contribution in photographic education, which goes to Paul Delmar, who taught Press Photography and Photojournalism at Norton College Sheffield for 30 years
^ a b "Colin Ford Award". RPS. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
^ "Davies Medal". RPS. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
^ "Saxby Award". RPS. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
^ "Royal Photographic Society". Heraldry of the World. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
Further reading
There is no published history of the Society but the following provide historical background and partial histories. mainly of the early history of the Society.
Jane Fletcher, "'Un Embarras de Richesses': Making the Most of the Royal Photographic Society Collection, 1970–1980", Photography & Culture, vol. 3, no. 2 (July 2010), pp. 133–152.
John Hannavy (editor), Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography, London: Routledge, 2008.
Tom Hopkinson, Treasures of the Royal Photographic Society, 1839–1919, London: William Heinemann Ltd, 1980.
J. Dudley Johnston, The Story of the RPS , London: The Royal Photographic Society, 1946.
Marian Kamlish, ‘Claudet, Fenton and the Photographic Society’, History of Photography, 26 (4), Winter 2002, pp. 296–306.
Michael Pritchard, '"The interchange of thought and experience among Photographers". 1853 and the founding of the Photographic Society" Archived 6 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine, RPS Journal, 156 (1), February 2013, pp. 38–41.
Grace Seiberling with Carolyn Bloore, Amateurs, Photography, and the mid-Victorian Imagination, London: Chicago University Press, 1986.
Roger Taylor, All the Mighty World. The Photographs of Roger Fenton, 1852–1860. London: Yale University Press, 2004.
Roger Taylor, Impressed by Light. British Photographs from Paper Negatives, 1840–1860, London: Yale University Press, 2007.
Roger Taylor, "Claudet, Fenton and the Photographic Society", History of Photography, 27 (4), Winter 2003, pp. 386–388
Pamela Roberts, Photogenic: from the collection of the Royal Photographic Society, London: Scriptum Editions, 2000.
External links
Official website
Members of the Royal Photographic Society, 1853–1901
V&A Museum collection contains many images from the Royal Photographic Society's collections
Library of Congress Selected for 1993–95 International Partnership Award – about 1994 joint exhibition with United States Library of Congress
"1858 Exhibition of the Photographic Society of London". Photography. Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from the original on 11 June 2010. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Latvia
Czech Republic
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Australia
Artists
ULAN
People
Trove
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RPSOGB-1"},{"link_name":"photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography"},{"link_name":"royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"patronage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronage"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Prince Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Catherine, Princess of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"charity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_organization"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"royal charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_charter"},{"link_name":"learned society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RPSOGB-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RPS-6"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"Licentiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licentiate_(degree)"},{"link_name":"Associate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_degree"},{"link_name":"Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow#Learned_or_professional_societies,_or_speciality_training"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RPS2-7"}],"text":"The Royal Photographic Society of Great Britain,[1] commonly known as the Royal Photographic Society (RPS), is one of the world's oldest photographic societies. It was founded in London, England, in 1853 as the Photographic Society of London with the objective of promoting the art and science of photography, and in 1853 received royal patronage from Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.[2]A change to the society's name to reflect the patronage was, however, not considered expedient at the time. In 1874, it was renamed the Photographic Society of Great Britain, and only from 1894 did it become known as the Royal Photographic Society of Great Britain, a title which it continues to use today. On 25 June 2019, the Duchess of Cambridge, now Catherine, Princess of Wales, became the Society's Patron, taking over from Queen Elizabeth II who had been patron since 1952.[3]A registered charity since 1962, in July 2004,[4][5] the society was granted a royal charter recognising its eminence in the field of photography as a learned society.[1][6] For most of its history the Society was based at various premises in London; since 2019 its headquarters and gallery are in Bristol, England. Membership remains international and open to anyone with an interest in photography.In addition to ordinary membership, the Society offers three levels of distinction – Licentiate, Associate and Fellow – which set recognised standards of achievement throughout the world, and can be applied for by both members and non-members, in all aspects of photography and vocational qualifications in the areas of creative industries and imaging science.[7] The Society runs a programme of events throughout the United Kingdom and abroad, through local groups and special interest groups. The Society acts as a national voice for photographers and for photography more generally, and it represents these interests on a range of governmental and national bodies dealing with matters such as copyright and photographers' rights.","title":"Royal Photographic Society"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Photographic_Society_1858.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Calotype Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Calotype_Club"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Société française de photographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_fran%C3%A7aise_de_photographie"}],"text":"Charles Thurston Thompson: Exhibition of the Photographic Society, London, 1858Photographers were slow in coming together and forming clubs and societies. The first was an informal grouping the Edinburgh Calotype Club around 1843. The first British photographic society, the Leeds Photographic Society was formed in 1852 but between 1878 and 1881 it ceased to exist independently.[8] The RPS has existed continuously since January 1853. In other countries the Société héliographique was established in Paris in 1851 and the Société française de photographie was founded in Paris in 1854.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roger Fenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Fenton"},{"link_name":"exhibition of nearly 800 photographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_of_Recent_Specimens_of_Photography"},{"link_name":"Henry White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_White_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Founding and early history","text":"The catalyst behind the formation of The Photographic Society was Roger Fenton. The Great Exhibition of 1851 had raised public awareness of photography and in December 1852 an exhibition of nearly 800 photographs at The Society of Arts had brought together amateur and professional photographers. The inaugural meeting of The Photographic Society was held on 20 January 1853. Fenton became the Society's first secretary, a position he held for three years and Henry White was an early treasurer between 1866 and 1872.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Modernisation and the 1970s","text":"As Jane Fletcher has argued the changing nature of photography and photographic education in the early 1970s forced The Society to modernise and to become more relevant to British photography. An internal review led to constitutional changes, the introduction of a new distinction called the Licentiate in 1972 and six new specialist groups were established.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Audley Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Audley_Street"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Princess Margaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Margaret"}],"sub_title":"Bath project","text":"The rising cost of maintaining The Society's premises in South Audley Street, London, eventually led the society's executive committee to look for alternative premises. The Council approved at a meeting on 1 April 1977 a move to Bath and the establishment of a National Centre of Photography to house the Society's headquarters and collection. An appeal for £300,000 was launched in the summer of 1978 for the funds needed to convert The Octagon and adjacent buildings in Milsom Street, Bath.[11] The inaugural exhibition opened in May 1980 with the building officially opened by Princess Margaret in April 1981.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russell Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Square"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Maddox Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddox_Street"},{"link_name":"Milsom Street, Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milsom_Street,_Bath"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Premises","text":"Although the Society's inaugural meeting took places at the Society of Arts in London, it was some time before the Society had its own permanent home. It held functions as a number of London addresses, some concurrently for different types of meetings.Premises used were: Royal Society of Arts, John Adam Street; 20 Bedford Street, 4 Trafalgar Square, 21 Regent Street, 28 George Street (Hanover Square), 1 Coventry Street; Kings College, Strand; 9 Conduit Street, 5A Pall Mall East – used for certain meetings until 1899; 50 Great Russell Street; and 12 Hanover Square.The Society's premises were:1899–1909 – 66 Russell Square, London.\n1909–1940 – 35 Russell Square, London.[12]\n1940–1968 – Princes Gate, South Kensington, London.\n1968–1970 – 1 Maddox Street, Mayfair, London (temporary premises).\n1970–1979 – 14 South Audley Street, Mayfair, London\n1980–2003 – The Octagon, Milsom Street, Bath.\n2004 – January 2019 – Fenton House, 122 Wells Road, Bath; officially opened 16 February 2005.\n7 February 2019 – RPS House, Paintworks, Bath Road, Bristol.[13][14], which only 5 years later it announced it would sell to achieve financial stability.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Collection and archive"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Margaret Harker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Harker"},{"link_name":"Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford"},{"link_name":"National Media Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Media_Museum"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Collection-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Amanda Nevill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Nevill"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Victoria and Albert Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"S. D. Jouhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._D._Jouhar"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Collection","text":"The Society had collected photographs and items of historical importance on an ad hoc basis, particularly from the 1890s. With the appointment of John Dudley Johnston as Honorary Curator, a post he held from 1924 to 1955, a more proactive approach was taken to collecting.[16] Before Johnston's appointment the collection had concentrated on technical advances of photography, and he began add pictorial photography to the holdings. On Johnston's death in 1955 the role of Honorary Curator was taken over by his wife Florence and a succession of paid and unpaid staff, with Professor Margaret Harker as Honorary Curator over a long period. The collection was moved to the National Museum of Photography, Film, and Television at Bradford (later the National Media Museum) in 2002;[17][18] the move was supported by the Head of the museum, Amanda Nevill, who had been the society's secretary in the 1990s.By 1953 the number of items in the society's collection had reached 'upwards' of 3000 items.[19] At the time of the collection's transfer to Bradford it consisted of some 270,000 photographic objects, over 6000 items of photographic equipment, 13,000 books, 13,000 bound periodicals, and 5000 other photography-related documents.The collection was transferred from the National Media Museum to the Victoria and Albert Museum in 2017, where it forms a central part of the museum's Photography Centre.[20]The RPS is forming a new RPS Collection of photographs and material relevant to its own history, that of its former members and which will support its educational activities.[21]The Tyng Collection, part of the RPS Collection and now at the V&A Museum, is a collection of outstanding pictorial photography started in 1927 by an American philanthropist and society member, Stephen H. Tyng. He established a foundation to promote and recognise photographic work of outstanding pictorial merit. The first colour print to be accepted into the Tyng Collection, in 1960, was \"Madrasi Fishermen\" taken by Dr S. D. Jouhar during his six-month trip to India in 1959.[22]","title":"Collection and archive"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"De Montfort University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Montfort_University"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Archives","text":"The society's early records, Council, Committee and Meeting Minute books, are held with the society's collection at the V&A. There is no published or online record of former or current members of the society. Occasional lists of members were published by the society up the 1890s when lists were issued more regularly; from the 1930s membership lists were issued periodically, and the last in 1947. They are now not issued. New members have usually been recorded in the Photographic Journal. Dr Michael Pritchard undertook a project to make an online searchable database of members from 1853 to 1901, published by De Montfort University's photographic history research centre.[23] The Society has a card index of members from the late 1920s to 1980s, which it will search on request, and may also be able to assist with membership enquiries between 1900 and the 1930s.[24]","title":"Collection and archive"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"From the Society's formation it has published a journal and other publications have been issued over the years.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Photographic Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Photographic_Journal"},{"link_name":"Hugh Welch Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Welch_Diamond"},{"link_name":"Jack Schofield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Schofield_(journalist)"}],"sub_title":"The Photographic Journal","text":"The Society's journal was originally called The Journal of the Photographic Society of London and for most of its existence has simply been called The Photographic Journal, it is now called RPS Journal. It has been published continuously since 1853 making it the UK's oldest photographic periodical. The journal, particularly in its early years was read and distributed beyond the Society's membership. Past editors have included Arthur Henfrey, Hugh Welch Diamond, William de Wiveleslie Abney, H. H. Blacklock, and more recently Jack Schofield and David Land. The current editor is Kathleen Morgan.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Imaging Science Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Imaging_Science_Journal"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"The Imaging Science Journal","text":"The Society publishes a peer-reviewed journal devoted to imaging science and technology, The Imaging Science Journal (ISG), previously known as the Journal of Photographic Science. The ISJ is now published on behalf of The Society by Maney Publishing in print and digital versions.[25]","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The Year's Photography","text":"The Year's Photography was published annually by the Society from 1922 until at least 1961. The flyleaf of the 1957 edition states: \"This edition contains a selection from all the exhibitions held in 1956 under the Society's auspices which contained pictures suitable for reproduction There are also review of artistic photography and of the nature exhibition.\" The publication gives a broad overview of the state of British amateur and professional photography during the year.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other publications","text":"Over the years the Society has published a number of one-off publications often in partnership with commercial publishers. These include John Wall's Directory of British Photographic Collections in conjunction with Heinemann (1977), Roger Reynolds (ed.), Portfolio One (2007) and Roger Reynolds (ed.), Portfolio Two (2010). The Society publishes an annual International Print Exhibition catalogue and increasingly publishes digital catalogues of its exhibitions.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Collection-17"}],"text":"There are no restrictions on membership, which is international and includes amateur and professional photographers, photographic scientists and those involved in exhibiting, curating and writing about photography, as well as those with a general interest in the medium.[17] Many of the great names in photographic history as well as many well-known photographers today have been members.","title":"Membership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"The Society established special interest groups to cater for specific interests within the membership. These have included:Pictorial Group (now renamed Visual Art Group) (1919)\nScience and Technical Group (now renamed Imaging Science Group) (1920)\nKinematograph Group (1923)[26]\nColour Group (1927)[27]\nHistorical Group (1972)\nDigital Imaging Group (1996)\nDocumentary Group (date)\nContemporary Group (date)\nLandscape Group (date)\nAnalogue Group (date)\nWomen in Photography Group (date)As of 2016 there are fourteen groups[28]","title":"Special interest groups"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Imaging Scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaging_Science"}],"text":"Until 1895 membership was limited simply to 'members' with some minor variations for those living overseas. In that year the Society introduced a new membership category of Fellow and it now offers (from lowest to highest distinction):LRPS: Licentiateship of the Royal Photographic Society introduced in 1972[29]\nARPS: Associateship of the Royal Photographic Society introduced in 1924\nFRPS: Fellowship of the Royal Photographic Society introduced in 1895[30]These require the submission of evidence – photographs or written – which is assessed by competent panels before they are awarded by the Society's Council.[31] The society also awards honorary fellowship, HonFRPS, to the persons who distinguished themselves in the field of photography. Usually, those awarded are famous and extremely known photographers in the field of art photography. Every year, no more than eight persons are awarded HonFRPS, including society incoming president and recipients of society's Progress and Centenary Medals.[32]In addition, the Society's Imaging Scientist Qualifications provide a structure leading to professional qualifications for engineers, scientists, and technologists whose professional activities are concerned with quantitative or mechanic aspects of imaging systems or their applications. These are broken down into four levels;QIS; Qualified Imaging Scientist and Licentiate (QIS LRPS) of the Royal Photographic Society (Level 1)\nGIS; Graduate Imaging Scientist and Associate (GIS ARPS) of the Royal Photographic Society (Level 2)\nAIS; Accredited Imaging Scientist and Associate (AIS ARPS) of the Royal Photographic Society (Level 3)\nASIS; Accredited Senior Imaging Scientist and Fellow (ASIS FRPS) of the Royal Photographic Society (Level 4)The RPS introduced in 2013 a qualification for those working in the Creative Industries and using photography. These also carry the Society's Distinction and, like the Imaging Science Qualification, the two are used together.QCIQ; Qualified in Creative Industries and Licentiate (QCIQ LRPS) of the Royal Photographic Society\nGCIQ; Graduate in Creative Industries and Associate (GCIQ ARPS) of the Royal Photographic Society\nACIQ; Accredited in Creative Industries and Associate (ACIQ ARPS) of the Royal Photographic Society\nASCIQ; Accredited Senior in Creative Industries and Fellowship (ASCIQ FRPS) of the Royal Photographic Society","title":"Distinctions and qualifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"The Society has held an annual exhibition since 1854 and in 2024 it will be in its 166th edition.[33] The Society now holds an annual International Photography Exhibition, which tours the United Kingdom, and other exhibitions. At its new headquarters it shows four major photography exhibitions annually.[34]","title":"Exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Society runs more than 300 workshops and lectures throughout the UK that are open to members and non-members. Many are held at the RPS headquarters in Bath and range from an Introduction to Digital Photography to Plant and Garden Photography.","title":"Workshops"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ProgressMedal-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CentenaryMedal-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CinematicAward-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OutstandingService-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Combined-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EducationAward-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fenton-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hood-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnston-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lumiere-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Members-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Selwyn-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Odden-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wisden-48"}],"text":"Each year the Society presents a series of awards to photographers and other individuals in photography. The recipient receives a medal.The highest award of the RPS is the Progress Medal, which was instituted in 1878.[35]The Society's other annual awards are the: Centenary Medal,[36] Award for Cinematic Production,[37] Award for Outstanding Service to Photography,[38] the Combined Royal Colleges Medal,[39] the Education Award,[40] the Fenton Award (and Honorary Life Membership),[41] the Hood Medal,[42] the J Dudley Johnston Medal,[43] the Lumière Award,[44] RPS Member's Award (and Honorary Life Membership),[45] the Selwyn Award,[46] the Vic Odden Award,[47] and The Bill Wisden Fellowship of the Year.[48]","title":"Awards and medals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ProgressMedal-35"},{"link_name":"William de Wiveleslie Abney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Wiveleslie_Abney"},{"link_name":"W. Willis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Willis_(inventor)"},{"link_name":"Leon Warnerke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Warnerke"},{"link_name":"Walter B. Woodbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_B._Woodbury"},{"link_name":"Josef Maria Eder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Maria_Eder"},{"link_name":"Josef Maria Eder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Maria_Eder"},{"link_name":"William de Wiveleslie Abney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Wiveleslie_Abney"},{"link_name":"James Waterhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Waterhouse_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"Peter Henry Emerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Henry_Emerson"},{"link_name":"Thomas Rudolphus Dallmeyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Rudolphus_Dallmeyer"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Lippmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Hurter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Hurter"},{"link_name":"Vero Charles Driffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vero_Charles_Driffield"},{"link_name":"Louis Ducos du Hauron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Ducos_du_Hauron"},{"link_name":"Richard Leach Maddox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Leach_Maddox"},{"link_name":"Joseph Wilson Swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Wilson_Swan"},{"link_name":"Frederic Eugene Ives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Eugene_Ives"},{"link_name":"Paul Rudolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rudolph_(physicist)"},{"link_name":"Pierre Jules César Janssen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Janssen"},{"link_name":"Sanger Shepherd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanger_Shepherd"},{"link_name":"A Lumiere and sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Alfred Watkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Watkins"},{"link_name":"Charles Edward Kenneth Mees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Kenneth_Mees"},{"link_name":"Alfred Stieglitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz"},{"link_name":"George Eastman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Eastman"},{"link_name":"Harold Dennis Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Dennis_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Loyd Ancile Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyd_Ancile_Jones"},{"link_name":"Charles Edward Kenneth Mees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Kenneth_Mees"},{"link_name":"Edwin H. Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_H._Land"},{"link_name":"Edward J. Steichen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_J._Steichen"},{"link_name":"Frances M. Hamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_M._Hamer"},{"link_name":"Leopold Godowsky Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Godowsky_Jr."},{"link_name":"Leopold Mannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mannes"},{"link_name":"Harold Eugene Edgerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Eugene_Edgerton"},{"link_name":"Man Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_Ray"},{"link_name":"Beaumont Newhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaumont_Newhall"},{"link_name":"Stephen Dalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Dalton_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Bill Brandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Brandt"},{"link_name":"Oxford Scientific Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Scientific_Films"},{"link_name":"Norman Parkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Parkinson"},{"link_name":"Sue Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Davies"},{"link_name":"Lord Snowdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Snowdon"},{"link_name":"Yuri Denisyuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Denisyuk"},{"link_name":"David Hockney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hockney"},{"link_name":"Eric Hosking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Hosking"},{"link_name":"John Szarkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Szarkowski"},{"link_name":"Lennart Nilsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennart_Nilsson"},{"link_name":"John Wesley Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mitchell_(physicist)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Knoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Knoll"},{"link_name":"John Knoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Knoll"},{"link_name":"Emmett N. Leith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmett_N._Leith"},{"link_name":"Brad B. Amos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bradshaw_Amos"},{"link_name":"John G. White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Graham_White"},{"link_name":"Tim Berners-Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee"},{"link_name":"Eric R. Fossum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Fossum"},{"link_name":"Carver Mead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carver_Mead"},{"link_name":"Richard F. Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_F._Lyon"},{"link_name":"Richard B. Merrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_B._Merrill"},{"link_name":"Ferenc Krausz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz"},{"link_name":"Larry J. Hornbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Hornbeck"},{"link_name":"David Attenborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Attenborough"},{"link_name":"Bryce E. Bayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_E._Bayer"},{"link_name":"Nobukazu Teranishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobukazu_Teranishi"},{"link_name":"Steven J. Sasson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Sasson"},{"link_name":"Paul B. Corkum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Corkum"},{"link_name":"Tim Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Webber"},{"link_name":"George E. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_E._Smith"},{"link_name":"Palmer Luckey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer_Luckey"},{"link_name":"Michael Francis Tompsett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Francis_Tompsett"},{"link_name":"Jacques Dubochet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Dubochet"},{"link_name":"Joachim Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Frank"},{"link_name":"Richard Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Henderson_(biologist)"},{"link_name":"Alan Bovik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bovik"},{"link_name":"Chuck Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hull"},{"link_name":"Katie Bouman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Bouman"},{"link_name":"Leonardo Chiariglione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Chiariglione"},{"link_name":"Christopher Dainty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Dainty"}],"sub_title":"Progress Medal","text":"The Progress Medal is awarded in recognition of any invention, research, publication or other contribution which has resulted in an important advance in the scientific or technological development of photography or imaging in the widest sense. It also carries with it an Honorary Fellowship of The Society.[35] Recipients have been:1878 – Captain William de Wiveleslie Abney\n1881 – W. Willis\n1882 – Leon Warnerke\n1883 – Walter B. Woodbury\n1884 – Josef Maria Eder\n1885 – Josef Maria Eder\n1890 – Captain William de Wiveleslie Abney\n1891 – Colonel James Waterhouse\n1895 – Peter Henry Emerson\n1896 – Thomas Rudolphus Dallmeyer\n1897 – Gabriel Lippmann\n1898 – Ferdinand Hurter and Vero Charles Driffield\n1899 – No award\n1900 – Louis Ducos du Hauron\n1901 – Richard Leach Maddox\n1902 – Joseph Wilson Swan\n1903 – Frederic Eugene Ives\n1904 – Not awarded\n1905 – Dr. Paul Rudolph\n1906 – Pierre Jules César Janssen\n1907 – E Sanger Shepherd\n1908 – John Sterry\n1909 – A Lumiere and sons\n1910 – Alfred Watkins\n1911 – Not awarded\n1912 – Henry Chapman Jones\n1913 – Charles Edward Kenneth Mees\n1914 – William Bates Ferguson\n1915 – André Callier\n1916–1920 – Not awarded\n1921 – Frank Forster Renwick\n1922 – Not awarded\n1923 – Nahum Ellan Luboshez\n1924 – Alfred Stieglitz\n1925–26 – Not awarded\n1927 – George Eastman\n1928 – Samuel E Sheppard\n1929 – Olaf F Bloch\n1932 – Hinricus Lüppo-Cramer\n1935 – Harold Dennis Taylor\n1936 – Arthur Samuel Newman\n1944 – Francis James Mortimer CBE\n1946 – John G Capstaff\n1947 – Not awarded\n1948 – Loyd Ancile Jones\n1949 – John Eggert\n1950 – Louis Phillippe Clerc\n1951 – J Dudley Johnston\n1952 – Charles Edward Kenneth Mees\n1953 – Marcel Abribat\n1954 – Julian Webb\n1955 – J. D. Kendall\n1956 – Not awarded\n1957 – Edwin H. Land\n1959 – Cecil Waller\n1960 – Edward J. Steichen\n1961 – André Rott\n1962 – Frances M. Hamer\n1963 – Leopold Godowsky Jr. and Leopold Mannes\n1964 – Harold Eugene Edgerton\n1965 – Walter Clark\n1966 – L. Fritz Gruber\n1967 – E. R. Davies\n1968 – Konstantine Vladimirovich Chibosov\n1969 – Laurence E. Hallett\n1970 – W. F. Berg\n1971 – Edward William Herbert Selwyn\n1972 – Hellmut Frieser\n1973 – T. Howard James\n1974 – Man Ray\n1975 – Beaumont Newhall\n1976 – W. T. Hanson Jr\n1977 – Stephen Dalton\n1978 – Photographic Technology Division, NASA\n1979 – Bill Brandt\n1980 – Oxford Scientific Films\n1981 – Norman Parkinson\n1982 – Sue Davies\n1983 – R. W. G. Hunt\n1984 – Tom Hopkinson\n1985 – Lord Snowdon\n1986 – Yuri Denisyuk\n1987 – Roy Jeffreys\n1988 – David Hockney\n1989 – Eric Hosking\n1990 – Tadaaki Tani\n1991 – John Szarkowski\n1992 – G Farnell\n1993 – Lennart Nilsson\n1994 – John Wesley Mitchell\n1995 – Thomas Knoll and John Knoll\n1996 – Paul B Gilman\n1998 – Emmett N. Leith\n1999 – Leo J Thomas\n2000 – A Zaleski\n2001 – C T Elliott\n2002 – Brad B. Amos and John G. White\n2003 – Tim Berners-Lee\n2004 – Eric R. Fossum\n2005 – Carver Mead, Richard F. Lyon, Richard B. Merrill\n2006 – Ferenc Krausz\n2007 – Larry J. Hornbeck PhD\n2008 – David Attenborough\n2009 – Bryce E. Bayer\n2010 – Nobukazu Teranishi\n2011 – Rodney Shaw\n2012 – Steven J. Sasson\n2013 – Paul B. Corkum\n2014 – Tim Webber\n2015 – George E. Smith\n2016 – Palmer Luckey\n2017 – Michael Francis Tompsett\n2018 – Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, Richard Henderson\n2019 – Alan Bovik\n2020 – Chuck Hull\n2021 – Katie Bouman\n2022 – Leonardo Chiariglione and Graham Hudson\n2023 – Christopher Dainty","title":"Awards and medals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CentenaryMedal-36"},{"link_name":"Sebastião Salgado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Salgado"},{"link_name":"Cornell Capa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Capa"},{"link_name":"Robert Delpire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Delpire"},{"link_name":"Freddie Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Young"},{"link_name":"Josef Koudelka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Koudelka"},{"link_name":"William Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Klein_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"Ray Metzker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Metzker"},{"link_name":"Paul Caponigro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Caponigro"},{"link_name":"Elliott Erwitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Erwitt"},{"link_name":"Arnold Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Newman"},{"link_name":"David Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bailey"},{"link_name":"Susan Meiselas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Meiselas"},{"link_name":"Don McCullin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_McCullin"},{"link_name":"Martin Parr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Parr"},{"link_name":"Annie Leibovitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Leibovitz"},{"link_name":"Albert Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Watson_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"Terry O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_O%27Neill_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"Joel Meyerowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Meyerowitz"},{"link_name":"Brian Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Griffin_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"Steve McCurry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_McCurry"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Tillmans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Tillmans"},{"link_name":"Thomas Struth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Struth"},{"link_name":"Hiroshi Sugimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Sugimoto"},{"link_name":"Nan Goldin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nan_Goldin"},{"link_name":"Sophie Calle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Calle"},{"link_name":"Sally Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Mann"},{"link_name":"Bruce Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Davidson_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"Destiny Deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_Deacon"},{"link_name":"Ralph Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Gibson"}],"sub_title":"Centenary Medal","text":"According to the Society's website this award is \"in recognition of a sustained, significant contribution to the art of photography\".[36] Recipients have been:1993 – Sebastião Salgado\n1994 – Cornell Capa\n1995 – Robert Delpire\n1996–1997 – Freddie Young\n1998 – Josef Koudelka\n1999 – William Klein\n2000 – Ray Metzker\n2001 – Paul Caponigro\n2002 – Elliott Erwitt\n2003 – Special anniversary medals awarded (150th anniversary)\n2004 – Arnold Newman\n2005 – David Bailey\n2006 – Susan Meiselas\n2007 – Don McCullin\n2008 – Martin Parr\n2009 – Annie Leibovitz\n2010 – Albert Watson\n2011 – Terry O'Neill\n2012 – Joel Meyerowitz\n2013 – Brian Griffin\n2014 – Steve McCurry\n2015 – Wolfgang Tillmans\n2016 – Thomas Struth\n2017 – Hiroshi Sugimoto\n2018 – Nan Goldin\n2019 – Sophie Calle\n2020 – Sally Mann\n2021 – Bruce Davidson\n2022 – Destiny Deacon\n2023 – Ralph Gibson","title":"Awards and medals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CinematicAward-37"},{"link_name":"David Heyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Heyman"},{"link_name":"Tim Bevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Bevan"},{"link_name":"Eric Fellner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Fellner"},{"link_name":"Yorgos Lanthimos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorgos_Lanthimos"},{"link_name":"Steve McQueen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_McQueen_(director)"},{"link_name":"Ava DuVernay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ava_DuVernay"},{"link_name":"Werner Herzog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Herzog"}],"sub_title":"Cinematic Production Award","text":"This award is given to an individual for outstanding achievement or sustained contribution in the production, direction or development of film for the cinema, television, online or new media.[37] Recipients have been:2017 – David Heyman\n2018 – Tim Bevan & Eric Fellner\n2019 – Yorgos Lanthimos\n2020 – Steve McQueen\n2021 – Ava DuVernay\n2022 – Werner Herzog","title":"Awards and medals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OutstandingService-38"},{"link_name":"Michael G. Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_G._Wilson"},{"link_name":"Philippe Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Garner"},{"link_name":"Kathy Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Ryan"},{"link_name":"Maria Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Morris_(photographer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Ewing_(photographer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anthony d'Offay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_d%27Offay"},{"link_name":"Brett Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Rogers_(curator)"},{"link_name":"Mark Sealy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Sealy"},{"link_name":"Deborah Willis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Willis_(artist)"}],"sub_title":"Award for Outstanding Service to Photography","text":"According to the Society's website this award \"carries with it an Honorary Fellowship of The Society. It recognizes major sustained, outstanding and influential contributions to the advancement of Photography and/or Imaging in their widest meanings.\"[38] The recipients are:2009 – Santhosh Varghese Kappola\n2010 – Michael G. Wilson\n2011 – Philippe Garner\n2012 – Kathy Ryan\n2013 – Weston Naef\n2014 – Terence Pepper\n2015 – Maria Morris\n2016 – William Ewing\n2017 – Anthony d'Offay\n2018 – Brett Rogers\n2019 – Mark Sealy\n2020 – Deborah Willis\n2021 – Zelda Cheatle\n2022 – Howard Greenberg","title":"Awards and medals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Combined-39"},{"link_name":"Anders Persson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Persson"},{"link_name":"Caroline Wilkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Wilkinson"},{"link_name":"Mark Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Bradley"}],"sub_title":"Combined Royal Colleges Medal","text":"Established in 1958 by the RPS in collaboration with the Royal College of Physicians of London, the Royal College of Surgeons of England and the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, this medal is awarded for \"an outstanding contribution to the advancement and/or application of medical photography or the wider field of medical imaging\".[39]2005 – Simon Brown\n2006 – John Priestley\n2007 – Nancy Durrell McKenna\n2008 – Francis Ring\n2009 – Catherine Draycott\n2010 – Spike Walker\n2011 – Northumbria Healthcare and Northumbria University Arts Partnership 2012 Micrima and The University of Bristol Microwave Imaging Group\n2013 – Anders Persson\n2014 – Emeritus Adolf Friedrich Fercher\n2015 – Gavriel J. Idann\n2016 – Caroline Wilkinson\n2017 – Andrew Bastawrous\n2018 – Kev Dhaliwal, Mark Bradley\n2019 – Reza Razavi\n2020 – Pankaj Chandak\n2021 – Douglas Anderson\n2023 – Daniyal Jafree, David Long, and Claire Walsh","title":"Awards and medals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EducationAward-40"},{"link_name":"Norton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_College"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"London College of Communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_College_of_Communication"}],"sub_title":"Education Award","text":"According to the Society's website this award \"is given for outstanding achievement or sustained contribution in photographic education\". The recipients are:[40]2011 – Paul Delmar, who taught Press Photography and Photojournalism at Norton College, Sheffield, for 30 years[49]2012 – Anne Williams, Programme Director for Photography at London College of Communication\n2013 – Conrad Tracy\n2014 – Corinne Noordenbos\n2015 – David Alan Mellor\n2016 – Paul Hill\n2017 – Oliver Richon\n2018 – David Bate\n2019 – Beverley Carruthers\n2020 – Andrea Liggins\n2021 – Esther Teichmann\n2023 – Max Houghton","title":"Awards and medals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roger Fenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Fenton"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fenton-41"},{"link_name":"Mark Haworth-Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Haworth-Booth"}],"sub_title":"Fenton Medal / Fenton Award (and Honorary Life Membership)","text":"This award, established in 1980 and named after Roger Fenton, one of the RPS's founders, is made for an outstanding contribution to the work of The Royal Photographic Society. Usually, up to four Fenton Medals are awarded each year and since 1998 this award carries Honorary Membership of the RPS.[41]1980 – E. J. Moorfoot, R. Boyes, K. Warr\n1981 – C. Morris\n1982 – E. Nicholson\n1983 – L. Bowcock, George and Lady Pollock, Eve Ritscher\n1984 – Sam Welford\n1985 – John Bardsley\n1986 – R. J. Cox\n1987 – J. D. J. Cole, R. H. Mason, G Smith\n1988 – R Brightman, Herbert Dennis\n1989 – David Dearnley, Pat Hallett, Prof M. Harker, E. Pothecary\n1990 – Arthur Downes\n1991 – Anne Bolt, Barry Mead\n1992 – Peter Wilkinson, Desmond Groves, Kay Gordon, David Nellist\n1993 – Edward Bowman, Hilary Graves, Matheson Beaumont\n1994 – Margaret Hodge, Mervyn Leonardo de Calcina-Goff\n1995 – Gustav Ahrens, Colin Balls, H. S. Fry\n1996/7 – Brian Bower, Michael R. Pointer, Anthony J. Waterlow\n1998 – Michael Austin, Tony Hilton, Tan Lip Seng\n1999 – Peter Agius, Akira Aoki, David Tay Poey Cher\n2000 – Joan Wakelin, Jon Richardson\n2001 – John Long, Ossie Morris, Bill Wisden\n2002 – Bryn Campbell, Roger Reynolds, Michael Christianson, Roy Green\n2003 – Jane H. Black, Ron Frampton, Robert F. Moore, Jerry Wooldridge\n2004 – Andy Callow, D. H. O. John, Keith Lawrey, A. Sethna\n2005 – Sandy Cleland, Richard Sadler, Margaret Salisbury, Keith Suddaby\n2006 – Andy Golding, Mark Haworth-Booth, Alan Millward, Tony Troman\n2007 – Carol Agar, John Hankin LRPS, Robin Jenkin, Brian Steptoe, Tony Wharton\n2008 – John Chamberlin, Peter Sephton Coles, Tom Dodd, John Page\n2009 – Sara Beaugeard, Robert F. Rowe, Nicholas J. Scott, Roger Tooth, Jeff Vickers\n2010 – Ian Bailey LRPS, Julian Comrie, Ralph Jacobson, David J. Wood\n2011 – Des Clinton, Jim Moreland, Francis Ring, Barry Senior\n2012 – Philip Ellis, Michael Hallett, Jack Jackson, Ray Spence\n2013 – Afzal Ansary, Alan Elliott, Dawn Osborne, Tim Rudman\n2014 – Andy Finney, Sue Harper, Jenny Leathes, Robert Tapper\n2015 – Mark Buckley-Sharp, Anne Cassidy, Paul Goodman, Leo Palmer\n2016 – John Bebbington, Hermon Dowling, Paul Hill, Andrea Liggins, John R Simpson\n2020 – Tony Kaye, Armando Jongejan, David Osborn\n2021 – Mary Crowther, Mark Reeves, Stewart Wall, Rex Waygood, Peter Hayes\n2022 – Richard Brown, Sue Brown, Robert Gates, Janet Haines\n2023 - Vanessa Slawson, Rajen Nandwana, Dr Rolf Kraehenbuehl, Chris Renk","title":"Awards and medals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hood-42"},{"link_name":"Edwin H. Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_H._Land"},{"link_name":"H. Bedford Lemere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Bedford_Lemere"},{"link_name":"W. Mortensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mortensen"},{"link_name":"Maurice Broomfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Broomfield"},{"link_name":"Walter Nurnberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Nurnberg"},{"link_name":"Heather Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Angel_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"Jacques Cousteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau"},{"link_name":"Lord Snowdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Snowdon"},{"link_name":"Richard Attenborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Attenborough"},{"link_name":"Harold Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Evans"},{"link_name":"Zoe Dominic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe_Dominic"},{"link_name":"Mark Haworth-Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Haworth-Booth"},{"link_name":"Mike Ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Ware_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"Mark Sealy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Sealy"},{"link_name":"Edmund Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Clark"},{"link_name":"Marcus Bleasdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Bleasdale"},{"link_name":"James Balog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Balog"},{"link_name":"Jean-Jacques Naudet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Naudet"},{"link_name":"Siân Davey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A2n_Davey"},{"link_name":"Laia Abril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laia_Abril"},{"link_name":"Poulomi Basu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poulomi_Basu"},{"link_name":"Hoda Afshar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoda_Afshar"}],"sub_title":"Hood Medal","text":"This medal is awarded \"for a body of photographic work produced to promote or raise awareness of an aspect of public benefit or service\". It was instituted in 1933 when Harold Hood offered to present an annual medal for photography with a particular emphasis on work for public service. The recipients have been:[42]1933 – G. Aubourne Clarke\n1935 – Edwin H. Land\n1936 – J. Crowther Cos\n1948 – J. W. Cottingham\n1939 – J. A. Fairfax-Fozzard\n1941 – H. Bedford Lemere\n1942 – Basil Hill\n1945 – Margaret F. Harker\n1946 – J. Crowther Cos\n1947 – S. H. Thorpe\n1948 – Margaret F. Harker\n1949 – W. Mortensen\n1950 – L. M. Condax\n1951 – Institute of Ophthalmology (Department of Medical Illustration)\n1956 – A. Faulkner Taylor\n1957 – Clive Cadwallader\n1958 – Maurice Broomfield\n1959 – E. Victor Willmott\n1960 – Walter Nurnberg\n1961 – Alan S. Marshall\n1962 – Adolf Morath\n1964 – Gordon Clemetson\n1966 – T. C. Dodds\n1968 – W. H. Baddeley\n1970 – K. G. Moreman\n1971 – Stephen Dalton\n1972 – Pat Whitehouse\n1973 – John Chittock\n1974 – R. M. Callender\n1975 – Heather Angel\n1976 – Ronald Smith\n1977 – Jacques Cousteau\n1978 – Lord Snowdon\n1979 – Richard Attenborough\n1980 – Harold Evans\n1981 – Freddie Reed\n1982 – Brian Tremain\n1983 – John Webster\n1984 – Brian Coe\n1985 – Leslie Ryder\n1986 – Zoe Dominic\n1987 – Mark Haworth-Booth\n1988 – Clifford Bestall\n1989 – Colin Ford\n1990 – Mike Ware\n1992 – Llanfranco Colombo\n1993 – Karl Steinorth\n2003 – Joop Berendsen, Tom Gatsonides, Ted Janssen\n2004 – Mark Holborn\n2005 – Mike Birbeck\n2006 – Ron Smith\n2007 – Mark Sealy\n2008 – Gina Glover\n2009 – François Hébel\n2010 – Tiffany Fairey, Anna Blackman\n2011 – Edmund Clark\n2012 – Marcus Bleasdale\n2013 – Derek Kendall\n2014 – James Balog\n2015 – Jean-Jacques Naudet\n2016 – Nick Hedges\n2017 – Siân Davey\n2019 – Laia Abril\n2020 – Poulomi Basu\n2021 – Dexter McLean\n2022 – Hoda Afshar","title":"Awards and medals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ZieglerJohnston.jpg"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnston-43"},{"link_name":"Vicki Goldberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicki_Goldberg"},{"link_name":"Colin Westerbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Westerbeck"},{"link_name":"Val Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Williams"},{"link_name":"Ian Jeffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Jeffrey"},{"link_name":"David Mellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Alan_Mellor"},{"link_name":"Gerhard Steidl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steidl"},{"link_name":"Martin Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Harrison_(curator)"},{"link_name":"A. D. Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._D._Coleman"},{"link_name":"Sean O'Hagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_O%27Hagan_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Anthony Bannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Bannon"},{"link_name":"David Campany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Campany"},{"link_name":"Gerry Badger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Badger"}],"sub_title":"J Dudley Johnston Award / Medal","text":"J. Dudley Johnston (photo by Franz Ziegler, 1929)According to the Society's website this is an \"award for major achievement in the field of photographic criticism or the history of photography. To be awarded for sustained excellence over a period of time, or for a single outstanding publication\". The recipients are:[43]1998 – Larry Schaaf\n1999 – Vicki Goldberg\n2000 – Colin Westerbeck\n2001 – Bill Jay\n2002 – Mike Weaver\n2003 – Sara Stevenson\n2004 – Colin Harding (Photohistory) and Val Williams (Curatorship)\n2005 – Ian Jeffrey (Photohistory) and David Mellor (Curatorship)\n2006 – Gerhard Steidl (Photohistory) and Martin Harrison (Curatorship)\n2007 – Roger Taylor (Photohistory)\n2008 – Gail Buckland\n2009 – Matthew Butson\n2010 – A. D. Coleman\n2011 – Sean O'Hagan\n2012 – Anthony Bannon\n2013 – Martin Barnes\n2014 – David Campany\n2015 – Roger Hargreaves\n2017 – Francis Hodgson\n2018 – Gerry Badger\n2019 – Zhuang Wubin\n2020 – Professor Elizabeth Edwards\n2021 – Professor Emeritus Helen Ennis\n2022 – Liz Wells","title":"Awards and medals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lumiere-44"},{"link_name":"Jack Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Cardiff"},{"link_name":"Alan Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Parker"},{"link_name":"Freddie Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Francis"},{"link_name":"William MacQuitty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_MacQuitty"},{"link_name":"Ridley Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridley_Scott"},{"link_name":"Seamus McGarvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamus_McGarvey"},{"link_name":"Peter Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lord"},{"link_name":"Nick Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Park"},{"link_name":"David Sproxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sproxton"},{"link_name":"John Mathieson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mathieson_(cinematographer)"},{"link_name":"Giles Nuttgens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_Nuttgens"},{"link_name":"Roger Deakins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Deakins"},{"link_name":"Chris Menges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Menges"},{"link_name":"Anthony Dod Mantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Dod_Mantle"},{"link_name":"Barry Ackroyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Ackroyd"},{"link_name":"John de Borman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_de_Borman"},{"link_name":"Dick Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Pope_(cinematographer)"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Lubezki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Lubezki"},{"link_name":"Hoyte van Hoytema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoyte_van_Hoytema"},{"link_name":"Rachel Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Łukasz Żal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_%C5%BBal"},{"link_name":"Linus Sandgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Sandgren"},{"link_name":"Phoebe Boswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebe_Boswell"},{"link_name":"John Akomfrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Akomfrah"}],"sub_title":"Lumière Award","text":"The Lumière Award is given for major achievement in British cinematography, video or animation.[44]1999 – Jack Cardiff\n2000 – Alan Parker\n2001 – Freddie Francis\n2002 – William MacQuitty\n2003 – Ridley Scott\n2004 – Seamus McGarvey\n2005 – Peter Lord, Nick Park, David Sproxton (Aardman)\n2006 – John Mathieson\n2007 – Martyn Colbeck\n2008 – Giles Nuttgens\n2009 – Roger Deakins\n2010 – Chris Menges\n2011 – Anthony Dod Mantle\n2012 – Barry Ackroyd\n2013 – John de Borman\n2014 – Robbie Ryan\n2015 – Dick Pope\n2016 – Emmanuel Lubezki\n2017 – Hoyte van Hoytema\n2018 – Rachel Morrison\n2019 – Łukasz Żal\n2020 – Linus Sandgren\n2021 – Phoebe Boswell\n2022 – John Akomfrah","title":"Awards and medals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Members-45"}],"sub_title":"RPS Member's Award (and Honorary Life Membership)","text":"An award, established in 2005, given to an ordinary member who, in the opinion of Council, has shown extraordinary support for The Society over a sustained period.[45]2005 – Frederick Smith\n2006 – Matti Selanne\n2007 – John Arnold Hubbard\n2008 – Elaine Herbert\n2009 – Ken Huscroft, Harry Miller\n2010 – Hoosain M. Ebrahim; Charles Mahnken\n2011 – Sylvia B. Jones\n2012 – Mick Medley\n2013 – Carol Palmer\n2014 – Judith Parry, Patricia Ann Ruddle\n2015 – Alexander Melrose\n2016 – Mary O’Connor\n2017 – Paul Hurst\n2018 – Mike Christianson\n2019 – John Margetts\n2020 – Judy Buckley-Sharp\n2021 – Sheila Haycox\n2022 – Mark Phillips","title":"Awards and medals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Selwyn-46"},{"link_name":"Yi-Ren Ng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren_Ng"}],"sub_title":"Selwyn Award","text":"This award is intended for those under-35 years who have conducted successful science-based research connected with imaging. Sponsored by the Imaging Science Group of the RSP, it was introduced in 1994 in memory of eminent photographic scientist E. W. H. Selwyn, who was the recipient of the Progress Medal in 1971 and the Williamson Research Award in 1936.[46]1994 – J. R. Palmer\n1995 – A. Clarke\n1996–1997 – Andrew Fitz\n1998 – Adrian Ford\n1999 – Juliet Rason\n2000 – Sophie Triantaphillidou\n2001 – Serguei Endrikhovski\n2002 – Robin Jenkin\n2003 – Ján Morovic\n2004 – Efthimia Bilissi\n2005 – Elizabeth Allen\n2006 – James Sharpe\n2007 – Christien J. Merrifield\n2008 – Vien Cheung\n2009 – Iris Sprow\n2010 – Agnieszka Bialek\n2011 – Toby P. Breckon\n2012 – Anna Fricker\n2013 – Yi-Ren Ng\n2014 – Wen Luo\n2015 – Not awarded\n2016 – Gaurav Gupta\n2017 – Lounis Chermak\n2018 – Emma Talbot\n2019 – Tobias Houlton\n2020 – Dr Maria Castaneyra-Ruiz\n2021 – Dr Carolyn Erolin\n2022 – Edward Fry","title":"Awards and medals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Odden-47"},{"link_name":"Paul M. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_M._Smith_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"Donovan Wylie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donovan_Wylie"},{"link_name":"Hannah Starkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Starkey"},{"link_name":"Adam Broomberg & Oliver Chanarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Broomberg_%26_Oliver_Chanarin"},{"link_name":"Tom Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Craig_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Gill_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"Simon Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Roberts_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"Alixandra Fazzina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alixandra_Fazzina"},{"link_name":"Olivia Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Arthur"},{"link_name":"Venetia Dearden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetia_Dearden"},{"link_name":"Laura Pannack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Pannack"},{"link_name":"Chloe Dewe Mathews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloe_Dewe_Mathews"},{"link_name":"Juno Calypso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Calypso"},{"link_name":"Alix Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alix_Marie"}],"sub_title":"Vic Odden Award","text":"According to the Society's website this is an \"award offered for a notable achievement in the art of photography by a British photographer aged 35 or under, endowed in memory of Vic Odden\". Recipients of the Vic Odden Award:[47]1999 – Paul Lowe\n2000 – Harriet Logan\n2001 – Paul M. Smith\n2002 – Donovan Wylie\n2003 – Hannah Starkey\n2004 – Adam Broomberg & Oliver Chanarin\n2005 – Tom Craig\n2006 – Stephen Gill\n2007 – Simon Roberts\n2008 – Alixandra Fazzina\n2009 – James Mollison\n2010 – Olivia Arthur\n2011 – Venetia Dearden\n2012 – Laura Pannack\n2013 – Kate Peters\n2014 – Jon Tonks\n2015 – Matilda Temperley\n2016 – Chloe Dewe Mathews\n2017 – Jack Davison\n2018 – Juno Calypso\n2019 – Alix Marie\n2020 – Daniel Castro Garcia\n2021 – Sylvia Rossi\n2022 – Carly Clarke","title":"Awards and medals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wisden-48"}],"sub_title":"The Bill Wisden Fellowship of the Year","text":"The Fellowship of the Year, inaugurated in 2012, was named after Bill Wisden for his 50-plus years service to the RSP's Distinctions. It is awarded for the most outstanding Fellowship of the year as decided by the Fellowship Board of The Society from more than 200 applications. Recipients have been:[48]2012 – Dawn McKeown\n2013 – Paul Walker\n2014 – Clare Acford\n2015 – Yap Kok Hing\n2016 – Tony Bramley","title":"Awards and medals"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Previous awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"curatorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curator"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ColinFord-50"},{"link_name":"National Science and Media Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_and_Media_Museum"},{"link_name":"Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford"},{"link_name":"Colin Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Ford_(curator)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ColinFord-50"},{"link_name":"Pete James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_James"}],"sub_title":"Colin Ford Award","text":"The RPS established the annual Colin Ford Award in 2003 for contributions to curatorship.[50] It was named after the first director of the UK's National Museum of Photography, Film and Television (now the National Science and Media Museum), in Bradford, Colin Ford CBE.\n[50] It has not been offered since 2015. Recipients were:2003 – Paul Goodman, Brian Liddy, Dr Amanda Nevill HonFRPS, Russell Roberts\n2004 – Professor Raymond P Clark ASIS HonFRPS, John R Page HonFRPS\n2005 – Philippa Wright\n2006 – Jane Fletcher\n2007 – Gregory Hobson\n2008 – Toni Booth\n2009 – Pete James\n2010 – John Falconer\n2011 – Dr Dusan Stulik & Art Kaplan\n2012 – Stephen Perloff\n2013 – Dr Claude W Sui\n2014 – Dr Sophie Gordon\n2015 – Els Barents","title":"Previous awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davies-51"},{"link_name":"Kai Krause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Krause"}],"sub_title":"Davies Medal","text":"The Davies Medal was instituted in 1998 and was awarded until 2015 \"for a significant contribution in the digital field of imaging science\". Sponsored by Kodak European Research and Development, the medal was in memory of Dr E. R. Davies, who was a former Research Director of their Harrow Laboratories. Recipients were:[51]1998 – Kai Krause\n1999 – Dr Michael Kriss\n2000 – Stephen Watt-Smith\n2001 – Professor David Whittaker\n2002 – Dr Ghassan Alusi\n2003 – Professor M. Ronnier Luo\n2004 – Dr Peter Burns\n2005 – Dr David Saunders\n2006 – Professor Lindsay MacDonald\n2007 – Professor Mark D. Fairchild\n2008 – Professor Stephen Westland\n2009 – Professor\n2010 – Dr Mark Lythgoe\n2011 – Dr Phil Green\n2012 – Dr Sophie Triantaphillidou, ASIS, FRPS\n2013 – Dr John D. Meyer\n2014 – Peter Lawrence\n2015 – Alessandro Rizzi\nNo longer awarded","title":"Previous awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saxby-52"}],"sub_title":"Saxby Medal / Saxby Award","text":"An award, no longer awarded, which was given for achievement in the field of three-dimensional imaging, endowed by Graham Saxby Hon FRPS \"in appreciation of the benefits of 50 years membership of The Society\".[52]1998 – Professor S. A. Benton\n1999 – David Burder\n2000 – Professor Tung H. Jeong\n2001 – Hans Bjelkhagen\n2002 – Professor Nicholas Phillips\n2003 – Jeff Blyth\n2004 – Jonathan Ross\n2005 – Robert Munday\n2006 – Steve McGrew\n2007 – Dayton Taylor\n2008 – Not awarded\n2009 – Professor Martin Richardson\n2010 – Dr Trevor J. Maternaghan\n2011 – David Huson\n2012 – Dr Brian May CBE\n2013 – Dr Carl Jones\n2015 – Masuji Suto","title":"Previous awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The interchange of thought and experience among Photographers\". 1853 and the founding of the Photographic Society\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rps.org/resources/downloads/RPS_History.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140106040304/http://www.rps.org/resources/downloads/RPS_History.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"There is no published history of the Society but the following provide historical background and partial histories. mainly of the early history of the Society.Jane Fletcher, \"'Un Embarras de Richesses': Making the Most of the Royal Photographic Society Collection, 1970–1980\", Photography & Culture, vol. 3, no. 2 (July 2010), pp. 133–152.\nJohn Hannavy (editor), Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography, London: Routledge, 2008.\nTom Hopkinson, Treasures of the Royal Photographic Society, 1839–1919, London: William Heinemann Ltd, 1980.\nJ. Dudley Johnston, The Story of the RPS [1853–1869], London: The Royal Photographic Society, 1946.\nMarian Kamlish, ‘Claudet, Fenton and the Photographic Society’, History of Photography, 26 (4), Winter 2002, pp. 296–306.\nMichael Pritchard, '\"The interchange of thought and experience among Photographers\". 1853 and the founding of the Photographic Society\" Archived 6 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine, RPS Journal, 156 (1), February 2013, pp. 38–41.\nGrace Seiberling with Carolyn Bloore, Amateurs, Photography, and the mid-Victorian Imagination, London: Chicago University Press, 1986.\nRoger Taylor, All the Mighty World. The Photographs of Roger Fenton, 1852–1860. London: Yale University Press, 2004.\nRoger Taylor, Impressed by Light. British Photographs from Paper Negatives, 1840–1860, London: Yale University Press, 2007.\nRoger Taylor, \"Claudet, Fenton and the Photographic Society\", History of Photography, 27 (4), Winter 2003, pp. 386–388\nPamela Roberts, Photogenic: from the collection of the Royal Photographic Society, London: Scriptum Editions, 2000.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Charles Thurston Thompson: Exhibition of the Photographic Society, London, 1858","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Royal_Photographic_Society_1858.jpg/220px-Royal_Photographic_Society_1858.jpg"},{"image_text":"J. Dudley Johnston (photo by Franz Ziegler, 1929)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/ZieglerJohnston.jpg/220px-ZieglerJohnston.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of European art awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_art_awards"},{"title":"British Institute of Professional Photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Institute_of_Professional_Photography"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Privy Council Office – Record of Charters Granted\". Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Record-of-Charters-Granted-May-2016.xlsx","url_text":"\"Privy Council Office – Record of Charters Granted\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160821202316/https://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Record-of-Charters-Granted-May-2016.xlsx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Duchess of Cambridge becomes new Society Patron\". Royal Photographic Society. 25 June 2019. Archived from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190711042207/https://rps.org/news/2019/June/Duchess%20of%20Cambridge%20becomes%20new%20RPS%20Patron","url_text":"\"Duchess of Cambridge becomes new Society Patron\""},{"url":"http://www.rps.org/news/2019/June/Duchess%20of%20Cambridge%20becomes%20new%20RPS%20Patron","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Royal Photographic Society Of Great Britain (current), registered charity no. 1107831\". Charity Commission for England and Wales.","urls":[{"url":"https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-details/?regId=1107831&subId=0","url_text":"\"The Royal Photographic Society Of Great Britain (current), registered charity no. 1107831\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_Commission_for_England_and_Wales","url_text":"Charity Commission for England and Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"The Royal Photographic Society Of Great Britain (former), registered charity no. 212684\". Charity Commission for England and Wales.","urls":[{"url":"https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-details/?regId=212684&subId=0","url_text":"\"The Royal Photographic Society Of Great Britain (former), registered charity no. 212684\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_Commission_for_England_and_Wales","url_text":"Charity Commission for England and Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"History – RPS\". Archived from the original on 14 July 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rps.org/about/history","url_text":"\"History – RPS\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160714202810/http://www.rps.org/about/history","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"About Distinctions – RPS\". Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rps.org/distinctions/about-distinctions","url_text":"\"About Distinctions – RPS\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160610014157/http://www.rps.org/distinctions/about-distinctions","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"John Ferguson. \"lps1852.co.uk\". lps1852.co.uk. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140606222717/http://www.lps1852.co.uk/","url_text":"\"lps1852.co.uk\""},{"url":"http://www.lps1852.co.uk/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Members of the Royal Photographic Society, 1853–1901: Henry White\". www.dmu.ac.uk. Retrieved 19 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://rpsmembers.dmu.ac.uk/rps_results.php?mid=564","url_text":"\"Members of the Royal Photographic Society, 1853–1901: Henry White\""}]},{"reference":"George, Chris (19 February 2019). \"Royal Photographic Society sets up new home in Bristol\". digitalcameraworld. Retrieved 23 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.digitalcameraworld.com/news/royal-photographic-society-sets-up-new-home-in-bristol","url_text":"\"Royal Photographic Society sets up new home in Bristol\""}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Photographic Society opens new Bristol HQ\". Bristol 24/7. 24 January 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bristol247.com/culture/art/royal-photographic-society-opens-new-bristol-hq/","url_text":"\"Royal Photographic Society opens new Bristol HQ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Photographic Society to Sell Bristol Headquarters\". 23 May 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://rps.org/news/bristol/2024/may/royal-photographic-society-to-sell-bristol-headquarters/","url_text":"\"Royal Photographic Society to Sell Bristol Headquarters\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Collection\". Archived from the original on 12 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111112141125/http://www.rps.org/the-collection","url_text":"\"The Collection\""},{"url":"http://www.rps.org/the-collection","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (5 April 2017). \"V&A to open new galleries for photos acquired from Bradford museum\". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/apr/05/va-to-open-new-galleries-for-photos-acquired-from-bradford-museum","url_text":"\"V&A to open new galleries for photos acquired from Bradford museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Members of Royal Photographic Society\". De Montfort University. Retrieved 10 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://rpsmembers.dmu.ac.uk/","url_text":"\"Members of Royal Photographic Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"Requests may be directed to the Society in Bath\". Rps.org. Archived from the original on 2 April 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rps.org/","url_text":"\"Requests may be directed to the Society in Bath\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140402035959/http://www.rps.org/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Taylor & Francis Group has acquired Maney Publishing\". Maney Publishing. 18 November 2015. Archived from the original on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://maneypublishing.com/index.php/journals/ims/","url_text":"\"Taylor & Francis Group has acquired Maney Publishing\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140101083202/http://maneypublishing.com/index.php/journals/ims/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Groups\". Archived from the original on 7 June 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rps.org/special-interest-groups","url_text":"\"Groups\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160607182344/http://www.rps.org/special-interest-groups","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"About Distinctions\". rps.org. Archived from the original on 4 November 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181104170245/http://rps.org/distinctions/about-distinctions","url_text":"\"About Distinctions\""},{"url":"http://rps.org/distinctions/about-distinctions","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Geoff (22 April 2018). \"RPS: A day of distinction\". amateurphotographer.co.uk. Retrieved 5 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amateurphotographer.co.uk/technique/rps-day-distinction-117981","url_text":"\"RPS: A day of distinction\""}]},{"reference":"\"Honorary Fellowships (HonFRPS)\". Royal Photographic Society. Retrieved 2 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://rps.org/about/awards/history-and-recipients/honorary-fellowships","url_text":"\"Honorary Fellowships (HonFRPS)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Progress Medal\". RPS. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rps.org/about/awards/history-and-recipients/progress-medal","url_text":"\"Progress Medal\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160310114310/http://www.rps.org/about/awards/history-and-recipients/progress-medal","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Centenary Medal\". RPS. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rps.org/about/awards/history-and-recipients/centenary-medal","url_text":"\"Centenary Medal\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160318092147/http://www.rps.org/about/awards/history-and-recipients/centenary-medal","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cinematic Production\". The Royal Photographic Society. Retrieved 3 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://rps.org/about/awards/history-and-recipients/cinematic-production/","url_text":"\"Cinematic Production\""}]},{"reference":"\"Outstanding Service\". RPS. Archived from the original on 22 May 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rps.org/about/awards/history-and-recipients/outstanding-service","url_text":"\"Outstanding Service\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160522012607/http://rps.org/about/awards/history-and-recipients/outstanding-service","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Combined Royal Colleges Medal\". RPS. Archived from the original on 21 May 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rps.org/about/awards/history-and-recipients/combined-royal-colleges-medal","url_text":"\"Combined Royal Colleges Medal\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160521185003/http://rps.org/about/awards/history-and-recipients/combined-royal-colleges-medal","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Education Award\". RPS. Archived from the original on 21 May 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rps.org/about/awards/history-and-recipients/education-award","url_text":"\"Education Award\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160521191340/http://rps.org/about/awards/history-and-recipients/education-award","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fenton Award\". RPS. Retrieved 21 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rps.org/about/awards/history-and-recipients/fenton-medal/fenton-medal","url_text":"\"Fenton Award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hood Medal\". RPS. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rps.org/about/awards/history-and-recipients/hood-medal","url_text":"\"Hood Medal\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160318092221/http://www.rps.org/about/awards/history-and-recipients/hood-medal","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"J Dudley Johnston Award\". RPS. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rps.org/about/awards/history-and-recipients/j-dudley-johnston-award","url_text":"\"J Dudley Johnston Award\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160318092227/http://www.rps.org/about/awards/history-and-recipients/j-dudley-johnston-award","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lumière Award\". RPS. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rps.org/about/awards/history-and-recipients/lumiere-award","url_text":"\"Lumière Award\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160318092706/http://www.rps.org/about/awards/history-and-recipients/lumiere-award","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Members' Award\". RPS. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rps.org/about/awards/history-and-recipients/members-award","url_text":"\"Members' Award\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160318092117/http://www.rps.org/about/awards/history-and-recipients/members-award","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Selwyn Award\". RPS. Archived from the original on 22 May 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rps.org/about/awards/history-and-recipients/selwyn-award","url_text":"\"Selwyn Award\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160522010228/http://rps.org/about/awards/history-and-recipients/selwyn-award","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Vic Odden Award\". RPS. Archived from the original on 21 May 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rps.org/about/awards/history-and-recipients/vic-odden-award","url_text":"\"Vic Odden Award\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160521124516/http://rps.org/about/awards/history-and-recipients/vic-odden-award","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Bill Wisden Fellowship of the Year\". RPS. Archived from the original on 21 May 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rps.org/about/awards/history-and-recipients/fellowship-of-the-year","url_text":"\"The Bill Wisden Fellowship of the Year\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160521184955/http://rps.org/about/awards/history-and-recipients/fellowship-of-the-year","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Macallan Royal Photographic Society Awards 2011\". Royal Photographic Society. 18 July 2011. Archived from the original on 5 February 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2014. New for 2011 is the Education Award, for outstanding achievement or sustained contribution in photographic education, which goes to Paul Delmar, who taught Press Photography and Photojournalism at Norton College Sheffield for 30 years","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rps.org/news/detail/society_news/2011_award_winners_announced","url_text":"\"The Macallan Royal Photographic Society Awards 2011\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130205172806/http://www.rps.org/news/detail/society_news/2011_award_winners_announced","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Colin Ford Award\". RPS. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rps.org/about/awards/history-and-recipients/archive/colin-ford-award","url_text":"\"Colin Ford Award\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170307045304/http://www.rps.org/about/awards/history-and-recipients/archive/colin-ford-award","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Davies Medal\". RPS. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rps.org/about/awards/history-and-recipients/archive/davies-medal","url_text":"\"Davies Medal\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161109003208/http://www.rps.org/about/awards/history-and-recipients/archive/davies-medal","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Saxby Award\". RPS. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rps.org/awards/history-and-recipients/saxby-award","url_text":"\"Saxby Award\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150715225813/http://www.rps.org/awards/history-and-recipients/saxby-award","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Photographic Society\". Heraldry of the World. Retrieved 2 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldry-wiki.com/heraldrywiki/wiki/Royal_Photographic_Society","url_text":"\"Royal Photographic Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"1858 Exhibition of the Photographic Society of London\". Photography. Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from the original on 11 June 2010. Retrieved 15 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100611163408/http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/photography/features/1858/index.html","url_text":"\"1858 Exhibition of the Photographic Society of London\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum","url_text":"Victoria and Albert Museum"},{"url":"http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/photography/features/1858/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Guard_Public_School,_Jessore
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Border Guard Public School, Jessore
|
["1 See also","2 References"]
|
Coordinates: 23°09′40″N 89°13′49″E / 23.1611°N 89.2303°E / 23.1611; 89.2303
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Border Guard Public School, Jessore" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Public pre-primary, primary & secondary school in BangladeshBorder Guard Public School, Jessoreবর্ডার গার্ড পাবলিক স্কুল, যশোরLocationJhumjhum Pur, JessoreBangladeshCoordinates23°09′40″N 89°13′49″E / 23.1611°N 89.2303°E / 23.1611; 89.2303InformationTypePublic pre-primary, primary & secondaryMottoশিক্ষা শৃঙ্খলা প্রগতি(Discipline Education Progress)Established1996 (1996)HeadmasterMd. Abu DaudFaculty30 (full-time teachers)Campus size1.94 AcresColor(s) White and Dark blueWebsiteborderguardschooljessore.jessoreboard.gov.bd
Border Guard Public School, Jessore (Bengali: বর্ডার গার্ড পাবলিক স্কুল, যশোর), previously known as Rifles School, Jessore, is a secondary school located in Jhum Jhum Pur, Jessore city, Bangladesh.
See also
List of schools in Bangladesh
References
^ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয় . Jessore Sadar Upazila (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
This Bangladesh school–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"secondary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"},{"link_name":"Jessore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessore_(city)"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"}],"text":"Public pre-primary, primary & secondary school in BangladeshBorder Guard Public School, Jessore (Bengali: বর্ডার গার্ড পাবলিক স্কুল, যশোর), previously known as Rifles School, Jessore, is a secondary school located in Jhum Jhum Pur, Jessore city, Bangladesh.","title":"Border Guard Public School, Jessore"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of schools in Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Bangladesh"}]
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[{"reference":"মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয় [Secondary School]. Jessore Sadar Upazila (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161022093102/http://sadar.jessore.gov.bd/high_school-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%9F","url_text":"মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয়"},{"url":"http://sadar.jessore.gov.bd/high_school-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%9F","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%B1d%C4%B1ru%C5%9Fa%C4%9F%C4%B1,_Feke
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Hıdıruşağı, Feke
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 37°53′16″N 35°46′24″E / 37.8878°N 35.7732°E / 37.8878; 35.7732Neighbourhood in Feke, Adana, TurkeyHıdıruşağıNeighbourhoodHıdıruşağıLocation in TurkeyCoordinates: 37°53′16″N 35°46′24″E / 37.8878°N 35.7732°E / 37.8878; 35.7732CountryTurkeyProvinceAdanaDistrictFekePopulation (2022)169Time zoneTRT (UTC+3)
Hıdıruşağı is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Feke, Adana Province, Turkey. Its population is 169 (2022).
References
^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
^ "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
vteNeighbourhoods of Feke District
Akkaya
Akoluk
Bağdatlı
Bahçecik
Belenköy
Çandırlar
Çondu
Çürükler
Değirmenciuşağı
Gaffaruşağı
Gedikli
Göbelli
Gökçeli
Gürümze
Güzpınarı
Hıdıruşağı
İncirci
İslam
Kaleyüzü
Karacaoğlan
Karacauşağı
Kaşaltı
Kayadibi
Kazancı
Keklikçe
Kırıkuşağı
Kısacıklı
Kızılyer
Koçyazı
Konakkuran
Kovukçınar
Mansurlu
Musalar
Olucak
Ormancık
Ortaköy
Oruçlu
Paşalı
Şahmuratlı
Sülemişli
Süphandere
Tenkerli
Tokmanaklı
Tortulu
Uğurlubağ
Yaylapınar
Yerebakan
Yeşildüşmüş
This geographical article about a location in Adana Province, Turkey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en","url_text":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%9C%C4%B0K","url_text":"TÜİK"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_City,_Manitoba
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Dominion City
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["1 Demographics","2 Notable people","3 References"]
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Coordinates: 49°08′31″N 97°09′20″W / 49.14194°N 97.15556°W / 49.14194; -97.15556Community in Manitoba, Canada
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Dominion City" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Local urban district in Manitoba, CanadaDominion CityLocal urban districtDominion City in 2006.Dominion CityLocation of Dominion City in ManitobaCoordinates: 49°08′31″N 97°09′20″W / 49.14194°N 97.15556°W / 49.14194; -97.15556CountryCanadaProvinceManitobaRegionEastmanRural MunicipalityEmerson-FranklinEstablished1874Government • Governing bodyMunicipality of Emerson-Franklin • MP (Provencher)Ted Falk (CPC) • MLA (La Verendrye)Konrad Narth (PC)Area • Total2.56 km2 (0.99 sq mi)Population • Total319 • Density124.4/km2 (322/sq mi)Time zoneUTC-6 (CST) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)Postal CodeR0A 0H0
Dominion City is an unincorporated community in the Municipality of Emerson – Franklin, Manitoba Canada. It is located in southeastern part of the province, approximately 20 kilometres (12 miles) north of the Canada–United States border.
Dominion City is served by Roseau Valley School. The community also has a pool, a museum, a bank, a credit union, a general store, a hockey rink, a curling club, and a nine-hole golf course. Historic buildings in Dominion City include All Saints Anglican Church, which is now used as the Franklin Museum.
The original name of the community was Roseau, later Roseau Crossing. It changed to the current name in 1878 to avoid confusion with similarly-named communities, such as Roseau, Minnesota. The "City" was added in keeping with Crystal City and Rapid City. The post office was called Roseau Crossing upon establishment in 1876 and renamed Dominion City in 1880.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Dominion City had a population of 319 living in 148 of its 187 total private dwellings, a change of -9.6% from its 2016 population of 353. With a land area of 2.56 km2 (0.99 sq mi), it had a population density of 124.6/km2 (322.7/sq mi) in 2021.
Notable people
Jacob Anderson, priest
Buddy Knox, 1950s rock and roll star
Julie Masi, musician, member of The Parachute Club
Denton Mateychuk, ice hockey player
References
^ Hamilton, William (1978). The Macmillan Book of Canadian Place Names. Toronto: Macmillan. p. 58. ISBN 0-7715-9754-1.
^ "Population and dwelling counts: Canada and designated places". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
^ "Rockabilly star put down Manitoba roots". Winnipeg Free Press. August 20, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
^ John Einarson, Soaring with Parachute Club: Singer pulled rip cord on music career after success in the '80s. Winnipeg Free Press, October 19, 2014. Retrieved 2016-12-10.
Geographic Names of Manitoba (pg. 65) - the Millennium Bureau of Canada
vteDivision No. 2, Manitoba (Steinbach Area)Cities
Steinbach
Towns
Niverville
Ste. Anne
Villages
St-Pierre-Jolys
Rural municipalities
De Salaberry
Emerson–Franklin (part)
Hanover
La Broquerie
Ritchot
Ste. Anne
Taché
Former RMs
Franklin
First Nations
Roseau River Anishinabe
Indian reserves
Roseau Rapids 2A
Roseau River 2
Unincorporated communities
Blumenort
Dominion City
Friedensfeld
Grande Pointe
Grunthal
Howden
Île-des-Chênes
Kleefeld
La Broquerie
La Coulée
Landmark
La Rochelle
Lorette
Marchand
Mitchell
New Bothwell
Otterburne
Randolph
Richer
St. Adolphe
Ste. Agathe
St. Malo
Tolstoi
Zhoda (part)
See also: Municipalities in Manitoba
Census divisions of Manitoba
2015 municipal amalgamations
This Manitoba location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Hamilton, William (1978). The Macmillan Book of Canadian Place Names. Toronto: Macmillan. p. 58. ISBN 0-7715-9754-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7715-9754-1","url_text":"0-7715-9754-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada and designated places\". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/cv.action?pid=9810001201","url_text":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada and designated places\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada","url_text":"Statistics Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Rockabilly star put down Manitoba roots\". Winnipeg Free Press. August 20, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/arts-and-life/entertainment/music/rockabilly-star-put-down-manitoba-roots-390810081.html","url_text":"\"Rockabilly star put down Manitoba roots\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navan,_Gilan
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Navan, Gilan
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["1 Language","2 References"]
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Coordinates: 37°51′27″N 48°39′38″E / 37.85750°N 48.66056°E / 37.85750; 48.66056For the nearby village with a similar name, see Navan-e Bala.
Village in Gilan, IranNavan
ناوانvillageNavanCoordinates: 37°51′27″N 48°39′38″E / 37.85750°N 48.66056°E / 37.85750; 48.66056Country IranProvinceGilanCountyTaleshBakhshCentralRural DistrictKuhestani-ye TaleshPopulation (2006) • Total111Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Navan (Persian: ناوان, also Romanized as Nāvān; also known as Nou) is a village in Kuhestani-ye Talesh Rural District, in the Central District of Talesh County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 111, in 26 families.
Language
Linguistic composition of the village.
Navan linguistic composition
language
percent
Azerbaijani
100%
References
^ Navan can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3076703" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
^ "Language distribution: Gilan Province". Iran Atlas. 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
vte Talesh CountyCapital
Hashtpar
DistrictsCentralCities
Hashtpar
Rural Districts and villagesKuhestani-ye Talesh
Aq Owlar
Asbu Sara
Ava
Bareh Posht
Bask
Bilyabin
Dizgah
Dulah Sar
Hasan Dayerman
Hudi
Kabud Mehr
Kasemjan
Kashtami
Kulaneh
Lamir
Lanbeh
Lir
Lor
Lowadeh
Lurun
Makash
Maryan
Masalakuh
Mashin Khaneh
Mordvan
Navan
Nema Huni
Poshteh Hir
Qaleh Bin
Qaleh Chal
Qaleh Za
Rasmaji
Razeh
Sardab Khaneh Posht
Seleh Yurdi
Shileh Vasht
Si Na Huni
Siaposht
Sigh Chal
Sileh Sar
Tan Dabin
Tangab
Vaneh Khuni
Vizadasht
Zarbil
Saheli-ye Jokandan
Anush Mahalleh-ye Jow Kandan
Chelownah Sar
Dirakari
Dizgah Mahalleh
Dul Beyn
Jamakuh
Jow Kandan-e Bozorg
Khaseh Sara
Khvajeh Geri
Kuakari
Nalband
Nasur Mahalleh
Peysara
Poshteh
Qanbar Mahalleh
Qoruq
Rahnama Mahalleh
Saragah
Sheykh Mahalleh
Shilan
Siah Gol
Tangdeh Tul Gilan
Titak
Tork Mahalleh
Wireless Gas Company
Tula Rud
Anbara Pesht
Anush Mahalleh
Arba Sar
Barzagaru
Challeh Khuni
Dahaneh Siah Darun
Derazlu
Hareh Shun Dasht
Hayan
Haymar
Hendeh Garan
Jowlandan
Kalleh Dasht
Kandeh Sara
Khalifeh Gari
Kishavisheh-ye Olya
Kishavisheh-ye Sofla
Lalkeh Poshteh
Mian Kuh
Nik Kari
Owleh Kari-ye Tula Rud
Paluteh
Postan Sar
Rik
Shah Rasul
Siahuni
Siyun Sar
Suraposht
Takiabad
Tarshabur
Tazehabad
Tula Rud-e Bala
Tula Rud-e Pain
Vazneh Sar
AsalemCities
Asalem
Rural Districts and villagesAsalem
Alalan-e Qadim
Bala Deh
Bodagh Mahalleh
Chekhreh Mahalleh
Gharib Mahalleh
Gilak Mahalleh-ye Alalan
Gilandeh
Hajj Bahram Mahalleh
Hajj Shahbaz Mahalleh
Hajjiyeh Mahalleh
Jangemireh
Kalah Sara
Karband
Karim Sara
Khaneqah Bala va Pain
Lachu Mahalleh
Lamir-e Sofla
Miandeh-ye Pain
Narenj Dul
Qandi Sara
Rostam Mahalleh
Rowham Beyk Mahalleh
Sheykh Sara
Siah Chal
Taher Beyk Mahalleh
Taqi Sara
Tork Mahalleh-ye Alalan
Uleh Kari Asalem
Vardeh Sara
Yeganeh Mahalleh
Zaman Mahalleh
Khaleh Sara
Ali Sara
Allah Deh
Digeh Sara
Getge Sara
Gisum
Khaleh Saray-e Panjah va Haft
Khaleh Saray-e Panjah va Noh
Latain
Molla Mahalleh
Pir-e Harat
Rangarj Mahalleh
Siah Bil
Vishkhes Mahalleh
Kharajgil
Asb Buni
Asiab Sham
Chovazhiyeh
Darya Bon
Deraz Mahalleh
Do Khaleh Kuh
Gijow
Gilandeh
Keshavar
Khalian
Kharajgil
Khataiyeh
Kureh Rud
Lakateshem
Larzdeh
Lavabon
Metesh
Nav
Nav-e Bala
Nav-e Pain
Rezvan
Si Bostan
Vargeh Darreh
Yari Mahalleh
HaviqCities
Chubar
Haviq
Rural Districts and villagesChubar
Anovi
Ayarneh
Bakhshi Hayati
Bala Mahalleh-ye Chubar
Chaleh Bijar
Darvar Mahalleh
Deraz Geri
Duadadeh
Geruf
Hajj Yadollah Mahalleh
Hileh Sara
Ilkufi
Kachum Mahalleh
Kashbil
Khalajlar
Khalkhalian
Khudkar Mahalleh
Kohneh Hayyat
Kuh-e Bon
Lalakah Mahalleh
Lemir
Lenzi
Lishki
Masjed-e Qabaqi
Meskin
Moharrum Zumeh
Motal Sara
Motla Dasht
Naqaleh Kesh
Now Deh
Palasi
Qarah Dasht
Roku
Rudbar Sara
Sardab Huni
Sefid Sangan
Shad Galdi Mahalleh
Sholoqun
Takhteh Puri
Valeh Chul
Vanistan
Viznah
Vosi
Yeylaq-e Viznah
Zandeh Kesh
Haviq
Aghasi
Babalu Mahalleh
Bagheshlu Mahalleh
Bazargah
Bijar Bin
Hashtaruchuni
Helis
Henzeni
Henzeni-ye Bala
Herandan
Khalileh Sara
Kuhestan
Kuhestan-e Haviq
Lenza
Mazhdeh Ali
Nav
Owtar Mahalleh-ye Shirabad
Owtar
Rik-e Haviq
Seydgah-e Haviq
Seyyed Mahalleh-ye Shirabad
Shirabad Mahalleh
Shirabad
Suli Mahalleh
Sutapara
Zomori
Kargan RudCities
Lisar
Rural Districts and villagesKhotbeh Sara
Anbu
Ashik Aghasi
Bura Sara
Chuladeh
Chupan Mahalleh
Hellah Dommah
Kalamar
Keshavarz-e Khotbeh Sara
Keshli
Khotbeh Sara
Khvajeh Kari
Kuhestan
Li Sara
Lisar Mahalleh
Lovachol
Mazalem Kam
Randal
Shad Milarzan
Sust
Tamsheh Lameh
Tanbu
Tork Mahalleh
Lisar
Agari Bujaq
Amir Beyglu
Benun
Borun-e Bala
Borun-e Pain
Davan
Gol
Hareh Dasht
Homasar
Lapaqa Sadeq
Latan Parat
Mahmudabad
Namazi Mahalleh
Nowmandan
Owtar
Peysara
Qaleh Bin
Qaleh Dush
Seyyed Lar
Siah Jafar
Siah Kat
Takhteh
Zormi
Iran portal
This Talesh County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/01.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/01.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Language distribution: Gilan Province\". Iran Atlas. 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://iranatlas.net/index.html?module=module.language-distribution.kordestan#eyJ0IjoieCIsImkiOiIyMGJlOWRlMmI1ZmQzN2Y1NGQzNzE4ODBjYjBjNTU5NiIsInMiOjE2NTY4NzgzNDAyMTF9","url_text":"\"Language distribution: Gilan Province\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Seminole_County,_Florida
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National Register of Historic Places listings in Seminole County, Florida
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[]
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Location of Seminole County in Florida
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Seminole County, Florida.
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Seminole County, Florida, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.
There are 18 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.
This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted February 16, 2024.
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap
Download coordinates as:
KML
GPX (all coordinates)
GPX (primary coordinates)
GPX (secondary coordinates)
Contents: Counties in Florida (non-linked contain no National Register listings)
Alachua - Baker - Bay - Bradford - Brevard - Broward - Calhoun - Charlotte - Citrus - Clay - Collier - Columbia - DeSoto - Dixie - Duval - Escambia - Flagler - Franklin - Gadsden - Gilchrist - Glades - Gulf - Hamilton - Hardee - Hendry - Hernando - Highlands - Hillsborough (Tampa) - Holmes - Indian River - Jackson - Jefferson - Lafayette - Lake - Lee - Leon - Levy - Liberty - Madison - Manatee - Marion - Martin - Miami-Dade (Miami) - Monroe - Nassau - Okaloosa - Okeechobee - Orange - Osceola - Palm Beach - Pasco - Pinellas - Polk - Putnam - St. Johns - St. Lucie - Santa Rosa - Sarasota - Seminole - Sumter - Suwannee - Taylor - Union - Volusia - Wakulla - Walton - Washington
Current listings
Name on the Register
Image
Date listed
Location
City or town
Description
1
Bradlee-McIntyre House
Bradlee-McIntyre House More images
March 28, 1991(#72000352)
130 West Warren Avenue 28°39′50″N 81°22′04″W / 28.6639°N 81.3678°W / 28.6639; -81.3678 (Bradlee-McIntyre House)
Longwood
2
Browne-King House
Browne-King House
September 20, 2001(#01001023)
322 King Street 28°40′18″N 81°12′50″W / 28.6717°N 81.2139°W / 28.6717; -81.2139 (Browne-King House)
Oviedo
3
R. W. Estes Celery Company Precooler Historic District
R. W. Estes Celery Company Precooler Historic District More images
September 20, 2001(#01001022)
159 North Central Avenue 28°40′18″N 81°12′33″W / 28.6717°N 81.2092°W / 28.6717; -81.2092 (R. W. Estes Celery Company Precooler Historic District)
Oviedo
4
First Methodist Church of Oviedo
First Methodist Church of Oviedo More images
July 18, 2007(#07000743)
263 King Street 28°40′20″N 81°12′48″W / 28.6722°N 81.2133°W / 28.6722; -81.2133 (First Methodist Church of Oviedo)
Oviedo
5
Georgetown Historic District
Georgetown Historic District
October 8, 2020(#100005670)
East 2nd St., Mellonville, Celery, and Sanford Aves. 28°48′17″N 81°15′39″W / 28.8046°N 81.2608°W / 28.8046; -81.2608 (Georgetown Historic District)
Sanford
6
Hopper Academy
Hopper Academy More images
May 6, 2015(#15000209)
1101 Pine Ave. 28°48′09″N 81°15′45″W / 28.8024°N 81.2624°W / 28.8024; -81.2624 (Hopper Academy)
Sanford
7
Lake Mary Chamber of Commerce Building
Lake Mary Chamber of Commerce Building More images
February 11, 2004(#04000022)
158 North Country Club Road 28°45′29″N 81°19′21″W / 28.7581°N 81.3225°W / 28.7581; -81.3225 (Lake Mary Chamber of Commerce Building)
Lake Mary
8
Longwood Historic District
Longwood Historic District More images
October 5, 1990(#90001480)
Roughly bounded by West Pine Avenue, South Milwee Street, Palmetto Avenue and County Road 427 28°41′57″N 81°20′54″W / 28.6992°N 81.3483°W / 28.6992; -81.3483 (Longwood Historic District)
Longwood
9
Longwood Hotel
Longwood Hotel More images
May 10, 1984(#84000963)
Old Dixie Highway 28°42′01″N 81°20′52″W / 28.7003°N 81.3478°W / 28.7003; -81.3478 (Longwood Hotel)
Longwood
10
Nelson and Company Historic District
Nelson and Company Historic District More images
September 20, 2001(#01001010)
110-166 East Broadway Street and 30-110 Station Street 28°40′05″N 81°32′53″W / 28.6681°N 81.5481°W / 28.6681; -81.5481 (Nelson and Company Historic District)
Oviedo
11
Old Fernald-Laughton Memorial Hospital
Old Fernald-Laughton Memorial Hospital More images
May 21, 1987(#87000805)
500 South Oak Avenue 28°48′27″N 81°16′10″W / 28.8075°N 81.2694°W / 28.8075; -81.2694 (Old Fernald-Laughton Memorial Hospital)
Sanford
12
Ritz Theater
Ritz Theater More images
January 29, 2001(#00001130)
201 South Magnolia Avenue 28°48′37″N 81°16′01″W / 28.8103°N 81.2669°W / 28.8103; -81.2669 (Ritz Theater)
Sanford
13
St. James A. M. E. Church
St. James A. M. E. Church More images
April 24, 1992(#92000352)
819 Cypress Avenue 28°48′16″N 81°15′50″W / 28.8044°N 81.2639°W / 28.8044; -81.2639 (St. James A. M. E. Church)
Sanford
14
Sanford Commercial District
Sanford Commercial District More images
June 15, 1976(#76000606)
Parts of 1st, 2nd, and Commercial Streets, between Palmetto and Oak Streets 28°48′42″N 81°16′03″W / 28.8117°N 81.2675°W / 28.8117; -81.2675 (Sanford Commercial District)
Sanford
15
Sanford Grammar School
Sanford Grammar School More images
November 23, 1984(#84000253)
7th and Myrtle Streets 28°48′20″N 81°16′15″W / 28.8056°N 81.2708°W / 28.8056; -81.2708 (Sanford Grammar School)
Sanford
16
Sanford Residential Historic District
Sanford Residential Historic District More images
December 15, 1989(#89002119)
Roughly bounded by Sanford Avenue, 14th Street, Elm Avenue, and 3rd Street 28°48′17″N 81°16′09″W / 28.8047°N 81.2692°W / 28.8047; -81.2692 (Sanford Residential Historic District)
Sanford
17
Seminole County Home
Seminole County Home More images
June 10, 1999(#99000696)
300 Eslinger Way 28°44′35″N 81°17′58″W / 28.7431°N 81.2994°W / 28.7431; -81.2994 (Seminole County Home)
Sanford
18
Wheeler-Evans House
Wheeler-Evans House
September 20, 2001(#01001024)
340 South Lake Jesup Avenue 28°39′57″N 81°12′45″W / 28.6658°N 81.2125°W / 28.6658; -81.2125 (Wheeler-Evans House)
Oviedo
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Register of Historic Places in Seminole County, Florida.
List of National Historic Landmarks in Florida
National Register of Historic Places listings in Florida
References
^ The latitude and longitude information provided in this table was derived originally from the National Register Information System, which has been found to be fairly accurate for about 99% of listings. Some locations in this table may have been corrected to current GPS standards.
^ National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, "National Register of Historic Places: Weekly List Actions", retrieved February 16, 2024.
^ Numbers represent an alphabetical ordering by significant words. Various colorings, defined here, differentiate National Historic Landmarks and historic districts from other NRHP buildings, structures, sites or objects.
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
^ The eight-digit number below each date is the number assigned to each location in the National Register Information System database, which can be viewed by clicking the number.
^ "Seminole renames road to honor retiring Sheriff". 11 October 2016.
vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in FloridaListsby county
Alachua
Baker
Bay
Bradford
Brevard
Broward
Calhoun
Charlotte
Citrus
Clay
Collier
Columbia
DeSoto
Dixie
Duval
Escambia
Flagler
Franklin
Gadsden
Gilchrist
Glades
Gulf
Hamilton
Hardee
Hendry
Hernando
Highlands
Hillsborough
Holmes
Indian River
Jackson
Jefferson
Lake
Lee
Leon
Levy
Liberty
Madison
Manatee
Marion
Martin
Miami-Dade
Monroe
Nassau
Okaloosa
Okeechobee
Orange
Osceola
Palm Beach
Pasco
Pinellas
Polk
Putnam
Santa Rosa
Sarasota
Seminole
St. Johns
St. Lucie
Sumter
Suwannee
Taylor
Union
Volusia
Wakulla
Walton
Washington
Lists by city
Miami
Tampa
Other lists
Black Public Schools
Bridges
Multiple Property Submissions
National Historic Landmarks
Woman's clubhouses
Keeper of the Register
History of the National Register of Historic Places
Property types
Historic district
Contributing property
vteMunicipalities and communities of Seminole County, Florida, United StatesCounty seat: SanfordCities
Altamonte Springs
Casselberry
Lake Mary
Longwood
Oviedo
Sanford
Winter Springs
CDPs
Black Hammock
Chuluota
Fern Park
Forest City
Geneva
Goldenrod‡
Heathrow
Midway
Wekiwa Springs
Unincorporatedcommunities
Indian Mound Village
Lake Monroe
Sanlando Springs
Slavia
Taintsville
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Florida portal
United States portal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Valley,_California
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Central Valley (California)
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["1 Name","2 Population","2.1 Metropolitan areas","2.2 Ethnography","3 Geography","4 Environment","4.1 Flora","4.2 Fauna","4.3 Protected areas","4.4 Health","4.5 Air pollution","5 Climate","5.1 Tule fog","5.2 Statistics for selected cities","6 Hydrography","6.1 Engineering","6.2 Flooding","6.3 Rain","6.4 Landslides","6.5 Droughts","7 Economy","7.1 Agriculture","7.2 National Farmworkers Association (NFWA)","8 Utilities","9 See also","10 Notes","11 References","12 External links"]
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Coordinates: 37°00′N 120°18′W / 37°N 120.3°W / 37; -120.3Flat valley that dominates central California
Central ValleyGreat Central Valley, Great Valley, Golden EmpireFarmland of the Central Valley as seen from the airUnited States Geological Survey map of their defined four major regions of the Central ValleyLength450 mi (720 km)Width40 to 60 mi (64 to 97 km)Area18,000 sq mi (47,000 km2)Depth2,000 to 6,000 ft (610 to 1,830 m)GeologyTypeAlluvialAge2–3 million yearsGeographyLocationCalifornia, United StatesPopulation centersSacramento, Fresno, Bakersfield, Stockton and ModestoBorders onSierra Nevada (east), Cascade Range, Klamath Mountains (north), Coast Range, San Francisco Bay (west) and Tehachapi Mountains (south)Coordinates37°00′N 120°18′W / 37°N 120.3°W / 37; -120.3 Traversed byInterstate 5, Interstate 80 and State Route 99RiversSacramento River, San Joaquin River and Kings River
The Central Valley is a broad, elongated, flat valley that dominates the interior of California. It is 40–60 mi (60–100 km) wide and runs approximately 450 mi (720 km) from north-northwest to south-southeast, inland from and parallel to the Pacific coast of the state. It covers approximately 18,000 sq mi (47,000 km2), about 11% of California's land area. The valley is bounded by the Coast Ranges to the west and the Sierra Nevada to the east.
The Central Valley is a region known for its agricultural productivity: it provides more than half of the fruits, vegetables, and nuts grown in the United States. More than 7,000,000 acres (28,000 km2) of the valley are irrigated via reservoirs and canals. The valley hosts many cities, including the state capital Sacramento, as well as Redding, Chico, Stockton, Modesto, Merced, Fresno, Visalia, and Bakersfield.
The Central Valley watershed comprises 60,000 square miles (160,000 km2), or over a third of California. It consists of three main drainage systems: the Sacramento Valley in the north, which receives over 20 inches (510 mm) of rain annually; the drier San Joaquin Valley in the south, and the Tulare Basin and its semi-arid desert climate at the southernmost end. The Sacramento and San Joaquin river systems drain their respective valleys and meet to form the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta, a large expanse of interconnected canals, stream beds, sloughs, marshes and peat islands. The delta empties into the San Francisco Bay, and ultimately into the Pacific. The waters of the Tulare Basin essentially never reach the ocean (with the exception of Kings River waters diverted northward for irrigation), though they are connected by man-made canals to the San Joaquin.
The valley encompasses all or parts of 18 California counties: Butte, Colusa, Glenn, Fresno, Kern, Kings, Madera, Merced, Placer, San Joaquin, Sacramento, Shasta, Stanislaus, Sutter, Tehama, Tulare, Yolo and Yuba.
Name
Older names include "the Great Valley", a name still often seen in scientific references (notably Great Valley Sequence), as well as "Golden Empire", a booster name that is still referred to by some organizations (notably Golden Empire Transit, Golden Empire Council).
Population
The Central Valley from the air, looking south from near Rio Vista, CA.
Subregions and their counties commonly associated with the valley include:
North Sacramento Valley (all or parts of Shasta, Tehama, Glenn, Butte and Colusa counties)
Sacramento Metropolitan area (all or parts of Sacramento, El Dorado, Sutter, Yuba, Yolo and Placer counties)
North San Joaquin (all or parts of San Joaquin, Stanislaus and Merced counties)
South San Joaquin (all or parts of Madera, Fresno, Kings, Tulare and Kern counties)
The four main population centers in the Central Valley area are roughly equidistant from the next. From south to north, they are Bakersfield, Fresno, Sacramento and Redding. These four cities act as hubs for regional commerce and transportation.
The table displays the counties of Central Valley and their respective population during the 2020 US Decennial Census. Total jobs for each county is from the U.S. Census Bureau, OnTheMap Application and LEHD Origin-Destination Employment Statistics (Beginning of Quarter Employment, 2nd Quarter of 2002-2020).
County
Population
Jobs
Butte County
211,632
73,219
Colusa County
21,839
7,834
Fresno County
1,008,654
374,478
Glenn County
28,917
9,314
Kern County
909,235
282,227
Kings County
152,486
43,542
Madera County
156,255
49,285
Merced County
281,202
74,470
Placer County
404,739
166,372
Sacramento County
1,585,055
669,429
San Joaquin County
779,233
247,406
Shasta County
182,155
61,665
Stanislaus County
552,878
184,916
Sutter County
99,633
29,951
Tehama County
65,829
17,735
Tulare County
473,117
157,971
Yolo County
216,403
106,643
Yuba County
81,575
16,937
Metropolitan areas
As of 2020, some 7.2 million people lived in the Central Valley; it was the fastest-growing region in California. It includes 12 Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA) and 1 Micropolitan Statistical Area (μSA). Below, they are listed by MSA and μSA population. The largest city is Fresno followed by the state capital Sacramento. The following metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas are listed from largest to smallest:
SMSA
Population
Sacramento Metropolitan Area
2,527,123
Fresno Metropolitan Area
930,450
Bakersfield Metropolitan Area
839,361
Stockton Metropolitan Area
696,214
Modesto Metropolitan Area
518,522
Visalia–Porterville Metropolitan Area
449,253
Merced Metropolitan Area
259,898
Chico Metropolitan Area
220,266
Redding Metropolitan Area
177,774
Yuba City Metropolitan Area
167,497
Hanford–Corcoran Metropolitan Area
153,765
Madera Metropolitan Area
152,925
Red Bluff Micropolitan Area
63,601
Ethnography
After English and Spanish, Punjabi is the third most commonly spoken language in the Central Valley. The valley has the largest Sikh population in the nation.
Geography
The valley as seen from Interstate 5, looking south near Derrick Avenue in Fresno County
The flatness of the valley floor contrasts with the rugged hills or gentle mountains that are typical of most of California's terrain. The valley is thought to have originated below sea level as an offshore area depressed by subduction of the Farallon Plate into a trench farther offshore. The valley has no earthquake faults of its own but is surrounded by faults to the east and west.
An example of the differences between the geology of the valley floor and that of the rugged hills of the Coast Ranges (Between Tracy and Patterson, CA:Interstate 5)
The valley was enclosed by the uplift of the Coast Ranges, with its original outlet into Monterey Bay. Faulting moved the Coast Ranges, and a new outlet developed near what is now San Francisco Bay. Over the millennia, the valley filled with the sediments of these same ranges, as well as the rising Sierra Nevada to the east; that filling eventually created an extraordinary flatness just barely above sea level. Before California's flood control and aqueduct system was built, annual snow melt turned much of the valley into an inland sea.
The one notable exception to the flat valley floor is Sutter Buttes, the remnants of an extinct volcano just to the northwest of Yuba City.
Another significant geologic feature of the Central Valley lies hidden beneath the delta. The Stockton Arch is an upwarping of the crust beneath the valley sediments that extends southwest to northeast across the valley.
The Central Valley lies within the California Trough physiographic section, which is part of the larger Pacific Border province, which in turn is part of the Pacific Mountain System.
Environment
Main article: California Central Valley grasslands
Central Valley seen from space.
The Central Valley was formerly a diverse expanse of grassland, containing areas of prairie, desert grassland (at the southern end), oak savanna, riparian forest, marsh, several types of seasonal vernal pools, and large lakes such as now-dry Tulare Lake (once the largest freshwater lake west of the Mississippi), Buena Vista Lake and Kern Lake. However, much of the Central Valley environment has been altered by human activity, including the introduction of exotic plants, notably grasses. The valley's grasslands, wetlands, and riparian forests constitute the California Central Valley grasslands, a temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands ecoregion. The foothill oak woodlands and chaparral that fringe the valley have been categorized as the California interior chaparral and woodlands ecoregion.
Flora
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The dominant grass of the valley was Nassella pulchra mixed with other species, but today only 1% of the grassland in the valley is intact. Grassland flowers include California poppy (Eschscholzia californica), lupins, and purple owl's clover (Castilleja exserta), which can still be seen, especially in Antelope Valley in the Tehachapi Mountains. Riverside trees include willows, western sycamore (Platanus racemosa), box elder (Acer negundo), Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii), and the endemic valley oak (Quercus lobata).
Fauna
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A sandhill crane (Antigone canadensis) in a flooded field in Butte County, California. On their wintering grounds in the Central Valley, sandhill cranes forage primarily on waste grain in corn, rice, and wheat fields.
The Central Valley was once home to large populations of pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana), elk including the endemic tule elk subspecies (Cervus elaphus nannodes), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), California ground squirrels, gophers, mice, hare, rabbits and kangaroo rats, along with their predators including the San Joaquin kit fox (an endangered subspecies surviving on the San Joaquin Valley's hillsides). The valley's wetlands were an important habitat for wintering waterbirds and migrating birds of other kinds. Reptiles and amphibians of the valley include the endemic San Joaquin coachwhip snake (Masticophis flagellum ruddocki), blunt-nosed leopard lizard (Gambelia sila), Gilbert's skink (Eumeces gilberti) and the western aquatic garter snake (Thamnophis couchii). Endemic invertebrates are present. The Central Valley is home to endemic fish species, including the Sacramento Pikeminnow, Sacramento Perch, Sacramento Blackfish, and Sacramento Splittail.
Protected areas
The Great Valley Grasslands State Park preserves an example of the valley's native grass habitat, while oak savanna habitats survive near Visalia. Areas of wetland and riverside woodland are found in the north, especially by the Sacramento River system, including the Nature Conservancy's Cosumnes River Preserve just south of Sacramento, Gray Lodge Wildlife Area, Butte Sink Wildlife Management Area, and other patches in the delta area. Remaining vernal pools include Pixley National Wildlife Refuge between Tulare, California, and Bakersfield and Jepson Prairie Preserve in the delta. Large blocks of desert scrubland exist in the southern San Joaquin Valley and the Carrizo Plain, just outside the valley, but offering a similar landscape.
The wetlands have been the target of rescue operations to restore areas replaced by agriculture.
These patches of natural habitat are disconnected, which is particularly damaging for wildlife that is used to migrating along the rivers. Agriculture, grazing land, and the draining of lakes and rivers have radically altered valley habitats. Most of the grassland has been overtaken by new species; most vernal pools have been destroyed, leaving only those on the higher slopes; the marshland has been drained, and the riverbank woodlands have nearly all been affected.
Health
The valley gives its name to Valley fever, which is primarily a disease of the lungs that is common in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. It is caused by the fungus Coccidioides immitis, which grows in soils in areas of low rainfall, high summer temperatures, and moderate winter temperatures. These fungal spores become airborne when the soil is disturbed by winds, construction, or farming. This illness frequently takes weeks or months to resolve. Occasionally Valley Fever is life-threatening or even fatal.
Due to the agricultural industry's significant presence in the Valley, pesticide drift and leaching have become concerns. Residents risk contamination when living in proximity to application sites.
Air pollution
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Air pollution is a growing problem that affects all of the citizens in the Central Valley. Some reasons of poor air pollution in the Central Valley are due to agriculture and its geographical features.
Since the Central Valley consists mostly of farming land, a wide, flat valley, the emissions from the soil that is used for growing produce are released into the air. The soil exudes nitrous oxide, an odorless and colorless gas that can be harmful when exposed to it for a long period of time, and incorporates itself into the ozone layer located at ground level. Production of nitrous oxide in California has shown that the addition of soil and fertilization can emit about 161,100 metric tons per year. Long term effects that nitrous oxide can have on a human being is loss of blood pressure, fainting, anemia, or lung cancer.
The physical geographical attributes can also contribute to the air pollution quality. The Central Valley is surrounded by mountain ranges which can capture the pollution coming from the agricultural farming, preventing it from dispersing from the other areas in California.
The Central Valley is also expanding in the number of people that coincide in that area, so it increases the number of cars which can also contribute to the amount of emission that is in the air.
Climate
Within a long period of groundwater depletion, short periods of recovery were mostly driven by extreme weather events that typically caused flooding and had negative social, environmental and economic consequences.The northern Central Valley has a hot Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa); the more southerly parts in rainshadow zones are dry enough to be Mediterranean steppe (BShs, as around Fresno) or even low-latitude desert (BWh, as in areas around Bakersfield). It is very hot and dry during the summer and cool and damp in winter when frequent ground fog known regionally as "tule fog" can obscure vision. Summer daytime temperatures frequently surpass 100 °F (38 °C), and common heat waves might bring temperatures exceeding 115 °F (46 °C). Mid-autumn to mid-spring is the rainy season—although during the late summer, southeasterly winds can bring tropical thunderstorms, mainly in the southern half of the San Joaquin Valley but occasionally to the Sacramento Valley. The northern half of the Central Valley receives greater precipitation than the semidesert southern half. Frost occurs at times in the fall months, but snow is extremely rare.
Tule fog
Main article: Tule fog
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Tule fog in Kern County
Tule fog /ˈtuːliː/ is a thick ground fog that settles along the valley's length. Tule fog forms during the late fall and winter (California's rainy season), after the first significant rainfall. The official season is from November 1 to March 31. This phenomenon is named after the valley's tule grass wetlands (tulares). Auto collisions caused by the tule fog are the leading cause of weather-related casualties in California.
Statistics for selected cities
Climate data for Sacramento, California (Sacramento Executive Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1941–present
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
76(24)
78(26)
88(31)
95(35)
105(41)
115(46)
114(46)
112(44)
114(46)
104(40)
87(31)
74(23)
115(46)
Mean maximum °F (°C)
65.2(18.4)
71.1(21.7)
78.1(25.6)
87.4(30.8)
95.3(35.2)
103.1(39.5)
105.3(40.7)
104.1(40.1)
100.6(38.1)
91.8(33.2)
76.5(24.7)
65.1(18.4)
107.0(41.7)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
56.0(13.3)
61.3(16.3)
66.3(19.1)
72.1(22.3)
80.3(26.8)
87.9(31.1)
92.6(33.7)
91.9(33.3)
88.5(31.4)
78.8(26.0)
65.0(18.3)
56.0(13.3)
74.7(23.7)
Daily mean °F (°C)
47.6(8.7)
51.4(10.8)
55.4(13.0)
59.5(15.3)
66.1(18.9)
72.2(22.3)
75.9(24.4)
75.3(24.1)
72.5(22.5)
64.5(18.1)
53.9(12.2)
47.3(8.5)
61.8(16.6)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
39.2(4.0)
41.5(5.3)
44.5(6.9)
47.0(8.3)
52.0(11.1)
56.5(13.6)
59.2(15.1)
58.8(14.9)
56.5(13.6)
50.3(10.2)
42.7(5.9)
38.5(3.6)
48.9(9.4)
Mean minimum °F (°C)
29.1(−1.6)
31.7(−0.2)
35.1(1.7)
37.9(3.3)
44.1(6.7)
49.5(9.7)
54.1(12.3)
53.8(12.1)
49.6(9.8)
41.7(5.4)
32.7(0.4)
28.7(−1.8)
26.9(−2.8)
Record low °F (°C)
20(−7)
23(−5)
26(−3)
31(−1)
34(1)
41(5)
48(9)
48(9)
42(6)
35(2)
26(−3)
18(−8)
18(−8)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
3.66(93)
3.49(89)
2.68(68)
1.26(32)
0.75(19)
0.23(5.8)
0.00(0.00)
0.04(1.0)
0.09(2.3)
0.85(22)
1.66(42)
3.43(87)
18.14(461)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
10.0
9.1
9.0
5.1
3.6
1.1
0.1
0.2
0.7
3.1
6.1
9.6
57.7
Average relative humidity (%)
83.3
76.8
71.6
64.5
58.9
55.0
53.2
55.7
57.0
63.1
75.6
82.9
66.5
Average dew point °F (°C)
39.4(4.1)
42.1(5.6)
42.8(6.0)
43.7(6.5)
46.9(8.3)
50.4(10.2)
53.1(11.7)
53.4(11.9)
50.9(10.5)
47.5(8.6)
43.7(6.5)
39.2(4.0)
46.1(7.8)
Mean monthly sunshine hours
145.5
201.3
278.0
329.6
406.3
419.5
440.2
406.9
347.8
296.7
194.9
141.1
3,607.8
Percent possible sunshine
48
67
75
83
92
94
98
96
93
86
64
48
81
Source: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point and sun 1961–1990)
Climate data for Sacramento 5 ESE, California (Sacramento State), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1877–present
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
79(26)
80(27)
90(32)
98(37)
107(42)
112(44)
114(46)
112(44)
116(47)
102(39)
86(30)
72(22)
116(47)
Mean maximum °F (°C)
66.4(19.1)
72.5(22.5)
80.6(27.0)
89.5(31.9)
97.1(36.2)
104.4(40.2)
106.7(41.5)
105.5(40.8)
102.0(38.9)
92.3(33.5)
77.3(25.2)
65.9(18.8)
108.1(42.3)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
56.5(13.6)
62.2(16.8)
67.8(19.9)
73.5(23.1)
81.3(27.4)
89.0(31.7)
94.4(34.7)
93.5(34.2)
89.3(31.8)
78.9(26.1)
65.3(18.5)
56.4(13.6)
75.7(24.3)
Daily mean °F (°C)
48.8(9.3)
52.9(11.6)
57.2(14.0)
61.4(16.3)
67.7(19.8)
73.9(23.3)
77.9(25.5)
77.3(25.2)
74.0(23.3)
65.9(18.8)
55.3(12.9)
48.5(9.2)
63.4(17.4)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
41.1(5.1)
43.7(6.5)
46.7(8.2)
49.3(9.6)
54.0(12.2)
58.7(14.8)
61.4(16.3)
61.0(16.1)
58.8(14.9)
52.9(11.6)
45.3(7.4)
40.7(4.8)
51.1(10.6)
Mean minimum °F (°C)
32.5(0.3)
35.4(1.9)
38.8(3.8)
41.6(5.3)
47.2(8.4)
51.9(11.1)
55.9(13.3)
55.9(13.3)
52.4(11.3)
45.1(7.3)
36.2(2.3)
31.9(−0.1)
30.5(−0.8)
Record low °F (°C)
19(−7)
21(−6)
29(−2)
34(1)
37(3)
43(6)
47(8)
48(9)
44(7)
34(1)
27(−3)
17(−8)
17(−8)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
3.87(98)
3.63(92)
2.82(72)
1.44(37)
0.86(22)
0.21(5.3)
0.00(0.00)
0.02(0.51)
0.15(3.8)
0.93(24)
1.78(45)
3.49(89)
19.20(488)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
10.8
9.6
9.2
5.3
3.7
1.2
0.1
0.2
0.8
3.1
6.8
10.1
60.9
Source: NOAA, Western Regional Climate Center
Climate data for Fresno, California (Fresno Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1881–present
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
78(26)
84(29)
91(33)
101(38)
110(43)
112(44)
115(46)
113(45)
114(46)
102(39)
90(32)
77(25)
115(46)
Mean maximum °F (°C)
68.1(20.1)
73.7(23.2)
81.9(27.7)
90.8(32.7)
99.0(37.2)
105.9(41.1)
107.7(42.1)
107.1(41.7)
103.1(39.5)
93.2(34.0)
79.6(26.4)
67.4(19.7)
109.2(42.9)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
55.4(13.0)
61.3(16.3)
67.5(19.7)
73.7(23.2)
82.7(28.2)
91.4(33.0)
97.7(36.5)
96.5(35.8)
90.7(32.6)
78.7(25.9)
64.9(18.3)
55.3(12.9)
76.3(24.6)
Daily mean °F (°C)
48.0(8.9)
52.3(11.3)
57.4(14.1)
62.3(16.8)
70.2(21.2)
77.6(25.3)
83.5(28.6)
82.2(27.9)
77.1(25.1)
66.7(19.3)
55.1(12.8)
47.5(8.6)
65.0(18.3)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
40.6(4.8)
43.3(6.3)
47.3(8.5)
50.9(10.5)
57.6(14.2)
63.9(17.7)
69.3(20.7)
67.9(19.9)
63.4(17.4)
54.6(12.6)
45.4(7.4)
39.8(4.3)
53.7(12.1)
Mean minimum °F (°C)
30.5(−0.8)
33.4(0.8)
37.2(2.9)
40.4(4.7)
47.7(8.7)
52.9(11.6)
60.1(15.6)
59.7(15.4)
53.8(12.1)
44.6(7.0)
34.7(1.5)
30.2(−1.0)
28.8(−1.8)
Record low °F (°C)
17(−8)
24(−4)
26(−3)
32(0)
36(2)
42(6)
50(10)
49(9)
37(3)
27(−3)
26(−3)
18(−8)
17(−8)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
2.16(55)
1.93(49)
1.90(48)
1.04(26)
0.42(11)
0.24(6.1)
0.03(0.76)
0.00(0.00)
0.05(1.3)
0.56(14)
0.87(22)
1.79(45)
10.99(279)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
7.7
8.5
7.2
4.5
2.7
0.7
0.3
0.1
0.6
2.2
4.7
7.3
46.5
Average relative humidity (%)
83.3
77.2
68.9
57.4
47.3
41.9
39.2
44.7
50.0
58.5
74.1
84.2
60.6
Average dew point °F (°C)
39.4(4.1)
42.4(5.8)
43.2(6.2)
43.2(6.2)
45.3(7.4)
48.9(9.4)
52.3(11.3)
54.1(12.3)
51.6(10.9)
47.3(8.5)
43.2(6.2)
39.6(4.2)
45.9(7.7)
Mean monthly sunshine hours
141.5
196.9
286.2
335.5
398.9
412.2
428.2
399.6
345.9
302.3
189.9
127.1
3,564.2
Percent possible sunshine
46
65
77
85
91
94
96
95
93
87
62
42
80
Source: NOAA (relative humidity, dew points and sun 1961–1990)
Hydrography
Sacramento River watershedSan Joaquin River watershedTulare Basin watershed
Two river systems drain and define the two parts of the Central Valley. The Sacramento River, along with its tributaries the Feather River and American River, flows southwards through the Sacramento Valley for about 447 miles (719 km). In the San Joaquin Valley, the San Joaquin River flows roughly northwest for 365 miles (587 km), picking up tributaries such as the Merced River, Tuolumne River, Stanislaus River and Mokelumne River. The Central Valley watershed encompasses over a third of California at 60,000 square miles (160,000 km2), with 46 percent draining into the Sacramento River, 26 percent into the San Joaquin, and 27 percent into Tulare Lake.
In the south part of the San Joaquin Valley, the alluvial fan of the Kings River and another from Coast Ranges streams have created a divide. The dry Tulare basin of the Central Valley receives flow from four major Sierra Nevada rivers, the Kings, Kaweah, Tule, and Kern. This basin, usually endorheic, formerly filled during snowmelt and spilled out into the San Joaquin River. Called Tulare Lake, it is usually dry because the rivers feeding it have been diverted for agricultural purposes.
Central Valley rivers converge in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, a network of marshy channels, distributaries, and sloughs that wind around islands mainly used for agriculture. There the rivers merge with tidewater, and eventually reach the ocean after passing through Suisun Bay, San Pablo Bay, upper San Francisco Bay, and finally the Golden Gate. Many of the islands lie below sea level because of intensive agriculture, and face a high risk of flooding, which would allow salt water to rush back into the delta, especially when too little fresh water is flowing in from the Valley.
The Sacramento River carries far more water than the San Joaquin, with an estimated 22 million acre-feet (27 km3) of virgin annual runoff, as compared to the San Joaquin's approximately 6 million acre-feet (7.4 km3). Intensive agricultural and municipal water consumption decreased the rate of outflow to about 17 million acre-feet (21 km3) for the Sacramento and 3 million acre-feet (3.7 km3) for the San Joaquin. These figures vary widely from year to year. Over 25 million people, living in the valley and other regions of the state, rely on the water carried by these rivers.
Engineering
Sierra Nevada runoff provides one of California's largest water resources. The Sacramento River is the second largest river to empty into the Pacific from the contiguous United States, behind only the Columbia River and greater than the Colorado River. Combined with the fertile and expansive area of the Central Valley's floor, the Central Valley is ideal for agriculture.
The Central Valley is one of the United States' most productive growing regions. This is made possible by engineering the watercourses to prevent flooding during the spring snowmelt and drying up in the summer and autumn. Many dams, including Shasta Dam, Oroville Dam, Folsom Dam, New Melones Dam, Don Pedro Dam, Hetch Hetchy Dam, Friant Dam, Pine Flat Dam and Isabella Dam, were constructed on the rivers, with many of them being part of the Central Valley Project. These dams impact physical, economic, cultural, and ecological resources: for example, enabling the development of its vast agricultural resources but leading to the loss of the Chinook salmon.
Post-World War II demand for urban development, most notably the San Francisco Bay Area and the Los Angeles/Inland Empire/San Diego, required water resources. Moreover, agriculture in the southern Central Valley required far more water than was available locally. The Feather River in the Sacramento Valley was looked to as a water source, leading to the California State Water Project. This transports water to the southern San Joaquin Valley and urban areas south of the Tehachapi Mountains.
Runoff from the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers is intercepted in the delta through a series of pumps that divert water into the California Aqueduct, which runs south along the length of the San Joaquin Valley. In parallel, pumps divert water into the Delta–Mendota Canal. The flow of the Sacramento River is further supplemented by a tunnel from the Trinity River (a tributary of the Klamath River, northwest of the Sacramento Valley) near Redding. Cities of the San Francisco Bay Area, also needing water, built aqueducts from the Mokelumne River and Tuolumne River that run east to west across the middle part of the Central Valley.
Flooding
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See also: ARkStorm
Most valley lowlands are prone to flooding, especially in the old Tulare Lake, Buena Vista Lake, and Kern Lake rivers. The Kings, Kaweah, Tule and Kern rivers originally flowed into these seasonal lakes, which would expand each spring to flood large parts of the southern San Joaquin Valley. Farms, towns, and infrastructure in these lakebeds are protected with levee systems, while the risk of floods damaging properties increased greatly.
The Great Flood of 1862 was the valley's worst flood in recorded history, flooding most of the valley and putting some places as much as 20 feet (6.1 m) under water.
In 2003, it was determined that Sacramento had both the least protection against and nearly the highest risk of flooding. Congress then granted a $220 million loan for upgrades in Sacramento County. Other counties in the valley that often face flooding are Yuba, Stanislaus, and San Joaquin.
Rain
California is a state that has experienced consistent on-and-off drought for many years. In 2012, there was a major drop in precipitation levels in the Central Valley which has caused an almost constant drought and low-level precipitation levels throughout the Northern California region. As of 2014, the highest levels of precipitation occur during December and January, and because of the climate of the Central Valley, rainfall is the most common form of precipitation.
Landslides
There is a very strong positive correlation between rainfall and slow-moving landslides in Northern California, especially in the Central Valley region. Changes in climate and precipitation levels have shown that consistent average rainfall has increased the number and intensity of landslides within the past 5–6 years. This information was shown in a study that focused on the behavior of these slow-moving landslides and how their nature changed with years of extreme average rainfall versus minimal average rainfall. In 2016, the average annual precipitation levels were lower because of a drought that was coming to an end at that time. The minimal rainfall in that year showed that 119 landslides had been moving. Comparatively, in 2017, there were very extreme levels of precipitation in the Central Valley, which cause 312 landslides to move that year. Slow-moving landslides are impacted even if the intensity of the rainfall is not as severe.
Consistent, moderately intense rainfall increases the saturation of water in the ground. This over-saturation is what causes the movement of a slow-moving landslide, rather than the more quick-moving and rigorous landslides that also occur in this region of California. Quick-moving landslides are caused by very intense rain, or sometimes earthquakes, that make a greater difference in the land in a shorter amount of time. According to a survey paper written in 1988 about a storm that occurred in 1982 in the Central Valley region, rainstorms that can cause that type of landslide to happen about every 5 years. Landslides to higher degrees, such as the ones that happened due to the 1982 storm, only occur every 20 to 100+ years. This intense storm in the San Francisco Bay area caused a lot of damage as a result of moving debris and landslides. They caused damage to the land and put people living in these areas that are susceptible to these disasters in great harm. The aftermath of this storm involved millions of dollars in retributions to restore the land and surrounding areas. It also led people to make greater efforts into planning around the danger of these landslides, as in how to manipulate the land to accommodate the consequences.
Droughts
See also: Climate change in California
Out of the past twenty-two years, California has experienced significant drought conditions for thirteen years. From 2000 to 2018 was the second driest period that California has ever experienced. The driest three-year period ever in California was from 2012 to 2014. Three-quarters of the state of California is experiencing extreme drought conditions. There are also multiple types of droughts such as agricultural droughts, meteorological droughts, snow droughts, and hydrological droughts. All of these droughts affect California in different ways. Droughts can damage forests and can cause wildfires. Droughts cause forests to become dry which causes trees to die. Dead trees result in wildfires. The U.S. drought monitor is released every Thursday, showing which parts of the U.S. are in a drought. It started in 2000, and since then the longest duration of a drought in California lasted a total of 376 weeks. It started on December 11, 2011, and ended on March 5, 2019. The most intense period captured on the drought monitor was on the week of July 29, 2014. It showed that 58.41% of California's land was affected by a drought. In 2014–2015, farm-related losses in California totaled $5 billion and 20,000 farmers also lost their jobs.
Economy
Agriculture is the primary industry in most of the Central Valley. A notable exception is the Sacramento area, which hosts a large and stable workforce of government employees. Despite state hiring cutbacks and the closure of several military bases, Sacramento's economy has continued to expand and diversify and now more closely resembles that of the San Francisco Bay Area. Primary sources of population growth are Bay Area migrants seeking lower housing costs, augmented by immigration from Asia, Central America, Mexico, Ukraine, and the rest of the former Soviet Union.
Agriculture
The Central Valley is one of the world's most productive agricultural regions. More than 230 crops are grown there. On less than 1 percent of the total farmland in the United States, the Central Valley produces 8 percent of the nation's agricultural output by value: US$43.5 billion in 2013. California's farms and ranches earned almost $50 billion in 2018. The valley's productivity relies on irrigation from surface water and badly depleted underground aquifers. About one-sixth of the US' irrigated land is in the Central Valley.
Virtually all non-tropical crops are grown in the Central Valley, which is the primary source for produce throughout the United States, including tomatoes, grapes, cotton, apricots, and asparagus. Six thousand almond growers produced more than 600 million pounds (270×10^6 kg) in 2000, about 70 percent of the world's supply and nearly 100 percent of domestic production.
The US' top four counties in agricultural sales are in the Central Valley (2007 Data).
County
Sales
Fresno County
$3.731B
Tulare County
$3.335B
Kern County
$3.204B
Merced County
$2.330B
Early farming was concentrated close to the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, where the water table was high year-round and water transport was readily available. Subsequent irrigation projects brought many more parts of the valley into productive use. The even larger California State Water Project was formed in the 1950s and construction continued over the following decades.
National Farmworkers Association (NFWA)
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In the 1960s, farm labor leaders Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta organized Mexican American grape pickers into a union, the National Farmworkers Association (NFWA), to improve their working conditions. This organizing took place primarily in the Central Valley because of the extensive agriculture, especially in and around Delano.
Utilities
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The state water project's Oroville Dam in the Sacramento Valley provides water and power for the California Aqueduct in the San Joaquin Valley. The aqueduct runs from Clifton Court Forebay in the Delta southwards across the Transverse Ranges. The Central Valley Project includes numerous facilities between Shasta Dam in the north and Bakersfield in the south. Pacific Gas and Electric, Western Area Power Administration, and Southern California Edison built an interconnected electric grid connecting the north and south ends of the Central Valley.
See also
List of regions of California
Central Valley groundwater pollution
Lake Corcoran
Orland Buttes
Notes
^ Official records for Sacramento were kept exclusively at the airport since 10 November 1941.
^ Mean maxima and minima (i.e., the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
^ Official records for Fresno kept September 1881 to 15 August 1887 at downtown, 16 August 1887 to June 1939 at Fresno City Offices, July 1939 to 20 August 1949 at Chandler Field, and at Fresno Yosemite Int'l since 21 August 1949. For more information, see Threadex
References
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^ "Central Valley". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
^ "California's Central Valley: Producing America's Fruits and Vegetables". House Committee on Natural Resources. Archived from the original on June 23, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
^ "Federal Agencies Release Data Showing California Central Valley Idle Farmland Doubling During Drought". landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov. October 21, 2015. Archived from the original on April 10, 2016.
^ a b c Bittman, Mark (October 10, 2012). "Everyone Eats There". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 13, 2012. Retrieved October 10, 2012. Central Valley, which is two valleys: the San Joaquin to the south and Sacramento to the north. All told, the Central Valley is about 450 miles long, from Bakersfield up to Redding, and is 60 miles at its widest, between the Sierra Nevada to the east and the Coast Ranges to the west.
^ a b c d "A Statistical Tour of California's Great Central Valley". California Research Bureau. California State Library. Archived from the original on May 3, 2009. Retrieved July 27, 2009.
^ Jennings, Joanne Elgart (November 1, 2010). "California's Central Valley Finds Itself on the Political Map". PBS Newshour. Archived from the original on January 25, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018. About 6.5 million people live here, making it the state's fastest-growing region, according to the 2010 U.S. Census. Between 1990 and 2009, the population here grew 44 percent (compared with 24 percent growth statewide).
^ Sewell, Summer (February 8, 2021). "'This has to end peacefully': California's Punjabi farmers rally behind India protests". The Guardian. Retrieved November 27, 2022. Community members have also raised funds to support billboards drawing attention to India's protests throughout the Central Valley, where Punjabi is the third-most spoken language, after English and Spanish.
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^ Philip Garone, The Fall and Rise of the Wetlands of California's Great Central Valley (University of California Press; 2011)
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^ "Why Does California's Central Valley Have Such Bad Air Pollution?". Bloomberg.com. September 28, 2011. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
^ Liu, Pang-Wei; Famiglietti, James S.; Purdy, Adam J.; Adams, Kyra H.; et al. (December 19, 2022). "Groundwater depletion in California's Central Valley accelerates during megadrought". Nature Communications. 13 (7825): 7825. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-35582-x. PMC 9763392. PMID 36535940. (Archive of chart itself)
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^ "Threaded Extremes". threadex.rcc-acis.org.
^ a b "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
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^ "WMO Climate Normals for SACRAMENTO/EXECUTIVE ARPT CA 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on July 5, 2023. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
^ Reese, Phillip (January 7, 2015). "2014 was hottest year in Sacramento's history". Sacramento Bee.
^ "Summary of Monthly Normals SACRAMENTO 5 ESE, CA US 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
^ "Global Summary of the Month". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
^ "SACRAMENTO 5 ESE, CALIFORNIA". Western Regional Climate Center.
^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on August 10, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
^ "WMO Climate Normals for FRESNO/AIR TERMINAL CA 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on August 10, 2023. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
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^ The Columbia is the largest, with an average discharge of 265,000 cu ft/s (7,500 m3/s). The Sacramento comes next with a flow of 30,215 cu ft/s (855.6 m3/s), and even though Colorado is much longer, its discharge is only about 10,000 cu ft/s (280 m3/s) to 22,000 cu ft/s (620 m3/s) (that is before diversions started; the river is currently dry at the mouth). Other significant rivers include the Klamath 17,010 cu ft/s (482 m3/s), Skagit 16,598 cu ft/s (470.0 m3/s), Snohomish 13,900 cu ft/s (390 m3/s), and San Joaquin 10,397 cu ft/s (294.4 m3/s).
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^ BERGON, FRANK (August 30, 2019). "San Joaquin Valley's rich diversity shows America what it is becoming". Fresno Bee. Archived from the original on September 14, 2019. Retrieved October 2, 2019.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on June 19, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "CDFA - Statistics". www.ca.ca.gov.
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^ Pollan, Michael (December 16, 2007). "Our Decrepit Food Factories". The New York Times magazine. Archived from the original on November 18, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
^ Purdum, Todd S. (September 6, 2000). "California's Central Valley. Where the Mountains Are Almonds". The New York Times. Retrieved December 16, 2008. The state's 6,000 growers produce more than 600 million pounds a year, more than 70 percent of the world's supply and virtually 100 percent of domestic production.
^ "Production/Crops for almonds with shell" (database). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Statistics Division, FAOSTAT. 2013. Archived from the original on November 22, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
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^ Flores, Christina (March 1, 2011). "They Rule the Valley: The Story of How Large Central Valley Landholders Became the Primary Beneficiaries of the Central Valley Project". UC Berkeley. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Pawel, Miriam (2014). The Crusades of Cesar Chavez: A Biography. Bloomsbury Press. ISBN 978-1608197101.
External links
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https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/news/drought-monitoring-economic-environmental-and-social-impacts Archived December 2, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"coast of the state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-area-1"},{"link_name":"Coast Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Coast_Ranges"},{"link_name":"Sierra Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada"},{"link_name":"region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region"},{"link_name":"agricultural productivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_productivity"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sacramento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California"},{"link_name":"Redding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redding,_California"},{"link_name":"Chico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico,_California"},{"link_name":"Stockton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton,_California"},{"link_name":"Modesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modesto,_California"},{"link_name":"Merced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merced,_California"},{"link_name":"Fresno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno,_California"},{"link_name":"Visalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visalia,_California"},{"link_name":"Bakersfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakersfield,_California"},{"link_name":"watershed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"Sacramento Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Valley"},{"link_name":"San Joaquin Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley"},{"link_name":"Tulare Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulare_Lake"},{"link_name":"semi-arid desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-arid_climate"},{"link_name":"Sacramento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_River"},{"link_name":"San Joaquin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Joaquin_River"},{"link_name":"Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento%E2%80%93San_Joaquin_River_Delta"},{"link_name":"canals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal"},{"link_name":"stream beds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_bed"},{"link_name":"sloughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slough_(hydrology)"},{"link_name":"marshes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-every-5"},{"link_name":"Kings River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_River_(California)"},{"link_name":"Butte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butte_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Colusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colusa_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Glenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Fresno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Kern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kern_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Madera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madera_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Merced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merced_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Placer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placer_County,_California"},{"link_name":"San Joaquin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Joaquin_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Sacramento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Shasta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shasta_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Stanislaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislaus_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Sutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutter_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Tehama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehama_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Tulare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulare_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Yolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolo_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Yuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuba_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-overview-6"}],"text":"Flat valley that dominates central CaliforniaThe Central Valley is a broad, elongated, flat valley that dominates the interior of California. It is 40–60 mi (60–100 km) wide and runs approximately 450 mi (720 km) from north-northwest to south-southeast, inland from and parallel to the Pacific coast of the state. It covers approximately 18,000 sq mi (47,000 km2),[1] about 11% of California's land area. The valley is bounded by the Coast Ranges to the west and the Sierra Nevada to the east.The Central Valley is a region known for its agricultural productivity: it provides more than half of the fruits, vegetables, and nuts grown in the United States.[3] More than 7,000,000 acres (28,000 km2) of the valley are irrigated via reservoirs and canals.[4] The valley hosts many cities, including the state capital Sacramento, as well as Redding, Chico, Stockton, Modesto, Merced, Fresno, Visalia, and Bakersfield.The Central Valley watershed comprises 60,000 square miles (160,000 km2), or over a third of California. It consists of three main drainage systems: the Sacramento Valley in the north, which receives over 20 inches (510 mm) of rain annually; the drier San Joaquin Valley in the south, and the Tulare Basin and its semi-arid desert climate at the southernmost end. The Sacramento and San Joaquin river systems drain their respective valleys and meet to form the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta, a large expanse of interconnected canals, stream beds, sloughs, marshes and peat islands. The delta empties into the San Francisco Bay, and ultimately into the Pacific.[5] The waters of the Tulare Basin essentially never reach the ocean (with the exception of Kings River waters diverted northward for irrigation), though they are connected by man-made canals to the San Joaquin.The valley encompasses all or parts of 18 California counties: Butte, Colusa, Glenn, Fresno, Kern, Kings, Madera, Merced, Placer, San Joaquin, Sacramento, Shasta, Stanislaus, Sutter, Tehama, Tulare, Yolo and Yuba.[6]","title":"Central Valley (California)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Valley Sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Valley_Sequence"},{"link_name":"booster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boosterism"},{"link_name":"Golden Empire Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Empire_Transit"},{"link_name":"Golden Empire Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Empire_Council"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Older names include \"the Great Valley\", a name still often seen in scientific references (notably Great Valley Sequence), as well as \"Golden Empire\", a booster name that is still referred to by some organizations (notably Golden Empire Transit, Golden Empire Council).[citation needed]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:California_Central_Valley_Aerial.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-overview-6"},{"link_name":"Shasta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shasta_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Tehama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehama_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Glenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Butte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butte_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Colusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colusa_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Sacramento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_County,_California"},{"link_name":"El Dorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Sutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutter_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Yuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuba_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Yolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolo_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Placer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placer_County,_California"},{"link_name":"San Joaquin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Joaquin_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Stanislaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislaus_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Merced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merced_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Madera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madera_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Fresno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Tulare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulare_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Kern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kern_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Bakersfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakersfield,_California"},{"link_name":"Fresno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno,_California"},{"link_name":"Sacramento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California"},{"link_name":"Redding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redding,_California"}],"text":"The Central Valley from the air, looking south from near Rio Vista, CA.Subregions and their counties commonly associated with the valley include:[6]North Sacramento Valley (all or parts of Shasta, Tehama, Glenn, Butte and Colusa counties)\nSacramento Metropolitan area (all or parts of Sacramento, El Dorado, Sutter, Yuba, Yolo and Placer counties)\nNorth San Joaquin (all or parts of San Joaquin, Stanislaus and Merced counties)\nSouth San Joaquin (all or parts of Madera, Fresno, Kings, Tulare and Kern counties)The four main population centers in the Central Valley area are roughly equidistant from the next. From south to north, they are Bakersfield, Fresno, Sacramento and Redding. These four cities act as hubs for regional commerce and transportation.The table displays the counties of Central Valley and their respective population during the 2020 US Decennial Census. Total jobs for each county is from the U.S. Census Bureau, OnTheMap Application and LEHD Origin-Destination Employment Statistics (Beginning of Quarter Employment, 2nd Quarter of 2002-2020).","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Statistical Areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Statistical_Areas"},{"link_name":"Micropolitan Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micropolitan_Statistical_Areas"},{"link_name":"Fresno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno,_California"},{"link_name":"Sacramento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California"}],"sub_title":"Metropolitan areas","text":"As of 2020, some 7.2 million people lived in the Central Valley; it was the fastest-growing region in California.[7] It includes 12 Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA) and 1 Micropolitan Statistical Area (μSA). Below, they are listed by MSA and μSA population. The largest city is Fresno followed by the state capital Sacramento. The following metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas are listed from largest to smallest:","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Punjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Sikh population in the nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States"}],"sub_title":"Ethnography","text":"After English and Spanish, Punjabi is the third most commonly spoken language in the Central Valley.[8] The valley has the largest Sikh population in the nation.","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interstate_5_Southbound_near_Derrick_Ave.JPG"},{"link_name":"Interstate 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5_in_California"},{"link_name":"Fresno County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno_County,_California"},{"link_name":"subduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subduction"},{"link_name":"Farallon Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farallon_Plate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I-5_between_Tracy_and_Patterson_CA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Coast Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Ranges"},{"link_name":"Monterey Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_Bay"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay"},{"link_name":"Sierra Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"Sutter Buttes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutter_Buttes"},{"link_name":"Yuba City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuba_City"},{"link_name":"Stockton Arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton_Arch"},{"link_name":"Pacific Mountain System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States_Pacific_Mountain_System"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS-Water-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The valley as seen from Interstate 5, looking south near Derrick Avenue in Fresno CountyThe flatness of the valley floor contrasts with the rugged hills or gentle mountains that are typical of most of California's terrain. The valley is thought to have originated below sea level as an offshore area depressed by subduction of the Farallon Plate into a trench farther offshore. The valley has no earthquake faults of its own but is surrounded by faults to the east and west.An example of the differences between the geology of the valley floor and that of the rugged hills of the Coast Ranges (Between Tracy and Patterson, CA:Interstate 5)The valley was enclosed by the uplift of the Coast Ranges, with its original outlet into Monterey Bay. Faulting moved the Coast Ranges, and a new outlet developed near what is now San Francisco Bay. Over the millennia, the valley filled with the sediments of these same ranges, as well as the rising Sierra Nevada to the east; that filling eventually created an extraordinary flatness just barely above sea level. Before California's flood control and aqueduct system was built, annual snow melt turned much of the valley into an inland sea.The one notable exception to the flat valley floor is Sutter Buttes, the remnants of an extinct volcano just to the northwest of Yuba City.Another significant geologic feature of the Central Valley lies hidden beneath the delta. The Stockton Arch is an upwarping of the crust beneath the valley sediments that extends southwest to northeast across the valley.The Central Valley lies within the California Trough physiographic section, which is part of the larger Pacific Border province, which in turn is part of the Pacific Mountain System.[9][10]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Central_Valley_STS040-609-38.jpg"},{"link_name":"prairie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie"},{"link_name":"oak savanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_savanna"},{"link_name":"riparian forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riparian_forest"},{"link_name":"marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh"},{"link_name":"vernal pools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernal_pool"},{"link_name":"Tulare Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulare_Lake"},{"link_name":"freshwater lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_lake"},{"link_name":"Buena Vista Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buena_Vista_Lake"},{"link_name":"Kern Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kern_Lake_(Kern_County)"},{"link_name":"exotic plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotic_plant"},{"link_name":"California Central Valley grasslands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Central_Valley_grasslands"},{"link_name":"temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands"},{"link_name":"ecoregion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion"},{"link_name":"chaparral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral"},{"link_name":"California interior chaparral and woodlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_interior_chaparral_and_woodlands"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Central Valley seen from space.The Central Valley was formerly a diverse expanse of grassland, containing areas of prairie, desert grassland (at the southern end), oak savanna, riparian forest, marsh, several types of seasonal vernal pools, and large lakes such as now-dry Tulare Lake (once the largest freshwater lake west of the Mississippi), Buena Vista Lake and Kern Lake. However, much of the Central Valley environment has been altered by human activity, including the introduction of exotic plants, notably grasses. The valley's grasslands, wetlands, and riparian forests constitute the California Central Valley grasslands, a temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands ecoregion. The foothill oak woodlands and chaparral that fringe the valley have been categorized as the California interior chaparral and woodlands ecoregion.[11]","title":"Environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nassella pulchra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassella_pulchra"},{"link_name":"California poppy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_poppy"},{"link_name":"lupins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupin"},{"link_name":"Castilleja exserta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castilleja_exserta"},{"link_name":"Antelope Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antelope_Valley"},{"link_name":"Tehachapi Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehachapi_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Platanus racemosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platanus_racemosa"},{"link_name":"Acer negundo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acer_negundo"},{"link_name":"Populus fremontii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populus_fremontii"},{"link_name":"Quercus lobata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_lobata"}],"sub_title":"Flora","text":"The dominant grass of the valley was Nassella pulchra mixed with other species, but today only 1% of the grassland in the valley is intact. Grassland flowers include California poppy (Eschscholzia californica), lupins, and purple owl's clover (Castilleja exserta), which can still be seen, especially in Antelope Valley in the Tehachapi Mountains. Riverside trees include willows, western sycamore (Platanus racemosa), box elder (Acer negundo), Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii), and the endemic valley oak (Quercus lobata).","title":"Environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandhill_crane_in_a_flooded_field_in_Butte_County-1850.jpg"},{"link_name":"sandhill crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhill_crane"},{"link_name":"Butte County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butte_County,_California"},{"link_name":"pronghorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronghorn"},{"link_name":"elk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk"},{"link_name":"tule elk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tule_elk"},{"link_name":"mule deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mule_deer"},{"link_name":"California ground squirrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_ground_squirrel"},{"link_name":"gophers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopher_(animal)"},{"link_name":"kangaroo rats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo_rat"},{"link_name":"San Joaquin kit fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Joaquin_kit_fox"},{"link_name":"waterbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterbirds"},{"link_name":"Masticophis flagellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masticophis_flagellum"},{"link_name":"blunt-nosed leopard lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambelia_sila"},{"link_name":"Gilbert's skink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert%27s_skink"},{"link_name":"western aquatic garter snake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_aquatic_garter_snake"},{"link_name":"Sacramento Pikeminnow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Pikeminnow"},{"link_name":"Sacramento Perch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Perch"},{"link_name":"Sacramento Blackfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Blackfish"},{"link_name":"Sacramento Splittail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Splittail"}],"sub_title":"Fauna","text":"A sandhill crane (Antigone canadensis) in a flooded field in Butte County, California. On their wintering grounds in the Central Valley, sandhill cranes forage primarily on waste grain in corn, rice, and wheat fields.The Central Valley was once home to large populations of pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana), elk including the endemic tule elk subspecies (Cervus elaphus nannodes), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), California ground squirrels, gophers, mice, hare, rabbits and kangaroo rats, along with their predators including the San Joaquin kit fox (an endangered subspecies surviving on the San Joaquin Valley's hillsides). The valley's wetlands were an important habitat for wintering waterbirds and migrating birds of other kinds. Reptiles and amphibians of the valley include the endemic San Joaquin coachwhip snake (Masticophis flagellum ruddocki), blunt-nosed leopard lizard (Gambelia sila), Gilbert's skink (Eumeces gilberti) and the western aquatic garter snake (Thamnophis couchii). Endemic invertebrates are present. The Central Valley is home to endemic fish species, including the Sacramento Pikeminnow, Sacramento Perch, Sacramento Blackfish, and Sacramento Splittail.","title":"Environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Valley Grasslands State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Valley_Grasslands_State_Park"},{"link_name":"native grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Native_grasses_of_California"},{"link_name":"habitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"Visalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visalia,_California"},{"link_name":"Nature Conservancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Conservancy"},{"link_name":"Cosumnes River Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosumnes_River_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Butte Sink Wildlife Management Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butte_Sink_Wildlife_Management_Area"},{"link_name":"Pixley National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixley_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"Tulare, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulare,_California"},{"link_name":"Carrizo Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrizo_Plain"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Protected areas","text":"The Great Valley Grasslands State Park preserves an example of the valley's native grass habitat, while oak savanna habitats survive near Visalia. Areas of wetland and riverside woodland are found in the north, especially by the Sacramento River system, including the Nature Conservancy's Cosumnes River Preserve just south of Sacramento, Gray Lodge Wildlife Area, Butte Sink Wildlife Management Area, and other patches in the delta area. Remaining vernal pools include Pixley National Wildlife Refuge between Tulare, California, and Bakersfield and Jepson Prairie Preserve in the delta. Large blocks of desert scrubland exist in the southern San Joaquin Valley and the Carrizo Plain, just outside the valley, but offering a similar landscape.The wetlands have been the target of rescue operations to restore areas replaced by agriculture.[12]These patches of natural habitat are disconnected, which is particularly damaging for wildlife that is used to migrating along the rivers. Agriculture, grazing land, and the draining of lakes and rivers have radically altered valley habitats. Most of the grassland has been overtaken by new species; most vernal pools have been destroyed, leaving only those on the higher slopes; the marshland has been drained, and the riverbank woodlands have nearly all been affected.[citation needed]","title":"Environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valley fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccidioidomycosis"},{"link_name":"fungus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus"},{"link_name":"Coccidioides immitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccidioides_immitis"},{"link_name":"pesticide drift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_drift"}],"sub_title":"Health","text":"The valley gives its name to Valley fever, which is primarily a disease of the lungs that is common in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. It is caused by the fungus Coccidioides immitis, which grows in soils in areas of low rainfall, high summer temperatures, and moderate winter temperatures. These fungal spores become airborne when the soil is disturbed by winds, construction, or farming. This illness frequently takes weeks or months to resolve. Occasionally Valley Fever is life-threatening or even fatal.Due to the agricultural industry's significant presence in the Valley, pesticide drift and leaching have become concerns. Residents risk contamination when living in proximity to application sites.","title":"Environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Air pollution","text":"Air pollution is a growing problem that affects all of the citizens in the Central Valley. Some reasons of poor air pollution in the Central Valley are due to agriculture and its geographical features.Since the Central Valley consists mostly of farming land, a wide, flat valley, the emissions from the soil that is used for growing produce are released into the air. The soil exudes nitrous oxide, an odorless and colorless gas that can be harmful when exposed to it for a long period of time, and incorporates itself into the ozone layer located at ground level.[13] Production of nitrous oxide in California has shown that the addition of soil and fertilization can emit about 161,100 metric tons per year. Long term effects that nitrous oxide can have on a human being is loss of blood pressure, fainting, anemia, or lung cancer.The physical geographical attributes can also contribute to the air pollution quality. The Central Valley is surrounded by mountain ranges which can capture the pollution coming from the agricultural farming, preventing it from dispersing from the other areas in California.[14]The Central Valley is also expanding in the number of people that coincide in that area, so it increases the number of cars which can also contribute to the amount of emission that is in the air.","title":"Environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1960-_Groundwater_loss_-_depletion_-_Central_Valley_of_California.svg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NatureComms_20221219-15"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"rainshadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainshadow"},{"link_name":"Fresno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno"},{"link_name":"Bakersfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakersfield"},{"link_name":"tule fog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tule_fog"},{"link_name":"heat waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_wave"},{"link_name":"San Joaquin Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley"},{"link_name":"Sacramento Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Valley"},{"link_name":"semidesert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semidesert"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Within a long period of groundwater depletion, short periods of recovery were mostly driven by extreme weather events that typically caused flooding and had negative social, environmental and economic consequences.[15]The northern Central Valley has a hot Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa); the more southerly parts in rainshadow zones are dry enough to be Mediterranean steppe (BShs, as around Fresno) or even low-latitude desert (BWh, as in areas around Bakersfield). It is very hot and dry during the summer and cool and damp in winter when frequent ground fog known regionally as \"tule fog\" can obscure vision. Summer daytime temperatures frequently surpass 100 °F (38 °C), and common heat waves might bring temperatures exceeding 115 °F (46 °C). Mid-autumn to mid-spring is the rainy season—although during the late summer, southeasterly winds can bring tropical thunderstorms, mainly in the southern half of the San Joaquin Valley but occasionally to the Sacramento Valley. The northern half of the Central Valley receives greater precipitation than the semidesert southern half. Frost occurs at times in the fall months, but snow is extremely rare.[16]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dense_Tule_fog_in_Bakersfield,_California.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tule fog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tule_fog"},{"link_name":"Kern County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kern_County"},{"link_name":"Tule fog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tule_fog"},{"link_name":"/ˈtuːliː/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"fog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog"},{"link_name":"rainy season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_season"},{"link_name":"tule grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tule"}],"sub_title":"Tule fog","text":"Tule fog in Kern CountyTule fog /ˈtuːliː/ is a thick ground fog that settles along the valley's length. Tule fog forms during the late fall and winter (California's rainy season), after the first significant rainfall. The official season is from November 1 to March 31. This phenomenon is named after the valley's tule grass wetlands (tulares). Auto collisions caused by the tule fog are the leading cause of weather-related casualties in California.","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sacramento Executive Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Executive_Airport"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"dew point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_point"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sacramento_NOAA-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCEI_Summary_of_Monthly_Normals_-_Airport_-_1991-2020-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sacramento_NOAA_sun-21"},{"link_name":"Sacramento State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_University,_Sacramento"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sacramento_NOAA-19"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCEI_Summary_of_Monthly_Normals_-_5_ESE_-_1991-2020-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCEI_Global_Summary_of_the_Month-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sacramento_WRCC-25"},{"link_name":"Fresno Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno_Yosemite_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"dew point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_point"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA_Fresno-28"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCEI_Summary_of_Monthly_Normals_-_1991%E2%80%932020-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fresno_NOAA_sun-30"}],"sub_title":"Statistics for selected cities","text":"Climate data for Sacramento, California (Sacramento Executive Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1941–present[a]\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n76(24)\n\n78(26)\n\n88(31)\n\n95(35)\n\n105(41)\n\n115(46)\n\n114(46)\n\n112(44)\n\n114(46)\n\n104(40)\n\n87(31)\n\n74(23)\n\n115(46)\n\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n65.2(18.4)\n\n71.1(21.7)\n\n78.1(25.6)\n\n87.4(30.8)\n\n95.3(35.2)\n\n103.1(39.5)\n\n105.3(40.7)\n\n104.1(40.1)\n\n100.6(38.1)\n\n91.8(33.2)\n\n76.5(24.7)\n\n65.1(18.4)\n\n107.0(41.7)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n56.0(13.3)\n\n61.3(16.3)\n\n66.3(19.1)\n\n72.1(22.3)\n\n80.3(26.8)\n\n87.9(31.1)\n\n92.6(33.7)\n\n91.9(33.3)\n\n88.5(31.4)\n\n78.8(26.0)\n\n65.0(18.3)\n\n56.0(13.3)\n\n74.7(23.7)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n47.6(8.7)\n\n51.4(10.8)\n\n55.4(13.0)\n\n59.5(15.3)\n\n66.1(18.9)\n\n72.2(22.3)\n\n75.9(24.4)\n\n75.3(24.1)\n\n72.5(22.5)\n\n64.5(18.1)\n\n53.9(12.2)\n\n47.3(8.5)\n\n61.8(16.6)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n39.2(4.0)\n\n41.5(5.3)\n\n44.5(6.9)\n\n47.0(8.3)\n\n52.0(11.1)\n\n56.5(13.6)\n\n59.2(15.1)\n\n58.8(14.9)\n\n56.5(13.6)\n\n50.3(10.2)\n\n42.7(5.9)\n\n38.5(3.6)\n\n48.9(9.4)\n\n\nMean minimum °F (°C)\n\n29.1(−1.6)\n\n31.7(−0.2)\n\n35.1(1.7)\n\n37.9(3.3)\n\n44.1(6.7)\n\n49.5(9.7)\n\n54.1(12.3)\n\n53.8(12.1)\n\n49.6(9.8)\n\n41.7(5.4)\n\n32.7(0.4)\n\n28.7(−1.8)\n\n26.9(−2.8)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n20(−7)\n\n23(−5)\n\n26(−3)\n\n31(−1)\n\n34(1)\n\n41(5)\n\n48(9)\n\n48(9)\n\n42(6)\n\n35(2)\n\n26(−3)\n\n18(−8)\n\n18(−8)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n3.66(93)\n\n3.49(89)\n\n2.68(68)\n\n1.26(32)\n\n0.75(19)\n\n0.23(5.8)\n\n0.00(0.00)\n\n0.04(1.0)\n\n0.09(2.3)\n\n0.85(22)\n\n1.66(42)\n\n3.43(87)\n\n18.14(461)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n10.0\n\n9.1\n\n9.0\n\n5.1\n\n3.6\n\n1.1\n\n0.1\n\n0.2\n\n0.7\n\n3.1\n\n6.1\n\n9.6\n\n57.7\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n83.3\n\n76.8\n\n71.6\n\n64.5\n\n58.9\n\n55.0\n\n53.2\n\n55.7\n\n57.0\n\n63.1\n\n75.6\n\n82.9\n\n66.5\n\n\nAverage dew point °F (°C)\n\n39.4(4.1)\n\n42.1(5.6)\n\n42.8(6.0)\n\n43.7(6.5)\n\n46.9(8.3)\n\n50.4(10.2)\n\n53.1(11.7)\n\n53.4(11.9)\n\n50.9(10.5)\n\n47.5(8.6)\n\n43.7(6.5)\n\n39.2(4.0)\n\n46.1(7.8)\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n145.5\n\n201.3\n\n278.0\n\n329.6\n\n406.3\n\n419.5\n\n440.2\n\n406.9\n\n347.8\n\n296.7\n\n194.9\n\n141.1\n\n3,607.8\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n48\n\n67\n\n75\n\n83\n\n92\n\n94\n\n98\n\n96\n\n93\n\n86\n\n64\n\n48\n\n81\n\n\nSource: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point and sun 1961–1990)[18][19][20]Climate data for Sacramento 5 ESE, California (Sacramento State[21]), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1877–present\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n79(26)\n\n80(27)\n\n90(32)\n\n98(37)\n\n107(42)\n\n112(44)\n\n114(46)\n\n112(44)\n\n116(47)\n\n102(39)\n\n86(30)\n\n72(22)\n\n116(47)\n\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n66.4(19.1)\n\n72.5(22.5)\n\n80.6(27.0)\n\n89.5(31.9)\n\n97.1(36.2)\n\n104.4(40.2)\n\n106.7(41.5)\n\n105.5(40.8)\n\n102.0(38.9)\n\n92.3(33.5)\n\n77.3(25.2)\n\n65.9(18.8)\n\n108.1(42.3)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n56.5(13.6)\n\n62.2(16.8)\n\n67.8(19.9)\n\n73.5(23.1)\n\n81.3(27.4)\n\n89.0(31.7)\n\n94.4(34.7)\n\n93.5(34.2)\n\n89.3(31.8)\n\n78.9(26.1)\n\n65.3(18.5)\n\n56.4(13.6)\n\n75.7(24.3)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n48.8(9.3)\n\n52.9(11.6)\n\n57.2(14.0)\n\n61.4(16.3)\n\n67.7(19.8)\n\n73.9(23.3)\n\n77.9(25.5)\n\n77.3(25.2)\n\n74.0(23.3)\n\n65.9(18.8)\n\n55.3(12.9)\n\n48.5(9.2)\n\n63.4(17.4)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n41.1(5.1)\n\n43.7(6.5)\n\n46.7(8.2)\n\n49.3(9.6)\n\n54.0(12.2)\n\n58.7(14.8)\n\n61.4(16.3)\n\n61.0(16.1)\n\n58.8(14.9)\n\n52.9(11.6)\n\n45.3(7.4)\n\n40.7(4.8)\n\n51.1(10.6)\n\n\nMean minimum °F (°C)\n\n32.5(0.3)\n\n35.4(1.9)\n\n38.8(3.8)\n\n41.6(5.3)\n\n47.2(8.4)\n\n51.9(11.1)\n\n55.9(13.3)\n\n55.9(13.3)\n\n52.4(11.3)\n\n45.1(7.3)\n\n36.2(2.3)\n\n31.9(−0.1)\n\n30.5(−0.8)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n19(−7)\n\n21(−6)\n\n29(−2)\n\n34(1)\n\n37(3)\n\n43(6)\n\n47(8)\n\n48(9)\n\n44(7)\n\n34(1)\n\n27(−3)\n\n17(−8)\n\n17(−8)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n3.87(98)\n\n3.63(92)\n\n2.82(72)\n\n1.44(37)\n\n0.86(22)\n\n0.21(5.3)\n\n0.00(0.00)\n\n0.02(0.51)\n\n0.15(3.8)\n\n0.93(24)\n\n1.78(45)\n\n3.49(89)\n\n19.20(488)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n10.8\n\n9.6\n\n9.2\n\n5.3\n\n3.7\n\n1.2\n\n0.1\n\n0.2\n\n0.8\n\n3.1\n\n6.8\n\n10.1\n\n60.9\n\n\nSource: NOAA[18][22][23], Western Regional Climate Center[24]Climate data for Fresno, California (Fresno Airport), 1991–2020 normals,[b] extremes 1881–present[c]\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n78(26)\n\n84(29)\n\n91(33)\n\n101(38)\n\n110(43)\n\n112(44)\n\n115(46)\n\n113(45)\n\n114(46)\n\n102(39)\n\n90(32)\n\n77(25)\n\n115(46)\n\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n68.1(20.1)\n\n73.7(23.2)\n\n81.9(27.7)\n\n90.8(32.7)\n\n99.0(37.2)\n\n105.9(41.1)\n\n107.7(42.1)\n\n107.1(41.7)\n\n103.1(39.5)\n\n93.2(34.0)\n\n79.6(26.4)\n\n67.4(19.7)\n\n109.2(42.9)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n55.4(13.0)\n\n61.3(16.3)\n\n67.5(19.7)\n\n73.7(23.2)\n\n82.7(28.2)\n\n91.4(33.0)\n\n97.7(36.5)\n\n96.5(35.8)\n\n90.7(32.6)\n\n78.7(25.9)\n\n64.9(18.3)\n\n55.3(12.9)\n\n76.3(24.6)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n48.0(8.9)\n\n52.3(11.3)\n\n57.4(14.1)\n\n62.3(16.8)\n\n70.2(21.2)\n\n77.6(25.3)\n\n83.5(28.6)\n\n82.2(27.9)\n\n77.1(25.1)\n\n66.7(19.3)\n\n55.1(12.8)\n\n47.5(8.6)\n\n65.0(18.3)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n40.6(4.8)\n\n43.3(6.3)\n\n47.3(8.5)\n\n50.9(10.5)\n\n57.6(14.2)\n\n63.9(17.7)\n\n69.3(20.7)\n\n67.9(19.9)\n\n63.4(17.4)\n\n54.6(12.6)\n\n45.4(7.4)\n\n39.8(4.3)\n\n53.7(12.1)\n\n\nMean minimum °F (°C)\n\n30.5(−0.8)\n\n33.4(0.8)\n\n37.2(2.9)\n\n40.4(4.7)\n\n47.7(8.7)\n\n52.9(11.6)\n\n60.1(15.6)\n\n59.7(15.4)\n\n53.8(12.1)\n\n44.6(7.0)\n\n34.7(1.5)\n\n30.2(−1.0)\n\n28.8(−1.8)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n17(−8)\n\n24(−4)\n\n26(−3)\n\n32(0)\n\n36(2)\n\n42(6)\n\n50(10)\n\n49(9)\n\n37(3)\n\n27(−3)\n\n26(−3)\n\n18(−8)\n\n17(−8)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n2.16(55)\n\n1.93(49)\n\n1.90(48)\n\n1.04(26)\n\n0.42(11)\n\n0.24(6.1)\n\n0.03(0.76)\n\n0.00(0.00)\n\n0.05(1.3)\n\n0.56(14)\n\n0.87(22)\n\n1.79(45)\n\n10.99(279)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n7.7\n\n8.5\n\n7.2\n\n4.5\n\n2.7\n\n0.7\n\n0.3\n\n0.1\n\n0.6\n\n2.2\n\n4.7\n\n7.3\n\n46.5\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n83.3\n\n77.2\n\n68.9\n\n57.4\n\n47.3\n\n41.9\n\n39.2\n\n44.7\n\n50.0\n\n58.5\n\n74.1\n\n84.2\n\n60.6\n\n\nAverage dew point °F (°C)\n\n39.4(4.1)\n\n42.4(5.8)\n\n43.2(6.2)\n\n43.2(6.2)\n\n45.3(7.4)\n\n48.9(9.4)\n\n52.3(11.3)\n\n54.1(12.3)\n\n51.6(10.9)\n\n47.3(8.5)\n\n43.2(6.2)\n\n39.6(4.2)\n\n45.9(7.7)\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n141.5\n\n196.9\n\n286.2\n\n335.5\n\n398.9\n\n412.2\n\n428.2\n\n399.6\n\n345.9\n\n302.3\n\n189.9\n\n127.1\n\n3,564.2\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n46\n\n65\n\n77\n\n85\n\n91\n\n94\n\n96\n\n95\n\n93\n\n87\n\n62\n\n42\n\n80\n\n\nSource: NOAA (relative humidity, dew points and sun 1961–1990)[25][26][27]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sacramento_River_basin_map.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Joaquin_River_watershed.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tularebasinmapnew-01.png"},{"link_name":"Sacramento River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_River"},{"link_name":"Feather River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feather_River"},{"link_name":"American River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_River"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"San Joaquin River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Joaquin_River"},{"link_name":"Merced River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merced_River"},{"link_name":"Tuolumne River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuolumne_River"},{"link_name":"Stanislaus River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislaus_River"},{"link_name":"Mokelumne River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokelumne_River"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"watershed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"alluvial fan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvial_fan"},{"link_name":"Kings River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_River_(California)"},{"link_name":"Kaweah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaweah_River"},{"link_name":"Tule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tule_River"},{"link_name":"Kern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kern_River"},{"link_name":"endorheic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorheic"},{"link_name":"Tulare Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulare_Lake"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento-San_Joaquin_Delta"},{"link_name":"Suisun Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suisun_Bay"},{"link_name":"San Pablo Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pablo_Bay"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay"},{"link_name":"Golden Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Sacramento River watershedSan Joaquin River watershedTulare Basin watershedTwo river systems drain and define the two parts of the Central Valley. The Sacramento River, along with its tributaries the Feather River and American River, flows southwards through the Sacramento Valley for about 447 miles (719 km).[28] In the San Joaquin Valley, the San Joaquin River flows roughly northwest for 365 miles (587 km), picking up tributaries such as the Merced River, Tuolumne River, Stanislaus River and Mokelumne River.[29] The Central Valley watershed encompasses over a third of California at 60,000 square miles (160,000 km2), with 46 percent draining into the Sacramento River, 26 percent into the San Joaquin, and 27 percent into Tulare Lake.In the south part of the San Joaquin Valley, the alluvial fan of the Kings River and another from Coast Ranges streams have created a divide. The dry Tulare basin of the Central Valley receives flow from four major Sierra Nevada rivers, the Kings, Kaweah, Tule, and Kern. This basin, usually endorheic, formerly filled during snowmelt and spilled out into the San Joaquin River. Called Tulare Lake, it is usually dry because the rivers feeding it have been diverted for agricultural purposes.[30]Central Valley rivers converge in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, a network of marshy channels, distributaries, and sloughs that wind around islands mainly used for agriculture. There the rivers merge with tidewater, and eventually reach the ocean after passing through Suisun Bay, San Pablo Bay, upper San Francisco Bay, and finally the Golden Gate. Many of the islands lie below sea level because of intensive agriculture, and face a high risk of flooding, which would allow salt water to rush back into the delta, especially when too little fresh water is flowing in from the Valley.[31]The Sacramento River carries far more water than the San Joaquin, with an estimated 22 million acre-feet (27 km3) of virgin annual runoff, as compared to the San Joaquin's approximately 6 million acre-feet (7.4 km3). Intensive agricultural and municipal water consumption decreased the rate of outflow to about 17 million acre-feet (21 km3) for the Sacramento and 3 million acre-feet (3.7 km3) for the San Joaquin. These figures vary widely from year to year. Over 25 million people, living in the valley and other regions of the state, rely on the water carried by these rivers.[32]","title":"Hydrography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"contiguous United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiguous_United_States"},{"link_name":"Columbia River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_River"},{"link_name":"Colorado River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CVPhist-38"},{"link_name":"Shasta Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shasta_Dam"},{"link_name":"Oroville Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroville_Dam"},{"link_name":"Folsom Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folsom_Dam"},{"link_name":"New Melones Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Melones_Dam"},{"link_name":"Don Pedro Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Pedro_Dam"},{"link_name":"Hetch Hetchy Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetch_Hetchy_dam"},{"link_name":"Friant Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friant_Dam"},{"link_name":"Pine Flat Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Flat_Dam"},{"link_name":"Isabella Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Dam"},{"link_name":"Central Valley Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Valley_Project"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CVPhist-38"},{"link_name":"Chinook salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinook_salmon"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Inland Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_Empire_(California)"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Feather River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feather_River"},{"link_name":"California State Water Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Water_Project"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"California Aqueduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Aqueduct"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Delta–Mendota Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta%E2%80%93Mendota_Canal"},{"link_name":"Trinity River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_River_(California)"},{"link_name":"Klamath River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klamath_River"},{"link_name":"Redding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redding,_California"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"Mokelumne River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokelumne_River"},{"link_name":"Tuolumne River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuolumne_River"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Engineering","text":"Sierra Nevada runoff provides one of California's largest water resources. The Sacramento River is the second largest river to empty into the Pacific from the contiguous United States, behind only the Columbia River and greater than the Colorado River.[33] Combined with the fertile and expansive area of the Central Valley's floor, the Central Valley is ideal for agriculture.[34]The Central Valley is one of the United States' most productive growing regions. This is made possible by engineering the watercourses to prevent flooding during the spring snowmelt and drying up in the summer and autumn.[35] Many dams, including Shasta Dam, Oroville Dam, Folsom Dam, New Melones Dam, Don Pedro Dam, Hetch Hetchy Dam, Friant Dam, Pine Flat Dam and Isabella Dam, were constructed on the rivers, with many of them being part of the Central Valley Project.[35] These dams impact physical, economic, cultural, and ecological resources: for example, enabling the development of its vast agricultural resources but leading to the loss of the Chinook salmon.[36]Post-World War II demand for urban development, most notably the San Francisco Bay Area and the Los Angeles/Inland Empire/San Diego, required water resources. Moreover, agriculture in the southern Central Valley required far more water than was available locally. The Feather River in the Sacramento Valley was looked to as a water source, leading to the California State Water Project. This transports water to the southern San Joaquin Valley and urban areas south of the Tehachapi Mountains.[37]Runoff from the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers is intercepted in the delta through a series of pumps that divert water into the California Aqueduct, which runs south along the length of the San Joaquin Valley.[38] In parallel, pumps divert water into the Delta–Mendota Canal. The flow of the Sacramento River is further supplemented by a tunnel from the Trinity River (a tributary of the Klamath River, northwest of the Sacramento Valley) near Redding.[39] Cities of the San Francisco Bay Area, also needing water, built aqueducts from the Mokelumne River and Tuolumne River that run east to west across the middle part of the Central Valley.[40][41]","title":"Hydrography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ARkStorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARkStorm"},{"link_name":"Tulare Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulare_Lake"},{"link_name":"Buena Vista Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buena_Vista_Lake"},{"link_name":"Kern Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kern_Lake_(Kern_County)"},{"link_name":"Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_River_(California)"},{"link_name":"Kaweah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaweah_River"},{"link_name":"Tule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tule_River"},{"link_name":"Kern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kern_River"},{"link_name":"Great Flood of 1862","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Flood_of_1862#Central_Valley"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Yuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuba_County,_CA"},{"link_name":"Stanislaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislaus_County,_CA"},{"link_name":"San Joaquin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Joaquin_County,_CA"}],"sub_title":"Flooding","text":"See also: ARkStormMost valley lowlands are prone to flooding, especially in the old Tulare Lake, Buena Vista Lake, and Kern Lake rivers. The Kings, Kaweah, Tule and Kern rivers originally flowed into these seasonal lakes, which would expand each spring to flood large parts of the southern San Joaquin Valley. Farms, towns, and infrastructure in these lakebeds are protected with levee systems, while the risk of floods damaging properties increased greatly.The Great Flood of 1862 was the valley's worst flood in recorded history, flooding most of the valley and putting some places as much as 20 feet (6.1 m) under water.In 2003, it was determined that Sacramento had both the least protection against and nearly the highest risk of flooding. Congress then granted a $220 million loan for upgrades in Sacramento County.[42] Other counties in the valley that often face flooding are Yuba, Stanislaus, and San Joaquin.","title":"Hydrography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rain","text":"California is a state that has experienced consistent on-and-off drought for many years. In 2012, there was a major drop in precipitation levels in the Central Valley which has caused an almost constant drought and low-level precipitation levels throughout the Northern California region. As of 2014, the highest levels of precipitation occur during December and January, and because of the climate of the Central Valley, rainfall is the most common form of precipitation.","title":"Hydrography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"landslides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Landslides","text":"There is a very strong positive correlation between rainfall and slow-moving landslides in Northern California, especially in the Central Valley region. Changes in climate and precipitation levels have shown that consistent average rainfall has increased the number and intensity of landslides within the past 5–6 years. This information was shown in a study that focused on the behavior of these slow-moving landslides and how their nature changed with years of extreme average rainfall versus minimal average rainfall. In 2016, the average annual precipitation levels were lower because of a drought that was coming to an end at that time. The minimal rainfall in that year showed that 119 landslides had been moving. Comparatively, in 2017, there were very extreme levels of precipitation in the Central Valley, which cause 312 landslides to move that year.[43] Slow-moving landslides are impacted even if the intensity of the rainfall is not as severe.Consistent, moderately intense rainfall increases the saturation of water in the ground. This over-saturation is what causes the movement of a slow-moving landslide, rather than the more quick-moving and rigorous landslides that also occur in this region of California. Quick-moving landslides are caused by very intense rain, or sometimes earthquakes, that make a greater difference in the land in a shorter amount of time. According to a survey paper written in 1988 about a storm that occurred in 1982 in the Central Valley region, rainstorms that can cause that type of landslide to happen about every 5 years. Landslides to higher degrees, such as the ones that happened due to the 1982 storm, only occur every 20 to 100+ years. This intense storm in the San Francisco Bay area caused a lot of damage as a result of moving debris and landslides. They caused damage to the land and put people living in these areas that are susceptible to these disasters in great harm. The aftermath of this storm involved millions of dollars in retributions to restore the land and surrounding areas. It also led people to make greater efforts into planning around the danger of these landslides, as in how to manipulate the land to accommodate the consequences.","title":"Hydrography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Climate change in California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_California"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Droughts","text":"See also: Climate change in CaliforniaOut of the past twenty-two years, California has experienced significant drought conditions for thirteen years. From 2000 to 2018 was the second driest period that California has ever experienced. The driest three-year period ever in California was from 2012 to 2014. Three-quarters of the state of California is experiencing extreme drought conditions. There are also multiple types of droughts such as agricultural droughts, meteorological droughts, snow droughts, and hydrological droughts. All of these droughts affect California in different ways. Droughts can damage forests and can cause wildfires. Droughts cause forests to become dry which causes trees to die. Dead trees result in wildfires. The U.S. drought monitor is released every Thursday, showing which parts of the U.S. are in a drought. It started in 2000, and since then the longest duration of a drought in California lasted a total of 376 weeks. It started on December 11, 2011, and ended on March 5, 2019. The most intense period captured on the drought monitor was on the week of July 29, 2014. It showed that 58.41% of California's land was affected by a drought. In 2014–2015, farm-related losses in California totaled $5 billion and 20,000 farmers also lost their jobs.[citation needed]","title":"Hydrography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-overview-6"}],"text":"Agriculture is the primary industry in most of the Central Valley. A notable exception is the Sacramento area, which hosts a large and stable workforce of government employees. Despite state hiring cutbacks and the closure of several military bases, Sacramento's economy has continued to expand and diversify and now more closely resembles that of the San Francisco Bay Area. Primary sources of population growth are Bay Area migrants seeking lower housing costs, augmented by immigration from Asia, Central America, Mexico, Ukraine, and the rest of the former Soviet Union.[6]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FB_2019-08-30-47"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-every-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-every-5"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"badly depleted underground aquifers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"almond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAOSTAT-54"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-overview-6"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"California State Water Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Water_Project"}],"sub_title":"Agriculture","text":"The Central Valley is one of the world's most productive agricultural regions.[44][5] More than 230 crops are grown there.[5] On less than 1 percent of the total farmland in the United States, the Central Valley produces 8 percent of the nation's agricultural output by value: US$43.5 billion in 2013.[45] California's farms and ranches earned almost $50 billion in 2018.[46] The valley's productivity relies on irrigation from surface water and badly depleted underground aquifers.[47] About one-sixth of the US' irrigated land is in the Central Valley.[48]Virtually all non-tropical crops are grown in the Central Valley, which is the primary source for produce throughout the United States, including tomatoes, grapes, cotton, apricots, and asparagus.[49] Six thousand almond growers produced more than 600 million pounds (270×10^6 kg) in 2000, about 70 percent of the world's supply and nearly 100 percent of domestic production.[50][51]The US' top four counties in agricultural sales are in the Central Valley (2007 Data).[6][52]Early farming was concentrated close to the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, where the water table was high year-round and water transport was readily available. Subsequent irrigation projects brought many more parts of the valley into productive use.[53] The even larger California State Water Project was formed in the 1950s and construction continued over the following decades.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cesar Chavez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Chavez"},{"link_name":"Dolores Huerta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolores_Huerta"},{"link_name":"Mexican American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_American"},{"link_name":"union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"National Farmworkers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Farmworkers_Association"},{"link_name":"Delano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delano,_California"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"National Farmworkers Association (NFWA)","text":"In the 1960s, farm labor leaders Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta organized Mexican American grape pickers into a union, the National Farmworkers Association (NFWA), to improve their working conditions. This organizing took place primarily in the Central Valley because of the extensive agriculture, especially in and around Delano.[54]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oroville Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroville_Dam"},{"link_name":"California Aqueduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Aqueduct"},{"link_name":"Transverse Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_Ranges"},{"link_name":"Shasta Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shasta_Dam"},{"link_name":"Pacific Gas and Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Gas_and_Electric_Company"},{"link_name":"Western Area Power Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Area_Power_Administration"},{"link_name":"Southern California Edison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California_Edison"},{"link_name":"electric grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_grid"}],"text":"The state water project's Oroville Dam in the Sacramento Valley provides water and power for the California Aqueduct in the San Joaquin Valley. The aqueduct runs from Clifton Court Forebay in the Delta southwards across the Transverse Ranges. The Central Valley Project includes numerous facilities between Shasta Dam in the north and Bakersfield in the south. Pacific Gas and Electric, Western Area Power Administration, and Southern California Edison built an interconnected electric grid connecting the north and south ends of the Central Valley.","title":"Utilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Threadex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//threadex.rcc-acis.org/"}],"text":"^ Official records for Sacramento were kept exclusively at the airport since 10 November 1941.[17]\n\n^ Mean maxima and minima (i.e., the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.\n\n^ Official records for Fresno kept September 1881 to 15 August 1887 at downtown, 16 August 1887 to June 1939 at Fresno City Offices, July 1939 to 20 August 1949 at Chandler Field, and at Fresno Yosemite Int'l since 21 August 1949. For more information, see Threadex","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"The Central Valley from the air, looking south from near Rio Vista, CA.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/California_Central_Valley_Aerial.jpg/220px-California_Central_Valley_Aerial.jpg"},{"image_text":"The valley as seen from Interstate 5, looking south near Derrick Avenue in Fresno County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Interstate_5_Southbound_near_Derrick_Ave.JPG/220px-Interstate_5_Southbound_near_Derrick_Ave.JPG"},{"image_text":"An example of the differences between the geology of the valley floor and that of the rugged hills of the Coast Ranges (Between Tracy and Patterson, CA:Interstate 5)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/I-5_between_Tracy_and_Patterson_CA.jpg/220px-I-5_between_Tracy_and_Patterson_CA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Central Valley seen from space.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Central_Valley_STS040-609-38.jpg/220px-Central_Valley_STS040-609-38.jpg"},{"image_text":"A sandhill crane (Antigone canadensis) in a flooded field in Butte County, California. On their wintering grounds in the Central Valley, sandhill cranes forage primarily on waste grain in corn, rice, and wheat fields.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Sandhill_crane_in_a_flooded_field_in_Butte_County-1850.jpg/220px-Sandhill_crane_in_a_flooded_field_in_Butte_County-1850.jpg"},{"image_text":"Within a long period of groundwater depletion, short periods of recovery were mostly driven by extreme weather events that typically caused flooding and had negative social, environmental and economic consequences.[15]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/1960-_Groundwater_loss_-_depletion_-_Central_Valley_of_California.svg/220px-1960-_Groundwater_loss_-_depletion_-_Central_Valley_of_California.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Tule fog in Kern County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/33/Dense_Tule_fog_in_Bakersfield%2C_California.jpg/220px-Dense_Tule_fog_in_Bakersfield%2C_California.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of regions of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_of_California"},{"title":"Central Valley groundwater pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Valley_groundwater_pollution"},{"title":"Lake Corcoran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Corcoran"},{"title":"Orland Buttes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orland_Buttes"}]
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[{"reference":"\"California Central Valley\". American Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on October 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.amnh.org/explore/curriculum-collections/grace/grace-tracking-water-from-space/california-central-valley","url_text":"\"California Central Valley\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161029043744/http://www.amnh.org/explore/curriculum-collections/grace/grace-tracking-water-from-space/california-central-valley","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Central Valley\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/252254","url_text":"\"Central Valley\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"California's Central Valley: Producing America's Fruits and Vegetables\". House Committee on Natural Resources. Archived from the original on June 23, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150623012337/http://naturalresources.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=368934","url_text":"\"California's Central Valley: Producing America's Fruits and Vegetables\""},{"url":"https://naturalresources.house.gov/News/DocumentSingle.aspx?DocumentID=368934","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Federal Agencies Release Data Showing California Central Valley Idle Farmland Doubling During Drought\". landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov. October 21, 2015. Archived from the original on April 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/?p=11261","url_text":"\"Federal Agencies Release Data Showing California Central Valley Idle Farmland Doubling During Drought\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160410112943/http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/?p=11261","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bittman, Mark (October 10, 2012). \"Everyone Eats There\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 13, 2012. Retrieved October 10, 2012. Central Valley, which is two valleys: the San Joaquin to the south and Sacramento to the north. All told,[ sic] the Central Valley is about 450 miles long, from Bakersfield up to Redding, and is 60 miles at its widest, between the Sierra Nevada to the east and the Coast Ranges to the west.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/14/magazine/californias-central-valley-land-of-a-billion-vegetables.html","url_text":"\"Everyone Eats There\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121013012804/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/14/magazine/californias-central-valley-land-of-a-billion-vegetables.html?hp","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"A Statistical Tour of California's Great Central Valley\". California Research Bureau. California State Library. Archived from the original on May 3, 2009. Retrieved July 27, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.library.ca.gov/crb/97/09/","url_text":"\"A Statistical Tour of California's Great Central Valley\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090503170012/http://www.library.ca.gov/CRB/97/09/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jennings, Joanne Elgart (November 1, 2010). \"California's Central Valley Finds Itself on the Political Map\". PBS Newshour. Archived from the original on January 25, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018. About 6.5 million people live here, making it the state's fastest-growing region, according to the 2010 U.S. Census. Between 1990 and 2009, the population here grew 44 percent (compared with 24 percent growth statewide).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/californias-central-valley-finds-itself-on-the-political-map","url_text":"\"California's Central Valley Finds Itself on the Political Map\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015148/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/californias-central-valley-finds-itself-on-the-political-map","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sewell, Summer (February 8, 2021). \"'This has to end peacefully': California's Punjabi farmers rally behind India protests\". The Guardian. Retrieved November 27, 2022. Community members have also raised funds to support billboards drawing attention to India's protests throughout the Central Valley, where Punjabi is the third-most spoken language, after English and Spanish.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/feb/08/california-indian-farmers-protest-sikh-punjab-yuba-city","url_text":"\"'This has to end peacefully': California's Punjabi farmers rally behind India protests\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Physiographic divisions of the conterminous U. S.\" U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on December 5, 2007. Retrieved December 6, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/physio.xml","url_text":"\"Physiographic divisions of the conterminous U. S.\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071205095639/http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/physio.xml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Benke, Arthur C.; Cushing, Colbert E. (2005). Rivers of North America. Academic Press. p. 554. ISBN 0-12-088253-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/riversofnorthame0000unse/page/554","url_text":"Rivers of North America"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/riversofnorthame0000unse/page/554","url_text":"554"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-088253-1","url_text":"0-12-088253-1"}]},{"reference":"\"California Central Valley grasslands\". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. 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(2019). \"Widespread Initiation, Reactivation, and Acceleration of Landslides in the Northern California Coast Ranges due to Extreme Rainfall\". Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface. 124 (7): 1782–1797. Bibcode:2019JGRF..124.1782H. doi:10.1029/2019JF005035. hdl:10871/39639. ISSN 2169-9011. S2CID 197567643.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2019JF005035","url_text":"\"Widespread Initiation, Reactivation, and Acceleration of Landslides in the Northern California Coast Ranges due to Extreme Rainfall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019JGRF..124.1782H","url_text":"2019JGRF..124.1782H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2019JF005035","url_text":"10.1029/2019JF005035"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F39639","url_text":"10871/39639"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2169-9011","url_text":"2169-9011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:197567643","url_text":"197567643"}]},{"reference":"BERGON, FRANK (August 30, 2019). \"San Joaquin Valley's rich diversity shows America what it is becoming\". Fresno Bee. Archived from the original on September 14, 2019. Retrieved October 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190914082020/https://www.fresnobee.com/opinion/op-ed/article234557757.html","url_text":"\"San Joaquin Valley's rich diversity shows America what it is becoming\""},{"url":"https://www.fresnobee.com/opinion/op-ed/article234557757.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on June 19, 2016. 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Retrieved November 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marketwatch.com/story/what-californias-fading-cotton-crop-in-favor-of-almonds-reveals-about-premium-farmland-and-a-warming-planet-11635862203","url_text":"\"What California's fading cotton crop in favor of almonds reveals about premium farmland and a warming planet\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211102143921/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/what-californias-fading-cotton-crop-in-favor-of-almonds-reveals-about-premium-farmland-and-a-warming-planet-11635862203","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Reilly, Thomas E. (2008). Ground-Water Availability in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1323. Denver, CO: U.S. Geological Survey. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-4113-2183-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4113-2183-0","url_text":"978-1-4113-2183-0"}]},{"reference":"Pollan, Michael (December 16, 2007). \"Our Decrepit Food Factories\". The New York Times magazine. Archived from the original on November 18, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Pollan","url_text":"Pollan, Michael"},{"url":"http://michaelpollan.com/articles-archive/our-decrepit-food-factories/","url_text":"\"Our Decrepit Food Factories\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111118073604/http://michaelpollan.com/articles-archive/our-decrepit-food-factories/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Purdum, Todd S. (September 6, 2000). \"California's Central Valley. Where the Mountains Are Almonds\". The New York Times. Retrieved December 16, 2008. The state's 6,000 growers produce more than 600 million pounds a year, more than 70 percent of the world's supply and virtually 100 percent of domestic production.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/06/dining/national-origins-california-s-central-valley-where-the-mountains-are-almonds.html","url_text":"\"California's Central Valley. Where the Mountains Are Almonds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Production/Crops for almonds with shell\" (database). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Statistics Division, FAOSTAT. 2013. Archived from the original on November 22, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E","url_text":"\"Production/Crops for almonds with shell\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161122053717/http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Parker, Timothy S. (October 27, 2011). \"United States Fact Sheet: US agriculture income population food education employment unemployment federal funds farms top commodities exports counties financial indicators poverty food security farm income Rural Nonmetro Urban Metropolitan America USDA organic Census of Agriculture\". Ers.usda.gov. Archived from the original on June 26, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=00#.VBmjifldXzg","url_text":"\"United States Fact Sheet: US agriculture income population food education employment unemployment federal funds farms top commodities exports counties financial indicators poverty food security farm income Rural Nonmetro Urban Metropolitan America USDA organic Census of Agriculture\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120626232232/http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=00#.VBmjifldXzg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Flores, Christina (March 1, 2011). \"They Rule the Valley: The Story of How Large Central Valley Landholders Became the Primary Beneficiaries of the Central Valley Project\". UC Berkeley.","urls":[{"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7s79r340","url_text":"\"They Rule the Valley: The Story of How Large Central Valley Landholders Became the Primary Beneficiaries of the Central Valley Project\""}]},{"reference":"Pawel, Miriam (2014). The Crusades of Cesar Chavez: A Biography. Bloomsbury Press. ISBN 978-1608197101.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1608197101","url_text":"978-1608197101"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_September_9,_1904
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Solar eclipse of September 9, 1904
|
["1 Related eclipses","1.1 Solar eclipses 1902–1907","1.2 Saros 133","1.3 Inex series","1.4 Tritos series","2 Notes","3 References"]
|
20th-century total solar eclipse
Solar eclipse of September 9, 1904MapType of eclipseNatureTotalGamma−0.1625Magnitude1.0709Maximum eclipseDuration380 sec (6 m 20 s)Coordinates3°42′S 134°30′W / 3.7°S 134.5°W / -3.7; -134.5Max. width of band234 km (145 mi)Times (UTC)Greatest eclipse20:44:21ReferencesSaros133 (39 of 72)Catalog # (SE5000)9291
A total solar eclipse occurred on September 9, 1904. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. Totality was visible from German New Guinea (the part now belonging to Marshall Islands) on September 10 and Chile on September 9.
Related eclipses
Solar eclipses 1902–1907
This eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit.
Solar eclipse series sets from 1902–1907
Descending node
Ascending node
108
April 8, 1902Partial
113
October 1, 1902
118
March 29, 1903Annular
123
September 21, 1903Total
128
March 17, 1904Annular
133
September 9, 1904Total
138
March 6, 1905Annular
143
August 30, 1905Total
148
February 23, 1906Partial
153
August 20, 1906Partial
Saros 133
Solar Saros 133, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, contains 72 events. The series started with a partial solar eclipse on July 13, 1219. It contains annular eclipses from November 20, 1435, through January 13, 1526, with a hybrid eclipse on January 24, 1544. It has total eclipses from February 3, 1562, through June 21, 2373. The series ends at member 72 as a partial eclipse on September 5, 2499. The longest duration of totality was 6 minutes, 49.97 seconds on August 7, 1850. The total eclipses of this saros series are getting shorter and farther south with each iteration. All eclipses in this series occurs at the Moon’s ascending node.
Series members 30–56 occur between 1742 and 2211
30
31
32
June 3, 1742
June 13, 1760
June 24, 1778
33
34
35
July 4, 1796
July 17, 1814
July 27, 1832
36
37
38
August 7, 1850
August 18, 1868
August 29, 1886
39
40
41
September 9, 1904
September 21, 1922
October 1, 1940
42
43
44
October 12, 1958
October 23, 1976
November 3, 1994
45
46
47
November 13, 2012
November 25, 2030
December 5, 2048
48
49
50
December 17, 2066
December 27, 2084
January 8, 2103
51
52
53
January 19, 2121
January 30, 2139
February 9, 2157
54
55
56
February 21, 2175
March 3, 2193
March 15, 2211
Inex series
This eclipse is a part of the long period inex cycle, repeating at alternating nodes, every 358 synodic months (≈ 10,571.95 days, or 29 years minus 20 days). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee). However, groupings of 3 inex cycles (≈ 87 years minus 2 months) comes close (≈ 1,151.02 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.
In the 18th century:
Solar Saros 127: Total Solar Eclipse of 1731 Jan 08
Solar Saros 128: Annular Solar Eclipse of 1759 Dec 19
Solar Saros 129: Annular Solar Eclipse of 1788 Nov 27
Inex series members between 1801 and 2200:
Near lunar perigee
After lunar apogeeBefore lunar perigee
Before lunar apogeeAfter lunar perigee
November 9, 1817(Saros 130)
October 20, 1846(Saros 131)
September 29, 1875(Saros 132)
September 9, 1904(Saros 133)
August 21, 1933(Saros 134)
July 31, 1962(Saros 135)
July 11, 1991(Saros 136)
June 21, 2020(Saros 137)
May 31, 2049(Saros 138)
May 11, 2078(Saros 139)
April 23, 2107(Saros 140)
April 1, 2136(Saros 141)
March 12, 2165(Saros 142)
February 21, 2194(Saros 143)
In the 23rd century:
Solar Saros 144: Annular Solar Eclipse of 2223 Feb 01
Solar Saros 145: Total Solar Eclipse of 2252 Jan 12
Solar Saros 146: Annular Solar Eclipse of 2280 Dec 22
Tritos series
This eclipse is a part of a tritos cycle, repeating at alternating nodes every 135 synodic months (≈ 3986.63 days, or 11 years minus 1 month). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee), but groupings of 3 tritos cycles (≈ 33 years minus 3 months) come close (≈ 434.044 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.
Series members between 1901 and 2100
September 9, 1904(Saros 133)
August 10, 1915(Saros 134)
July 9, 1926(Saros 135)
June 8, 1937(Saros 136)
May 9, 1948(Saros 137)
April 8, 1959(Saros 138)
March 7, 1970(Saros 139)
February 4, 1981(Saros 140)
January 4, 1992(Saros 141)
December 4, 2002(Saros 142)
November 3, 2013(Saros 143)
October 2, 2024(Saros 144)
September 2, 2035(Saros 145)
August 2, 2046(Saros 146)
July 1, 2057(Saros 147)
May 31, 2068(Saros 148)
May 1, 2079(Saros 149)
March 31, 2090(Saros 150)
Notes
^ "To-day's eclipse". Evening Post. Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, England. 1904-09-09. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-10-27 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "SOLAR ECLIPSE". The Hawaiian Star. Honolulu, Hawaii. 1904-09-09. p. 8. Retrieved 2023-10-27 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Solar Eclipse and Earthquake Shock". Altoona Tribune. Altoona, Pennsylvania. 1904-09-10. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-10-27 – via Newspapers.com.
^ van Gent, R.H. "Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present". A Catalogue of Eclipse Cycles. Utrecht University. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
^ http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsaros/SEsaros133.html
References
Earth visibility chart and eclipse statistics Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA/GSFC
Google interactive map
Besselian elements
vteSolar eclipsesLists of eclipsesBy era
Antiquity
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Modern era
16th
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Future
Saros series
110
111
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113
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161
162
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Historical
Mursili's eclipse (1312 BC)
Assyrian eclipse (763 BC)
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Total/hybrid eclipses→ next total/hybrid
1560
1598
1652
1654
1673
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1706
1715
1724
1766
1778
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1816
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1998
1999
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2003
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2006
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2015
2016
2017
2019
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2021
2023
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2100
2114
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2126
2132
2150
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2168
2178
2186
Annular eclipses→ next annular
1820
1854
1879
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1900
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1904
1905
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Jan 2038
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Jan 2168
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Apr 2191
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Partial eclipses→ next partial
Jan 1639
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This solar eclipse–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"solar eclipse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evenin19040909p2-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hawaii19040909p8-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Altoon19040910p1-3"},{"link_name":"solar eclipse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"apparent diameter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_diameter"},{"link_name":"German New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Marshall Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"}],"text":"A total solar eclipse occurred on September 9, 1904.[1][2][3] A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. Totality was visible from German New Guinea (the part now belonging to Marshall Islands) on September 10 and Chile on September 9.","title":"Solar eclipse of September 9, 1904"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Related eclipses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"semester series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_cycle#Eclipse_cycles"},{"link_name":"nodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_node"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Solar eclipses 1902–1907","text":"This eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit.[4]","title":"Related eclipses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Solar Saros 133","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Saros_133"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Saros 133","text":"Solar Saros 133, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, contains 72 events. The series started with a partial solar eclipse on July 13, 1219. It contains annular eclipses from November 20, 1435, through January 13, 1526, with a hybrid eclipse on January 24, 1544. It has total eclipses from February 3, 1562, through June 21, 2373. The series ends at member 72 as a partial eclipse on September 5, 2499. The longest duration of totality was 6 minutes, 49.97 seconds on August 7, 1850.[5] The total eclipses of this saros series are getting shorter and farther south with each iteration. All eclipses in this series occurs at the Moon’s ascending node.","title":"Related eclipses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inex"},{"link_name":"synodic months","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Month#Synodic_month"},{"link_name":"anomalistic month","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Month#Anomalistic_month"}],"sub_title":"Inex series","text":"This eclipse is a part of the long period inex cycle, repeating at alternating nodes, every 358 synodic months (≈ 10,571.95 days, or 29 years minus 20 days). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee). However, groupings of 3 inex cycles (≈ 87 years minus 2 months) comes close (≈ 1,151.02 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.\nIn the 18th century:Solar Saros 127: Total Solar Eclipse of 1731 Jan 08\nSolar Saros 128: Annular Solar Eclipse of 1759 Dec 19\nSolar Saros 129: Annular Solar Eclipse of 1788 Nov 27In the 23rd century:Solar Saros 144: Annular Solar Eclipse of 2223 Feb 01\nSolar Saros 145: Total Solar Eclipse of 2252 Jan 12\nSolar Saros 146: Annular Solar Eclipse of 2280 Dec 22","title":"Related eclipses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tritos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritos"},{"link_name":"synodic months","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Month#Synodic_month"},{"link_name":"anomalistic month","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Month#Anomalistic_month"}],"sub_title":"Tritos series","text":"This eclipse is a part of a tritos cycle, repeating at alternating nodes every 135 synodic months (≈ 3986.63 days, or 11 years minus 1 month). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee), but groupings of 3 tritos cycles (≈ 33 years minus 3 months) come close (≈ 434.044 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.","title":"Related eclipses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Evenin19040909p2_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"To-day's eclipse\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//newspapers.com/article/evening-post-to-days-eclipse/134153570/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hawaii19040909p8_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"SOLAR ECLIPSE\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//newspapers.com/article/the-hawaiian-star-solar-eclipse/134153579/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Altoon19040910p1_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"Solar Eclipse and Earthquake Shock\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//newspapers.com/article/altoona-tribune-solar-eclipse-and-earthq/134153609/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/eclipse/eclipsecycles.htm#Sar%20%28Half%20Saros%29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsaros/SEsaros133.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsaros/SEsaros133.html"}],"text":"^ \"To-day's eclipse\". Evening Post. Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, England. 1904-09-09. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-10-27 – via Newspapers.com.\n\n^ \"SOLAR ECLIPSE\". The Hawaiian Star. Honolulu, Hawaii. 1904-09-09. p. 8. Retrieved 2023-10-27 – via Newspapers.com.\n\n^ \"Solar Eclipse and Earthquake Shock\". Altoona Tribune. Altoona, Pennsylvania. 1904-09-10. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-10-27 – via Newspapers.com.\n\n^ van Gent, R.H. \"Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present\". A Catalogue of Eclipse Cycles. Utrecht University. Retrieved 6 October 2018.\n\n^ http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsaros/SEsaros133.html","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonwood,_Idaho
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Cottonwood, Idaho
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["1 Origins","2 Demographics","2.1 2010 census","2.2 2000 census","3 Geography","3.1 Climate","4 Transportation","4.1 Highways","4.2 Railroad","5 Education","6 Notable people","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
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Coordinates: 46°3′8″N 116°21′2″W / 46.05222°N 116.35056°W / 46.05222; -116.35056
City in the United States
City in Idaho, United StatesCottonwood, IdahoCityLocation of Cottonwood in Idaho County, Idaho.Coordinates: 46°3′8″N 116°21′2″W / 46.05222°N 116.35056°W / 46.05222; -116.35056CountryUnited StatesStateIdahoCountyIdahoArea • Total0.84 sq mi (2.17 km2) • Land0.84 sq mi (2.17 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation3,497 ft (1,066 m)Population (2010) • Total900 • Estimate (2019)940 • Density1,120.38/sq mi (432.45/km2)Time zoneUTC-8 (Pacific (PST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-7 (PDT)ZIP codes83522Area code208FIPS code16-18640GNIS feature ID0372152
Cottonwood is a city in Idaho County, Idaho. On the Camas Prairie in north central Idaho, the population was 900 at the 2010 census, down from 944 in 2000. It is just west of U.S. Route 95, between Grangeville and Lewiston.
Origins
Cottonwood began in 1862 as a series of way station shelters for prospectors and mining suppliers on their way south to Florence and Warrens. It was named for the dense growth of trees that formerly lined Cottonwood Creek.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1910555—19206109.9%1930519−14.9%194067329.7%19506892.4%19601,08156.9%1970867−19.8%19809418.5%1990822−12.6%200094414.8%2010900−4.7%2019 (est.)9404.4%U.S. Decennial Census
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 900 people, 363 households, and 240 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,071.4 inhabitants per square mile (413.7/km2). There were 392 housing units at an average density of 466.7 per square mile (180.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.1% White, 0.9% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.4% from other races, and 0.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.9% of the population.
There were 363 households, of which 31.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.9% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 33.9% were non-families. 28.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.05.
The median age in the city was 43.2 years. 26.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.6% were from 25 to 44; 29% were from 45 to 64; and 18.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.1% male and 51.9% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 944 people, 364 households, and 242 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,136.4 inhabitants per square mile (438.8/km2). There were 398 housing units at an average density of 479.1 per square mile (185.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.99% White, 0.64% Native American, 0.42% Asian, and 0.95% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.42% of the population.
There were 364 households, out of which 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.7% were married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.5% were non-families. 28.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.14.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 29.7% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 24.6% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.2 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $34,167, and the median income for a family was $39,625. Males had a median income of $30,833 versus $20,833 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,003. About 5.8% of families and 10.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.7% of those under age 18 and 6.2% of those age 65 or over.
Geography
The Dog Bark Park Inn, a dog-shaped hotel room in Cottonwood
Cottonwood is located at 46°3′8″N 116°21′2″W / 46.05222°N 116.35056°W / 46.05222; -116.35056 (46.0522, -116.3506). at an elevation of 3,500 feet (1,070 m) above sea level.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.84 square miles (2.18 km2), all of it land.
Cottonwood is home to the Dog Bark Park Inn, a hotel in the shape of a beagle.
Climate
The climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Cottonwood has a marine west coast climate, abbreviated "Cfb" on climate maps.
Climate data for Cottonwood, Idaho (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1976–present)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
60(16)
64(18)
72(22)
83(28)
86(30)
100(38)
100(38)
103(39)
96(36)
87(31)
68(20)
59(15)
103(39)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
37.1(2.8)
40.2(4.6)
47.6(8.7)
53.9(12.2)
63.0(17.2)
69.4(20.8)
80.6(27.0)
81.4(27.4)
72.2(22.3)
57.4(14.1)
43.6(6.4)
35.8(2.1)
56.9(13.8)
Daily mean °F (°C)
30.9(−0.6)
33.3(0.7)
39.0(3.9)
44.5(6.9)
52.6(11.4)
58.7(14.8)
68.3(20.2)
68.6(20.3)
60.4(15.8)
48.0(8.9)
36.8(2.7)
29.7(−1.3)
47.6(8.7)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
24.7(−4.1)
26.3(−3.2)
30.5(−0.8)
35.1(1.7)
42.2(5.7)
48.1(8.9)
56.1(13.4)
55.9(13.3)
48.7(9.3)
38.7(3.7)
29.9(−1.2)
23.6(−4.7)
38.3(3.5)
Record low °F (°C)
−11(−24)
−20(−29)
4(−16)
18(−8)
24(−4)
32(0)
31(−1)
32(0)
25(−4)
8(−13)
−5(−21)
−18(−28)
−20(−29)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
1.81(46)
1.64(42)
2.12(54)
2.67(68)
2.78(71)
2.64(67)
1.16(29)
0.84(21)
1.06(27)
1.77(45)
2.20(56)
1.93(49)
22.62(575)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
16.3(41)
11.0(28)
8.7(22)
1.8(4.6)
0.3(0.76)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.1(0.25)
0.4(1.0)
6.3(16)
16.5(42)
61.4(156)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
12.6
10.9
13.0
14.8
14.8
12.2
5.5
5.2
6.1
11.0
12.9
12.7
131.7
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
8.0
5.4
4.6
1.4
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
3.4
9.5
32.9
Source: NOAA
Transportation
Highways
- US 95 - to Lewiston (north) and Grangeville (south)
The city is just west of U.S. Route 95, the state's main north-south highway, which formerly went through central Cottonwood. It was re-routed in 1976 with the completion of the new bypass, east of the city.
Railroad
The city is the southern terminus of the BG&CM Railroad, a freight line with a northern terminus at Spalding. It runs on the former tracks of the Camas Prairie Railroad, whose second subdivision line continued to Fenn and Grangeville. The last run to Fenn and Grangeville was on November 29, 2000, and those tracks were removed by mid-2003.
Education
The Cottonwood Joint School District #242 operates the public schools, led by Prairie Junior/Senior High School in Cottonwood.
St. John Bosco, a Catholic K-12 School, provides a classical Catholic Education.
Notable people
Don Bies, former professional golfer
Sheryl Nuxoll, state senator
Bobby Watkins, former NFL cornerback
Teel Bruner, Division III college football hall of fame inductee
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cottonwood, Idaho.
Cottonwood Air Force Station (1958–1965)
Cottonwood Butte
List of cities in Idaho
References
^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 9, 2020.
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
^ "Cottonwood, once a miner's stop, is now a farming, cattle center". Lewiston Morning Tribune. October 6, 1955. p. 8.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
^ Climate Summary for Cottonwood, Idaho
^ "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 13, 2023.
^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 13, 2023.
^ "Cottonwood bypass open to U.S. traffic". Lewiston Morning Tribune. July 13, 1976. p. 7A.
^ "Camas Prairie dream out of steam". Moscow-Pullman Daily News. Associated Press. November 30, 2000. p. 2A.
^ Walker, Jodi (December 31, 2000). "Some cracks in the foundation: Last train to Grangeville". Lewiston Morning Tribune. p. 3A.
^ Williams, Elaine (February 17, 2004). "Railroad changing hands". Lewiston Morning Tribune. p. 1A.
^ Williams, Elaine (March 4, 2004). "Railroad changes hands, trains keep on running". Lewiston Morning Tribune. p. 6A.
^ "Prairie Junior/Senior High School". Cottonwood Joint School District #242. Archived from the original on May 3, 2009. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
External links
Cottonwood Chamber of Commerce
vteMunicipalities and communities of Idaho County, Idaho, United StatesCounty seat: GrangevilleCities
Cottonwood
Ferdinand
Grangeville
Kamiah‡
Kooskia
Riggins
Stites
White Bird
Map of Idaho highlighting Idaho CountyCDP
Elk City
Unincorporatedcommunities
Burgdorf
Clearwater
Dixie
Fenn
Golden
Greencreek
Harpster
Lowell
Lucile
Pollock
Syringa
Warren
Ghost towns
Florence
Joseph
Joseph Plains
Mount Idaho
Indian reservation
Nez Perce Reservation‡
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Idaho portal
United States portal
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Idaho County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_County,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho"},{"link_name":"Camas Prairie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camas_prairie#Idaho"},{"link_name":"north central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Central_Idaho"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_95_in_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Grangeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grangeville,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Lewiston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewiston,_Idaho"}],"text":"City in the United StatesCity in Idaho, United StatesCottonwood is a city in Idaho County, Idaho. On the Camas Prairie in north central Idaho, the population was 900 at the 2010 census, down from 944 in 2000. It is just west of U.S. Route 95, between Grangeville and Lewiston.","title":"Cottonwood, Idaho"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Warrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coams-4"}],"text":"Cottonwood began in 1862 as a series of way station shelters for prospectors and mining suppliers on their way south to Florence and Warrens. It was named for the dense growth of trees that formerly lined Cottonwood Creek.[4]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-2"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[2] of 2010, there were 900 people, 363 households, and 240 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,071.4 inhabitants per square mile (413.7/km2). There were 392 housing units at an average density of 466.7 per square mile (180.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.1% White, 0.9% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.4% from other races, and 0.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.9% of the population.There were 363 households, of which 31.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.9% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 33.9% were non-families. 28.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.05.The median age in the city was 43.2 years. 26.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.6% were from 25 to 44; 29% were from 45 to 64; and 18.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.1% male and 51.9% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-6"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[6] of 2000, there were 944 people, 364 households, and 242 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,136.4 inhabitants per square mile (438.8/km2). There were 398 housing units at an average density of 479.1 per square mile (185.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.99% White, 0.64% Native American, 0.42% Asian, and 0.95% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.42% of the population.There were 364 households, out of which 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.7% were married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.5% were non-families. 28.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.14.In the city, the population was spread out, with 29.7% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 24.6% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.2 males.The median income for a household in the city was $34,167, and the median income for a family was $39,625. Males had a median income of $30,833 versus $20,833 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,003. About 5.8% of families and 10.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.7% of those under age 18 and 6.2% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dog_Bark_Park,_Cottonwood,_Idaho.jpg"},{"link_name":"46°3′8″N 116°21′2″W / 46.05222°N 116.35056°W / 46.05222; -116.35056","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cottonwood,_Idaho¶ms=46_3_8_N_116_21_2_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-7"},{"link_name":"elevation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation"},{"link_name":"above sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-8"},{"link_name":"Dog Bark Park Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_Bark_Park_Inn"},{"link_name":"beagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beagle"}],"text":"The Dog Bark Park Inn, a dog-shaped hotel room in CottonwoodCottonwood is located at 46°3′8″N 116°21′2″W / 46.05222°N 116.35056°W / 46.05222; -116.35056 (46.0522, -116.3506).[7] at an elevation of 3,500 feet (1,070 m) above sea level.According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.84 square miles (2.18 km2), all of it land.[8]Cottonwood is home to the Dog Bark Park Inn, a hotel in the shape of a beagle.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen Climate Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification"},{"link_name":"marine west coast climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_west_coast_climate"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOWData-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCEI-11"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"The climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Cottonwood has a marine west coast climate, abbreviated \"Cfb\" on climate maps.[9]Climate data for Cottonwood, Idaho (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1976–present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n60(16)\n\n64(18)\n\n72(22)\n\n83(28)\n\n86(30)\n\n100(38)\n\n100(38)\n\n103(39)\n\n96(36)\n\n87(31)\n\n68(20)\n\n59(15)\n\n103(39)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n37.1(2.8)\n\n40.2(4.6)\n\n47.6(8.7)\n\n53.9(12.2)\n\n63.0(17.2)\n\n69.4(20.8)\n\n80.6(27.0)\n\n81.4(27.4)\n\n72.2(22.3)\n\n57.4(14.1)\n\n43.6(6.4)\n\n35.8(2.1)\n\n56.9(13.8)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n30.9(−0.6)\n\n33.3(0.7)\n\n39.0(3.9)\n\n44.5(6.9)\n\n52.6(11.4)\n\n58.7(14.8)\n\n68.3(20.2)\n\n68.6(20.3)\n\n60.4(15.8)\n\n48.0(8.9)\n\n36.8(2.7)\n\n29.7(−1.3)\n\n47.6(8.7)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n24.7(−4.1)\n\n26.3(−3.2)\n\n30.5(−0.8)\n\n35.1(1.7)\n\n42.2(5.7)\n\n48.1(8.9)\n\n56.1(13.4)\n\n55.9(13.3)\n\n48.7(9.3)\n\n38.7(3.7)\n\n29.9(−1.2)\n\n23.6(−4.7)\n\n38.3(3.5)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−11(−24)\n\n−20(−29)\n\n4(−16)\n\n18(−8)\n\n24(−4)\n\n32(0)\n\n31(−1)\n\n32(0)\n\n25(−4)\n\n8(−13)\n\n−5(−21)\n\n−18(−28)\n\n−20(−29)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n1.81(46)\n\n1.64(42)\n\n2.12(54)\n\n2.67(68)\n\n2.78(71)\n\n2.64(67)\n\n1.16(29)\n\n0.84(21)\n\n1.06(27)\n\n1.77(45)\n\n2.20(56)\n\n1.93(49)\n\n22.62(575)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n16.3(41)\n\n11.0(28)\n\n8.7(22)\n\n1.8(4.6)\n\n0.3(0.76)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.1(0.25)\n\n0.4(1.0)\n\n6.3(16)\n\n16.5(42)\n\n61.4(156)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n12.6\n\n10.9\n\n13.0\n\n14.8\n\n14.8\n\n12.2\n\n5.5\n\n5.2\n\n6.1\n\n11.0\n\n12.9\n\n12.7\n\n131.7\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)\n\n8.0\n\n5.4\n\n4.6\n\n1.4\n\n0.2\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.4\n\n3.4\n\n9.5\n\n32.9\n\n\nSource: NOAA[10][11]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_95.svg"},{"link_name":"US 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_95_in_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Lewiston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewiston,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Grangeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grangeville,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_95_in_Idaho"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cotbyp76-12"}],"sub_title":"Highways","text":"- US 95 - to Lewiston (north) and Grangeville (south)The city is just west of U.S. Route 95, the state's main north-south highway, which formerly went through central Cottonwood. It was re-routed in 1976 with the completion of the new bypass, east of the city.[12]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BG&CM Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BG%26CM_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Spalding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalding,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Camas Prairie Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camas_Prairie_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Fenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenn,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Grangeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grangeville,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpdrmstm-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lrtgrg-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rrchhds04-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trkprng-16"}],"sub_title":"Railroad","text":"The city is the southern terminus of the BG&CM Railroad, a freight line with a northern terminus at Spalding. It runs on the former tracks of the Camas Prairie Railroad, whose second subdivision line continued to Fenn and Grangeville. The last run to Fenn and Grangeville was on November 29, 2000,[13][14] and those tracks were removed by mid-2003.[15][16]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cot242-17"}],"text":"The Cottonwood Joint School District #242 operates the public schools, led by Prairie Junior/Senior High School in Cottonwood.[17]\nSt. John Bosco, a Catholic K-12 School, provides a classical Catholic Education.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Don Bies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Bies"},{"link_name":"professional golfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"Sheryl Nuxoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheryl_Nuxoll"},{"link_name":"Bobby Watkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Watkins_(cornerback)"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Teel Bruner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teel_Bruner"},{"link_name":"Division III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_Division_III_football_programs"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"}],"text":"Don Bies, former professional golfer\nSheryl Nuxoll, state senator\nBobby Watkins, former NFL cornerback\nTeel Bruner, Division III college football hall of fame inductee","title":"Notable people"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The Dog Bark Park Inn, a dog-shaped hotel room in Cottonwood","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dog_Bark_Park%2C_Cottonwood%2C_Idaho.jpg/220px-Dog_Bark_Park%2C_Cottonwood%2C_Idaho.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Idaho highlighting Idaho County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Map_of_Idaho_highlighting_Idaho_County.svg/48px-Map_of_Idaho_highlighting_Idaho_County.svg.png"}]
|
[{"title":"Cottonwood, Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cottonwood,_Idaho"},{"title":"Cottonwood Air Force Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonwood_Air_Force_Station"},{"title":"Cottonwood Butte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonwood_Butte"},{"title":"List of cities in Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Idaho"}]
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[{"reference":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_16.txt","url_text":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html","url_text":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cottonwood, once a miner's stop, is now a farming, cattle center\". Lewiston Morning Tribune. October 6, 1955. p. 8.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JLpeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mjAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1056%2C749348","url_text":"\"Cottonwood, once a miner's stop, is now a farming, cattle center\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120702145235/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=mso","url_text":"\"NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00102159&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL","url_text":"\"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cottonwood bypass open to U.S. traffic\". Lewiston Morning Tribune. July 13, 1976. p. 7A.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pIFfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=eDAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5178,3670219","url_text":"\"Cottonwood bypass open to U.S. traffic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Camas Prairie dream out of steam\". Moscow-Pullman Daily News. Associated Press. November 30, 2000. p. 2A.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oMYjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MdEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1412,3889542","url_text":"\"Camas Prairie dream out of steam\""}]},{"reference":"Walker, Jodi (December 31, 2000). \"Some cracks in the foundation: Last train to Grangeville\". Lewiston Morning Tribune. p. 3A.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=D6xeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uS4MAAAAIBAJ&pg=6006,4116844","url_text":"\"Some cracks in the foundation: Last train to Grangeville\""}]},{"reference":"Williams, Elaine (February 17, 2004). \"Railroad changing hands\". Lewiston Morning Tribune. p. 1A.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bs9eAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BjMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2559,178669","url_text":"\"Railroad changing hands\""}]},{"reference":"Williams, Elaine (March 4, 2004). \"Railroad changes hands, trains keep on running\". Lewiston Morning Tribune. p. 6A.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=98NeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yDEMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2602,805813","url_text":"\"Railroad changes hands, trains keep on running\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prairie Junior/Senior High School\". Cottonwood Joint School District #242. Archived from the original on May 3, 2009. Retrieved November 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090503181701/http://www.sd242.k12.id.us/phs.html","url_text":"\"Prairie Junior/Senior High School\""},{"url":"http://www.sd242.k12.id.us/phs.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haugesund_Airport,_Karm%C3%B8y
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Haugesund Airport
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["1 History","1.1 Construction","1.2 Early operations","1.3 Competition and runway extension","2 Facilities","3 Airlines and destinations","4 Statistics","5 Ground transport","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]
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Coordinates: 59°20′36″N 005°12′45″E / 59.34333°N 5.21250°E / 59.34333; 5.21250Airport in Helganes, KarmøyHaugesund AirportHaugesund lufthavnIATA: HAUICAO: ENHDSummaryAirport typePublicOperatorLufthavndrift ASServesHaugesund, NorwayLocationHelganes, KarmøyElevation AMSL27 m / 87 ftCoordinates59°20′36″N 005°12′45″E / 59.34333°N 5.21250°E / 59.34333; 5.21250Websiteflyhau.noMapHAURunways
Direction
Length
Surface
m
ft
13/31
2,120
6,955
Asphalt
Statistics (2014)Passengers694,005Aircraft movements10,265Cargo (tonnes)234Source:
Haugesund Airport (Norwegian: Haugesund lufthavn; IATA: HAU, ICAO: ENHD) is an international airport serving the Haugaland region in Norway. It is located just outside the town of Haugesund on the Helganes peninsula on the island of Karmøy in the municipality of Karmøy, Rogaland county, Norway. The airport features a 2,120-meter (6,960 ft) runway aligned 13/31. Scandinavian Airlines (SAS) and Norwegian Air Shuttle provide services to Oslo. Haugesund Airport also offers discounts on international routes and has some service from low-cost carriers. The airport handled 694,005 passengers in 2014.
The airport opened on 8 April 1975. In addition to SAS flights to the capital, the airport has variously seen services by Nordsjøfly, Braathens SAFE, Busy Bee, Coast Aero Center, Coast Air Norwegian and SAS Commuter to smaller domestic destinations. A new international terminal opened in 1989. Except occasional routes to Aberdeen, regular international flights commenced in 1998. Ryanair started services in 2003, after which the runway was extended 400 meters (1,300 ft).
History
Construction
Two water aerodromes served Haugesund before the opening of the airport at Helganes. Haugesund Naval Air Station was in use by the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service from 1918 to 1919. Haugesund Airport, Storesundsskjær was taken into use in 1936 and served various coastal seaplane services operated by Widerøe, Norwegian Air Lines and West Norway Airlines until its closing in 1956.
The opening of Bergen Airport, Flesland in 1956 caused the coastal seaplane services to be terminated. Haugesund Municipality preemptively started working with plans for a land airport ahead of this. With Storesundsskjær closed, the townspeople had to travel to Stavanger Airport, Sola to catch an aircraft. A proposed feeder service was rejected and the municipal council instead asked that the state grants be used to help fund a land airport. An inter-municipal commission was established in 1954, which in November 1956 recommended that Utvik in Avaldsnes in today's Karmøy be selected as a site for a regional airport with a 600-meter (2,000 ft) runway. This led to Haugesund Municipality spending NOK 1.1 million in 1959 to buy a suitable lot there.
The 1962 state commission led by Preben Munthe recommended in a 1965 white paper that Haugesund receive an airport. It prioritized Haugesund second—after the completion of Harstad/Narvik Airport, Evenes and Kristiansund Airport, Kvernberget—and parallel with proposed airports in Leknes and Sandnessjøen. This led to a new debate about the location of an airport for Haugesund. The main concern with Utvik was that it would occupy agricultural land. Twenty-three other locations were considered by a local commission, including sites in Sveio, Tysvær and southern Karmøy. They found Utvik and Sør-Karmøyheia to be the most suitable. The Civil Aviation Administration (later renamed Avinor) considered those places and also looked into Kongsheiene. These sites limited the runway length to 1,800 and 1,600 meters (5,900 and 5,200 ft), respectively. Karmøy Municipal Council rejected the Utvik alternative in May 1966 of concern to farmland.
At this time Helganes was launched as a proposal by its land-owner. This proposal was followed up and ultimately chosen by the authorities. Parliament approved the airport on 2 June 1972. Prior to this the inter-municipal commission had bought the land and built water, power and sewer lines to the site, costing NOK 20 million. Construction commenced in 1973 and took thirteen months, costing 65 million kr. The small lake Tyviktjønn was drained in the process, and the airport received a runway measuring 1,720 by 45 meters (5,643 by 148 ft). The first landing was a Convair Metropolitan on 22 November 1974 operated by the CAA to test the navigational aids. The official opening took place on 8 April 1975.
Early operations
The route concessions were split between Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) and Braathens SAFE. The former was allowed to fly the route to Oslo Airport, Fornebu, while the latter was permitted to fly to Bergen and Stavanger. Braathens chose to not operate this concession. Two airlines were established at the airport in 1975: Coast Aero Center and Nordsjøfly. These both started various air taxi services.
Nordsjøfly commenced a services between Stavanger, Haugesund and Bergen in 1976. They flew three times daily to Bergen and twice daily to Stavanger, while SAS flew twice daily to Oslo. From 1979 this increased to three daily flights. In the first years the opening hours were a contended issue as the airport was closed in the middle of the day and late evenings. From 27 December 1976 a third shift was introduced, significantly increasing the airport's operational hours. The general aviation and mostly helicopter operator Fonnafly established an office at the airport the following year.
The airport opened with an instrument landing system, but only runway 13 had a localizer. This was changed in 1978, when a localizer from runway 31 was also installed. There was a political discussion about Helilift establishing an offshore helicopter terminal at Haugesund Airport, to compete with Helikopter Service which at the time was operating out of Stavanger Airport, Forus. However, the government found that there was no need for such a base.
By 1981 all the airlines at the airport were losing money. The third departure to Oslo did not generate sufficient patronage, and after threatening to terminate the extra flight, SAS introduced a surcharge on all Haugesund tickets to covers its NOK 3 million per year deficit on the route. Also Nordsjøfly was struggling, and was bought by Norving in 1981. It made an interlining agreement with KLM which allowed passengers to fly from Haugesund via Stavanger to Amsterdam for the same prices as from Stavanger. Similar agreements were soon struck with other international airlines operating out of Stavanger. After only being allowed to carry a maximum of nine passengers, Norsjøfly was from then allowed to operate the larger 19-passenger Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner.
Fokker 50 at Haugesund Airport
Nordsjøfly operated with a loss every year. The airline was therefore liquidated in 1982 and the assets transferred to Norving and the Haugesund base was taken over by Norving. By then patronage was sufficient that SAS replaced its smaller Douglas DC-9-21s with the larger, 122 passenger DC-9-41s. Braathens SAFE, through its regional affiliate Busy Bee, started operated a route from Stavanger via Haugesund to Bergen in 1984, using a 44-passenger Fokker F-27 in competition with Norving. Statoil contracted Helicopter Service to operate helicopter flights to a platform on Statpipe from Karmøy. SAS introduced a fourth service in 1984, using a F-27.
The airport expanded its opening hours from 1985 when a fourth shift was hired. Coast Aero Center established the first scheduled international service in 1986, with a direct service to Aberdeen Airport using a 15-passenger Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante. The route was soon terminated as it used a full crew shift and aircraft to make only one round trip per day.
Norving closed its base at Haugesund in November, as it gradually terminated its operations in Southern Norway due to financial difficulties. Coast Aero Center went bankrupt in 1988, but the assets were used to establish a new airline, Coast Air. It commenced services to Stavanger with de Havilland Canada Twin Otters from 1989. The airport started work on a new international terminal in 1987, allowing it to open on 18 July 1988. It included a duty-free shop and was built to serve one weekly, seasonal inclusive tour flight to Palma de Mallorca Airport. The following year the tour operators canceled all charter services from Haugesund.
Air Stord was established at Haugesund Airport in 1990. They bought Norving's former hangar, but after a buy-out instead chose to operate out of near-by Stord Airport, Sørstokken instead. Busy Bee went bankrupt in 1992 and Braathens' regional routes were allocated to Norwegian Air Shuttle, who operated with Fokker 50s. Coast Air commenced two scheduled services from Haugesund in 1994. One was to Bergen and Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik, the other flew to Fagernes Airport, Leirin and onwards to Oslo. From 9 to 13 July 1995 the runway was re-asphalted, during which time the airport was closed.
Competition and runway extension
The aviation club shut down in 1996 after financial difficulties for many years. The Fagernes route was terminated the same year when Coast Air lost the tender to operate it. Instead they opened a service to Aberdeen from 1997.
The aviation market in Norway was deregulated from 1 April 1994, but not until the 1998 opening of Oslo Airport, Gardermoen were there sufficient slots available at the capital airport for Braathens to introduce routes to Haugesund. This took place on 25 October 1998 with five daily services. SAS increased their daily services from five to six. On top of this, Coast Air commenced flights to Sandefjord Airport, Torp a few days a week. From November Sun-Air followed up with three weekly services to Billund Airport in Denmark. SAS established two daily services to Copenhagen Airport from early 1999 with a Fokker 50. However, without a morning departure it had little patronage as it was faster to reach the Danish capital via Oslo. SAS thus terminated the service after a year, as did Sun-Air to Billund.
A committee was established in 1995 to look into the possibility of lengthening the runway. The initial reasoning was to serve long-haul fish export aircraft. With the introduction of McDonnell Douglas MD-80 aircraft, SAS oftentimes could not operate them at their maximum take-off weight. This sometimes meant that not all seats could be sold. Therefore, SAS continued to use DC-9s on as many departures as possible out of Haugesund. The main concern was not the cost incurred by lengthening the runway per ce, but rather that building past a decarled distance of 1,600 meters (5,200 ft) would cause the shoulders to have to be expanded from 75 to 150 meters (246 to 492 ft). Three investment groups offered to buy the airport and make it a "gateway" to Western Norway. The CAA had meetings with Wiggins, but stated that no Norwegian airports were for sale. Wiggins instead proposed a lease where they would invest NOK 630 million in the aerodrome, including a hotel complex.
The increased number of flights caused expansion of the terminal, which opened in September 1999. However, after failing to make money on the new route, Braathens pulled out of the Oslo service in November 1999. Braathens reduced its services to Bergen in January 2000, after which Coast Air responded by increasing its services. However, the airline closed the Aberdeen route the following year.
Coast Air started its first head-on competition with Scandinavian Airlines on 2 June 2003. Using the ATR 42, it introduced two daily services from Haugesund to Oslo. By September this had increased to three, and tickets were selling as low as NOK 500. SAS responded with a 22-percent cut in ticket prices. Coast Air lost NOK 11 million on the price war during 2003, and was ultimately forced to withdraw from the route in May 2004. The case was investigated by the Norwegian Competition Authority based on accusations of SAS carrying out illegal price dumping on the route. They issued a fine of NOK 20 million, but the case ended in Oslo District Court, where Scandinavian Airlines was acquitted. Though initially appealed by the authority, the matter was settled out-of-court in December 2007, in which the airline agreed that they had broken the law, but that since it took place immediately the act came into power, they would not have to pay the fine.
SAS Commuter took over Norwegian Air Shuttle's services from 1 April 2003. Inclusive tour charters commenced again in 2004, after a fourteen-year drought. Braathens and SAS merged to create SAS Braathens in May 2004, with the new airline taking over the Oslo route. It passed on the Scandinavian Airlines in 2007.
Parliament decided that five Avinor airports would be allowed to issue ninety percent discount on take-off charges on international routes. This accounted in 2004 to NOK 4,800 per flight for a Boeing 737-200. However, they still had to pay full terminal, security and air navigation service charges. This allowed Haugesund to establish itself as a "low-cost" airport for low-cost carriers. Ryanair started looking at Haugesund as a destination in 2002, hoping to serve both Rogaland and Hordaland from one airport. However, they demanded that the runway be lengthened if they were to use Karmøy. It launched its inaugural daily route to London Stansted Airport on 30 April 2003. By using the smaller Boeing 737-200 aircraft the airline could as an interim solution get by with the short runway—the shortest of any airport served by the airline.
To finance the longer runway, the inter-municipal power company Haugaland Kraft established Lufthavnutvikling to finance the construction. In exchange, they were given a portion of the revenue from increased traffic. Clearing started in 2002 and construction began in mid-2003. The runway was lengthened by 400 meters (1,300 ft) to a length of 2,120 meters (6,960 ft) and declared lengths of 2,000 meters (6,600 ft). This allowed both Ryanair and SAS, as well as any charter operators, to operate a fully loaded Boeing 737-800. The expansion cost NOK 90 million and the agreement had a duration for fifteen years, during which time the company received a percentage of revenue from duty-free and parking generated from international services. Lufthavnutvikling was privatized in 2006 and by 2014 there was a controversy regarding the legality of the agreement, following changes to European Union regulations regarding airport subsidies. Further extension of the runway is difficult since the shoreline is at the northwest end of the runway while the flight path to the southeast passes over a water tower that is currently just clear the required safety margins.
Ryanair introduced its second service, to Bremen Airport in Germany, on 4 June 2007. Meanwhile, Coast Air introduced direct services from Haugesund to Copenhagen. The company filed for bankruptcy on 23 January 2008. In the wake, Widerøe commenced a twice-daily service to Copenhagen starting on 30 March 2008. Patronage was too low and the route was terminated by the end of the year. Norwegian returned to Haugesund on 19 August 2009 with three daily services to Oslo.
SAS Commuter's route to Bergen was taken over by Widerøe in 2010, but closed in October 2016 due to fee rises and lack of demand. The airline resumed the Copenhagen route on 30 October 2011, operating a single daily round trip. Ryanair expanded its portfolio from 27 March 2012 with seasonal routes to Palma de Mallorca, Alicante Airport and Pisa Airport. Wizz Air introduced services to Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport from 4 April.
Facilities
The airport is situated on the peninsula of Helganes in Karmøy. The airport features a terminal building with a domestic and international departure hall, residing at a reference elevation of 27 metres (89 ft) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 13/31 with an asphalt surface measuring 2,120 by 45 meters (6,955 ft × 148 ft). It has a takeoff run available (TORA) of 2,060 meters (6,760 ft) and a landing distance available (LDA) of 2,000 meters (6,600 ft). The airport is equipped with an instrument landing system and category 7 fire and rescue service.
Airlines and destinations
Scandinavian Airlines, mostly with A320-family aircraft and Norwegian Air Shuttle with Boeing 737 aircraft both operate daily services to Oslo. Wizz Air operates several weekly services to Gdańsk. Ryanair ended all its flights to Haugesund after its agreement expired in October 2022, its seasonal summer routes to Malaga and Alicante are to be operated by Norwegian from 2023. Operation of the airport ran at a deficit of 20 million kr in 2012. Haugesund Airport served 694,005 passengers, 10,265 aircraft movements and handled 234 tonnes of cargo. This makes Haugesund the eleventh-busiest airport in the country.
AirlinesDestinations Norwegian Air Shuttle Alicante, Oslo Seasonal: Málaga
Scandinavian Airlines Oslo Seasonal Charter: Chania, Gran Canaria, Palma de Mallorca
Widerøe Bergen
Wizz Air Gdańsk
Statistics
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Annual passenger traffic at HAU airport.
See Wikidata query.
Ground transport
The airport is situated at the terminus of European Road E134, between fifteen and twenty minutes drive from the town center of Haugesund. There is parking for 1,200 cars at the airport; taxis and car rental is also available.
Tide Buss operates an airport coach service to the town center. NOR-WAY Bussekspress runs its Bergen to Stavanger coach service, Kystbussen, via Haugesund Airport in connection with Ryanair's flights. Travel time to Stavanger is 1:40 hours and to Bergen 3:00 hours. Both involve a ferry ride.
References
^ a b c "ENHD – Haugesund/Karmøy" (PDF). Aeronautical Information Publication Norway. Avinor. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
^ a b "Månedsrapport" (XLS). Avinor. 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
^ "IATA Airport Code Search (HAU: Haugesund / Karmoy)". International Air Transport Association. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
^ Hafstad: 40
^ Reitan: 11–15
^ Reitan: 15
^ Reitan: 16
^ Gynnild, Olav (2009). "Flyplassenes og flytrafikkens historie". Kulturminner på norske lufthavner – Landsverneplan for Avinor (in Norwegian). Avinor. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
^ a b Reitan: 17
^ Reitan: 23
^ Reitan: 24
^ Reitan: 107
^ Reitan: 25
^ Reitan: 27
^ Reitan: 60
^ Reitan: 39
^ Melling: 142
^ Reitan: 41
^ a b Reitan: 45
^ Reitan: 40
^ Reitan: 42
^ Reitan: 46
^ Reitan: 51
^ Reitan: 57
^ Melling: 181
^ Reitan: 61
^ Reitan: 65
^ Melling: 197
^ Melling: 63
^ Melling: 223
^ Reitan: 75
^ Reitan: 81
^ Reitan: 82
^ Melling: 282
^ Reitan: 84
^ Reitan: 90
^ Reitan: 83
^ a b Reitan: 87
^ Reitan: 89
^ Reitan: 94
^ "Norwegian Air Shuttle på ruinene etter Busy Bee" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 27 January 1993.
^ Reitan: 102
^ Reitan: 105–107
^ Reitan: 113
^ "Teddy Air får enerett på Fagernes-ruter" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 14 June 1996.
^ Fonbæk, Dag; Skogseth, Arne (22 February 1996). "Rekordmange nye flyruter". Verdens Gang (in Norwegian).
^ "Coast Air legger ned på Kjevik" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 4 January 2000.
^ a b Reitan: 123
^ a b c Reitan: 125
^ Reitan: 130
^ Reitan: 109
^ Reitan: 115
^ Reitan: 117
^ Reitan: 119
^ Lillesund, Geir (27 October 1999). "Braathens reduserer – og SAS følger etter" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency.
^ Mala, Sverre Olden (25 November 2000). "Vurderer ruter på Røros og Bergen". Haugesunds Avis (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 8 March 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
^ Valderhaug, Rune (16 August 2001). "Skal fly direkte Bergen-Aberdeen". Bergens Tidende (in Norwegian).
^ "Coast Air flyr til Oslo". Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (in Norwegian). 9 April 2003. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
^ "Konkurrerer med SAS". Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (in Norwegian). 8 September 2003. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
^ "SAS inn i priskrigen på Haugesund Lufthavn". Boarding.no (in Norwegian). 8 October 2003. Archived from the original on 26 October 2007. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
^ Bleivik, Gaute-Håkon (11 August 2003). "I rettssak om femte ferieuke". Haugesunds Avis (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 4 November 2003. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
^ Meyer, Henrik D. (28 April 2004). "Reddet med et nødskrik". Dagens Næringsliv (in Norwegian). Retrieved 29 January 2009.
^ "Undersøker underprising ved flere SAS-ruter" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 8 December 2004.
^ "SAS Braathens varslet om "gebyr" for underprising". Boarding.no (in Norwegian). 8 December 2004. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
^ Klungtveit, Harald S. (28 July 2006). "SAS vant ankesak om priskrig". Dagbladet (in Norwegian). Retrieved 29 January 2009.
^ "Forlik mellom Konkurransetilsynet og SAS" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 12 December 2007.
^ "SAS skal fly langs Vestlands-kysten". Bergens Tidende (in Norwegian). 29 March 2003. p. 40.
^ Reitan: 141
^ Lillesund, Geir (10 March 2004). "Lindegaard: – Vi plukker det beste fra SAS og Braathens" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. p. 24.
^ Reitan: 138
^ Reitan: 135
^ Reitan: 136
^ Førde, Thomas (20 November 2003). "Haugesund: Ukjent prislapp for større flyplass". Stavanger Aftenblad (in Norwegian). p. 6.
^ Ringodd, Hans Inge (8 January 2015). "– Avinor mener samarbeidsavtalen for Helganes er ulovlig". Haugesunds Avis (in Norwegian). p. 6.
^ Carlsen jr, Victor (13 January 2015). "Har noen forlovet seg?". Haugesunds Avis (in Norwegian). p. 12.
^ Meling, Jan Vidar (28 March 2012). "Vanntårn hindrer forlengelse" (in Norwegian). TV Haugaland. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
^ "Ryanair med ny direkterute til Bremen". Stavanger Aftenblad (in Norwegian). 27 March 2008. p. 22.
^ Frøkedal, Arne (22 May 2007). "To daglege ruter til København". Haugesunds Avis (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
^ Ruud, Hans-Martin Thømt (23 January 2008). "Coast Air konkurs". Dagbladet (in Norwegian). Retrieved 29 January 2009.
^ "Nye flyruter til Købehavn" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 28 March 2008.
^ a b "Haugesund får ny København-rute". Stavanger Aftenblad (in Norwegian). 10 August 2011. p. 9.
^ "Norwegian med ny rute til Haugesund". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 12 June 2009. p. 2.
^ "Widerøe vil overta for SAS på Vestlandskysten". Adresseavisen (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 15 February 2010. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
^ Meling, Jarl Vidar (22 September 2016). "Bergensruten legges ned". Karmøynytt (in Norwegian). Retrieved 20 December 2016.
^ "Ryanair gjenopptar flyginger". Stavanger Aftenblad (in Norwegian). 15 December 2011. p. 25.
^ "Nye direkte-ruter". Kvinnheringen (in Norwegian). 30 March 2012. p. 2.
^ Solberg, Egil M. (7 October 2022). "Norwegian overtar for Ryanair" . Radio Haugaland (in Norwegian). Retrieved 10 February 2022.
^ Riise, Ivar Lid (2 April 2013). "Kun 7 av 46 flyplasser gikk med overskudd i 2012" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
^ a b "Norwegian Adds New Routes From Haugesund in NS23". AeroRoutes.
^ "HAUGESUND AIRPORT – CHANIA". avinor.no. 5 July 2018. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
^ "Reiser med Ving | Opplev effekten av en skikkelig bra ferie!". Ving NO.
^ a b c "To and from the airport". Avinor. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
^ Reitan: 139
^ Sandersen, Knut E. (24 July 2012). "Flybuss bare til Ryanair". Haugesunds Avis (in Norwegian). Retrieved 27 July 2013.
Bibliography
Hafstad, Bjørn; Arheim, Tom (2003). Marinens flygevåpen 1912–1944 (in Norwegian). TankeStreken. ISBN 82-993535-1-3.
Melling, Kjersti (2009). Nordavind fra alle kanter (in Norwegian). Oslo: Pilotforlaget.
Reitan, Sverre Utne (2003). Luftfarten på Haugalandet fra 1914 til 2004 (in Norwegian). Karmøy: Eget Forlag.
External links
Media related to Haugesund Airport, Karmøy at Wikimedia Commons
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"international airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_airport"},{"link_name":"Haugaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haugaland"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"town of Haugesund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haugesund_(town)"},{"link_name":"Karmøy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karm%C3%B8y_(island)"},{"link_name":"Karmøy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karm%C3%B8y"},{"link_name":"Rogaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogaland"},{"link_name":"Scandinavian Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Air Shuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Air_Shuttle"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"low-cost carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-cost_carrier"},{"link_name":"Nordsjøfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordsj%C3%B8fly"},{"link_name":"Braathens SAFE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braathens_SAFE"},{"link_name":"Busy Bee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busy_Bee"},{"link_name":"Coast Aero Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Aero_Center"},{"link_name":"Coast Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Air"},{"link_name":"SAS Commuter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAS_Commuter"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen"}],"text":"Airport in Helganes, KarmøyHaugesund Airport (Norwegian: Haugesund lufthavn; IATA: HAU, ICAO: ENHD) is an international airport serving the Haugaland region in Norway. It is located just outside the town of Haugesund on the Helganes peninsula on the island of Karmøy in the municipality of Karmøy, Rogaland county, Norway. The airport features a 2,120-meter (6,960 ft) runway aligned 13/31. Scandinavian Airlines (SAS) and Norwegian Air Shuttle provide services to Oslo. Haugesund Airport also offers discounts on international routes and has some service from low-cost carriers. The airport handled 694,005 passengers in 2014.The airport opened on 8 April 1975. In addition to SAS flights to the capital, the airport has variously seen services by Nordsjøfly, Braathens SAFE, Busy Bee, Coast Aero Center, Coast Air Norwegian and SAS Commuter to smaller domestic destinations. A new international terminal opened in 1989. Except occasional routes to Aberdeen, regular international flights commenced in 1998. Ryanair started services in 2003, after which the runway was extended 400 meters (1,300 ft).","title":"Haugesund Airport"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"water aerodromes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_aerodrome"},{"link_name":"Haugesund Naval Air Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haugesund_Naval_Air_Station"},{"link_name":"Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Navy_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Haugesund Airport, Storesundsskjær","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haugesund_Airport,_Storesundsskj%C3%A6r"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Air Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Air_Lines"},{"link_name":"West Norway Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Norway_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bergen Airport, Flesland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_Airport,_Flesland"},{"link_name":"Stavanger Airport, Sola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavanger_Airport,_Sola"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Avaldsnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaldsnes"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Preben Munthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preben_Munthe"},{"link_name":"white paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_paper"},{"link_name":"Harstad/Narvik Airport, Evenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harstad/Narvik_Airport,_Evenes"},{"link_name":"Kristiansund Airport, Kvernberget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansund_Airport,_Kvernberget"},{"link_name":"Leknes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leknes"},{"link_name":"Sandnessjøen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandnessj%C3%B8en"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gynnild-8"},{"link_name":"Sveio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveio"},{"link_name":"Tysvær","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysv%C3%A6r"},{"link_name":"Civil Aviation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avinor"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r17-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r17-9"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Convair Metropolitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair_Metropolitan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Construction","text":"Two water aerodromes served Haugesund before the opening of the airport at Helganes. Haugesund Naval Air Station was in use by the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service from 1918 to 1919.[4] Haugesund Airport, Storesundsskjær was taken into use in 1936 and served various coastal seaplane services operated by Widerøe, Norwegian Air Lines and West Norway Airlines until its closing in 1956.[5]The opening of Bergen Airport, Flesland in 1956 caused the coastal seaplane services to be terminated. Haugesund Municipality preemptively started working with plans for a land airport ahead of this. With Storesundsskjær closed, the townspeople had to travel to Stavanger Airport, Sola to catch an aircraft. A proposed feeder service was rejected and the municipal council instead asked that the state grants be used to help fund a land airport.[6] An inter-municipal commission was established in 1954, which in November 1956 recommended that Utvik in Avaldsnes in today's Karmøy be selected as a site for a regional airport with a 600-meter (2,000 ft) runway. This led to Haugesund Municipality spending NOK 1.1 million in 1959 to buy a suitable lot there.[7]The 1962 state commission led by Preben Munthe recommended in a 1965 white paper that Haugesund receive an airport. It prioritized Haugesund second—after the completion of Harstad/Narvik Airport, Evenes and Kristiansund Airport, Kvernberget—and parallel with proposed airports in Leknes and Sandnessjøen.[8] This led to a new debate about the location of an airport for Haugesund. The main concern with Utvik was that it would occupy agricultural land. Twenty-three other locations were considered by a local commission, including sites in Sveio, Tysvær and southern Karmøy. They found Utvik and Sør-Karmøyheia to be the most suitable. The Civil Aviation Administration (later renamed Avinor) considered those places and also looked into Kongsheiene. These sites limited the runway length to 1,800 and 1,600 meters (5,900 and 5,200 ft), respectively. Karmøy Municipal Council rejected the Utvik alternative in May 1966 of concern to farmland.[9]At this time Helganes was launched as a proposal by its land-owner.[9] This proposal was followed up and ultimately chosen by the authorities. Parliament approved the airport on 2 June 1972.[10] Prior to this the inter-municipal commission had bought the land and built water, power and sewer lines to the site, costing NOK 20 million. Construction commenced in 1973 and took thirteen months, costing 65 million kr. The small lake Tyviktjønn was drained in the process,[11] and the airport received a runway measuring 1,720 by 45 meters (5,643 by 148 ft).[12] The first landing was a Convair Metropolitan on 22 November 1974 operated by the CAA to test the navigational aids.[13] The official opening took place on 8 April 1975.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scandinavian Airlines System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_Airlines_System"},{"link_name":"Braathens SAFE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braathens_SAFE"},{"link_name":"Oslo Airport, Fornebu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_Airport,_Fornebu"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Coast Aero Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Aero_Center"},{"link_name":"Nordsjøfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordsj%C3%B8fly"},{"link_name":"air taxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_taxi"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r45-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r45-19"},{"link_name":"instrument landing system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_landing_system"},{"link_name":"localizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localizer"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Helikopter Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helikopter_Service"},{"link_name":"Stavanger Airport, Forus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavanger_Airport,_Forus"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Norving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norving"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"KLM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLM"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_Swearingen_Metroliner"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Propellfly_(2369042155).jpg"},{"link_name":"Fokker 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_50"},{"link_name":"liquidated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidated"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-9-21s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Busy Bee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busy_Bee"},{"link_name":"Fokker F-27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_F-27"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Statoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statoil"},{"link_name":"Statpipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statpipe"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Airport"},{"link_name":"Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer_EMB_110_Bandeirante"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Coast Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Air"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Canada Twin Otters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_Twin_Otter"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"duty-free shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty-free_shop"},{"link_name":"inclusive tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusive_tour"},{"link_name":"Palma de Mallorca Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca_Airport"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r87-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Air Stord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Stord"},{"link_name":"Stord Airport, Sørstokken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stord_Airport,_S%C3%B8rstokken"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Air Shuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Air_Shuttle"},{"link_name":"Fokker 50s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_50"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand_Airport,_Kjevik"},{"link_name":"Fagernes Airport, Leirin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagernes_Airport,_Leirin"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Early operations","text":"The route concessions were split between Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) and Braathens SAFE. The former was allowed to fly the route to Oslo Airport, Fornebu, while the latter was permitted to fly to Bergen and Stavanger. Braathens chose to not operate this concession.[15] Two airlines were established at the airport in 1975: Coast Aero Center and Nordsjøfly. These both started various air taxi services. [16]Nordsjøfly commenced a services between Stavanger, Haugesund and Bergen in 1976.[17] They flew three times daily to Bergen and twice daily to Stavanger, while SAS flew twice daily to Oslo.[18] From 1979 this increased to three daily flights.[19] In the first years the opening hours were a contended issue as the airport was closed in the middle of the day and late evenings.[20] From 27 December 1976 a third shift was introduced, significantly increasing the airport's operational hours.[21] The general aviation and mostly helicopter operator Fonnafly established an office at the airport the following year.[19]The airport opened with an instrument landing system, but only runway 13 had a localizer. This was changed in 1978, when a localizer from runway 31 was also installed.[22] There was a political discussion about Helilift establishing an offshore helicopter terminal at Haugesund Airport, to compete with Helikopter Service which at the time was operating out of Stavanger Airport, Forus. However, the government found that there was no need for such a base.[23]By 1981 all the airlines at the airport were losing money. The third departure to Oslo did not generate sufficient patronage, and after threatening to terminate the extra flight, SAS introduced a surcharge on all Haugesund tickets to covers its NOK 3 million per year deficit on the route.[24] Also Nordsjøfly was struggling, and was bought by Norving in 1981.[25] It made an interlining agreement with KLM which allowed passengers to fly from Haugesund via Stavanger to Amsterdam for the same prices as from Stavanger.[26] Similar agreements were soon struck with other international airlines operating out of Stavanger. After only being allowed to carry a maximum of nine passengers, Norsjøfly was from then allowed to operate the larger 19-passenger Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner.[27]Fokker 50 at Haugesund AirportNordsjøfly operated with a loss every year. The airline was therefore liquidated in 1982 and the assets transferred to Norving and the Haugesund base was taken over by Norving.[28] By then patronage was sufficient that SAS replaced its smaller Douglas DC-9-21s with the larger, 122 passenger DC-9-41s.[29] Braathens SAFE, through its regional affiliate Busy Bee, started operated a route from Stavanger via Haugesund to Bergen in 1984, using a 44-passenger Fokker F-27 in competition with Norving.[30] Statoil contracted Helicopter Service to operate helicopter flights to a platform on Statpipe from Karmøy. SAS introduced a fourth service in 1984, using a F-27.[31]The airport expanded its opening hours from 1985 when a fourth shift was hired. Coast Aero Center established the first scheduled international service in 1986, with a direct service to Aberdeen Airport using a 15-passenger Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante.[32] The route was soon terminated as it used a full crew shift and aircraft to make only one round trip per day.[33]Norving closed its base at Haugesund in November, as it gradually terminated its operations in Southern Norway due to financial difficulties.[34] Coast Aero Center went bankrupt in 1988, but the assets were used to establish a new airline, Coast Air.[35] It commenced services to Stavanger with de Havilland Canada Twin Otters from 1989.[36] The airport started work on a new international terminal in 1987,[37] allowing it to open on 18 July 1988. It included a duty-free shop and was built to serve one weekly, seasonal inclusive tour flight to Palma de Mallorca Airport.[38] The following year the tour operators canceled all charter services from Haugesund.[39]Air Stord was established at Haugesund Airport in 1990. They bought Norving's former hangar, but after a buy-out instead chose to operate out of near-by Stord Airport, Sørstokken instead.[40] Busy Bee went bankrupt in 1992 and Braathens' regional routes were allocated to Norwegian Air Shuttle, who operated with Fokker 50s.[41] Coast Air commenced two scheduled services from Haugesund in 1994. One was to Bergen and Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik, the other flew to Fagernes Airport, Leirin and onwards to Oslo.[42] From 9 to 13 July 1995 the runway was re-asphalted, during which time the airport was closed.[43]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Oslo Airport, Gardermoen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_Airport,_Gardermoen"},{"link_name":"slots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_slot"},{"link_name":"Sandefjord Airport, Torp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandefjord_Airport,_Torp"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reitan:_123-48"},{"link_name":"Sun-Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun-Air_of_Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"Billund Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billund_Airport"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reitan:_123-48"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_Airport"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r125-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas MD-80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-80"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r125-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r125-49"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"ATR 42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATR_42"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"price war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_war"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Competition Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Competition_Authority"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Oslo District Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_District_Court"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"SAS Commuter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAS_Commuter"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"SAS Braathens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAS_Braathens"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737"},{"link_name":"low-cost carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-cost_carriers"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Rogaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogaland"},{"link_name":"Hordaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hordaland"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"London Stansted Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stansted_Airport"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Haugaland Kraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haugaland_Kraft"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"water tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_tower"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Bremen Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen_Airport"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wfcph-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wfcph-81"},{"link_name":"Alicante Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicante_Airport"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Pisa Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa_Airport"},{"link_name":"Wizz Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizz_Air"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa_Airport"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"}],"sub_title":"Competition and runway extension","text":"The aviation club shut down in 1996 after financial difficulties for many years.[44] The Fagernes route was terminated the same year when Coast Air lost the tender to operate it.[45] Instead they opened a service to Aberdeen from 1997.[46][47]The aviation market in Norway was deregulated from 1 April 1994, but not until the 1998 opening of Oslo Airport, Gardermoen were there sufficient slots available at the capital airport for Braathens to introduce routes to Haugesund. This took place on 25 October 1998 with five daily services. SAS increased their daily services from five to six. On top of this, Coast Air commenced flights to Sandefjord Airport, Torp a few days a week.[48] From November Sun-Air followed up with three weekly services to Billund Airport in Denmark.[48] SAS established two daily services to Copenhagen Airport from early 1999 with a Fokker 50.[49] However, without a morning departure it had little patronage as it was faster to reach the Danish capital via Oslo. SAS thus terminated the service after a year, as did Sun-Air to Billund.[50]A committee was established in 1995 to look into the possibility of lengthening the runway. The initial reasoning was to serve long-haul fish export aircraft.[51] With the introduction of McDonnell Douglas MD-80 aircraft, SAS oftentimes could not operate them at their maximum take-off weight. This sometimes meant that not all seats could be sold. Therefore, SAS continued to use DC-9s on as many departures as possible out of Haugesund.[52] The main concern was not the cost incurred by lengthening the runway per ce, but rather that building past a decarled distance of 1,600 meters (5,200 ft) would cause the shoulders to have to be expanded from 75 to 150 meters (246 to 492 ft).[53] Three investment groups offered to buy the airport and make it a \"gateway\" to Western Norway. The CAA had meetings with Wiggins, but stated that no Norwegian airports were for sale.[54] Wiggins instead proposed a lease where they would invest NOK 630 million in the aerodrome, including a hotel complex.[49]The increased number of flights caused expansion of the terminal, which opened in September 1999.[49] However, after failing to make money on the new route, Braathens pulled out of the Oslo service in November 1999.[55] Braathens reduced its services to Bergen in January 2000, after which Coast Air responded by increasing its services.[56] However, the airline closed the Aberdeen route the following year.[57]Coast Air started its first head-on competition with Scandinavian Airlines on 2 June 2003. Using the ATR 42, it introduced two daily services from Haugesund to Oslo.[58] By September this had increased to three, and tickets were selling as low as NOK 500.[59] SAS responded with a 22-percent cut in ticket prices.[60] Coast Air lost NOK 11 million on the price war during 2003,[61] and was ultimately forced to withdraw from the route in May 2004.[62] The case was investigated by the Norwegian Competition Authority based on accusations of SAS carrying out illegal price dumping on the route.[63] They issued a fine of NOK 20 million,[64] but the case ended in Oslo District Court, where Scandinavian Airlines was acquitted.[65] Though initially appealed by the authority, the matter was settled out-of-court in December 2007, in which the airline agreed that they had broken the law, but that since it took place immediately the act came into power, they would not have to pay the fine.[66]SAS Commuter took over Norwegian Air Shuttle's services from 1 April 2003.[67] Inclusive tour charters commenced again in 2004, after a fourteen-year drought.[68] Braathens and SAS merged to create SAS Braathens in May 2004, with the new airline taking over the Oslo route. It passed on the Scandinavian Airlines in 2007.[69]Parliament decided that five Avinor airports would be allowed to issue ninety percent discount on take-off charges on international routes. This accounted in 2004 to NOK 4,800 per flight for a Boeing 737-200. However, they still had to pay full terminal, security and air navigation service charges. This allowed Haugesund to establish itself as a \"low-cost\" airport for low-cost carriers.[70] Ryanair started looking at Haugesund as a destination in 2002, hoping to serve both Rogaland and Hordaland from one airport. However, they demanded that the runway be lengthened if they were to use Karmøy.[71] It launched its inaugural daily route to London Stansted Airport on 30 April 2003. By using the smaller Boeing 737-200 aircraft the airline could as an interim solution get by with the short runway—the shortest of any airport served by the airline.[72]To finance the longer runway, the inter-municipal power company Haugaland Kraft established Lufthavnutvikling to finance the construction. In exchange, they were given a portion of the revenue from increased traffic. Clearing started in 2002 and construction began in mid-2003. The runway was lengthened by 400 meters (1,300 ft) to a length of 2,120 meters (6,960 ft) and declared lengths of 2,000 meters (6,600 ft). This allowed both Ryanair and SAS, as well as any charter operators, to operate a fully loaded Boeing 737-800.[73] The expansion cost NOK 90 million and the agreement had a duration for fifteen years, during which time the company received a percentage of revenue from duty-free and parking generated from international services. Lufthavnutvikling was privatized in 2006 and by 2014 there was a controversy regarding the legality of the agreement,[74] following changes to European Union regulations regarding airport subsidies.[75] Further extension of the runway is difficult since the shoreline is at the northwest end of the runway while the flight path to the southeast passes over a water tower that is currently just clear the required safety margins.[76]Ryanair introduced its second service, to Bremen Airport in Germany, on 4 June 2007.[77] Meanwhile, Coast Air introduced direct services from Haugesund to Copenhagen.[78] The company filed for bankruptcy on 23 January 2008.[79] In the wake, Widerøe commenced a twice-daily service to Copenhagen starting on 30 March 2008.[80] Patronage was too low and the route was terminated by the end of the year.[81] Norwegian returned to Haugesund on 19 August 2009 with three daily services to Oslo.[82]SAS Commuter's route to Bergen was taken over by Widerøe in 2010,[83] but closed in October 2016 due to fee rises and lack of demand.[84] The airline resumed the Copenhagen route on 30 October 2011, operating a single daily round trip.[81] Ryanair expanded its portfolio from 27 March 2012 with seasonal routes to Palma de Mallorca, Alicante Airport[85] and Pisa Airport. Wizz Air introduced services to Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport from 4 April.[86]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r87-38"},{"link_name":"above mean sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level"},{"link_name":"runway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aip-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aip-1"}],"text":"The airport is situated on the peninsula of Helganes in Karmøy. The airport features a terminal building with a domestic and international departure hall,[38] residing at a reference elevation of 27 metres (89 ft) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 13/31 with an asphalt surface measuring 2,120 by 45 meters (6,955 ft × 148 ft).[1] It has a takeoff run available (TORA) of 2,060 meters (6,760 ft) and a landing distance available (LDA) of 2,000 meters (6,600 ft). The airport is equipped with an instrument landing system and category 7 fire and rescue service.[1]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pax-2"}],"text":"Scandinavian Airlines, mostly with A320-family aircraft and Norwegian Air Shuttle with Boeing 737 aircraft both operate daily services to Oslo. Wizz Air operates several weekly services to Gdańsk. Ryanair ended all its flights to Haugesund after its agreement expired in October 2022, its seasonal summer routes to Malaga and Alicante are to be operated by Norwegian from 2023.[87] Operation of the airport ran at a deficit of 20 million kr in 2012.[88] Haugesund Airport served 694,005 passengers, 10,265 aircraft movements and handled 234 tonnes of cargo. This makes Haugesund the eleventh-busiest airport in the country.[2]","title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phabricator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans"},{"link_name":"Wikidata query","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//query.wikidata.org/embed.html#%23%20Scroll%20down%20and%20hit%20blue%20arrow%20down%20to%20run%20and%20see%20the%20results%20%2B%20the%20sources%0ASELECT%20%3Fyear%20%3Fitem%20%3Fshortname%20%28MAX%28%3Fnumber%29%20AS%20%3Fpassengers%29%20%20%20%28SAMPLE%28COALESCE%28%3Freference_URL%2C%20%3Fmonthly_reference_URL2%29%29%20AS%20%3Fsample_reference_URL%29%0AWITH%0A%7B%20%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fstatement%20%3Fdate%20%3Fyear%20%3Ftimevalue%20%3Fnumberperperiod%20%3Freference_URL%0A%20%20WHERE%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP238%20%3Fairport_code%0A%20%20%20%20VALUES%20%3Fairport_code%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%22HAU%22%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fitem%20p%3AP3872%20%3Fstatement.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fstatement%20pqv%3AP585%20%3Ftimevalue%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20ps%3AP3872%20%3Fnumberperperiod.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Ftimevalue%20wikibase%3AtimeValue%20%3Fdate.%0A%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Fstatement%20pq%3AP518%20%3Fapplies.%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Fstatement%20prov%3AwasDerivedFrom%20%2F%20%28pr%3AP854%7Cpr%3AP4656%29%20%3Freference_URL.%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28BOUND%28%3Fapplies%29%3Dfalse%20%7C%7C%20%3Fapplies%20%3D%20wd%3AQ2165236%20%29%0A%20%20%20%20MINUS%20%7B%20%3Fstatement%20wikibase%3Arank%20wikibase%3ADeprecatedRank%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20BIND%20%28YEAR%28%3Fdate%29%20AS%20%3Fyear%29%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fyear%20%3E1949%29.%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fyear%20%3C%20YEAR%28NOW%28%29%29%29%0A%20%20%7D%20%7D%20AS%20%25airport%0AWHERE%0A%7B%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%23%20Get%20the%20sum%20of%20monthly%20values%20within%20a%20year%0A%20%20%20%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%20%28SUM%28%3Fmax_numberperperiod%29%20AS%20%3Fnumber%29%20%28SAMPLE%28%3Fmonthly_reference_URL%29%20AS%20%3Fmonthly_reference_URL2%29%0A%20%20%20%20WHERE%0A%20%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20Get%20the%20maximal%20value%20and%20a%20sample%20reference%20URL%20for%20each%20unique%20month%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%20%28MAX%28%3Fnumberperperiod%29%20AS%20%3Fmax_numberperperiod%29%20%28SAMPLE%28%3Freference_URL%29%20AS%20%3Fmonthly_reference_URL%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20WHERE%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20INCLUDE%20%25airport%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Ftimevalue%20wikibase%3AtimePrecision%20%3Fprec.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fprec%20%3E%209%29%23%20precision%20more%20precise%20or%20equal%20to%20month%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%20%3Fdate%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%20%20%20%20%7D%20%20%20%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%0A%20%20%7D%20%20UNION%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%3Ftimevalue%20wikibase%3AtimePrecision%209%20.%20%20%20%20BIND%20%28%3Fnumberperperiod%20AS%20%3Fnumber%29%20%20%20%20BIND%20%28%3Freference_URL%20AS%20%3Fsample_reference_URL%29%0A%20%20%20%20INCLUDE%20%25airport%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP1813%20%3Fthis.%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20has%20shortname%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%28LANG%28%3Fthis%29%3D%22en%22%29%20%20%7D%0A%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22%5BAUTO_LANGUAGE%5D%2Cen%2Cen%22.%20%3Fitem%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FitemLabel.%7D%0ABIND%28COALESCE%28%3Fthis%2C%3FitemLabel%29%20as%20%3Fshortname%29%0A%7D%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fitem%20%3Fshortname%20%3Fyear%20ORDER%20BY%20%3Fitem%20DESC%20%28%3Fyear%29"}],"text":"Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.\n\nAnnual passenger traffic at HAU airport.\nSee Wikidata query.","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Road E134","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E134"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transport-92"},{"link_name":"Tide Buss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide_Buss"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transport-92"},{"link_name":"NOR-WAY Bussekspress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOR-WAY_Bussekspress"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transport-92"}],"text":"The airport is situated at the terminus of European Road E134, between fifteen and twenty minutes drive from the town center of Haugesund. There is parking for 1,200 cars at the airport; taxis and car rental is also available.[92]Tide Buss operates an airport coach service to the town center.[92] NOR-WAY Bussekspress runs its Bergen to Stavanger coach service, Kystbussen, via Haugesund Airport in connection with Ryanair's flights.[93][94] Travel time to Stavanger is 1:40 hours and to Bergen 3:00 hours. Both involve a ferry ride.[92]","title":"Ground transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"82-993535-1-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-993535-1-3"}],"text":"Hafstad, Bjørn; Arheim, Tom (2003). Marinens flygevåpen 1912–1944 (in Norwegian). TankeStreken. ISBN 82-993535-1-3.\nMelling, Kjersti (2009). Nordavind fra alle kanter (in Norwegian). Oslo: Pilotforlaget.\nReitan, Sverre Utne (2003). Luftfarten på Haugalandet fra 1914 til 2004 (in Norwegian). Karmøy: Eget Forlag.","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Fokker 50 at Haugesund Airport","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Propellfly_%282369042155%29.jpg/220px-Propellfly_%282369042155%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"ENHD – Haugesund/Karmøy\" (PDF). Aeronautical Information Publication Norway. Avinor. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201211134/https://www.ippc.no/norway_aip/current/aip/ad/enhd/EN_AD_2_ENHD_en.pdf","url_text":"\"ENHD – Haugesund/Karmøy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautical_Information_Publication","url_text":"Aeronautical Information Publication"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avinor","url_text":"Avinor"},{"url":"https://www.ippc.no/norway_aip/current/aip/ad/enhd/EN_AD_2_ENHD_en.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Månedsrapport\" (XLS). Avinor. 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mynewsdesk.com/material/document/42080/download?resource_type=resource_document","url_text":"\"Månedsrapport\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avinor","url_text":"Avinor"}]},{"reference":"\"IATA Airport Code Search (HAU: Haugesund / Karmoy)\". International Air Transport Association. Retrieved 4 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iata.org/publications/Pages/code-search.aspx","url_text":"\"IATA Airport Code Search (HAU: Haugesund / Karmoy)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association","url_text":"International Air Transport Association"}]},{"reference":"Gynnild, Olav (2009). \"Flyplassenes og flytrafikkens historie\". Kulturminner på norske lufthavner – Landsverneplan for Avinor (in Norwegian). Avinor. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120321073713/http://avinor.moses.no/index.php?seks_id=135&element=Kapittel&k=2","url_text":"\"Flyplassenes og flytrafikkens historie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avinor","url_text":"Avinor"},{"url":"http://avinor.moses.no/index.php?seks_id=135&element=kapittel&k=2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Norwegian Air Shuttle på ruinene etter Busy Bee\" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 27 January 1993.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_News_Agency","url_text":"Norwegian News Agency"}]},{"reference":"\"Teddy Air får enerett på Fagernes-ruter\" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 14 June 1996.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_News_Agency","url_text":"Norwegian News Agency"}]},{"reference":"Fonbæk, Dag; Skogseth, Arne (22 February 1996). \"Rekordmange nye flyruter\". Verdens Gang (in Norwegian).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdens_Gang","url_text":"Verdens Gang"}]},{"reference":"\"Coast Air legger ned på Kjevik\" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 4 January 2000.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_News_Agency","url_text":"Norwegian News Agency"}]},{"reference":"Lillesund, Geir (27 October 1999). \"Braathens reduserer – og SAS følger etter\" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_News_Agency","url_text":"Norwegian News Agency"}]},{"reference":"Mala, Sverre Olden (25 November 2000). \"Vurderer ruter på Røros og Bergen\". Haugesunds Avis (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 8 March 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190308040619/http://www.haugesunds-avis.no/apps/pbcs.dll/artikkel?Dato=20001125&Kategori=NYHET&Lopenr=470019678&Ref=AR","url_text":"\"Vurderer ruter på Røros og Bergen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haugesunds_Avis","url_text":"Haugesunds Avis"},{"url":"http://www.haugesunds-avis.no/apps/pbcs.dll/artikkel?Dato=20001125&Kategori=NYHET&Lopenr=470019678&Ref=AR","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Valderhaug, Rune (16 August 2001). \"Skal fly direkte Bergen-Aberdeen\". Bergens Tidende (in Norwegian).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergens_Tidende","url_text":"Bergens Tidende"}]},{"reference":"\"Coast Air flyr til Oslo\". Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (in Norwegian). 9 April 2003. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121021103945/http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/nrk_rogaland/2760849.html","url_text":"\"Coast Air flyr til Oslo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation"},{"url":"http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/nrk_rogaland/2760849.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Konkurrerer med SAS\". Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (in Norwegian). 8 September 2003. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. 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Norwegian News Agency. 12 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_News_Agency","url_text":"Norwegian News Agency"}]},{"reference":"\"SAS skal fly langs Vestlands-kysten\". Bergens Tidende (in Norwegian). 29 March 2003. p. 40.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergens_Tidende","url_text":"Bergens Tidende"}]},{"reference":"Lillesund, Geir (10 March 2004). \"Lindegaard: – Vi plukker det beste fra SAS og Braathens\" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. p. 24.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_News_Agency","url_text":"Norwegian News Agency"}]},{"reference":"Førde, Thomas (20 November 2003). \"Haugesund: Ukjent prislapp for større flyplass\". Stavanger Aftenblad (in Norwegian). p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavanger_Aftenblad","url_text":"Stavanger Aftenblad"}]},{"reference":"Ringodd, Hans Inge (8 January 2015). \"– Avinor mener samarbeidsavtalen for Helganes er ulovlig\". Haugesunds Avis (in Norwegian). p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haugesunds_Avis","url_text":"Haugesunds Avis"}]},{"reference":"Carlsen jr, Victor (13 January 2015). \"Har noen forlovet seg?\". Haugesunds Avis (in Norwegian). p. 12.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haugesunds_Avis","url_text":"Haugesunds Avis"}]},{"reference":"Meling, Jan Vidar (28 March 2012). \"Vanntårn hindrer forlengelse\" (in Norwegian). TV Haugaland. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141216131714/http://tvh.no/nyheter/28543","url_text":"\"Vanntårn hindrer forlengelse\""},{"url":"http://tvh.no/nyheter/28543","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ryanair med ny direkterute til Bremen\". Stavanger Aftenblad (in Norwegian). 27 March 2008. p. 22.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavanger_Aftenblad","url_text":"Stavanger Aftenblad"}]},{"reference":"Frøkedal, Arne (22 May 2007). \"To daglege ruter til København\". Haugesunds Avis (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120804203325/http://www.h-avis.no/article/20070522/NYHET/105220005","url_text":"\"To daglege ruter til København\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haugesunds_Avis","url_text":"Haugesunds Avis"},{"url":"http://www.h-avis.no/article/20070522/NYHET/105220005","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ruud, Hans-Martin Thømt (23 January 2008). \"Coast Air konkurs\". Dagbladet (in Norwegian). 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Retrieved 27 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.h-avis.no/nyheter/flybuss-bare-til-ryanair-1.7455524","url_text":"\"Flybuss bare til Ryanair\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haugesunds_Avis","url_text":"Haugesunds Avis"}]},{"reference":"Hafstad, Bjørn; Arheim, Tom (2003). Marinens flygevåpen 1912–1944 (in Norwegian). TankeStreken. ISBN 82-993535-1-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-993535-1-3","url_text":"82-993535-1-3"}]},{"reference":"Melling, Kjersti (2009). Nordavind fra alle kanter (in Norwegian). Oslo: Pilotforlaget.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Reitan, Sverre Utne (2003). Luftfarten på Haugalandet fra 1914 til 2004 (in Norwegian). Karmøy: Eget Forlag.","urls":[]}]
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original"},{"Link":"http://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/2006/07/28/472490.html","external_links_name":"\"SAS vant ankesak om priskrig\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141216131714/http://tvh.no/nyheter/28543","external_links_name":"\"Vanntårn hindrer forlengelse\""},{"Link":"http://tvh.no/nyheter/28543","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120804203325/http://www.h-avis.no/article/20070522/NYHET/105220005","external_links_name":"\"To daglege ruter til København\""},{"Link":"http://www.h-avis.no/article/20070522/NYHET/105220005","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/2008/01/23/524683.html","external_links_name":"\"Coast Air konkurs\""},{"Link":"http://www.adressa.no/forbruker/reiseliv/article1445210.ece","external_links_name":"\"Widerøe vil overta for SAS på Vestlandskysten\""},{"Link":"https://hnytt.no/2016/09/22/bergensruten-legges-ned/","external_links_name":"\"Bergensruten legges ned\""},{"Link":"https://radioh.no/norwegian-overtar-for-ryanair/","external_links_name":"\"Norwegian overtar for Ryanair\""},{"Link":"http://www.nrk.no/mr/7-av-46-flyplasser-med-overskudd-1.10970207","external_links_name":"\"Kun 7 av 46 flyplasser gikk med overskudd i 2012\""},{"Link":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/221011-dyapr23hau","external_links_name":"\"Norwegian Adds New Routes From Haugesund in NS23\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150511032340/https://avinor.no/en/airport/haugesund-airport#airport=CHQ&active=cha","external_links_name":"\"HAUGESUND AIRPORT – CHANIA\""},{"Link":"https://avinor.no/en/airport/haugesund-airport#airport=CHQ&active=cha","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ving.no/","external_links_name":"\"Reiser med Ving | Opplev effekten av en skikkelig bra ferie!\""},{"Link":"https://avinor.no/en/airport/haugesund-airport/to-and-from-the-airport/#!bus-car-and-taxi-967","external_links_name":"\"To and from the 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_Sinclair,_Earl_of_Orkney
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Henry II Sinclair, Earl of Orkney
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["1 Early life","2 Earl of Orkney","3 Marriage and issue","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Sources"]
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Henry SinclairEarl of OrkneyLord SinclairBaron of RoslinEarl of Orkney, Lord Sinclair and Baron of Roslin coats of armsPredecessorHenry I Sinclair, Earl of OrkneySuccessorWilliam Sinclair, 3rd Earl of Orkney, 1st Earl of Caithness, 11th Baron of Roslin and 2nd Lord SinclairBornc. 1375Diedc. 1420Noble familyClan Sinclair
Henry II Sinclair, Earl of Orkney (c. 1375 – 1420) was the Jarl (Earl) of Orkney, Baron of Roslin and Pantler of Scotland. According to Roland Saint-Clair writing in the late 19th century, Henry Sinclair was also the first of his family to hold the title of Lord Sinclair.
Early life
Rosslyn or Roslin Castle, seat of the Sinclairs who were Barons of Roslin, reconstruction image
He was son of Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney, by his wife Jean, daughter of John Halyburton of Dirleton. He married Egida Douglas, daughter of Sir William Douglas of Nithsdale and maternal granddaughter of King Robert II of Scotland. Sir William Douglas was murdered by a group of assassins who had been employed by Lord Clifford and as a result Sinclair inherited through his wife the whole of the Lordship of Nithsdale.
Earl of Orkney
Sinclair was one of those captured following the Battle of Homildon Hill in 1402, but released on ransom. He had succeeded his father, de facto, as Jarl by 1404; there is no record that he was ever officially installed as Jarl, and no certain record that he ever visited his jarldom.
He was one of those who accompanied the young King James, then the uncrowned James I of Scotland on his journey to France aboard the Maryenknyght. That ship was captured by English pirates off Flamborough Head in 1406. He followed the prince into captivity, but was soon released. Subsequently, he was often in England on business connected with the king's imprisonment.
Henry Sinclair died of influenza on 1 February 1420.
Marriage and issue
In about 1407 he married Egidia Douglas, daughter of Sir William Douglas of Nithsdale and maternal granddaughter of King Robert II of Scotland.
William Sinclair, last Jarl of Orkney, and first Earl of Caithness
Beatrix Sinclair, who married James Douglas, 7th Earl of Douglas.
See also
Barony of Roslin
Lord Sinclair
Earl of Caithness
Lord Herdmanston
References
^ Fraser vol I, p.358
^ a b c d e Saint-Clair, Roland William (1898). The Saint-Clairs of the Isles; being a history of the sea-kings of Orkney and their Scottish successors of the sirname of Sinclair. Shortland Street, Auckland, New Zealand: H. Brett. pp. 103-111. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
^ Saint-Clair, Roland (1898). The Saint-Clairs of the Isles; being a history of the Sea-kings of Orkney and their Scottish successors of the sirname of Sinclair. Shortland Street, Auckland, New Zealand: H. Brett. p. 297. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
^ a b Paul, James Balfour (1909). The Scots Peerage. Vol. VI. Edinburgh: David Douglas. pp. 570-571. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
^ Thomson, William P.L (2008). The New History of Orkney. Edinburgh. pp. 172–175.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Burke, Bernard (1869). Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire. 59 Pall Mall, London: Harrison. p. 1016. Retrieved 14 June 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
Sources
Fraser, Sir William. The Douglas Book 4 vols, Edinburgh, 1885.
Peerage of Scotland
Preceded byHenry Sinclair
Jarl of Orkney 1404–1422
Succeeded byWilliam Sinclair
Preceded byHenry Sinclair
Barony of Roslin 1400–1420
Succeeded byWilliam Sinclair
New creation
Lord Sinclair 1400–1420
Succeeded byWilliam Sinclair
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He married Egida Douglas, daughter of Sir William Douglas of Nithsdale and maternal granddaughter of King Robert II of Scotland. Sir William Douglas was murdered by a group of assassins who had been employed by Lord Clifford and as a result Sinclair inherited through his wife the whole of the Lordship of Nithsdale.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Homildon Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Homildon_Hill"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saint-Clair-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peerage-4"},{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"},{"link_name":"Jarl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarl_(title)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"James I of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Flamborough Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamborough_Head"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saint-Clair-2"},{"link_name":"influenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peerage-4"}],"text":"Sinclair was one of those captured following the Battle of Homildon Hill in 1402, but released on ransom.[2][4] He had succeeded his father, de facto, as Jarl by 1404; there is no record that he was ever officially installed as Jarl, and no certain record that he ever visited his jarldom.[5]He was one of those who accompanied the young King James, then the uncrowned James I of Scotland on his journey to France aboard the Maryenknyght. That ship was captured by English pirates off Flamborough Head in 1406. He followed the prince into captivity, but was soon released. Subsequently, he was often in England on business connected with the king's imprisonment.[2]Henry Sinclair died of influenza on 1 February 1420.[4]","title":"Earl of Orkney"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir William Douglas of Nithsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Douglas_of_Nithsdale"},{"link_name":"Robert II of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saint-Clair-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burke-6"},{"link_name":"William Sinclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sinclair,_1st_Earl_of_Caithness"},{"link_name":"Earl of Caithness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Caithness"},{"link_name":"James Douglas, 7th Earl of Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Douglas,_7th_Earl_of_Douglas"}],"text":"In about 1407 he married Egidia Douglas, daughter of Sir William Douglas of Nithsdale and maternal granddaughter of King Robert II of Scotland.[2][6]William Sinclair, last Jarl of Orkney, and first Earl of Caithness\nBeatrix Sinclair, who married James Douglas, 7th Earl of Douglas.","title":"Marriage and issue"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/44_Liquormart,_Inc._v._Rhode_Island
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44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island
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["1 Background","2 Opinion of the Court","2.1 Concurrences","3 References","4 External links"]
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1996 United States Supreme Court case44 Liquormart Inc. v. Rhode IslandSupreme Court of the United StatesArgued November 1, 1995Decided May 13, 1996Full case name44 Liquormart, Inc. and Peoples Super Liquor Stores, inc., petitioners v. Rhode Island and Rhode Island Liquor Stores AssociationDocket no.94-1140Citations517 U.S. 484 (more)116 S. Ct. 1495; 134 L. Ed. 2d 711Case historyPrior829 F. Supp. 543 (D.R.I. 1993), reversed 39 F.3d 5 (1st Cir. 1994), cert. granted, 517 U.S. 484 (1996).HoldingThe State of Rhode Island violated the First Amendment rights of the petitioners, and the Twenty-first Amendment does not lessen the state's obligation to abide by constitutional provisions beyond the dormant commerce clause.Court membership
Chief Justice
William Rehnquist
Associate Justices
John P. Stevens · Sandra Day O'ConnorAntonin Scalia · Anthony KennedyDavid Souter · Clarence ThomasRuth Bader Ginsburg · Stephen Breyer
Case opinionsMajorityStevens, joined by Scalia, Kennedy, Souter, Thomas, Ginsburg (parts I, II, VII); Scalia, Kennedy, Souter, Ginsburg (part VIII)PluralityStevens (parts III, V), joined by Kennedy, Souter, GinsburgPluralityStevens (part VI), joined by Kennedy, Thomas, GinsburgPluralityStevens (part IV), joined by Kennedy, GinsburgConcurrenceScaliaConcurrenceThomasConcurrenceO'Connor, joined by Rehnquist, Souter, BreyerLaws appliedU.S. Const. amends. I, XIV, XXI
44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island, 517 U.S. 484 (1996), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that a complete ban on the advertising of alcohol prices was unconstitutional under the First Amendment, and that the Twenty-first Amendment, empowering the states to regulate alcohol, did not lessen other constitutional restraints of state power.
Background
In 1956, the Rhode Island Legislature passed two regulations restricting the content of alcohol advertisements. The first prevented both in and out-of-state manufacturers, wholesalers, and shippers from “advertising in any manner whatsoever” the price of any alcoholic beverage offered for sale in Rhode Island. The second prevented Rhode Island news media from “mak reference to the price of any alcoholic beverages” under any circumstances.
In 1985, a liquormart brought a suit against the liquor control commissioner, arguing, among other things, that the first regulation, which prevented the liquormart from advertising its prices, was unconstitutional. The Rhode Island Supreme Court, however, held that the regulation did not violate the First Amendment, the Commerce Clause, the Equal Protection Clause, or the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
In the same year, the Rhode Island Liquor Stores Association filed a suit that attempted to enjoin a local Rhode Island newspaper, The Call, from advertising prices of liquor outside of the state. In that case, the Rhode Island Supreme Court held that the second regulation was constitutional, and enjoined the newspaper from advertising out-of-state liquor prices.
In 44 Liquormart, the company 44 Liquormart Inc. owned liquor stores in Rhode Island. The other petitioner, Peoples Super Liquor Stores, Inc., operated several liquor stores in Massachusetts, which Rhode Islanders used. The complaint original began, because 44 Liquormart attempted to run an advertisement, which the Supreme Court of the United States described as:
The advertisement did not state the price of any alcoholic beverages. Indeed, it noted that “State law prohibits advertising liquor prices.” The ad did, however, state the low prices at which peanuts, potato chips, and Schweppes mixers were being offered, identify various brands of packaged liquor, and include the word “WOW” in large letters next to pictures of vodka and rum bottles— Justice Stevens, 44 Liquormart, 517 U.S. at 492
Because the advertisement implied that 44 Liquormart had low prices, the Rhode Island Liquor Control Administrator fined the store $400.00. After being assessed the fine, the petitioners brought the suit, alleging that the regulation was unconstitutional. The District Court found the regulation banning advertisements unconstitutional, because the state did not prove that the law directly advanced its interest in reducing alcohol consumption, and because the law's reach was unnecessarily extensive.
The First Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the lower court, ruling that an increase in alcohol advertisements would lead to an increase in alcohol sales and that the Twenty-first Amendment gave Rhode Island's ban a presumption of validity.
Opinion of the Court
Justice Stevens, writing for the plurality, reversed the First Circuit Court of Appeals. He stated first that it was a mistake to assume that commercial speech was not entitled to protection under the First Amendment. Relying heavily on the Court's decisions in Bigelow v. Virginia and Virginia Bd. of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, Inc., Stevens concluded that the Court's "early cases uniformly struck down several broadly based bans on truthful, nonmisleading commercial speech, each of which served ends unrelated to consumer protection." He did note, however, that the Court has at the same time recognized that states may regulate commercial advertising to a greater degree than non-commercial advertising.
While Stevens essentially reaffirmed the principle that states have a wider latitude to regulate commercial speech, he stated that Rhode Island had gone too far. Specifically, he stated that the Court has, in the past, been wary of the "dangers" of outright content-based bans on commercial speech. He further stated: ans that target truthful, nonmisleading commercial messages rarely protect consumers from such harms. Instead, such bans often serve only to obscure an “underlying governmental policy” that could be implemented without regulating speech. In this way, these commercial speech bans not only hinder consumer choice, but also impede debate over central issues of public policy.— Justice Stevens, 44 Liquormart, 517 U.S. at 502-03
Having described the regulation as a "paternal" one, which assumes that the public will respond badly to the truth, the Stevens court then went on to address Rhode Island's argument that it had "substantial interest" in promoting temperance. Stevens, however, did not give much weight to this argument, because the state provided no findings of fact showing that the ban actually did promote temperance.
Stevens further rejected Rhode Island's argument that because the facts supporting or opposing a conclusion that the total ban did, in fact, promote temperance could "go both ways," the First Circuit Court of Appeals was correct in deferring to the legislature. In rejecting the state's argument, Stevens called into question the Supreme Court's ruling in Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico, which was extremely deferential to the legislature.
Given our longstanding hostility to commercial speech regulation of this type, Posadas clearly erred in concluding that it was “up to the legislature” to choose suppression over a less speech-restrictive policy. The Posadas majority's conclusion on that point cannot be reconciled with the unbroken line of prior cases striking down similarly broad regulations on truthful, nonmisleading advertising when non-speech-relatedalternatives were available.— Justice Stevens, 44 Liquormart, 517 U.S. at 509-10
Finally, Stevens quickly rejected Rhode Island's contention that the Twenty-first Amendment gave the state the power to enforce the complete advertising ban. He conceded that the Amendment did give the state's greater ability to regulate alcohol without violating the dormant commerce clause, but that it did not "license the States to ignore their obligations under other provisions of the Constitution.”
Concurrences
Stevens wrote for the majority as to Parts I, II, VII, and VIII. The major holdings from these sections were that the Twenty-first Amendment did not "save" Rhode Island's total ban from unconstitutionality and the result that the ban was unconstitutional.
Stevens, in Parts III and V, which were joined by Justice Ginsburg and Justice Kennedy, and Justice Souter, stated that the First Amendment allowed for greater regulation of commercial advertising than non-commercial advertising.
Stevens, in Part IV, which was joined by Justice Kennedy and Justice Ginsburg, concluded that not all commercial advertising is as protected as other types of commercial advertising.
Stevens, in Part VI, which was joined by Justice Kennedy, Justice Ginsburg, and Justice Thomas, rejected the Court's reasoning in Posadas.
References
^ 44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island, 517 U.S. 484, 489-90 (1996).
^ S & S Liquor Mart, Inc. v. Pastore, 497 A.2d 729 (1985).
^ Rhode Island Liquor Stores Ass'n v. Evening Call Pub. Co., 497 A.2d 331 (1985).
^ 44 Liquor Mart, Inc. v. Racine, 829 F. Supp. 543 (D.R.I. 1993).
^ 44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island, 39 F.3d 5 (1st Cir. 1994).
^ 44 Liquormart, Inc., 517 U.S. at 496.
^ a b 44 Liquormart, Inc., 517 U.S. at 497-98
^ 44 Liquormart, Inc., 517 U.S. at 505
^ 44 Liquormart, Inc., 517 U.S. at 509.
^ 44 Liquormart, Inc., 517 U.S. at 516.
External links
Text of 44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island, 517 U.S. 484 (1996) is available from: Findlaw Google Scholar Justia Library of Congress Oyez (oral argument audio)
Case brief: Quimbee
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Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (2018)
Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo (2020)
Tandon v. Newsom (2021)
Fulton v. City of Philadelphia (2021)
Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist. (2022)
Exclusion of religionfrom public benefits
Locke v. Davey (2004)
Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer (2017)
Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue (2020)
Carson v. Makin (2022)
Ministerial exception
NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago (1979)
Hosanna-Tabor v. EEOC (2012)
Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru (2020)
Statutory religious exemptionsRFRA
Gonzales v. O Centro Espírita Beneficente União do Vegetal (2006)
Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. (2014)
Zubik v. Burwell (2016)
Little Sisters of the Poor Saints Peter and Paul Home v. Pennsylvania (2020)
Tanzin v. Tanvir (2020)
RLUIPA
Sossamon v. Texas (2011)
Holt v. Hobbs (2015)
Ramirez v. Collier (2022)
Freedom of speech (portal)UnprotectedspeechIncitementand sedition
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten (S.D.N.Y. 1917)
Schenck v. United States (1919)
Debs v. United States (1919)
Abrams v. United States (1919)
Gitlow v. New York (1925)
Whitney v. California (1927)
Fiske v. Kansas (1927)
Dennis v. United States (1951)
Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Bd. (1955; 1961)
Yates v. United States (1957, clear and present danger)
Bond v. Floyd (1966)
Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969, imminent lawless action)
Hess v. Indiana (1973)
Libel andfalse speech
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)
Hustler Magazine v. Falwell (1988)
United States v. Alvarez (2012)
Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus (2014)
Fighting words andthe heckler's veto
Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940)
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942)
Terminiello v. City of Chicago (1949)
Feiner v. New York (1951)
Gregory v. City of Chicago (1969)
Cohen v. California (1971)
Nat'l Socialist Party v. Village of Skokie (1977)
R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul (1992)
Snyder v. Phelps (2011)
True threats
Watts v. United States (1969)
Virginia v. Black (2003)
Elonis v. United States (2015)
Counterman v. Colorado (2023)
Obscenity
Rosen v. United States (1896)
United States v. One Book Called Ulysses (S.D.N.Y. 1933)
Roth v. United States (1957)
One, Inc. v. Olesen (1958)
Smith v. California (1959)
Marcus v. Search Warrant (1961)
MANual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day (1962)
Jacobellis v. Ohio (1964)
Quantity of Books v. Kansas (1964)
Ginzburg v. United States (1966)
Memoirs v. Massachusetts (1966)
Redrup v. New York (1967)
Ginsberg v. New York (1968)
Stanley v. Georgia (1969)
United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs (1971)
Kois v. Wisconsin (1972)
Miller v. California (1973)
Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton (1973)
United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film (1973)
Jenkins v. Georgia (1974)
Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. v. Conrad (1975)
Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville (1975)
Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc. (1976)
Vance v. Universal Amusement Co., Inc. (1980)
American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hudnut (7th Cir. 1985)
People v. Freeman (Cal. 1988)
United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc. (1994)
Reno v. ACLU (1997)
United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc. (2000)
City of Los Angeles v. Alameda Books, Inc. (2002)
Ashcroft v. ACLU I (2002)
United States v. American Library Ass'n (2003)
Ashcroft v. ACLU II (2004)
Nitke v. Gonzales (S.D.N.Y. 2005)
United States v. Williams (2008)
American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland (6th Cir. 2009)
United States v. Kilbride (9th Cir. 2009)
United States v. Stevens (2010)
Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n (2011)
FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc. (2012)
Speech integralto criminal conduct
New York v. Ferber (1982)
Osborne v. Ohio (1990)
Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition (2002)
United States v. Hansen (2023)
Strict scrutiny
Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project (2010)
Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar (2015)
Vagueness
Smith v. Goguen (1974)
Board of Airport Commissioners v. Jews for Jesus (1987)
Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky (2018)
Symbolic speechversus conduct
Stromberg v. California (1931)
United States v. O'Brien (1968)
Cohen v. California (1971)
Spence v. Washington (1974)
Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence (1984)
Dallas v. Stanglin (1989)
Texas v. Johnson (1989)
United States v. Eichman (1990)
Barnes v. Glen Theatre (1991)
City of Erie v. Pap's A. M. (2000)
Virginia v. Black (2003)
Content-basedrestrictions
Lamont v. Postmaster General (1965)
Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego (1981)
Boos v. Barry (1988)
Butterworth v. Smith (1990)
Simon & Schuster, Inc. v. Crime Victims Board (1991)
R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul (1992)
Reed v. Town of Gilbert (2015)
Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants (2020)
City of Austin v. Reagan National Advertising of Austin, LLC (2022)
Content-neutralrestrictions
Schneider v. New Jersey (1939)
Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc. (1986)
City of Ladue v. Gilleo (1994)
Packingham v. North Carolina (2017)
In thepublic forum
Davis v. Massachusetts (1897)
Hague v. CIO (1939)
Thornhill v. Alabama (1940)
Martin v. City of Struthers (1943)
Niemotko v. Maryland (1951)
Edwards v. South Carolina (1963)
Cox v. Louisiana (1965)
Brown v. Louisiana (1966)
Adderley v. Florida (1966)
Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne (1968)
Coates v. City of Cincinnati (1971)
Org. for a Better Austin v. Keefe (1971)
USPS v. Council of Greenburgh Civic Assns. (1981)
United States v. Grace (1983)
Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence (1984)
Frisby v. Schultz (1988)
Ward v. Rock Against Racism (1989)
Burson v. Freeman (1992)
Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc. (1994)
Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York (1997)
Hill v. Colorado (2000)
McCullen v. Coakley (2014)
Designatedpublic forum
Widmar v. Vincent (1981)
Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia (1995)
Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski (2021)
Nonpublicforum
Lehman v. Shaker Heights (1974)
Brown v. Glines (1980)
Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators' Association (1983)
Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense Fund (1985)
International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. v. Lee (1992)
Arkansas Educational Television Commission v. Forbes (1997)
Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky (2018)
Compelled speech
Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
West Virginia State Board of Ed. v. Barnette (1943)
Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo (1974)
Wooley v. Maynard (1977)
Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins (1980)
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California (1986)
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston (1995)
Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic & Institutional Rights, Inc. (2006)
National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra (2018)
303 Creative LLC v. Elenis (2023)
Moody v. NetChoice, LLC (2024)
Compelled subsidyof others' speech
Ry. Emps. Department v. Hanson (1956)
Machinists v. Street (1961)
Abood v. Detroit Board of Education (1977)
Ellis v. Railway Clerks (1984)
Chicago Local Teachers Union v. Hudson (1986)
Communications Workers of America v. Beck (1988)
Keller v. State Bar of California (1990)
Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Ass'n (1991)
Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc. (1997)
Board of Regents of the Univ. of Wisconsin System v. Southworth (2000)
United States v. United Foods Inc. (2001)
Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n (2005)
Davenport v. Washington Education Ass'n (2007)
Locke v. Karass (2008)
Ysursa v. Pocatello Education Association (2009)
Knox v. SEIU, Local 1000 (2012)
Harris v. Quinn (2014)
Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association (2016)
Janus v. AFSCME (2018)
Compelled representation
Steele v. Louisville & N.R. Co (1944)
Minnesota Board for Community Colleges v. Knight (1984)
Government grantsand subsidies
Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington (1983)
Rust v. Sullivan (1991)
National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley (1998)
Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez (2001)
USAID v. Alliance for Open Society I (2013)
USAID v. Alliance for Open Society II (2020)
Governmentas speaker
Pleasant Grove City v. Summum (2009)
Walker v. Texas Div., Sons of Confederate Veterans (2015)
Matal v. Tam (2017)
Iancu v. Brunetti (2019)
Houston Community College System v. Wilson (2022)
Shurtleff v. City of Boston (2022)
Vidal v. Elster (2024)
Loyalty oaths
American Communications Ass'n v. Douds (1950)
Garner v. Board of Public Works (1951)
Speiser v. Randall (1958)
Keyishian v. Board of Regents (1967)
Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb (1974)
School speech
Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)
Tinker v. Des Moines Ind. Community School Dist. (1969, substantial disruption)
Healy v. James (1972)
Island Trees School District v. Pico (1982)
Bethel School District v. Fraser (1986)
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988)
Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens (1990)
Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia (1995)
Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. (2001)
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy (2007)
Morse v. Frederick (2007)
Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski (2021)
Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L. (2021)
Public employees
Pickering v. Board of Education (1968)
Perry v. Sindermann (1972)
Arnett v. Kennedy (1974)
Elrod v. Burns (1976)
Mt. Healthy City School Dist. Board of Ed. v. Doyle (1977)
Givhan v. Western Line Consol. School Dist. (1979)
Smith v. Arkansas State Hwy. Employees Local (1979)
Connick v. Myers (1983)
Rankin v. McPherson (1987)
Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois (1990)
Waters v. Churchill (1994)
Board of Comm'rs, Wabaunsee Cty. v. Umbehr (1996)
Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. (2001)
Garcetti v. Ceballos (2006)
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy (2007)
Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri (2011)
Lane v. Franks (2014)
Heffernan v. City of Paterson (2016)
Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist. (2022)
Hatch Act andsimilar laws
Ex parte Curtis (1882)
United Public Workers v. Mitchell (1947)
U.S. Civil Service Comm'n v. National Ass'n of Letter Carriers (1973)
Broadrick v. Oklahoma (1973)
Licensing andrestriction of speech
Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Comm'n of Ohio (1915)
Cox v. New Hampshire (1941)
Murdock v. Pennsylvania (1943)
Kunz v. New York (1951)
Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson (1952)
Kingsley Books, Inc. v. Brown (1957)
NAACP v. Button (1963)
Railroad Trainmen v. Virginia Bar (1964)
Freedman v. Maryland (1965)
Mine Workers v. Illinois Bar Assn. (1967)
Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. (1981)
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc. (1982)
Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind (1988)
Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement (1992)
Commercial speech
Valentine v. Chrestensen (1942)
Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept. (1970)
Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Comm'n on Human Relations (1973)
Lehman v. Shaker Heights (1974)
Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar (1975)
Bigelow v. Virginia (1975)
Virginia State Pharmacy Bd. v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council (1976)
Linmark Assoc., Inc. v. Township of Willingboro (1977)
Carey v. Population Services International (1977)
Bates v. State Bar of Arizona (1977)
In re Primus (1978)
Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association (1978)
Friedman v. Rogers (1979)
Consol. Edison Co. v. Public Serv. Comm'n (1980)
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission (1980)
Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego (1981)
In re R.M.J. (1982)
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc. (1982)
Zauderer v. Off. of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio (1985)
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California (1986)
Posadas de Puerto Rico Assoc. v. Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico (1986)
San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. U.S. Olympic Committee (1987)
Shapero v. Kentucky Bar Association (1988)
Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind (1988)
State University of New York v. Fox (1989)
Peel v. Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission of Illinois (1990)
City of Cincinnati v. Discovery Network (1993)
Edenfield v. Fane (1993)
United States v. Edge Broadcasting Co. (1993)
Ibanez v. Florida Dept. of Business and Professional Regulation, Bd. of Accountancy (1994)
Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp. (1995)
Rubin v. Coors Brewing Co. (1995)
Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc. (1995)
44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island (1996)
Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc. (1997)
Greater New Orleans Broadcasting Assn., Inc. v. United States (1999)
Los Angeles Police Department v. United Reporting Publishing Co. (1999)
United States v. United Foods Inc. (2001)
Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly (2001)
Thompson v. Western States Medical Center (2002)
Nike, Inc. v. Kasky (2003)
Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n (2005)
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy (2007)
Milavetz, Gallop & Milavetz, P.A. v. United States (2010)
Jerman v. Carlisle, McNellie, Rini, Kramer & Ulrich LPA (2010)
Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc. (2011)
Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman (2017)
Matal v. Tam (2017)
Iancu v. Brunetti (2019)
Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants (2020)
Vidal v. Elster (2024)
Campaign financeand political speech
Buckley v. Valeo (1976)
First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti (1978)
California Medical Association v. FEC (1981)
Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley (1981)
FEC v. National Right to Work Committee (1982)
FEC v. National Conservative PAC (1985)
FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life (1986)
Eu v. S.F. Cty. Democratic Cent. Comm. (1989)
Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce (1990)
Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC (1996)
Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC (2000)
FEC v. Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee (2001)
Republican Party of Minnesota v. White (2002)
FEC v. Beaumont (2003)
McConnell v. FEC (2003)
Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. v. FEC (2006)
Randall v. Sorrell (2006)
FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. (2007)
Davis v. FEC (2008)
Citizens United v. FEC (2010)
Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan (2011)
Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett (2011)
American Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Bullock (2012)
McCutcheon v. FEC (2014)
Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar (2015)
Thompson v. Hebdon (2019)
FEC v. Ted Cruz for Senate (2022)
Anonymous speech
NAACP v. Alabama (1958)
Bates v. City of Little Rock (1960)
Buckley v. Valeo (1976)
Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee (1982)
McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm'n (1995)
Doe v. Reed (2010)
Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta (2021)
State action
Marsh v. Alabama (1946)
Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner (1972)
Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck (2019)
O'Connor-Ratcliff v. Garnier (2024)
Murthy v. Missouri
Official retaliation
Hartman v. Moore (2006)
Reichle v. Howards (2012)
Wood v. Moss (2014)
Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach (2018)
Nieves v. Bartlett (2019)
Egbert v. Boule (2022)
Gonzalez v. Trevino (2024)
National Rifle Association of America v. Vullo (2024)
Boycotts
NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co. (1982)
FTC v. Superior Ct. TLA (1990)
Prisons
Procunier v. Martinez (1974)
Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Union (1977)
Turner v. Safley (1987)
Shaw v. Murphy (2001)
Overton v. Bazzetta (2003)
Beard v. Banks (2006)
Freedom of the pressPrior restraintsand censorship
Patterson v. Colorado (1907)
Near v. Minnesota (1931)
Lovell v. City of Griffin (1938)
Tucker v. Texas (1946)
Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc. (1946)
Lamont v. Postmaster General (1965)
New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)
Pell v. Procunier (1974)
Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart (1976)
Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia (1978)
Lowe v. SEC (1985)
Tory v. Cochran (2005)
Privacy
Time, Inc. v. Hill (1967)
Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn (1975)
Florida Star v. B. J. F. (1989)
Taxation andprivileges
Grosjean v. American Press Co. (1936)
Branzburg v. Hayes (1972)
Houchins v. KQED, Inc. (1978)
Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner (1983)
Arkansas Writers' Project v. Ragland (1987)
Cohen v. Cowles Media Co. (1991)
Defamation
Beauharnais v. Illinois (1952)
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)
Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts (1967)
Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler (1970)
Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. (1974)
Time, Inc. v. Firestone (1976)
Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc. (1984)
Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc. (1985)
McDonald v. Smith (1985)
Hustler Magazine v. Falwell (1988)
Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton (1989)
Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. (1990)
Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox (9th Cir. 2014)
Broadcast media
Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC (1969)
FCC v. Pacifica Foundation (1978)
FCC v. WNCN Listeners Guild (1981)
Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC I (1994)
Denver Area Ed. Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. FCC (1996)
Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC II (1997)
Bartnicki v. Vopper (2001)
Copyrighted materials
Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co. (1977)
Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises (1985)
Eldred v. Ashcroft (2003)
Freedom of assemblyIncorporation
United States v. Cruikshank (1876)
Presser v. Illinois (1886)
Protection from prosecution and state restrictions
De Jonge v. Oregon (1937)
Thomas v. Collins (1945)
Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta (2021)
Freedom of associationOrganizations
Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath (1951)
Watkins v. United States (1957)
NAACP v. Alabama (1958)
Bates v. City of Little Rock (1960)
NAACP v. Button (1963)
Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta (2021)
Future Conduct
Baggett v. Bullitt (1964)
Solicitation
In re Primus (1978)
Membership restriction
Hishon v. King & Spalding (1984)
Roberts v. United States Jaycees (1984)
Rotary Int'l v. Rotary Club of Duarte (1987)
New York Club Ass'n v. City of New York (1988)
Dallas v. Stanglin (1989)
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston (1995)
Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000)
Christian Legal Society v. Martinez (2010)
Primaries and elections
Cousins v. Wigoda (1975)
Democratic Party v. Wisconsin (1981)
Tashjian v. Republican Party (1986)
Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New Party (1997)
California Democratic Party v. Jones (2000)
Clingman v. Beaver (2005)
New York State Board of Elections v. Lopez Torres (2008)
Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party (2008)
Freedom to petition
United States v. Cruikshank (1876)
Thomas v. Collins (1945)
Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc. (1961)
NAACP v. Button (1963)
Edwards v. South Carolina (1963)
United Mine Workers v. Pennington (1965)
Cox v. Louisiana (1965)
California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited (1972)
Smith v. Arkansas State Highway Employees (1979)
McDonald v. Smith (1985)
Meyer v. Grant (1988)
Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation (1999)
BE and K Construction Co. v. National Labor Relations Board (2002)
Doe v. Reed (2010)
Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri (2011)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"First Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Twenty-first Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"}],"text":"1996 United States Supreme Court case44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island, 517 U.S. 484 (1996), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that a complete ban on the advertising of alcohol prices was unconstitutional under the First Amendment, and that the Twenty-first Amendment, empowering the states to regulate alcohol, did not lessen other constitutional restraints of state power.","title":"44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rhode Island Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_Legislature"},{"link_name":"alcoholic beverage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"news media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_media"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Commerce Clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce_Clause"},{"link_name":"Equal Protection Clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause"},{"link_name":"Sherman Anti-Trust Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Anti-Trust_Act"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island Liquor Stores Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhode_Island_Liquor_Stores_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Call_(Woonsocket)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Justice Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_John_Paul_Stevens"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"First Circuit Court of Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Twenty-first Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In 1956, the Rhode Island Legislature passed two regulations restricting the content of alcohol advertisements. The first prevented both in and out-of-state manufacturers, wholesalers, and shippers from “advertising in any manner whatsoever” the price of any alcoholic beverage offered for sale in Rhode Island. The second prevented Rhode Island news media from “mak[ing] reference to the price of any alcoholic beverages” under any circumstances.[1]In 1985, a liquormart brought a suit against the liquor control commissioner, arguing, among other things, that the first regulation, which prevented the liquormart from advertising its prices, was unconstitutional. The Rhode Island Supreme Court, however, held that the regulation did not violate the First Amendment, the Commerce Clause, the Equal Protection Clause, or the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.[2]In the same year, the Rhode Island Liquor Stores Association filed a suit that attempted to enjoin a local Rhode Island newspaper, The Call, from advertising prices of liquor outside of the state. In that case, the Rhode Island Supreme Court held that the second regulation was constitutional, and enjoined the newspaper from advertising out-of-state liquor prices.[3]In 44 Liquormart, the company 44 Liquormart Inc. owned liquor stores in Rhode Island. The other petitioner, Peoples Super Liquor Stores, Inc., operated several liquor stores in Massachusetts, which Rhode Islanders used. The complaint original began, because 44 Liquormart attempted to run an advertisement, which the Supreme Court of the United States described as:The advertisement did not state the price of any alcoholic beverages. Indeed, it noted that “State law prohibits advertising liquor prices.” The ad did, however, state the low prices at which peanuts, potato chips, and Schweppes mixers were being offered, identify various brands of packaged liquor, and include the word “WOW” in large letters next to pictures of vodka and rum bottles— Justice Stevens, 44 Liquormart, 517 U.S. at 492Because the advertisement implied that 44 Liquormart had low prices, the Rhode Island Liquor Control Administrator fined the store $400.00. After being assessed the fine, the petitioners brought the suit, alleging that the regulation was unconstitutional. The District Court found the regulation banning advertisements unconstitutional, because the state did not prove that the law directly advanced its interest in reducing alcohol consumption, and because the law's reach was unnecessarily extensive.[4]The First Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the lower court, ruling that an increase in alcohol advertisements would lead to an increase in alcohol sales and that the Twenty-first Amendment gave Rhode Island's ban a presumption of validity.[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bigelow v. Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigelow_v._Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia Bd. of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Bd._of_Pharmacy_v._Virginia_Citizens_Consumer_Council,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p49798-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p49798-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posadas_de_Puerto_Rico_Associates_v._Tourism_Company_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"dormant commerce clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormant_commerce_clause"},{"link_name":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Justice Stevens, writing for the plurality, reversed the First Circuit Court of Appeals. He stated first that it was a mistake to assume that commercial speech was not entitled to protection under the First Amendment.[6] Relying heavily on the Court's decisions in Bigelow v. Virginia and Virginia Bd. of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, Inc., Stevens concluded that the Court's \"early cases uniformly struck down several broadly based bans on truthful, nonmisleading commercial speech, each of which served ends unrelated to consumer protection.\"[7] He did note, however, that the Court has at the same time recognized that states may regulate commercial advertising to a greater degree than non-commercial advertising.[7]While Stevens essentially reaffirmed the principle that states have a wider latitude to regulate commercial speech, he stated that Rhode Island had gone too far. Specifically, he stated that the Court has, in the past, been wary of the \"dangers\" of outright content-based bans on commercial speech. He further stated:[B]ans that target truthful, nonmisleading commercial messages rarely protect consumers from such harms. Instead, such bans often serve only to obscure an “underlying governmental policy” that could be implemented without regulating speech. In this way, these commercial speech bans not only hinder consumer choice, but also impede debate over central issues of public policy.— Justice Stevens, 44 Liquormart, 517 U.S. at 502-03Having described the regulation as a \"paternal\" one, which assumes that the public will respond badly to the truth, the Stevens court then went on to address Rhode Island's argument that it had \"substantial interest\" in promoting temperance. Stevens, however, did not give much weight to this argument, because the state provided no findings of fact showing that the ban actually did promote temperance.[8]Stevens further rejected Rhode Island's argument that because the facts supporting or opposing a conclusion that the total ban did, in fact, promote temperance could \"go both ways,\" the First Circuit Court of Appeals was correct in deferring to the legislature. In rejecting the state's argument, Stevens called into question the Supreme Court's ruling in Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico, which was extremely deferential to the legislature.[9]Given our longstanding hostility to commercial speech regulation of this type, Posadas clearly erred in concluding that it was “up to the legislature” to choose suppression over a less speech-restrictive policy. The Posadas majority's conclusion on that point cannot be reconciled with the unbroken line of prior cases striking down similarly broad regulations on truthful, nonmisleading advertising when non-speech-relatedalternatives were available.— Justice Stevens, 44 Liquormart, 517 U.S. at 509-10Finally, Stevens quickly rejected Rhode Island's contention that the Twenty-first Amendment gave the state the power to enforce the complete advertising ban. He conceded that the Amendment did give the state's greater ability to regulate alcohol without violating the dormant commerce clause, but that it did not \"license the States to ignore their obligations under other provisions of the Constitution.”[10]","title":"Opinion of the Court"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justice Ginsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg"},{"link_name":"Justice Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Justice Souter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_David_Souter"},{"link_name":"Justice Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas"}],"sub_title":"Concurrences","text":"Stevens wrote for the majority as to Parts I, II, VII, and VIII. The major holdings from these sections were that the Twenty-first Amendment did not \"save\" Rhode Island's total ban from unconstitutionality and the result that the ban was unconstitutional.Stevens, in Parts III and V, which were joined by Justice Ginsburg and Justice Kennedy, and Justice Souter, stated that the First Amendment allowed for greater regulation of commercial advertising than non-commercial advertising.Stevens, in Part IV, which was joined by Justice Kennedy and Justice Ginsburg, concluded that not all commercial advertising is as protected as other types of commercial advertising.Stevens, in Part VI, which was joined by Justice Kennedy, Justice Ginsburg, and Justice Thomas, rejected the Court's reasoning in Posadas.","title":"Opinion of the Court"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"44 Liquor Mart, Inc. v. Racine","urls":[]},{"reference":"44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/110th_Light_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment,_Royal_Artillery
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110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery
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["1 7th (Garrison) Battalion, Dorsetshire Regiment","2 110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment","2.1 Overlord training","2.2 Normandy","2.3 Seine crossing","2.4 Operation Market Garden","2.5 Operation Clipper","2.6 Rhineland","2.7 Operation Plunder","3 Footnote","4 Notes","5 References","5.1 External sources"]
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WWII British Army military unit
7th Battalion, Dorsetshire Regiment110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RACap badge of the Royal ArtilleryActive10 May 1940–6 April 1946Country United KingdomBranch British ArmyRoleInfantryAir defenceSizeBattalionRegimentPart of43rd (Wessex) Infantry DivisionEngagementsOperation EpsomOperation JupiterOperation BluecoatCrossing of the SeineOperation Market GardenOperation ClipperOperation BlackcockOperation VeritableOperation PlunderNorth GermanyMilitary unit
The 110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, (110th LAA Rgt) was an air defence unit of the British Army during World War II. Initially raised as an infantry battalion of the Dorsetshire Regiment in 1940, it transferred to the Royal Artillery in 1942. It served with 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division in Normandy (Operation Overlord) and through the campaign in North West Europe until VE Day.
The Dorsets' cap badge.
7th (Garrison) Battalion, Dorsetshire Regiment
Not to be confused with 7th (Reserve) Battalion, Dorset Regiment, 1914–19.
The unit was originally formed on 10 May 1940 at Bletchingley, Surrey, as 7th (Garrison) Battalion, Dorsetshire Regiment. As a designated Garrison battalion, the 7th does not appear to have been assigned to any field force or home defence formation.
At the end of 1941 the battalion was selected to be retrained in the light anti-aircraft (LAA) role equipped with Bofors 40 mm guns: on 1 January 1942 it transferred to the Royal Artillery (RA) as 110th LAA Regiment, comprising Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) and 360, 361 and 362 LAA Batteries.
110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment
A Bofors 40 mm LAA gun crew under training, January 1942.
The new regiment was originally part of Anti-Aircraft Command, but left in February before it was allocated to a brigade, and instead it joined 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division on 23 March 1942; it would stay with this formation (alongside two infantry battalions of the Dorsets) for the rest of the war.
Overlord training
43rd (W) Division was stationed in Kent at this time, and as part of XII Corps was training hard for eventual deployment overseas. By July 1943 it was included in 21st Army Group for the planned Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord).
43rd (Wessex) Division's formation sign.
On 14 March 1944 the regiment's three batteries were augmented to a strength of four Troops each when 58 LAA Bty of 50th LAA Rgt joined and was broken up to form 30–32 Trps. This brought the establishment of Bofors guns up to 72, but before D Day many divisional LAA regiments exchanged some of their Bofors for multiple-barrelled 20 mm guns (usually Oerlikons or Polstens). Normally half the Bofors troops operated self-propelled (SP) guns. Tactically, 110th LAA Rgt was usually distributed with one SP troop attached to each of the infantry brigade groups:
One trp 360 LAA Bty with 129 Bde Group
One trp 361 LAA Bty with 130 Bde Group
One trp 362 LAA Bty with 214 Bde Group
Normandy
43rd (W) Division moved into its concentration area in Sussex round Battle, Hastings and Rye by 6 April. D Day for Overlord was 6 June, and on 13 June the division began moving to the embarkation ports. Disembarkation was delayed by bad weather, but the bulk of the division was concentrated north of Bayeux by 24 June with VIII Corps.
The division was committed to its first action in the Battle of the Odon (Operation Epsom) starting on 26 June. The object as to follow 15th (Scottish) Division's advance and then secure the captured objectives in 'Scottish Corridor'. However, this entailed some heavy fighting for the infantry against a Panzer counter-attack on 27 June, an attack cross open cornfields on 28 June and an advance under fire to ford the River Odon and dig in on 29 June. A German counter-attack against them in the evening was destroyed by the divisional artillery. Since the Allies had achieved air superiority over the beachhead, there was little call for AA defence, and AA units became increasingly used to supplement the divisional artillery to support ground operations. LAA units fired tracer to guide night attacks onto their objectives, and the Bofors guns were much in demand for infantry support. They could give useful close-range fire to help infantry working from cover to cover in the bocage; the Bofors' rapid fire was good for suppressing enemy heavy weapons, the 40 mm round's sensitive percussion fuze providing an airburst effect among trees. It was also used for 'bunker-busting', though the lack of protection made the gun detachment vulnerable to return fire. LAA units also provided 'refuge strips' for air observation post aircraft spotting for the field guns: a Bofors troop deployed with Local Warning radar and ground observers could alert the pilot to the presence of enemy aircraft and provide protection for him.
The division's first major offensive action of its own was Operation Jupiter, to take Hill 112, which had been briefly captured by British armour during 'Epsom' but had to be abandoned. The attack on 10 July was supported by all the divisional artillery and mortars, plus the artillery of adjacent divisions. It was supposed to break through and seize bridgeheads over the River Orne, but the massive barrage stunned but failed to suppress the defenders from 10th SS Panzer Division. When the Wessex infantry went forward they came under heavy fire as they fought their way up the slopes. The fighting drew in all the reserves until 5th Battalion Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry (DCLI) was the last uncommitted battalion. It attacked up the slopes of Hill 112, described as 'one of the most tragic acts of self-sacrifice in the entire North West European Campaign'. Launched at 20.30 towards 'The Orchard' on the crest of the hill, and supported by a squadron of tanks and all available guns, including the Bofors of 110th LAA Rgt, the attack reached the orchard, but could get no further. The DCLI held out through the night but by mid-afternoon on 11 July all the anti-tank guns on the hill had been knocked out, the tanks had to retire to the reverse slope, and the defence was almost over. When the order was given to withdraw some 60 survivors of 5th DCLI were brought down. Both sides remained dug in on the slopes, with the hilltop left in No man's land. The division had to hold its positions under mortar fire for another 10 days, described by the commander of 214th Bde as comparable only 'to the bombardment at Passchendaele'. This defence was followed by a final set-piece attack, Operation Express, which succeeded in capturing Maltot on 22 July.
After a short rest 43rd (W) Division moved to XXX Corps to launch an attack towards the dominating height of Mont Pinçon as part of Operation Bluecoat. Casualties were heavy, particularly from mines, and the advance was slow. After a succession of pre-dawn attacks, the division was still 4 miles (6.4 km) from Mont Pinçon on 5 August. In the end the hill fell to a surprise attack by a few tanks on the evening of 6 August. By daybreak the summit was firmly held by tanks and infantry, despite heavy German bombardment.
43rd (W) Division then participated in XXX Corps' pursuit of the broken enemy, many of whom were caught in the Falaise pocket. The main opposition came from mortars and booby-trapped mines. 110th LAA Regiment's commanding officer, Lt-Col Oscar Dent, TD, was killed on 18 August and was succeeded by Lt-Col F.S. Cowan, who commanded the regiment until the end of the war.
Seine crossing
The breakout achieved, XXX Corps drove flat out for the River Seine (Operation Loopy), with 43rd (W) Division sent ahead to make an assault crossing at Vernon. The division had to move in three groups at specific times to cross a road that was also being used by US troops. The AA elements of the groups were arranged as follows:
360 LAA Bty (25 vehicles) moved with Group One (the assault group, including 129th Bde)
71st LAA Rgt from 100th AA Bde, attached to XXX Corps, was with Group Two (214th Bde and the artillery)
The rest of 110th LAA Rgt (50 vehicles) came up with Group Three (130th Bde and the bridging engineers of 15th (Kent) GHQ Troops Royal Engineers)
Group One arrived at Vernon on the afternoon of 25 August, ready to begin the assault crossing that evening. Parties of infantry struggled across by stormboat and amphibious vehicle, and by using the broken bridges, to establish bridgeheads by morning. This was followed by two days of bitter fighting as the defenders counter-attacked the bridgeheads and shelled the bridging sites. On 28 August the armour began to cross in numbers. The Luftwaffe had been unable to intervene, having suffered a heavy defeat at the end of the Normandy campaign and been forced to reposition to airfields further back. After the Seine crossing, 43rd (W) Division was 'grounded' while the rest of XXX Corps raced across northern France and Belgium. 100th AA Brigade then moved up to defend the Seine crossings, including that at Vernon.
Operation Market Garden
When 43rd (W) Division next moved, the war was now 250 miles (400 km) away. The first elements moved up to Brussels to protect headquarters, then the division concentrated at Diest to take part in Operation Market Garden, beginning on 17 September. In 'Garden', the ground part of the operation, XXX Corps was to link up river crossings as far as the Nederrijn at Arnhem via a 'carpet' of airborne troops. 43rd (W) Division was to follow Guards Armoured Division, carrying out assault crossings if any of the bridges were found to be destroyed, and guarding the 'corridor' to Arnhem. The advance up the only road ('Club Route') was slow but on 21 September 43rd (W) Division caught up with the Guards at Nijmegen. Further progress was blocked by strong German forces, and 1st Airborne Division holding out at Arnhem was in a desperate plight. 43rd (W) Division fought its way through to the Nederrijn, with the road behind being frequently cut by German tanks. During the night of 23/24 September the division ferried a few reinforcements across to 1st Airborne, but another assault crossing on the night of 24/25 September suffered heavy casualties and few supplies were got across. By now 1st Airborne had been effectively destroyed, and the only course now was to evacuate the survivors. This was carried out on 25/26 September, a dark night with heavy rain. The whole divisional artillery opened up at 21.00, with tracer fired by 110th LAA Rgt marking the flanks of the crossings while the sappers crossed and recrossed the river in stormboats ferrying around 2300 exhausted survivors of 1st Airborne back to the south bank.
In the aftermath of Market Garden, 43rd (W) Division was stationed on 'The Island' (between the Rivers Waal and Nederrijn), fighting off some serious counter-attacks in early October. Further back the vital bridges at Nijmegen came under air attack, but their defence was handled by 100th AA Bde, while divisional LAA regiments protected their own field gun positions.
A Bofors crew watches aircraft vapour trails above the German border, 25 December 1944.
Operation Clipper
43rd (W) Division was relieved on 10 November and then shifted east with XXX Corps to cooperate with the Ninth US Army by capturing the Geilenkirchen salient in Operation Clipper. This entailed breaching the Siegfried Line defences and capturing a string of fortified villages. For two nights before the attack the divisional machine gun (MG) battalion laid down a heavy harassing fire programme of MGs and mortars on the opposing positions, augmented by tank and anti-tank guns, and the AA guns of 110th LAA Rgt – a forerunner of the later 'Pepperpot' (see below). The division's attack was launched on 18 November and after bitter fighting Geilenkirchen was surrounded by nightfall. After driving off some counter-attacks byPanzers during the night, the division captured the town next day. But thereafter heavy rain turned the whole battlefield into mud and guns could not be moved, while the infantry struggled to consolidate their positions under heavy shellfire from the Siegfried Line guns. By 22 November any further advance was impossible due to the waterlogged state of the country, which then had to be defended in conditions resembling the worst of the Western Front in World War I.
Planning was under way to renew the offensive when the Germans attacked in the Ardennes (the Battle of the Bulge) on 16 December. 43rd (W) Division was positioned to counter-attack should the Germans cross the Meuse (Dutch: Maas) but was not needed. When the Luftwaffe launched its Operation Bodenplatte against Allied airfields on 1 January 1945, GHQ AA Troops for 21st Army Group reported that '40 mm LAA had the time of its life'. 110th LAA Regiment shot down six aircraft on that day, including one Messerschmitt Me 262 jet.
Rhineland
Once the German Ardennes Offensive had been halted, 43rd (W) Division returned to the offensive in early 1945 in Operation Blackcock to reduce the Roer Triangle. The advance was supported by massive artillery concentrations, supplemented by 43rd (W) Division's 'Pepperpots', involving 110th LAA Rgt's Bofors guns, as well as MGs, mortars and tank guns. However, further exploitation was prevented by bad weather. The division then fought through the month-long battle of the Reichswald (Operation Veritable). This was also launched before dawn on 8 February with a massive bombardment: 'The night was lit by flashes of every colour and the tracer of the Bofors guns weaved patterns in the sky. It was light enough to read a book'. The divisional objective was to follow 15th (S) Division's advance and then pass through to capture Kleve. However, the main roads were blocked, the minor roads flooded, and a huge traffic jam of wheeled vehicles resulted. For much of the battle only tracked or amphibious vehicles could be used beyond Kleve and the guns were immobile. On 16 February 43rd (W) Division broke through to the Goch escarpment and on 8 March it entered Xanten on the Rhine.
Operation Plunder
Although 43rd (W) Division was not scheduled to take part in the assault crossing of the Rhine (Operation Plunder), 110th LAA Rgt played a full part with the other follow-up divisions' LAA units in the 'Pepperpot'.This was a bombardment by massed LAA and A/T guns, machine guns and mortars of all calibres to saturate the enemy positions in front of the assaulting infantry, while the field and medium artillery concentrated on specific targets. The LAA units also fired lines of tracer to guide the amphibious vehicles across the wide river in the dark.
By this stage of the war divisional LAA regiments had started to receive quadruple 0.5-inch Browning machine guns on SP mountings (the M51 Quadmount) in place of a proportion of their Bofors guns, to improve their capability against 'snap' attacks by the new German jet fighter-bombers. Under this arrangement a troop comprised four SP or towed Bofors and two quadruple SP Brownings.
SP Bofors in action against German positions at Bremen 26 April 1945.
The division's leading brigade crossed the river on 25 March behind 51st (Highland) Division, and found itself in immediate combat, but had broken through by 29 March. During the subsequent pursuit, 43rd (W) Division was given the task of opening 'Club Route' for XXX Corps. The division combined with 8th Armoured Brigade to form five battle groups for the first 25 miles (40 km) drive. The advance began on 30 March: after initial traffic jams, the groups either overcame or bypassed German rearguards and Lochem was liberated on 1–2 April. The division was then given the task of taking Hengelo to secure the flank while Guards Armoured Division drove for the Dortmund–Ems Canal; 43rd (W) by-passed the end of the Twente Canal and liberated the town. It then moved back into Germany to capture Cloppenburg on 14 April after a stiff fight and fight off a final counter-attack next day. During these advances the Luftwaffe attacked bridging sites, artillery positions and road movements. For the divisional LAA guns most of these involved 'snap' actions, against low-flying attackers using cloud cover, and often using jet aircraft.
The pursuit continued through April and ended with the division's capture of Bremen against spasmodic opposition and XXX Corps' drive into the Cuxhaven peninsula. The number of Luftwaffe attacks on the advancing divisions peaked in the last week of the war before the German surrender at Lüneburg Heath came on 4 May. That night 110th LAA Rgt lit up the sky with tracer fire, and hostilities ended at 08.00 next day.
The division's units were then employed as occupation forces in XXX Corps' district in Germany. The regiment was serving in British Army of the Rhine (BAOR) when it began to disband on 1 March 1946, completing the process by 6 April.
Footnote
^ On the outbreak of war Lt-Col Dent had been a battery commander in 67th (South Midland) Field Rgt of the Territorial Army. He was buried near Pont-Erembourg (Saint-Denis-de-Méré). After the war he was reburied in the Bayeux Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery.
Notes
^ a b c Frederick, pp. 89–90.
^ Joslen.
^ a b c Frederick, pp. 805, 837.
^ a b Farndale, Annex M.
^ 7th & 8th Dorsets at The Keep.
^ Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 2 December 1941, with amendments, The National Archives (TNA), Kew, file WO 212/80.
^ a b c d e Joslen, pp. 69–70.
^ Essame, Appendix A.
^ Essame, pp. 3–12.
^ Order of Battle of the Forces in the United Kingdom, Part 2: 21 Army Group, 24 July 1943, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/238.
^ Frederick, p. 828.
^ Routledge, pp. 78, 306.
^ Essame, p. 4; Appendix C.
^ Essame, pp. 13–17.
^ Buckley, pp. 77–82.
^ Ellis, Normandy, pp. 279–86.
^ Essame, pp. 20–34.
^ Saunders, Epsom, pp. 87–9, 100–6, 143–9.
^ Routledge, pp. 314, 317.
^ Saunders, Hill 112, p. 124.
^ Buckley, p. 92.
^ Ellis, Normandy, pp. 317–8.
^ Essame, pp. 37–50.
^ Saunders, Hill 112.
^ Buckley, pp. 153–68.
^ Ellis, Normandy, pp. 388–90, 402, 409–10.
^ Essame, pp. 53–7.
^ Horrocks, pp. 189–90.
^ Hunt, Mont Pinçon.
^ Buckley, pp. 180–1.
^ Essame, pp. 73–89.
^ Essame, Appendix B.
^ a b Dent at CWGC.
^ Monthly Army List, May 1939.
^ Ellis, Normandy, pp. 453–5, 465–6.
^ Essame, pp. 91, 94–5.
^ Ford, pp. 28–34, 49–54; Appendix 1.
^ Routledge, p. 314; Table L, p. 327.
^ Buckley, pp. 184–9.
^ Essame, pp. 95–113.
^ Ford, pp. 55–177.
^ Routledge, p. 317; Table LI, p. 328.
^ Buckley, pp. 228–30.
^ Ellis, Germany, pp. 42–3.
^ Essame, pp. 113–38.
^ Horrocks, pp. 221–30.
^ Ryan, pp. 462–5, 477–8, 486, 489, 509–13, 515–31.
^ Essame, p. 140–56.
^ Routledge, pp. 324–5, 344; Table LII, p 331.
^ Ellis, Germany, p. 161.
^ Essame, pp. 164–86.
^ Horrocks, pp. 233–6.
^ Essame, pp. 186–94.
^ Routledge, pp. 346–7.
^ Buckley, pp. 265–8.
^ Ellis, Germany, pp. 241–7.
^ Essame, pp. 195–200.
^ Essame, p. 204.
^ Buckley, pp. 274–7.
^ Ellis, Germany, pp. 261–76.
^ Essame, pp. 202–31.
^ Horrocks, pp. 250–5.
^ Ellis, Germany, pp. 288–9.
^ Routledge, p. 356.
^ Routledge, pp. 349–51.
^ Ellis, Germany, pp. 293–4.
^ Essame, pp. 233–40.
^ Horrocks, pp. 261–2.
^ Ellis, Germany, pp. 306–8, 311–2.
^ Essame, pp. 241–56.
^ Horrocks, pp. 260–2.
^ a b Routledge, pp. 361–2.
^ Ellis, Germany, pp. 307–16, 338–40.
^ Essame, pp. 256–70.
^ Horrocks, pp. 246, 261–6.
References
John Buckley, Monty's Men: The British Army and the Liberation of Europe, London: Yale University Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-300-13449-0.
Maj L.F. Ellis, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: Victory in the West, Vol I: The Battle of Normandy, London: HM Stationery Office, 1962/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004, ISBN 1-845740-58-0.
Maj L.F. Ellis, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: Victory in the West, Vol II: The Defeat of Germany, London: HM Stationery Office, 1968/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004, ISBN 1-845740-59-9.
Maj-Gen H. Essame, The 43rd Wessex Division at War 1944–45, London: William Clowes, 1952.
Gen Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Years of Defeat: Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988/London: Brasseys, 1996, ISBN 1-85753-080-2.
Ken Ford, Assault Crossing: The River Seine 1944, 2nd Edn, Bradford: Pen & Sword, 2011, ISBN 978-1-84884-576-3
J.B.M. Frederick, Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978, Vol I, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, ISBN 1-85117-007-3.
J.B.M. Frederick, Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978, Vol II, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, ISBN 1-85117-009-X.
Lt-Gen Sir Brian Horrocks, A Full Life, London: Collins, 1960.
Eric Hunt, 'Battleground Europe: Normandy: Mont Pinçon, Barnsley: Leo Cooper, 2003, ISBN 0-85052-944-1.
Joslen, H. F. (2003) . Orders of Battle: Second World War, 1939–1945. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval and Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84342-474-1.
Brig N.W. Routledge, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Anti-Aircraft Artillery 1914–55, London: Royal Artillery Institution/Brassey's, 1994, ISBN 1-85753-099-3
Tim Saunders, Battleground Europe: Operation Epsom: Normandy, June 1944, Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2003, ISBN 0-85052-954-9.
Tim Saunders, Battleground Europe: Normandy: Hill 112, Battles of the Odon – 1944, Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2000, ISBN 978-0-85052-737-7.
External sources
Commonwealth War Graves Commission records
The Keep Military Museum.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Dorsetshire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsetshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Royal Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43rd_(Wessex)_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"Operation Overlord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Overlord"},{"link_name":"campaign in North West Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)#1944%E2%80%931945:_The_Second_Front"},{"link_name":"VE Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VE_Day"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Badge,_regimental_(AM_790874-1).jpg"}],"text":"Military unitThe 110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, (110th LAA Rgt) was an air defence unit of the British Army during World War II. Initially raised as an infantry battalion of the Dorsetshire Regiment in 1940, it transferred to the Royal Artillery in 1942. It served with 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division in Normandy (Operation Overlord) and through the campaign in North West Europe until VE Day.The Dorsets' cap badge.","title":"110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"7th (Reserve) Battalion, Dorset Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_(Reserve)_Battalion,_Dorset_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Bletchingley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchingley"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"Dorsetshire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsetshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick89-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bofors 40 mm guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bofors_40_mm_Automatic_Gun_L/60"},{"link_name":"Royal Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"Batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_battery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick89-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick805-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FarnM-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Not to be confused with 7th (Reserve) Battalion, Dorset Regiment, 1914–19.The unit was originally formed on 10 May 1940 at Bletchingley, Surrey, as 7th (Garrison) Battalion, Dorsetshire Regiment.[1] As a designated Garrison battalion, the 7th does not appear to have been assigned to any field force or home defence formation.[2]At the end of 1941 the battalion was selected to be retrained in the light anti-aircraft (LAA) role equipped with Bofors 40 mm guns: on 1 January 1942 it transferred to the Royal Artillery (RA) as 110th LAA Regiment, comprising Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) and 360, 361 and 362 LAA Batteries.[1][3][4][5]","title":"7th (Garrison) Battalion, Dorsetshire Regiment"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H16771.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anti-Aircraft Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Aircraft_Command"},{"link_name":"43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43rd_(Wessex)_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joslen69-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"A Bofors 40 mm LAA gun crew under training, January 1942.The new regiment was originally part of Anti-Aircraft Command, but left in February before it was allocated to a brigade, and instead it joined 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division on 23 March 1942; it would stay with this formation (alongside two infantry battalions of the Dorsets) for the rest of the war.[6][7][8]","title":"110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"XII Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"21st Army Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Army_Group"},{"link_name":"Operation Overlord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Overlord"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joslen69-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:43_inf_div_-vector.svg"},{"link_name":"Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troop"},{"link_name":"50th LAA Rgt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50th_Light_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment,_Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"D Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_Day"},{"link_name":"Oerlikons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oerlikon_20_mm_cannon"},{"link_name":"Polstens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_mm_Polsten"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick805-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"129 Bde Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/129th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"130 Bde Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/130th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"214 Bde Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/214th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"}],"sub_title":"Overlord training","text":"43rd (W) Division was stationed in Kent at this time, and as part of XII Corps was training hard for eventual deployment overseas. By July 1943 it was included in 21st Army Group for the planned Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord).[7][9][10]43rd (Wessex) Division's formation sign.On 14 March 1944 the regiment's three batteries were augmented to a strength of four Troops each when 58 LAA Bty of 50th LAA Rgt joined and was broken up to form 30–32 Trps. This brought the establishment of Bofors guns up to 72, but before D Day many divisional LAA regiments exchanged some of their Bofors for multiple-barrelled 20 mm guns (usually Oerlikons or Polstens). Normally half the Bofors troops operated self-propelled (SP) guns.[3][11][12] Tactically, 110th LAA Rgt was usually distributed with one SP troop attached to each of the infantry brigade groups:[13]One trp 360 LAA Bty with 129 Bde Group\nOne trp 361 LAA Bty with 130 Bde Group\nOne trp 362 LAA Bty with 214 Bde Group","title":"110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex"},{"link_name":"Battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle,_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings"},{"link_name":"Rye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye,_Sussex"},{"link_name":"D Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_Day"},{"link_name":"Bayeux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayeux"},{"link_name":"VIII Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIII_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joslen69-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Operation Epsom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Epsom"},{"link_name":"15th (Scottish) Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_(Scottish)_Division"},{"link_name":"Panzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer"},{"link_name":"River Odon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Odon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joslen69-7"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"tracer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracer_ammunition"},{"link_name":"percussion fuze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_fuze#Percussion_fuzes"},{"link_name":"airburst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_burst"},{"link_name":"air observation post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_observation_post"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Operation Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Jupiter_(1944)"},{"link_name":"River Orne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Orne"},{"link_name":"10th SS Panzer Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_SS_Panzer_Division_Frundsberg"},{"link_name":"Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Cornwall%27s_Light_Infantry"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"No man's land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_man%27s_land"},{"link_name":"Passchendaele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele"},{"link_name":"Operation Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Jupiter_(1944)#Operation_Express,_22_July"},{"link_name":"Maltot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltot"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"XXX Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXX_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Mont Pinçon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Pin%C3%A7on"},{"link_name":"Operation Bluecoat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bluecoat"},{"link_name":"mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_mine"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Falaise pocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falaise_pocket"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"TD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_Decoration"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CWGC-33"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Normandy","text":"43rd (W) Division moved into its concentration area in Sussex round Battle, Hastings and Rye by 6 April. D Day for Overlord was 6 June, and on 13 June the division began moving to the embarkation ports. Disembarkation was delayed by bad weather, but the bulk of the division was concentrated north of Bayeux by 24 June with VIII Corps.[7][14]The division was committed to its first action in the Battle of the Odon (Operation Epsom) starting on 26 June. The object as to follow 15th (Scottish) Division's advance and then secure the captured objectives in 'Scottish Corridor'. However, this entailed some heavy fighting for the infantry against a Panzer counter-attack on 27 June, an attack cross open cornfields on 28 June and an advance under fire to ford the River Odon and dig in on 29 June. A German counter-attack against them in the evening was destroyed by the divisional artillery.[7][15][16][17][18] Since the Allies had achieved air superiority over the beachhead, there was little call for AA defence, and AA units became increasingly used to supplement the divisional artillery to support ground operations. LAA units fired tracer to guide night attacks onto their objectives, and the Bofors guns were much in demand for infantry support. They could give useful close-range fire to help infantry working from cover to cover in the bocage; the Bofors' rapid fire was good for suppressing enemy heavy weapons, the 40 mm round's sensitive percussion fuze providing an airburst effect among trees. It was also used for 'bunker-busting', though the lack of protection made the gun detachment vulnerable to return fire. LAA units also provided 'refuge strips' for air observation post aircraft spotting for the field guns: a Bofors troop deployed with Local Warning radar and ground observers could alert the pilot to the presence of enemy aircraft and provide protection for him.[19]The division's first major offensive action of its own was Operation Jupiter, to take Hill 112, which had been briefly captured by British armour during 'Epsom' but had to be abandoned. The attack on 10 July was supported by all the divisional artillery and mortars, plus the artillery of adjacent divisions. It was supposed to break through and seize bridgeheads over the River Orne, but the massive barrage stunned but failed to suppress the defenders from 10th SS Panzer Division. When the Wessex infantry went forward they came under heavy fire as they fought their way up the slopes. The fighting drew in all the reserves until 5th Battalion Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry (DCLI) was the last uncommitted battalion. It attacked up the slopes of Hill 112, described as 'one of the most tragic acts of self-sacrifice in the entire North West European Campaign'.[20] Launched at 20.30 towards 'The Orchard' on the crest of the hill, and supported by a squadron of tanks and all available guns, including the Bofors of 110th LAA Rgt, the attack reached the orchard, but could get no further. The DCLI held out through the night but by mid-afternoon on 11 July all the anti-tank guns on the hill had been knocked out, the tanks had to retire to the reverse slope, and the defence was almost over. When the order was given to withdraw some 60 survivors of 5th DCLI were brought down. Both sides remained dug in on the slopes, with the hilltop left in No man's land. The division had to hold its positions under mortar fire for another 10 days, described by the commander of 214th Bde as comparable only 'to the bombardment at Passchendaele'. This defence was followed by a final set-piece attack, Operation Express, which succeeded in capturing Maltot on 22 July.[21][22][23][24]After a short rest 43rd (W) Division moved to XXX Corps to launch an attack towards the dominating height of Mont Pinçon as part of Operation Bluecoat. Casualties were heavy, particularly from mines, and the advance was slow. After a succession of pre-dawn attacks, the division was still 4 miles (6.4 km) from Mont Pinçon on 5 August. In the end the hill fell to a surprise attack by a few tanks on the evening of 6 August. By daybreak the summit was firmly held by tanks and infantry, despite heavy German bombardment.[25][26][27][28][29]43rd (W) Division then participated in XXX Corps' pursuit of the broken enemy, many of whom were caught in the Falaise pocket. The main opposition came from mortars and booby-trapped mines.[30][31] 110th LAA Regiment's commanding officer, Lt-Col Oscar Dent, TD, was killed on 18 August and was succeeded by Lt-Col F.S. Cowan, who commanded the regiment until the end of the war.[32][33][a]","title":"110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"River Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Seine"},{"link_name":"Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon,_Eure"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"71st LAA Rgt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=71st_Light_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment,_Royal_Artillery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"100th AA Bde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=100th_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"15th (Kent) GHQ Troops Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_(Kent)_GHQ_Troops_Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Seine crossing","text":"The breakout achieved, XXX Corps drove flat out for the River Seine (Operation Loopy), with 43rd (W) Division sent ahead to make an assault crossing at Vernon. The division had to move in three groups at specific times to cross a road that was also being used by US troops. The AA elements of the groups were arranged as follows:[35][36][37]360 LAA Bty (25 vehicles) moved with Group One (the assault group, including 129th Bde)\n71st LAA Rgt from 100th AA Bde, attached to XXX Corps,[38] was with Group Two (214th Bde and the artillery)\nThe rest of 110th LAA Rgt (50 vehicles) came up with Group Three (130th Bde and the bridging engineers of 15th (Kent) GHQ Troops Royal Engineers)Group One arrived at Vernon on the afternoon of 25 August, ready to begin the assault crossing that evening. Parties of infantry struggled across by stormboat and amphibious vehicle, and by using the broken bridges, to establish bridgeheads by morning. This was followed by two days of bitter fighting as the defenders counter-attacked the bridgeheads and shelled the bridging sites. On 28 August the armour began to cross in numbers. The Luftwaffe had been unable to intervene, having suffered a heavy defeat at the end of the Normandy campaign and been forced to reposition to airfields further back. After the Seine crossing, 43rd (W) Division was 'grounded' while the rest of XXX Corps raced across northern France and Belgium.[39][40][41] 100th AA Brigade then moved up to defend the Seine crossings, including that at Vernon.[42]","title":"110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Diest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diest"},{"link_name":"Operation Market Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden"},{"link_name":"Nederrijn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederrijn"},{"link_name":"Arnhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnhem"},{"link_name":"airborne troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_forces"},{"link_name":"Guards Armoured Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guards_Armoured_Division"},{"link_name":"Nijmegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijmegen"},{"link_name":"1st Airborne Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Airborne_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_crew_of_a_Bofors_anti-aircraft_gun_view_vapour_trails_in_the_sky_high_above_the_Dutch-German_border_near_Brunssum,_25_December_1944._B13136.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Operation Market Garden","text":"When 43rd (W) Division next moved, the war was now 250 miles (400 km) away. The first elements moved up to Brussels to protect headquarters, then the division concentrated at Diest to take part in Operation Market Garden, beginning on 17 September. In 'Garden', the ground part of the operation, XXX Corps was to link up river crossings as far as the Nederrijn at Arnhem via a 'carpet' of airborne troops. 43rd (W) Division was to follow Guards Armoured Division, carrying out assault crossings if any of the bridges were found to be destroyed, and guarding the 'corridor' to Arnhem. The advance up the only road ('Club Route') was slow but on 21 September 43rd (W) Division caught up with the Guards at Nijmegen. Further progress was blocked by strong German forces, and 1st Airborne Division holding out at Arnhem was in a desperate plight. 43rd (W) Division fought its way through to the Nederrijn, with the road behind being frequently cut by German tanks. During the night of 23/24 September the division ferried a few reinforcements across to 1st Airborne, but another assault crossing on the night of 24/25 September suffered heavy casualties and few supplies were got across. By now 1st Airborne had been effectively destroyed, and the only course now was to evacuate the survivors. This was carried out on 25/26 September, a dark night with heavy rain. The whole divisional artillery opened up at 21.00, with tracer fired by 110th LAA Rgt marking the flanks of the crossings while the sappers crossed and recrossed the river in stormboats ferrying around 2300 exhausted survivors of 1st Airborne back to the south bank.[43][44][45][46][47]In the aftermath of Market Garden, 43rd (W) Division was stationed on 'The Island' (between the Rivers Waal and Nederrijn), fighting off some serious counter-attacks in early October. Further back the vital bridges at Nijmegen came under air attack, but their defence was handled by 100th AA Bde, while divisional LAA regiments protected their own field gun positions.[48][49]A Bofors crew watches aircraft vapour trails above the German border, 25 December 1944.","title":"110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ninth US Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Geilenkirchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geilenkirchen"},{"link_name":"Operation Clipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Clipper"},{"link_name":"Siegfried Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Line"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Bulge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge"},{"link_name":"Meuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Operation Bodenplatte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte"},{"link_name":"Messerschmitt Me 262","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_262"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Operation Clipper","text":"43rd (W) Division was relieved on 10 November and then shifted east with XXX Corps to cooperate with the Ninth US Army by capturing the Geilenkirchen salient in Operation Clipper. This entailed breaching the Siegfried Line defences and capturing a string of fortified villages. For two nights before the attack the divisional machine gun (MG) battalion laid down a heavy harassing fire programme of MGs and mortars on the opposing positions, augmented by tank and anti-tank guns, and the AA guns of 110th LAA Rgt – a forerunner of the later 'Pepperpot' (see below). The division's attack was launched on 18 November and after bitter fighting Geilenkirchen was surrounded by nightfall. After driving off some counter-attacks byPanzers during the night, the division captured the town next day. But thereafter heavy rain turned the whole battlefield into mud and guns could not be moved, while the infantry struggled to consolidate their positions under heavy shellfire from the Siegfried Line guns. By 22 November any further advance was impossible due to the waterlogged state of the country, which then had to be defended in conditions resembling the worst of the Western Front in World War I.[50][51][52]Planning was under way to renew the offensive when the Germans attacked in the Ardennes (the Battle of the Bulge) on 16 December. 43rd (W) Division was positioned to counter-attack should the Germans cross the Meuse (Dutch: Maas) but was not needed. When the Luftwaffe launched its Operation Bodenplatte against Allied airfields on 1 January 1945, GHQ AA Troops for 21st Army Group reported that '40 mm LAA had the time of its life'. 110th LAA Regiment shot down six aircraft on that day, including one Messerschmitt Me 262 jet.[53][54]","title":"110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Operation Blackcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Blackcock"},{"link_name":"Roer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roer"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Reichswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klever_Reichswald"},{"link_name":"Operation Veritable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Veritable"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Kleve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleve"},{"link_name":"Goch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goch"},{"link_name":"Xanten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanten"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Rhineland","text":"Once the German Ardennes Offensive had been halted, 43rd (W) Division returned to the offensive in early 1945 in Operation Blackcock to reduce the Roer Triangle. The advance was supported by massive artillery concentrations, supplemented by 43rd (W) Division's 'Pepperpots', involving 110th LAA Rgt's Bofors guns, as well as MGs, mortars and tank guns. However, further exploitation was prevented by bad weather.[55][56][57] The division then fought through the month-long battle of the Reichswald (Operation Veritable). This was also launched before dawn on 8 February with a massive bombardment: 'The night was lit by flashes of every colour and the tracer of the Bofors guns weaved patterns in the sky. It was light enough to read a book'.[58] The divisional objective was to follow 15th (S) Division's advance and then pass through to capture Kleve. However, the main roads were blocked, the minor roads flooded, and a huge traffic jam of wheeled vehicles resulted. For much of the battle only tracked or amphibious vehicles could be used beyond Kleve and the guns were immobile. On 16 February 43rd (W) Division broke through to the Goch escarpment and on 8 March it entered Xanten on the Rhine.[59][60][61][62]","title":"110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Operation Plunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Plunder"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"0.5-inch Browning machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2_Browning"},{"link_name":"M51 Quadmount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M45_Quadmount#Mountings"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45_BU4428.jpg"},{"link_name":"51st (Highland) Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51st_(Highland)_Division"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"8th Armoured Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Armoured_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Lochem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochem"},{"link_name":"Hengelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengelo"},{"link_name":"Dortmund–Ems Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortmund%E2%80%93Ems_Canal"},{"link_name":"Twente Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentekanaal"},{"link_name":"Cloppenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloppenburg"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rout361-73"},{"link_name":"Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen"},{"link_name":"Cuxhaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuxhaven"},{"link_name":"German surrender at Lüneburg Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_surrender_at_L%C3%BCneburg_Heath"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rout361-73"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joslen69-7"},{"link_name":"British Army of the Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army_of_the_Rhine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick89-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FarnM-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick805-3"}],"sub_title":"Operation Plunder","text":"Although 43rd (W) Division was not scheduled to take part in the assault crossing of the Rhine (Operation Plunder), 110th LAA Rgt played a full part with the other follow-up divisions' LAA units in the 'Pepperpot'.This was a bombardment by massed LAA and A/T guns, machine guns and mortars of all calibres to saturate the enemy positions in front of the assaulting infantry, while the field and medium artillery concentrated on specific targets. The LAA units also fired lines of tracer to guide the amphibious vehicles across the wide river in the dark.[63][64]By this stage of the war divisional LAA regiments had started to receive quadruple 0.5-inch Browning machine guns on SP mountings (the M51 Quadmount) in place of a proportion of their Bofors guns, to improve their capability against 'snap' attacks by the new German jet fighter-bombers. Under this arrangement a troop comprised four SP or towed Bofors and two quadruple SP Brownings.[65]SP Bofors in action against German positions at Bremen 26 April 1945.The division's leading brigade crossed the river on 25 March behind 51st (Highland) Division, and found itself in immediate combat, but had broken through by 29 March.[66][67][68] During the subsequent pursuit, 43rd (W) Division was given the task of opening 'Club Route' for XXX Corps. The division combined with 8th Armoured Brigade to form five battle groups for the first 25 miles (40 km) drive. The advance began on 30 March: after initial traffic jams, the groups either overcame or bypassed German rearguards and Lochem was liberated on 1–2 April. The division was then given the task of taking Hengelo to secure the flank while Guards Armoured Division drove for the Dortmund–Ems Canal; 43rd (W) by-passed the end of the Twente Canal and liberated the town. It then moved back into Germany to capture Cloppenburg on 14 April after a stiff fight and fight off a final counter-attack next day.[69][70][71] During these advances the Luftwaffe attacked bridging sites, artillery positions and road movements. For the divisional LAA guns most of these involved 'snap' actions, against low-flying attackers using cloud cover, and often using jet aircraft.[72]The pursuit continued through April and ended with the division's capture of Bremen against spasmodic opposition and XXX Corps' drive into the Cuxhaven peninsula. The number of Luftwaffe attacks on the advancing divisions peaked in the last week of the war before the German surrender at Lüneburg Heath came on 4 May. That night 110th LAA Rgt lit up the sky with tracer fire, and hostilities ended at 08.00 next day.[73][74][75][72]The division's units were then employed as occupation forces in XXX Corps' district in Germany.[7] The regiment was serving in British Army of the Rhine (BAOR) when it began to disband on 1 March 1946, completing the process by 6 April.[1][4][3]","title":"110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"67th (South Midland) Field Rgt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/67th_(South_Midland)_Field_Regiment,_Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"Territorial Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_Army_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Saint-Denis-de-Méré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Denis-de-M%C3%A9r%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Bayeux Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayeux_Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CWGC-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"^ On the outbreak of war Lt-Col Dent had been a battery commander in 67th (South Midland) Field Rgt of the Territorial Army. He was buried near Pont-Erembourg (Saint-Denis-de-Méré). After the war he was reburied in the Bayeux Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery.[33][34]","title":"Footnote"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick89_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick89_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick89_1-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick805_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick805_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick805_3-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FarnM_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FarnM_4-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"7th & 8th Dorsets at The Keep.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.keepmilitarymuseum.org/history/second+world+war/the+dorsetshire+regiment/the+seventh+and+eighth+battalions"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"The National Archives (TNA), Kew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Joslen69_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Joslen69_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Joslen69_7-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Joslen69_7-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Joslen69_7-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CWGC_33-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CWGC_33-1"},{"link_name":"Dent at CWGC.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/2956093/OSCAR%20WILLIAM%20ROBERT%20DENT/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-55"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-56"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-58"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-59"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-60"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-61"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-62"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-63"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-64"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-65"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-66"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-67"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-68"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-69"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-70"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-71"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-72"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rout361_73-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rout361_73-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-74"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-75"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-76"}],"text":"^ a b c Frederick, pp. 89–90.\n\n^ Joslen.\n\n^ a b c Frederick, pp. 805, 837.\n\n^ a b Farndale, Annex M.\n\n^ 7th & 8th Dorsets at The Keep.\n\n^ Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 2 December 1941, with amendments, The National Archives (TNA), Kew, file WO 212/80.\n\n^ a b c d e Joslen, pp. 69–70.\n\n^ Essame, Appendix A.\n\n^ Essame, pp. 3–12.\n\n^ Order of Battle of the Forces in the United Kingdom, Part 2: 21 Army Group, 24 July 1943, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/238.\n\n^ Frederick, p. 828.\n\n^ Routledge, pp. 78, 306.\n\n^ Essame, p. 4; Appendix C.\n\n^ Essame, pp. 13–17.\n\n^ Buckley, pp. 77–82.\n\n^ Ellis, Normandy, pp. 279–86.\n\n^ Essame, pp. 20–34.\n\n^ Saunders, Epsom, pp. 87–9, 100–6, 143–9.\n\n^ Routledge, pp. 314, 317.\n\n^ Saunders, Hill 112, p. 124.\n\n^ Buckley, p. 92.\n\n^ Ellis, Normandy, pp. 317–8.\n\n^ Essame, pp. 37–50.\n\n^ Saunders, Hill 112.\n\n^ Buckley, pp. 153–68.\n\n^ Ellis, Normandy, pp. 388–90, 402, 409–10.\n\n^ Essame, pp. 53–7.\n\n^ Horrocks, pp. 189–90.\n\n^ Hunt, Mont Pinçon.\n\n^ Buckley, pp. 180–1.\n\n^ Essame, pp. 73–89.\n\n^ Essame, Appendix B.\n\n^ a b Dent at CWGC.\n\n^ Monthly Army List, May 1939.\n\n^ Ellis, Normandy, pp. 453–5, 465–6.\n\n^ Essame, pp. 91, 94–5.\n\n^ Ford, pp. 28–34, 49–54; Appendix 1.\n\n^ Routledge, p. 314; Table L, p. 327.\n\n^ Buckley, pp. 184–9.\n\n^ Essame, pp. 95–113.\n\n^ Ford, pp. 55–177.\n\n^ Routledge, p. 317; Table LI, p. 328.\n\n^ Buckley, pp. 228–30.\n\n^ Ellis, Germany, pp. 42–3.\n\n^ Essame, pp. 113–38.\n\n^ Horrocks, pp. 221–30.\n\n^ Ryan, pp. 462–5, 477–8, 486, 489, 509–13, 515–31.\n\n^ Essame, p. 140–56.\n\n^ Routledge, pp. 324–5, 344; Table LII, p 331.\n\n^ Ellis, Germany, p. 161.\n\n^ Essame, pp. 164–86.\n\n^ Horrocks, pp. 233–6.\n\n^ Essame, pp. 186–94.\n\n^ Routledge, pp. 346–7.\n\n^ Buckley, pp. 265–8.\n\n^ Ellis, Germany, pp. 241–7.\n\n^ Essame, pp. 195–200.\n\n^ Essame, p. 204.\n\n^ Buckley, pp. 274–7.\n\n^ Ellis, Germany, pp. 261–76.\n\n^ Essame, pp. 202–31.\n\n^ Horrocks, pp. 250–5.\n\n^ Ellis, Germany, pp. 288–9.\n\n^ Routledge, p. 356.\n\n^ Routledge, pp. 349–51.\n\n^ Ellis, Germany, pp. 293–4.\n\n^ Essame, pp. 233–40.\n\n^ Horrocks, pp. 261–2.\n\n^ Ellis, Germany, pp. 306–8, 311–2.\n\n^ Essame, pp. 241–56.\n\n^ Horrocks, pp. 260–2.\n\n^ a b Routledge, pp. 361–2.\n\n^ Ellis, Germany, pp. 307–16, 338–40.\n\n^ Essame, pp. 256–70.\n\n^ Horrocks, pp. 246, 261–6.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"The Dorsets' cap badge.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Badge%2C_regimental_%28AM_790874-1%29.jpg/220px-Badge%2C_regimental_%28AM_790874-1%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Bofors 40 mm LAA gun crew under training, January 1942.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H16771.jpg/220px-The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H16771.jpg"},{"image_text":"43rd (Wessex) Division's formation sign.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/43_inf_div_-vector.svg/150px-43_inf_div_-vector.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A Bofors crew watches aircraft vapour trails above the German border, 25 December 1944.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_crew_of_a_Bofors_anti-aircraft_gun_view_vapour_trails_in_the_sky_high_above_the_Dutch-German_border_near_Brunssum%2C_25_December_1944._B13136.jpg/220px-The_crew_of_a_Bofors_anti-aircraft_gun_view_vapour_trails_in_the_sky_high_above_the_Dutch-German_border_near_Brunssum%2C_25_December_1944._B13136.jpg"},{"image_text":"SP Bofors in action against German positions at Bremen 26 April 1945.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45_BU4428.jpg/220px-The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45_BU4428.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Joslen, H. F. (2003) [1960]. Orders of Battle: Second World War, 1939–1945. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval and Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84342-474-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84342-474-1","url_text":"978-1-84342-474-1"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.keepmilitarymuseum.org/history/second+world+war/the+dorsetshire+regiment/the+seventh+and+eighth+battalions","external_links_name":"7th & 8th Dorsets at The Keep."},{"Link":"https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/2956093/OSCAR%20WILLIAM%20ROBERT%20DENT/","external_links_name":"Dent at CWGC."},{"Link":"https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/","external_links_name":"Commonwealth War Graves Commission records"},{"Link":"https://www.keepmilitarymuseum.org/info/history","external_links_name":"The Keep Military Museum."}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Clements,_British_Columbia
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Port Clements
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["1 Demographics","2 References","3 External links"]
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Coordinates: 53°41′16″N 132°10′08″W / 53.68778°N 132.16889°W / 53.68778; -132.16889
Village in British Columbia, CanadaPort ClementsVillageVillage of Port ClementsLocation of Port Clements in British ColumbiaShow map of British ColumbiaPort Clements (Canada)Show map of CanadaCoordinates: 53°41′16″N 132°10′08″W / 53.68778°N 132.16889°W / 53.68778; -132.16889CountryCanadaProvinceBritish ColumbiaRegionHaida GwaiiRegional districtSkeena-Queen CharlotteFounded1907Incorporated1975Government • Governing bodyPort Clements Village Council • MayorDoug DaugertArea • Total13.59 km2 (5.25 sq mi)Elevation5 m (16 ft)Population (2021) • Total340 • Density26/km2 (70/sq mi)Time zoneUTC−08:00 (PST)Highways Hwy 16 (TCH)WaterwaysMasset InletWebsitePort Clements
Port Clements is an incorporated village situated at the east end of Masset Inlet in Haida Gwaii (formerly the Queen Charlotte Islands) off the coast of the Province of British Columbia in Canada. Known as Gamadiis in HlG̱aagilda X̱aayda kil, it is one of seven village sites that flourished in the rich waters at the mouth of Yakoun River, where an estuary shelters nine Pacific salmonid species and many kinds of birds. Founded by Eli Tingley in 1907, it was once known under the name Queenstown, but renamed to Port Clements in 1914 after Herb S. Clements, the local MP at the time (for Comox—Atlin, then 1917-1921 for Comox—Alberni), when the name "Queenstown" duplicated and therefore became unusable for the post office.
The highway leading to Port Clements from Tlell and from Port Clements to Masset was paved in 1969 and soon after completion the village became incorporated in 1975. The road to Tlell is called the straight stretch, as it is straight. The other main road that heads west to Juskatla Camp and back south to Queen Charlotte City is still gravel and mainly a logging road only open to public traffic after working hours.
Port Clements was and still is to a lesser extent the centre of the remaining logging on northern Graham Island. In this community 29.2% of the labour force works in the forest industry. Most of the processing takes place in Juskatla Camp.
Past tourist attractions were Kiidk'yaas (The Golden Spruce) which was illegally felled by Grant Hadwin in 1997, and the White Raven, which has died.
Today, Port Clements and the nearby mouth of the Yakoun River attract visitors intending to fish for steelheads, chinook and other salmon or to go kayaking. There are a few camp and picnic sites as well as hiking trails in and around Port Clements, which also has one gas station, one grocery store, a public library, a Canada Post office, a bar, a museum, a hostel, a grade school, a church and a wharf. Businesses include mechanics, small farmers and forestry contractors.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Port Clements had a population of 340 living in 181 of its 205 total private dwellings, a change of 20.6% from its 2016 population of 282. With a land area of 13.07 km2 (5.05 sq mi), it had a population density of 26.0/km2 (67.4/sq mi) in 2021.
References
^ "British Columbia Regional Districts, Municipalities, Corporate Name, Date of Incorporation and Postal Address" (XLS). British Columbia Ministry of Communities, Sport and Cultural Development. Retrieved November 2, 2014.
^ "2021 Census of Population geographic summary". Retrieved February 9, 2024.
^ "Port Clements (village)". BC Geographical Names.
^ Elders of Skidegate (1 July 2016). Hlg̱aagilda X̱aayda Kil K'aalang (1 ed.). Skidegate, Haida Gwaii: Skidegate Haida Immersion Program. p. 630. ISBN 978-0-9940525-6-8.
^ Council of the Haida Nation. "Yaaguun Gandlaay Management Plan" (PDF). haidanation.ca. Haida Nation, British Columbia, BC Parks. Retrieved 15 Aug 2018.
^ "The Village of Port Clements - History". Archived from the original on 2007-02-05. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
^ BC Stats community facts - Port Clements
^ BritishColumbia.com - Regions & Towns - Port Clements
^ "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), British Columbia". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Masset Inlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masset_Inlet"},{"link_name":"Haida Gwaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida_Gwaii"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"HlG̱aagilda X̱aayda kil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida_language"},{"link_name":"rich waters at the mouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumshewa"},{"link_name":"Yakoun River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakoun_River"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Herb S. Clements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Sylvester_Clements"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Comox—Atlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comox%E2%80%94Atlin"},{"link_name":"Comox—Alberni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comox%E2%80%94Alberni"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tlell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlell,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Masset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masset,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Juskatla Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juskatla,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Queen Charlotte City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Charlotte_City"},{"link_name":"Graham Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Island"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Juskatla Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juskatla"},{"link_name":"Kiidk'yaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiidk%27yaas"},{"link_name":"Grant Hadwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Hadwin"},{"link_name":"Yakoun River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakoun_River"},{"link_name":"steelheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_trout"},{"link_name":"chinook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinook_salmon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Canada Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Post"}],"text":"Village in British Columbia, CanadaPort Clements is an incorporated village situated at the east end of Masset Inlet in Haida Gwaii (formerly the Queen Charlotte Islands) off the coast of the Province of British Columbia in Canada.[3] Known as Gamadiis[4] in HlG̱aagilda X̱aayda kil, it is one of seven village sites that flourished in the rich waters at the mouth of Yakoun River, where an estuary shelters nine Pacific salmonid species and many kinds of birds.[5] Founded by Eli Tingley in 1907, it was once known under the name Queenstown, but renamed to Port Clements in 1914 after Herb S. Clements, the local MP at the time[6] (for Comox—Atlin, then 1917-1921 for Comox—Alberni), when the name \"Queenstown\" duplicated and therefore became unusable for the post office.[citation needed]The highway leading to Port Clements from Tlell and from Port Clements to Masset was paved in 1969 and soon after completion the village became incorporated in 1975. The road to Tlell is called the straight stretch, as it is straight. The other main road that heads west to Juskatla Camp and back south to Queen Charlotte City is still gravel and mainly a logging road only open to public traffic after working hours.Port Clements was and still is to a lesser extent the centre of the remaining logging on northern Graham Island. In this community 29.2% of the labour force works in the forest industry.[7] Most of the processing takes place in Juskatla Camp.Past tourist attractions were Kiidk'yaas (The Golden Spruce) which was illegally felled by Grant Hadwin in 1997, and the White Raven, which has died.Today, Port Clements and the nearby mouth of the Yakoun River attract visitors intending to fish for steelheads, chinook and other salmon or to go kayaking.[8] There are a few camp and picnic sites as well as hiking trails in and around Port Clements, which also has one gas station, one grocery store, a public library, a Canada Post office, a bar, a museum, a hostel, a grade school, a church and a wharf. Businesses include mechanics, small farmers and forestry contractors.","title":"Port Clements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 Census of Population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"Statistics Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021census-9"}],"text":"In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Port Clements had a population of 340 living in 181 of its 205 total private dwellings, a change of 20.6% from its 2016 population of 282. With a land area of 13.07 km2 (5.05 sq mi), it had a population density of 26.0/km2 (67.4/sq mi) in 2021.[9]","title":"Demographics"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IX,_Duke_of_Bavaria
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Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria
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["1 Life and reign","2 Issue","3 References","4 Sources","5 Literature","6 External links"]
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Duke of Bavaria
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Henry IXDuke of BavariaHenry IX and his wife Wulfhilde, Historia Welforum (12th century)Born1075Died13 December 1126(1126-12-13) (aged 50–51)Ravensburg, SwabiaBuriedWeingarten AbbeyNoble familyHouse of WelfSpouse(s)Wulfhilde of SaxonyIssueJudithConradHenry X the ProudWelf VISophiaFatherWelf I, Duke of BavariaMotherJudith of Flanders
Henry IX (1075 – 13 December 1126), called the Black, a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Bavaria from 1120 to 1126.
Life and reign
Henry was the second son of Duke Welf I of Bavaria (died 1101) from his marriage with Judith, daughter of Count Baldwin IV of Flanders. As a young man, he administered the family's Este property south of the Alps.
Through his marriage to Wulfhilde, daughter of Duke Magnus of Saxony, about 1095, he acquired part of the Billung estates around Lüneburg (the nucleus of the later Welf duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg). He aspired to succeed his father-in-law as Saxon duke when Magnus died without male heirs in 1106, but was denied as the new king Henry V enfeoffed his follower Count Lothair of Supplinburg.
Duke Henry nevertheless upheld close relations with the ruling Salian dynasty. In 1116, he joined Emperor Henry V's second Italian campaign to seize the estates of late Margravine Matilda of Tuscany. He succeeded his elder brother Welf II as Bavarian duke, when the latter died childless in 1120. Henry was also instrumental in bringing about the 1122 Concordat of Worms, ending the long-lasting Investiture Controversy between Pope and Emperor.
In the early 1120s, Henry commissioned the Genealogia Welforum, a family history in Latin, composed at Weingarten Abbey. He may have been prompted by the canonization of Bishop Conrad of Constance in 1123. Conrad was a Welf and his canonization stimulated Henry's interest in his ancestors. At the same time, Henry made an inventory of his family's tombs.
Duke Henry played a vital role in the royal election of 1125: first supporting his son-in-law, the Hohenstaufen duke Frederick II of Swabia, he switched his allegiance to his old rival Duke Lothair of Saxony—probably after Lothair promised that Gertrude, his only daughter and heir, would marry Henry's son Henry the Proud. The marriage was concluded in May 1127. The estrangement between the Welf and Hohenstaufen dynasties ("Guelphs and Ghibellines") lasted until the 13th century.
After Lothair won the tumultuous election, he imposed an Imperial ban on Frederick II, however, the king's forces were not able to conquer the Hohenstaufen territories in Swabia. In 1126 Henry abdicated as Bavarian duke in favour of his second son Henry the Proud and retired to the family foundation of Weingarten Abbey in Upper Swabia, possibly to not be obliged to participate in the prosecution of his son-in-law.
Henry died shortly thereafter and was buried in Weingarten. His wife Wulfhilde outlived him by only 16 days. Henry's epithet "the Black" has not been recorded before the 13th century. Both Emperor Frederick Barbarossa and his bitter rival Henry the Lion were his grandsons.
Issue
Henry and Wulfhilde had the following children:
Judith, married Frederick II, Duke of Swabia
Conrad (died 17 March 1126)
Henry X the Proud, married Gertrude of Süpplingenburg, succeeded his father as Duke of Bavaria
Welf VI (died 1191)
Sophia, married Berthold III, Duke of Zähringen and secondly Margrave Leopold of Styria
Wulfhild, married Rudolf I, Count of Bregenz
Mathilde, married Diepold IV, Margrave of Vohburg and Count Gebhard III of Sulzbach
Adalbert, Abbot of Corvey
References
^ a b c d e f Lyon 2013, p. 245.
^ Stefan Tebruck (2017), "The Propaganda of Power: Memoria, History, Patronage", in Graham A. Loud; Jochen Schenk (eds.), The Origins of the German Principalities, 1100–1350: Essays by German Historians, Routledge, pp. 160–180, esp. 167–168.
^ Barber 2004, p. 193.
^ Luscombe & Riley-Smith 2006, p. 755.
Sources
Barber, Malcolm (2004). The Two Cities: Medieval Europe 1050–1320. Routledge.
Lyon, Jonathan R. (2013). Princely Brothers and Sisters. Cornell University Press.
Luscombe, David; Riley-Smith, Jonathan, eds. (2006). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge University Press.
Literature
Bernd Schneidmüller: Die Welfen. Herrschaft und Erinnerung (819–1252) (= Urban-Taschenbücher 465). Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart etc., 2000, ISBN 3-17-014999-7, pp. 149 ff.
Sigmund Ritter von Riezler (1880), "Heinrich IX", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 11, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 461–462
Kurt Reindel (1969), "Heinrich IX. der Schwarze", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 8, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 343–343; (full text online)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henry IX of Bavaria.
Deed of Henry IX for Ranshofen Abbey, 30 July 1125, "digitalised image". Photograph Archive of Old Original Documents (Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden). University of Marburg.
Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria House of WelfBorn: 1075 Died: 1126
Regnal titles
Preceded byWelf II
Duke of Bavaria 1120–1126
Succeeded byHenry X
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Deutsche Biographie
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of Welf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Welf"},{"link_name":"Duke of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bavaria"}],"text":"Henry IX (1075 – 13 December 1126), called the Black, a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Bavaria from 1120 to 1126.","title":"Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welf I of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welf_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Judith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_of_Flanders_(died_1095)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyon2013245-1"},{"link_name":"Baldwin IV of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_IV,_Count_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Este"},{"link_name":"Wulfhilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulfhilde_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Magnus of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus,_Duke_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyon2013245-1"},{"link_name":"Billung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billung"},{"link_name":"Lüneburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg"},{"link_name":"duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg"},{"link_name":"Saxon duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Henry V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Lothair of Supplinburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothair_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Salian dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Matilda of Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Welf II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welf_II,_Duke_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Bavarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Concordat of Worms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordat_of_Worms"},{"link_name":"Investiture Controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investiture_Controversy"},{"link_name":"Genealogia Welforum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogia_Welforum"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Weingarten Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weingarten_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Conrad of Constance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_of_Constance"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ST-2"},{"link_name":"election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_election"},{"link_name":"Hohenstaufen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohenstaufen"},{"link_name":"Frederick II of Swabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II,_Duke_of_Swabia"},{"link_name":"Gertrude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_of_S%C3%BCpplingenburg"},{"link_name":"Henry the Proud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_X,_Duke_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Guelphs and Ghibellines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines"},{"link_name":"Imperial ban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_ban"},{"link_name":"Weingarten Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weingarten_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Upper Swabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Swabia"},{"link_name":"epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithet"},{"link_name":"Frederick Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Henry the Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Lion"}],"text":"Henry was the second son of Duke Welf I of Bavaria (died 1101) from his marriage with Judith,[1] daughter of Count Baldwin IV of Flanders. As a young man, he administered the family's Este property south of the Alps.Through his marriage to Wulfhilde, daughter of Duke Magnus of Saxony,[1] about 1095, he acquired part of the Billung estates around Lüneburg (the nucleus of the later Welf duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg). He aspired to succeed his father-in-law as Saxon duke when Magnus died without male heirs in 1106, but was denied as the new king Henry V enfeoffed his follower Count Lothair of Supplinburg.Duke Henry nevertheless upheld close relations with the ruling Salian dynasty. In 1116, he joined Emperor Henry V's second Italian campaign to seize the estates of late Margravine Matilda of Tuscany. He succeeded his elder brother Welf II as Bavarian duke, when the latter died childless in 1120. Henry was also instrumental in bringing about the 1122 Concordat of Worms, ending the long-lasting Investiture Controversy between Pope and Emperor.In the early 1120s, Henry commissioned the Genealogia Welforum, a family history in Latin, composed at Weingarten Abbey. He may have been prompted by the canonization of Bishop Conrad of Constance in 1123. Conrad was a Welf and his canonization stimulated Henry's interest in his ancestors. At the same time, Henry made an inventory of his family's tombs.[2]Duke Henry played a vital role in the royal election of 1125: first supporting his son-in-law, the Hohenstaufen duke Frederick II of Swabia, he switched his allegiance to his old rival Duke Lothair of Saxony—probably after Lothair promised that Gertrude, his only daughter and heir, would marry Henry's son Henry the Proud. The marriage was concluded in May 1127. The estrangement between the Welf and Hohenstaufen dynasties (\"Guelphs and Ghibellines\") lasted until the 13th century.After Lothair won the tumultuous election, he imposed an Imperial ban on Frederick II, however, the king's forces were not able to conquer the Hohenstaufen territories in Swabia. In 1126 Henry abdicated as Bavarian duke in favour of his second son Henry the Proud and retired to the family foundation of Weingarten Abbey in Upper Swabia, possibly to not be obliged to participate in the prosecution of his son-in-law.Henry died shortly thereafter and was buried in Weingarten. His wife Wulfhilde outlived him by only 16 days. Henry's epithet \"the Black\" has not been recorded before the 13th century. Both Emperor Frederick Barbarossa and his bitter rival Henry the Lion were his grandsons.","title":"Life and reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Judith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_of_Bavaria,_Duchess_of_Swabia"},{"link_name":"Frederick II, Duke of Swabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II,_Duke_of_Swabia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber2004193-3"},{"link_name":"Conrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Henry X the Proud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_X,_Duke_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Gertrude of Süpplingenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_of_S%C3%BCpplingenburg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuscombeRiley-Smith2006755-4"},{"link_name":"Duke of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Welf VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welf_VI"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyon2013245-1"},{"link_name":"Sophia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_of_Bavaria_(1105%E2%80%931145)"},{"link_name":"Berthold III, Duke of Zähringen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthold_III,_Duke_of_Z%C3%A4hringen"},{"link_name":"Leopold of Styria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_of_Styria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyon2013245-1"},{"link_name":"Rudolf I, Count of Bregenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_I,_Count_of_Bregenz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyon2013245-1"},{"link_name":"Diepold IV, Margrave of Vohburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diepold_IV,_Margrave_of_Vohburg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Count Gebhard III of Sulzbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebhard_III_of_Sulzbach"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyon2013245-1"},{"link_name":"Adalbert, Abbot of Corvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adalbert,_Abbot_of_Corvey&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Henry and Wulfhilde had the following children:Judith, married Frederick II, Duke of Swabia[3]\nConrad (died 17 March 1126)\nHenry X the Proud, married Gertrude of Süpplingenburg,[4] succeeded his father as Duke of Bavaria\nWelf VI (died 1191)[1]\nSophia, married Berthold III, Duke of Zähringen and secondly Margrave Leopold of Styria[1]\nWulfhild, married Rudolf I, Count of Bregenz[1]\nMathilde, married Diepold IV, Margrave of Vohburg and Count Gebhard III of Sulzbach[1]\nAdalbert, Abbot of Corvey","title":"Issue"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Barber, Malcolm (2004). The Two Cities: Medieval Europe 1050–1320. Routledge.\nLyon, Jonathan R. (2013). Princely Brothers and Sisters. Cornell University Press.\nLuscombe, David; Riley-Smith, Jonathan, eds. (2006). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge University Press.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kohlhammer Verlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlhammer_Verlag"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-17-014999-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-17-014999-7"},{"link_name":"Heinrich IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:ADB:Heinrich_IX."},{"link_name":"Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgemeine_Deutsche_Biographie"},{"link_name":"\"Heinrich IX. der Schwarze\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00016409/images/index.html?seite=359"},{"link_name":"Neue Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Biographie"},{"link_name":"full text online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/ppn133802388.html"}],"text":"Bernd Schneidmüller: Die Welfen. Herrschaft und Erinnerung (819–1252) (= Urban-Taschenbücher 465). Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart etc., 2000, ISBN 3-17-014999-7, pp. 149 ff.\nSigmund Ritter von Riezler (1880), \"Heinrich IX\", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 11, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 461–462\nKurt Reindel (1969), \"Heinrich IX. der Schwarze\", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 8, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 343–343; (full text online)","title":"Literature"}]
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[{"reference":"Stefan Tebruck (2017), \"The Propaganda of Power: Memoria, History, Patronage\", in Graham A. Loud; Jochen Schenk (eds.), The Origins of the German Principalities, 1100–1350: Essays by German Historians, Routledge, pp. 160–180","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_A._Loud","url_text":"Graham A. Loud"}]},{"reference":"Barber, Malcolm (2004). The Two Cities: Medieval Europe 1050–1320. Routledge.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lyon, Jonathan R. (2013). Princely Brothers and Sisters. Cornell University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Luscombe, David; Riley-Smith, Jonathan, eds. (2006). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sigmund Ritter von Riezler (1880), \"Heinrich IX\", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 11, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 461–462","urls":[{"url":"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:ADB:Heinrich_IX.","url_text":"Heinrich IX"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgemeine_Deutsche_Biographie","url_text":"Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie"}]},{"reference":"Kurt Reindel (1969), \"Heinrich IX. der Schwarze\", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 8, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 343–343","urls":[{"url":"https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00016409/images/index.html?seite=359","url_text":"\"Heinrich IX. der Schwarze\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Biographie","url_text":"Neue Deutsche Biographie"}]},{"reference":"\"digitalised image\". Photograph Archive of Old Original Documents (Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden). University of Marburg.","urls":[{"url":"http://lba.hist.uni-marburg.de/lba-cgi/kleioc/0010KlLBA/exec/showrecord/zugangsnummer/%229149%22","url_text":"\"digitalised image\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Marburg","url_text":"University of Marburg"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_Opposition,_Pakistan
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Leader of the Opposition (Pakistan)
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["1 List","2 See also","3 References"]
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Parliamentary position in Pakistan
Leader of the Opposition of PakistanIncumbentVacantsince 10 August 2023StyleThe Honorable (formal)Leader of the Opposition (spoken)Member ofNational Assembly of PakistanReports toParliament of PakistanConstituting instrumentConstitution of PakistanFormation7 July 1955, 63 years agoFirst holderHussain Shaheed Suharwardy
Politics of Pakistan
Federal governmentConstitution of Pakistan
Previous constitutions:195619621973
Annex (written 1949, incorporated 1985)
Amendments
Law
Human rights
Pakistan Penal CodeLaw enforcement
LegislatureParliament of Pakistan
National Assembly
Leader of the House: Vacant
Speaker: Raja Pervaiz Ashraf (PPP)
Deputy speaker: Vacant
Leader of the Opposition: Vacant
Senate
Chairman: Sadiq Sanjrani (BAP)
Deputy Chairman: Mirza Muhammad Afridi (PTI)
Leader of the House: Ishaq Dar (PML(N))
Opposition leader: Shahzad Waseem (PTI)
Executive
President of Pakistan: Arif Alvi (PTI)
List of presidents of Pakistan
Prime Minister of Pakistan: Anwar ul Haq Kakar (Caretaker)
List of prime ministers of Pakistan
Cabinet of PakistanCabinet secretary
Judiciary
Supreme Court of Pakistan
Chief Justice: Umar Ata Bandial
List of justices
Judges appointment body: Supreme Judicial Council
High courts: Islamabad, Punjab, Sindh, KPK, Balochistan, Shariat Court
Territorial courts: AJK supreme court, AJK High court, Gilgit-Baltistan supreme court, Gilgit-Baltistan High Court
Special courts: Anti Terrorism Courts, Accountability Courts
District Courts
Elections
Election Commission of Pakistan
Chief Election Commissioner: Sikandar Sultan Raja
Electoral College
Territorial election commission
AJK Election Commission
Chief Election Commissioner of AJK: Abdul Rashid Sulehria
Gilgit-Baltistan Election Commission
Chief Election Commissioner of Gilgit-Baltistan: Raja Shah Baz Khan
Elections
Presidential: 200820132018
General: 19701977198519881990199319972002200820132018
Provincial elections
Punjab: 2002200820132018
Sindh: 2002200820132018
KPK: 2002200820132018
Balochistan: 20132018
Territorial elections
Azad Kashmir: 19701975198519901991199620012006201120162021
Gilgit-Baltistan: 200920152020
Political parties
Pakistan Muslim League (N)
Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf
Pakistan Peoples Party
Complete list
Administrative unitsCapital territory
Islamabad
Provinces
Balochistan
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Punjab
Sindh
Autonomous region
Azad Kashmir
Gilgit-Baltistan
Federalism
Federal government
Provincial governments: PunjabSindhKPKBalochistan
Governors: Muhammad Baligh Ur Rehman(Pujab)Kamran Tessori(Sindh)Haji Ghulam Ali(KPK)Abdul Wali Kakar(Balochistan)Syed Mehdi Shah(Gilgit-Baltistan)
Chief Ministers: Mohsin Raza Naqvi(Punjab)Maqbool Baqar(Sindh)Arshad Hussain Shah(KPK)Ali Mardan Khan Domki(Balochistan)Gulbar Khan(Gilgit-Baltistan)
Provincial assemblies of Pakistan: PunjabSindhKPKBalochistanGilgi-Baltistan
Azad Kashmir government
President: Sultan Mehmood Chaudhry
Prime Minister: Chaudhry Anwarul Haq
Legislative Assembly
Local government
DivisionsDistrictsTehsilUnion councils
Foreign relationsDiplomacy
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Minister: Jalil Abbas Jilani (Caretaker)
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vte
The Leader of the Opposition (Urdu: قائد حزب اختلاف) is the people's elected politician who is, by law, the leader of the Official Opposition in Pakistan. The Leader of the Opposition is the leader of the largest political party in the National Assembly that is not in government. This is usually the leader of the second-largest political party in the National Assembly.
The leader of the opposition is normally viewed as an alternative Prime Minister. There is also a Leader of the Opposition in the Senate, who is elected / nominated separately by the opposition members of the Senate of Pakistan.
List
A list of the leaders of the Opposition before and according to the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan;
Independent
Pakistan Muslim League (N)
Pakistan Peoples Party
National Awami Party
Awami National Party
Pakistan Muslim League (Q)
Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal
Pakistan National Alliance
Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf
Leaders of the Opposition
Portrait
Starting term
Ending term
Political affiliation
Political ideology
A
Fatima Jinnah
1 January 1960
9 July 1967
Independent
Pakistani nationalism
B
Nurul Amin
9 July 1967
7 December 1970
Pakistan Muslim League
Pakistani nationalism
1
Khan Abdul Wali Khan
14 April 1972
17 August 1975
National Awami Party
Democratic socialism
2
Sherbaz Khan Mazari
17 August 1975
5 July 1977
Pakistan National Alliance
Islamism
3
Fakhar Imam
24 March 1985
29 May 1988
Pakistan Muslim League
National conservatism
(1)
Khan Abdul Wali Khan
2 December 1988
6 August 1990
Awami National Party
Democratic socialism
4
Benazir Bhutto
6 November 1990
18 July 1993
Pakistan Peoples Party
Democratic socialism
5
Nawaz Sharif
19 October 1993
5 November 1996
Pakistan Muslim League (N)
Pakistani conservatism
(4)
Benazir Bhutto
17 February 1997
12 October 1999
Pakistan Peoples Party
Democratic socialism
6
Fazal-ur-Rehman
25 March 2004
15 November 2007
Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal
Religious conservatism
7
Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi
10 April 2008
16 September 2008
Pakistan Muslim League (Q)
Conservatism
8
Nisar Ali Khan
17 September 2008
7 June 2013
Pakistan Muslim League (N)
Pakistani conservatism
9
Syed Khurshid Ahmed Shah
7 June 2013
31 May 2018
Pakistan Peoples Party
Democratic socialism
10
Shehbaz Sharif
20 August 2018
10 April 2022
Pakistan Muslim League (N)
Pakistani conservatism
11
Raja Riaz Ahmad Khan
20 May 2022
10 August 2023
Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf
Welfarism
See also
National Assembly of Pakistan
Government of Pakistan
Politics of Pakistan
Pakistan
References
vteLeaders of the opposition of Pakistan
Jinnah
Amin
Wali-Khan
Mazari
Imam
Wali-Khan
Bhutto
N. Sharif
Bhutto
Fazl-ur-Rehman
Elahi
Nisar
Khurshid Shah
S. Sharif
Raja Riaz
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Leader of the Opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition"},{"link_name":"political party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Senate"},{"link_name":"Senate of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan"}],"text":"The Leader of the Opposition (Urdu: قائد حزب اختلاف) is the people's elected politician who is, by law, the leader of the Official Opposition in Pakistan. The Leader of the Opposition is the leader of the largest political party in the National Assembly that is not in government. This is usually the leader of the second-largest political party in the National Assembly.The leader of the opposition is normally viewed as an alternative Prime Minister. There is also a Leader of the Opposition in the Senate, who is elected / nominated separately by the opposition members of the Senate of Pakistan.","title":"Leader of the Opposition (Pakistan)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constitution of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Muslim League (N)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Peoples Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party"},{"link_name":"National Awami Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Awami_Party_(Wali)"},{"link_name":"Awami National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awami_National_Party"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Muslim League (Q)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(Q)"},{"link_name":"Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muttahida_Majlis-e-Amal"},{"link_name":"Pakistan National Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_National_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Tehreek-e-Insaf"}],"text":"A list of the leaders of the Opposition before and according to the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan;IndependentPakistan Muslim League (N)Pakistan Peoples PartyNational Awami PartyAwami National PartyPakistan Muslim League (Q)Muttahida Majlis-e-AmalPakistan National AlliancePakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf","title":"List"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"National Assembly of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan"},{"title":"Government of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan"},{"title":"Politics of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan"},{"title":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"}]
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Lytton-Cobbold,_3rd_Baron_Cobbold
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Henry Lytton-Cobbold, 3rd Baron Cobbold
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["1 Publications","2 References"]
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British screenwriter (born 1962)
The Right HonourableThe Lord CobboldThe Honourable Henry Lytton-Cobbold (2017)Born (1962-05-12) 12 May 1962 (age 61)OccupationScreenwriterNationalityBritishNotable worksIn the Bosom of Her Father - The Life and Death of Emily Bulwer LyttonSpouseMartha BooneChildren2ParentsDavid Lytton-Cobbold, 2nd Baron Cobbold
Henry Fromanteel Lytton-Cobbold, 3rd Baron Cobbold (born 12 May 1962), is a British screenwriter. He is the current occupant of Knebworth House in Hertfordshire, England.
He is the son of David Lytton-Cobbold, 2nd Baron Cobbold, and succeeded his father in the Cobbold barony in May 2022. He is married to Martha Boone, with two children, Morwenna Gray and Edward. He is a great-great-great-grandson of novelist Edward Bulwer-Lytton.
Trained as a screenwriter, Lytton-Cobbold was an assistant to the filming of The Shooting Party, part of which was filmed at Knebworth House, and subsequently worked on Water. From 1987 until 1993, he lived in Los Angeles, and scripted several TV shows, including Lake Consequence. He returned to Britain and lived in Knebworth village until 2000, when he took over the daily running of Knebworth House from his father. He continued to practise his trade during this period, scripting Night of Abandon, an episode of the Red Shoe Diaries, in 1997.
In 2008 he engaged in – and won – a debate with Scott Rice, founder of the Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest, a bad-writing contest sponsored annually by San Jose State University, on the subject of the literary reputation of his ancestor Bulwer-Lytton. The debate took place in Lytton, British Columbia, named after the novelist; the mayor made it clear that the town was backing the Bulwer-Lytton side.
In 2017 Lytton-Cobbold published a two-volume book about Emily Bulwer-Lytton, the daughter of his ancestor Edward Bulwer-Lytton.
Publications
Henry Lytton Cobbold and Mary Letitia Greene: In the Bosom of Her Father - The Life and Death of Emily Bulwer Lytton, complete illustrated edition in two volumes, Knebworth 2017, ISBN 978-0-9539649-5-6
References
^ Soames, Matilda (5 October 2016). "10 PERFECT POTENTIAL BRIDES FOR PRINCE HARRY!". Tatler.
^ a b "Henry Cobbold". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2006.
^ "October 2008". 4 May 2011.
^ Alison Flood (19 August 2008). "'Literary tragedy' of Bulwer-Lytton's dark and stormy night under debate". Guardian. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
Peerage of the United Kingdom
Preceded byDavid Lytton-Cobbold
Baron Cobbold 2022-
Incumbent
vteCurrent hereditary barons of the United Kingdom Sorted by (historical) entity at time of grantKing George III
Rupert Law, 9th Baron Ellenborough
John Manners, 6th Baron Manners
The Prince Regent
Michael Spencer, 7th Baron Churchill
Michael Harris, 9th Baron Harris
King George IV
Thomas Liddell, 9th Baron Ravensworth
Hugh Cholmondeley, 5th Baron Delamere
Charles Weld-Forester, 9th Baron Forester
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Anthony Gifford, 6th Baron Gifford
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Simon Fraser, 5th Baron Lovat^*
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Richard Stanley, 9th Baron Stanley of Alderley^•
Christopher Leigh, 6th Baron Leigh
Charles Rice, 7th Baron Monteagle of Brandon
David Campbell, 7th Baron Stratheden and Campbell
Charles Vivian, 7th Baron Vivian
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Richard Stanley, 8th Baron Eddisbury^•
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Charles French, 8th Baron de Freyne
Geoffrey Somerset, 6th Baron Raglan
Richard Strutt, 5th Baron Belper
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Charles Brougham, 6th Baron Brougham and Vaux
Richard Bethell, 6th Baron Westbury
Luke White, 6th Baron Annaly
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Mark Henniker-Major, 6th Baron Hartismere^•
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Simon Douglas-Pennant, 7th Baron Penrhyn
Raymond O'Neill, 4th Baron O'Neill
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David Rollo, 5th Baron Dunning^*
John Lyon-Dalberg-Acton, 5th Baron Acton
Miles Glyn, 8th Baron Wolverton
Charles Strachey, 4th Baron O'Hagan
Guy Mansfield, 6th Baron Sandhurst
Francis Napier, 6th Baron Ettrick^*
Alastair Bruce, 5th Baron Aberdare
Rhoderick Moncreiff, 6th Baron Moncreiff
William Coleridge, 5th Baron Coleridge
Thomas Fremantle, 6th Baron Cottesloe
John Pakington, 7th Baron Hampton
Jasset Ormsby-Gore, 7th Baron Harlech
John Tollemache, 5th Baron Tollemache
Anthony Gerard, 5th Baron Gerard
Robert Sackville-West, 7th Baron Sackville
James Adderley, 8th Baron Norton
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David Russell, 5th Baron Ampthill
Robin Vanden-Bempde-Johnstone, 5th Baron Derwent
Anthony Tufton, 6th Baron Hothfield
David Tennyson, 6th Baron Tennyson
James Grant of Grant, 6th Baron Strathspey
Christopher Dodson, 4th Baron Monk Bretton
Charles James, 6th Baron Northbourne
Oliver Eden, 6th Baron Northington^•
Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild
Alexander Baring, 7th Baron Revelstoke
James Collier, 6th Baron Monkswell
Charles Gibson, 5th Baron Ashbourne
Charles Winn, 6th Baron St Oswald
Ralph Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 4th Baron Montagu of Beaulieu
Alexander Elphinstone, 5th Baron Elphinstone^*
Charles Allsopp, 6th Baron Hindlip
Edward Beckett, 5th Baron Grimthorpe
William Edwardes, 6th Baron Kensington^•
Gavin Hamilton, 5th Baron Hamilton of Dalzell
James St Aubyn, 5th Baron St Levan
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Lyulph Lubbock, 5th Baron Avebury
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Alexander Howard, 5th Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal
King Edward VII
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Rupert Mitford, 6th Baron Redesdale
Harry Lawson, 7th Baron Burnham
Anthony Biddulph, 5th Baron Biddulph
Charles Ritchie, 6th Baron Ritchie of Dundee
Charles Martyn-Hemphill, 6th Baron Hemphill
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Stephen Wilson, 6th Baron Nunburnholme
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John Buchan, 4th Baron Tweedsmuir
Andrew Wigram, 3rd Baron Wigram
Anthony Balfour, 3rd Baron Riverdale
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William Young, 3rd Baron Kennet
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King Edward VIII
Innes Catto, 3rd Baron Catto
King George VI
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Richard Bowyer, 3rd Baron Denham
Matthew Rea, 4th Baron Rea
John Cadman, 3rd Baron Cadman
Randle Siddeley, 4th Baron Kenilworth
Henry Denison-Pender, 4th Baron Pender
Massey Lopes, 4th Baron Roborough
Edward Brassey, 4th Baron Brassey of Apethorpe
Nicholas Stamp, 5th Baron Stamp
Charles Smith, 5th Baron Bicester
Guy Philipps, 4th Baron Milford
Donald Hankey, 3rd Baron Hankey
Thomas Harmsworth, 3rd Baron Harmsworth
Robin Cayzer, 3rd Baron Rotherwick
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Charles Tryon, 4th Baron Tryon
Bernard Croft, 3rd Baron Croft
Charles Kerr, 3rd Baron Teviot
Rupert Nathan, 3rd Baron Nathan
James Reith, 3rd Baron Reith
Rupert Kindersley, 4th Baron Kindersley
Charles Ironside, 3rd Baron Ironside
Dominic Latham, 2nd Baron Latham
Antony Wedgwood, 5th Baron Wedgwood
Euan Geddes, 3rd Baron Geddes
Michael Warrender, 3rd Baron Bruntisfield
Ivon Moore-Brabazon, 3rd Baron Brabazon of Tara
Charles Keyes, 3rd Baron Keyes
Christopher Herbert, 4th Baron Hemingford
James Wilson, 3rd Baron Moran
Victor Lampson, 3rd Baron Killearn
Piers Dowding, 3rd Baron Dowding
John Gretton, 4th Baron Gretton
William Westwood, 4th Baron Westwood
Arthur Hazlerigg, 4th Baron Hazlerigg
David Hacking, 3rd Baron Hacking
Philip Chetwode, 2nd Baron Chetwode
James Edmondson, 3rd Baron Sandford
Sebastian Grigg, 4th Baron Altrincham
Richard Broadbridge, 5th Baron Broadbridge
Jeffrey Evans, 4th Baron Mountevans
James Lindsay, 3rd Baron Lindsay of Birker
James Piercy, 3rd Baron Piercy
Nicholas Chorley, 3rd Baron Chorley
Charles Muff, 3rd Baron Calverley
Robin Tedder, 3rd Baron Tedder
Alastair Campbell, 4th Baron Colgrain
Paul Davies, 4th Baron Darwen
Simon Lucas, 3rd Baron Lucas of Chilworth
Graeme Shepherd, 3rd Baron Shepherd
Francis Newall, 2nd Baron Newall
Patrick Lawrence, 3rd Baron Oaksey
Robert Maffey, 3rd Baron Rugby
Jonathan Layton, 4th Baron Layton
Matilda Simon, 3rd Baroness Simon of Wythenshawe
Edward Kershaw, 4th Baron Kershaw
David Trefgarne, 2nd Baron Trefgarne
Robert Crook, 3rd Baron Crook
Keith Montague, 3rd Baron Amwell
Michael Richards, 3rd Baron Milverton
David Colville, 3rd Baron Clydesmuir
Fraser Burden, 4th Baron Burden
Christopher Guest, 5th Baron Haden-Guest
Christopher Silkin, 3rd Baron Silkin (disclaimed)
Matthew Hives, 3rd Baron Hives
Malcolm Greenhill, 3rd Baron Greenhill
Tudor Rees-Williams, 4th Baron Ogmore
Jonathan Morris, 3rd Baron Morris of Kenwood
James Macpherson, 3rd Baron Macpherson of Drumochter
Michael Whitfield, 3rd Baron Kenswood
Valerian Freyberg, 3rd Baron Freyberg
Richard Milner, 3rd Baron Milner of Leeds
James Kirkwood, 4th Baron Kirkwood
Christopher Wise, 3rd Baron Wise
Queen Elizabeth II
Christopher Jeffreys, 3rd Baron Jeffreys
Hugh O'Neill, 3rd Baron Rathcavan
James Baillieu, 3rd Baron Baillieu
John Suenson-Taylor, 3rd Baron Grantchester
James Law, 3rd Baron Coleraine
Charles Harvey, 3rd Baron Harvey of Tasburgh
Richard Gridley, 3rd Baron Gridley
William Fraser, 3rd Baron Strathalmond
Thomas Galbraith, 2nd Baron Strathclyde
Ralph Assheton, 2nd Baron Clitheroe
Duncan McNair, 3rd Baron McNair
Alisdair Hopkinson, 2nd Baron Colyton
John Astor, 3rd Baron Astor of Hever
John Sinclair, 3rd Baron Sinclair of Cleeve
Mark Bridges, 3rd Baron Bridges
George Norrie, 2nd Baron Norrie
Thomas Birkett, 3rd Baron Birkett
William Harding, 3rd Baron Harding of Petherton
David Charles Poole, 2nd Baron Poole
Nicholas Rootes, 3rd Baron Rootes
James Turner, 3rd Baron Netherthorpe
James Dugdale, 2nd Baron Crathorne
Patrick Spens, 4th Baron Spens
Oliver MacAndrew, 4th Baron MacAndrew
Alistair Nelson, 4th Baron Nelson of Stafford
Charles Baring, 2nd Baron Howick of Glendale
Alan Sanderson, 2nd Baron Sanderson of Ayot (disclaimed)
Henry Lytton-Cobbold, 3rd Baron Cobbold
William Robertson, 3rd Baron Robertson of Oakridge
Simon Marks, 3rd Baron Marks of Broughton
Ailwyn Broughton, 3rd Baron Fairhaven
Robert Seager, 3rd Baron Leighton of St Mellons
Michael Brain, 3rd Baron Brain
Charles Low, 2nd Baron Aldington
James Millar, 3rd Baron Inchyra
Simon Trustram Eve, 3rd Baron Silsoe
Max Wyndham, 2nd Baron Egremont
David Thomson, 3rd Baron Thomson of Fleet
John Robinson, 2nd Baron Martonmere
Dwight Makins, 3rd Baron Sherfield
Richard Fletcher-Vane, 2nd Baron Inglewood
Jonathan Hope, 3rd Baron Glendevon
Robert Grimston, 3rd Baron Grimston of Westbury
Robert Renwick, 3rd Baron Renwick
Richard Hughes-Young, 2nd Baron St Helens
Alastair Morrison, 3rd Baron Margadale
Italics in entries mean the titleholder also holds a previously listed barony of greater precedence.^* Also a Lord in the Peerage of Scotland, ^• Also a Baron in the Peerage of Ireland
vteCobbold family tree
Thomas Cobboldbrewer(1680–1752)Mary Woodthorpe(died 1758)
Thomas Cobbold(1708–1767)Sarah Cobbold(1717–1777)
Isabella Garrett(died 1777)William Cobbold(1747–1795)Elizabeth Wilkinson(1753–1790)John Cobbold(1746–1835)Elizabeth Knipenovelist and poet(1765–1824)
Mary Anne Trapnell(1781–1810)Thomas Cobbold(1772–1835)Harriet Temple Chevallier(1775–1851)John Wilkinson Cobbold(1774–1860)Richard Cobboldnovelist and priest(1797–1877)Mary Anne Waller(1801–1876)
Mary Anne Cobbold(1806–1868)Francis Cobboldpriest(1803–1844)John Chevallier Cobboldbrewer, railway developer and politician(1797–1882)Lucy Patteson(1800–1879)Thomas Spencer Cobboldscientist(1828–1886)Edward Augustus Cobboldpriest(1825–1900)Mathilda Caroline Smith(1826–1923)
Charles Chevallierpriest and canon(1823–1885)Isobella Frances Cobbold(1834–1917)John Patteson Cobboldpolitician(1831–1875)Adela Harriette Dupuis(1837–1917)Nathanael Fromanteel Cobbold(1839–1886)Caroline Ellen Boutell(1843–1882)William Nevill "Nuts" Cobboldfootballer(1863–1922)
Maj. Ernest St George Cobbold(1840–1895)Helen Emma Cazenove(1842–1917)Thomas Clement Cobbolddiplomat(1833–1883)Felix Thornley Cobboldbarrister and politician(1841–1909)
John Barrington Chevallier(1857–1940)Isabel Amy Cobbold(1869–1931)John Dupuis Cobbold(1861–1929)Lady Evelyn Murraylater Zainab Cobbold(1867–1963)Ralph Patteson CobboldBritish Army soldier and writer(1869–1965)Clement John Cobbold(1882–1961)Stella Willoughby Cameron(1882–1918)
Lady Blanche Katharine Cavendish(1898–1987)John Murray Cobbold(1897–1944)Pamela Cobbold(1900–1932)Charles Jocelyn Hambromerchant banker and intelligence officer(1897–1963)Lady Margaret Hermione Lytton(1905–2004)Cameron Fromanteel Cobbold,1st Baron Cobbold(1904–1987)
John Cavendish Cobboldbusinessman(1927–1983)Patrick Mark Cobboldbusinessman(1934–1994)Charles Eric "Charlie" Hambro,Baron Hambro(1930–2002)David Antony Lytton-Cobbold,2nd Baron Cobbold(1937–2022)
Henry Fromanteel Lytton-Cobbold,3rd Baron Cobbold(born 1962)
Notes
Cobbold Family History TrustFamily tree of the Cobbold family
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
2
National
Spain
United States
2
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knebworth House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knebworth_House"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire, England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshire,_England"},{"link_name":"David Lytton-Cobbold, 2nd Baron Cobbold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lytton-Cobbold,_2nd_Baron_Cobbold"},{"link_name":"Cobbold barony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Cobbold"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Edward Bulwer-Lytton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bulwer-Lytton"},{"link_name":"screenwriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenwriter"},{"link_name":"The Shooting Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shooting_Party"},{"link_name":"Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_(1985_film)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tomatoes-2"},{"link_name":"Red Shoe Diaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Shoe_Diaries"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tomatoes-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulwer-Lytton_Fiction_Contest"},{"link_name":"San Jose State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_State_University"},{"link_name":"Lytton, British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lytton,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Henry Fromanteel Lytton-Cobbold, 3rd Baron Cobbold (born 12 May 1962), is a British screenwriter. He is the current occupant of Knebworth House in Hertfordshire, England.He is the son of David Lytton-Cobbold, 2nd Baron Cobbold, and succeeded his father in the Cobbold barony in May 2022. He is married to Martha Boone, with two children, Morwenna Gray[1] and Edward. He is a great-great-great-grandson of novelist Edward Bulwer-Lytton.Trained as a screenwriter, Lytton-Cobbold was an assistant to the filming of The Shooting Party, part of which was filmed at Knebworth House, and subsequently worked on Water. From 1987 until 1993, he lived in Los Angeles, and scripted several TV shows, including Lake Consequence.[2] He returned to Britain and lived in Knebworth village until 2000, when he took over the daily running of Knebworth House from his father. He continued to practise his trade during this period, scripting Night of Abandon, an episode of the Red Shoe Diaries, in 1997.[2]In 2008 he engaged in – and won –[3] a debate with Scott Rice, founder of the Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest, a bad-writing contest sponsored annually by San Jose State University, on the subject of the literary reputation of his ancestor Bulwer-Lytton. The debate took place in Lytton, British Columbia, named after the novelist; the mayor made it clear that the town was backing the Bulwer-Lytton side.[4]\nIn 2017 Lytton-Cobbold published a two-volume book about Emily Bulwer-Lytton, the daughter of his ancestor Edward Bulwer-Lytton.[citation needed]","title":"Henry Lytton-Cobbold, 3rd Baron Cobbold"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9539649-5-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9539649-5-6"}],"text":"Henry Lytton Cobbold and Mary Letitia Greene: In the Bosom of Her Father - The Life and Death of Emily Bulwer Lytton, complete illustrated edition in two volumes, Knebworth 2017, ISBN 978-0-9539649-5-6","title":"Publications"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Denis_Browne,_1st_Marquess_of_Sligo
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John Browne, 1st Marquess of Sligo
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["1 Family","2 References"]
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The Most HonourableJohn Browne, 1st Marquess of SligoKP PC (Ire)Representative peer for IrelandIn office1800–1809Member of the Parliament of IrelandIn office1776–1780
John Denis Browne, 1st Marquess of Sligo, KP, PC (Ire) (11 June 1756 – 2 January 1809) was an Anglo-Irish peer, absentee slaveholder and politician, and was the son of Peter Browne, 2nd Earl of Altamont, and his wife Elizabeth, née Kelly, heiress and daughter of Denis Kelly, Chief Justice of Jamaica. Peter's marriage to Elizabeth led to the family inheriting the Kelly's slave plantations in Jamaica.
Browne was styled Viscount Westport from 1771 to 1780 and known as John Browne, 3rd Earl of Altamont from 1780 to 1800. Browne represented Jamestown in the Irish House of Commons from 1776 to 1780, when he succeeded as Earl of Altamont. He served as High Sheriff of Mayo for 1779. He became Marquess of Sligo on 29 December 1800 and was appointed a Knight of the Order of St Patrick on 5 August 1800. He died on 2 June 1809 in Lisbon, Portugal.
Family
Catherine daughter of Earl Howe married the 1st Marquess of Sligo
The First Marquess of Sligo was married to Lady Louisa Catherine Howe, daughter of Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe in 1787. After their marriage, she was known as the Countess of Altamont and then the Marchioness of Sligo. They had one child, Howe Peter who later succeeded his father as Second Marquess of Sligo.
A great-grandnephew was the British composer and poet, William Charles Denis Browne (1888–1915).
References
^ "Summary of Individual | Legacies of British Slavery".
^ Rayment, Leigh. "Knights of the Order of St Patrick". Archived from the original on 7 June 2008. Retrieved 13 December 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ a b Westport House and the Brownes by the Marquess of Sligo 1981
Parliament of Ireland
Preceded byJames Browne John FitzGibbon
Member of Parliament for Jamestown 1776–1780 With: Richard Martin
Succeeded byRichard Martin John Hall
Parliament of the United Kingdom
New title
Representative peer for Ireland 1800–1809
Succeeded byThe Viscount Mountjoy
Peerage of Ireland
New creation
Marquess of Sligo 1800–1809
Succeeded byHowe Browne
Preceded byPeter Browne
Earl of Altamont 1780–1809
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creation
Baron Monteagle 1806–1809
Succeeded byHowe Browne
Authority control databases International
VIAF
People
Ireland
This biography of a marquess in the peerage of Ireland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a Member of the Parliament of Ireland (up to 1800) is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_St_Patrick"},{"link_name":"PC (Ire)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people"},{"link_name":"Peter Browne, 2nd Earl of Altamont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Browne,_2nd_Earl_of_Altamont"},{"link_name":"Denis Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Kelly_(judge)"},{"link_name":"slave plantations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_plantation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Jamestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown_(Parliament_of_Ireland_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Irish House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"Earl of Altamont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Altamont"},{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Mayo"},{"link_name":"Order of St Patrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Patrick"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brownes-3"}],"text":"John Denis Browne, 1st Marquess of Sligo, KP, PC (Ire) (11 June 1756 – 2 January 1809) was an Anglo-Irish peer, absentee slaveholder and politician, and was the son of Peter Browne, 2nd Earl of Altamont, and his wife Elizabeth, née Kelly, heiress and daughter of Denis Kelly, Chief Justice of Jamaica. Peter's marriage to Elizabeth led to the family inheriting the Kelly's slave plantations in Jamaica.[1]Browne was styled Viscount Westport from 1771 to 1780 and known as John Browne, 3rd Earl of Altamont from 1780 to 1800. Browne represented Jamestown in the Irish House of Commons from 1776 to 1780, when he succeeded as Earl of Altamont. He served as High Sheriff of Mayo for 1779. He became Marquess of Sligo on 29 December 1800 and was appointed a Knight of the Order of St Patrick on 5 August 1800.[2] He died on 2 June 1809 in Lisbon, Portugal.[3]","title":"John Browne, 1st Marquess of Sligo"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catherine,_1st_Marchioness_of_Sligo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brownes-3"},{"link_name":"Howe Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howe_Browne,_2nd_Marquess_of_Sligo"},{"link_name":"William Charles Denis Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Charles_Denis_Browne"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Catherine daughter of Earl Howe married the 1st Marquess of SligoThe First Marquess of Sligo was married to Lady Louisa Catherine Howe, daughter of Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe in 1787.[3] After their marriage, she was known as the Countess of Altamont and then the Marchioness of Sligo. They had one child, Howe Peter who later succeeded his father as Second Marquess of Sligo.A great-grandnephew was the British composer and poet, William Charles Denis Browne (1888–1915).[citation needed]","title":"Family"}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/2146640405","external_links_name":"\"Summary of Individual | Legacies of British Slavery\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080607022551/http://www.leighrayment.com/orders/patrick.htm","external_links_name":"\"Knights of the Order of St Patrick\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315630818","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.001021.A.v1","external_links_name":"Ireland"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Browne,_1st_Marquess_of_Sligo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Browne,_1st_Marquess_of_Sligo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firrhill,_Edinburgh
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Firrhill
|
["1 Sources"]
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Coordinates: 55°54′47″N 3°13′56″W / 55.91306°N 3.23222°W / 55.91306; -3.23222
Firrhill is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is south of Merchants of Edinburgh Golf Club and lies next to Oxgangs.
The area is mostly made up of public housing which was built by the Corporation Housing Department in the mid-1950s, however most of the council properties have now been bought by tenants using the right to buy scheme although a fairly large number of these are rented out privately by individual landlords.
Firrhill High School lies in the area.
Sources
(Google Maps)
vteAreas of EdinburghCentral
Bellevue
Broughton
The Canongate
Canonmills
Dean Village
Dumbiedykes
Haymarket
Holyrood
Lauriston
New Town
Old Town
Stockbridge
Tollcross
West Coates
West End
Edinburgh's Old and New TownsNorth
Bonnington
Crewe Toll
Drylaw
Goldenacre
Granton
Inverleith
Leith
Muirhouse
Newhaven
Pilrig
Pilton
Powderhall
Silverknowes
Trinity
Warriston
Western Harbour
South
Alnwickhill
Blackford
Burghmuirhead
Bruntsfield
Burdiehouse
Cameron Toll
Church Hill
Colinton
Comiston
Craiglockhart
Craigour
Fairmilehead
Ferniehill
Fernieside
Firrhill
Gilmerton
The Grange
Greenbank
Greenhill
Gracemount
Holy Corner
Hunter's Tryst
The Inch
Kaimes
Liberton
Little France
Marchmont
Mayfield
Merchiston
Moredun
Morningside
Mortonhall
Newington
Oxgangs
Prestonfield
Redford
St Leonard's
Sciennes
Southhouse
Swanston
East
Abbeyhill
Bingham
Brunstane
Craigentinny
Craigmillar
Duddingston
Eastfield
Greendykes
Jock's Lodge
Joppa
Lochend
Meadowbank
Mountcastle
Newcraighall
Niddrie
Northfield
Piershill
Portobello
Restalrig
Seafield
InnerWest
Ardmillan
Balgreen
Bankhead
Barnton
Blackhall
Bonaly
Broomhouse
Bughtlin
The Calders
Chesser
Clermiston
Comely Bank
Corstorphine
Clovenstone
Craigcrook
Craigievar
Craigleith
Dalry
Davidson's Mains
Drumbrae
East Craigs
Edinburgh Park
Forrester
Fountainbridge
Gogarloch
Gorgie
Kingsknowe
Lochrin
Longstone
Maybury
Murrayfield
Parkgrove
Parkhead
Polwarth
Ravelston
Roseburn
Saughton
Saughtonhall
Shandon
Sighthill
Slateford
South Gyle
Stenhouse
Tynecastle
West Craigs
Wester Broom
Wester Hailes
OuterWest
Baberton
Balerno
Cammo
Cramond
Currie
Curriehill
Dalmeny
Dalmahoy
Gogar
Hermiston
Ingliston
Juniper Green
Kirkliston
Newbridge
Ratho
Ratho Station
Riccarton
South Queensferry
Torphin
Turnhouse
55°54′47″N 3°13′56″W / 55.91306°N 3.23222°W / 55.91306; -3.23222
This Edinburgh location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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Calders\nChesser\nClermiston\nComely Bank\nCorstorphine\nClovenstone\nCraigcrook\nCraigievar\nCraigleith\nDalry\nDavidson's Mains\nDrumbrae\nEast Craigs\nEdinburgh Park\nForrester\nFountainbridge\nGogarloch\nGorgie\nKingsknowe\nLochrin\nLongstone\nMaybury\nMurrayfield\nParkgrove\nParkhead\nPolwarth\nRavelston\nRoseburn\nSaughton\nSaughtonhall\nShandon\nSighthill\nSlateford\nSouth Gyle\nStenhouse\nTynecastle\nWest Craigs\nWester Broom\nWester Hailes\nOuterWest\nBaberton\nBalerno\nCammo\nCramond\nCurrie\nCurriehill\nDalmeny\nDalmahoy\nGogar\nHermiston\nIngliston\nJuniper Green\nKirkliston\nNewbridge\nRatho\nRatho Station\nRiccarton\nSouth Queensferry\nTorphin\nTurnhouse55°54′47″N 3°13′56″W / 55.91306°N 3.23222°W / 55.91306; -3.23222This Edinburgh location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_City_West,_Arizona
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Sun City West, Arizona
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["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 History","4 Government","5 Infrastructure","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Coordinates: 33°40′13″N 112°21′28″W / 33.67028°N 112.35778°W / 33.67028; -112.35778City in Arizona, United States
Census-designated place in Arizona, United StatesSun City West, ArizonaCensus-designated placeSun City West entrance sign
FlagLocation in Maricopa County, ArizonaSun City WestShow map of ArizonaSun City WestShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 33°40′13″N 112°21′28″W / 33.67028°N 112.35778°W / 33.67028; -112.35778CountryUnited StatesStateArizonaCountyMaricopaArea • Total11.97 sq mi (30.99 km2) • Land11.93 sq mi (30.89 km2) • Water0.04 sq mi (0.10 km2)Elevation1,234 ft (376 m)Population (2020) • Total25,806 • Density2,163.84/sq mi (835.44/km2)Time zoneUTC-7 (MST) • Summer (DST)UTC-7 (no DST)ZIP Code85375Area code623FIPS code04-70355GNIS feature ID25111
Sun City West is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. The population was 25,806 at the 2020 census.
Geography
Sun City West is located 23 miles (37 km) northwest of downtown Phoenix at 33°39′43″N 112°21′31″W / 33.66194°N 112.35861°W / 33.66194; -112.35861 (33.661829, −112.358740). It is bordered to the south, west, and north by the city of Surprise. U.S. Route 60 runs along the southwest border of the community, and the Arizona State Route 303 freeway bounds the community to the north and northwest.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 12.0 square miles (31 km2), of which 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2), or 0.33%, are water.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
19803,772—199015,997324.1%200026,34464.7%201024,535−6.9%202025,8065.2%source:
Sun City West and Sun City from Landsat 8, 2016
At the 2010 census there were 24,535 people, 14,873 households, and 8,550 families in the CDP. The population density was 2,245.2 inhabitants per square mile (866.9/km2). There were 18,218 housing units at an average density of 1,666.8 per square mile (643.6/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.8% White, 0.8% Black or African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.2% from other races, and 0.5% from two or more races. 1.2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
Of the 14,873 households, 14 had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.5% were married couples living together, 2.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.5% were non-families. 39.3% of households were one person and 35.4% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 1.64 and the average family size was 2.05.
The age distribution was 0.1% under the age of 14, 0.1% from 15 to 19, 0.1% from 15 to 24, 0.2% from 25 to 29, 0.2% from 30 to 34, 0.2% 35 to 39, 0.4% 45 to 49, 1.5% from 50 to 54, 3.6% 55 to 59, 9.2% from 60 to 64, 13.8% from 65 to 69, 17.2% from 70 to 74, 19.5% from 75 to 79, 18.3% from 80 to 84, and 14.8% who were 85 years of age or older. The median age was 75.6 years. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.6 males.
The median household income was $44,614 and the median family income was $58,345. Males had a median income of $48,333 versus $33,125 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $35,502. About 2.5% of families and 5.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over.
History
Sun City West was constructed on an 11,000-acre (4,500 ha) site to the west of Sun City, including part of the former Lizard Acres cattle ranch. Sun City West was completely built out in 1998, and a sister city, Sun City Grand, to the west of Grand Avenue was started.
Due to the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic the city announced on March 11, 2020, the closures of all recreation centers to help reduce the spread of COVID-19. This later led to the closures of all seven golf courses on April 13, 2020.
Government
As an unincorporated area, Sun City West does not have a city government. Instead, Sun City West is "governed" by Property Owners and Residents Association (PORA), a community association that advocates for the Sun City West community.
Municipal services are provided by a variety of public and private organizations. Police services are provided by the Maricopa County Sheriff's Office. Street maintenance services are paid for by the taxpayers of the entire county. Fire service is provided by Arizona Fire and Medical Authority. Parks and recreation services are controlled by Recreation Centers of Sun City West, another community organization.
Infrastructure
Electric service is provided by Arizona Public Service. Natural gas is provided by Southwest Gas. Water and sewer utilities are provided by a private utility, Epcor Water. Sanitation service is by a private hauler.
See also
Arizona portal
List of census-designated places in Arizona
References
^ a b "2021 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Arizona". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
^ a b "Sun City West CDP, Arizona: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ "Census of Population and Housing (1790–2000)". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2010.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
^ "Cattleman J. Charles Wetzler dies at 75; aided CAP, ASU in public service career". Arizona Republic. March 14, 1983.
^ "Sun City West recreation centers to shut down due to coronavirus concerns". KTVK. March 11, 2020.
^ "Sun City West prepares to close all its golf courses due to COVID-19". KTVK. April 13, 2020.
^ "About PORA". PORA Sun City West. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
^ "What We Do". Posses of Sun City West. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
^ "Authority Overview". www.afma.az.gov. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
^ "Recreation Centers Sun City West Arizona | Sun City West Active Adult Retirement Golf Community". Retrieved February 17, 2023.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sun City West, Arizona.
Property Owners and Residents Association of Sun City West
Recreation Centers of Sun City West
vteMunicipalities and communities of Maricopa County, Arizona, United StatesCounty seat: PhoenixCities
Apache Junction‡
Avondale
Buckeye
Chandler
El Mirage
Glendale
Goodyear
Litchfield Park
Mesa
Peoria‡
Phoenix
Scottsdale
Surprise
Tempe
Tolleson
Towns
Carefree
Cave Creek
Fountain Hills
Gila Bend
Gilbert
Guadalupe
Paradise Valley
Queen Creek‡
Wickenburg‡
Youngtown
CDPs
Aguila
Anthem
Arlington
Circle City
Citrus Park
Gila Crossing
Kaka
Komatke
Maricopa Colony
Morristown
New River
Rio Verde
St. Johns
Sun City
Sun City West
Sun Lakes
Theba
Tonopah
Wintersburg
Wittmann
Populatedplaces
Apache Wells
Arrowhead Ranch
Beardsley
Camp Creek
Chandler Heights‡
Chiulikam
Co-op Village
Cotton Center
Crag
Desert Hills
Dreamland Villa
Forepaugh
Fort McDowell
Higley
Laveen
Leisure World
Liberty
Maricopa Village
Moivayi
Palo Verde
Papago
Rainbow Valley
Salt River
San Lucy Village
Sentinel
Sunflower
Sunnyslope
Tortilla Flat
Totopitk
Waddell
Weedville
Indian reservations
Gila River Indian Community‡
Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community
Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation
Tohono Oʼodham Indian Reservation‡
Ghost towns/former populated places
Agua Caliente
Allenville
Cashion
Harqua
Lizard Acres
Marinette
Sundad
Vulture City
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Arizona portal
United States portal
vtePhoenix metropolitan areaCore city
Phoenix
Largest suburbs(over 100,000 inhabitants)
Chandler
Gilbert
Glendale
Mesa
Peoria
Scottsdale
Surprise
Tempe
Other suburbs and towns(over 10,000 inhabitants)
Anthem
Apache Junction
Avondale
Buckeye
El Mirage
Fountain Hills
Goodyear
Gold Canyon
Luke Air Force Base
New River
Paradise Valley
Queen Creek
San Tan Valley
Sun City
Sun City West
Sun Lakes
Waddell
Smaller suburbs and towns(over 5,000 inhabitants)
Carefree
Cave Creek
Guadalupe
Litchfield Park
Tolleson
Youngtown
Exurbs
Superior
Wickenburg
Wittmann
Morristown
Coolidge
Florence
Casa Grande
Black Canyon City
Gila Bend
Eloy
Maricopa
Counties
Maricopa
Pinal
Native American reservations
Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community
Gila River Indian Community
Subregions
East Valley
North Valley
West Valley
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
|
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The population was 25,806 at the 2020 census.[2]","title":"Sun City West, Arizona"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"downtown Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"33°39′43″N 112°21′31″W / 33.66194°N 112.35861°W / 33.66194; -112.35861","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sun_City_West,_Arizona¶ms=33_39_43_N_112_21_31_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-3"},{"link_name":"Surprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surprise,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60"},{"link_name":"Arizona State Route 303","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_303"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2021-1"}],"text":"Sun City West is located 23 miles (37 km) northwest of downtown Phoenix at 33°39′43″N 112°21′31″W / 33.66194°N 112.35861°W / 33.66194; -112.35861 (33.661829, −112.358740).[3] It is bordered to the south, west, and north by the city of Surprise. U.S. Route 60 runs along the southwest border of the community, and the Arizona State Route 303 freeway bounds the community to the north and northwest.According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 12.0 square miles (31 km2), of which 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2), or 0.33%, are water.[1]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sun_City,_Arizona.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sun City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_City,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Landsat 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_8"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"racial makeup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census#2010_census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-5"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"Sun City West and Sun City from Landsat 8, 2016At the 2010 census there were 24,535 people, 14,873 households, and 8,550 families in the CDP. The population density was 2,245.2 inhabitants per square mile (866.9/km2). There were 18,218 housing units at an average density of 1,666.8 per square mile (643.6/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.8% White, 0.8% Black or African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.2% from other races, and 0.5% from two or more races. 1.2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.[5]\nOf the 14,873 households, 14 had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.5% were married couples living together, 2.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.5% were non-families. 39.3% of households were one person and 35.4% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 1.64 and the average family size was 2.05.The age distribution was 0.1% under the age of 14, 0.1% from 15 to 19, 0.1% from 15 to 24, 0.2% from 25 to 29, 0.2% from 30 to 34, 0.2% 35 to 39, 0.4% 45 to 49, 1.5% from 50 to 54, 3.6% 55 to 59, 9.2% from 60 to 64, 13.8% from 65 to 69, 17.2% from 70 to 74, 19.5% from 75 to 79, 18.3% from 80 to 84, and 14.8% who were 85 years of age or older. The median age was 75.6 years. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.6 males.The median household income was $44,614 and the median family income was $58,345. Males had a median income of $48,333 versus $33,125 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $35,502. About 2.5% of families and 5.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sun City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_City,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Lizard Acres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard_Acres,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-march141983-6"},{"link_name":"Sun City Grand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_City_Grand,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"2019-20 coronavirus pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arizona"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Sun City West was constructed on an 11,000-acre (4,500 ha) site to the west of Sun City, including part of the former Lizard Acres cattle ranch.[6] Sun City West was completely built out in 1998, and a sister city, Sun City Grand, to the west of Grand Avenue was started.[citation needed]Due to the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic the city announced on March 11, 2020, the closures of all recreation centers to help reduce the spread of COVID-19.[7] This later led to the closures of all seven golf courses on April 13, 2020.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"community association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_association"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Maricopa County Sheriff's Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maricopa_County_Sheriff%27s_Office"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"As an unincorporated area, Sun City West does not have a city government. Instead, Sun City West is \"governed\" by Property Owners and Residents Association (PORA), a community association that advocates for the Sun City West community.[9]Municipal services are provided by a variety of public and private organizations. Police services are provided by the Maricopa County Sheriff's Office.[10] Street maintenance services are paid for by the taxpayers of the entire county. Fire service is provided by Arizona Fire and Medical Authority.[11] Parks and recreation services are controlled by Recreation Centers of Sun City West, another community organization.[12]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arizona Public Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Public_Service"},{"link_name":"Southwest Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Gas"},{"link_name":"Epcor Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPCOR_Utilities"}],"text":"Electric service is provided by Arizona Public Service. Natural gas is provided by Southwest Gas. Water and sewer utilities are provided by a private utility, Epcor Water. Sanitation service is by a private hauler.","title":"Infrastructure"}]
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[{"title":"Arizona portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Arizona"},{"title":"List of census-designated places in Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_census-designated_places_in_Arizona"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"2021 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Arizona\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2021_Gazetteer/2021_gaz_place_04.txt","url_text":"\"2021 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Arizona\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sun City West CDP, Arizona: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)\". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved May 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=&g=1600000US0470355&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1","url_text":"\"Sun City West CDP, Arizona: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing (1790–2000)\". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing (1790–2000)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau","url_text":"U.S. Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Cattleman J. Charles Wetzler dies at 75; aided CAP, ASU in public service career\". Arizona Republic. March 14, 1983.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/121665279/","url_text":"\"Cattleman J. Charles Wetzler dies at 75; aided CAP, ASU in public service career\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sun City West recreation centers to shut down due to coronavirus concerns\". KTVK. March 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.azfamily.com/news/sun-city-west-recreation-centers-to-shut-down-due-to-coronavirus-concerns/article_3bb8625a-63d2-11ea-9f89-938dd9ab44b8.html","url_text":"\"Sun City West recreation centers to shut down due to coronavirus concerns\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTVK","url_text":"KTVK"}]},{"reference":"\"Sun City West prepares to close all its golf courses due to COVID-19\". KTVK. April 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.azfamily.com/news/continuing_coverage/coronavirus_coverage/sun-city-west-prepares-to-close-all-its-golf-courses-due-to-covid-19/article_6954f892-7dc0-11ea-83e2-5b20a1f6596c.html","url_text":"\"Sun City West prepares to close all its golf courses due to COVID-19\""}]},{"reference":"\"About PORA\". PORA Sun City West. Retrieved September 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.porascw.org/about-pora/","url_text":"\"About PORA\""}]},{"reference":"\"What We Do\". Posses of Sun City West. Retrieved February 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://scwposse.org/what-we-do/","url_text":"\"What We Do\""}]},{"reference":"\"Authority Overview\". www.afma.az.gov. Retrieved February 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afma.az.gov/overview","url_text":"\"Authority Overview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Recreation Centers Sun City West Arizona | Sun City West Active Adult Retirement Golf Community\". Retrieved February 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://suncitywest.com/recreationcenters/","url_text":"\"Recreation Centers Sun City West Arizona | Sun City West Active Adult Retirement Golf Community\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sun_City_West,_Arizona¶ms=33_40_13_N_112_21_28_W_region:US-AZ_type:city(25806)","external_links_name":"33°40′13″N 112°21′28″W / 33.67028°N 112.35778°W / 33.67028; -112.35778"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sun_City_West,_Arizona¶ms=33_40_13_N_112_21_28_W_region:US-AZ_type:city(25806)","external_links_name":"33°40′13″N 112°21′28″W / 33.67028°N 112.35778°W / 33.67028; -112.35778"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/25111","external_links_name":"25111"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sun_City_West,_Arizona¶ms=33_39_43_N_112_21_31_W_type:city","external_links_name":"33°39′43″N 112°21′31″W / 33.66194°N 112.35861°W / 33.66194; -112.35861"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2021_Gazetteer/2021_gaz_place_04.txt","external_links_name":"\"2021 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Arizona\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=&g=1600000US0470355&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1","external_links_name":"\"Sun City West CDP, Arizona: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing (1790–2000)\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/121665279/","external_links_name":"\"Cattleman J. Charles Wetzler dies at 75; aided CAP, ASU in public service career\""},{"Link":"https://www.azfamily.com/news/sun-city-west-recreation-centers-to-shut-down-due-to-coronavirus-concerns/article_3bb8625a-63d2-11ea-9f89-938dd9ab44b8.html","external_links_name":"\"Sun City West recreation centers to shut down due to coronavirus concerns\""},{"Link":"https://www.azfamily.com/news/continuing_coverage/coronavirus_coverage/sun-city-west-prepares-to-close-all-its-golf-courses-due-to-covid-19/article_6954f892-7dc0-11ea-83e2-5b20a1f6596c.html","external_links_name":"\"Sun City West prepares to close all its golf courses due to COVID-19\""},{"Link":"https://www.porascw.org/about-pora/","external_links_name":"\"About PORA\""},{"Link":"https://scwposse.org/what-we-do/","external_links_name":"\"What We Do\""},{"Link":"https://www.afma.az.gov/overview","external_links_name":"\"Authority Overview\""},{"Link":"https://suncitywest.com/recreationcenters/","external_links_name":"\"Recreation Centers Sun City West Arizona | Sun City West Active Adult Retirement Golf Community\""},{"Link":"https://www.porascw.org/","external_links_name":"Property Owners and Residents Association of Sun City West"},{"Link":"http://www.suncitywest.org/","external_links_name":"Recreation Centers of Sun City West"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/158383072","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562670805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88160622","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/68318949-ab1c-4932-b6c8-a4f3d4cbc5dc","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marton,_Queensland
|
Marton, Queensland
|
["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 15°26′00″S 145°10′00″E / 15.4333°S 145.1666°E / -15.4333; 145.1666
Suburb of Shire of Cook, Queensland, AustraliaMartonQueenslandMartonCoordinates15°26′00″S 145°10′00″E / 15.4333°S 145.1666°E / -15.4333; 145.1666Postcode(s)4895LGA(s)Shire of CookState electorate(s)CookFederal division(s)Leichhardt
Marton is a town in the Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. The town is within the locality of Cooktown.
References
^ "Marton – locality unbounded in Cook Shire (entry 21136)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
^ "Queensland Globe". State of Queensland. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
vteTowns and localities in the Shire of Cook, Queensland
Archer River
Ayton
Bloomfield
Coen
Cooktown
Dixie
Ebagoola
Edward River
Helenvale
Holroyd River
Hope Vale
Iron Range
Jardine River
Lakefield
Lakeland
Laura
Lizard
Lockhart River
Mapoon
Marton
Merapah
Mission River
Moojeeba
Palmer
Port Stewart
Portland Road
Rossville
Shelburne
Starcke
Wenlock
Yarraden
Main article: Local government areas of Queensland
This Queensland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shire of Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_of_Cook"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cooktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooktown,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globe-2"}],"text":"Suburb of Shire of Cook, Queensland, AustraliaMarton is a town in the Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia.[1] The town is within the locality of Cooktown.[2]","title":"Marton, Queensland"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Marton – locality unbounded in Cook Shire (entry 21136)\". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 8 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/qld/environment/land/place-names/search#/search=Marton&types=0&place=Marton21136","url_text":"\"Marton – locality unbounded in Cook Shire (entry 21136)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"}]},{"reference":"\"Queensland Globe\". State of Queensland. Retrieved 8 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://qldglobe.information.qld.gov.au/","url_text":"\"Queensland Globe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Queensland","url_text":"State of Queensland"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molla_Mahalleh,_Siahkal
|
Molla Mahalleh, Siahkal
|
["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 36°49′05″N 50°01′08″E / 36.81806°N 50.01889°E / 36.81806; 50.01889Village in Gilan, IranMolla Mahalleh
ملامحلهvillageMolla MahallehCoordinates: 36°49′05″N 50°01′08″E / 36.81806°N 50.01889°E / 36.81806; 50.01889Country IranProvinceGilanCountySiahkalBakhshDeylamanRural DistrictPir KuhPopulation (2006) • Total197Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Molla Mahalleh (Persian: ملامحله, also Romanized as Mollā Maḩalleh; also known as Mollā Maḩalleh-ye Pā’īn) is a village in Pir Kuh Rural District, Deylaman District, Siahkal County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 197, in 60 families.
References
^ Molla Mahalleh can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3838898" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Siahkal CountyCapital
Siahkal
DistrictsCentralCities
Siahkal
Rural Districts and villagesKhara Rud
Bozgah
Chaleshom
Chehel Gacheh
Dehgah
Doktor Yusefpur Fishery
Dusatlat
Eshkorab
Fashtal
Gand Lavar
Gavkul
Gerdkuh
Gilbam
Golestan Sara
Kajan
Kajil
Khara Rud
Kolamsar
Lishak
Madar Sara
Malek Rud
Panabandan
Radar Poshteh
Rudbar Sara
Salash
Salash-e Disam
Sardarabad
Su Sara
Tazehabad-e Jankah
Tui Dasht
Malfejan
Alibeyk Sara
Bala Kala Gavabar
Bar Poshteh Sar
Bidrun
Bijar Posht
Butestan
Chufolki
Chushal
Dazrud
Deh Boneh
Dima Sara
Ezbaram
Galesh-e Musha
Gil-e Musha
Halestan
Kal Sar
Karaf Kol
Karafestan
Khushal
Kish Mahalleh
Kolah Duz Mahalleh
Lashkarian
Lelam
Maldeh
Malfejan
Namak Rudbar
Nayaji
Nowruzabad
Pain Kala Gavabar
Rajurazbaram
Rubarabr
Sara Rud
Separdan
Shirkuh Mahalleh
Siahkal Mahalleh
Ziaratgah
Tutaki
Aghuzbon
Angulvar
Asbrahan
Ashk-e Majan Pahlu
Asu
Azarcheh
Bijar Sara
Chalak Saraki
Erbeh Bon
Esfandiyarsara
Jan Sherud
Kalnadan-e Bala
Kashal
Kashki
Kia Rud
Kohneh Sara
Kolandi
Korf Poshteh
Korf Poshteh-ye Galeshi
Korf Poshteh-ye Ilyati
Korf Poshteh-ye Tazehabad
Lashkaj
Lialehkal-e Bala
Lialehkal-e Pain
Lish
Lunak
Lusha Deh
Mehraban
Nispey
Pileh Sara
Saleh Kuh
Seh Chekeh
Shabkhus Lat
Siah Bijar
Sikash
Sowt Gavaber
Titi Karvansara
Tukandeh
Tushi
Tutaki
Yakavarak
Zia Kuh
Zizakesh
DeylamanCities
Deylaman
Rural Districts and villagesDeylaman
Ali Va
Arushki
Ashurabad
Asiabar
Asiabarak
Azarestanak
Baba Vali
Band-e Bon
Cheshna Sar
Darvish Khani
Diar Jan
Espeyli
Estalakh Kian
Eyn-e Sheykh
Gisel
Gulak
Ishku-ye Bala
Ishku-ye Pain
Khak Shur
Khorram Rud
Koshti Gichak
Kuh Pas
Langol
Lavar
Liyeh
Lur
Mian Marz
Mikal
Molumeh
Niavol
Nowruz Mahalleh
Pash-e Olya
Pash-e Sofla
Pelleh Shah
Pilbur
Qeshlaq
Raz Darreh
Raz Darrud
Siah Karbon
Siah Khani
Sivasarak
Sufian Sar
Talesh Kuh
Tang Rud
Tarik Darreh
Tokam
Tolum Khani
Zin Poshteh
Pir Kuh
Asiab Sar
Boneh-ye Zamin
Chak Rud
Chamchal
Garmavar
Gilakash
Haft Band
Jaliseh
Jaran
Kalak
Karsang-e Shahi Jan
Komoni
Lardeh
Lavali
Liyeh Chak
Molla Mahalleh
Pey Navand
Pir Kuh-e Olya
Pir Kuh-e Sofla
Pishkeli Jan-e Bala
Pishkeli Jan-e Pain
Sardsar-e Shahi Jan
Talijan Kar
Vasmeh Jan
Yareshlaman
Yasan
Zenash
Zenash Darreh
Iran portal
This Siahkal County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/01.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/01.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_RI
|
Portsmouth, Rhode Island
|
["1 Geography","2 History","3 Schools","3.1 Public","3.2 Private","4 Commerce","5 Sports","6 Music","7 Demographics","7.1 2000 U.S. Census","7.2 2010 U.S. Census","8 Historic sites and points of interest","9 Notable people","10 Gallery","11 References","12 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 41°36′N 71°15′W / 41.600°N 71.250°W / 41.600; -71.250
Town in Rhode Island, United StatesPortsmouth, Rhode IslandTownTown HallLocation of Portsmouth in Newport County, Rhode IslandCoordinates: 41°36′N 71°15′W / 41.600°N 71.250°W / 41.600; -71.250CountryUnited StatesStateRhode IslandCountyNewportEstablishedMarch 7, 1638Government • Town CouncilKevin M. Aguiar (D), PresidentLen Katzman (D), Vice-PresidentDaniela T. Abbott (D)Charles Levesque (D) J. Mark Ryan (D)David M. Gleason (R)Keith E. Hamilton (R) • Town ClerkJennifer M. WestArea • Total59.3 sq mi (153.6 km2) • Land23.2 sq mi (60.1 km2) • Water36.1 sq mi (93.5 km2)Elevation203 ft (62 m)Population (2020) • Total17,871 • Density770/sq mi (297.4/km2)Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)ZIP Code02871Area code401FIPS code44-57880GNIS feature ID1220065Websitewww.portsmouthri.com
Portsmouth is a town in Newport County, Rhode Island, United States. The population was 17,871 at the 2020 U.S. census. Portsmouth is the second-oldest municipality in Rhode Island, after Providence; it was one of the four colonies which merged to form the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, the others being Providence, Newport, and Warwick.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 59.3 square miles (154 km2), of which 23.2 square miles (60 km2) (39.14%) is land and 36.1 square miles (93 km2) (60.86%) is water. Most of its land area lies on Aquidneck Island, which it shares with Middletown and Newport. In addition, Portsmouth encompasses some smaller islands, including Prudence Island, Patience Island, Hope Island and Hog Island. Part of the census-designated place of Melville lies within the town boundaries.
Portsmouth Compact memorial at Founder's Brook
History
Portsmouth was settled in 1638 by a group of religious dissenters from Massachusetts Bay Colony, including Dr. John Clarke, William Coddington, and Anne Hutchinson. It is named after Portsmouth, Hampshire, England. Roger Williams convinced the settlers that they should go there instead of settling in the Province of New Jersey, where they had first planned on going.
It was founded by the signers of the Portsmouth Compact. Its original name was Pocasset and it was officially named Portsmouth on May 12, 1639. It became part of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (see Aquidneck Island) and eventually part of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.
Schools
Public
The Portsmouth School Department operates public schools:
Portsmouth High School
Portsmouth Middle School
Howard W. Hathaway Elementary School
Melville Elementary School
Prudence Island School (a Charter/Co-op "Home School" as of September 2009)
Private
Portsmouth Abbey School (9th Grade through 12th Grade)
Saint Philomena School (Pre-Kindergarten through 8th Grade)
The Pennfield School (Nursery through 8th Grade)
Commerce
Portsmouth is home to the Portsmouth Business Park, as well as a few small plazas with a variety of businesses. Portsmouth is also home to the Raytheon Missiles & Defense division. Adjacent to Raytheon is the Newport Car Museum which opened in 2017 and receives 50,000 visitors a year.
Sports
Portsmouth is the headquarters of US Sailing, the national governing body of sailing in the U.S. It is also home to the Newport International Polo Series held at Glen Farm.
Music
On September 21, 2017, a plaque was unveiled by Roger Williams University at the Baypoint Inn & Conference Center honoring music icons The Beach Boys. Jimmy Buffett performed at the Sunset Cove restaurant on July 2, 2023, which was his final public performance before his death on September 1 of that year.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
17901,560—18001,6847.9%18101,7956.6%18201,645−8.4%18301,7275.0%18401,706−1.2%18501,8337.4%18602,04811.7%18702,003−2.2%18801,979−1.2%18901,949−1.5%19002,1058.0%19102,68127.4%19202,590−3.4%19302,96914.6%19403,68324.0%19506,57878.6%19608,25125.4%197012,52151.8%198014,25713.9%199016,85718.2%200017,1491.7%201017,3891.4%202017,8712.8%U.S. Decennial Census
2000 U.S. Census
The 2000 U.S. Census reported that there were 17,149 people, or an increase of 1.7%, residing in the town. There were also 6,758 households, and 4,865 families recorded. The population density was 739.0 inhabitants per square mile (285.3/km2). There were 7,386 housing units at an average density of 318.3 per square mile (122.9/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 95.82% White, 1.17% African American, 0.19% Native American, 1.36% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.37% from other races, and 1.05% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.45% of the population.
There were 6,758 households, of which 33.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.1% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.0% were non-families. 23.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.00.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.2% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 26.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.6 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $88,835, and the median income for a family was $108,577. Males had a median income of $46,297 versus $31,745 for females. The per capita income for the town was $46,161. About 2.0% of families and 3.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.8% of those under age 18 and 6.4% of those age 65 or over.
2010 U.S. Census
The 2010 U.S. Census reported that there were 17,349 people, or an increase of 1.15%, residing in the town. The racial makeup of the town was 94.57% White, 1.35% African American, 1.58% Asian, 0.21% American Indian or Alaskan Native, 0.04% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 0.40% of some other race, and 1.86% of two or more races.
In the town, 22.98% of the population was under the age of 18 and 16.47% were 65 years of age or older. Females made up 51.03% of the population.
Historic sites and points of interest
Battle of Rhode Island Site
Borden Farm
Greenvale Farm (1864)
Green Animals Topiary Garden
Hog Island Shoal Lighthouse (1901)
Lawton-Almy-Hall Farm
Mount Hope Bridge (1929)
Oak Glen
Portsmouth Friends Meetinghouse Parsonage and Cemetery (c. 1699)
Prudence Island Lighthouse (1823)
Union Church (1865)
Wreck Sites of H.M.S. Cerberus and H.M.S. Lark (1778)
Notable people
Ade Bethune (died 2002), liturgical artist and Catholic Worker
Jeremy Clarke (1605–1652), early settler of Portsmouth, served as second governor of Rhode Island colony
Mike Cloud, running back for the Kansas City Chiefs, New England Patriots, and New York Giants
Thomas Cornell, one of the earliest settlers of Portsmouth and progenitor of Cornell family in America
Chris Cosentino, chef and cast member of "The Next Iron Chef"
Charlie Day, American actor, screenwriter, producer, comedian, and musician
Sarah J. Eddy (1851–1945), American artist, photographer, and suffragist
Anthony Harkness (1793–1858), businessman and inventor
Julia Ward Howe (died 1910), author of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic"
Anne Hutchinson (died 1643), founded colony of Rhode Island in 1638
Betty Hutton (died 2007), film actress and singer
Patrick Kennedy, U.S. congressman for Rhode Island's First district (1995–2011)
Scotty Kilmer, auto mechanic educator followed by millions on Youtube
Frances Latham (1610–1677), wife of Governor Jeremy Clarke, early settler of Portsmouth, known as the "mother of governors"
Ronald Machtley, U.S. congressman, President of Bryant University
Michelle McGaw, state representative from the Rhode Island House of Representatives representing Little Compton, Tiverton, and Portsmouth
Peleg Slocum (1654-1733), Quaker, former proprietor of Dartmouth, Massachusetts and former owner of Cuttyhunk Island
Cole Swider, professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers
Ryan Westmoreland, former baseball player, Boston Red Sox
Gallery
The Second Empire mansion at Borden Farm was built c. 1865
The Friends Meeting was built c. 1699–1700
The Union Church was built in 1865
The 1725 schoolhouse owned by the Portsmouth Historical Society is one of the oldest surviving in the U.S.
The Green Animals Topiary Garden
The Mount Hope Bridge, connecting Portsmouth with Bristol, Rhode Island
References
Notes
^ a b c "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Portsmouth, Rhode Island
^ Most, Doug. "The Newport Car Museum is 'not only a car museum…it's an art museum'". Newport Car Museum. The Boston Globe. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
^ "United States Sailing Association - the national governing body for the sport of sailing". United States Sailing Association.
^ "Glen Farm - Polo and Equestrian Center - Homepage". Archived from the original on March 4, 2000. Retrieved August 21, 2008.
^ McGaw, Jim. "Friday, Sept. 22 will be 'Beach Boys Day' in Portsmouth". The Portsmouth Times.
^ Doiron, Sarah; Bell, Lauren (September 4, 2023). "Jimmy Buffett turned RI restaurant into his own 'Margaritaville' for final performance". WPRI.com. Retrieved September 10, 2023.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
^ Snow, Edwin M. (1867). Report upon the Census of Rhode Island 1865. Providence, RI: Providence Press Company.
^ Severo, Richard (March 14, 2007). "Betty Hutton, Film Star of 1940s and 1950s, Dies at 86". The New York Times.
^ "An historic strain of blood in America. Frances Latham--mother of governors". New Haven, Conn. 1908.
^ "Leadership | Bryant University". www.bryant.edu. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
Further reading
Garman, James E. (1996). Traveling Around Aquidneck Island 1890–1930. Portsmouth: Hamilton Printing. ISBN 0-9631722-6-3.
Pierce, John T. (1991). Historical Tracts of the Town of Portsmouth. Portsmouth: Hamilton Printing. ISBN 0-9631722-0-4.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Portsmouth, Rhode Island.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Portsmouth, Rhode Island.
Town of Portsmouth
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newport County, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_County,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Providence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence_Plantations"},{"link_name":"Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick,_Rhode_Island"}],"text":"Town in Rhode Island, United StatesPortsmouth is a town in Newport County, Rhode Island, United States. The population was 17,871 at the 2020 U.S. census. 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Part of the census-designated place of Melville lies within the town boundaries.Portsmouth Compact memorial at Founder's Brook","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Massachusetts Bay Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony"},{"link_name":"Dr. John Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clarke_(1609-1676)"},{"link_name":"William Coddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Coddington"},{"link_name":"Anne Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"Roger Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Williams"},{"link_name":"Province of New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth Compact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Compact"},{"link_name":"Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations"},{"link_name":"Aquidneck Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquidneck_Island"},{"link_name":"State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island"}],"text":"Portsmouth was settled in 1638 by a group of religious dissenters from Massachusetts Bay Colony, including Dr. John Clarke, William Coddington, and Anne Hutchinson. It is named after Portsmouth, Hampshire, England. Roger Williams convinced the settlers that they should go there instead of settling in the Province of New Jersey, where they had first planned on going.It was founded by the signers of the Portsmouth Compact. Its original name was Pocasset and it was officially named Portsmouth on May 12, 1639. It became part of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (see Aquidneck Island) and eventually part of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portsmouth School Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_School_Department"},{"link_name":"Melville Elementary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.portsmouthschoolsri.org/Domain/11"}],"sub_title":"Public","text":"The Portsmouth School Department operates public schools:Portsmouth High School\nPortsmouth Middle School\nHoward W. 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Adjacent to Raytheon is the Newport Car Museum which opened in 2017 and receives 50,000 visitors a year.[3]","title":"Commerce"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US Sailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Sailing"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Portsmouth is the headquarters of US Sailing, the national governing body of sailing in the U.S.[4] It is also home to the Newport International Polo Series held at Glen Farm.[5]","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roger Williams University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Williams_University"},{"link_name":"The Beach Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beach_Boys"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Buffett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Buffett"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"On September 21, 2017, a plaque was unveiled by Roger Williams University at the Baypoint Inn & Conference Center honoring music icons The Beach Boys.[6] Jimmy Buffett performed at the Sunset Cove restaurant on July 2, 2023, which was his final public performance before his death on September 1 of that year.[7]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-1"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"}],"sub_title":"2000 U.S. Census","text":"The 2000 U.S. Census[1] reported that there were 17,149 people, or an increase of 1.7%, residing in the town. 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Cerberus and H.M.S. Lark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreck_Sites_of_H.M.S._Cerberus_and_H.M.S._Lark"}],"text":"Battle of Rhode Island Site\nBorden Farm\nGreenvale Farm (1864)\nGreen Animals Topiary Garden\nHog Island Shoal Lighthouse (1901)\nLawton-Almy-Hall Farm\nMount Hope Bridge (1929)\nOak Glen\nPortsmouth Friends Meetinghouse Parsonage and Cemetery (c. 1699)\nPrudence Island Lighthouse (1823)\nUnion Church (1865)\nWreck Sites of H.M.S. Cerberus and H.M.S. Lark (1778)","title":"Historic sites and points of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ade Bethune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ade_Bethune"},{"link_name":"Catholic Worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Worker_Movement"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Clarke_(governor)"},{"link_name":"Mike Cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Cloud"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"New England Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Patriots"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cornell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cornell_(settler)"},{"link_name":"Chris Cosentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cosentino"},{"link_name":"The Next Iron Chef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Next_Iron_Chef"},{"link_name":"Charlie Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Day"},{"link_name":"Sarah J. Eddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_J._Eddy"},{"link_name":"Julia Ward Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe"},{"link_name":"The Battle Hymn of the Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic"},{"link_name":"Anne Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Betty Hutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Hutton"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Patrick Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_J._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Scotty Kilmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotty_Kilmer"},{"link_name":"Frances Latham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Latham"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ronald Machtley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Machtley"},{"link_name":"Bryant University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Michelle McGaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_McGaw"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Peleg Slocum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peleg_Slocum"},{"link_name":"Dartmouth, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Cuttyhunk Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuttyhunk_Island"},{"link_name":"Cole Swider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Swider"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Lakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers"},{"link_name":"Ryan Westmoreland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Westmoreland"}],"text":"Ade Bethune (died 2002), liturgical artist and Catholic Worker\nJeremy Clarke (1605–1652), early settler of Portsmouth, served as second governor of Rhode Island colony\nMike Cloud, running back for the Kansas City Chiefs, New England Patriots, and New York Giants\nThomas Cornell, one of the earliest settlers of Portsmouth and progenitor of Cornell family in America\nChris Cosentino, chef and cast member of \"The Next Iron Chef\"\nCharlie Day, American actor, screenwriter, producer, comedian, and musician\nSarah J. Eddy (1851–1945), American artist, photographer, and suffragist\nAnthony Harkness (1793–1858), businessman and inventor\nJulia Ward Howe (died 1910), author of \"The Battle Hymn of the Republic\"\nAnne Hutchinson (died 1643), founded colony of Rhode Island in 1638\nBetty Hutton (died 2007), film actress and singer[10]\nPatrick Kennedy, U.S. congressman for Rhode Island's First district (1995–2011)\nScotty Kilmer, auto mechanic educator followed by millions on Youtube\nFrances Latham (1610–1677), wife of Governor Jeremy Clarke, early settler of Portsmouth, known as the \"mother of governors\"[11]\nRonald Machtley, U.S. congressman, President of Bryant University[12]\nMichelle McGaw, state representative from the Rhode Island House of Representatives representing Little Compton, Tiverton, and Portsmouth\nPeleg Slocum (1654-1733), Quaker, former proprietor of Dartmouth, Massachusetts and former owner of Cuttyhunk Island\nCole Swider, professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers\nRyan Westmoreland, former baseball player, Boston Red Sox","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Borden_Farm,_Portsmouth_RI_crop.jpg"},{"link_name":"Second Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Empire_architecture"},{"link_name":"Borden Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borden_Farm_(Portsmouth,_Rhode_Island)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Friends_Meetinghouse_2,_Portsmouth,_Rhode_Island.jpg"},{"link_name":"Friends Meeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Friends_Meetinghouse,_Parsonage_and_Cemetery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Union_Church,_Portsmouth,_Rhode_Island.jpg"},{"link_name":"Union Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Church_(Portsmouth,_Rhode_Island)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portsmouth_Rhode_Island_School_House.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IMG_3915_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Green Animals Topiary Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Animals_Topiary_Garden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Hope_Bridge-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mount Hope Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hope_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol,_Rhode_Island"}],"text":"The Second Empire mansion at Borden Farm was built c. 1865\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Friends Meeting was built c. 1699–1700\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Union Church was built in 1865\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe 1725 schoolhouse owned by the Portsmouth Historical Society is one of the oldest surviving in the U.S.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Green Animals Topiary Garden\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Mount Hope Bridge, connecting Portsmouth with Bristol, Rhode Island","title":"Gallery"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Portsmouth Compact memorial at Founder's Brook","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/49/Portsmouth_Compact.JPG/220px-Portsmouth_Compact.JPG"},{"image_text":"Map of Rhode Island highlighting Newport County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Map_of_Rhode_Island_highlighting_Newport_County.svg/80px-Map_of_Rhode_Island_highlighting_Newport_County.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""}]},{"reference":"Most, Doug. \"The Newport Car Museum is 'not only a car museum…it's an art museum'\". Newport Car Museum. The Boston Globe. Retrieved January 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://newportcarmuseum.org/the-newport-car-museum-is-not-only-a-car-museumits-an-art-museum/#:~:text=The%20museum%20has%20more%20than%2050%2C000%20visitors%20a%20year.,fun%20gift%20shops%20to%20browse.","url_text":"\"The Newport Car Museum is 'not only a car museum…it's an art museum'\""}]},{"reference":"\"United States Sailing Association - the national governing body for the sport of sailing\". United States Sailing Association.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ussailing.org/","url_text":"\"United States Sailing Association - the national governing body for the sport of sailing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Glen Farm - Polo and Equestrian Center - Homepage\". Archived from the original on March 4, 2000. Retrieved August 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20000304042500/http://www.glenfarm.com/","url_text":"\"Glen Farm - Polo and Equestrian Center - Homepage\""},{"url":"http://www.glenfarm.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McGaw, Jim. \"Friday, Sept. 22 will be 'Beach Boys Day' in Portsmouth\". The Portsmouth Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://rhodybeat.com/stories/friday-sept-22-will-be-beach-boys-day-in-portsmouth,27261","url_text":"\"Friday, Sept. 22 will be 'Beach Boys Day' in Portsmouth\""}]},{"reference":"Doiron, Sarah; Bell, Lauren (September 4, 2023). \"Jimmy Buffett turned RI restaurant into his own 'Margaritaville' for final performance\". WPRI.com. Retrieved September 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wpri.com/dont-miss/jimmy-buffett-turned-ri-restaurant-into-his-own-margaritaville-for-final-performance/","url_text":"\"Jimmy Buffett turned RI restaurant into his own 'Margaritaville' for final performance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"Snow, Edwin M. (1867). Report upon the Census of Rhode Island 1865. Providence, RI: Providence Press Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NxsxC5mK7NAC","url_text":"Report upon the Census of Rhode Island 1865"}]},{"reference":"Severo, Richard (March 14, 2007). \"Betty Hutton, Film Star of 1940s and 1950s, Dies at 86\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/14/movies/14hutton.html","url_text":"\"Betty Hutton, Film Star of 1940s and 1950s, Dies at 86\""}]},{"reference":"\"An historic strain of blood in America. Frances Latham--mother of governors\". New Haven, Conn. 1908.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historicstrainof02trac/page/n3","url_text":"\"An historic strain of blood in America. Frances Latham--mother of governors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leadership | Bryant University\". www.bryant.edu. Retrieved January 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bryant.edu/about/leadership.htm","url_text":"\"Leadership | Bryant University\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Portsmouth,_Rhode_Island¶ms=41_36_N_71_15_W_region:US-RI_type:city(17871)","external_links_name":"41°36′N 71°15′W / 41.600°N 71.250°W / 41.600; -71.250"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Portsmouth,_Rhode_Island¶ms=41_36_N_71_15_W_region:US-RI_type:city(17871)","external_links_name":"41°36′N 71°15′W / 41.600°N 71.250°W / 41.600; -71.250"},{"Link":"http://www.portsmouthri.com/","external_links_name":"www.portsmouthri.com"},{"Link":"https://www.portsmouthschoolsri.org/Domain/11","external_links_name":"Melville Elementary School"},{"Link":"https://www.pennfield.org/","external_links_name":"The Pennfield School"},{"Link":"https://newportcarmuseum.org/","external_links_name":"Newport Car Museum"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1220065","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Portsmouth, Rhode Island"},{"Link":"https://newportcarmuseum.org/the-newport-car-museum-is-not-only-a-car-museumits-an-art-museum/#:~:text=The%20museum%20has%20more%20than%2050%2C000%20visitors%20a%20year.,fun%20gift%20shops%20to%20browse.","external_links_name":"\"The Newport Car Museum is 'not only a car museum…it's an art museum'\""},{"Link":"http://www.ussailing.org/","external_links_name":"\"United States Sailing Association - the national governing body for the sport of sailing\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20000304042500/http://www.glenfarm.com/","external_links_name":"\"Glen Farm - Polo and Equestrian Center - Homepage\""},{"Link":"http://www.glenfarm.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://rhodybeat.com/stories/friday-sept-22-will-be-beach-boys-day-in-portsmouth,27261","external_links_name":"\"Friday, Sept. 22 will be 'Beach Boys Day' in Portsmouth\""},{"Link":"https://www.wpri.com/dont-miss/jimmy-buffett-turned-ri-restaurant-into-his-own-margaritaville-for-final-performance/","external_links_name":"\"Jimmy Buffett turned RI restaurant into his own 'Margaritaville' for final performance\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NxsxC5mK7NAC","external_links_name":"Report upon the Census of Rhode Island 1865"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/14/movies/14hutton.html","external_links_name":"\"Betty Hutton, Film Star of 1940s and 1950s, Dies at 86\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historicstrainof02trac/page/n3","external_links_name":"\"An historic strain of blood in America. Frances Latham--mother of governors\""},{"Link":"https://www.bryant.edu/about/leadership.htm","external_links_name":"\"Leadership | Bryant University\""},{"Link":"http://www.portsmouthri.com/","external_links_name":"Town of Portsmouth"},{"Link":"http://portsmouthhistorical.org/","external_links_name":"Portsmouth Historical Society"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/147789701","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007566920605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83220945","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/8b6b44e9-5f71-4fb1-bec1-8e07da008850","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-tower,_1811_type
|
Model-tower, 1811 type
|
["1 History","2 Types","2.1 1 (model tower)","2.2 2 (model tower)","2.3 3 (model tower)","2.4 4 (defensive guardhouse)","2.5 5 (defensive guardhouse)","3 References"]
|
Model 1 tower in Pointe des Espagnols
A model tower (tour-modèle), also known as an Empire tower or a Napoleon tower, was a standardised defensive fortification created in 1811. Construction began along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coastlines the following year but the project was abandoned in 1814 with only 12 towers being completed.
History
Napoleon I wished to organise France's coastal defences and so demanded the construction of a fortification combining powder magazines, food storehouses and gunners' lodgings in one building Napoleon's idea was that the cannons in coastal batteries were very vulnerable to enemy raids and so they could be made safer by combining these elements in a single building. As a coastal defensive chain, they can be compared to the United Kingdom's near-contemporaneous chain of Martello towers (built between 1804 and 1812).
This defence programme is known by the name "model towers and redoubts, 1811 type". Their construction programme was begun in 1812 and was originally intended to run for ten years, but it was abandoned on Napoleon's abdication in 1814. Of the 160 model works originally planned (106 on the Atlantic coast, and 54 in the Mediterranean), only 12 towers were completed by 1814, including six in Finistère around the roadstead of Brest (listed below). Louis-Philippe of France attempted to emulate Napoleon and complete this defence chain in 1846 with a set of standardised crenellated guardhouses.
Types
1 (model tower)
Model 1 is 16m wide and could house 60 men, along with four 24- or 18-pounder cannons.
Pointe de Cornouaille, Roscanvel
Pointe des Espagnols (parapet razed), Roscanvel
2 (model tower)
Model 2 is 10.5m wide and could house 30 men, 1 field gun and 2 caronades.
3 (model tower)
Model 3 is 9m wide and could house 18 men (or 12 men and a battery 'guardian') and 2 caronades.
Pointe du Toulinguet, Camaret-sur-Mer
Pointe du Créac'h Meur (second level and razed parapets), Plougonvelin
Pointe du Grand-Minou, Locmaria-Plouzané
Saint-Marzin, Plougonvelin
4 (defensive guardhouse)
9m wide, it was built on 2 levels.
5 (defensive guardhouse)
9m wide, it was only built on one level.
References
^ Michel Dion, Batteries, réduits, tours, forts, casemates... de Camaret et Roscanvel, Association du Mémorial Montbarey, Brest, 1996, 67 p.
^ a b Fortifications littorales : les tour-modèles "1811", in the general inventory,
, consulted 14 June 2011
^ Roscanvel, Pointe de Cornouaille, on the high point of the point, model 1, in the general inventory,
, Retrieved 11 June 2011
^
Roscanvel, Pointe des Espagnols, model 1, in the general inventory,
http://patrimoine.region-bretagne.fr/main.xsp?execute=show_document&id=MERIMEEIA29001781 Archived 13 February 2013 at archive.today, Retrieved 11 June 2011
^
Camaret-sur-Mer, Pointe du Toulinguet, number 3 model built in 1812, along with a defensive wall of 1884, in the general inventory,
http://patrimoine.region-bretagne.fr/main.xsp?execute=show_document&id=MERIMEEIA29001317 Archived 13 February 2013 at archive.today, Retrieved 11 June 2011
^
Plougonvelin, Pointe de Créac'h Meur, model 3 (razed terrace), in the general inventory,
http://patrimoine.region-bretagne.fr/main.xsp?execute=show_document&id=MERIMEEIA29001774 Archived 13 February 2013 at archive.today, Retrieved 11 June 2011
^ Locmaria-Plouzané, Pointe du Grand Minou, Toulbroc'h, model 3 (demolished, 1884 redoubt), in the general inventory,
"Locmaria-Plouzané, Pointe du Grand Minou, Toulbroc'h, Tour-modèle n° 3 (Détruite) puis réduit, année "1884"". Archived from the original on 18 December 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2011., Retrieved 11 June 2011
^
Plougonvelin, Saint-Marzin, model 3 (demolished), in the general inventory,
http://patrimoine.region-bretagne.fr/main.xsp?execute=show_document&id=MERIMEEIA29002140 Archived 13 February 2013 at archive.today, Retrieved 11 June 2011
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tour-modele_pointe_espagnols.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pointe des Espagnols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointe_des_Espagnols"},{"link_name":"Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France"}],"text":"Model 1 tower in Pointe des EspagnolsA model tower (tour-modèle), also known as an Empire tower or a Napoleon tower, was a standardised defensive fortification created in 1811. Construction began along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coastlines the following year but the project was abandoned in 1814 with only 12 towers being completed.","title":"Model-tower, 1811 type"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-type-2"},{"link_name":"Martello towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martello_towers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-type-2"},{"link_name":"Finistère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finist%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"roadstead of Brest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadstead_of_Brest"},{"link_name":"Louis-Philippe of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Philippe_of_France"},{"link_name":"crenellated guardhouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crenellated_guardhouse,_1846_model"}],"text":"Napoleon I wished to organise France's coastal defences and so demanded the construction of a fortification combining powder magazines, food storehouses and gunners' lodgings in one building[1] Napoleon's idea was that the cannons in coastal batteries were very vulnerable to enemy raids and so they could be made safer by combining these elements in a single building.[2] As a coastal defensive chain, they can be compared to the United Kingdom's near-contemporaneous chain of Martello towers (built between 1804 and 1812).This defence programme is known by the name \"model towers and redoubts, 1811 type\".[2] Their construction programme was begun in 1812 and was originally intended to run for ten years, but it was abandoned on Napoleon's abdication in 1814. Of the 160 model works originally planned (106 on the Atlantic coast, and 54 in the Mediterranean), only 12 towers were completed by 1814, including six in Finistère around the roadstead of Brest (listed below). Louis-Philippe of France attempted to emulate Napoleon and complete this defence chain in 1846 with a set of standardised crenellated guardhouses.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"24-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24-pounder_long_gun"},{"link_name":"18-pounder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18-pounder_long_gun"},{"link_name":"Pointe de Cornouaille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointe_de_Cornouaille"},{"link_name":"Roscanvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscanvel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pointe des Espagnols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointe_des_Espagnols"},{"link_name":"Roscanvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscanvel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"1 (model tower)","text":"Model 1 is 16m wide and could house 60 men, along with four 24- or 18-pounder cannons.Pointe de Cornouaille, Roscanvel[3]\nPointe des Espagnols (parapet razed), Roscanvel[4]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2 (model tower)","text":"Model 2 is 10.5m wide and could house 30 men, 1 field gun and 2 caronades.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pointe du Toulinguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointe_du_Toulinguet"},{"link_name":"Camaret-sur-Mer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camaret-sur-Mer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Plougonvelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plougonvelin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Locmaria-Plouzané","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locmaria-Plouzan%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Plougonvelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plougonvelin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"3 (model tower)","text":"Model 3 is 9m wide and could house 18 men (or 12 men and a battery 'guardian') and 2 caronades.Pointe du Toulinguet, Camaret-sur-Mer[5]\nPointe du Créac'h Meur (second level and razed parapets), Plougonvelin[6]\nPointe du Grand-Minou, Locmaria-Plouzané[7]\nSaint-Marzin, Plougonvelin[8]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"4 (defensive guardhouse)","text":"9m wide, it was built on 2 levels.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"5 (defensive guardhouse)","text":"9m wide, it was only built on one level.","title":"Types"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Model 1 tower in Pointe des Espagnols","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Tour-modele_pointe_espagnols.jpg/220px-Tour-modele_pointe_espagnols.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Locmaria-Plouzané, Pointe du Grand Minou, Toulbroc'h, Tour-modèle n° 3 (Détruite) puis réduit, année \"1884\"\". Archived from the original on 18 December 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20121218073507/http://patrimoine.region-bretagne.fr/main.xsp?execute=show_document&id=MERIMEEIA29002141","url_text":"\"Locmaria-Plouzané, Pointe du Grand Minou, Toulbroc'h, Tour-modèle n° 3 (Détruite) puis réduit, année \"1884\"\""},{"url":"http://patrimoine.region-bretagne.fr/main.xsp?execute=show_document&id=MERIMEEIA29002141","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manson,_Washington
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Manson, Washington
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
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Coordinates: 47°53′06″N 120°09′25″W / 47.88500°N 120.15694°W / 47.88500; -120.15694
Census-designated place in Washington, United StatesManson, WashingtonCensus-designated placeAerial view of MansonMansonCoordinates: 47°53′06″N 120°09′25″W / 47.88500°N 120.15694°W / 47.88500; -120.15694CountryUnited StatesStateWashingtonCountyChelanArea • Total1.25 sq mi (3.25 km2) • Land1.25 sq mi (3.25 km2) • Water0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2)Elevation1,140 ft (350 m)Population (2020) • Total1,523 • Density1,171/sq mi (452.3/km2)Time zoneUTC-8 (Pacific (PST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-7 (PDT)ZIP code98831Area code509GNIS feature ID1522682FIPS code53-42835
Manson is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Chelan County in the U.S. state of Washington. It was named in 1912 for Manson F. Backus, president of the Lake Chelan Land Company. Manson is located in the north-central portion of the state on the north shore of Lake Chelan, approximately 7 miles (11 km) northwest of the city of Chelan.
Manson is part of the Wenatchee–East Wenatchee Metropolitan Statistical Area.
The USPS ZIP code for Manson is 98831. As of the 2020 census, the population in the Manson was 1,523. 2010 was the first year that Manson was tracked by the census bureau.
Manson is home to a number of notable wineries; Tildeo, Cairdeas, Succession, Lake Chelan Winery, Chelan Ridge and Amos Rome
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
20101,468—20201,5233.7%
References
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Manson, Washington
^ Meany, Edmond S. (1923). Origin of Washington geographic names. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 158.
^ "2020 United States Census Profile: Manson CDP, Washington". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
External links
Manson Chamber of Commerce
Lake Chelan Chamber of Commerce
Manson Village Tribune, online newspaper
Video tour of Manson - Tour town, waterfront, and wineries.
View of Manson from Wapato Point
vteMunicipalities and communities of Chelan County, Washington, United StatesCounty seat: WenatcheeCities
Cashmere
Chelan
Entiat
Leavenworth
Wenatchee
Map of Washington highlighting Chelan CountyCDPs
Chelan Falls
Manson
South Wenatchee
Sunnyslope
Othercommunities
Ardenvoir
Coles Corner
Dryden
Lucerne
Malaga
Maplecreek
Merritt
Monitor
Peshastin
Plain
Stehekin
Telma
Wenatchee Heights
West Wenatchee
Winton
Indian reservation
Colville Indian Reservation‡
Ghost towns
Blewett
Moore
Winesap
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Washington portal
United States portal
Authority control databases
VIAF
This Chelan County, Washington state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_community"},{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Chelan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelan_County,_Washington"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lake Chelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Chelan"},{"link_name":"Chelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelan,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Wenatchee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenatchee,_Washington"},{"link_name":"East Wenatchee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Wenatchee,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenatchee_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"USPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service"},{"link_name":"ZIP code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIP_code"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-3"},{"link_name":"Tildeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tildio.com/"},{"link_name":"Cairdeas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cairdeaswinery.com/"},{"link_name":"Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//successionwines.com/"},{"link_name":"Lake Chelan Winery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lakechelanwinery.com/"},{"link_name":"Chelan Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.chelanridgewinery.com/"},{"link_name":"Amos Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amosrome.com/"}],"text":"Census-designated place in Washington, United StatesManson is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Chelan County in the U.S. state of Washington. It was named in 1912 for Manson F. Backus, president of the Lake Chelan Land Company.[2] Manson is located in the north-central portion of the state on the north shore of Lake Chelan, approximately 7 miles (11 km) northwest of the city of Chelan.Manson is part of the Wenatchee–East Wenatchee Metropolitan Statistical Area.The USPS ZIP code for Manson is 98831. As of the 2020 census, the population in the Manson was 1,523.[3] 2010 was the first year that Manson was tracked by the census bureau.Manson is home to a number of notable wineries; Tildeo, Cairdeas, Succession, Lake Chelan Winery, Chelan Ridge and Amos Rome","title":"Manson, Washington"}]
|
[{"image_text":"View of Manson from Wapato Point","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Village_of_Manson_Washington_from_Wapato_Point.jpg/220px-Village_of_Manson_Washington_from_Wapato_Point.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Washington highlighting Chelan County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Map_of_Washington_highlighting_Chelan_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Washington_highlighting_Chelan_County.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Meany, Edmond S. (1923). Origin of Washington geographic names. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 158.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015027074981;view=1up;seq=174","url_text":"Origin of Washington geographic names"}]},{"reference":"\"2020 United States Census Profile: Manson CDP, Washington\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved March 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/profile/Manson_CDP,_Washington?g=1600000US5342835","url_text":"\"2020 United States Census Profile: Manson CDP, Washington\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_Indiana
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Palmyra, Indiana
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["1 History","2 Geography","3 Government","4 Demographics","4.1 2010 census","4.2 2000 census","5 Education","6 References"]
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Coordinates: 38°24′28.53″N 86°6′35.77″W / 38.4079250°N 86.1099361°W / 38.4079250; -86.1099361
Town in Indiana, United StatesPalmyra, IndianaTownLocation of Palmyra in Harrison County, Indiana.Coordinates: 38°24′28.53″N 86°6′35.77″W / 38.4079250°N 86.1099361°W / 38.4079250; -86.1099361CountryUnited StatesStateIndianaCountyHarrisonTownshipMorganArea • Total1.24 sq mi (3.21 km2) • Land1.20 sq mi (3.10 km2) • Water0.04 sq mi (0.11 km2)Elevation774 ft (236 m)Population (2020) • Total898 • Density750.84/sq mi (290.00/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code47164Area code812FIPS code18-57726GNIS feature ID0440849
Palmyra is a town in Morgan Township, Harrison County, Indiana, United States. The population was 930 at the 2010 census.
History
Palmyra was originally called Carthage, and under the latter name was laid out in 1836. Because there was already another Carthage in Indiana, the town was renamed Palmyra in 1839 to avoid repetition. The present name most likely is a transfer from the ancient city of Palmyra.
A Confederate force led by Brigadier General John Hunt Morgan camped in Palmyra on the night of July 9, 1863 after the Battle of Corydon. The army took ransoms from the businesses and commandeered all the town's horses for the Confederate cavalry. The army left the town on the morning of July 10, riding north towards Salem. The town had two previous names: McClellan's Crossroad and Carthage.
Geography
Palmyra is located at 38°24′27″N 86°6′38″W / 38.40750°N 86.11056°W / 38.40750; -86.11056 (38.407458, -86.110636).
According to the 2010 census, Palmyra has a total area of 1.28 square miles (3.32 km2), of which 1.24 square miles (3.21 km2) (or 96.88%) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) (or 3.13%) is water.
Government
Palmrya has a three-member Town Council and a Clerk Treasurer. In 2011 the town board consisted Alvin Brown, Paul Eveslage, and Virginia Kirkham. The Clerk-Treasurer is Tiffany Cardwell. The President of the Town Board was Alvin Brown from 2008 to 2010, who previously served as a Harrison County Councilman for 16 years. Alvin Brown lost his re-election but in 2015 and died in 2018 at the age of 76. Paul Eveslage retired and did not run for reelection in 2015, he passed in December 2015 at the age of 86. Virginia Kirkham was elected Board President for 2011. In 2015 the town reelected Virginia Kirkam for another term, the new members elected were Mike Shireman and Kerry Ingle. The New Clerk treasurer was Debra Jones.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1910252—1920227−9.9%193028826.9%1940274−4.9%195032719.3%196047043.7%19704832.8%198069243.3%1990621−10.3%20006331.9%201093046.9%2020898−3.4%U.S. Decennial Census
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 930 people, 388 households, and 261 families residing in the town. The population density was 750.0 inhabitants per square mile (289.6/km2). There were 423 housing units at an average density of 341.1 per square mile (131.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 96.1% White, 0.1% African American, 0.2% Native American, 1.6% Asian, and 1.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.0% of the population.
There were 388 households, of which 35.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.7% were married couples living together, 12.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32.7% were non-families. 28.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.90.
The median age in the town was 37.4 years. 24.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.2% were from 25 to 44; 24.7% were from 45 to 64; and 14.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48.0% male and 52.0% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 633 people, 238 households, and 169 families residing in the town. The population density was 682.5 inhabitants per square mile (263.5/km2). There were 253 housing units at an average density of 272.8 per square mile (105.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.42% White, 0.16% Asian, and 1.42% from two or more races.
There were 238 households, out of which 36.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.2% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.6% were non-families. 23.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.12.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.9% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 31.6% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.2 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $36,964, and the median income for a family was $42,083. Males had a median income of $30,000 versus $22,321 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,114. About 4.7% of families and 7.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.5% of those under age 18 and 6.7% of those age 65 or over.
Education
Palmyra has a public library, a branch of the Harrison County Public Library.
The public school district serving the area is the North Harrison Community Schools Corporation. Residents feed into Morgan Elementary school, North Harrison Middle School, and North Harrison High School. Morgan Elementary is located just south of the town and houses grades Kindergarten through 5th grades; North Harrison Middle and High are located in nearby Ramsey.
References
^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Palmyra, Indiana
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ Roose, William H. (1911). Indiana's Birthplace: A History of Harrison County, Indiana. Tribune Company, Printers. p. 68.
^ Indiana Names, v.4. Terre Haute, IN: Indiana State University. 1973. p. 53.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ "G001 - Geographic Identifiers - 2010 Census Summary File 1". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
^ http://www.corydondemocrat.com/Articles-News-i-2015-11-03-229271.114125-Voters-though-few-cast-ballots.html
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
^ "Contact information". Harrison County Public Library. Archived from the original on February 27, 2018. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
^ "Home - North Harrison Community Schools". North Harrison Community Schools. North Harrison Community Schools. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Harrison County, Indiana, United StatesCounty seat: CorydonTowns
Corydon
Crandall
Elizabeth
Laconia
Lanesville
Mauckport
Milltown‡
New Amsterdam
New Middletown
Palmyra
Map of Indiana highlighting Harrison CountyTownships
Blue River
Boone
Franklin
Harrison
Heth
Jackson
Morgan
Posey
Spencer
Taylor
Washington
Webster
CDPs
Depauw
New Salisbury
Ramsey
Othercommunities
Bradford
Breckenridge
Bridgeport
Buena Vista
Byrneville
Central
Central Barren
Corydon Junction
Davidson
Dixie
Dogwood
Evans Landing
Fairdale
Fishtown
Frenchtown
Glidas
Hancock Chapel
Macedonia
Moberly
Mott Station
New Boston
Rosewood
Sugar Grove
Titus
Tobacco Landing
Valley City
White Cloud
Ghost town
Wynnsboro
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Indiana portal
United States portal
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morgan Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Township,_Harrison_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Harrison County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"}],"text":"Town in Indiana, United StatesPalmyra is a town in Morgan Township, Harrison County, Indiana, United States. The population was 930 at the 2010 census.","title":"Palmyra, Indiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"another Carthage in Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Palmyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"John Hunt Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hunt_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Battle of Corydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Corydon"},{"link_name":"Salem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Indiana"}],"text":"Palmyra was originally called Carthage, and under the latter name was laid out in 1836. Because there was already another Carthage in Indiana, the town was renamed Palmyra in 1839 to avoid repetition.[4] The present name most likely is a transfer from the ancient city of Palmyra.[5]A Confederate force led by Brigadier General John Hunt Morgan camped in Palmyra on the night of July 9, 1863 after the Battle of Corydon. The army took ransoms from the businesses and commandeered all the town's horses for the Confederate cavalry. The army left the town on the morning of July 10, riding north towards Salem. The town had two previous names: McClellan's Crossroad and Carthage.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"38°24′27″N 86°6′38″W / 38.40750°N 86.11056°W / 38.40750; -86.11056","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Palmyra,_Indiana¶ms=38_24_27_N_86_6_38_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-g001-7"}],"text":"Palmyra is located at 38°24′27″N 86°6′38″W / 38.40750°N 86.11056°W / 38.40750; -86.11056 (38.407458, -86.110636).[6]According to the 2010 census, Palmyra has a total area of 1.28 square miles (3.32 km2), of which 1.24 square miles (3.21 km2) (or 96.88%) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) (or 3.13%) is water.[7]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Palmrya has a three-member Town Council and a Clerk Treasurer. In 2011 the town board consisted Alvin Brown, Paul Eveslage, and Virginia Kirkham. The Clerk-Treasurer is Tiffany Cardwell. The President of the Town Board was Alvin Brown from 2008 to 2010, who previously served as a Harrison County Councilman for 16 years. Alvin Brown lost his re-election but in 2015 and died in 2018 at the age of 76. Paul Eveslage retired and did not run for reelection in 2015, he passed in December 2015 at the age of 86. Virginia Kirkham was elected Board President for 2011. In 2015 the town reelected Virginia Kirkam for another term, the new members elected were Mike Shireman and Kerry Ingle. The New Clerk treasurer was Debra Jones.[8]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-10"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[10] of 2010, there were 930 people, 388 households, and 261 families residing in the town. The population density was 750.0 inhabitants per square mile (289.6/km2). There were 423 housing units at an average density of 341.1 per square mile (131.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 96.1% White, 0.1% African American, 0.2% Native American, 1.6% Asian, and 1.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.0% of the population.There were 388 households, of which 35.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.7% were married couples living together, 12.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32.7% were non-families. 28.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.90.The median age in the town was 37.4 years. 24.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.2% were from 25 to 44; 24.7% were from 45 to 64; and 14.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48.0% male and 52.0% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-3"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[3] of 2000, there were 633 people, 238 households, and 169 families residing in the town. The population density was 682.5 inhabitants per square mile (263.5/km2). There were 253 housing units at an average density of 272.8 per square mile (105.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.42% White, 0.16% Asian, and 1.42% from two or more races.There were 238 households, out of which 36.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.2% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.6% were non-families. 23.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.12.In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.9% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 31.6% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.2 males.The median income for a household in the town was $36,964, and the median income for a family was $42,083. Males had a median income of $30,000 versus $22,321 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,114. About 4.7% of families and 7.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.5% of those under age 18 and 6.7% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"North Harrison High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Harrison_High_School"},{"link_name":"Kindergarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten"},{"link_name":"Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Palmyra has a public library, a branch of the Harrison County Public Library.[11]\nThe public school district serving the area is the North Harrison Community Schools Corporation. Residents feed into Morgan Elementary school, North Harrison Middle School, and North Harrison High School. Morgan Elementary is located just south of the town and houses grades Kindergarten through 5th grades; North Harrison Middle and High are located in nearby Ramsey.[12]","title":"Education"}]
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[{"image_text":"Map of Indiana highlighting Harrison County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Map_of_Indiana_highlighting_Harrison_County.svg/49px-Map_of_Indiana_highlighting_Harrison_County.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_18.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"Roose, William H. (1911). Indiana's Birthplace: A History of Harrison County, Indiana. Tribune Company, Printers. p. 68.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BJpuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA68","url_text":"Indiana's Birthplace: A History of Harrison County, Indiana"}]},{"reference":"Indiana Names, v.4. Terre Haute, IN: Indiana State University. 1973. p. 53.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000054437169;view=1up;seq=59","url_text":"Indiana Names, v.4"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"G001 - Geographic Identifiers - 2010 Census Summary File 1\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 17, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200213044218/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US1857726","url_text":"\"G001 - Geographic Identifiers - 2010 Census Summary File 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US1857726","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Contact information\". Harrison County Public Library. Archived from the original on February 27, 2018. Retrieved March 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180227050201/http://www.hcpl.lib.in.us/contactus.htm","url_text":"\"Contact information\""},{"url":"http://www.hcpl.lib.in.us/contactus.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Home - North Harrison Community Schools\". North Harrison Community Schools. North Harrison Community Schools. Retrieved September 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nhcs.k12.in.us/","url_text":"\"Home - North Harrison Community Schools\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kelly_Harrison,_Jr.
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William Kelly Harrison Jr.
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["1 Early career","2 World War II","2.1 Stateside service","2.2 Overseas duty","3 Postwar service","4 Korean War","5 Later service","6 Retirement","7 Decorations","8 Notes","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
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United States Army general (1895–1987)
William Kelly Harrison Jr.Harrison as Major GeneralNickname(s)"Billy"Born(1895-09-07)September 7, 1895Washington, D.C., United StatesDiedMay 25, 1987(1987-05-25) (aged 91)Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, United StatesBuriedArlington National CemeteryAllegiance United StatesService/branch United States ArmyYears of service1917–1957Rank Lieutenant GeneralService number0-5279Unit Cavalry BranchCommands heldU.S. Caribbean Command9th Infantry Division2nd Infantry DivisionBattles/warsWorld War IWorld War II
Battle of Normandy
Battle of Saint-Lô
Battle of Mortain
Battle of Aachen
Siegfried Line Campaign
Battle of the Bulge
Rhineland Campaign
Korean War
Jamestown Line
AwardsDistinguished Service CrossDistinguished Service Medal (2)Legion of MeritSilver StarBronze Star Medal (2)Purple HeartRelationsWilliam Kelly Harrison (father)Other workPresident, Officers' Christian Fellowship
William Kelly Harrison Jr. (September 7, 1895 – May 25, 1987) was a highly decorated officer in the United States Army with the rank of Lieutenant General. A graduate of the United States Military Academy, he rose through the ranks to brigadier general during World War II and distinguished himself in combat several times, while serving as the assistant division commander of the 30th Infantry Division during the Normandy Campaign and the Battle of the Bulge. Harrison was decorated with the Distinguished Service Cross, the second highest decoration of the United States military for bravery in combat, for his actions during Operation Cobra.
Following the War, Harrison remained in the Army and after several stateside assignments, he was ordered to the Far East, where he served as head of the United Nations Command armistice delegation in the Korean War. He participated in the truce talks, which concluded with the signing of the Korean Armistice Agreement on July 27, 1953. Harrison completed his career as the commanding general of U.S. Caribbean Command in early 1957.
Early career
William K. Harrison Jr. was born on September 7, 1895, in Washington, D.C. as the son of Naval officer and future Medal of Honor recipient, William Kelly Harrison and his wife Kate Harris. He was a direct descendant of President William Henry Harrison. Following high school, William Jr. received a senatorial appointment from Texas to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York in May 1913.
He was a member of the class which produced more than 55 future general officers, including two Army Chiefs of Staff – Joseph L. Collins and Matthew B. Ridgway. Other classmates include: Clare H. Armstrong, Aaron Bradshaw Jr., Mark W. Clark, John T. Cole, Norman D. Cota, John M. Devine, William W. Eagles, Theodore L. Futch, Charles H. Gerhardt, Augustus M. Gurney, Ernest N. Harmon, Robert W. Hasbrouck, Frederick A. Irving, Laurence B. Keiser, Charles S. Kilburn, Bryant E. Moore, Daniel Noce, Onslow S. Rolfe, Herbert N. Schwarzkopf, Albert C. Smith, George D. Wahl, Raymond E. S. Williamson, and George H. Weems.
Harrison Jr. as Cadet at West Point in 1913.
Harrison graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree on April 20, 1917, shortly following the United States entry into World War I, and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the cavalry branch. He was subsequently ordered to Camp Lawrence J. Hearn, California, where he joined the 1st Cavalry Regiment.
He was subsequently ordered with the regiment to Douglas, Arizona, from which his unit participated in the guard duties on the Mexican Border. Harrison reached consecutively the ranks of first lieutenant and captain and returned to West Point Military Academy as an instructor of French and Spanish languages. While in this capacity, he also completed advanced languages courses in French and Spanish.
Harrison was later transferred to the 7th Cavalry Regiment at Fort Bliss, Texas and served with that unit until early 1923, when he was ordered to Washington, D.C. for duty on the staff of the Army War College. He was promoted to major during his service there and left for the Philippines in 1925, where he was attached to the 26th Cavalry Regiment (Philippine Scouts) at Camp Stotsenburg on Luzon.
Following his return stateside in 1932, Harrison was attached to the 7th Cavalry Regiment at Fort Riley, Kansas. While stationed at Fort Riley, he completed the advanced course at the Army Cavalry School there and served on the Cavalry Board and as a troop commander with the 9th Cavalry Regiment.
Harrison was ordered to the Army Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas in June 1936 and graduated one year later. He then joined the faculty of the school and served as an instructor of tactics until September 1937, when he was ordered to the Army War College for instruction.
He graduated in July 1938 and joined the 6th Cavalry Regiment at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia. Harrison remained in that assignment until August 1939, when he was attached to the War Plans Division, War Department General Staff in Washington, D.C. While in this capacity, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel on July 1, 1940.
World War II
Stateside service
The meeting of War Plans Division, War Department General Staff in 1942. From left to right: Harrison, Lee S. Gerow, Crawford, Eisenhower, Leonard T. Gerow, Handy, Sherrill, McKee and MacKelvie.
Following the American entry into World War II, Harrison was promoted to the temporary rank of colonel on December 11, 1941, just four days after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. He was appointed the deputy chief of the Strategy and Policy Group, War Plans Division, War Department General Staff and also was given additional duty at Army Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall's Committee on Allocation of Responsibilities which was given the job of figuring out a reorganization of the Army high command. For his service in this capacity, Harrison was promoted to the temporary rank of brigadier general on June 26, 1942.
He was subsequently ordered to Camp Butner, North Carolina, where he was attached to the 78th Infantry Division under Major General Edwin P. Parker Jr. as Assistant Division Commander (ADC). Harrison then participated in the training of replacements for units serving overseas but suffered a minor injury on an obstacle course in December 1942. While recuperating, he received a telephone call from Major General Leland Hobbs, then in command of the 30th Infantry Division, informing him about his new assignment with Hobbs' 30th Division.
Harrison was replaced by Brigadier General John K. Rice and appointed ADC under Hobbs, who tasked him with organization of the 30th Infantry Division's training at Camp Blanding, Florida. Harrison and Hobbs had known each other from West Point, where Hobbs was a member of the Class of 1915. They also were in the same class at the Army Command and General Staff School in 1937.
Billy Harrison had almost no respect for Hobbs as a leader of the troops. From Harrison's point of view, Hobbs violated every principle of leadership except one: He demanded obedience and gave it to his superiors. But in almost every other aspect, from training and disciplining men to planning battle operations in the field, Harrison described Hobbs as being "stricly a Barracks soldier", who accustomed himself to applause.
Despite this, Harrison remained loyal to Hobbs, who never received anything than support from his ADC. On the other hand, Harrison benefited from Hobbs's apparent weakness, when he had the opportunity to be with his men during the training and later in combat.
Harrison participated in the training of his troops for the upcoming Tennessee Maneuvers in September–November 1943, where the 30th Division showed considerable alertness and skills. Following the maneuvers, the division moved to Camp Atterbury, Indiana, where it concentrated on preparation for movement overseas.
Overseas duty
Harrison led a divisional advanced party overseas by the end of January 1944 and spent the next several months in intensive training in England. The 30th Infantry Division departed for France in June that year and landed at Omaha Beach, Normandy on June 11, 1944. Harrison participated in the combat at Vire-et-Taute Canal and on Vire River and quickly won the admiration of his troops by accompanying them on the front lines with M3 submachine gun in hand. He also spent his first night in France in a trench with combat troops.
On July 25, 1944, the 30th Infantry Division participated in combat near Saint-Lô, which it secured a few days earlier. The division was subsequently scheduled to participate in Operation Cobra, an offensive with the intention to advance into Brittany. The offensive was to begin with a major saturation bombing of the enemy with the troops then moving in afterward, but due to inaccurate plane navigation, the planes erroneously bombed their own men. More than 600 men were hit, many killed, including Lieutenant General Lesley J. McNair, Commander of Army Ground Forces.
Even though Harrison's command group was located in the rear, he returned deliberately to the forward area shortly before the bombing began. He was thrown down by the blast of German artillery fire, but was unharmed. Realizing that the success of the entire operation depended on the 30th Infantry Division carrying out its mission, Harrison began analyzing the situation and found out that the divisional Sherman tanks were totally disorganized and demoralized infantry was spread in the area. Moreover, the commanding officer of 120th Infantry Regiment, Colonel Hammond D. Birks was located somewhere in the forward area and his jeep was knocked out.
Harrison, armed with M3 submachine gun in conversation with Capt. John E. Kent, Co. A, 117th Infantry Regiment somewhere in France, fall 1944.
Harrison ordered the commander to get his tanks in battle formation and get ready for action and evacuated Colonel Birks to safety. He took a soldier with a bazooka through a hedgerow and ordered him to attack a German tank nearby. The soldier hit the German tank several times, but panicked and ran into the open, where he was killed. Harrison crawled back and came upon four American tanks in a neighboring field, who were waiting out the enemy shelling with their hatches shut tight. He climbed on the commander's tank and forced the crew to open the hatch by beating on the tank's turret, subsequently ordering the general attack, which was successful. For his heroism in action, he was decorated with the Distinguished Service Cross, the second highest decoration of the United States military for valor in combat.
Harrison then participated in the Battle of Mortain, the German drive to Avranches in mid-August 1944. The 30th Division clashed with the elite 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler. The 30th Division then advanced through Belgium and Harrison distinguished himself again on September 2, 1944, while leading the Task Force of his division.
He was riding with the forward elements of his Task Force heading to Rumilly, when his column was ambushed by enemy tanks. Harrison's jeep was hit in the radiator and he was struck by an enemy 75mm tank shell, hitting his right shoulder, arm and leg. Harrison escaped from the damaged vehicle and hit the ditch, where he immediately dispatched his aide and driver to contact the next ranking officer in order that he might continue the advance. He did not mention his wounds, which were not visible due to his raincoat and crawled approximately 600 yards to the rear of the column in order to give further instructions for continuing the mission.
Harrison fainted momentarily due to his wounds, but refused to be evacuated until he had contacted his subordinates and instructed them in the continuation of the attack. By that time, General Hobbs had arrived and following the discovery of Harrison's wounds, he ordered Harrison's evacuation. For bravery in action, he was decorated with the Silver Star and also received the Purple Heart for his wounds, of which he was most proud.
He spent a week in the First Army Hospital in Versailles and rejoined his division in the Belgian town of Tongres, where the division's progress was halted due to fuel shortages and quagmire roads. The 30th Division then proceeded to the Netherlands, where they liberated the town of Kerkrade on September 25, 1944, and advanced to Germany, where they took part in the combat on the Siegfried Line and subsequently in the battle of the heavily defended city of Aachen on October 2.
Lieut. Gen. William H. Simpson (commanding general, Eighth Army) congratulates Harrison upon his decoration with the Army Distinguished Service Medal for his previous service with the War Plans Division, War Department General Staff. Germany, February 1945.
The 30th Infantry Division was ordered for rest and refit to the rear by the end of November 1944 and transferred to the Ninth United States Army under Lieutenant General William H. Simpson. Harrison was tasked by Simpson himself to conduct a refresher course for all infantry and artillery commanders in the Ninth United States Army, down to the battalion level. Harrison lectured the tactics employed by his command in the taking of several towns and then took the entire class to the field to Sankt Jöris near Aachen, where artillery and tanks were set up to demonstrate how they had been used in the attack there.
Harrison and 30th Division returned to the front lines following the launch of the massive German offensive in the Ardennes on December 17, 1944, and participated in combat in the Malmedy-Stavelot area. Hobbs tasked Harrison with the command of the task force, consisting of the 119th Infantry Regiment, which later repelled a German assault at La Gleize. Harrison and his task force destroyed or captured 178 enemy armored vehicles, including 39 tanks.
He was out of action during January 1945, when he suffered an infection requiring surgery. Following his return at the beginning of February 1945, Harrison was visited by General William H. Simpson, the commanding general of the Ninth United States Army, who presented him with the Army Distinguished Service Medal for his previous service with the War Plans Division, War Department General Staff, where he proposed a new concept of organization.
During March 1945, the 30th Division was located in the rear for rest and refit and conducted training for its next deployment. Harrison took part in the crossing of Rhine River on March 23, and advanced further into Germany. After taking Hamelin and Braunschweig at the beginning of April 1945, the 30th Division Task Force under Harrison's command discovered two large groups of Hungarian Jewish women at Teutoburg Forest.
On April 13, 1945, Harrison participated in the efforts to save 2,400 prisoners from the Neuengamme concentration camp subcamp at Farsleben, whom they found locked in train boxcars. The 30th Division then proceeded eastward and halted its advance on the Elbe River at Grunewald linking up with Soviet forces.
For his service with the 30th Infantry Division, Harrison received the Legion of Merit and two Bronze Star Medals. The Allies bestowed him with several decorations including: the Legion of Honour, the Croix de Guerre with Palm by France, the Distinguished Service Order by Great Britain, the Order of Orange-Nassau by the Netherlands and the Order of the Red Banner by the Soviet Union.
Postwar service
Harrison then participated in the occupation duty in Germany in Magdeburg until June 1945, when he was appointed the acting commanding general of the 2nd Infantry Division located between Prague and Pilsen, Czechoslovakia. He returned to the United States by the end of July and commanded the Second Division during the preparations for combat deployment to the Pacific area.
He was relieved by Major General Edward M. Almond in September 1945 and assumed duty as his assistant division commander. Due to the surrender of Japan, the deployment to the Pacific was canceled and Harrison served with the 2nd Division at Camp Swift, Texas until April 1946. Harrison was then appointed commanding general at Camp Carson, Colorado, where he was responsible for the demobilization of troops returning from war zones in Europe and Pacific.
In November 1946, Harrison was reverted to his permanent rank of colonel and ordered to Japan, where he was attached to the General Headquarters of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers under General Douglas MacArthur as Executive for Administrative Affairs and Reparations. While in this capacity, he collaborated closely with General MacArthur and was responsible for the restoration of the Japanese economy as rapidly as possible.
He remained in this capacity until January 1947, when he was appointed commanding officer of the General Headquarters, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers and also held additional duty as the executive officer of the Far East Command.
Harrison was promoted again to brigadier general on January 24, 1948, and appointed Chief of the Reparations Section at the headquarters of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers and held this assignment until December 1948, when he was ordered back to the United States.
He was subsequently appointed Chief of the Armed Forces Information and Education Division of the Department of the Army in Washington, D.C. and was promoted to major general on March 11, 1949. While in this capacity, Harrison was responsible for the propaganda and university extension courses. He didn't like that job and following the outbreak of the Korean War, he applied to be assigned to a field command, hoping that the Army Chief of Personnel, Matthew B. Ridgway, who was his friend and West Point classmate, would help him.
Unfortunately, Ridgway couldn't help him at the time and offered him a post as the commanding general of Fort Dix, New Jersey with additional duty as the commanding general of the 9th Infantry Division. Harrison accepted the offer in September 1950 and was responsible for the training of replacements for troops both in Europe and Korea. During sixteen-week training cycles, he had to transform young men into effective soldiers, but his methods were not met with understanding by some of the recruits' parents and also with some unfavorable press.
The night marches and forced sixteen-mile marches with packs caused complaints to Congressmen. When the father of one recruit was invited to spend a week at the barracks with his son, he changed his mind and upon returning home, he wrote a second letter to the editor of the newspaper, withdrawing all his criticism.
Harrison also ordered total racial integration of living accommodations at Fort Dix. It should be mentioned that he was no racist, but neither was he a civil rights activist. He did that because he needed his barracks to run in a more efficient manner. The barracks for white recruits were overcrowded and the ones for African Americans were half empty. The training was also racially integrated by Harrison.
Korean War
UN delegate Lieut. Gen. William K. Harrison, Jr. (seated left), and Korean People's Army and Chinese People's Volunteers delegate Gen. Nam Il (seated right) signing the Korean War armistice agreement at P’anmunjŏm, Korea, July 27, 1953.
Harrison was finally ordered to Korea in December 1951 and appointed deputy commander of the Eighth United States Army under General James Van Fleet, whom he respected as a combat troop leader. After reporting to General Van Fleet, Harrison inspected every 8th Army combat division located on the Jamestown Line (including American, British Commonwealth, South Korean or United Nations troops) from the Yellow Sea to the Sea of Japan.
He gained awareness of the situation on the front, terrain and enemy positions, but there were no major military operations, just a stalemate. The North Koreans and U.N. troops were located on the Jamestown Line and truce talks between United Nations and North Korea were already in effect. However, General Matthew B. Ridgway was not satisfied with one member of the U.N. negotiation team, Major General Claude B. Ferenbaugh and replaced him with Harrison in January 1952.
Harrison was attached to the U.S. team under Vice Admiral C. Turner Joy and participated in the regular negotiations with North Korean and Chinese representatives at Panmunjon. The negotiations were ineffective and the Communists used the truce talks just for propaganda purposes and to strengthen their positions on the Jamestown Line. Admiral Joy was planning his own departure in mid-1952 and recommended Harrison as his replacement.
Ridgway agreed and announced the change of command to Washington, where it was confirmed in May 1952, when Harrison was appointed senior member of the Korean Armistice Delegation. He also nominated Harrison for the temporary rank of lieutenant general, but Armed Service Committee rejected the promotion.
In May 1952, General Mark W. Clark, another West Point classmate and friend of Harrison, succeeded Ridgway as Commander-in-Chief, United Nations Command Korea and urged Harrison's promotion again. The Army Chief of Staff, General J. Lawton Collins, who was also a West Point classmate of Harrison, convinced the committee and Harrison was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general on September 8, 1952.
General Clark later commented:
I know that Billy wanted a field command. He's an old cavalry man, and the cavalry's always looking for a charge. But I knew we needed someone with the strength of character to look the Communists in the eye and say, 'Bull!' Not that Billy Harrison would ever say it quite that way, but the Reds would get his message.
The English text of Korean Armistice Agreement. Harrison's signature is in the lower left corner.
Following the promotion, Harrison was appointed the deputy commanding general and chief of staff of the Far East Command under General Mark W. Clark and retained his assignment as the senior member in the truce talks team. He participated in the regular meetings with North Korean delegation led by General Nam Il and had to handle more North Korean attempts to use the truce talks as a platform for propaganda. He despised the communists, who he regarded with contempt as common criminals and for example in June 1952, he left the truce meeting, when he saw that the negotiation was without result, leaving North Korean General Nam Il flabbergasted.
In September 1953, Harrison assumed duties as the deputy commanding general and chief of staff of the Far East Command under General Mark W. Clark and remained in that capacity under General John E. Hull, who replaced Clark in October 1953. Harrison served in the Far East until May 1954, when he returned to the United States for a new assignment. For his service in Korea during the armistice negotiations and later with the Far East Forces, he was decorated with the Navy Distinguished Service Medal. Queen Elizabeth awarded him the Companion of the Most Honorable Order of the Bath.
A 1952 report prepared in Pyongyang by the non-governmental and historically Communist-affiliated International Association of Democratic Lawyers claimed that Harrison had overseen the Sinchon Massacre, an alleged massacre of civilians which North Korea claims was perpetrated by the US. The report claimed that a General "Harrison" had personally carried out atrocities and photographed them. Harrison was reportedly shocked by the claim. Investigative reports have concluded there was no Harrison in Sinchon at the time, and that this was either a pseudonym of someone else or a false claim.
Later service
Upon his return stateside, Harrison was welcomed as a hero, who brought peace in Korea. He attended many parades and banquets, where he featured as speaker and was given honorary degrees from Wheaton College in Illinois and Houghton College in New York. Harrison was also featured as speaker at the Easter sunrise service at the famous Rose Bowl stadium in Pasadena, California.
He then arrived at the Panama Canal Zone on June 16, 1954, and assumed duties as the commander-in-chief of the United States Caribbean Command with headquarters in Quarry Heights. His main task was the defense of the Panama Canal and its coast, which was divided into Atlantic and Pacific Sectors. Harrison arrived in a country with an unstable political situation, because a few months after his arrival, the President of Panama, José Antonio Remón Cantera was assassinated and his successor, José Ramón Guizado, was arrested for conspiracy and murder.
Harrison participated in many ceremonies including the Inauguration of President Ernesto de la Guardia in October 1956 (as a member of the United States delegation). He also hosted President Dwight D. Eisenhower and then-Vice President Richard Nixon in 1955.
He instituted military training exercises, both amphibious and paratroop, in the Canal Zone and forces came from the United States. Harrison intended to demonstrate to Panama's neighbors the capabilities of the United States Army. Harrison was succeeded by Lieutenant General Robert M. Montague at the end of January 1957 and returned to the United States, awaiting retirement. For his service in that capacity, Harrison was decorated by Brazil, Panama, Chile and Peru.
Retirement
Harrison's grave at Arlington National Cemetery.
Harrison retired from the Army on February 28, 1957, after almost 40 years of service and settled in Chicago, where he served as executive director of the Evangelical Child Welfare Agency until 1960. General Harrison served as president of the Officers' Christian Fellowship from 1954 to 1972 and as president emeritus from 1972 until his death. He was also a member of the Lownes Free Church and the Alumni Association of the United States Military Academy and as a trustee of The Stony Brook School in Stony Brook, New York.
Harrison died on May 25, 1987, in Bryn Mawr Terrace, a nursing home in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, aged 91. He was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia.
Decorations
Here is Lieutenant General Harrison's ribbon bar:
1st Row
Distinguished Service Cross
Army Distinguished Service Medal
2nd Row
Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Silver Star
Legion of Merit
Bronze Star Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster
Fourragère
3rd Row
Purple Heart
World War I Victory Medal
American Defense Service Medal
American Campaign Medal
4th Row
European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with five 3/16 inch service stars
World War II Victory Medal
Army of Occupation Medal
National Defense Service Medal
5th Row
Korean Service Medal with three 3/16 inch service stars
Companion of the Order of the Bath (United Kingdom)
Distinguished Service Order (United Kingdom)
Knight of the Legion of Honor (France)
6th Row
French Croix de guerre 1939-1945 with Palm
Dutch Order of Orange-Nassau, Officer
Soviet Order of the Red Banner
United Nations Korea Medal
7th Row
Brazilian Order of Military Merit, Grade of Commander
Chilean Order of Merit, Grade of Grand Officer
Panamanian Order of Vasco Núñez de Balboa, Grade of Grand Officer
Peruvian Military Order of Ayacucho, Grade of Grand Officer
Notes
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Biography of Lieutenant-General William Kelly Harrison Jr. (1895 - 1987), USA". generals.dk. generals.dk Websites. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
^ a b c d e f "William Kelly Harrison Jr. - Arlington National Cemetery". 12 March 2023.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Barron, James (29 May 1987). "W.K. HARRISON, 91, ARMY GENERAL, DIES". The New York Times.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am Lockerbie, Bruce D. (1979). A man under orders: Lieutenant general William K. Harrison Jr. Harper&Row. pp. 192. ISBN 0-06-065257-8. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
^ a b c d e f g h i j "William K. Harrison Jr. Papers – Army Center of Military History". USMC Military History Division. Retrieved October 29, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "William K. Harrison Jr. 1917 - West Point Association of Graduates".
^ a b c d e "Valor awards for William K. Harrison Jr". valor.militarytimes.com. Militarytimes Websites. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
^ a b c d e "Lt. General William K. Harrison Jr. – Musings of a Snickerdoodle".
^ Donert, Celia (12 April 2016). "From Communist Internationalism to Human Rights: Gender, Violence and International Law in the Women's International Democratic Federation Mission to North Korea, 1951". Contemporary European History. 25 (2): 313–333. doi:10.1017/S0960777316000096. S2CID 159814571.
^ Report on U.S. Crimes in Korea (PDF). Pyongyang: International Association of Democratic Lawyers. 1952. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2013.
^ Facts Forum vol. 4, no. 6 (1955), p. 5
^ Institute for Korean Historical Studies. 《사진과 그림으로보는 북한현대사》 p91~p93
^ "Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 88th Congress, Second Session". Government Printing Office Websites. 1964. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
^ "Professional Excellence for the Christian Officer" (PDF). ocfusa.org. Officers' Christian Fellowship Websites. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
Further reading
A Man Under Orders: Lieutenant General William K. Harrison, Jr.. LOCKERBIE, D BRUCE. Harper & Row, 1979. ISBN 0-06-065257-8.
External links
Arlington National Cemetery record
Dallas Theological Seminary archive
"Professional Excellence for the Christian Officer"
Generals of World War II
Military offices
Preceded byHorace L. McBride
C-in-C United States States Caribbean Command June 1954 – January 1957
Succeeded byRobert M. Montague
Preceded byJohn M. Devine
Commanding General 9th Infantry Division September 1950 – February 1952
Succeeded byRoderick R. Allen
Preceded byWalter M. Robertson
Commanding General 2nd Infantry Division June 1945 – September 1945
Succeeded byEdward Almond
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
National
United States
Other
NARA
|
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A graduate of the United States Military Academy, he rose through the ranks to brigadier general during World War II and distinguished himself in combat several times, while serving as the assistant division commander of the 30th Infantry Division during the Normandy Campaign and the Battle of the Bulge. Harrison was decorated with the Distinguished Service Cross, the second highest decoration of the United States military for bravery in combat, for his actions during Operation Cobra.[1][2]Following the War, Harrison remained in the Army and after several stateside assignments, he was ordered to the Far East, where he served as head of the United Nations Command armistice delegation in the Korean War. He participated in the truce talks, which concluded with the signing of the Korean Armistice Agreement on July 27, 1953. Harrison completed his career as the commanding general of U.S. Caribbean Command in early 1957.[3][4][5]","title":"William Kelly Harrison Jr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Naval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"William Kelly Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kelly_Harrison"},{"link_name":"William Henry Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"United States Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"West Point, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Point,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westpoint-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arlington-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-William_K._Harrison_Jr._Papers_-_Army_Center_of_Military_History-5"},{"link_name":"Army Chiefs of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Joseph L. 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Harrison Jr. was born on September 7, 1895, in Washington, D.C. as the son of Naval officer and future Medal of Honor recipient, William Kelly Harrison and his wife Kate Harris. He was a direct descendant of President William Henry Harrison. Following high school, William Jr. received a senatorial appointment from Texas to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York in May 1913.[6][2][5]He was a member of the class which produced more than 55 future general officers, including two Army Chiefs of Staff – Joseph L. Collins and Matthew B. Ridgway. Other classmates include: Clare H. Armstrong, Aaron Bradshaw Jr., Mark W. Clark, John T. Cole, Norman D. Cota, John M. Devine, William W. Eagles, Theodore L. Futch, Charles H. Gerhardt, Augustus M. Gurney, Ernest N. Harmon, Robert W. Hasbrouck, Frederick A. Irving, Laurence B. Keiser, Charles S. Kilburn, Bryant E. Moore, Daniel Noce, Onslow S. Rolfe, Herbert N. Schwarzkopf, Albert C. Smith, George D. Wahl, Raymond E. S. Williamson, and George H. Weems.[6][3]Harrison Jr. as Cadet at West Point in 1913.Harrison graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree on April 20, 1917, shortly following the United States entry into World War I, and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the cavalry branch. He was subsequently ordered to Camp Lawrence J. Hearn, California, where he joined the 1st Cavalry Regiment.[6]He was subsequently ordered with the regiment to Douglas, Arizona, from which his unit participated in the guard duties on the Mexican Border. Harrison reached consecutively the ranks of first lieutenant and captain and returned to West Point Military Academy as an instructor of French and Spanish languages. While in this capacity, he also completed advanced languages courses in French and Spanish.[6]Harrison was later transferred to the 7th Cavalry Regiment at Fort Bliss, Texas and served with that unit until early 1923, when he was ordered to Washington, D.C. for duty on the staff of the Army War College. He was promoted to major during his service there and left for the Philippines in 1925, where he was attached to the 26th Cavalry Regiment (Philippine Scouts) at Camp Stotsenburg on Luzon.[6]Following his return stateside in 1932, Harrison was attached to the 7th Cavalry Regiment at Fort Riley, Kansas. While stationed at Fort Riley, he completed the advanced course at the Army Cavalry School there and served on the Cavalry Board and as a troop commander with the 9th Cavalry Regiment.[6]Harrison was ordered to the Army Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas in June 1936 and graduated one year later. He then joined the faculty of the school and served as an instructor of tactics until September 1937, when he was ordered to the Army War College for instruction.[6]He graduated in July 1938 and joined the 6th Cavalry Regiment at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia. Harrison remained in that assignment until August 1939, when he was attached to the War Plans Division, War Department General Staff in Washington, D.C. While in this capacity, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel on July 1, 1940.[6][4]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harrison_Jr.,_Lee_Gerow,_Crawford,_Eisenhower,_Leonard_Gerow,_Handy,_Sherrill,_McKee,_MacKelvie_at_the_meeting_of_War_Plans_Division.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lee S. 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Parker Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_P._Parker_Jr."},{"link_name":"Leland Hobbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Hobbs"},{"link_name":"30th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-generals.dk-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westpoint-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arlington-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_man_under_orders-4"},{"link_name":"John K. 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From left to right: Harrison, Lee S. Gerow, Crawford, Eisenhower, Leonard T. Gerow, Handy, Sherrill, McKee and MacKelvie.Following the American entry into World War II, Harrison was promoted to the temporary rank of colonel on December 11, 1941, just four days after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. He was appointed the deputy chief of the Strategy and Policy Group, War Plans Division, War Department General Staff and also was given additional duty at Army Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall's Committee on Allocation of Responsibilities which was given the job of figuring out a reorganization of the Army high command. For his service in this capacity, Harrison was promoted to the temporary rank of brigadier general on June 26, 1942.[1][6][4][5]He was subsequently ordered to Camp Butner, North Carolina, where he was attached to the 78th Infantry Division under Major General Edwin P. Parker Jr. as Assistant Division Commander (ADC). Harrison then participated in the training of replacements for units serving overseas but suffered a minor injury on an obstacle course in December 1942. While recuperating, he received a telephone call from Major General Leland Hobbs, then in command of the 30th Infantry Division, informing him about his new assignment with Hobbs' 30th Division.[1][6][2][4]Harrison was replaced by Brigadier General John K. Rice and appointed ADC under Hobbs, who tasked him with organization of the 30th Infantry Division's training at Camp Blanding, Florida. Harrison and Hobbs had known each other from West Point, where Hobbs was a member of the Class of 1915. They also were in the same class at the Army Command and General Staff School in 1937.[1][4]Billy Harrison had almost no respect for Hobbs as a leader of the troops. From Harrison's point of view, Hobbs violated every principle of leadership except one: He demanded obedience and gave it to his superiors. But in almost every other aspect, from training and disciplining men to planning battle operations in the field, Harrison described Hobbs as being \"stricly [sic?] a Barracks soldier\", who accustomed himself to applause.[4][5]Despite this, Harrison remained loyal to Hobbs, who never received anything than support from his ADC. On the other hand, Harrison benefited from Hobbs's apparent weakness, when he had the opportunity to be with his men during the training and later in combat.[4]Harrison participated in the training of his troops for the upcoming Tennessee Maneuvers in September–November 1943, where the 30th Division showed considerable alertness and skills. Following the maneuvers, the division moved to Camp Atterbury, Indiana, where it concentrated on preparation for movement overseas.[4][5]","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Omaha Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_Beach"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy"},{"link_name":"Vire River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vire_River"},{"link_name":"M3 submachine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3_submachine_gun"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-generals.dk-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westpoint-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NY_Times-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_man_under_orders-4"},{"link_name":"Saint-Lô","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-L%C3%B4"},{"link_name":"Operation Cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cobra"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"Lesley J. McNair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_J._McNair"},{"link_name":"Army Ground Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Ground_Forces"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_man_under_orders-4"},{"link_name":"Sherman tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_tank"},{"link_name":"120th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/120th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Hammond D. Birks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hammond_D._Birks&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_man_under_orders-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brigadier_General_William_K._Harrison,_Jr._and_Capt._John_E._Kent,_Co._A,_117th.jpg"},{"link_name":"M3 submachine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3_submachine_gun"},{"link_name":"bazooka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazooka"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Valor_awards_for_William_K._Harrison_Jr.-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Musings_of_a_Snickerdoodle-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_man_under_orders-4"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mortain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_L%C3%BCttich"},{"link_name":"1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_SS_Panzer_Division_Leibstandarte_SS_Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_man_under_orders-4"},{"link_name":"Rumilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumilly-en-Cambr%C3%A9sis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Musings_of_a_Snickerdoodle-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_man_under_orders-4"},{"link_name":"Silver Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Star"},{"link_name":"Purple Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Heart"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Valor_awards_for_William_K._Harrison_Jr.-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westpoint-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_man_under_orders-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-William_K._Harrison_Jr._Papers_-_Army_Center_of_Military_History-5"},{"link_name":"First Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versailles,_Yvelines"},{"link_name":"Tongres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongres"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Kerkrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerkrade"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"combat on the Siegfried Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_advance_from_Paris_to_the_Rhine"},{"link_name":"battle of the heavily defended city of Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aachen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_man_under_orders-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_H._Simpson_shake_hand_with_BG_William_K._Harrison_Jr.jpg"},{"link_name":"William H. Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Simpson"},{"link_name":"Ninth United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"William H. Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Simpson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_man_under_orders-4"},{"link_name":"launch of the massive German offensive in the Ardennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge"},{"link_name":"Malmedy-Stavelot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malmedy_massacre"},{"link_name":"119th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/119th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"La Gleize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Gleize"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_man_under_orders-4"},{"link_name":"William H. Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Simpson"},{"link_name":"Ninth United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Army Distinguished Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(U.S._Army)"},{"link_name":"War Department General Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Department_General_Staff"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westpoint-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_man_under_orders-4"},{"link_name":"the crossing of Rhine River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Plunder"},{"link_name":"Hamelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamelin"},{"link_name":"Braunschweig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig"},{"link_name":"Teutoburg Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutoburg_Forest"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_man_under_orders-4"},{"link_name":"Neuengamme concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Farsleben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farsleben"},{"link_name":"Elbe River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe_River"},{"link_name":"Grunewald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunewald_(locality)"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_man_under_orders-4"},{"link_name":"Legion of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Merit"},{"link_name":"Bronze Star Medals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal"},{"link_name":"Legion of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"Croix de Guerre with Palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croix_de_Guerre_1939-1945_(France)"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Order of Orange-Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Orange-Nassau"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Order of the Red Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Valor_awards_for_William_K._Harrison_Jr.-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westpoint-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_man_under_orders-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-William_K._Harrison_Jr._Papers_-_Army_Center_of_Military_History-5"}],"sub_title":"Overseas duty","text":"Harrison led a divisional advanced party overseas by the end of January 1944 and spent the next several months in intensive training in England. The 30th Infantry Division departed for France in June that year and landed at Omaha Beach, Normandy on June 11, 1944. Harrison participated in the combat at Vire-et-Taute Canal and on Vire River and quickly won the admiration of his troops by accompanying them on the front lines with M3 submachine gun in hand. He also spent his first night in France in a trench with combat troops.[1][6][3][4]On July 25, 1944, the 30th Infantry Division participated in combat near Saint-Lô, which it secured a few days earlier. The division was subsequently scheduled to participate in Operation Cobra, an offensive with the intention to advance into Brittany. The offensive was to begin with a major saturation bombing of the enemy with the troops then moving in afterward, but due to inaccurate plane navigation, the planes erroneously bombed their own men. More than 600 men were hit, many killed, including Lieutenant General Lesley J. McNair, Commander of Army Ground Forces.[4]Even though Harrison's command group was located in the rear, he returned deliberately to the forward area shortly before the bombing began. He was thrown down by the blast of German artillery fire, but was unharmed. Realizing that the success of the entire operation depended on the 30th Infantry Division carrying out its mission, Harrison began analyzing the situation and found out that the divisional Sherman tanks were totally disorganized and demoralized infantry was spread in the area. Moreover, the commanding officer of 120th Infantry Regiment, Colonel Hammond D. Birks was located somewhere in the forward area and his jeep was knocked out.[4]Harrison, armed with M3 submachine gun in conversation with Capt. John E. Kent, Co. A, 117th Infantry Regiment somewhere in France, fall 1944.Harrison ordered the commander to get his tanks in battle formation and get ready for action and evacuated Colonel Birks to safety. He took a soldier with a bazooka through a hedgerow and ordered him to attack a German tank nearby. The soldier hit the German tank several times, but panicked and ran into the open, where he was killed. Harrison crawled back and came upon four American tanks in a neighboring field, who were waiting out the enemy shelling with their hatches shut tight. He climbed on the commander's tank and forced the crew to open the hatch by beating on the tank's turret, subsequently ordering the general attack, which was successful. For his heroism in action, he was decorated with the Distinguished Service Cross, the second highest decoration of the United States military for valor in combat.[7][8][4]Harrison then participated in the Battle of Mortain, the German drive to Avranches in mid-August 1944. The 30th Division clashed with the elite 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler. The 30th Division then advanced through Belgium and Harrison distinguished himself again on September 2, 1944, while leading the Task Force of his division.[4]He was riding with the forward elements of his Task Force heading to Rumilly, when his column was ambushed by enemy tanks. Harrison's jeep was hit in the radiator and he was struck by an enemy 75mm tank shell, hitting his right shoulder, arm and leg. Harrison escaped from the damaged vehicle and hit the ditch, where he immediately dispatched his aide and driver to contact the next ranking officer in order that he might continue the advance. He did not mention his wounds, which were not visible due to his raincoat and crawled approximately 600 yards to the rear of the column in order to give further instructions for continuing the mission.[8][4]Harrison fainted momentarily due to his wounds, but refused to be evacuated until he had contacted his subordinates and instructed them in the continuation of the attack. By that time, General Hobbs had arrived and following the discovery of Harrison's wounds, he ordered Harrison's evacuation. For bravery in action, he was decorated with the Silver Star and also received the Purple Heart for his wounds, of which he was most proud.[7][6][4][5]He spent a week in the First Army Hospital in Versailles and rejoined his division in the Belgian town of Tongres, where the division's progress was halted due to fuel shortages and quagmire roads. The 30th Division then proceeded to the Netherlands, where they liberated the town of Kerkrade on September 25, 1944, and advanced to Germany, where they took part in the combat on the Siegfried Line and subsequently in the battle of the heavily defended city of Aachen on October 2.[4]Lieut. Gen. William H. Simpson (commanding general, Eighth Army) congratulates Harrison upon his decoration with the Army Distinguished Service Medal for his previous service with the War Plans Division, War Department General Staff. Germany, February 1945.The 30th Infantry Division was ordered for rest and refit to the rear by the end of November 1944 and transferred to the Ninth United States Army under Lieutenant General William H. Simpson. Harrison was tasked by Simpson himself to conduct a refresher course for all infantry and artillery commanders in the Ninth United States Army, down to the battalion level. Harrison lectured the tactics employed by his command in the taking of several towns and then took the entire class to the field to Sankt Jöris near Aachen, where artillery and tanks were set up to demonstrate how they had been used in the attack there.[4]Harrison and 30th Division returned to the front lines following the launch of the massive German offensive in the Ardennes on December 17, 1944, and participated in combat in the Malmedy-Stavelot area. Hobbs tasked Harrison with the command of the task force, consisting of the 119th Infantry Regiment, which later repelled a German assault at La Gleize. Harrison and his task force destroyed or captured 178 enemy armored vehicles, including 39 tanks.[4]He was out of action during January 1945, when he suffered an infection requiring surgery. Following his return at the beginning of February 1945, Harrison was visited by General William H. Simpson, the commanding general of the Ninth United States Army, who presented him with the Army Distinguished Service Medal for his previous service with the War Plans Division, War Department General Staff, where he proposed a new concept of organization.[6][4]During March 1945, the 30th Division was located in the rear for rest and refit and conducted training for its next deployment. Harrison took part in the crossing of Rhine River on March 23, and advanced further into Germany. After taking Hamelin and Braunschweig at the beginning of April 1945, the 30th Division Task Force under Harrison's command discovered two large groups of Hungarian Jewish women at Teutoburg Forest.[4]On April 13, 1945, Harrison participated in the efforts to save 2,400 prisoners from the Neuengamme concentration camp subcamp at Farsleben, whom they found locked in train boxcars. The 30th Division then proceeded eastward and halted its advance on the Elbe River at Grunewald linking up with Soviet forces.[4]For his service with the 30th Infantry Division, Harrison received the Legion of Merit and two Bronze Star Medals. The Allies bestowed him with several decorations including: the Legion of Honour, the Croix de Guerre with Palm by France, the Distinguished Service Order by Great Britain, the Order of Orange-Nassau by the Netherlands and the Order of the Red Banner by the Soviet Union.[7][6][4][5]","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"occupation duty in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg"},{"link_name":"2nd Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Pilsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plze%C5%88"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-generals.dk-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NY_Times-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_man_under_orders-4"},{"link_name":"Edward M. Almond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_M._Almond"},{"link_name":"surrender of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Camp Swift, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Swift,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Camp Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Carson"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-generals.dk-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westpoint-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NY_Times-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_man_under_orders-4"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Commander_for_the_Allied_Powers"},{"link_name":"Douglas MacArthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-generals.dk-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arlington-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NY_Times-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_man_under_orders-4"},{"link_name":"Far East Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East_Command_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-generals.dk-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_man_under_orders-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-generals.dk-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_man_under_orders-4"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Matthew B. Ridgway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_B._Ridgway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-generals.dk-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_man_under_orders-4"},{"link_name":"Fort Dix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Dix"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"9th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NY_Times-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_man_under_orders-4"},{"link_name":"Congressmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_man_under_orders-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_man_under_orders-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-William_K._Harrison_Jr._Papers_-_Army_Center_of_Military_History-5"}],"text":"Harrison then participated in the occupation duty in Germany in Magdeburg until June 1945, when he was appointed the acting commanding general of the 2nd Infantry Division located between Prague and Pilsen, Czechoslovakia. He returned to the United States by the end of July and commanded the Second Division during the preparations for combat deployment to the Pacific area.[1][3][4]He was relieved by Major General Edward M. Almond in September 1945 and assumed duty as his assistant division commander. Due to the surrender of Japan, the deployment to the Pacific was canceled and Harrison served with the 2nd Division at Camp Swift, Texas until April 1946. Harrison was then appointed commanding general at Camp Carson, Colorado, where he was responsible for the demobilization of troops returning from war zones in Europe and Pacific.[1][6][3][4]In November 1946, Harrison was reverted to his permanent rank of colonel and ordered to Japan, where he was attached to the General Headquarters of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers under General Douglas MacArthur as Executive for Administrative Affairs and Reparations. While in this capacity, he collaborated closely with General MacArthur and was responsible for the restoration of the Japanese economy as rapidly as possible.[1][2][3][4]He remained in this capacity until January 1947, when he was appointed commanding officer of the General Headquarters, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers and also held additional duty as the executive officer of the Far East Command.[1][4]Harrison was promoted again to brigadier general on January 24, 1948, and appointed Chief of the Reparations Section at the headquarters of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers and held this assignment until December 1948, when he was ordered back to the United States.[1][4]He was subsequently appointed Chief of the Armed Forces Information and Education Division of the Department of the Army in Washington, D.C. and was promoted to major general on March 11, 1949. While in this capacity, Harrison was responsible for the propaganda and university extension courses. He didn't like that job and following the outbreak of the Korean War, he applied to be assigned to a field command, hoping that the Army Chief of Personnel, Matthew B. Ridgway, who was his friend and West Point classmate, would help him.[1][4]Unfortunately, Ridgway couldn't help him at the time and offered him a post as the commanding general of Fort Dix, New Jersey with additional duty as the commanding general of the 9th Infantry Division. Harrison accepted the offer in September 1950 and was responsible for the training of replacements for troops both in Europe and Korea. During sixteen-week training cycles, he had to transform young men into effective soldiers, but his methods were not met with understanding by some of the recruits' parents and also with some unfavorable press.[3][4]The night marches and forced sixteen-mile marches with packs caused complaints to Congressmen. When the father of one recruit was invited to spend a week at the barracks with his son, he changed his mind and upon returning home, he wrote a second letter to the editor of the newspaper, withdrawing all his criticism.[4]Harrison also ordered total racial integration of living accommodations at Fort Dix. It should be mentioned that he was no racist, but neither was he a civil rights activist. He did that because he needed his barracks to run in a more efficient manner. The barracks for white recruits were overcrowded and the ones for African Americans were half empty. The training was also racially integrated by Harrison.[4][5]","title":"Postwar service"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Korean_War_armistice_agreement_1953.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nam Il","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_Il"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"Eighth United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"James Van Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Van_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Jamestown Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown_Line"},{"link_name":"British Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"South Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Yellow Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Sea"},{"link_name":"Sea of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westpoint-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_man_under_orders-4"},{"link_name":"Jamestown Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown_Line"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"Matthew B. Ridgway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_B._Ridgway"},{"link_name":"Claude B. Ferenbaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_B._Ferenbaugh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-generals.dk-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westpoint-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_man_under_orders-4"},{"link_name":"C. Turner Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Turner_Joy"},{"link_name":"Panmunjon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panmunjon"},{"link_name":"Communists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_man_under_orders-4"},{"link_name":"Korean Armistice Delegation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Armed Service Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-generals.dk-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westpoint-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arlington-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_man_under_orders-4"},{"link_name":"Mark W. Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_W._Clark"},{"link_name":"United Nations Command Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Command"},{"link_name":"J. Lawton Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Lawton_Collins"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westpoint-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_man_under_orders-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-William_K._Harrison_Jr._Papers_-_Army_Center_of_Military_History-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NY_Times-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Korean_Armistice_En-Text_1953.jpg"},{"link_name":"Far East Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East_Command_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Mark W. Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_W._Clark"},{"link_name":"Nam Il","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_Il"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NY_Times-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_man_under_orders-4"},{"link_name":"Far East Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East_Command_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Mark W. Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_W._Clark"},{"link_name":"John E. Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Hull"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"Navy Distinguished Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Companion of the Most Honorable Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-generals.dk-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Valor_awards_for_William_K._Harrison_Jr.-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Musings_of_a_Snickerdoodle-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_man_under_orders-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"International Association of Democratic Lawyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Democratic_Lawyers"},{"link_name":"Sinchon Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinchon_Massacre"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-12"}],"text":"UN delegate Lieut. Gen. William K. Harrison, Jr. (seated left), and Korean People's Army and Chinese People's Volunteers delegate Gen. Nam Il (seated right) signing the Korean War armistice agreement at P’anmunjŏm, Korea, July 27, 1953.Harrison was finally ordered to Korea in December 1951 and appointed deputy commander of the Eighth United States Army under General James Van Fleet, whom he respected as a combat troop leader. After reporting to General Van Fleet, Harrison inspected every 8th Army combat division located on the Jamestown Line (including American, British Commonwealth, South Korean or United Nations troops) from the Yellow Sea to the Sea of Japan.[6][4]He gained awareness of the situation on the front, terrain and enemy positions, but there were no major military operations, just a stalemate. The North Koreans and U.N. troops were located on the Jamestown Line and truce talks between United Nations and North Korea were already in effect. However, General Matthew B. Ridgway was not satisfied with one member of the U.N. negotiation team, Major General Claude B. Ferenbaugh and replaced him with Harrison in January 1952.[1][6][4]Harrison was attached to the U.S. team under Vice Admiral C. Turner Joy and participated in the regular negotiations with North Korean and Chinese representatives at Panmunjon. The negotiations were ineffective and the Communists used the truce talks just for propaganda purposes and to strengthen their positions on the Jamestown Line. Admiral Joy was planning his own departure in mid-1952 and recommended Harrison as his replacement.[4]Ridgway agreed and announced the change of command to Washington, where it was confirmed in May 1952, when Harrison was appointed senior member of the Korean Armistice Delegation. He also nominated Harrison for the temporary rank of lieutenant general, but Armed Service Committee rejected the promotion.[1][6][2][4]In May 1952, General Mark W. Clark, another West Point classmate and friend of Harrison, succeeded Ridgway as Commander-in-Chief, United Nations Command Korea and urged Harrison's promotion again. The Army Chief of Staff, General J. Lawton Collins, who was also a West Point classmate of Harrison, convinced the committee and Harrison was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general on September 8, 1952.[6][4][5]General Clark later commented:I know that Billy wanted a field command. He's an old cavalry man, and the cavalry's always looking for a charge. But I knew we needed someone with the strength of character to look the Communists in the eye and say, 'Bull!' Not that Billy Harrison would ever say it quite that way, but the Reds would get his message.[3]The English text of Korean Armistice Agreement. Harrison's signature is in the lower left corner.Following the promotion, Harrison was appointed the deputy commanding general and chief of staff of the Far East Command under General Mark W. Clark and retained his assignment as the senior member in the truce talks team. He participated in the regular meetings with North Korean delegation led by General Nam Il and had to handle more North Korean attempts to use the truce talks as a platform for propaganda. He despised the communists, who he regarded with contempt as common criminals and for example in June 1952, he left the truce meeting, when he saw that the negotiation was without result, leaving North Korean General Nam Il flabbergasted.[3][4]In September 1953, Harrison assumed duties as the deputy commanding general and chief of staff of the Far East Command under General Mark W. Clark and remained in that capacity under General John E. Hull, who replaced Clark in October 1953. Harrison served in the Far East until May 1954, when he returned to the United States for a new assignment. For his service in Korea during the armistice negotiations and later with the Far East Forces, he was decorated with the Navy Distinguished Service Medal. Queen Elizabeth awarded him the Companion of the Most Honorable Order of the Bath.[1][7][8][4]A 1952 report prepared in Pyongyang by the non-governmental and historically Communist-affiliated[9] International Association of Democratic Lawyers claimed that Harrison had overseen the Sinchon Massacre, an alleged massacre of civilians which North Korea claims was perpetrated by the US. The report claimed that a General \"Harrison\" had personally carried out atrocities and photographed them.[10] Harrison was reportedly shocked by the claim.[11] Investigative reports have concluded there was no Harrison in Sinchon at the time, and that this was either a pseudonym of someone else or a false claim.[12]","title":"Korean War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wheaton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheaton_College_(Illinois)"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"Houghton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_College"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Easter sunrise service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_sunrise_service"},{"link_name":"Rose Bowl stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Bowl_(stadium)"},{"link_name":"Pasadena, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena,_California"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone"},{"link_name":"United States Caribbean Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Southern_Command"},{"link_name":"Quarry Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarry_Heights"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"José Antonio Remón Cantera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Rem%C3%B3n_Cantera"},{"link_name":"José Ramón Guizado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ram%C3%B3n_Guizado"},{"link_name":"Inauguration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration"},{"link_name":"Ernesto de la Guardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_de_la_Guardia"},{"link_name":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"Robert M. Montague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._Montague"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-generals.dk-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westpoint-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Musings_of_a_Snickerdoodle-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_man_under_orders-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decorations-13"}],"text":"Upon his return stateside, Harrison was welcomed as a hero, who brought peace in Korea. He attended many parades and banquets, where he featured as speaker and was given honorary degrees from Wheaton College in Illinois and Houghton College in New York. Harrison was also featured as speaker at the Easter sunrise service at the famous Rose Bowl stadium in Pasadena, California.He then arrived at the Panama Canal Zone on June 16, 1954, and assumed duties as the commander-in-chief of the United States Caribbean Command with headquarters in Quarry Heights. His main task was the defense of the Panama Canal and its coast, which was divided into Atlantic and Pacific Sectors. Harrison arrived in a country with an unstable political situation, because a few months after his arrival, the President of Panama, José Antonio Remón Cantera was assassinated and his successor, José Ramón Guizado, was arrested for conspiracy and murder.Harrison participated in many ceremonies including the Inauguration of President Ernesto de la Guardia in October 1956 (as a member of the United States delegation). He also hosted President Dwight D. Eisenhower and then-Vice President Richard Nixon in 1955.He instituted military training exercises, both amphibious and paratroop, in the Canal Zone and forces came from the United States. Harrison intended to demonstrate to Panama's neighbors the capabilities of the United States Army. Harrison was succeeded by Lieutenant General Robert M. Montague at the end of January 1957 and returned to the United States, awaiting retirement. For his service in that capacity, Harrison was decorated by Brazil, Panama, Chile and Peru.[1][6][8][4][13]","title":"Later service"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ANCExplorer_William_Kelly_Harrison_Jr._grave.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Officers' Christian Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officers%27_Christian_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"The Stony Brook School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stony_Brook_School"},{"link_name":"Stony Brook, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stony_Brook,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arlington-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Officers'_Christian_Fellowship-14"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Musings_of_a_Snickerdoodle-8"},{"link_name":"Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryn_Mawr,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Arlington National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NY_Times-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-William_K._Harrison_Jr._Papers_-_Army_Center_of_Military_History-5"}],"text":"Harrison's grave at Arlington National Cemetery.Harrison retired from the Army on February 28, 1957, after almost 40 years of service and settled in Chicago, where he served as executive director of the Evangelical Child Welfare Agency until 1960. General Harrison served as president of the Officers' Christian Fellowship from 1954 to 1972 and as president emeritus from 1972 until his death. He was also a member of the Lownes Free Church and the Alumni Association of the United States Military Academy and as a trustee of The Stony Brook School in Stony Brook, New York.[2][14][8]Harrison died on May 25, 1987, in Bryn Mawr Terrace, a nursing home in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, aged 91. He was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia.[3][5]","title":"Retirement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Valor_awards_for_William_K._Harrison_Jr.-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westpoint-6"}],"text":"Here is Lieutenant General Harrison's ribbon bar:[7][6]","title":"Decorations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-generals.dk_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-generals.dk_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-generals.dk_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-generals.dk_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-generals.dk_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-generals.dk_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-generals.dk_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-generals.dk_1-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-generals.dk_1-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-generals.dk_1-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-generals.dk_1-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-generals.dk_1-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-generals.dk_1-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-generals.dk_1-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-generals.dk_1-14"},{"link_name":"\"Biography of Lieutenant-General William Kelly Harrison Jr. (1895 - 1987), USA\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//generals.dk/general/Harrison/William_Kelly_Jr./USA.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Arlington_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Arlington_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Arlington_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Arlington_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Arlington_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Arlington_2-5"},{"link_name":"\"William Kelly Harrison Jr. - Arlington National Cemetery\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.arlingtoncemetery.net/wkharrisonjr.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NY_Times_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NY_Times_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NY_Times_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NY_Times_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NY_Times_3-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NY_Times_3-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NY_Times_3-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NY_Times_3-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NY_Times_3-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NY_Times_3-9"},{"link_name":"\"W.K. 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Harrison Jr\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//testvalor.militarytimes.com/hero/6103#94762"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Musings_of_a_Snickerdoodle_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Musings_of_a_Snickerdoodle_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Musings_of_a_Snickerdoodle_8-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Musings_of_a_Snickerdoodle_8-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Musings_of_a_Snickerdoodle_8-4"},{"link_name":"\"Lt. General William K. Harrison Jr. – Musings of a Snickerdoodle\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//snickerdoodlesmusings.blogspot.com/2019/04/lt-general-william-k-harrison-jr.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"From Communist Internationalism to Human Rights: Gender, Violence and International Law in the Women's International Democratic Federation Mission to North Korea, 1951\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cambridge.org/core/journals/contemporary-european-history/article/from-communist-internationalism-to-human-rights-gender-violence-and-international-law-in-the-womens-international-democratic-federation-mission-to-north-korea-1951/3721E50166969AC565748B847216394E"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S0960777316000096","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0960777316000096"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"159814571","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159814571"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Report on U.S. Crimes in Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131002045226/http://www.uwpep.org/Index/Resources_files/Crime_Reports_1.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uwpep.org/Index/Resources_files/Crime_Reports_1.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-0"},{"link_name":"Institute for Korean Historical Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EB%AC%B8%EC%A0%9C%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%86%8C"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-decorations_13-0"},{"link_name":"\"Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 88th Congress, Second Session\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=v2TkJZyowJ0C&dq=major+general+david+h.+tulley+Commanding+General%2C+United+States+Army+Japan&pg=PA20074"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Officers'_Christian_Fellowship_14-0"},{"link_name":"\"Professional Excellence for the Christian Officer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ocfusa.org/static/uploads/article-pdf/harrison_pro_excellence.pdf"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o \"Biography of Lieutenant-General William Kelly Harrison Jr. (1895 - 1987), USA\". generals.dk. generals.dk Websites. Retrieved 12 April 2017.\n\n^ a b c d e f \"William Kelly Harrison Jr. - Arlington National Cemetery\". 12 March 2023.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j Barron, James (29 May 1987). \"W.K. HARRISON, 91, ARMY GENERAL, DIES\". The New York Times.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am Lockerbie, Bruce D. (1979). A man under orders: Lieutenant general William K. Harrison Jr. Harper&Row. pp. 192. ISBN 0-06-065257-8. Retrieved August 11, 2018.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j \"William K. Harrison Jr. Papers – Army Center of Military History\". USMC Military History Division. Retrieved October 29, 2017.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u \"William K. Harrison Jr. 1917 - West Point Association of Graduates\".\n\n^ a b c d e \"Valor awards for William K. Harrison Jr\". valor.militarytimes.com. Militarytimes Websites. Retrieved 12 April 2017.\n\n^ a b c d e \"Lt. General William K. Harrison Jr. – Musings of a Snickerdoodle\".\n\n^ Donert, Celia (12 April 2016). \"From Communist Internationalism to Human Rights: Gender, Violence and International Law in the Women's International Democratic Federation Mission to North Korea, 1951\". Contemporary European History. 25 (2): 313–333. doi:10.1017/S0960777316000096. S2CID 159814571.\n\n^ Report on U.S. Crimes in Korea (PDF). Pyongyang: International Association of Democratic Lawyers. 1952. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2013.\n\n^ Facts Forum vol. 4, no. 6 (1955), p. 5\n\n^ Institute for Korean Historical Studies. 《사진과 그림으로보는 북한현대사》 p91~p93\n\n^ \"Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 88th Congress, Second Session\". Government Printing Office Websites. 1964. Retrieved 12 April 2017.\n\n^ \"Professional Excellence for the Christian Officer\" (PDF). ocfusa.org. Officers' Christian Fellowship Websites. Retrieved 12 April 2017.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-06-065257-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-065257-8"}],"text":"A Man Under Orders: Lieutenant General William K. Harrison, Jr.. LOCKERBIE, D BRUCE. Harper & Row, 1979. ISBN 0-06-065257-8.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Harrison Jr. as Cadet at West Point in 1913.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/William_K._Harrison_Jr.2.jpg/220px-William_K._Harrison_Jr.2.jpg"},{"image_text":"The meeting of War Plans Division, War Department General Staff in 1942. From left to right: Harrison, Lee S. Gerow, Crawford, Eisenhower, Leonard T. Gerow, Handy, Sherrill, McKee and MacKelvie.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Harrison_Jr.%2C_Lee_Gerow%2C_Crawford%2C_Eisenhower%2C_Leonard_Gerow%2C_Handy%2C_Sherrill%2C_McKee%2C_MacKelvie_at_the_meeting_of_War_Plans_Division.jpg/220px-Harrison_Jr.%2C_Lee_Gerow%2C_Crawford%2C_Eisenhower%2C_Leonard_Gerow%2C_Handy%2C_Sherrill%2C_McKee%2C_MacKelvie_at_the_meeting_of_War_Plans_Division.jpg"},{"image_text":"Harrison, armed with M3 submachine gun in conversation with Capt. John E. Kent, Co. A, 117th Infantry Regiment somewhere in France, fall 1944.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Brigadier_General_William_K._Harrison%2C_Jr._and_Capt._John_E._Kent%2C_Co._A%2C_117th.jpg/220px-Brigadier_General_William_K._Harrison%2C_Jr._and_Capt._John_E._Kent%2C_Co._A%2C_117th.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lieut. Gen. William H. Simpson (commanding general, Eighth Army) congratulates Harrison upon his decoration with the Army Distinguished Service Medal for his previous service with the War Plans Division, War Department General Staff. Germany, February 1945.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/William_H._Simpson_shake_hand_with_BG_William_K._Harrison_Jr.jpg/220px-William_H._Simpson_shake_hand_with_BG_William_K._Harrison_Jr.jpg"},{"image_text":"UN delegate Lieut. Gen. William K. Harrison, Jr. (seated left), and Korean People's Army and Chinese People's Volunteers delegate Gen. Nam Il (seated right) signing the Korean War armistice agreement at P’anmunjŏm, Korea, July 27, 1953.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Korean_War_armistice_agreement_1953.jpg/220px-Korean_War_armistice_agreement_1953.jpg"},{"image_text":"The English text of Korean Armistice Agreement. Harrison's signature is in the lower left corner.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Korean_Armistice_En-Text_1953.jpg/220px-Korean_Armistice_En-Text_1953.jpg"},{"image_text":"Harrison's grave at Arlington National Cemetery.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/ANCExplorer_William_Kelly_Harrison_Jr._grave.jpg/220px-ANCExplorer_William_Kelly_Harrison_Jr._grave.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Biography of Lieutenant-General William Kelly Harrison Jr. (1895 - 1987), USA\". generals.dk. generals.dk Websites. Retrieved 12 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://generals.dk/general/Harrison/William_Kelly_Jr./USA.html","url_text":"\"Biography of Lieutenant-General William Kelly Harrison Jr. (1895 - 1987), USA\""}]},{"reference":"\"William Kelly Harrison Jr. - Arlington National Cemetery\". 12 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/wkharrisonjr.htm","url_text":"\"William Kelly Harrison Jr. - Arlington National Cemetery\""}]},{"reference":"Barron, James (29 May 1987). \"W.K. HARRISON, 91, ARMY GENERAL, DIES\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/29/obituaries/wk-harrison-91-army-general-dies.html","url_text":"\"W.K. HARRISON, 91, ARMY GENERAL, DIES\""}]},{"reference":"Lockerbie, Bruce D. (1979). A man under orders: Lieutenant general William K. Harrison Jr. Harper&Row. pp. 192. ISBN 0-06-065257-8. Retrieved August 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/manunderordersli00lock/page/192","url_text":"A man under orders: Lieutenant general William K. Harrison Jr"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/manunderordersli00lock/page/192","url_text":"192"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-065257-8","url_text":"0-06-065257-8"}]},{"reference":"\"William K. Harrison Jr. Papers – Army Center of Military History\". USMC Military History Division. Retrieved October 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.army.mil/index.html","url_text":"\"William K. Harrison Jr. Papers – Army Center of Military History\""}]},{"reference":"\"William K. Harrison Jr. 1917 - West Point Association of Graduates\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.westpointaog.org/memorial-article?id=e0c928e5-9653-4ffd-965b-1374c636ace1","url_text":"\"William K. Harrison Jr. 1917 - West Point Association of Graduates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Valor awards for William K. Harrison Jr\". valor.militarytimes.com. Militarytimes Websites. Retrieved 12 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://testvalor.militarytimes.com/hero/6103#94762","url_text":"\"Valor awards for William K. Harrison Jr\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lt. General William K. Harrison Jr. – Musings of a Snickerdoodle\".","urls":[{"url":"http://snickerdoodlesmusings.blogspot.com/2019/04/lt-general-william-k-harrison-jr.html","url_text":"\"Lt. General William K. Harrison Jr. – Musings of a Snickerdoodle\""}]},{"reference":"Donert, Celia (12 April 2016). \"From Communist Internationalism to Human Rights: Gender, Violence and International Law in the Women's International Democratic Federation Mission to North Korea, 1951\". Contemporary European History. 25 (2): 313–333. doi:10.1017/S0960777316000096. S2CID 159814571.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/contemporary-european-history/article/from-communist-internationalism-to-human-rights-gender-violence-and-international-law-in-the-womens-international-democratic-federation-mission-to-north-korea-1951/3721E50166969AC565748B847216394E","url_text":"\"From Communist Internationalism to Human Rights: Gender, Violence and International Law in the Women's International Democratic Federation Mission to North Korea, 1951\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0960777316000096","url_text":"10.1017/S0960777316000096"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159814571","url_text":"159814571"}]},{"reference":"Report on U.S. Crimes in Korea (PDF). Pyongyang: International Association of Democratic Lawyers. 1952. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131002045226/http://www.uwpep.org/Index/Resources_files/Crime_Reports_1.pdf","url_text":"Report on U.S. Crimes in Korea"},{"url":"http://www.uwpep.org/Index/Resources_files/Crime_Reports_1.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 88th Congress, Second Session\". Government Printing Office Websites. 1964. Retrieved 12 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=v2TkJZyowJ0C&dq=major+general+david+h.+tulley+Commanding+General%2C+United+States+Army+Japan&pg=PA20074","url_text":"\"Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 88th Congress, Second Session\""}]},{"reference":"\"Professional Excellence for the Christian Officer\" (PDF). ocfusa.org. Officers' Christian Fellowship Websites. Retrieved 12 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ocfusa.org/static/uploads/article-pdf/harrison_pro_excellence.pdf","url_text":"\"Professional Excellence for the Christian Officer\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Hours,_Nine_Persons,_Nine_Doors
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999: Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors
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["1 Gameplay","2 Plot","2.1 Characters and setting","2.2 Story","3 Development","3.1 Localization","4 Release","5 Reception","6 Sequels","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]
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2009 video game
2009 video game999: Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine DoorsNorth American first-print cover art, featuring the main charactersDeveloper(s)ChunsoftPublisher(s)JP: SpikeNA/EU: Aksys GamesWW: Spike ChunsoftDirector(s)Kotaro UchikoshiProducer(s)Jiro IshiiArtist(s)Kinu NishimuraWriter(s)Kotaro UchikoshiComposer(s)Shinji HosoeSeriesZero EscapePlatform(s)Nintendo DSiOSMicrosoft WindowsPlayStation 4PlayStation VitaXbox OneRelease
December 10, 2009
Nintendo DSJP: December 10, 2009NA: November 16, 2010
iOSJP: May 29, 2013WW: March 17, 2014
Microsoft WindowsNA/EU: March 24, 2017JP: March 25, 2017
PlayStation 4NA/EU: March 24, 2017JP: April 13, 2017
PlayStation VitaNA: March 24, 2017JP: April 13, 2017EU: December 15, 2017
Xbox OneWW: March 22, 2022
Genre(s)Adventure, visual novel, escape the roomMode(s)Single-player
999: Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors is a visual novel and adventure video game developed by Chunsoft. It is the first installment in the Zero Escape series, and was released in Japan in December 2009 and in North America in November 2010 for the Nintendo DS. The story follows Junpei, a college student who is abducted along with eight other people and forced to play the "Nonary Game", which puts its participants in a life-or-death situation, to escape from a sinking cruise liner. The gameplay alternates between two types of sections: Escape sections, where the player completes puzzles in escape-the-room scenarios; and Novel sections, where the player reads the game's narrative and makes decisions that influence the story toward one of six different endings.
Development of the game began after Kotaro Uchikoshi joined Chunsoft to write a visual novel for them that could reach a wider audience; Uchikoshi suggested adding puzzle elements that are integrated with the game's story. The inspiration for the story was the question of where inspiration comes from; while researching it, Uchikoshi came across Rupert Sheldrake's morphic resonance hypothesis, which became the main focus of the game's science fiction elements. The music was composed by Shinji Hosoe, while the characters were designed by Kinu Nishimura. The localization was handled by Aksys Games; they worked by the philosophy of keeping true to the spirit of the original Japanese version, aiming for natural-sounding English rather than following the original's exact wording.
999 was positively received, with reviewers praising the story, writing and puzzles, but criticizing the game's tone and how the player is required to re-do the puzzles every time they play through the game (which is necessary in order to obtain the true ending). While the Japanese release was a commercial failure, the game sold better than expected for the genre in the United States. Although 999 was developed as a stand-alone title, its unexpected critical success in North America prompted the continuation of the series.
The sequel, Zero Escape: Virtue's Last Reward, was released in 2012, which was followed by Zero Time Dilemma, released in 2016. An updated version of 999, with voice acting and higher resolution graphics, was released alongside a port of Virtue's Last Reward as part of the Zero Escape: The Nonary Games. This bundle was released for PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, and Microsoft Windows via Steam in March 2017, and for Xbox One in March 2022.
Gameplay
A screenshot of an Escape section; an inventory of collected items is shown on the bottom screen.
999 is an adventure game in which the player assumes the role of a college student named Junpei. The gameplay is divided into two types of sections: Novel and Escape. In the Novel sections, the player progresses through the branching storyline and converses with non-playable characters through visual novel segments. These sections require little interaction from the player as they are spent reading the text that appears on the screen, which represents either dialogue between the various characters or Junpei's thoughts. During Novel sections, the player will sometimes be presented with decision options that affect the course of the game, resulting in one of six endings. The whole plot is not revealed in just one playthrough; the player needs to reach the "true" ending to get all the information behind the mystery, which in turn requires another specific ending to be reached beforehand. Some endings contain hints to how to reach further endings.
In between Novel sections are Escape sections, which occur when the player finds themselves in a room from which they need to find the means of escape. These are presented from a first-person perspective, with the player being able to move between different pre-determined positions in each room. To escape, the player is tasked with finding various items and solving puzzles, reminiscent of escape-the-room games. At some points, the player may need to combine objects with each other to create the necessary tool to complete a puzzle. The puzzles include various brain teasers, such as baccarat and magic squares. An in-game calculator is provided for math-related problems, and the player can ask characters for hints if they find an Escape room too difficult. All Escape sections are self-contained, with all items required to solve the puzzles being available within that section; items are not carried over between Escape sections. After finishing an Escape section, it becomes available to replay from the game's main menu.
Plot
Characters and setting
999 features nine main characters, who are forced to participate in the Nonary Game by an unknown person named Zero. The characters adopt code names to protect their identities due to the stakes of the Nonary Game. The player-controlled Junpei is joined by June, a nervous girl and a childhood friend of Junpei whom he knows as Akane; Lotus, a self-serving woman with unknown skills; Seven, a large and muscular man; Santa, a punk with a negative attitude; Ace, an older and wiser man; Snake, a blind man with a princely demeanor; Clover, a girl prone to mood swings and Snake's younger sister; and the 9th Man, a fidgety individual.
The events of the game occur within a cruise ship, though all of the external doors and windows have been sealed, and many of the internal doors are locked. The game's nine characters learn that they have been kidnapped and brought to the ship to play the Nonary Game, with the challenge to find the door marked with a "9" within nine hours before the ship sinks. To do this, they are forced to work in separate teams to make their way through the ship and solve puzzles to find this door. This is set in part by special locks on numbered doors that are based on digital roots; each player has a bracelet with a different digit on it, and only groups of three to five with the total of their bracelet's number with the same digital root as marked on the door can pass through.
Story
Junpei escapes a flooding cabin after waking up, wearing a bracelet displaying the number "5". He encounters the eight other passengers. Zero announces over a loudspeaker that all nine are participants in the Nonary Game, explains the rules, and states each carry an explosive in their stomach that will go off if they try to bypass the digital root door locks. The 9th man still goes through a door by himself and is killed. Fearing what harm might come to them, the group adopts code names and splits up to explore the ship. Over the course of the story, Snake and an unknown man are found dead. The player has the option to select which group that Junpei travels with, which affects the story; several choices lead to Junpei and the cast's death at the hands of either Ace or Clover. Through various choices, Junpei learns of a previous Nonary Game, played nine years earlier, and the connections of the other characters through that, as well as studies about morphic resonance and stories of the Egyptian priestess Alice, who is frozen in ice-nine.
In one ending, Clover is found dead. Junpei learns that the dead man was not Snake and that the first Nonary Game was run by Cradle Pharmaceutical, of which Ace is the CEO. Zero was a participant of this game, and had set up the second Nonary Game as revenge towards Ace. The surviving players confront Ace and deduce he killed every person found dead in order to both cover his identity and obtain their bracelets. Ace holds Lotus hostage and escapes. As they find Snake and the door with the 9, Akane becomes weak. Santa watches over her while the others enter the door, leading to an incinerator where Ace and Lotus are. Learning of his sister's murder, Snake tackles Ace, and the others pull Junpei out of the incinerator before it activates, consuming Snake and Ace. Junpei returns to Akane, finding her nearly dead. Zero claims over the loudspeakers that he has lost. Junpei investigates a nearby room, and returns to find Akane and Santa have disappeared, after which he is knocked out by a gas grenade. After the player views this ending, they can then access the "true" ending.
In the true ending, Junpei learns that the previous Nonary Game consisted of nine pairs of kidnapped siblings separated onto the ocean-bound Gigantic and in a mock-up in Building Q in a Nevada desert. The game was designed to explore morphic fields; the research anticipated that the stress of the game would activate the fields between siblings, allowing solutions solved by one to be sent via these fields to their counterpart at the other location. This research was to help Ace cure his prosopagnosia. This Nonary Game went awry: Akane and her brother Santa were placed at the same location instead of being separated, and Seven discovered the kidnappings and rescued the children from the ship. Ace grabbed Akane before she could escape, forced her into the incinerator room, and started the incinerator while leaving a puzzle for her escape. Unable to solve the puzzle, Akane was apparently burnt to death while the other children, including Snake, Clover and Lotus's daughters, escaped with Seven.
After rescuing Snake, Junpei and the others reach the incinerator; Akane disappears and Santa escapes while taking Ace hostage, trapping the others inside. It is then revealed that the portion of the game's narrative portrayed on the bottom screen of the Nintendo DS, which only shows narration and interacts with puzzles, is presented from a 12-year-old Akane's point of view during the first Nonary Game. Through morphic fields, she connected to Junpei in the future, witnessing several possible endings and directing Junpei to help him survive. Junpei then faces the same puzzle Akane did, and relays the solution back to Akane in the past, allowing her to escape with Seven and the other children. Junpei realizes that Akane was Zero and, with assistance from Santa, had recreated the game and all the events she had witnessed in order to ensure her survival and avoid a temporal paradox. As Junpei and the others escape, they discover that the game had taken place in Building Q the entire time; Akane and Santa have fled, leaving behind a car with Ace restrained in the trunk. In the game's epilogue, they drive away hoping to catch up with them and pick up a hitchhiker in Egyptian robes.
Development
999 was directed by Kotaro Uchikoshi.
999 was developed by the Japanese game studio Chunsoft and directed by Kotaro Uchikoshi, and produced by Jiro Ishii. Chunsoft had made successful visual novels in the past, such as Kamaitachi no Yoru (1994), but wanted to create a new type of visual novel that could be received by a wider audience; they contacted Uchikoshi, who at the time was working on a mobile game based on Kamaitachi no Yoru, and asked him to serve as a writer for the then upcoming visual novel 428: Shibuya Scramble. Uchikoshi did not join the company in time to work on 428, but came up with the idea to include puzzles that are integrated within a story, and need to be solved for the player to make progress: he enjoyed playing browser-based escape-the-room games, but thought that they would be more interesting if they had a larger focus on telling a story. This idea served as the basis for 999, and Uchikoshi was named director of the project.
Development of 999 began in 2008. The inspiration for the story was the question "where do mankind's inspirations come from?"; Uchikoshi researched it, and found the British author Rupert Sheldrake's theories of morphogenetic fields, which became the main theme of the game. The theory is similar to telepathy, which answers the question of how organisms are able to simultaneously communicate ideas to each other, without physical or social interaction. Uchikoshi used the theory to develop the concept of esper characters, which are able to either transmit or receive information from another individual. Because of the vital role of the number 9 in the plot, each of the characters was based on one of the nine personality types from the Enneagram of Personality. Another source of inspiration was Kamaitachi no Yoru, which, like 999, begins with putting the characters in a state of discomfort.
Uchikoshi started writing the script by working on the ending first. From there, he would continue to work backwards, in order to not get confused when writing the plot. The game's setting, with characters who are trapped and try to escape, was meant to embody two of humanity's instinctive desires: the unconscious desire to return to one's mother's womb and shut oneself away, and the desire to escape and overcome one's current condition. This was a theme Uchikoshi had used before, when writing the visual novel Ever 17: The Out of Infinity (2002). The illustrations by character designer Kinu Nishimura influenced the script, as certain scenes were altered to match the character illustrations. Among scrapped story elements were the use of hands as a major part of the story; in the final stages of production, Uchikoshi's higher-ups did not accept this focus, forcing him to re-write the story. The characters were originally supposed to be handcuffed to each other as they try to escape, but the idea was scrapped as it was seen as overused, with appearances in light novels such as Mahou Shoujo Riska (2004).
The Escape sequences were created to appeal to players' innate desires: Uchikoshi wanted them to feel the instinctive pleasure that he described as "I found it!". For the puzzles, he would consider the details within the story, and the props and gimmicks found in the game; after deciding on them, they were integrated with the puzzles. He also used puzzle websites as reference. He did not design the puzzles himself, instead leaving the puzzle direction to other staff, while checking it multiple times.
Shinji Hosoe, the president of the game music production company SuperSweep, was chosen to compose the game's soundtrack for being skilled in a wide range of music genres, ensuring that he could compose music that would fit a lot of different types of moods and scenes. He described his work on the game as the most straightforward music project he had had, due to receiving concise reference material that answered all his questions about the game; he made a few test tracks, after which everything went smoothly. The music was written using the Nintendo DS's internal synth, and Hosoe worked together with fellow SuperSweep composer Yousuke Yasui to make this less obvious.
Localization
The North American localization of the game was handled by Aksys Games; Chunsoft was introduced to Aksys by Spike while looking for a company that could publish the game in North America. When Aksys evaluated 999, many at the company did not believe in its commercial viability and at first turned it down; as many of the people who evaluate games at Aksys do not speak Japanese, it was difficult for them to gauge whether a game was good or not. In the end they decided to localize it, which was considered a big risk for the company.
The localization was done by the philosophy of keeping true to the spirit of the original Japanese, making dialogue sound like what a native speaker of English would say instead of strictly adhering the original's exact wording. The localization editor, Ben Bateman, did this by looking at the writing from a wider view, line by line or scene by scene rather than word by word or sentence by sentence, and thinking about how to convey the same ideas in English. Most parts of the game that include a joke in the localization also have a joke in the Japanese version, but a different one; Bateman did however try to make similar types of jokes, with similar contents and ideas. The game's use of Japanese language puns led to problems, as many of them relied on Japanese dialects to function; for these, Bateman replaced them with new puns in English. He was given mostly free rein in what he could change or add, as long as it did not disrupt the plot.
During the localization, Bateman had to keep track of the numerous plot points throughout the game, as the script had not been written in chronological order due to the numerous endings. Localizing the game took roughly two months. Another challenge was getting the localization done in time: Nobara Nakayama, the game's translator, worked on it for 30 days, and the editing process took two months. Because of this, Bateman had to do most of the work "on the fly". Nakayama had started playing the game prior to starting work on the localization, but did not finish playing it until she was more than halfway through translating it; after learning that the plot hinged on a Japanese pun, they had to halt the localization to discuss it with Uchikoshi and come up with a solution, after which they went through the whole game to make sure that it still made sense. Another problem Bateman ran into was related to the game's first person narration. A plot twist regarding the narration relied on the use of gender-specific first person pronouns at specific points in the story. As this would not work in English, the narration was made to instead be in the third person, and the twist's effect was replicated by shifting from third to first person at a specific story point. However, Bateman admits that the twist is "more mindblowing in Japanese".
During a scene related to an abstract painting of a dog, one of the localized answers for what the painting depicts is "Funyarinpa", a nonsense word directly translated from the original Japanese game. Picking it prompts a humorous exchange between Junpei and Lotus. This became a highly popular meme within Zero Escape circles.
Release
999 was originally released in Japan by Spike on December 10, 2009, for the Nintendo DS. An American release followed on November 16, 2010. In the United States, a replica of the in-game bracelets was included with pre-orders at GameStop; due to low pre-orders, Aksys made these available on their website's shop, both separately and bundled with the game. Upon release, 999 became the eleventh and ultimately final Nintendo DS game to be rated M by the ESRB. It was a commercial failure in Japan, with 27,762 copies sold in 2009 and an additional 11,891 in 2010, reaching a total of 39,653 copies sold. Meanwhile, American sales were described as being strong; according to Uchikoshi, this was a surprise, as the visual novel genre was seen as being particular to Japan and unlikely to be accepted overseas.
In addition to the game, other 999 media was released. The game's soundtrack was published by SuperSweep on December 23, 2009. A novelization of the game, Kyokugen Dasshutsu 9 Jikan 9 Nin 9 no Tobira Alterna, was written by Kenji Kuroda and released by Kodansha in 2010 in two volumes, titled Ue and Shita. Coinciding with the release of the game's sequel, Zero Escape: Virtue's Last Reward (2012), 999 was reprinted under the title Zero Escape: Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors, with new box art featuring the Zero Escape brand.
An iOS version of the game, 999: The Novel, was developed by Spike Chunsoft as the second entry in their Smart Sound Novel series. It was released in Japan on May 29, 2013, and worldwide in English on March 17, 2014. This version lacks the Escape sections of the Nintendo DS version, and features high resolution graphics and an added flowchart that helps players keep track of which narrative paths they have experienced; additionally, dialogue is presented through speech bubbles, and an extra ending is included. This version has since been removed from the App Store.
Zero Escape: The Nonary Games, a bundle that contains remastered versions of 999 and Virtue's Last Reward, was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita in the West on March 24, 2017. People who purchased the Windows version through Steam in its first week of release received a complimentary soundtrack, with songs from 999 and Virtue's Last Reward. In Japan, the Microsoft Windows version launched on March 25 and the console versions on April 13. The European PlayStation Vita version was released on December 15. The Nonary Games was later released for Xbox One on March 22, 2022, and was added to the Xbox Game Pass service for console, PC and cloud on the same date. The 999 remaster retained most of the features from The Novel, but the new ending was not included.
Reception
ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic82/100Review scoresPublicationScoreDestructoid10/10Eurogamer7/10Famitsu36/40GameSpot8.5/10GamesRadar+IGN9/10Nintendo LifeNintendo World Report9/10The EscapistWired8/10
999 was well received by critics, according to the review aggregator Metacritic. Polygon included it on a list of the best games of all time, crediting it with popularizing the visual novel genre in America.
Reviewers enjoyed the writing and narrative, with Andy Goergen of Nintendo World Report labeling it as "a strong argument for video games as a new medium of storytelling". Reviewers at Famitsu called the story enigmatic and thrilling. Carolyn Petit at GameSpot felt that the lengthy Novel sections amplified the fear and tension throughout the game, while Heidi Kemps of GamesRadar compared them to "high-quality thriller novels". Jason Schreier of Wired criticized the prose for being inconsistent, but said that the use of the narrator was clever and unusual. Susan Arendt at The Escapist called the story multi-layered and horrifying. Zach Kaplan at Nintendo Life liked the dialogue, but found the third-person narration to be dull and slow, with out-of-place or clichéd metaphors and similes. Both Chris Schilling at Eurogamer and Lucas M. Thomas at IGN felt that the urgency portrayed in the game's story sometimes was at odds with the tone or timing of the dialogue, such as lengthy conversations while trapped inside a freezer, or lighthearted dialogue and jokes. Thomas called the premise gripping, and said that the mythology, conspiracies and character backgrounds were engrossing. Tony Ponce at Destructoid said that the characters initially seemed like a "stock anime cast", but that the player discovers more complexity in them after moving past first impressions. Kaplan felt that each character was well developed, fleshed out and unique, and could pass for real people.
A Famitsu writer said that they enjoyed solving puzzles, and that it gave them a sense of accomplishment; similarly, Goergen, Petit, Schilling and Arendt called the puzzles satisfying to solve. Goergen found some puzzles to be cleverly done, but said that some were esoteric. Ponce and Petit liked that the puzzles never became "pixel hunts", and how everything is visible as long as the player looks carefully; because of this and the lack of red herrings, time limits and dead ends, Ponce found it to be better than other escape-the-room games. He applauded the large amount of content, saying that even someone only buying the game for the puzzles would be satisfied. Schilling and Thomas appreciated the puzzles, but found some solutions and hints to be too obvious or explanatory. Kemps found the puzzles excellently done and challenging, but disliked how difficult it was to reach the true ending. Kemps and Schreier appreciated how the puzzles felt logical, while they, along with Thomas and Arendt, criticized how the player has to re-do puzzle sequences upon subsequent playthroughs. Goergen, Schreier, Thomas and Arendt all appreciated the fast-forward function, as it made repeated playthroughs more bearable, but Thomas felt that it didn't go far enough in speeding up the process.
Goergen found the sound designs to be unmemorable, saying that the music does not add much and that players would be likely to mute the game after hearing the "beeping" sound effect used for dialogue for too long. Meanwhile, Ponce and Petit liked it: Ponce called the score "masterful" and said that it "gets under your skin at the right moments", while Petit said that she appreciated the sound, which she called atmospheric and " shivers up your spine". She was unimpressed with the environments, but said that they were clear and easy to look at. She liked the character portraits, calling them expressive and, paired with the dialogue, enough to make the player not care about the lack of voice acting. Ponce, too, felt that the game did not need voice acting. He felt that the way the game favored textual narration over animated cutscenes made it more immersive, allowing the player to imagine the scenes. Goergen said that the graphics were well done, but that they did not do much for the atmosphere. Kaplan called the presentation "awesome", saying that it looked great and that the artwork stood on its own despite the simplicity of the animations, and that the soundtrack was "fantastic".
999 received some awards from gaming publications, including: Best Story of 2010 from IGN, Best Graphic Adventure of 2010 on a Handheld System from RPGFan, and an Editor's Choice Award from Destructoid. Bob Mackey at 1UP.com featured 999 on a list of "must-play" Nintendo DS visual novels, citing its story, themes and "zany narrative experimentation", and Jason Schreier at Kotaku included it on a list of "must-play" visual novels worth playing even for people who do not like anime tropes. RPGFan listed it as one of the thirty essential role-playing video games from the years 2010 to 2015.
Sequels
Main articles: Zero Escape: Virtue's Last Reward and Zero Time Dilemma
999 is the first game in the Zero Escape series, and was originally intended to be a stand-alone game. The development for the sequel began after the first game got positive reviews. Zero Escape: Virtue's Last Reward, the successor to 999, was announced in August 2011. Developed by Chunsoft for the Nintendo 3DS and PlayStation Vita, the game was first released on February 16, 2012 in Japan, and later that year in North America and Europe. Virtue's Last Reward also follows a group of nine people, and focuses on game theory, specifically the prisoner's dilemma. Zero Time Dilemma is set between the events of the previous two games, and has morality as its main theme.
Notes
^ Published The Nonary Games on all platforms in Japan, and on Xbox One and Windows worldwide
^ Known in Japan as Kyokugen Dasshutsu 9 Jikan 9 Nin 9 no Tobira (極限脱出 9時間9人9の扉, "Extreme Escape: 9 Hours, 9 Persons, 9 Doors").
^ In the 2017 rerelease of the game on other platforms, the dual screen mechanic is replaced with two modes of presentation for Novel sections, "NVL Mode" and "ADV Mode". NVL Mode shows non-dialogue narrative text not shown in ADV Mode, and is the portion of the game played from Akane's perspective.
^ Kyokugen Dasshutsu 9 Jikan 9 Nin 9 no Tobira Orutana (極限脱出 9時間9人9の扉 オルタナ, "Extreme Escape: 9 Hours, 9 Persons, 9 Doors Alterna")
^ Ue (上, "Above") and Shita (下, "Below")
References
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^ a b Schreier, Jason (October 11, 2012). "2010's Best Adventure Game Is On Sale For Under $20". Kotaku. Gizmodo Media Group. Archived from the original on April 2, 2016. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
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^ a b c d e f g h i Petit, Carolyn (December 7, 2010). "Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors Review". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on December 7, 2013. Retrieved May 13, 2015.
^ a b c d e f g h Arendt, Susan (January 12, 2011). "Review: 9 Hours 9 Persons 9 Doors". The Escapist. Defy Media. Archived from the original on October 2, 2014. Retrieved May 13, 2015.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Ponce, Tony (November 17, 2010). "Review: Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors". Destructoid. Modern Method. Archived from the original on March 25, 2015. Retrieved May 13, 2015.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Goergen, Andy (May 9, 2011). "Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors Review". Nintendo World Report. NINWR LLC. Archived from the original on August 30, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
^ Davison, Pete (November 27, 2013). "JPgamer: In Search of Door Number 9". USgamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on August 9, 2016. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
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^ "Zero Escape Series". Aksys Games. Archived from the original on March 26, 2015. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
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^ Yip, Spencer (April 1, 2013). "Virtue's Last Reward Creator Talks About The Essence Of Visual Novels At GDC Panel". Siliconera. Curse, Inc. Archived from the original on September 18, 2015. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
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^ "Chunsoft Blog: Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors The Untold Story". Siliconera. Curse, Inc. December 24, 2010. Archived from the original on November 7, 2015. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
^ "AX 2015 Uchikoshi/Zero Escape panel". Aksys Games. July 5, 2015. Archived from the original on February 2, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2015 – via YouTube.
^ Kotowski, Don (2016-07-30). "Shinji Hosoe and Kotaro Uchikoshi Interview: Zero Times". VGMO. Archived from the original on 2016-10-01. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
^ a b c d Lada, Jenni (April 5, 2013). "999 and Zero Escape: Virtue's Last Reward Interview: Aksys gets things done". Technology Tell. NAPCO Media. Archived from the original on April 9, 2013. Retrieved May 14, 2021.
^ a b Love, Jamie (August 10, 2010). "Q&A – Aksys Talks 999". Gamesugar. Archived from the original on January 19, 2012. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
^ "Media Meltdown Interviews Ben Bateman". Channel Zero. 2014-07-11. Archived from the original on 2015-11-26. Retrieved 2021-05-14.
^ DeCoster, Christian (22 March 2017). "Funyarinpa for the whole family: Zero Escape: The Nonary Games – GAMING TREND". gamingtrend.com. Retrieved 2018-05-28.
^ Quiton, Christopher (2018-03-20). "What the Zero Escape games teach us about science". RHS Arrow. Archived from the original on 2020-01-02. Retrieved 2018-05-28.
^ Makuch, Eddie (November 14, 2010). "Shippin' Out Nov. 14-20: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood, Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on September 20, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
^ Fahey, Mike (September 20, 2010). "Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors, One Watch". Kotaku. Gizmodo Media Group. Archived from the original on September 26, 2015. Retrieved December 26, 2010.
^ "Best of the Best (In This Particular Category, at Least)". Aksys Games. December 14, 2010. Archived from the original on July 14, 2015. Retrieved December 26, 2010.
^ "999: Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors Is The Eleventh M-Rated Game On DS". Siliconera. Curse, Inc. August 30, 2010. Archived from the original on July 11, 2015. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
^ Wommack, Lacey (18 January 2020). "All The Nintendo DS Games That Got An M Rating". TheGamer. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
^ Tach, David (February 14, 2014). "Zero Escape's third entry is stalled, but director has hope". Polygon. Vox Media. Archived from the original on July 15, 2015. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
^ "GEIMIN.NET／2009年テレビゲームソフト売り上げTOP1000（ファミ通版）". Geimin.net (in Japanese). Archived from the original on January 30, 2016. Retrieved February 21, 2016.
^ "GEIMIN.NET／2010年テレビゲームソフト売り上げTOP1000（ファミ通版）". Geimin.net (in Japanese). Archived from the original on January 30, 2016. Retrieved February 21, 2016.
^ Szczepaniak, John (August 11, 2014). The Untold History of Japanese Game Developers. Vol. 1. SMG Szczepaniak. pp. 298–313. ISBN 978-0-9929260-0-7.
^ Gann, Patrick. "Extreme Escape 9 Hours 9 Persons 9 Doors Soundtrack". RPGFan. Archived from the original on April 14, 2015. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
^ 極限脱出 9時間9人9の扉 オルタナ(上) (講談社BOX) (in Japanese). ASIN 4062837366.
^ 極限脱出 9時間9人9の扉 オルタナ(下) (講談社BOX) (in Japanese). ASIN 4062837374.
^ ""999" With New Box Art Ships Today!". Aksys Games. September 27, 2012. Archived from the original on July 14, 2015. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
^ Sarkar, Samit (May 29, 2013). "999: Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors released on iOS in Japan, coming stateside this fall". Polygon. Vox Media. Archived from the original on July 12, 2015. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
^ Sarkar, Samit (March 10, 2014). "999: Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors hits iOS March 17". Polygon. Vox Media. Archived from the original on July 12, 2015. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
^ Matulef, Jeffrey (March 11, 2014). "999 is coming to iOS without puzzles". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
^ a b c Jenni (February 3, 2017). "Zero Escape: The Nonary Games Will Come To North America On March 24, 2017". Siliconera. Curse, Inc. Archived from the original on February 4, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
^ "999: The Novel on the iOS App Store". iTunes.
^ Jackson, Gita (March 24, 2017). "The New 'Nonary Games' Remake Makes 999 Way Better". Kotaku. Gizmodo Media Group. Archived from the original on March 24, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
^ Lada, Jenni (March 2, 2017). "Kotaro Uchikoshi Teases Project Psync, The Nonary Games Includes A Soundtrack". Siliconera. Curse, Inc. Archived from the original on August 3, 2017. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
^ Glagowski, Peter (February 3, 2017). "The Zero Escape collection will release in March for the US". Destructoid. Modern Method. Archived from the original on February 5, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
^ Romano, Sal (November 9, 2017). "Zero Escape: The Nonary Games for PS Vita launches December 15 in Europe". Gematsu. Archived from the original on November 9, 2017. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
^ Romano, Sal (March 15, 2022). "Xbox Game Pass adds Zero Escape: The Nonary Games, Shredders, Weird West, more in late March". Gematsu. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
^ a b "Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors for DS Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on April 27, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
^ a b c d Schilling, Chris (January 18, 2011). "999: Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors - Emergency exits". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on September 16, 2014. Retrieved May 13, 2015.
^ a b c d e "999:Nine Hours, Nine Persons, 9 Doors Review". GamesRadar. Future plc. December 2, 2010. Archived from the original on April 23, 2015. Retrieved May 13, 2015.
^ "The 500 best games of all time: 500-401". Polygon. Vox Media. November 27, 2017. Archived from the original on March 3, 2018. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
^ "Best Story". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on December 6, 2014. Retrieved December 26, 2011.
^ "Best Graphic Adventure: Handheld - Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors". RPGFan. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
^ Mackey, Bob (December 12, 2011). "Six Must-Play DS Visual Novels". 1UP.com. Ziff Davis. p. 2. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
^ Schreier, Jason (August 20, 2014). "Five Visual Novels You Must Play, Even If You Don't Like Anime". Kotaku. Gizmodo Media Group. Archived from the original on September 26, 2015. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
^ "The 30 Essential RPGs of 2010-2015". RPGFan. 2016. p. 2. Archived from the original on June 1, 2016. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
^ Gantayat, Anoop (August 25, 2011). "First Look: Team 999's New Vita/3DS Adventure". Andriasang. Archived from the original on September 30, 2015. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
^ "極限脱出ADV 善人シボウデス". Famitsu (in Japanese). Enterbrain. Archived from the original on November 23, 2014. Retrieved September 16, 2015.
^ "Zero Escape: Virtue's Last Reward for Nintendo 3DS". Nintendo of America. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved September 16, 2015.
^ "Virtue's Last Reward". Nintendo of Europe. Archived from the original on July 31, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
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^ Schreier, Jason (July 14, 2015). "Why People Are Freaking Out Over Zero Escape 3". Kotaku. Gizmodo Media Group. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
^ Ishaan (March 27, 2013). "Zero Escape 3 Will Take Place Between 999 And Virtue's Last Reward". Siliconera. Curse, Inc. Archived from the original on October 1, 2015. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
^ Sanchez, Miranda (July 7, 2015). "Zero Escape 3 'More Philosophical Than Past Volumes'". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on August 25, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
External links
Official website
999: Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors at The Visual Novel Database
vteZero EscapeGames
Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors
Virtue's Last Reward
Zero Time Dilemma
Related
Kotaro Uchikoshi
Shinji Hosoe
Spike Chunsoft
Category
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It is the first installment in the Zero Escape series, and was released in Japan in December 2009 and in North America in November 2010 for the Nintendo DS. The story follows Junpei, a college student who is abducted along with eight other people and forced to play the \"Nonary Game\", which puts its participants in a life-or-death situation, to escape from a sinking cruise liner. The gameplay alternates between two types of sections: Escape sections, where the player completes puzzles in escape-the-room scenarios; and Novel sections, where the player reads the game's narrative and makes decisions that influence the story toward one of six different endings.Development of the game began after Kotaro Uchikoshi joined Chunsoft to write a visual novel for them that could reach a wider audience; Uchikoshi suggested adding puzzle elements that are integrated with the game's story. The inspiration for the story was the question of where inspiration comes from; while researching it, Uchikoshi came across Rupert Sheldrake's morphic resonance hypothesis, which became the main focus of the game's science fiction elements. The music was composed by Shinji Hosoe, while the characters were designed by Kinu Nishimura. The localization was handled by Aksys Games; they worked by the philosophy of keeping true to the spirit of the original Japanese version, aiming for natural-sounding English rather than following the original's exact wording.999 was positively received, with reviewers praising the story, writing and puzzles, but criticizing the game's tone and how the player is required to re-do the puzzles every time they play through the game (which is necessary in order to obtain the true ending). While the Japanese release was a commercial failure, the game sold better than expected for the genre in the United States. Although 999 was developed as a stand-alone title, its unexpected critical success in North America prompted the continuation of the series.The sequel, Zero Escape: Virtue's Last Reward, was released in 2012, which was followed by Zero Time Dilemma, released in 2016. An updated version of 999, with voice acting and higher resolution graphics, was released alongside a port of Virtue's Last Reward as part of the Zero Escape: The Nonary Games. This bundle was released for PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, and Microsoft Windows via Steam in March 2017, and for Xbox One in March 2022.","title":"999: Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:999_Screenshot.png"},{"link_name":"adventure game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_game"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kotaku-4"},{"link_name":"gameplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gameplay"},{"link_name":"branching storyline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_gameplay#Branching_storylines"},{"link_name":"non-playable characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-playable_character"},{"link_name":"visual novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_novel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_Review-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpot_Review-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Escapist_Review-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destructoid_Review-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWR_Review-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USgamer_Gameplay-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWR_Review-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWR_Review-9"},{"link_name":"first-person perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpot_Review-6"},{"link_name":"escape-the-room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape-the-room"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_Review-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destructoid_Review-8"},{"link_name":"brain teasers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_teaser"},{"link_name":"baccarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccarat_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"magic squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_squares"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpot_Review-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Escapist_Review-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destructoid_Review-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nintendo_Life_Review-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Escapist_Review-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destructoid_Review-8"}],"text":"A screenshot of an Escape section; an inventory of collected items is shown on the bottom screen.999 is an adventure game in which the player assumes the role of a college student named Junpei.[2] The gameplay is divided into two types of sections: Novel and Escape. In the Novel sections, the player progresses through the branching storyline and converses with non-playable characters through visual novel segments.[3] These sections require little interaction from the player as they are spent reading the text that appears on the screen, which represents either dialogue between the various characters or Junpei's thoughts.[4] During Novel sections, the player will sometimes be presented with decision options that affect the course of the game,[5] resulting in one of six endings.[6] The whole plot is not revealed in just one playthrough; the player needs to reach the \"true\" ending to get all the information behind the mystery,[7] which in turn requires another specific ending to be reached beforehand.[8] Some endings contain hints to how to reach further endings.[7]In between Novel sections are Escape sections, which occur when the player finds themselves in a room from which they need to find the means of escape.[7] These are presented from a first-person perspective, with the player being able to move between different pre-determined positions in each room.[4] To escape, the player is tasked with finding various items and solving puzzles, reminiscent of escape-the-room games.[3] At some points, the player may need to combine objects with each other to create the necessary tool to complete a puzzle.[6] The puzzles include various brain teasers, such as baccarat and magic squares.[4][5] An in-game calculator is provided for math-related problems,[6] and the player can ask characters for hints if they find an Escape room too difficult.[9] All Escape sections are self-contained, with all items required to solve the puzzles being available within that section; items are not carried over between Escape sections.[5] After finishing an Escape section, it becomes available to replay from the game's main menu.[6]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kotaku-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Entire_Story-12"},{"link_name":"punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture"},{"link_name":"mood swings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_swing"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Characters-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Entire_Story-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wired_Review-14"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_Review-5"},{"link_name":"digital roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_root"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Entire_Story-12"}],"sub_title":"Characters and setting","text":"999 features nine main characters, who are forced to participate in the Nonary Game by an unknown person named Zero.[2] The characters adopt code names to protect their identities due to the stakes of the Nonary Game.[10] The player-controlled Junpei is joined by June, a nervous girl and a childhood friend of Junpei whom he knows as Akane; Lotus, a self-serving woman with unknown skills; Seven, a large and muscular man; Santa, a punk with a negative attitude; Ace, an older and wiser man; Snake, a blind man with a princely demeanor; Clover, a girl prone to mood swings and Snake's younger sister; and the 9th Man, a fidgety individual.[11]The events of the game occur within a cruise ship, though all of the external doors and windows have been sealed, and many of the internal doors are locked.[10] The game's nine characters learn that they have been kidnapped and brought to the ship to play the Nonary Game, with the challenge to find the door marked with a \"9\" within nine hours before the ship sinks.[12] To do this, they are forced to work in separate teams to make their way through the ship and solve puzzles to find this door.[3] This is set in part by special locks on numbered doors that are based on digital roots; each player has a bracelet with a different digit on it, and only groups of three to five with the total of their bracelet's number with the same digital root as marked on the door can pass through.[10]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabin_(ship)"},{"link_name":"morphic resonance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphic_resonance"},{"link_name":"ice-nine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice-nine"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Entire_Story-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Entire_Story-12"},{"link_name":"Gigantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMHS_Britannic"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"prosopagnosia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopagnosia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Entire_Story-12"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Entire_Story-12"}],"sub_title":"Story","text":"Junpei escapes a flooding cabin after waking up, wearing a bracelet displaying the number \"5\". He encounters the eight other passengers. Zero announces over a loudspeaker that all nine are participants in the Nonary Game, explains the rules, and states each carry an explosive in their stomach that will go off if they try to bypass the digital root door locks. The 9th man still goes through a door by himself and is killed. Fearing what harm might come to them, the group adopts code names and splits up to explore the ship. Over the course of the story, Snake and an unknown man are found dead. The player has the option to select which group that Junpei travels with, which affects the story; several choices lead to Junpei and the cast's death at the hands of either Ace or Clover. Through various choices, Junpei learns of a previous Nonary Game, played nine years earlier, and the connections of the other characters through that, as well as studies about morphic resonance and stories of the Egyptian priestess Alice, who is frozen in ice-nine.[10]In one ending, Clover is found dead. Junpei learns that the dead man was not Snake and that the first Nonary Game was run by Cradle Pharmaceutical, of which Ace is the CEO. Zero was a participant of this game, and had set up the second Nonary Game as revenge towards Ace. The surviving players confront Ace and deduce he killed every person found dead in order to both cover his identity and obtain their bracelets. Ace holds Lotus hostage and escapes. As they find Snake and the door with the 9, Akane becomes weak. Santa watches over her while the others enter the door, leading to an incinerator where Ace and Lotus are. Learning of his sister's murder, Snake tackles Ace, and the others pull Junpei out of the incinerator before it activates, consuming Snake and Ace. Junpei returns to Akane, finding her nearly dead. Zero claims over the loudspeakers that he has lost. Junpei investigates a nearby room, and returns to find Akane and Santa have disappeared, after which he is knocked out by a gas grenade.[10] After the player views this ending, they can then access the \"true\" ending.In the true ending, Junpei learns that the previous Nonary Game consisted of nine pairs of kidnapped siblings separated onto the ocean-bound Gigantic and in a mock-up in Building Q in a Nevada desert. The game was designed to explore morphic fields; the research anticipated that the stress of the game would activate the fields between siblings, allowing solutions solved by one to be sent via these fields to their counterpart at the other location. This research was to help Ace cure his prosopagnosia. This Nonary Game went awry: Akane and her brother Santa were placed at the same location instead of being separated, and Seven discovered the kidnappings and rescued the children from the ship. Ace grabbed Akane before she could escape, forced her into the incinerator room, and started the incinerator while leaving a puzzle for her escape. Unable to solve the puzzle, Akane was apparently burnt to death while the other children, including Snake, Clover and Lotus's daughters, escaped with Seven.[10]After rescuing Snake, Junpei and the others reach the incinerator; Akane disappears and Santa escapes while taking Ace hostage, trapping the others inside. It is then revealed that the portion of the game's narrative portrayed on the bottom screen of the Nintendo DS, which only shows narration and interacts with puzzles, is presented from a 12-year-old Akane's point of view during the first Nonary Game.[c] Through morphic fields, she connected to Junpei in the future, witnessing several possible endings and directing Junpei to help him survive. Junpei then faces the same puzzle Akane did, and relays the solution back to Akane in the past, allowing her to escape with Seven and the other children. Junpei realizes that Akane was Zero and, with assistance from Santa, had recreated the game and all the events she had witnessed in order to ensure her survival and avoid a temporal paradox. As Junpei and the others escape, they discover that the game had taken place in Building Q the entire time; Akane and Santa have fled, leaving behind a car with Ace restrained in the trunk. In the game's epilogue, they drive away hoping to catch up with them and pick up a hitchhiker in Egyptian robes.[10]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kotaro_Uchikoshi_at_Anime_Expo_2016,_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kotaro Uchikoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaro_Uchikoshi"},{"link_name":"Chunsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunsoft"},{"link_name":"Kotaro Uchikoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaro_Uchikoshi"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USgamer-16"},{"link_name":"Jiro Ishii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiro_Ishii"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Famitsu_Interview-17"},{"link_name":"Kamaitachi no Yoru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamaitachi_no_Yoru"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USgamer-16"},{"link_name":"428: Shibuya Scramble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/428:_Shibuya_Scramble"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Famitsu_Interview-17"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USgamer-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Famitsu_Interview-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geekster_Interview-18"},{"link_name":"Rupert Sheldrake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Sheldrake"},{"link_name":"esper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrasensory_perception"},{"link_name":"personality types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_type"},{"link_name":"Enneagram of Personality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enneagram_of_Personality"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Development_1-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANN-21"},{"link_name":"Ever 17: The Out of Infinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ever_17:_The_Out_of_Infinity"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Development_1-19"},{"link_name":"Kinu Nishimura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinu_Nishimura"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Famitsu_Interview-17"},{"link_name":"light novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_novel"},{"link_name":"Mahou Shoujo Riska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_Honkaku_Mah%C5%8D_Sh%C5%8Djo_Risuka"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Development_2-22"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Development_1-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANN-21"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Development_1-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Panel_Discussion-23"},{"link_name":"Shinji Hosoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinji_Hosoe"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vgmo_hosoe_uchikoshi-24"}],"text":"999 was directed by Kotaro Uchikoshi.999 was developed by the Japanese game studio Chunsoft and directed by Kotaro Uchikoshi,[13] and produced by Jiro Ishii.[14] Chunsoft had made successful visual novels in the past, such as Kamaitachi no Yoru (1994), but wanted to create a new type of visual novel that could be received by a wider audience;[13] they contacted Uchikoshi, who at the time was working on a mobile game based on Kamaitachi no Yoru, and asked him to serve as a writer for the then upcoming visual novel 428: Shibuya Scramble. Uchikoshi did not join the company in time to work on 428, but came up with the idea to include puzzles that are integrated within a story, and need to be solved for the player to make progress: he enjoyed playing browser-based escape-the-room games, but thought that they would be more interesting if they had a larger focus on telling a story.[14] This idea served as the basis for 999, and Uchikoshi was named director of the project.[13][14]Development of 999 began in 2008.[15] The inspiration for the story was the question \"where do mankind's inspirations come from?\"; Uchikoshi researched it, and found the British author Rupert Sheldrake's theories of morphogenetic fields, which became the main theme of the game. The theory is similar to telepathy, which answers the question of how organisms are able to simultaneously communicate ideas to each other, without physical or social interaction. Uchikoshi used the theory to develop the concept of esper characters, which are able to either transmit or receive information from another individual. Because of the vital role of the number 9 in the plot, each of the characters was based on one of the nine personality types from the Enneagram of Personality.[16] Another source of inspiration was Kamaitachi no Yoru, which, like 999, begins with putting the characters in a state of discomfort.[17]Uchikoshi started writing the script by working on the ending first. From there, he would continue to work backwards, in order to not get confused when writing the plot.[18] The game's setting, with characters who are trapped and try to escape, was meant to embody two of humanity's instinctive desires: the unconscious desire to return to one's mother's womb and shut oneself away, and the desire to escape and overcome one's current condition. This was a theme Uchikoshi had used before, when writing the visual novel Ever 17: The Out of Infinity (2002).[16] The illustrations by character designer Kinu Nishimura influenced the script, as certain scenes were altered to match the character illustrations.[14] Among scrapped story elements were the use of hands as a major part of the story; in the final stages of production, Uchikoshi's higher-ups did not accept this focus, forcing him to re-write the story. The characters were originally supposed to be handcuffed to each other as they try to escape, but the idea was scrapped as it was seen as overused, with appearances in light novels such as Mahou Shoujo Riska (2004).[19]The Escape sequences were created to appeal to players' innate desires: Uchikoshi wanted them to feel the instinctive pleasure that he described as \"I found it!\".[16] For the puzzles, he would consider the details within the story, and the props and gimmicks found in the game; after deciding on them, they were integrated with the puzzles.[18] He also used puzzle websites as reference.[16] He did not design the puzzles himself, instead leaving the puzzle direction to other staff, while checking it multiple times.[20]Shinji Hosoe, the president of the game music production company SuperSweep, was chosen to compose the game's soundtrack for being skilled in a wide range of music genres, ensuring that he could compose music that would fit a lot of different types of moods and scenes. He described his work on the game as the most straightforward music project he had had, due to receiving concise reference material that answered all his questions about the game; he made a few test tracks, after which everything went smoothly. The music was written using the Nintendo DS's internal synth, and Hosoe worked together with fellow SuperSweep composer Yousuke Yasui to make this less obvious.[21]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"localization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_localization"},{"link_name":"Aksys Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksys_Games"},{"link_name":"Spike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_(company)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Localization_1-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Localization_1-25"},{"link_name":"puns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Localization_2-26"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Localization_1-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Localization_2-26"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Localization_1-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"nonsense word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsense_word"},{"link_name":"meme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meme"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Localization","text":"The North American localization of the game was handled by Aksys Games; Chunsoft was introduced to Aksys by Spike while looking for a company that could publish the game in North America. When Aksys evaluated 999, many at the company did not believe in its commercial viability and at first turned it down; as many of the people who evaluate games at Aksys do not speak Japanese, it was difficult for them to gauge whether a game was good or not. In the end they decided to localize it, which was considered a big risk for the company.[22]The localization was done by the philosophy of keeping true to the spirit of the original Japanese, making dialogue sound like what a native speaker of English would say instead of strictly adhering the original's exact wording. The localization editor, Ben Bateman, did this by looking at the writing from a wider view, line by line or scene by scene rather than word by word or sentence by sentence, and thinking about how to convey the same ideas in English. Most parts of the game that include a joke in the localization also have a joke in the Japanese version, but a different one; Bateman did however try to make similar types of jokes, with similar contents and ideas.[22] The game's use of Japanese language puns led to problems, as many of them relied on Japanese dialects to function; for these, Bateman replaced them with new puns in English.[23] He was given mostly free rein in what he could change or add, as long as it did not disrupt the plot.[22]During the localization, Bateman had to keep track of the numerous plot points throughout the game, as the script had not been written in chronological order due to the numerous endings.[23] Localizing the game took roughly two months. Another challenge was getting the localization done in time: Nobara Nakayama, the game's translator, worked on it for 30 days, and the editing process took two months. Because of this, Bateman had to do most of the work \"on the fly\". Nakayama had started playing the game prior to starting work on the localization, but did not finish playing it until she was more than halfway through translating it; after learning that the plot hinged on a Japanese pun, they had to halt the localization to discuss it with Uchikoshi and come up with a solution, after which they went through the whole game to make sure that it still made sense.[22] Another problem Bateman ran into was related to the game's first person narration. A plot twist regarding the narration relied on the use of gender-specific first person pronouns at specific points in the story. As this would not work in English, the narration was made to instead be in the third person, and the twist's effect was replicated by shifting from third to first person at a specific story point. However, Bateman admits that the twist is \"more mindblowing in Japanese\".[24]During a scene related to an abstract painting of a dog, one of the localized answers for what the painting depicts is \"Funyarinpa\", a nonsense word directly translated from the original Japanese game. Picking it prompts a humorous exchange between Junpei and Lotus. This became a highly popular meme within Zero Escape circles.[25][26]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-999_Famitsu_overview-2"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"GameStop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameStop"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"ESRB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESRB"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M-Rating-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Untold-38"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-999_ost-39"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Kodansha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodansha"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Zero Escape: Virtue's Last Reward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Escape:_Virtue%27s_Last_Reward"},{"link_name":"Zero Escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Escape"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"Spike Chunsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Chunsoft"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"flowchart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowchart"},{"link_name":"speech bubbles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_bubble"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iOS_gameplay-47"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sil_nonary_release-48"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iOS_Store_Link-49"},{"link_name":"bundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_bundling"},{"link_name":"remastered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_remake"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku_nonary_release-50"},{"link_name":"Steam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_(service)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sil_nonary_release-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Xbox One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_One"},{"link_name":"Xbox Game Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Game_Pass"},{"link_name":"cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_gaming"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sil_nonary_release-48"}],"text":"999 was originally released in Japan by Spike on December 10, 2009, for the Nintendo DS.[1] An American release followed on November 16, 2010.[27] In the United States, a replica of the in-game bracelets was included with pre-orders at GameStop;[28] due to low pre-orders, Aksys made these available on their website's shop, both separately and bundled with the game.[29] Upon release, 999 became the eleventh and ultimately final Nintendo DS game to be rated M by the ESRB.[30][31] It was a commercial failure in Japan,[32] with 27,762 copies sold in 2009 and an additional 11,891 in 2010, reaching a total of 39,653 copies sold.[33][34] Meanwhile, American sales were described as being strong; according to Uchikoshi, this was a surprise, as the visual novel genre was seen as being particular to Japan and unlikely to be accepted overseas.[35]In addition to the game, other 999 media was released. The game's soundtrack was published by SuperSweep on December 23, 2009.[36] A novelization of the game, Kyokugen Dasshutsu 9 Jikan 9 Nin 9 no Tobira Alterna,[d] was written by Kenji Kuroda and released by Kodansha in 2010 in two volumes, titled Ue and Shita.[e][37][38] Coinciding with the release of the game's sequel, Zero Escape: Virtue's Last Reward (2012), 999 was reprinted under the title Zero Escape: Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors, with new box art featuring the Zero Escape brand.[39]An iOS version of the game, 999: The Novel, was developed by Spike Chunsoft as the second entry in their Smart Sound Novel series. It was released in Japan on May 29, 2013,[40] and worldwide in English on March 17, 2014. This version lacks the Escape sections of the Nintendo DS version, and features high resolution graphics and an added flowchart that helps players keep track of which narrative paths they have experienced; additionally, dialogue is presented through speech bubbles,[41][42] and an extra ending is included.[43] This version has since been removed from the App Store.[44]Zero Escape: The Nonary Games, a bundle that contains remastered versions of 999 and Virtue's Last Reward, was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita in the West on March 24, 2017.[45] People who purchased the Windows version through Steam in its first week of release received a complimentary soundtrack, with songs from 999 and Virtue's Last Reward.[46] In Japan, the Microsoft Windows version launched on March 25 and the console versions on April 13.[47][43] The European PlayStation Vita version was released on December 15.[48] The Nonary Games was later released for Xbox One on March 22, 2022, and was added to the Xbox Game Pass service for console, PC and cloud on the same date.[49] The 999 remaster retained most of the features from The Novel, but the new ending was not included.[43]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-55"},{"link_name":"Destructoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destructoid_Review-8"},{"link_name":"Eurogamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eurogamer_Review-56"},{"link_name":"Famitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-999_Famitsu_overview-2"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpot_Review-6"},{"link_name":"GamesRadar+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamesRadar_Review-57"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_Review-5"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Life"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nintendo_Life_Review-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWR_Review-9"},{"link_name":"The Escapist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Escapist_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Escapist_Review-7"},{"link_name":"Wired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(website)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wired_Review-14"},{"link_name":"review 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herrings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_herring"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destructoid_Review-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_Review-5"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eurogamer_Review-56"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamesRadar_Review-57"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_Review-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Escapist_Review-7"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamesRadar_Review-57"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wired_Review-14"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_Review-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Escapist_Review-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWR_Review-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wired_Review-14"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_Review-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWR_Review-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpot_Review-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destructoid_Review-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destructoid_Review-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpot_Review-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destructoid_Review-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWR_Review-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nintendo_Life_Review-11"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_Best_Story-59"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rpgfan_ga_handheld-60"},{"link_name":"Destructoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destructoid_Review-8"},{"link_name":"1UP.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1UP.com"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Jason Schreier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Schreier"},{"link_name":"Kotaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"tropes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trope_(literature)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"role-playing video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_video_game"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic82/100[50]Review scoresPublicationScoreDestructoid10/10[6]Eurogamer7/10[51]Famitsu36/40[1]GameSpot8.5/10[4]GamesRadar+[52]IGN9/10[3]Nintendo Life[9]Nintendo World Report9/10[7]The Escapist[5]Wired8/10[12]999 was well received by critics, according to the review aggregator Metacritic.[50] Polygon included it on a list of the best games of all time, crediting it with popularizing the visual novel genre in America.[53]Reviewers enjoyed the writing and narrative,[3][6][7][52] with Andy Goergen of Nintendo World Report labeling it as \"a strong argument for video games as a new medium of storytelling\".[7] Reviewers at Famitsu called the story enigmatic and thrilling.[1] Carolyn Petit at GameSpot felt that the lengthy Novel sections amplified the fear and tension throughout the game,[4] while Heidi Kemps of GamesRadar compared them to \"high-quality thriller novels\".[52] Jason Schreier of Wired criticized the prose for being inconsistent, but said that the use of the narrator was clever and unusual.[12] Susan Arendt at The Escapist called the story multi-layered and horrifying.[5] Zach Kaplan at Nintendo Life liked the dialogue, but found the third-person narration to be dull and slow, with out-of-place or clichéd metaphors and similes.[9] Both Chris Schilling at Eurogamer and Lucas M. Thomas at IGN felt that the urgency portrayed in the game's story sometimes was at odds with the tone or timing of the dialogue, such as lengthy conversations while trapped inside a freezer, or lighthearted dialogue and jokes.[3][51] Thomas called the premise gripping, and said that the mythology, conspiracies and character backgrounds were engrossing.[3] Tony Ponce at Destructoid said that the characters initially seemed like a \"stock anime cast\", but that the player discovers more complexity in them after moving past first impressions.[6] Kaplan felt that each character was well developed, fleshed out and unique, and could pass for real people.[9]A Famitsu writer said that they enjoyed solving puzzles, and that it gave them a sense of accomplishment;[1] similarly, Goergen, Petit, Schilling and Arendt called the puzzles satisfying to solve.[4][5][7][51] Goergen found some puzzles to be cleverly done, but said that some were esoteric.[7] Ponce and Petit liked that the puzzles never became \"pixel hunts\", and how everything is visible as long as the player looks carefully;[4][6] because of this and the lack of red herrings, time limits and dead ends, Ponce found it to be better than other escape-the-room games. He applauded the large amount of content, saying that even someone only buying the game for the puzzles would be satisfied.[6] Schilling and Thomas appreciated the puzzles, but found some solutions and hints to be too obvious or explanatory.[3][51] Kemps found the puzzles excellently done and challenging, but disliked how difficult it was to reach the true ending.[52] Kemps and Schreier appreciated how the puzzles felt logical, while they, along with Thomas and Arendt, criticized how the player has to re-do puzzle sequences upon subsequent playthroughs.[3][5][52][12] Goergen, Schreier, Thomas and Arendt all appreciated the fast-forward function, as it made repeated playthroughs more bearable,[3][5][7][12] but Thomas felt that it didn't go far enough in speeding up the process.[3]Goergen found the sound designs to be unmemorable, saying that the music does not add much and that players would be likely to mute the game after hearing the \"beeping\" sound effect used for dialogue for too long.[7] Meanwhile, Ponce and Petit liked it:[4][6] Ponce called the score \"masterful\" and said that it \"gets under your skin at the right moments\",[6] while Petit said that she appreciated the sound, which she called atmospheric and \"[sending] shivers up your spine\". She was unimpressed with the environments, but said that they were clear and easy to look at. She liked the character portraits, calling them expressive and, paired with the dialogue, enough to make the player not care about the lack of voice acting.[4] Ponce, too, felt that the game did not need voice acting. He felt that the way the game favored textual narration over animated cutscenes made it more immersive, allowing the player to imagine the scenes.[6] Goergen said that the graphics were well done, but that they did not do much for the atmosphere.[7] Kaplan called the presentation \"awesome\", saying that it looked great and that the artwork stood on its own despite the simplicity of the animations, and that the soundtrack was \"fantastic\".[9]999 received some awards from gaming publications, including: Best Story of 2010 from IGN,[54] Best Graphic Adventure of 2010 on a Handheld System from RPGFan,[55] and an Editor's Choice Award from Destructoid.[6] Bob Mackey at 1UP.com featured 999 on a list of \"must-play\" Nintendo DS visual novels, citing its story, themes and \"zany narrative experimentation\",[56] and Jason Schreier at Kotaku included it on a list of \"must-play\" visual novels worth playing even for people who do not like anime tropes.[57] RPGFan listed it as one of the thirty essential role-playing video games from the years 2010 to 2015.[58]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zero Escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Escape"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANN-21"},{"link_name":"Zero Escape: Virtue's Last Reward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Escape:_Virtue%27s_Last_Reward"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VLR_Announcement-64"},{"link_name":"Nintendo 3DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_3DS"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Vita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Vita"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Japan_release_date-65"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NA_release_date-66"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Europe_release_date-67"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-destructoid_vlr_review-68"},{"link_name":"game theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku_freaking_out-69"},{"link_name":"Zero Time Dilemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Time_Dilemma"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-siliconera_chronology-70"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign_philosophical-71"}],"text":"999 is the first game in the Zero Escape series, and was originally intended to be a stand-alone game. The development for the sequel began after the first game got positive reviews.[18] Zero Escape: Virtue's Last Reward, the successor to 999, was announced in August 2011.[59] Developed by Chunsoft for the Nintendo 3DS and PlayStation Vita, the game was first released on February 16, 2012 in Japan,[60] and later that year in North America and Europe.[61][62] Virtue's Last Reward also follows a group of nine people,[63] and focuses on game theory, specifically the prisoner's dilemma.[64] Zero Time Dilemma is set between the events of the previous two games,[65] and has morality as its main theme.[66]","title":"Sequels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-999_Famitsu_overview-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"}],"text":"^ Published The Nonary Games on all platforms in Japan, and on Xbox One and Windows worldwide\n\n^ Known in Japan as Kyokugen Dasshutsu 9 Jikan 9 Nin 9 no Tobira (極限脱出 9時間9人9の扉, \"Extreme Escape: 9 Hours, 9 Persons, 9 Doors\").[1]\n\n^ In the 2017 rerelease of the game on other platforms, the dual screen mechanic is replaced with two modes of presentation for Novel sections, \"NVL Mode\" and \"ADV Mode\". NVL Mode shows non-dialogue narrative text not shown in ADV Mode, and is the portion of the game played from Akane's perspective.\n\n^ Kyokugen Dasshutsu 9 Jikan 9 Nin 9 no Tobira Orutana (極限脱出 9時間9人9の扉 オルタナ, \"Extreme Escape: 9 Hours, 9 Persons, 9 Doors Alterna\")\n\n^ Ue (上, \"Above\") and Shita (下, \"Below\")","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A screenshot of an Escape section; an inventory of collected items is shown on the bottom screen.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/999_Screenshot.png/170px-999_Screenshot.png"},{"image_text":"999 was directed by Kotaro Uchikoshi.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Kotaro_Uchikoshi_at_Anime_Expo_2016%2C_cropped.jpg/180px-Kotaro_Uchikoshi_at_Anime_Expo_2016%2C_cropped.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"極限脱出 9時間9人9の扉 まとめ (DS)\". Famitsu (in Japanese). Enterbrain. Archived from the original on January 22, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.famitsu.com/cominy/?m=pc&a=page_h_title&title_id=6042","url_text":"\"極限脱出 9時間9人9の扉 まとめ (DS)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu","url_text":"Famitsu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterbrain","url_text":"Enterbrain"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160122154709/http://www.famitsu.com/cominy/?m=pc&a=page_h_title&title_id=6042","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schreier, Jason (October 11, 2012). \"2010's Best Adventure Game Is On Sale For Under $20\". Kotaku. Gizmodo Media Group. Archived from the original on April 2, 2016. Retrieved May 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Schreier","url_text":"Schreier, Jason"},{"url":"https://kotaku.com/5950889/2010s-best-adventure-game-is-on-sale-for-under-20","url_text":"\"2010's Best Adventure Game Is On Sale For Under $20\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku","url_text":"Kotaku"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizmodo_Media_Group","url_text":"Gizmodo Media Group"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160402013901/http://kotaku.com/5950889/2010s-best-adventure-game-is-on-sale-for-under-20","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Lucas M. (December 16, 2010). \"999: 9 Hours, 9 Persons, 9 Doors Review\". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on October 15, 2014. Retrieved May 13, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2010/12/17/999-9-hours-9-persons-9-doors-review","url_text":"\"999: 9 Hours, 9 Persons, 9 Doors Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziff_Davis","url_text":"Ziff Davis"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141015194528/http://www.ign.com/articles/2010/12/17/999-9-hours-9-persons-9-doors-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Petit, Carolyn (December 7, 2010). \"Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors Review\". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on December 7, 2013. Retrieved May 13, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/nine-hours-nine-persons-nine-doors-review/1900-6284971/","url_text":"\"Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20131207172346/http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/nine-hours-nine-persons-nine-doors-review/1900-6284971/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Arendt, Susan (January 12, 2011). \"Review: 9 Hours 9 Persons 9 Doors\". The Escapist. Defy Media. Archived from the original on October 2, 2014. Retrieved May 13, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/video-games/editorials/reviews/8522-Review-9-Hours-9-Persons-9-Doors","url_text":"\"Review: 9 Hours 9 Persons 9 Doors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Escapist_(magazine)","url_text":"The Escapist"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defy_Media","url_text":"Defy Media"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141002214610/http://www.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/video-games/editorials/reviews/8522-Review-9-Hours-9-Persons-9-Doors","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ponce, Tony (November 17, 2010). \"Review: Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors\". Destructoid. Modern Method. Archived from the original on March 25, 2015. Retrieved May 13, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.destructoid.com/review-nine-hours-nine-persons-nine-doors-187838.phtml","url_text":"\"Review: Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid","url_text":"Destructoid"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150325002640/http://www.destructoid.com/review-nine-hours-nine-persons-nine-doors-187838.phtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goergen, Andy (May 9, 2011). \"Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors Review\". Nintendo World Report. NINWR LLC. Archived from the original on August 30, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/review/26261/nine-hours-nine-persons-nine-doors-nintendo-ds","url_text":"\"Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors Review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150830163808/http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/review/26261/nine-hours-nine-persons-nine-doors-nintendo-ds","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Davison, Pete (November 27, 2013). \"JPgamer: In Search of Door Number 9\". USgamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on August 9, 2016. Retrieved August 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usgamer.net/articles/jpgamer-in-search-of-door-number-9","url_text":"\"JPgamer: In Search of Door Number 9\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USgamer","url_text":"USgamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160809220428/http://www.usgamer.net/articles/jpgamer-in-search-of-door-number-9","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kaplan, Zach (October 21, 2011). \"999: Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors (DS) Review\". Nintendo Life. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on January 19, 2016. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaka_Creek,_British_Columbia
|
Kanaka Creek, British Columbia
|
["1 See also","2 References"]
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Coordinates: 49°12′02″N 122°35′09″W / 49.20056°N 122.58583°W / 49.20056; -122.58583This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Kanaka Creek, British Columbia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2013)
Place in British Columbia, CanadaKanaka CreekKanaka CreekLocation of Kanaka Creek in British ColumbiaCoordinates: 49°12′02″N 122°35′09″W / 49.20056°N 122.58583°W / 49.20056; -122.58583Country CanadaProvince British ColumbiaArea code(s)250, 778
Kanaka Creek is an historic rural residential area located within Maple Ridge, British Columbia, Canada, along the banks of the creek of the same name just east of the district's main town and commercial core of Haney. Just east is Albion and immediately across the Fraser River is Derby or "Old Fort Langley", upstream from which and opposite Albion is Fort Langley. Kanaka Creek was settled by Hawaiian natives in the employ of the Hudson's Bay Company, known as Kanakas, often with local indigenous, usually Kwantlen, wives. Once a thriving community linked closely to the affairs of the fort, like the rancherie outside Fort Vancouver, Kanaka Creek dwindled somewhat when the fort was located further upstream, although some of the original families stayed on for decades. The area has long since been subdivided and is a suburban neighbourhood now, with Kanaka Creek Road, along the creek's west bank, the main arterial, which like the creek runs generally northeast, finally becoming 232nd Street to connect to the Dewdney Trunk Road. Upstream, to the northeast, is Kanaka Creek Regional Park and street connections to Webster's Corners and 240th Street. Although mostly suburban the neighbourhood retains a greenbelt quality because of the protection of the creek by its park and as a salmon spawning stream, and there are still farms operating in some parts of the area.
See also
The Kanaka Rancherie, a settlement of Native Hawaiian migrant workers in Vancouver
References
"Kanaka Creek (creek)". BC Geographical Names.
|
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[]
|
[{"title":"The Kanaka Rancherie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancherie#The_Kanaka_Rancherie"}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End,_Woking
|
West End, Surrey
|
["1 History","2 Facilities","2.1 Amenities","2.2 Events","2.3 Sports","2.4 Transport","3 Localities","3.1 Donkey Town","3.2 West End Common","3.3 Lucas Green","4 Bordering settlements","4.1 Education","5 Geography","5.1 Soil and Elevation","5.2 Drainage and watercourses","6 Demography and housing","6.1 Residents","7 References","8 External links"]
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Coordinates: 51°20′17″N 0°38′35″W / 51.338°N 0.643°W / 51.338; -0.643For the neighbourhood of Esher, see West End, Esher.
Human settlement in EnglandWest EndA sandy part of West End Commonnotable for endemic heather (Ericaceae)Village hallWest EndLocation within SurreyArea14.52 km2 (5.61 sq mi)Population4,693 (2011 Census)• Density323/km2 (840/sq mi)OS grid referenceSU9361Civil parishWest EndShire countySurreyRegionSouth EastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townWOKINGPostcode districtGU24Dialling code01483 or 01276PoliceSurreyFireSurreyAmbulanceSouth East Coast
UK ParliamentSurrey Heath
List of places
UK
England
Surrey
51°20′17″N 0°38′35″W / 51.338°N 0.643°W / 51.338; -0.643
West End is a village and civil parish in Surrey Heath, Surrey, England, approximately 25 miles (40 km) southwest of central London. It is midway between the towns of Camberley and Woking, 4 mi (6.4 km) to the west and east respectively. The River Bourne rises from its sources to the immediate west to run through the village. Until the mid 20th century, the West End consisted of a collection of smallholdings surrounded by a substantial area of common land
West End Common is comparable in size to Chobham Common to the north and includes training ranges of the British Army. Brentmoor Heath is to the north west of the village.
West End is equidistant between Bagshot and Brookwood railway stations, both 3 miles (4.8 km) away. The village is close to junction 3 of the M3 motorway.
History
Holy Trinity Church, consecrated 1842
Nearby lands were settled in prehistoric times, evidenced within this civil parish, with a megalithic barrow on Westend Common.
West End may have obtained its name because it was the west of Chobham, 2 miles (3.2 km) ENE. The 1845 map reproduced by EJ Willson provides boundaries at that date. Its direct predecessor named Westend was in 1870–72 described by John Marius Wilson as "a tything in Worplesdon parish, Surrey; 3¼ miles NW of Guildford. Pop., 341." A dependency on Worplesdon church, as its tything, is attested in the medieval period until the late 19th century, after which the area formed part of the parish of Chobham.
The "parish church", i.e. Church of England church of Holy Trinity, West End serves a similar area ecclesiastical parish and is a small building consisting of a chancel consecrated in 1890, nave consecrated in 1842, and a vestry built in 1906. The material is stone and the style is 13th century. Over the west end is a small bell-turret with a square spire above the entrance. Recognising rising population and housebuilding, the village gained its parish in 1895.
In the 20th century many houses were added to the village, during which period books on the county and subject of nurseries show it to be a significant economic centre of nursery gardening. The civil parish was created in 1968.
Facilities
Amenities
The village provides some small shops and hairdressers and a BP garage. Some works operate, particularly in warehousing and distribution however most employment of an industrial, commercial, or retail kind is in neighbouring areas.
Events
Every year on the village recreation ground is its Summer Fete and in the autumn, The Horticultural and Agricultural Show.
Sports
The two grounds in the village host a seniors football team and cricket team, competing within the county.
Transport
The bus routes 34 and 35 travel through the village at intervals of 30 minutes.
Localities
Donkey Town
The western neighbourhood of the village has this locality name. However it has never formed a historically recorded hamlet under the vestry-administered system. The area is not mentioned in county records under the name of a manor.
West End Common
The West End Heath is an uninhabited restricted-access area and serves as a habitat for various rare heathland plants. It has been officially designated as such a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) by English Nature. It is also a Thames Basin Heaths Special Protection Area within the remit of Surrey Heath.
Lucas Green
A linear settlement on a cul-de-sac road, Lucas Green Road, leading to the periphery of West End Common, Lucas Green has a close cluster of four buildings, surrounding Lucas Green Manor, which are listed. One, Lucas Green Manor house, at Grade II dates to the 16th century, and Lucas Green further extends down Lucas Green Road leading on to a small hamlet on the left consisting of eleven more properties, some of which date back to the 17th Century.
Bordering settlements
Nearest Settlements
Lightwater
across farms and Windlesham Park and ArboretumWindlesham
across Chobham and Staple HillLongcross
across West End CommonCamberley
West End
Chobham
across West End/Pirbright CommonDeepcut
Bisley
across Chobham and Waterers ParkKnaphill
Education
The village has two schools: the Holy Trinity Church of England Primary school and Gordon's School which was built in commemoration of Gordon of Khartoum.
Geography
Soil and Elevation
Soil
Heath which is naturally wet, very acid sandy and loamy soil dominates except in patches of highest land where the Bagshot Formation of sand and sandstone contributes a greater proportion than organic matter. This heath soil is just 1.9% of English soil and 0.2% of Welsh soil, which gives rise to pines and coniferous landscapes, as well as more commonly gorse, ericaceae (all types of heather) and patches of bog.
Elevation
All the highest areas are on the western border. White Hill here provides the highest point and is publicly accessible, immediately north of Red Road which leads to Camberley 120m Above Ordnance Datum (the UK conventional measure of mean sea level). This is towards the north of a long, wide north–south ridge, known as it descends rapidly east through into the rolling restricted common as Chobham Ridges. The ridge is topped by a road, The Maultway, bounding an estate of Camberley, known as Heatherside.
Drainage and watercourses
The River Bourne (Addlestone branch) runs through the village from its sources directly to the rapidly rising landscape to the rest, largely in the civil parish.
Demography and housing
The population rose between the 2001 and 2011 censuses from 4,272 to 4,693 (on an increase of 48 households).
2011 Census Homes
Output area
Detached
Semi-detached
Terraced
Flats and apartments
Caravans/temporary/mobile homes
shared between households
(Civil Parish)
1,049
387
171
76
5
0
The average level of accommodation in the region composed of detached houses was 28%, the average that was apartments was 22.6%.
2011 Census Key Statistics
Output area
Population
Households
% Owned outright
% Owned with a loan
hectares
(Civil Parish)
4,693
1,688
39.4%
47.2%
1,452
The proportion of households in the civil parish who owned their home outright compares to the regional average of 35.1%. The proportion who owned their home with a loan compares to the regional average of 32.5%. The remaining % is made up of rented dwellings (plus a negligible % of households living rent-free).
Residents
Brian May, lead guitarist of Queen (band) is a local resident.
References
^ a b c d Key Statistics; Quick Statistics: Population Density United Kingdom Census 2011 Office for National Statistics Retrieved 21 November 2013
^ Four bowl barrows on West End Common Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1007890)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 9 October 2013.Bowl Barrow at New England, West End Common Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1018505)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
^ Megalithic info
^ Headline listings from the Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales at a Vision of Britain University of Portsmouth and others. Retrieved 9 October 2013
^ H.E. Malden, ed. (1911). "Parishes: Worplesdon". A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 3. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
^ a b H.E. Malden, ed. (1911). "Parishes: Chobham". A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 3. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
^ Nurserymen To The World – EJ Willson
^ Vision of Britain – West End CP University of Portsmouth and others. Retrieved 9 October 2013
^ Grid reference information about Donkey Town part of the village
^ Surrey Heath Borough Council Archived 23 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine
^ Map of Special Protection Area
^ Lucas Green Manor House Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1189829)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
^ Cranfield University National Soil Resources Institute
^ Grid square map Ordnance survey website
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to West End, Surrey.
Old photos
Multimap
National Archives, Surrey History Centre
1829 Map (West End not named but can be seen just above Bisley)
1845 Map (West End not named but can be seen just above Bisley)
vteBorough of Surrey HeathTowns, villages and neighbourhoodsBagshotBagshotBisley
Bisley
Miles Green
Camberley
Camberley
Crawley Down
Deepcut
Frimley
Frimley Green
Heatherside
Old Dean
Mindenhurst
Mytchett
Tekels Park
York Town
Chobham
Broadford and Castle Green
Chobham
Burrowhill
Coxhill Green or Mimbridge
Penny Pot
Valley End
LightwaterLightwaterWest End
Donkey Town
Lucas Green
West End
WindleshamWindleshamParks
Chobham Common
Frimley Lodge Park
Swinley Forest
Windlesham Arboretum
Listed Churches
St Tarcisius Church, Camberley
Church of St Lawrence, Chobham
Education
Collingwood College
Gordon's School
Kings International College
Tomlinscote School
TransportRailway stations
Bagshot
Camberley
Frimley
Roads
M3
A30
A322
A331
Notable otherBasingstoke canal and towpath
Fairoaks AirportBuildings and structures
BAE Systems Integrated System Technologies
Bagshot Park
Frimley Lodge Park Railway
Frimley Park Hospital
HM Prison Coldingley
Lakeside Leisure Complex
Pennyhill Park Hotel
Princess Royal Barracks, Deepcut
Updown Court
Sport
Camberley Town F.C.
Chobham F.C.
Frimley Green F.C.
Places listed are articles or sections notable as settlements, arranged by post townCamberley is the administrative centre and largest single settlement
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West End, Esher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End,_Esher"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_England"},{"link_name":"Surrey Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_Heath"},{"link_name":"central London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_London"},{"link_name":"Camberley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camberley"},{"link_name":"Woking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woking"},{"link_name":"River Bourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Bourne,_Addlestone"},{"link_name":"smallholdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallholding"},{"link_name":"common land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_land"},{"link_name":"Chobham Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chobham_Common"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Bagshot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagshot_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Brookwood railway stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookwood_railway_station"},{"link_name":"M3 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3_motorway_(Great_Britain)"}],"text":"For the neighbourhood of Esher, see West End, Esher.Human settlement in EnglandWest End is a village and civil parish in Surrey Heath, Surrey, England, approximately 25 miles (40 km) southwest of central London. It is midway between the towns of Camberley and Woking, 4 mi (6.4 km) to the west and east respectively. The River Bourne rises from its sources to the immediate west to run through the village. Until the mid 20th century, the West End consisted of a collection of smallholdings surrounded by a substantial area of common landWest End Common is comparable in size to Chobham Common to the north and includes training ranges of the British Army. Brentmoor Heath is to the north west of the village.West End is equidistant between Bagshot and Brookwood railway stations, both 3 miles (4.8 km) away. The village is close to junction 3 of the M3 motorway.","title":"West End, Surrey"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holy_Trinity,_West_End_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1524091.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Chobham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chobham,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"ENE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_the_compass"},{"link_name":"John Marius Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marius_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Worplesdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worplesdon"},{"link_name":"Guildford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildford"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"tything","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tything"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"ecclesiastical parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_parish"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-malden-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-malden-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Holy Trinity Church, consecrated 1842Nearby lands were settled in prehistoric times, evidenced within this civil parish, with a megalithic barrow on Westend Common.[2][3]West End may have obtained its name because it was the west of Chobham, 2 miles (3.2 km) ENE. The 1845 map reproduced by EJ Willson provides boundaries at that date. Its direct predecessor named Westend was in 1870–72 described by John Marius Wilson as \"a tything in Worplesdon parish, Surrey; 3¼ miles NW of Guildford. Pop., 341.\"[4] A dependency on Worplesdon church, as its tything, is attested in the medieval period until the late 19th century, after which the area formed part of the parish of Chobham.[5]The \"parish church\", i.e. Church of England church of Holy Trinity, West End serves a similar area ecclesiastical parish and is a small building consisting of a chancel consecrated in 1890, nave consecrated in 1842, and a vestry built in 1906. The material is stone and the style is 13th century. Over the west end is a small bell-turret with a square spire above the entrance.[6] Recognising rising population and housebuilding, the village gained its parish in 1895.[6]In the 20th century many houses were added to the village, during which period books on the county and subject of nurseries show it to be a significant economic centre of nursery gardening.[7] The civil parish was created in 1968.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP"}],"sub_title":"Amenities","text":"The village provides some small shops and hairdressers and a BP garage. Some works operate, particularly in warehousing and distribution however most employment of an industrial, commercial, or retail kind is in neighbouring areas.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Events","text":"Every year on the village recreation ground is its Summer Fete and in the autumn, The Horticultural and Agricultural Show.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sports","text":"The two grounds in the village host a seniors football team and cricket team, competing within the county.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Transport","text":"The bus routes 34 and 35 travel through the village at intervals of 30 minutes.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Localities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(place)"},{"link_name":"vestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestry"},{"link_name":"manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorialism"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Donkey Town","text":"The western neighbourhood of the village has this locality name. However it has never formed a historically recorded hamlet under the vestry-administered system. The area is not mentioned in county records under the name of a manor. \n[9]","title":"Localities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Site of Special Scientific Interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest"},{"link_name":"English Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Nature"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Thames Basin Heaths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Basin_Heaths"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"West End Common","text":"The West End Heath is an uninhabited restricted-access area and serves as a habitat for various rare heathland plants. It has been officially designated as such a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) by English Nature.[10] It is also a Thames Basin Heaths Special Protection Area within the remit of Surrey Heath.[11]","title":"Localities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"linear settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_settlement"},{"link_name":"Grade II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Lucas Green","text":"A linear settlement on a cul-de-sac road, Lucas Green Road, leading to the periphery of West End Common, Lucas Green has a close cluster of four buildings, surrounding Lucas Green Manor, which are listed. One, Lucas Green Manor house, at Grade II dates to the 16th century, and Lucas Green further extends down Lucas Green Road leading on to a small hamlet on the left consisting of eleven more properties, some of which date back to the 17th Century.[12]","title":"Localities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lightwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightwater"},{"link_name":"Windlesham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windlesham"},{"link_name":"Staple Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chobham_Common"},{"link_name":"Longcross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longcross"},{"link_name":"Camberley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camberley"},{"link_name":"Chobham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chobham,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Deepcut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepcut"},{"link_name":"Bisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisley,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Knaphill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knaphill"}],"text":"Nearest Settlements\nLightwater\nacross farms and Windlesham Park and ArboretumWindlesham\nacross Chobham and Staple HillLongcross\n\n\n\n\n\nacross West End CommonCamberley\n\nWest End\n\nChobham\n\n\n\n\n\nacross West End/Pirbright CommonDeepcut\nBisley\nacross Chobham and Waterers ParkKnaphill","title":"Bordering settlements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gordon's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%27s_School"},{"link_name":"Gordon of Khartoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_George_Gordon"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"The village has two schools: the Holy Trinity Church of England Primary school and Gordon's School which was built in commemoration of Gordon of Khartoum.","title":"Bordering settlements"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bagshot Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagshot_Formation"},{"link_name":"pines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine"},{"link_name":"coniferous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coniferous"},{"link_name":"gorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorse"},{"link_name":"ericaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericaceae"},{"link_name":"bog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Above Ordnance Datum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_Ordnance_Datum"},{"link_name":"Camberley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camberley"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-os-14"}],"sub_title":"Soil and Elevation","text":"SoilHeath which is naturally wet, very acid sandy and loamy soil dominates except in patches of highest land where the Bagshot Formation of sand and sandstone contributes a greater proportion than organic matter. This heath soil is just 1.9% of English soil and 0.2% of Welsh soil, which gives rise to pines and coniferous landscapes, as well as more commonly gorse, ericaceae (all types of heather) and patches of bog.[13]ElevationAll the highest areas are on the western border. White Hill here provides the highest point and is publicly accessible, immediately north of Red Road which leads to Camberley 120m Above Ordnance Datum (the UK conventional measure of mean sea level). This is towards the north of a long, wide north–south ridge, known as it descends rapidly east through into the rolling restricted common as Chobham Ridges. The ridge is topped by a road, The Maultway, bounding an estate of Camberley, known as Heatherside.[14]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"River Bourne (Addlestone branch)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Bourne,_Addlestone"}],"sub_title":"Drainage and watercourses","text":"The River Bourne (Addlestone branch) runs through the village from its sources directly to the rapidly rising landscape to the rest, largely in the civil parish.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ons-1"}],"text":"The population rose between the 2001 and 2011 censuses from 4,272 to 4,693 (on an increase of 48 households).[1]The average level of accommodation in the region composed of detached houses was 28%, the average that was apartments was 22.6%.The proportion of households in the civil parish who owned their home outright compares to the regional average of 35.1%. The proportion who owned their home with a loan compares to the regional average of 32.5%. The remaining % is made up of rented dwellings (plus a negligible % of households living rent-free).","title":"Demography and housing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brian May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_May"},{"link_name":"Queen (band)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(band)"}],"sub_title":"Residents","text":"Brian May, lead guitarist of Queen (band) is a local resident.","title":"Demography and housing"}]
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[{"image_text":"Holy Trinity Church, consecrated 1842","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Holy_Trinity%2C_West_End_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1524091.jpg/220px-Holy_Trinity%2C_West_End_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1524091.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Historic England. \"Details from listed building database (1007890)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 9 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1007890","url_text":"\"Details from listed building database (1007890)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Details from listed building database (1018505)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 9 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1018505","url_text":"\"Details from listed building database (1018505)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"H.E. Malden, ed. (1911). \"Parishes: Worplesdon\". A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 3. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 9 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=42993","url_text":"\"Parishes: Worplesdon\""}]},{"reference":"H.E. Malden, ed. (1911). \"Parishes: Chobham\". A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 3. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 9 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=42998","url_text":"\"Parishes: Chobham\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Details from listed building database (1189829)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 9 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1189829","url_text":"\"Details from listed building database (1189829)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1843%E2%80%931844
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Peruvian Civil War of 1843–1844
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["1 Background","2 Tacna Uprising","3 Battles of Pachía and San Antonio","4 The Provisional Government Junta","5 The Semana Magna","6 Arequipa Resistance","7 Battle of Carmen Alto","8 Aftermath","9 Bibliography"]
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Civil war in Peru
Peruvian Civil War of 1843–1844Militia during the conflictDate1843–1844Location PeruResult
Revolutionary victoryBelligerents
Directoriales (government)
Provisional Junta (constitutionalists)Commanders and leaders
Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco Juan Francisco Balta José Rufino Echenique
Domingo Nieto # Ramón Castilla Manuel de Mendiburu Miguel de San Román Domingo Elías
vteCivil wars in Peru
1834
1835–1836
1836–1839
1843–1844
1854–1855
1856–1858
1865
1867
1884–1885
1894–1895
1980–
Other conflicts:
Huanta (1825–1828, 1839, 1896–1897)
Lima (1872)
Huaraz (1885)
Loreto (1896, 1921–1922, 1932)
Puno (1815, 1867–1868)
Huacanvelica and Junín (1965)
The Peruvian Civil War of 1843–1844 was the second internal conflict in 19th century Peru (after the Peruvian Civil War of 1834). It was fought between the government forces of Vivanco and Echenique against the revolutionaries led by Domingo Nieto and Ramon Castilla. A battle was fought at Pachia in Tacna on August 29, 1843. A clash occurred at San Antonio, Moquegua on October 27, 1843. Domingo Nieto died on February 17, 1844. From June 17 to June 29, 1844, fighting occurred in the capital Lima between the government and supporters of Domingo Elías. A final clash occurred at Carmen Alto on July 22, 1844.
Background
After the death of the Peruvian president Agustín Gamarra during the war with Bolivia in 1841, the president of the Council of State, Manuel Menéndez, assumed power. After containing the Bolivian invasion of southern Peru and signing peace with the neighboring country, Menéndez ended up being overthrown. Peru was then plunged into a period later known as the military anarchy , where several generals vied for power. After successive coups, Juan Crisóstomo Torrico, Juan Francisco de Vidal and Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco came to power. The latter established an authoritarian and conservative government, which he called the Directory (Spanish: el Directorio).
Tacna Uprising
Generals Domingo Nieto, Ramón Castilla and Manuel de Mendiburu set out to end Vivanco's de facto government and restore legitimate authority, that is, that of Menéndez. As its goal was to restore the Constitution of 1839 , the uprising was called the "Constitutional Revolution", the same one that began in Tacna on May 17, 1843. Militias were organized in Tacna and Moquegua, to support the revolution, with some units of the regular army joining it.
Vivanco sent a division to the south of Peru under the command of his war minister, General Manuel de la Guarda, to strengthen the garrisons that already existed in that area, with the slogan of putting an end to the "factious" without hesitation. Guarda landed on Islay and marched to Arequipa, where he joined the forces of General Fermín del Castillo . Before continuing the march towards Tacna, both were in charge of subduing the generals Juan Crisóstomo Torrico and Miguel de San Román, who had risen up in Puno. Once the capitulation was signed, Torrico and San Román went to Bolivia. Vivanco was irritated upon hearing this news, harshly reprimanding Guarda for not having captured and shot the rebels.
Battles of Pachía and San Antonio
With the rebels in Puno having been dispersed, the leadership's troops advanced on Tacna. Nieto and Castilla, at the head of rebel militiamen from Tacna and Moquegua, lured Colonel Juan Francisco Balta, a Vivanquista chief who with a small detachment had moved away from the bulk of his army. Thus, the battle of Pachía, near Tacna, was fought on August 29, 1843. Nieto attacked Balta, but then pretended to withdraw to attract the opposing cavalry and his leader to a place distant from his infantry. Balta fell into the trap, which Castilla took advantage of to attack the enemy infantry and take up positions in a cemetery. Upon Balta's return, he received the closed volleys of the Castilla riflemen, while Nieto, leaving the farce of withdrawing from him, counterattacked from behind him. The skillful maneuver determined the defeat of Balta, who lost more than 500 men, including soldiers and officers.
The forces of Guarda and Castillo remained standing, numbering about 3,200 men. They met the forces of Nieto and Castilla on October 27, 1843, near Moquegua. The battle, known as the battle of San Antonio, began on the heights of Tumilaca, and the constitutionalists forced their opponents to spend the night without water and on their weapons. At dawn the next day, Guarda had his troops camp near a stream. Attentive to this movement, Castilla advanced completely alone to the enemy camp and entered the tent of Guarda, to whom he offered to capitulate (which was only a simulation). After agreeing on the terms of the capitulation, Castile suggested to Guarda that he rest his troops so they could go drink at the stream. Castilla himself, leaving the store, addressed these troops and in a stentorian voice ordered them: "Battalion: set up pavilions and get out of the water." The Guarda soldiers obeyed, as if they had listened to their own boss. It was then the opportune moment for the Castilian soldiers to enter into action, who, advancing at a trot, surrounded Guarda's tent, while Castilla entered and took the Vivanquist chief by the arm, telling him: "You are my prisoner." The soldiers of Guarda, since they were unarmed, were easily taken prisoner. This was a great victory for the constitutionalists, who, mostly militiamen, subdued an army of experienced soldiers, superior in number. As a consequence of this victory, the rebellion advanced to Puno, Cuzco and Andahuaylas, thus consolidating itself throughout southern Peru, with the exception of Arequipa, which remained unwavering in its loyalty to Vivanco.
The Provisional Government Junta
On September 3, 1843, the revolutionaries constituted a Provisional Government Junta of the Free Departments in Cuzco (Spanish: Junta de Gobierno Provisional de los Departamentos Libres), whose presidency was assumed by Domingo Nieto. It was made up of General Ramón Castilla, Colonel Pedro Cisneros , Dr. José M., Coronel Zegarra, and National Guard Colonel Nicolás Jacinto Chocano. The secretary and substitute member was Colonel José Félix Iguaín . The representative figure of the revolutionaries was Marshal Nieto, who was nicknamed the "Quixote of the Law" (Spanish: El Quijote de la Ley) and the "Greco-Roman Marshal" (Spanish: Mariscal greco-romano), for his adherence to the laws and for his vast culture. But he fell ill and died on February 17, 1844, a victim of liver disease. As such a death occurred unexpectedly, since Nieto was barely 40 years old, there were those who suspected possible poisoning. Castilla replaced Nieto in the presidency of the Junta, thus going on to lead the revolution. Vivanco, seeing that his situation was getting complicated, marched towards Arequipa, where he had massive support.
The Semana Magna
Another episode of the war was the so-called Magna Week (Spanish: Semana Magna) in Lima. It all started when the prefect Domingo Elías, until then loyal to Vivanco, taking advantage of his departure, rose up against the Directorial government and proclaimed himself Political and Military Chief of the Republic on June 17, 1844. Immediately afterwards, Elías organized the defense of the capital against the threat of the vivanquista forces commanded by José Rufino Echenique, who were advancing from the central Sierra. All of Lima mobilized to defend itself, but after a week of tense waiting, the attack did not take place because Echenique, according to what he says in his memoirs, was informed by Felipe Pardo y Aliaga that Vivanco and Castilla were preparing for a final battle near Arequipa, rendering an attack on Lima meaningless. Thus ended the Magna Week, an episode remembered as an expression of weariness or disgust of the population of Lima in the face of militarism.
Arequipa Resistance
Vivanco, who was indeed in Arequipa, wanted to resign when he heard the news of Elías's defection. But before the pleas of the Arequipa crowd he gave up. Arequipa was very devoted to his cause and prepared to resist the attack of Castilla.
Castilla, reinforced with the forces of Miguel de San Román, besieged Arequipa, with both parties exchanging fire for 16 days. Later, on the night of July 21, 1844, Castilla took the offensive and advanced on Vivanco's right flank, dawning on Acequia Alta or Carmen Alto.
Vivanco, who was preceded by several parties of montoneros, positioned himself in the town of Cayma and established his defense line there, yielding the initiative to the enemy in this part.
Battle of Carmen Alto
Battle of Carmen Alto1865 map highlighting the location of the battleDate22 July 1844LocationCarmen Alto, Arequipa, PeruResult
Revolutionary victoryBelligerents
Directoriales
Provisional JuntaCommanders and leaders
Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco
Ramón Castilla
In Carmen Alto, a small town surrounded by a plain located between Cayma and Yanahuara, the army of Castilla was deployed, sheltered by the irregularities of the terrain, and waited for the attack of its adversaries. Castilla assumed command of his troops and appointed General Miguel de San Román as General-in-Chief and General Isidro Frisancho as Chief of Staff.
Dean Juan Gualberto Valdivia , historian of the revolutions of Arequipa, tells an anecdote about this battle: he states that Vivanco, at the time the fight broke out, was busy trying to decipher the inscription of the year in which the bell of Cayma church, a monument of historical value, had been established. During that time he suffered the defeat of Carmen Alto and thus lost power. But more credible is the vivanquista version, which maintains that Vivanco was in the bell tower of that church to observe the field of operations and that he had arranged for the battle to be fought the next day, but the imprudence of one of his officers precipitated the struggle.
Indeed, on July 22, 1844, Vivanco ordered his lieutenants Juan Antonio Pezet, Ríos and Lopera to place the troops in apparent positions to present the battle on July 23, the next day. But Lopera exceeded the limits in carrying out the orders and with the first body he moved, he began the attack on the enemy line. When Vivanco and other chiefs who were with him in the distance noticed the battle that was taking place, they decided to march to the battle scene, but it was already too late: their battalions had been destroyed. Pezet himself was seriously injured. At sunset, Vivanco ordered his surviving troops to leave the field. Castilla called off the pursuit at seven o'clock at night and his army concentrated in Challapampa, where he waited for dawn to enter the city.
The next morning, Castilla entered the city and sent Dr. Juan Manuel Polar y Carasas to deal with Vivanco, offering him guarantees. Vivanco, who had placed his troops in the Apacheta cemetery, refused everything. And in the evening of that same day he set off at full gallop for the port of Islay where he embarked on a merchant steamer. He arrived in Callao on July 27, being arrested by Domingo Elías and exiled to Chile a few days later. Shortly before, the squad had joined the winning side.
Castilla was magnanimous with the defeated and did not apply any repression. The people of Arequipa, who had fervently supported Vivanco (as they would also in the civil war of 1856–1858), accepted the new order of things, given that their leader showed no interest in continuing the fight and rather fled, abandoning his troops.
Aftermath
Victorious on the battlefield, Castilla complied with reestablishing the Constitution of 1839. Consequently, and after a brief interim period of Justo Figuerola, the President of the Council of State Manuel Menéndez resumed supreme command on October 7, 1844, with the mission of carrying out the constitutional transfer of power.
Menéndez complied with calling general elections . The winner was Castilla, who assumed power on April 20, 1845. This first government of Castilla (1845-1851), meant the beginning of a stage of institutional calm and the organization of the Peruvian State, after two decades of internal conflict.
Bibliography
Basadre Grohmann, Jorge: Historia de la República del Perú (1822 - 1933), Tomo 4. Editada por la Empresa Editora El Comercio S. A. Lima, 2005. ISBN 9972-205-66-5 (V.4)
Chirinos Soto, Enrique: Historia de la República (1821-1930). Tomo I. Lima, AFA Editores Importadores S.A., 1985.
Vargas Ugarte, Rubén: Historia General del Perú. Tomo VIII. La República (1833-1843). Primera Edición. Editor Carlos Milla Batres. Lima, Perú, 1971.
Varios autores: Historia general de los peruanos. (Hasta 1973). Tomo 3. El Perú, primera independencia nacional y revolución peruana. Publicada bajo el auspicio del Gobierno Revolucionario de las Fuerzas Armadas. Impreso en los Talleres Gráficos de Iberia S.A. Lima, 1973.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Civil_wars_in_Peru"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Civil_wars_in_Peru"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Civil_wars_in_Peru"},{"link_name":"Civil wars in Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"1834","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1834"},{"link_name":"1835–1836","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaverry-Santa_Cruz_War"},{"link_name":"1836–1839","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Confederation"},{"link_name":"1843–1844","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"1854–1855","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1854"},{"link_name":"1856–1858","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1856%E2%80%931858"},{"link_name":"1865","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1865"},{"link_name":"1867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1867"},{"link_name":"1884–1885","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1884%E2%80%931885"},{"link_name":"1894–1895","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1894%E2%80%931895"},{"link_name":"1980–","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Peru"},{"link_name":"1825–1828","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquicha_War_of_1825%E2%80%931828"},{"link_name":"1839","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquicha_War_of_1839"},{"link_name":"1896–1897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Tax_Revolt_(Peru)"},{"link_name":"1872","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Guti%C3%A9rrez#Coup_d'%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"1885","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaraz_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"1896","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loretan_Insurrection_of_1896"},{"link_name":"1921–1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Federal_State_of_Loreto"},{"link_name":"1932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Peru_War#Background"},{"link_name":"1815","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodomiro_Guti%C3%A9rrez_Cuevas"},{"link_name":"1867–1868","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Bustamante_Due%C3%B1as"},{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Left_Movement_(Peru)"},{"link_name":"Peruvian Civil War of 1834","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1834"},{"link_name":"Domingo Elías","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_El%C3%ADas"}],"text":"vteCivil wars in Peru\n1834\n1835–1836\n1836–1839\n1843–1844\n1854–1855\n1856–1858\n1865\n1867\n1884–1885\n1894–1895\n1980–\nOther conflicts:\n\nHuanta (1825–1828, 1839, 1896–1897)\nLima (1872)\nHuaraz (1885)\nLoreto (1896, 1921–1922, 1932)\nPuno (1815, 1867–1868)\nHuacanvelica and Junín (1965)The Peruvian Civil War of 1843–1844 was the second internal conflict in 19th century Peru (after the Peruvian Civil War of 1834). It was fought between the government forces of Vivanco and Echenique against the revolutionaries led by Domingo Nieto and Ramon Castilla. A battle was fought at Pachia in Tacna on August 29, 1843. A clash occurred at San Antonio, Moquegua on October 27, 1843. Domingo Nieto died on February 17, 1844. From June 17 to June 29, 1844, fighting occurred in the capital Lima between the government and supporters of Domingo Elías. A final clash occurred at Carmen Alto on July 22, 1844.","title":"Peruvian Civil War of 1843–1844"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agustín Gamarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Gamarra"},{"link_name":"war with Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian-Bolivian_War_of_1841-1842"},{"link_name":"Manuel Menéndez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Men%C3%A9ndez"},{"link_name":"military anarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_anarchy_(1841%E2%80%931845)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarqu%C3%ADa_militar_(1841-1845)"},{"link_name":"Juan Crisóstomo Torrico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cris%C3%B3stomo_Torrico"},{"link_name":"Juan Francisco de Vidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Francisco_de_Vidal"},{"link_name":"Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Ignacio_de_Vivanco"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"}],"text":"After the death of the Peruvian president Agustín Gamarra during the war with Bolivia in 1841, the president of the Council of State, Manuel Menéndez, assumed power. After containing the Bolivian invasion of southern Peru and signing peace with the neighboring country, Menéndez ended up being overthrown. Peru was then plunged into a period later known as the military anarchy [es], where several generals vied for power. After successive coups, Juan Crisóstomo Torrico, Juan Francisco de Vidal and Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco came to power. The latter established an authoritarian and conservative government, which he called the Directory (Spanish: el Directorio).","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Domingo Nieto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Nieto"},{"link_name":"Ramón Castilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Castilla"},{"link_name":"Manuel de Mendiburu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_de_Mendiburu"},{"link_name":"Constitution of 1839","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru_(1839)"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n_Pol%C3%ADtica_del_Per%C3%BA_de_1839"},{"link_name":"Tacna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacna"},{"link_name":"Moquegua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moquegua"},{"link_name":"Islay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islay_District"},{"link_name":"Arequipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa"},{"link_name":"Fermín del Castillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferm%C3%ADn_del_Castillo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_del_Castillo"},{"link_name":"Puno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puno"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"}],"text":"Generals Domingo Nieto, Ramón Castilla and Manuel de Mendiburu set out to end Vivanco's de facto government and restore legitimate authority, that is, that of Menéndez. As its goal was to restore the Constitution of 1839 [es], the uprising was called the \"Constitutional Revolution\", the same one that began in Tacna on May 17, 1843. Militias were organized in Tacna and Moquegua, to support the revolution, with some units of the regular army joining it.Vivanco sent a division to the south of Peru under the command of his war minister, General Manuel de la Guarda, to strengthen the garrisons that already existed in that area, with the slogan of putting an end to the \"factious\" without hesitation. Guarda landed on Islay and marched to Arequipa, where he joined the forces of General Fermín del Castillo [es]. Before continuing the march towards Tacna, both were in charge of subduing the generals Juan Crisóstomo Torrico and Miguel de San Román, who had risen up in Puno. Once the capitulation was signed, Torrico and San Román went to Bolivia. Vivanco was irritated upon hearing this news, harshly reprimanding Guarda for not having captured and shot the rebels.","title":"Tacna Uprising"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andahuaylas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andahuaylas"}],"text":"With the rebels in Puno having been dispersed, the leadership's troops advanced on Tacna. Nieto and Castilla, at the head of rebel militiamen from Tacna and Moquegua, lured Colonel Juan Francisco Balta, a Vivanquista chief who with a small detachment had moved away from the bulk of his army. Thus, the battle of Pachía, near Tacna, was fought on August 29, 1843. Nieto attacked Balta, but then pretended to withdraw to attract the opposing cavalry and his leader to a place distant from his infantry. Balta fell into the trap, which Castilla took advantage of to attack the enemy infantry and take up positions in a cemetery. Upon Balta's return, he received the closed volleys of the Castilla riflemen, while Nieto, leaving the farce of withdrawing from him, counterattacked from behind him. The skillful maneuver determined the defeat of Balta, who lost more than 500 men, including soldiers and officers.The forces of Guarda and Castillo remained standing, numbering about 3,200 men. They met the forces of Nieto and Castilla on October 27, 1843, near Moquegua. The battle, known as the battle of San Antonio, began on the heights of Tumilaca, and the constitutionalists forced their opponents to spend the night without water and on their weapons. At dawn the next day, Guarda had his troops camp near a stream. Attentive to this movement, Castilla advanced completely alone to the enemy camp and entered the tent of Guarda, to whom he offered to capitulate (which was only a simulation). After agreeing on the terms of the capitulation, Castile suggested to Guarda that he rest his troops so they could go drink at the stream. Castilla himself, leaving the store, addressed these troops and in a stentorian voice ordered them: \"Battalion: set up pavilions and get out of the water.\" The Guarda soldiers obeyed, as if they had listened to their own boss. It was then the opportune moment for the Castilian soldiers to enter into action, who, advancing at a trot, surrounded Guarda's tent, while Castilla entered and took the Vivanquist chief by the arm, telling him: \"You are my prisoner.\" The soldiers of Guarda, since they were unarmed, were easily taken prisoner. This was a great victory for the constitutionalists, who, mostly militiamen, subdued an army of experienced soldiers, superior in number. As a consequence of this victory, the rebellion advanced to Puno, Cuzco and Andahuaylas, thus consolidating itself throughout southern Peru, with the exception of Arequipa, which remained unwavering in its loyalty to Vivanco.","title":"Battles of Pachía and San Antonio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Pedro Cisneros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Cisneros_de_la_Torre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Cisneros_de_la_Torre"},{"link_name":"José Félix Iguaín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_F%C3%A9lix_Igua%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_F%C3%A9lix_Igua%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Quixote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Quixote"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"}],"text":"On September 3, 1843, the revolutionaries constituted a Provisional Government Junta of the Free Departments in Cuzco (Spanish: Junta de Gobierno Provisional de los Departamentos Libres), whose presidency was assumed by Domingo Nieto. It was made up of General Ramón Castilla, Colonel Pedro Cisneros [es], Dr. José M., Coronel Zegarra, and National Guard Colonel Nicolás Jacinto Chocano. The secretary and substitute member was Colonel José Félix Iguaín [es]. The representative figure of the revolutionaries was Marshal Nieto, who was nicknamed the \"Quixote of the Law\" (Spanish: El Quijote de la Ley) and the \"Greco-Roman Marshal\" (Spanish: Mariscal greco-romano), for his adherence to the laws and for his vast culture. But he fell ill and died on February 17, 1844, a victim of liver disease. As such a death occurred unexpectedly, since Nieto was barely 40 years old, there were those who suspected possible poisoning. Castilla replaced Nieto in the presidency of the Junta, thus going on to lead the revolution. Vivanco, seeing that his situation was getting complicated, marched towards Arequipa, where he had massive support.","title":"The Provisional Government Junta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"link_name":"Domingo Elías","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_El%C3%ADas"},{"link_name":"José Rufino Echenique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rufino_Echenique"},{"link_name":"Sierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_(Peru)"},{"link_name":"Felipe Pardo y Aliaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Pardo_y_Aliaga"},{"link_name":"final battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Battle_of_Carmen_Alto"}],"text":"Another episode of the war was the so-called Magna Week (Spanish: Semana Magna) in Lima. It all started when the prefect Domingo Elías, until then loyal to Vivanco, taking advantage of his departure, rose up against the Directorial government and proclaimed himself Political and Military Chief of the Republic on June 17, 1844. Immediately afterwards, Elías organized the defense of the capital against the threat of the vivanquista forces commanded by José Rufino Echenique, who were advancing from the central Sierra. All of Lima mobilized to defend itself, but after a week of tense waiting, the attack did not take place because Echenique, according to what he says in his memoirs, was informed by Felipe Pardo y Aliaga that Vivanco and Castilla were preparing for a final battle near Arequipa, rendering an attack on Lima meaningless. Thus ended the Magna Week, an episode remembered as an expression of weariness or disgust of the population of Lima in the face of militarism.","title":"The Semana Magna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cayma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayma_District"}],"text":"Vivanco, who was indeed in Arequipa, wanted to resign when he heard the news of Elías's defection. But before the pleas of the Arequipa crowd he gave up. Arequipa was very devoted to his cause and prepared to resist the attack of Castilla.Castilla, reinforced with the forces of Miguel de San Román, besieged Arequipa, with both parties exchanging fire for 16 days. Later, on the night of July 21, 1844, Castilla took the offensive and advanced on Vivanco's right flank, dawning on Acequia Alta or Carmen Alto.Vivanco, who was preceded by several parties of montoneros, positioned himself in the town of Cayma and established his defense line there, yielding the initiative to the enemy in this part.","title":"Arequipa Resistance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yanahuara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanahuara_District"},{"link_name":"Miguel de San Román","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_San_Rom%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Isidro Frisancho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isidro_Frisancho&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidro_Frisancho"},{"link_name":"Juan Gualberto Valdivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Gualberto_Valdivia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Gualberto_Valdivia"},{"link_name":"Juan Antonio Pezet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Pezet"},{"link_name":"Juan Manuel Polar y Carasas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Manuel_Polar_y_Carasas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Polar_y_Carasas"},{"link_name":"Callao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callao"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"civil war of 1856–1858","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1856%E2%80%931858"}],"text":"In Carmen Alto, a small town surrounded by a plain located between Cayma and Yanahuara, the army of Castilla was deployed, sheltered by the irregularities of the terrain, and waited for the attack of its adversaries. Castilla assumed command of his troops and appointed General Miguel de San Román as General-in-Chief and General Isidro Frisancho [es] as Chief of Staff.Dean Juan Gualberto Valdivia [es], historian of the revolutions of Arequipa, tells an anecdote about this battle: he states that Vivanco, at the time the fight broke out, was busy trying to decipher the inscription of the year in which the bell of Cayma church, a monument of historical value, had been established. During that time he suffered the defeat of Carmen Alto and thus lost power. But more credible is the vivanquista version, which maintains that Vivanco was in the bell tower of that church to observe the field of operations and that he had arranged for the battle to be fought the next day, but the imprudence of one of his officers precipitated the struggle.Indeed, on July 22, 1844, Vivanco ordered his lieutenants Juan Antonio Pezet, Ríos and Lopera to place the troops in apparent positions to present the battle on July 23, the next day. But Lopera exceeded the limits in carrying out the orders and with the first body he moved, he began the attack on the enemy line. When Vivanco and other chiefs who were with him in the distance noticed the battle that was taking place, they decided to march to the battle scene, but it was already too late: their battalions had been destroyed. Pezet himself was seriously injured. At sunset, Vivanco ordered his surviving troops to leave the field. Castilla called off the pursuit at seven o'clock at night and his army concentrated in Challapampa, where he waited for dawn to enter the city.The next morning, Castilla entered the city and sent Dr. Juan Manuel Polar y Carasas [es] to deal with Vivanco, offering him guarantees. Vivanco, who had placed his troops in the Apacheta cemetery, refused everything. And in the evening of that same day he set off at full gallop for the port of Islay where he embarked on a merchant steamer. He arrived in Callao on July 27, being arrested by Domingo Elías and exiled to Chile a few days later. Shortly before, the squad had joined the winning side.Castilla was magnanimous with the defeated and did not apply any repression. The people of Arequipa, who had fervently supported Vivanco (as they would also in the civil war of 1856–1858), accepted the new order of things, given that their leader showed no interest in continuing the fight and rather fled, abandoning his troops.","title":"Battle of Carmen Alto"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justo Figuerola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justo_Figuerola"},{"link_name":"general elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1845_Peruvian_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones_presidenciales_de_Per%C3%BA_de_1845"}],"text":"Victorious on the battlefield, Castilla complied with reestablishing the Constitution of 1839. Consequently, and after a brief interim period of Justo Figuerola, the President of the Council of State Manuel Menéndez resumed supreme command on October 7, 1844, with the mission of carrying out the constitutional transfer of power.Menéndez complied with calling general elections [es]. The winner was Castilla, who assumed power on April 20, 1845. This first government of Castilla (1845-1851), meant the beginning of a stage of institutional calm and the organization of the Peruvian State, after two decades of internal conflict.","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basadre Grohmann, Jorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Basadre"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9972-205-66-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9972-205-66-5"},{"link_name":"Chirinos Soto, Enrique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enrique_Chirinos_Soto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vargas Ugarte, Rubén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Vargas_Ugarte"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Peru.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hourglass_drawing.svg"},{"link_name":"history of Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1843%E2%80%931844&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Peru-hist-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Peru-hist-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peru-hist-stub"}],"text":"Basadre Grohmann, Jorge: Historia de la República del Perú (1822 - 1933), Tomo 4. Editada por la Empresa Editora El Comercio S. A. Lima, 2005. ISBN 9972-205-66-5 (V.4)\nChirinos Soto, Enrique: Historia de la República (1821-1930). Tomo I. Lima, AFA Editores Importadores S.A., 1985.\nVargas Ugarte, Rubén: Historia General del Perú. Tomo VIII. La República (1833-1843). Primera Edición. Editor Carlos Milla Batres. Lima, Perú, 1971.\nVarios autores: Historia general de los peruanos. (Hasta 1973). Tomo 3. El Perú, primera independencia nacional y revolución peruana. Publicada bajo el auspicio del Gobierno Revolucionario de las Fuerzas Armadas. Impreso en los Talleres Gráficos de Iberia S.A. Lima, 1973.This article about the history of Peru is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1843%E2%80%931844&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurul_Huq_(Captain)
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Nurul Huq (naval officer)
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["1 References"]
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Naval officer (1936–2021)
CaptainNurul Huq1st Chief of Naval StaffIn office7 April 1972 – 6 November 1973Succeeded byMusharraf Hussain khan
Personal detailsBorn(1936-01-12)January 12, 1936Dhaka, Bengal ProvinceDiedJanuary 25, 2021(2021-01-25) (aged 85)Dhaka, BangladeshMilitary serviceBranch/service Pakistan Navy Bangladesh NavyYears of service1952–1973RankCaptainCommands
Chief of Naval Staff
Director of Operations of the BCG
Commander of COMCHIT
Nurul Huq (12 January 1936 – 25 January 2021) was the first chief of staff of the Bangladesh Navy. He was a Commander in the Pakistan Navy and post independence was promoted to Captain on being given the responsibility of the Bangladesh Navy. He was also chairman of BIWTA and subsequently shipping minister. He was the naval chief from 7 April 1972 to 6 November 1973.
References
^ "Bangladesh's first chief of naval staff Navy Nurul Huq dies". Prothom Alo. 26 January 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
^ News Review on South Asia and Indian Ocean. Institute for Defence Studies & Analyses. 1 July 1982.
^ "Former Chief". Bangladesh Navy. Archived from the original on 18 July 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
Military offices
New title
Chief of Naval Staff January 1972 - 6 November 1973
Succeeded byRear Admiral Musharraf Hussain Khan
This biographical article about the military of Bangladesh is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[{"reference":"\"Bangladesh's first chief of naval staff Navy Nurul Huq dies\". Prothom Alo. 26 January 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/bangladeshs-first-chief-of-naval-staff-navy-nurul-huq-dies","url_text":"\"Bangladesh's first chief of naval staff Navy Nurul Huq dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prothom_Alo","url_text":"Prothom Alo"}]},{"reference":"News Review on South Asia and Indian Ocean. Institute for Defence Studies & Analyses. 1 July 1982.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B5AgAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"News Review on South Asia and Indian Ocean"}]},{"reference":"\"Former Chief\". Bangladesh Navy. Archived from the original on 18 July 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160718225016/http://www.navy.mil.bd/former_chief.php","url_text":"\"Former Chief\""},{"url":"http://www.navy.mil.bd/former_chief.php","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/bangladeshs-first-chief-of-naval-staff-navy-nurul-huq-dies","external_links_name":"\"Bangladesh's first chief of naval staff Navy Nurul Huq dies\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B5AgAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"News Review on South Asia and Indian Ocean"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160718225016/http://www.navy.mil.bd/former_chief.php","external_links_name":"\"Former Chief\""},{"Link":"http://www.navy.mil.bd/former_chief.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nurul_Huq_(naval_officer)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Jansen
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Hans Jansen
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["1 Life and career","2 Political commitment","3 Research","4 Publications","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
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Dutch academic (1942–2015)
This article is about the arabist Hans Jansen. For other uses, see Hans Jansen (disambiguation).
Hans JansenHans Jansen in 2003Member of the European ParliamentIn office1 July 2014 – 5 May 2015ConstituencyNetherlands
Personal detailsBornJohannes Juliaan Gijsbert Jansen(1942-11-17)17 November 1942Amsterdam, NetherlandsDied5 May 2015(2015-05-05) (aged 72)Amsterdam, NetherlandsPolitical partyParty for FreedomChildren3Alma materUniversity of Amsterdam (Master of Letters) Leiden University (Doctor of Letters)OccupationAuthor, columnist, linguist, teacher, professor, politician
Johannes Juliaan Gijsbert "Hans" Jansen (17 November 1942 – 5 May 2015) was a Dutch politician, scholar of contemporary Islam and author.
Hans Jansen belonged to the "revisionists" in Islamic Studies, i.e. he fundamentally doubted the historicity of the Islamic traditions on early Islam which were written only 150 to 200 years after Muhammad. Moreover, Jansen doubted the existence of Muhammad as a historical person.
Life and career
Hans Jansen's parents were strict Calvinists. At the age of 17, Jansen began studying theology at the University of Amsterdam, yet changed the subject after one year to Arabic and Semitic languages. In 1966 he spent one year in Cairo in order to learn Arabic. Then he continued his studies at the University of Leiden where he made his Ph.D. in 1974.
Jansen taught at the universities of Groningen, Leiden and Amsterdam, and was director of the Dutch Research Institute in Cairo. Then he became associate professor at the University of Leiden. 2003-2008 he was Houtsma Professor of Modern Islamic Thought at the University of Utrecht.
In 1988 Jansen converted to Catholicism. He later said that he then thought also about a conversion to Islam: Islam has "a very attractive and powerful culture, a high culture, great beauty. An enormous suction effect." Jansen was married twice. His first wife Eefje van Santen was daughter of the communist politician Joop van Santen. With his second wife he had three children. One of his sons is a cabaret performer.
Jansen died of a cerebral infarction at the age of 72.
Political commitment
While busy with his university studies, Jansen was member of a leftist group and left the room in protest when somebody mentioned the word "Israel". The turning point of his opinion about Islam was the assassination of Egyptian president Anwar Sadat in 1981. Some of his friends experienced the event personally.
Jansen was friend to Ayaan Hirsi Ali and Theo van Gogh. In newspaper articles, interviews and talk shows, he criticized Islam and how politics dealt with Islam. He participated in the international counter-jihad conferences in Brussels in 2007 and in 2012.
In 2008, he advised Geert Wilders about his anti-Islam movie Fitna and in 2010 he was a principal witness in the trial of Geert Wilders.
Jansen was an expert witness on the Koran and Shariah in the trial in Birmingham Magistrates Court (Crown vs Timothy Martin Burton) on 8 April 2014, which came to be known as the Birmingham Taqiyya Trial. Mr Burton was subsequently found guilty of Racially Aggravated Harassment.
In the 2014 European Parliament election, Jansen was elected for Wilders' Party for Freedom as MEP.
Research
Hans Jansen is part of the so-called "revisionist" or historical-critical line of Islamic Studies. He fundamentally doubts the historicity of the Islamic traditions on the beginning of Islam which came into being only 150 to 200 years after the event.
In his main work De Historische Mohammed (not available in English), Jansen discusses chapter by chapter the depictions in the prophet's biography by Ibn Ishaq resp. Ibn Hisham which is an important text for traditional Islam. He shows in detail, why the respective depictions are not credible. Jansen reveals self-contradictions, contradictions to other historical sources, embellishments by later authors, politically or theologically motivated distortions of the depiction, symbolic meanings of allegedly historical names, literary construction of the depiction according e.g. to biblical models, and chronological and calendrical incredibilities. In part, Jansen only sums up what other researchers already had found.
Some examples:
Although there were leap months at the time of Muhammad which had to be intercalated frequently into the moon calendar and which only later became abandoned (allegedly by Muhammad), not a single of the many most accurately dated events depicted by Ibn Ishaq is in a leap month.
The most accurate dating of so many events by an author who writes 150 years later is not very credible.
The depiction of a strong relationship between Muhammad and his wife Aisha is motivated politically resp. theologically: Aisha was the daughter of Caliph Abu Bakr who became Muhammad's successor against the claims of his rival Ali. In order to legitimate this succession against the Shiites who were in favour of Ali, the relationship of Abu Bakr's daughter to Muhammad became emphasized: That Aisha allegedly was the favourite wife of Muhammad, and that the prophet consummated marriage with Aisha allegedly at an astonishingly early age.
The depiction of slaughtering the Jewish tribe of the Banu Quraiza is motivated politically resp. theologically: As the "treaty of Medina" shows, the Jews were initially part of the Umma and were addressed as "believers"; cf. the research of Prof. Fred Donner. When Islam later separated from Judaism, antisemitic readings of the past came into being. The threefold treason of Muhammad by three Jewish tribes is a literary construction according to biblical models, e.g. the threefold treason of Jesus by the apostle Peter, and thus is historically questionable. There are other traditions about the same event which tell that only the leaders of the tribe had been punished but not each single member of the tribe. The names of the three Jewish tribes do not occur in the "treaty of Medina". Finally, such a mass slaughtering would not have gone unnoticed, even not in Muhammad's time, and especially not considering that the victims were Jews: Jews used to live in international trading networks, and Jews are known to write down their history. Most likely, the slaughtering of the Banu Quraiza never happened.
The depictions of Ibn Ishaq are generally known to boldly exaggerate the capacities of the prophet. According to Ibn Ishaq Muhammad always kills more enemies as according to other traditions. Even the depiction of the prophet's male potency who allegedly could satisfy all his wives in one night is exaggerated in a questionable way. Of the same category is the depiction of Muhammad as an illiterate person. The revelation of the Quranic text is all the more miraculous and the capacity of the prophet is all the more astonishing if Muhammad was an illiterate person.
The account of Muhammad's message to the emperor of Byzantium, that he should convert to Islam, retrospectively justifies the Arabic expansion as a religious, Islamic expansion.
Jansen points out that the historically questionable traditions are of great importance for the interpretation of the Quran. The Quran mostly does not reveal the situation for which a revelation was made. The historical context is merely indicated, at best. Many Islamic traditions came into being long after Muhammad on the basis of mere guesses for what situation a Quranic verse had been revealed. By the historically questionable traditions the interpretation of Quran is restricted since then.
In the epilogue, Jansen concluded that Muhammad did not exist as a historical person. Thus, Jansen belongs to a minority within the "revisionist" school which supports this position. The book De Historische Mohammed was reviewed positively e.g. by Prof. Karl-Heinz Ohlig. A respectful but critical review was given e.g. by Stefan Weidner on Qantara.de. The historian Dan Diner highly acclaimed Hans Jansen's Mohammed as a work of enlightenment.
Publications
Books in Dutch:
Inleiding tot de Islam (1987)
De Koran uit het Arabisch Vertaald door Prof. dr. J.H. Kramers (1992) (edited by Asad Jaber & Johannes J.G.Jansen)
Nieuwe Inleiding tot de Islam (1998)
Het Nut van God (2001)
God heeft gezegd: terreur, tolerantie en de onvoltooide modernisering van de islam (2003)
De radicaal-islamitische ideologie: Van Ibn Taymiyya tot Osama ben Laden, Oratie Universiteit van Utrecht, 3 februari 2004
Islam: een hoorcollege over de islamitische godsdienst en cultuur (2005, audio-cd)
De historische Mohammed: de Mekkaanse verhalen (2005)
De historische Mohammed: de verhalen uit Medina (2007)
Bombrieven (2008, correspondence with Abdul-Jabbar van de Ven)
Islam voor varkens, apen, ezels en andere beesten (2008)
Zelf Koran lezen (2008)
Eindstrijd, edited by Jansen & Snel (2009)
Books in English (Many other titles are not yet available in English):
The Interpretation of the Koran in Modern Egypt (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1974)
The Neglected Duty: The Creed of Sadat’s Assassins and Islamic Resurgence in the Middle East (New York: Macmillan, 1986)
The Dual Nature of Islamic Fundamentalism (London: Hurst & Company, 1997)
Why shouldn't Israel exist in the Middle East? A Synopsis (Soesterberg, Nederland: Aspekt Publishers, 2017)
Columns
For the Dutch blog GeenStijl.nl
Notes
^ The phrase Johannes Juliaan Gijsbert "Hans" Jansen is pronounced . The words in isolation are pronounced , , , and .
References
^ a b Arabist en PVV-er Hans Jansen overleden NOS May 5, 2015.
^ a b c d Sheila Kamerman / Andreas Kouwenhoven: Zij aan zij met Wilders tegen de islam in: NRC Handelsblad 10 May 2014
^ "Counter Jihad Brussels: 18-19 October 2007". International Civil Liberties Alliance. 20 October 2007.
^ Hannus, Martha (2012). Counterjihadrörelsen– en del av den antimuslimska miljön (in Swedish). Expo Research. p. 88 (8).
^ "Brussels 2012 Agenda". International Civil Liberties Alliance. 9 July 2012.
^ Lazaridis, Gabriella; Campani, Giovanna (2016). Understanding the Populist Shift: Othering in a Europe in Crisis. Taylor & Francis. p. 92. ISBN 9781317326069.
^ "Timothy Martin Burton, Liberty GB Activist & Office Holder - Convicted of Religiously Aggravated Harassment". tellmamauk.org. 31 March 2017.
^ Cf. Jansen, De Historische Mohammed, 2005/7
^ Karl-Heinz Ohlig: Ein Lesevergnügen, Review of: Hans Jansen, Mohammed - eine Biographie (German version), in: imprimatur No. 41, 2008
^ Stefan Weidner: The Mohamed myth, in: Qantara.de 19 May 2008
^ Dan Diner: Mohammed, das Neue Testament und Rotkäppchen, Review of: Hans Jansen, Mohammed, in: DIE WELT 30.03.2008
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hans Jansen (arabist).
His website, partially in English contains a list of publications and a CV.
Interview at religioscope site
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
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vte« 2009–2014 « Dutch members of the European Parliament, 2014–2019 » 2019–2024 »Christian Democratic Appeal
Wim van de Camp
Esther de Lange
Jeroen Lenaers
Lambert van Nistelrooij
Annie Schreijer-Pierik
Democrats 66
Gerben-Jan Gerbrandy
Matthijs van Miltenburg
Marietje Schaake
Sophie in 't Veld
Party for Freedom
André Elissen
Marcel de Graaff
<Hans Jansen>†
<Vicky Maeijer>
Olaf Stuger
Auke Zijlstra
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
Hans van Baalen
Jan Huitema
<Cora van Nieuwenhuizen>
Caroline Nagtegaal-van Doorn
Labour Party
Agnes Jongerius
Kati Piri
Paul Tang
Socialist Party
Dennis de Jong
Anne-Marie Mineur
Christian Union – Reformed Political Party
Bas Belder
Peter van Dalen
GroenLinks
Bas Eickhout
Judith Sargentini
Party for the Animals
Anja Hazekamp
† Hans Jansen died on 5 May 2015. He was replaced by Auke Zijlstra on 1 September 2015.
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For other uses, see Hans Jansen (disambiguation).Johannes Juliaan Gijsbert \"Hans\" Jansen[a] (17 November 1942 – 5 May 2015) was a Dutch politician, scholar of contemporary Islam and author.[1]Hans Jansen belonged to the \"revisionists\" in Islamic Studies, i.e. he fundamentally doubted the historicity of the Islamic traditions on early Islam which were written only 150 to 200 years after Muhammad. 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At the age of 17, Jansen began studying theology at the University of Amsterdam, yet changed the subject after one year to Arabic and Semitic languages. In 1966 he spent one year in Cairo in order to learn Arabic. Then he continued his studies at the University of Leiden where he made his Ph.D. in 1974.[2]Jansen taught at the universities of Groningen, Leiden and Amsterdam, and was director of the Dutch Research Institute in Cairo. Then he became associate professor at the University of Leiden. 2003-2008 he was Houtsma Professor of Modern Islamic Thought at the University of Utrecht.[2]In 1988 Jansen converted to Catholicism. He later said that he then thought also about a conversion to Islam: Islam has \"a very attractive and powerful culture, a high culture, great beauty. An enormous suction effect.\" Jansen was married twice. His first wife Eefje van Santen was daughter of the communist politician Joop van Santen. With his second wife he had three children. One of his sons is a cabaret performer.[2]Jansen died of a cerebral infarction at the age of 72.[1]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anwar Sadat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Sadat"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-handelsblad-3"},{"link_name":"Ayaan Hirsi Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayaan_Hirsi_Ali"},{"link_name":"Theo van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_van_Gogh_(film_director)"},{"link_name":"counter-jihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-jihad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Geert Wilders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geert_Wilders"},{"link_name":"Fitna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitna_(film)"},{"link_name":"trial of Geert Wilders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_of_Geert_Wilders"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2014 European Parliament election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election"},{"link_name":"Party for Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_for_Freedom"},{"link_name":"MEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament"}],"text":"While busy with his university studies, Jansen was member of a leftist group and left the room in protest when somebody mentioned the word \"Israel\". The turning point of his opinion about Islam was the assassination of Egyptian president Anwar Sadat in 1981. Some of his friends experienced the event personally.[2]Jansen was friend to Ayaan Hirsi Ali and Theo van Gogh. In newspaper articles, interviews and talk shows, he criticized Islam and how politics dealt with Islam. He participated in the international counter-jihad conferences in Brussels in 2007[3][4] and in 2012.[5][6]In 2008, he advised Geert Wilders about his anti-Islam movie Fitna and in 2010 he was a principal witness in the trial of Geert Wilders.Jansen was an expert witness on the Koran and Shariah in the trial in Birmingham Magistrates Court (Crown vs Timothy Martin Burton) on 8 April 2014, which came to be known as the Birmingham Taqiyya Trial. Mr Burton was subsequently found guilty of Racially Aggravated Harassment.[7]In the 2014 European Parliament election, Jansen was elected for Wilders' Party for Freedom as MEP.","title":"Political commitment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Studies"},{"link_name":"Ibn Ishaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq"},{"link_name":"Ibn Hisham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Hisham"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"leap months","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_month"},{"link_name":"Aisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisha"},{"link_name":"Caliph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliph"},{"link_name":"Abu Bakr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr"},{"link_name":"Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib"},{"link_name":"Shiites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiism"},{"link_name":"Banu Quraiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Quraiza"},{"link_name":"Umma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umma"},{"link_name":"Fred Donner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Donner"},{"link_name":"antisemitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism"},{"link_name":"revelation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revelation"},{"link_name":"Quranic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"Karl-Heinz Ohlig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Heinz_Ohlig"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Stefan Weidner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Weidner"},{"link_name":"Qantara.de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qantara.de"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Dan Diner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Diner"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Hans Jansen is part of the so-called \"revisionist\" or historical-critical line of Islamic Studies. He fundamentally doubts the historicity of the Islamic traditions on the beginning of Islam which came into being only 150 to 200 years after the event.In his main work De Historische Mohammed (not available in English), Jansen discusses chapter by chapter the depictions in the prophet's biography by Ibn Ishaq resp. Ibn Hisham which is an important text for traditional Islam. He shows in detail, why the respective depictions are not credible. Jansen reveals self-contradictions, contradictions to other historical sources, embellishments by later authors, politically or theologically motivated distortions of the depiction, symbolic meanings of allegedly historical names, literary construction of the depiction according e.g. to biblical models, and chronological and calendrical incredibilities. In part, Jansen only sums up what other researchers already had found.Some examples:[8]Although there were leap months at the time of Muhammad which had to be intercalated frequently into the moon calendar and which only later became abandoned (allegedly by Muhammad), not a single of the many most accurately dated events depicted by Ibn Ishaq is in a leap month.\nThe most accurate dating of so many events by an author who writes 150 years later is not very credible.\nThe depiction of a strong relationship between Muhammad and his wife Aisha is motivated politically resp. theologically: Aisha was the daughter of Caliph Abu Bakr who became Muhammad's successor against the claims of his rival Ali. In order to legitimate this succession against the Shiites who were in favour of Ali, the relationship of Abu Bakr's daughter to Muhammad became emphasized: That Aisha allegedly was the favourite wife of Muhammad, and that the prophet consummated marriage with Aisha allegedly at an astonishingly early age.\nThe depiction of slaughtering the Jewish tribe of the Banu Quraiza is motivated politically resp. theologically: As the \"treaty of Medina\" shows, the Jews were initially part of the Umma and were addressed as \"believers\"; cf. the research of Prof. Fred Donner. When Islam later separated from Judaism, antisemitic readings of the past came into being. The threefold treason of Muhammad by three Jewish tribes is a literary construction according to biblical models, e.g. the threefold treason of Jesus by the apostle Peter, and thus is historically questionable. There are other traditions about the same event which tell that only the leaders of the tribe had been punished but not each single member of the tribe. The names of the three Jewish tribes do not occur in the \"treaty of Medina\". Finally, such a mass slaughtering would not have gone unnoticed, even not in Muhammad's time, and especially not considering that the victims were Jews: Jews used to live in international trading networks, and Jews are known to write down their history. Most likely, the slaughtering of the Banu Quraiza never happened.\nThe depictions of Ibn Ishaq are generally known to boldly exaggerate the capacities of the prophet. According to Ibn Ishaq Muhammad always kills more enemies as according to other traditions. Even the depiction of the prophet's male potency who allegedly could satisfy all his wives in one night is exaggerated in a questionable way. Of the same category is the depiction of Muhammad as an illiterate person. The revelation of the Quranic text is all the more miraculous and the capacity of the prophet is all the more astonishing if Muhammad was an illiterate person.\nThe account of Muhammad's message to the emperor of Byzantium, that he should convert to Islam, retrospectively justifies the Arabic expansion as a religious, Islamic expansion.Jansen points out that the historically questionable traditions are of great importance for the interpretation of the Quran. The Quran mostly does not reveal the situation for which a revelation was made. The historical context is merely indicated, at best. Many Islamic traditions came into being long after Muhammad on the basis of mere guesses for what situation a Quranic verse had been revealed. By the historically questionable traditions the interpretation of Quran is restricted since then.In the epilogue, Jansen concluded that Muhammad did not exist as a historical person. Thus, Jansen belongs to a minority within the \"revisionist\" school which supports this position. The book De Historische Mohammed was reviewed positively e.g. by Prof. Karl-Heinz Ohlig.[9] A respectful but critical review was given e.g. by Stefan Weidner on Qantara.de.[10] The historian Dan Diner highly acclaimed Hans Jansen's Mohammed as a work of enlightenment.[11]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abdul-Jabbar van de Ven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdul-Jabbar_van_de_Ven&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"GeenStijl.nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeenStijl.nl"}],"text":"Books in Dutch:Inleiding tot de Islam (1987)\nDe Koran uit het Arabisch Vertaald door Prof. dr. J.H. Kramers (1992) (edited by Asad Jaber & Johannes J.G.Jansen)\nNieuwe Inleiding tot de Islam (1998)\nHet Nut van God (2001)\nGod heeft gezegd: terreur, tolerantie en de onvoltooide modernisering van de islam (2003)\nDe radicaal-islamitische ideologie: Van Ibn Taymiyya tot Osama ben Laden, Oratie Universiteit van Utrecht, 3 februari 2004\nIslam: een hoorcollege over de islamitische godsdienst en cultuur (2005, audio-cd)\nDe historische Mohammed: de Mekkaanse verhalen (2005)\nDe historische Mohammed: de verhalen uit Medina (2007)\nBombrieven (2008, correspondence with Abdul-Jabbar van de Ven)\nIslam voor varkens, apen, ezels en andere beesten (2008)\nZelf Koran lezen (2008)\nEindstrijd, edited by Jansen & Snel (2009)Books in English (Many other titles are not yet available in English):The Interpretation of the Koran in Modern Egypt (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1974)\nThe Neglected Duty: The Creed of Sadat’s Assassins and Islamic Resurgence in the Middle East (New York: Macmillan, 1986)\nThe Dual Nature of Islamic Fundamentalism (London: Hurst & Company, 1997)\nWhy shouldn't Israel exist in the Middle East? A Synopsis (Soesterberg, Nederland: Aspekt Publishers, 2017)ColumnsFor the Dutch blog GeenStijl.nl","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pronunciation_1-0"},{"link_name":"[joːˈɦɑnə ˈʃylijaːŋ ˈɣɛizbɛrt ˈɦɑɲ ˈʃɑnsə(n)]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch"},{"link_name":"[joːˈɦɑnəs]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch"},{"link_name":"[ˈjylijaːn]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch"},{"link_name":"[ˈɣɛizbɛrt]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch"},{"link_name":"[ˈɦɑns]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch"},{"link_name":"[ˈjɑnsə(n)]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch"}],"text":"^ The phrase Johannes Juliaan Gijsbert \"Hans\" Jansen is pronounced [joːˈɦɑnə ˈʃylijaːŋ ˈɣɛizbɛrt ˈɦɑɲ ˈʃɑnsə(n)]. The words in isolation are pronounced [joːˈɦɑnəs], [ˈjylijaːn], [ˈɣɛizbɛrt], [ˈɦɑns] and [ˈjɑnsə(n)].","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Counter Jihad Brussels: 18-19 October 2007\". International Civil Liberties Alliance. 20 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://libertiesalliance.org/2007/10/20/counter-jihad-brussels-18-19-october-2007/","url_text":"\"Counter Jihad Brussels: 18-19 October 2007\""}]},{"reference":"Hannus, Martha (2012). Counterjihadrörelsen– en del av den antimuslimska miljön (in Swedish). Expo Research. p. 88 (8).","urls":[{"url":"https://expo.se/file/2254/download?token=_JSo7wjG","url_text":"Counterjihadrörelsen– en del av den antimuslimska miljön"}]},{"reference":"\"Brussels 2012 Agenda\". International Civil Liberties Alliance. 9 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://libertiesalliance.org/brusselsconference/brussels-2012-agenda/","url_text":"\"Brussels 2012 Agenda\""}]},{"reference":"Lazaridis, Gabriella; Campani, Giovanna (2016). Understanding the Populist Shift: Othering in a Europe in Crisis. Taylor & Francis. p. 92. ISBN 9781317326069.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EjolDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA92","url_text":"Understanding the Populist Shift: Othering in a Europe in Crisis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317326069","url_text":"9781317326069"}]},{"reference":"\"Timothy Martin Burton, Liberty GB Activist & Office Holder - Convicted of Religiously Aggravated Harassment\". tellmamauk.org. 31 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://tellmamauk.org/timothy-martin-burton-liberty-gb-activist-office-holder-convicted-of-religiously-aggravated-harassment/","url_text":"\"Timothy Martin Burton, Liberty GB Activist & Office Holder - Convicted of Religiously Aggravated Harassment\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://nos.nl/artikel/2034124-arabist-en-pvv-er-hans-jansen-overleden.html","external_links_name":"Arabist en PVV-er Hans Jansen overleden"},{"Link":"http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2014/05/10/zij-aan-zij-met-wilders-tegen-de-islam-1374116-a1080828","external_links_name":"Sheila Kamerman / Andreas Kouwenhoven: Zij aan zij met Wilders tegen de islam"},{"Link":"https://libertiesalliance.org/2007/10/20/counter-jihad-brussels-18-19-october-2007/","external_links_name":"\"Counter Jihad Brussels: 18-19 October 2007\""},{"Link":"https://expo.se/file/2254/download?token=_JSo7wjG","external_links_name":"Counterjihadrörelsen– en del av den antimuslimska miljön"},{"Link":"https://libertiesalliance.org/brusselsconference/brussels-2012-agenda/","external_links_name":"\"Brussels 2012 Agenda\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EjolDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA92","external_links_name":"Understanding the Populist Shift: Othering in a Europe in Crisis"},{"Link":"https://tellmamauk.org/timothy-martin-burton-liberty-gb-activist-office-holder-convicted-of-religiously-aggravated-harassment/","external_links_name":"\"Timothy Martin Burton, Liberty GB Activist & Office Holder - Convicted of Religiously Aggravated Harassment\""},{"Link":"http://inarah.de/rezensionen/rezension-zu-hans-jansen-mohammed-eine-biographie/","external_links_name":"Karl-Heinz Ohlig: Ein Lesevergnügen"},{"Link":"https://en.qantara.de/content/an-anti-biography-of-the-founder-of-islam-the-mohamed-myth","external_links_name":"Stefan Weidner: The Mohamed myth"},{"Link":"https://www.welt.de/kultur/article1848051/Mohammed-das-Neue-Testament-und-Rotkaeppchen.html","external_links_name":"Dan Diner: Mohammed, das Neue Testament und Rotkäppchen"},{"Link":"http://www.arabistjansen.nl/","external_links_name":"His website, partially in English"},{"Link":"http://www.religioscope.com/info/dossiers/textislamism/faraj_jansen.htm","external_links_name":"Interview at religioscope site"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000108843836","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/30743602","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhX39mRXdVy4DgdrTrrMP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90988854","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/133976653","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007444522505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14113387","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85272833","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071047549","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810598695405606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/96075978","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6mb0f98","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/095371214","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark_argument
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Trademark argument
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["1 Underlying assumptions","1.1 Degrees of reality","1.2 Formal reality and Objective reality","2 Applying the causal adequacy principle","3 Outline of Descartes' argument","4 Criticisms of the trademark argument","5 See also","6 References","7 Sources"]
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Argument for the existence of God
Part of a series onRené Descartes
Philosophy
Cartesianism
Rationalism
Foundationalism
Mechanism
Doubt and certainty
Dream argument
Cogito, ergo sum
Evil demon
Trademark argument
Causal adequacy principle
Mind–body dichotomy
Analytic geometry
Coordinate system
Cartesian circle
Folium
Rule of signs
Cartesian diver
Balloonist theory
Wax argument
Res cogitans
Res extensa
Works
Rules for the Direction of the Mind
The Search for Truth
The World
Discourse on the Method
La Géométrie
Meditations on First Philosophy
Principles of Philosophy
Passions of the Soul
People
Christina, Queen of Sweden
Nicolas Malebranche
Baruch Spinoza
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Francine Descartes
vte
The trademark argument is an a priori argument for the existence of God developed by French philosopher and mathematician, René Descartes. The name derives from the fact that the idea of God existing in each person "is the trademark, hallmark or stamp of their divine creator".
In the Meditations Descartes provides two arguments for the existence of God. In Meditation V he presents a version of the ontological argument which attempts to deduce the existence of God from the nature of God; in Meditation III he presents an argument for the existence of God from one of the effects of God's activity. Descartes cannot start with the existence of the world or with some feature of the world for, at this stage of his argument, he has not established that the world exists. Instead, he starts with the fact that he has an idea of God and concludes "that the mere fact that I exist and have within me an idea of a most perfect being, that is, God, provides a very clear proof that God indeed exists." He says, "it is no surprise that God, in creating me, should have placed this idea in me to be, as it were, the mark of the craftsman stamped on his work."
Underlying assumptions
To understand Descartes' argument it is necessary to understand some of the metaphysical assumptions that Descartes is using.
Degrees of reality
Descartes says,
Undoubtedly, the ideas which represent substances to me amount to something more and, so to speak, contain within themselves more objective reality than the ideas which merely represent modes or accidents. Again, the idea that gives me my understanding of a supreme God…certainly has in it more objective reality than the ideas that represent finite substances. Now it is manifest by the natural light that there must be at least as much reality in the efficient and total cause as in the effect of that cause. For where, I ask, could the effect get its reality from, if not from the cause? And how could the cause give it to the effect unless it possessed it? It follows from this both that something cannot arise from nothing, and also that what is more perfect—that is, contains in itself more reality—cannot arise from what is less perfect.
Descartes goes on to describe this as 'transparently true'. Commenting on this passage Williams says, "This is a piece of scholastic metaphysics, and it is one of the most striking indications of the historical gap that exists between Descartes' thought and our own, despite the modern reality of much else that he writes, that he can unblinkingly accept this unintuitive and barely comprehensible principle as self-evident in the light of reason.": 120
In his own time, it was challenged by Hobbes who in the Objections says,
"Moreover, M. Descartes should consider afresh what 'more reality' means. Does reality admit of more and less? Or does he think one thing can be more of a thing than another? If so, he should consider how this can be explained to us with that degree of clarity that every demonstration calls for, and which he himself has employed elsewhere.": 130
To this Descartes replies:
"I have … made it quite clear how reality admits of more and less. A substance is more of a thing than a mode; if there are real qualities or incomplete substances, they are things to a greater extent than modes, but to a lesser extent than complete substances; and, finally, if there is an infinite and independent substance, it is more of a thing than a finite and dependent substance. All this is completely self-evident.": 130
To understand Descartes' Trademark Argument it is not necessary to fully understand the underlying Aristotelian metaphysics but it is necessary to know that
an infinite substance has the most reality and more reality than
a finite substance, which in turn has more reality than
a mode.: 160
A substance is something that exists independently.: 158 The only thing that truly exists independently is an infinite substance for it does not rely on anything else for its existence. In this context 'infinite substance' means 'God'. A finite substance can exist independently other than its reliance on an infinite substance. 'Substance' does not imply 'physical substance' — for Descartes the body is one substance but the mind is also a substance.
A 'mode' is "a way or manner in which something occurs or is experienced, expressed, or done." In this scheme, a substance (e.g. a mind) will have an attribute (thought) and the mode might be willing or having an idea.: 158
The degree of reality is related to the way in which something is dependent—"Modes are logically dependent on substance; they 'inhere in it as subject.'... Created substances are not logically, but causally, dependent on God. They do not inhere in God as subject, but are effects of God as creator.": 134
To avoid confusion, it is important to note that the degree of reality is not related to size—a bowling ball does not have more reality than a table tennis ball; a forest fire does not have more reality than a candle flame.
Formal reality and Objective reality
Descartes says,
The nature of an idea is such that of itself it requires no formal reality except what it derives from my thought, of which it is a mode. But in order for a given idea to contain such and such objective reality, it must surely derive it from some cause which contains at least as much formal reality as there is objective reality in the idea.
'Formal reality' is roughly what we mean by 'actually existing.': 159 'Objective reality' does not mean objective as opposed to subjective but is more like the object of one's thoughts irrespective of whether or not it actually exists.: 123 Cottingham says that 'objective reality' is the 'representational content of an idea'.: 49 Hatfield says "think of an "object" of desire – a championship for your favorite sports team, say. It may not now exist, and it need never have existed. In Descartes' terminology, what has "objective reality" is something contained in the subject's mental state and so may even be called "subjective" in present-day terms.": 159
Crucial to Descartes argument is the way in which the levels of objective reality are determined. The level of objective reality is determined by the formal reality of what is being represented or thought about. So every idea I have has the lowest level of formal reality, for every idea is a mode, but the idea of an infinite substance has more objective reality than the idea of a finite substance.: 125 Kenny notes, "we sometimes use the word 'reality' to distinguish fact from fiction: on this view, the idea of a lion would have more objective reality than the idea of a unicorn since lions exist and unicorns do not. But this is not what Descartes means.": 133 In this instance the idea of a lion and the idea of a unicorn would have the same objective reality because a lion and a unicorn (if it existed) would both be finite substances.
Applying the causal adequacy principle
Using the above ideas Descartes can claim that it is obvious that there must be at least as much reality in the cause as in the effect for if there was not you would be getting something from nothing. He says "the idea of heat, or of a stone, cannot exist in me unless it is put there by some cause which contains at least as much reality as I conceive to be in the heat or in the stone. For although this cause does not transfer any of its actual or formal reality to my idea, it should not on that account be supposed that it must be less real."
Since the idea of God contains the level of (objective) reality appropriate to an infinite substance it is legitimate to ask where an idea with this level of reality came from. After considering various options Descartes concludes that it must come from a substance that has at least the same level of (formal) reality. Therefore, an infinite substance, i.e. God, must exist.
Outline of Descartes' argument
My ideas may be innate, adventitious (i.e. come from outside me), or have been invented by me. As yet I don't know their true origin.
If ideas are considered simply as modes of thought, they are all equal and appear to come from within me; in so far as different ideas represent different things they differ widely. Ideas which represent substances contain within themselves more objective reality than the ideas which merely represent modes; the idea that gives me my understanding of a supreme God, (eternal, infinite, etc.) has more objective reality than the ideas that represent finite substances.
It is manifest by the natural light that there must be at least as much reality in the efficient and total cause as in the effect of that cause.
It follows from this both that something cannot arise from nothing, and also that what contains more reality cannot arise from what contains less reality. And this applies not only when considering formal reality, but also when considering objective reality.
Although the reality in my ideas is merely objective reality what ultimately causes those ideas must contain the same formal reality. Although one idea may originate from another, there cannot be an infinite regress here; eventually one must reach a primary idea, the cause of which will contain formally all the reality which is present only objectively in the idea.
Ideas are like pictures which can easily fall short of the perfection of the things from which they are taken, but which cannot contain anything greater or more perfect.
If the objective reality of any of my ideas turns out to be so great that I am sure the same reality does not reside in me, either formally or eminently (i.e. potentially), and hence that I myself cannot be its cause, it will necessarily follow that I am not alone in the world, but that some other thing which is the cause of this idea also exists.
In addition to being aware of myself, I have other ideas— of God, corporeal and inanimate things, angels, animals and other men like myself. Except for the idea of God, it doesn't seem impossible that these ideas originated from within myself.
By the word 'God' I understand a substance that is infinite, eternal, immutable, etc. These attributes are such that it doesn't seem possible for them to have originated from me alone. So from what has been said it must be concluded that God necessarily exists.
Further considerations:
Although I have the idea of substance in me by virtue of being a substance, this does not account for my having the idea of an infinite substance, when I am finite. This idea must have come from some substance which really was infinite.
I cannot have gained the idea of the infinite merely by negating the finite. On the contrary, to know that I am finite means knowing that I lack something and so must first have the idea of the infinite to make that comparison.
The perfections which I attribute to God do not exist in me potentially. It is true that I have many potentialities which are not yet actual but this irrelevant to the idea of God, which contains absolutely nothing that is potential. It might be thought that my gradual increase in knowledge could continue to infinity but firstly, this gradual increase in knowledge is itself a sign of imperfection and, secondly, God I take to be actually infinite, so that nothing can be added to his perfection whereas increasing knowledge will never reach the point where it is not capable of a further increase. Finally, the objective being of an idea cannot be produced merely by potential being, which strictly speaking is nothing, but only by actual or formal being.
Additional argument for the existence of God:
I couldn't exist as the kind of thing that has this idea of God if God didn't exist, for I didn't create myself, I haven't always existed, and, although there may be a series of causes that led to my existence, the ultimate cause must be such that it could give me the idea of God and this, for the reasons already given, will be God.
This idea of God didn't come to me via the senses, nor did I invent this idea for I am plainly unable either to take away anything from it or to add anything to it. The only remaining alternative is that it is innate in me.
Criticisms of the trademark argument
Cunning notes that "Commentators have argued that there is not much hope for the argument from objective reality.": 112 Wilson says that she will say little about Descartes arguments for the existence of God for "while these arguments are interesting enough, I don’t think Descartes is in a position to defend their soundness very forcefully.": 100 Williams comments that "Descartes took these hopeless arguments for the existence of God to be self-evidently valid, conditioned in this by historical and perhaps also by temperamental factors.": 196
Hobbes' complaint that Descartes has not offered an adequate account of degrees of reality does not seem to have been answered and Descartes' response that it is 'self-evident' surely is not enough. There may be some superficial appeal in the claim that an actual flower has more reality than an idea of a flower but this needs to be unpacked. 'Reality' cannot be equated with 'existence' for, apart from the fact that 'degrees of existence' is hardly less problematic than 'degrees of reality', as Wilson comments, "reality must not be confused with existence: otherwise the existence of God would be overtly assumed in the premises of the argument.": 137
Even if the argument is judged on its own terms and we grant that there can be degrees of formal reality and degrees of objective reality there are still significant problems. Crucial to the argument as it is normally reconstructed is that the degree of objective reality is determined by the degree of formal reality that the thing being thought about would have if it existed. Descartes offers no reason why this should be so. Wilson says, "Descartes has simply made an arbitrary stipulation here.": 137 There seems to be no good reason why we could not maintain different degrees of objective reality but insist that the idea of an infinite substance still has less reality than the amount of reality conferred by the formal reality of a finite substance.
Descartes may be inconsistent on this point for in the Replies he says of objective existence, "this mode of being is of course much less perfect than that possessed by things which exist outside the intellect; but, as I did explain, it is not therefore simply nothing.": 75 Despite what Descartes appears to say in the Meditations it may be necessary for the objective reality to be less than the formal reality of the thing represented. Williams points out, "God, as the argument insists, has more reality or perfection than anything else whatever. Hence if Descartes' idea of God is not itself God (which would of course be absurd), it cannot, however regarded, possess as much reality as God, and hence cannot demand as much reality in its cause as God possesses. So the argument seems to fall short of positing God as cause of the idea.": 128 He goes on to say that Descartes must, therefore be relying on something more than the general principle that there must be as much formal reality in the cause of an idea as there is objective reality in the idea itself. Instead, he suggests, Descartes is relying on special features of the idea of God: "the infinity and perfection of God, represented in his idea, are of such a special character, so far in excess of any other possible cause, that the only thing adequate to produce an idea of that would be the thing itself, God.": 128
Then there is the problem of how it can be possible for a finite mind to have a clear and distinct idea of an infinite God. Descartes was challenged on this and in the first set of Replies says, "the infinite, qua infinite, can in no way be grasped. But it can still be understood, in so far as we can clearly and distinctly understand that something is such that no limitations can be found in it, and this amounts to understanding clearly that it is infinite.": 81 Cottingham argues that making this distinction is "an unsatisfactory line of defence".: 129 He refers to Descartes own analogy of a man who had an idea of a very complex machine from which it could be inferred that he had either seen the machine, been told about the machine or was clever enough to invent it.: 198 He adds, "But clearly such inferences will hold only if the man has a quite determinate idea of the machine. If a man comes up and says that he has an idea of a marvellous machine which will feed the hungry by making proteins out of sand, I shall be impressed neither by his experience nor by his powers of invention if it turns out that that is all there is to the idea, and he has no conception, or only the haziest conception, of how such a machine might work.": 129
Finally, it might be added, for this proof to do the work Descartes is asking of it the proof needs to be clear and distinct. Given the above considerations this is unconvincing. In the second set of replies Descartes says this is the fault of the reader:
I do not see what I can add to make it any clearer that the idea in question could not be present to my mind unless a supreme being existed. I can only say that it depends on the reader: if he attends carefully to what I have written he should be able to free himself from the preconceived opinions which may be eclipsing his natural light, and to accustom himself to believing in the primary notions, which are as evident and true as anything can be, in preference to opinions which are obscure and false, albeit fixed in the mind by long habit… I cannot force this truth on my readers if they are lazy, since it depends solely on their exercising their own powers of thought.: 97
See also
Philosophy portal
Cartesian Circle
References
^ "trademark argument". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Retrieved May 2, 2023.
^ Gary Cox (2013). The God Confusion – Why Nobody Knows the Answer to the Ultimate Question. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 61. ISBN 9781623569808. This has come to be known as the trademark argument as it claims that each person's idea of God is the trademark, hallmark or stamp of their divine creator
^ a b c d e f Williams, Bernard (1996). Descartes: The Project of Pure Enquiry (Routledge Classics. Cambridge: Routledge. ISBN 1-138-01918-6.
^ a b c d e Cottingham, John; Stoothoff, Robert; Murdoch, Dugald (1984). The philosophical writings of Descartes vol2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24595-8.
^ a b c d e Hatfield, Gary (2003). Descartes and the Meditations. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-11193-5.
^ "Oxford Living Dictionaries". Oxford University Press. 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
^ a b Kenny, Anthony (1968). Descartes A Study of his Philosophy. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-30665-1.
^ a b c Cottingham, John (1986). Descartes. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-15046-3.
^ Cunning, David (2010). Argument and Persuasion in Descartes' Meditations. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-539960-8.
^ a b c Wilson, Margaret (1960). Descartes. Bombay: Popular Prakashan Private Ltd.
^ Cottingham, John; Stoothoff, Robert; Murdoch, Dugald (1985). The philosophical writings of Descartes vol1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-63712-0.
Sources
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Christopher Hamilton (2003), Understanding Philosophy
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"a priori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori"},{"link_name":"argument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument"},{"link_name":"existence of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existence_of_God"},{"link_name":"René Descartes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Meditations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditations_on_First_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"ontological argument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontological_argument"}],"text":"The trademark argument[1] is an a priori argument for the existence of God developed by French philosopher and mathematician, René Descartes. The name derives from the fact that the idea of God existing in each person \"is the trademark, hallmark or stamp of their divine creator\".[2]In the Meditations Descartes provides two arguments for the existence of God. In Meditation V he presents a version of the ontological argument which attempts to deduce the existence of God from the nature of God; in Meditation III he presents an argument for the existence of God from one of the effects of God's activity. Descartes cannot start with the existence of the world or with some feature of the world for, at this stage of his argument, he has not established that the world exists. Instead, he starts with the fact that he has an idea of God and concludes \"that the mere fact that I exist and have within me an idea of a most perfect being, that is, God, provides a very clear proof that God indeed exists.\" He says, \"it is no surprise that God, in creating me, should have placed this idea in me to be, as it were, the mark of the craftsman stamped on his work.\"","title":"Trademark argument"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"To understand Descartes' argument it is necessary to understand some of the metaphysical assumptions that Descartes is using.","title":"Underlying assumptions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams_2014-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cottingham_et_al._1984-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cottingham_et_al._1984-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hatfield_2003-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hatfield_2003-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hatfield_2003-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kenny_1993-7"}],"sub_title":"Degrees of reality","text":"Descartes says,Undoubtedly, the ideas which represent substances to me amount to something more and, so to speak, contain within themselves more objective reality than the ideas which merely represent modes or accidents. Again, the idea that gives me my understanding of a supreme God…certainly has in it more objective reality than the ideas that represent finite substances. Now it is manifest by the natural light that there must be at least as much reality in the efficient and total cause as in the effect of that cause. For where, I ask, could the effect get its reality from, if not from the cause? And how could the cause give it to the effect unless it possessed it? It follows from this both that something cannot arise from nothing, and also that what is more perfect—that is, contains in itself more reality—cannot arise from what is less perfect.Descartes goes on to describe this as 'transparently true'. Commenting on this passage Williams says, \"This is a piece of scholastic metaphysics, and it is one of the most striking indications of the historical gap that exists between Descartes' thought and our own, despite the modern reality of much else that he writes, that he can unblinkingly accept this unintuitive and barely comprehensible principle as self-evident in the light of reason.\"[3]: 120In his own time, it was challenged by Hobbes who in the Objections says, \n\"Moreover, M. Descartes should consider afresh what 'more reality' means. Does reality admit of more and less? Or does he think one thing can be more of a thing than another? If so, he should consider how this can be explained to us with that degree of clarity that every demonstration calls for, and which he himself has employed elsewhere.\"[4]: 130To this Descartes replies:\"I have … made it quite clear how reality admits of more and less. A substance is more of a thing than a mode; if there are real qualities or incomplete substances, they are things to a greater extent than modes, but to a lesser extent than complete substances; and, finally, if there is an infinite and independent substance, it is more of a thing than a finite and dependent substance. All this is completely self-evident.\"[4]: 130To understand Descartes' Trademark Argument it is not necessary to fully understand the underlying Aristotelian metaphysics but it is necessary to know thatan infinite substance has the most reality and more reality than\na finite substance, which in turn has more reality than\na mode.[5]: 160A substance is something that exists independently.[5]: 158 The only thing that truly exists independently is an infinite substance for it does not rely on anything else for its existence. In this context 'infinite substance' means 'God'. A finite substance can exist independently other than its reliance on an infinite substance. 'Substance' does not imply 'physical substance' — for Descartes the body is one substance but the mind is also a substance.A 'mode' is \"a way or manner in which something occurs or is experienced, expressed, or done.\"[6] In this scheme, a substance (e.g. a mind) will have an attribute (thought) and the mode might be willing or having an idea.[5]: 158The degree of reality is related to the way in which something is dependent—\"Modes are logically dependent on substance; they 'inhere in it as subject.'... Created substances are not logically, but causally, dependent on God. They do not inhere in God as subject, but are effects of God as creator.\"[7]: 134To avoid confusion, it is important to note that the degree of reality is not related to size—a bowling ball does not have more reality than a table tennis ball; a forest fire does not have more reality than a candle flame.","title":"Underlying assumptions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hatfield_2003-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams_2014-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cottingham_1986-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hatfield_2003-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams_2014-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kenny_1993-7"}],"sub_title":"Formal reality and Objective reality","text":"Descartes says,The nature of an idea is such that of itself it requires no formal reality except what it derives from my thought, of which it is a mode. But in order for a given idea to contain such and such objective reality, it must surely derive it from some cause which contains at least as much formal reality as there is objective reality in the idea.'Formal reality' is roughly what we mean by 'actually existing.'[5]: 159 'Objective reality' does not mean objective as opposed to subjective but is more like the object of one's thoughts irrespective of whether or not it actually exists.[3]: 123 Cottingham says that 'objective reality' is the 'representational content of an idea'.[8]: 49 Hatfield says \"think of an \"object\" of desire – a championship for your favorite sports team, say. It may not now exist, and it need never have existed. In Descartes' terminology, what has \"objective reality\" is something contained in the subject's mental state and so may even be called \"subjective\" in present-day terms.\"[5]: 159Crucial to Descartes argument is the way in which the levels of objective reality are determined. The level of objective reality is determined by the formal reality of what is being represented or thought about. So every idea I have has the lowest level of formal reality, for every idea is a mode, but the idea of an infinite substance has more objective reality than the idea of a finite substance.[3]: 125 Kenny notes, \"we sometimes use the word 'reality' to distinguish fact from fiction: on this view, the idea of a lion would have more objective reality than the idea of a unicorn since lions exist and unicorns do not. But this is not what Descartes means.\"[7]: 133 In this instance the idea of a lion and the idea of a unicorn would have the same objective reality because a lion and a unicorn (if it existed) would both be finite substances.","title":"Underlying assumptions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Using the above ideas Descartes can claim that it is obvious that there must be at least as much reality in the cause as in the effect for if there was not you would be getting something from nothing. He says \"the idea of heat, or of a stone, cannot exist in me unless it is put there by some cause which contains at least as much reality as I conceive to be in the heat or in the stone. For although this cause does not transfer any of its actual or formal reality to my idea, it should not on that account be supposed that it must be less real.\"Since the idea of God contains the level of (objective) reality appropriate to an infinite substance it is legitimate to ask where an idea with this level of reality came from. After considering various options Descartes concludes that it must come from a substance that has at least the same level of (formal) reality. Therefore, an infinite substance, i.e. God, must exist.","title":"Applying the causal adequacy principle"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"My ideas may be innate, adventitious (i.e. come from outside me), or have been invented by me. As yet I don't know their true origin.\nIf ideas are considered simply as modes of thought, they are all equal and appear to come from within me; in so far as different ideas represent different things they differ widely. Ideas which represent substances contain within themselves more objective reality than the ideas which merely represent modes; the idea that gives me my understanding of a supreme God, (eternal, infinite, etc.) has more objective reality than the ideas that represent finite substances.\nIt is manifest by the natural light that there must be at least as much reality in the efficient and total cause as in the effect of that cause.\nIt follows from this both that something cannot arise from nothing, and also that what contains more reality cannot arise from what contains less reality. And this applies not only when considering formal reality, but also when considering objective reality.\nAlthough the reality in my ideas is merely objective reality what ultimately causes those ideas must contain the same formal reality. Although one idea may originate from another, there cannot be an infinite regress here; eventually one must reach a primary idea, the cause of which will contain formally all the reality which is present only objectively in the idea.\nIdeas are like pictures which can easily fall short of the perfection of the things from which they are taken, but which cannot contain anything greater or more perfect.\nIf the objective reality of any of my ideas turns out to be so great that I am sure the same reality does not reside in me, either formally or eminently (i.e. potentially), and hence that I myself cannot be its cause, it will necessarily follow that I am not alone in the world, but that some other thing which is the cause of this idea also exists.\nIn addition to being aware of myself, I have other ideas— of God, corporeal and inanimate things, angels, animals and other men like myself. Except for the idea of God, it doesn't seem impossible that these ideas originated from within myself.\nBy the word 'God' I understand a substance that is infinite, eternal, immutable, etc. These attributes are such that it doesn't seem possible for them to have originated from me alone. So from what has been said it must be concluded that God necessarily exists.Further considerations:Although I have the idea of substance in me by virtue of being a substance, this does not account for my having the idea of an infinite substance, when I am finite. This idea must have come from some substance which really was infinite.\nI cannot have gained the idea of the infinite merely by negating the finite. On the contrary, to know that I am finite means knowing that I lack something and so must first have the idea of the infinite to make that comparison.\nThe perfections which I attribute to God do not exist in me potentially. It is true that I have many potentialities which are not yet actual but this irrelevant to the idea of God, which contains absolutely nothing that is potential. It might be thought that my gradual increase in knowledge could continue to infinity but firstly, this gradual increase in knowledge is itself a sign of imperfection and, secondly, God I take to be actually infinite, so that nothing can be added to his perfection whereas increasing knowledge will never reach the point where it is not capable of a further increase. Finally, the objective being of an idea cannot be produced merely by potential being, which strictly speaking is nothing, but only by actual or formal being.Additional argument for the existence of God:I couldn't exist as the kind of thing that has this idea of God if God didn't exist, for I didn't create myself, I haven't always existed, and, although there may be a series of causes that led to my existence, the ultimate cause must be such that it could give me the idea of God and this, for the reasons already given, will be God.\nThis idea of God didn't come to me via the senses, nor did I invent this idea for I am plainly unable either to take away anything from it or to add anything to it. The only remaining alternative is that it is innate in me.","title":"Outline of Descartes' argument"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cunning_2010-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson_1960-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams_2014-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson_1960-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson_1960-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cottingham_et_al._1984-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams_2014-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams_2014-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cottingham_et_al._1984-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cottingham_1986-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cottingham_et_al._1985-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cottingham_1986-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cottingham_et_al._1984-4"}],"text":"Cunning notes that \"Commentators have argued that there is not much hope for the argument from objective reality.\"[9]: 112 Wilson says that she will say little about Descartes arguments for the existence of God for \"while these arguments are interesting enough, I don’t think Descartes is in a position to defend their soundness very forcefully.\"[10]: 100 Williams comments that \"Descartes took these hopeless arguments for the existence of God to be self-evidently valid, conditioned in this by historical and perhaps also by temperamental factors.\"[3]: 196Hobbes' complaint that Descartes has not offered an adequate account of degrees of reality does not seem to have been answered and Descartes' response that it is 'self-evident' surely is not enough. There may be some superficial appeal in the claim that an actual flower has more reality than an idea of a flower but this needs to be unpacked. 'Reality' cannot be equated with 'existence' for, apart from the fact that 'degrees of existence' is hardly less problematic than 'degrees of reality', as Wilson comments, \"reality must not be confused with existence: otherwise the existence of God would be overtly assumed in the premises of the argument.\"[10]: 137Even if the argument is judged on its own terms and we grant that there can be degrees of formal reality and degrees of objective reality there are still significant problems. Crucial to the argument as it is normally reconstructed is that the degree of objective reality is determined by the degree of formal reality that the thing being thought about would have if it existed. Descartes offers no reason why this should be so. Wilson says, \"Descartes has simply made an arbitrary stipulation here.\"[10]: 137 There seems to be no good reason why we could not maintain different degrees of objective reality but insist that the idea of an infinite substance still has less reality than the amount of reality conferred by the formal reality of a finite substance.Descartes may be inconsistent on this point for in the Replies he says of objective existence, \"this mode of being is of course much less perfect than that possessed by things which exist outside the intellect; but, as I did explain, it is not therefore simply nothing.\"[4]: 75 Despite what Descartes appears to say in the Meditations it may be necessary for the objective reality to be less than the formal reality of the thing represented. Williams points out, \"God, as the argument insists, has more reality or perfection than anything else whatever. Hence if Descartes' idea of God is not itself God (which would of course be absurd), it cannot, however regarded, possess as much reality as God, and hence cannot demand as much reality in its cause as God possesses. So the argument seems to fall short of positing God as cause of the idea.\"[3]: 128 He goes on to say that Descartes must, therefore be relying on something more than the general principle that there must be as much formal reality in the cause of an idea as there is objective reality in the idea itself. Instead, he suggests, Descartes is relying on special features of the idea of God: \"the infinity and perfection of God, represented in his idea, are of such a special character, so far in excess of any other possible cause, that the only thing adequate to produce an idea of that would be the thing itself, God.\"[3]: 128Then there is the problem of how it can be possible for a finite mind to have a clear and distinct idea of an infinite God. Descartes was challenged on this and in the first set of Replies says, \"the infinite, qua infinite, can in no way be grasped. But it can still be understood, in so far as we can clearly and distinctly understand that something is such that no limitations can be found in it, and this amounts to understanding clearly that it is infinite.\"[4]: 81 Cottingham argues that making this distinction is \"an unsatisfactory line of defence\".[8]: 129 He refers to Descartes own analogy of a man who had an idea of a very complex machine from which it could be inferred that he had either seen the machine, been told about the machine or was clever enough to invent it.[11]: 198 He adds, \"But clearly such inferences will hold only if the man has a quite determinate idea of the machine. If a man comes up and says that he has an idea of a marvellous machine which will feed the hungry by making proteins out of sand, I shall be impressed neither by his experience nor by his powers of invention if it turns out that that is all there is to the idea, and he has no conception, or only the haziest conception, of how such a machine might work.\"[8]: 129Finally, it might be added, for this proof to do the work Descartes is asking of it the proof needs to be clear and distinct. Given the above considerations this is unconvincing. In the second set of replies Descartes says this is the fault of the reader:I do not see what I can add to make it any clearer that the idea in question could not be present to my mind unless a supreme being existed. I can only say that it depends on the reader: if he attends carefully to what I have written he should be able to free himself from the preconceived opinions which may be eclipsing his natural light, and to accustom himself to believing in the primary notions, which are as evident and true as anything can be, in preference to opinions which are obscure and false, albeit fixed in the mind by long habit… I cannot force this truth on my readers if they are lazy, since it depends solely on their exercising their own powers of thought.[4]: 97","title":"Criticisms of the trademark argument"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Theology"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Theology"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theology"},{"link_name":"Theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"Conceptions of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptions_of_God"},{"link_name":"Theism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theism"},{"link_name":"Deism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism"},{"link_name":"Dystheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystheism"},{"link_name":"Henotheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henotheism"},{"link_name":"Hermeticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeticism"},{"link_name":"Kathenotheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathenotheism"},{"link_name":"Nontheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontheism"},{"link_name":"Monolatry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolatry"},{"link_name":"Monotheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism"},{"link_name":"Urmonotheismus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urmonotheismus"},{"link_name":"Mysticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism"},{"link_name":"Panentheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panentheism"},{"link_name":"Pandeism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandeism"},{"link_name":"Pantheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheism"},{"link_name":"Polydeism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheism"},{"link_name":"Polytheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheism"},{"link_name":"Spiritualism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)"},{"link_name":"Theistic finitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theistic_finitism"},{"link_name":"Theopanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theopanism"},{"link_name":"Deity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deity"},{"link_name":"Divinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinity"},{"link_name":"Gender of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_of_God"},{"link_name":"Goddess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddess"},{"link_name":"Numen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numen"},{"link_name":"Singular god","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God"},{"link_name":"Abrahamic religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions"},{"link_name":"Baháʼí Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Jainism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Jainism"},{"link_name":"Sikhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Sikhism"},{"link_name":"Zoroastrianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda"},{"link_name":"Absolute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"Brahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahman"},{"link_name":"Emanationism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanationism"},{"link_name":"Logos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos"},{"link_name":"Supreme Being","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God"},{"link_name":"Sustainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_the_Sustainer"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurvanism"},{"link_name":"Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good"},{"link_name":"Ahura Mazda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda"},{"link_name":"Father of Greatness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_of_Greatness"},{"link_name":"Trinitarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity"},{"link_name":"Athanasian Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasian_Creed"},{"link_name":"Comma 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GodTheismForms\n\nDeism\nDystheism\nHenotheism\nHermeticism\nKathenotheism\nNontheism\nMonolatry\nMonotheism\nUrmonotheismus\nMysticism\nPanentheism\nPandeism\nPantheism\nPolydeism\nPolytheism\nSpiritualism\nTheistic finitism\nTheopanism\nConcepts\n\nDeity\nDivinity\nGender of God and gods\nGoddess\nNumen\nSingular godtheologiesBy faith\nAbrahamic religions\nBaháʼí Faith\nJudaism\nChristianity\nIslam\nBuddhism\nHinduism\nJainism\nSikhism\nZoroastrianism\nConcepts\nAbsolute\nBrahman\nEmanationism\nLogos\nSupreme Being\nGod as\nSustainer\nTime\nGood (Ahura Mazda, Father of Greatness)\nTrinitarianism\nAthanasian Creed\nComma Johanneum\nConsubstantiality\nHomoousian\nHomoiousian\nHypostasis\nPerichoresis\nShield of the Trinity\nTrinitarian formula\nTrinity\nTrinity of the Church Fathers\nTrinitarian universalism\nEschatology\nAfterlife\nApocalypticism\nFate of the unlearned\nFitra\nHeaven / Hell\nBy religion\nBuddhist\nChristian\nHindu\nIslamic\nJewish\nTaoist\nZoroastrian\n\nFeminist\nBuddhism\nChristianity\nHinduism\nIslam\nJudaism\nMormonism\nGoddesses\nOther concepts\nAttributes of God in Christianity / in Islam\nBinitarianism\nDemiurge\nDivine simplicity\nDivine presence\nEgotheism\nExotheology\nHolocaust\nGodhead in Christianity\nLatter Day Saints\nGreat Architect of the Universe\nGreat Spirit\nApophatic theology\nOlelbis\nOpen theism\nPersonal god\nPhenomenological definition\nPhilo's view\nProcess\nTian\nUnmoved mover\nNames of God in\nChristianity\nHinduism\nIslam\nJainism\nJudaism\nBy faithChristian\nHistory\nOutline\nBiblical canon\nGlossary\nPaterology\nChristology\nPneumatology\nCosmology\nEcclesiology\nEschatology\nEthics\nHamartiology\nMessianism\nPhilosophy\nPolitical\nPractical\nPublic\nSophiology\nSoteriology\nHindu\nAyyavazhi theology\nKrishnology\nIslamic\nOneness of God\nProphets\nHoly Scriptures\nAngels\nPredestination\nLast Judgment\nJewish\nAbrahamic prophecy\nAggadah\nDenominations\nKabbalah\nPhilosophy\nPagan\nSlavic Native Faith\nWiccan\n Religion portal","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"reference":"\"trademark argument\". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Retrieved May 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803105212460;jsessionid=15F721D46D9188DBA5ED795F13FB6644","url_text":"\"trademark argument\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Philosophy","url_text":"The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy"}]},{"reference":"Gary Cox (2013). The God Confusion – Why Nobody Knows the Answer to the Ultimate Question. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 61. ISBN 9781623569808. This has come to be known as the trademark argument as it claims that each person's idea of God is the trademark, hallmark or stamp of their divine creator","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cox_(philosopher)","url_text":"Gary Cox"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RnnHAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT61","url_text":"The God Confusion – Why Nobody Knows the Answer to the Ultimate Question"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing","url_text":"Bloomsbury Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781623569808","url_text":"9781623569808"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Bernard (1996). Descartes: The Project of Pure Enquiry (Routledge Classics. Cambridge: Routledge. ISBN 1-138-01918-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-138-01918-6","url_text":"1-138-01918-6"}]},{"reference":"Cottingham, John; Stoothoff, Robert; Murdoch, Dugald (1984). The philosophical writings of Descartes vol2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24595-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24595-8","url_text":"0-521-24595-8"}]},{"reference":"Hatfield, Gary (2003). Descartes and the Meditations. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-11193-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-11193-5","url_text":"0-415-11193-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Oxford Living Dictionaries\". Oxford University Press. 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/mode","url_text":"\"Oxford Living Dictionaries\""}]},{"reference":"Kenny, Anthony (1968). Descartes A Study of his Philosophy. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-30665-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/descartesstudyof00kenn","url_text":"Descartes A Study of his Philosophy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-30665-1","url_text":"0-394-30665-1"}]},{"reference":"Cottingham, John (1986). Descartes. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-15046-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-15046-3","url_text":"0-631-15046-3"}]},{"reference":"Cunning, David (2010). Argument and Persuasion in Descartes' Meditations. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-539960-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539960-8","url_text":"978-0-19-539960-8"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Margaret (1960). Descartes. Bombay: Popular Prakashan Private Ltd.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cottingham, John; Stoothoff, Robert; Murdoch, Dugald (1985). The philosophical writings of Descartes vol1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-63712-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-63712-0","url_text":"0-521-63712-0"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Crawford
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Pamela Crawford
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["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Later years and death","5 References","6 External links"]
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Stage designer (1921-1997)
Pamela CrawfordCrawford addressing Youth Charter Conference in 1949BornPamela Mary Seeman1921Brisbane, AustraliaDied1997(1997-00-00) (aged 75–76)Occupation(s)Artist, stage designerSpouseJames Crawford
Pamela Mary Crawford (née Seeman, 1921–1997) was an Australian artist and stage designer married to the English-born Australian dramatist, James Crawford.
Crawford was involved in the radical art and literary movements of Brisbane's 1940s. She was a member of the Barjai group which published the radical youth art magazine Barjai. This magazine was edited by Barrett Reid and Laurence Collinson and published between 1943 and 1947. Barjai magazine described itself as 'a meeting place for youth'. Crawford was also involved in the establishment of the Miya Studio.
In 1988, she donated a large collection of artworks from the Miya Studio to the University of Queensland.
Early life
Pamela Seeman was born in Brisbane in 1921. In 1942, Crawford entered the Central Technical College in George Street, Brisbane, as a full-time student. She had been unable to do so earlier due to a family illness. Once she completed the introductory course, she began studying fashion as theatrical design was not offered. Crawford later transferred into Industrial Drawing under John Appleyard. Crawford was still attending some classes in 1945; however, she left college before she was awarded her diploma.
Career
View across Youth Charter Conference. Delegates towards stage.
The Barjai magazine was created at Brisbane State High School by Barrett Reid, Laurence Collinson and Cecil Knopke in 1943. Barjai was the Aboriginal word for 'meeting place'. The aim of the Barjai was to allow adolescents to express themselves about experimental art and literature. However, Headmaster Waddle prohibited the newspaper from the school; Reid sold the Barjai on the path outside.
The magazine continued outside of school and by 1944, the Barjai group held fortnightly meetings in the Australasian Catholic Assurance building at Queen Street, Brisbane. By this stage the Barjai group had grown considerably. Writers included people like Thea Astley, Laurence Collinson, Barret Reid, Barbara Patterson (known as Blackman), Pat O'Rourke and Vida Smith (known as Horn). Artists, such as, Pamela Seeman, Joy Roggenkamp and Laurence Hope also joined the magazine. This group was further joined by associate writers, Judith Wright, James Devaney, Jack McKinney and Val Vallis. The Barjai had an audience of around three hundred people and more than fifty people contributed poetry, stories, essays and artworks.
The Miya Studio was formed in 1945 as a break-away from the more conservative Royal Queensland Art Society when the parent body disapproved of the direction of the Younger Artist's Group (YAG). Indeed, this group had been established by Crawford (then Seeman), Laurence Collinson, Joy Roggenkamp, Laurence Hope and Cecil Knopke. There was no government funding at that time for independent art schools and budding artists needed a studio to express their passion. The Miya studio was different from other artist groups as the artists painted with radical intent, rather than for a record of achievement. Crawford became the secretary-treasurer for the Miya Studio in March, 1946.
The Miya Studio operated between 1945 and 1949 and had grown out of the Barjai group. Studio members organised art exhibitions and other events, such as, public lectures held by emerging intellectuals and writers of the day. The first major exhibition was in 1946, held at the Banquet Hall of Hotel Canberra. The artworks from the exhibition included Crawford's paintings Ivory Tower and Shadow Partners. The Miya artists' style was loosely based on Expressionism. This style was highly advanced in the Brisbane art scene during this period. An art critic who had visited the exhibition stated that Crawford was one of the most promising artists in the show. Most critics, however, were dismissive of the modernist work of the group. Joanne Watson's brief history of the Barjai group, published in Overland (2004) records Crawford as saying: '"Most Modern art was regarded by the art establishment as an unlovely aberration that would go away if ignored." Her nude study, alongside Laurence Collinson's antiwar painting drew police attention at Finney's Gallery in 1948.'
In September 1949, Pamela Crawford spoke at the Youth Charter Conference held in Trades Hall, Brisbane. This conference was held to expose the enemies of the Youth in order to allow Youths to have a better life. One hundred and fifteen delegates from 47 organisations participated in the conference.
Crawford attended art classes of Caroline Barker and Miss Birkbeck whose studios were in Brisbane. However, these teachers were not progressive artists of the 1950s. Like many young Brisbane artists of the period, Crawford attended lectures held by Dr. Gertrude Langer. Langer, a Viennese art historian who had fled the rise of Nazism in Germany, had become influential in the development of the Arts in Queensland and was a central figure for Miya Studio artists. Langer also offered her support to the Barjai group. Crawford stated that she was educated on many topics during these lectures, such as, the Impressionists and the Fauves. Crawford's photographs appeared in edition twenty of the Barjai.
Barjai magazine and Miya studio members frequented the Pink Elephant Cafe which gained the reputation in Brisbane as a meeting place for the unruly. It was not uncommon for police raids to occur on the suspicion that alcohol trading was apparent.
In the late '40s, Crawford began spending a lot of time with a radical society called the New Theatre Club. Consequently, the Miya Studio began to merge with this radical club. The New Theatre Club stood for "Peace, Freedom and Cultural progress". This amalgamation was named the Artists group of the New Theatre, which formally constituted in June, 1949. The Miya Studio group officially ended in 1950. Crawford was elected the first chairman of the new art society. Through this association, Crawford began stage designing and in 1952, she illustrated costume sketches for Jim Crawford's play the Bushland Picnic.
Personal life
Crawford married the playwright and Communist Party member, James Crawford (Jim) on 22 December 1949. Crawford was influenced by Jim's political philosophy and may also have become a member of the Communist Party. The marriage inspired her to unite her artistic and theatrical passions.
The couple settled on Tamborine Mountain after buying several acres of land.
Later years and death
Crawford became a member of the Queensland Women's Historical Association in 1977. The association was founded in 1950 with the mission to preserve historical sites around Queensland, Northern New South Wales, France and Great Britain. One of the historical sites that the association worked towards saving was Meigunyah house, Brisbane, built in 1886.
In 1988, Crawford donated a series of artworks (including around fifty of her own works) from the Miya Studio to the University of Queensland. This series of artworks allowed the University of Queensland to hold an exhibition dedicated to the young Brisbane artists who lived during the 1940s. This exhibition, titled "Young Turks and Battle Lines", was the first exhibition to explore this aspect of the city's cultural history.
Crawford died in 1997.
References
^ a b Healy, Connie, Crawford, James (Jim) (1908–1973), National Centre of Biography at Australian National University, n.d. Web, 2012. 29 March 2012 http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/crawford-james-jim-12867
^ a b c d e f g h Watson, Joanne. 'Brisbane's Little Chelsea': the cultural legacy of the Barjai and Miya groups. Overland, no.174, Autumn 2004: 58–62.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k The University of Queensland. The Miya Studio Archive. UQ Art Museum at University of Queensland, n.d. Web, 2011. 29 April 2012 http://www.artmuseum.uq.edu.au/miya-studio-archive
^ Young Turks and Battle Lines, Barjai and Miya Studio: An Exhibition Arranged by the University Art Museum, University of Queensland, Centering Around Young Brisbane Artists of the 1940s. University Art Museum. 1988. pp. 1–5. ISBN 978-0-86776-293-8.
^ a b c Anderson, Michele Elizabeth. Barjai, Miya Studio and Young Brisbane Artists of the 1940s: Towards a Radical Practice. St Lucia: University of Queensland. 1987. Print., p. 4
^ Hatherell William. Collinson, Laurence Henry (Laurie) (1925–1986). National Centre of Biography at Australian National University, n.d. Web, 2012. 29 April 2012 http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/collinson-laurence-henry-laurie-12337, p. 6
^ Queensland Youth Voice,'47 Organisations Support Youth Charter Conference', Jim Crawford Collection, UQFL301, Box 3, Folder 6, Fryer Library, University of Queensland Library.
^ Anderson, Michele Elizabeth. Barjai, Miya Studio and Young Brisbane Artists of the 1940s: Towards a Radical Practice. St Lucia: University of Queensland. 1987. Print., p. 5
^ Queensland Women's Historical Association, Invitation, 1977, Jim Crawford Collection UQFL 301, Folder 4, Box 7, Fryer Library, University of Queensland Library.
External links
PDF link to list of what is included in Jim Crawford Collection in Fryer Library, UQ St Lucia.
The Australia Dictionary of Biography – James Crawford.
University of Queensland. The Miya Studio Archive. Located at the Art Museum, University of Queensland.
AustLit Record for Gertrude Langer.
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She was a member of the Barjai group which published the radical youth art magazine Barjai. This magazine was edited by Barrett Reid and Laurence Collinson and published between 1943 and 1947.[2] Barjai magazine described itself as 'a meeting place for youth'. Crawford was also involved in the establishment of the Miya Studio.[3]In 1988, she donated a large collection of artworks from the Miya Studio to the University of Queensland.[4]","title":"Pamela Crawford"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Technical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Technical_College"},{"link_name":"Industrial Drawing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrial_Drawing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anderson-5"}],"text":"Pamela Seeman was born in Brisbane in 1921. In 1942, Crawford entered the Central Technical College in George Street, Brisbane, as a full-time student. She had been unable to do so earlier due to a family illness. Once she completed the introductory course, she began studying fashion as theatrical design was not offered. Crawford later transferred into Industrial Drawing under John Appleyard. Crawford was still attending some classes in 1945; however, she left college before she was awarded her diploma.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UQFL301_b9f1_photo_0001x.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brisbane State High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_State_High_School"},{"link_name":"Barrett Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrett_Reid"},{"link_name":"Laurence Collinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Collinson"},{"link_name":"Cecil Knopke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Knopke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watson-2"},{"link_name":"Thea Astley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thea_Astley"},{"link_name":"Barbara Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Patterson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pat O'Rourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_O%27Rourke"},{"link_name":"Vida Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vida_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joy Roggenkamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joy_Roggenkamp&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Laurence Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Hope_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Judith Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Wright"},{"link_name":"James Devaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Devaney"},{"link_name":"Jack McKinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_McKinney_(Australian_author)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Val Vallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Vallis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watson-2"},{"link_name":"Miya Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miya_Studio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watson-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheUniversity-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheUniversity-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheUniversity-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheUniversity-3"},{"link_name":"Expressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheUniversity-3"},{"link_name":"Overland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overland_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watson-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QueenslandYouth-7"},{"link_name":"Caroline Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Barker_(artist)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anderson-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheUniversity-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watson-2"},{"link_name":"Impressionists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionists"},{"link_name":"Fauves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauvism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anderson-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watson-2"},{"link_name":"New Theatre Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Theatre_Club&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watson-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheUniversity-3"}],"text":"View across Youth Charter Conference. Delegates towards stage.The Barjai magazine was created at Brisbane State High School by Barrett Reid, Laurence Collinson and Cecil Knopke in 1943. Barjai was the Aboriginal word for 'meeting place'. The aim of the Barjai was to allow adolescents to express themselves about experimental art and literature. However, Headmaster Waddle prohibited the newspaper from the school; Reid sold the Barjai on the path outside.[2]The magazine continued outside of school and by 1944, the Barjai group held fortnightly meetings in the Australasian Catholic Assurance building at Queen Street, Brisbane. By this stage the Barjai group had grown considerably. Writers included people like Thea Astley, Laurence Collinson, Barret Reid, Barbara Patterson (known as Blackman), Pat O'Rourke and Vida Smith (known as Horn). Artists, such as, Pamela Seeman, Joy Roggenkamp and Laurence Hope also joined the magazine. This group was further joined by associate writers, Judith Wright, James Devaney, Jack McKinney and Val Vallis. The Barjai had an audience of around three hundred people and more than fifty people contributed poetry, stories, essays and artworks.[2]The Miya Studio was formed in 1945 as a break-away from the more conservative Royal Queensland Art Society when the parent body disapproved of the direction of the Younger Artist's Group (YAG). Indeed, this group had been established by Crawford (then Seeman), Laurence Collinson, Joy Roggenkamp, Laurence Hope and Cecil Knopke.[2] There was no government funding at that time for independent art schools and budding artists needed a studio to express their passion.[3] The Miya studio was different from other artist groups as the artists painted with radical intent, rather than for a record of achievement.[3] Crawford became the secretary-treasurer for the Miya Studio in March, 1946.The Miya Studio operated between 1945 and 1949 and had grown out of the Barjai group. Studio members organised art exhibitions and other events, such as, public lectures held by emerging intellectuals and writers of the day.[3] The first major exhibition was in 1946, held at the Banquet Hall of Hotel Canberra. The artworks from the exhibition included Crawford's paintings Ivory Tower and Shadow Partners.[3] The Miya artists' style was loosely based on Expressionism. This style was highly advanced in the Brisbane art scene during this period.[6] An art critic who had visited the exhibition stated that Crawford was one of the most promising artists in the show.[3] Most critics, however, were dismissive of the modernist work of the group. Joanne Watson's brief history of the Barjai group, published in Overland (2004) records Crawford as saying: '\"Most Modern art was regarded by the art establishment as an unlovely aberration that would go away if ignored.\" Her nude study, alongside Laurence Collinson's antiwar painting drew police attention at Finney's Gallery in 1948.'[2]In September 1949, Pamela Crawford spoke at the Youth Charter Conference held in Trades Hall, Brisbane. This conference was held to expose the enemies of the Youth in order to allow Youths to have a better life. One hundred and fifteen delegates from 47 organisations participated in the conference.[7]Crawford attended art classes of Caroline Barker and Miss Birkbeck whose studios were in Brisbane. However, these teachers were not progressive artists of the 1950s.[5] Like many young Brisbane artists of the period, Crawford attended lectures held by Dr. Gertrude Langer. Langer, a Viennese art historian who had fled the rise of Nazism in Germany, had become influential in the development of the Arts in Queensland and was a central figure for Miya Studio artists.[3] Langer also offered her support to the Barjai group.[2] Crawford stated that she was educated on many topics during these lectures, such as, the Impressionists and the Fauves. Crawford's photographs appeared in edition twenty of the Barjai.[5]Barjai magazine and Miya studio members frequented the Pink Elephant Cafe which gained the reputation in Brisbane as a meeting place for the unruly. It was not uncommon for police raids to occur on the suspicion that alcohol trading was apparent.[2]In the late '40s, Crawford began spending a lot of time with a radical society called the New Theatre Club. Consequently, the Miya Studio began to merge with this radical club. The New Theatre Club stood for \"Peace, Freedom and Cultural progress\".[2] This amalgamation was named the Artists group of the New Theatre, which formally constituted in June, 1949. The Miya Studio group officially ended in 1950. Crawford was elected the first chairman of the new art society.[3] Through this association, Crawford began stage designing and in 1952, she illustrated costume sketches for Jim Crawford's play the Bushland Picnic.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"James Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Crawford_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Tamborine Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamborine_Mountain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Healy-1"}],"text":"Crawford married the playwright and Communist Party member, James Crawford (Jim) on 22 December 1949. Crawford was influenced by Jim's political philosophy and may also have become a member of the Communist Party. The marriage inspired her to unite her artistic and theatrical passions.[8]The couple settled on Tamborine Mountain after buying several acres of land.[1]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queensland Women's Historical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Women%27s_Historical_Association"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Meigunyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meigunyah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"University of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheUniversity-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheUniversity-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheUniversity-3"}],"text":"Crawford became a member of the Queensland Women's Historical Association in 1977.[9] The association was founded in 1950 with the mission to preserve historical sites around Queensland, Northern New South Wales, France and Great Britain. One of the historical sites that the association worked towards saving was Meigunyah house, Brisbane, built in 1886.In 1988, Crawford donated a series of artworks (including around fifty of her own works) from the Miya Studio to the University of Queensland.[3] This series of artworks allowed the University of Queensland to hold an exhibition dedicated to the young Brisbane artists who lived during the 1940s. This exhibition, titled \"Young Turks and Battle Lines\", was the first exhibition to explore this aspect of the city's cultural history.[3]Crawford died in 1997.[3]","title":"Later years and death"}]
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[{"image_text":"View across Youth Charter Conference. Delegates towards stage.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/UQFL301_b9f1_photo_0001x.jpg/220px-UQFL301_b9f1_photo_0001x.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Young Turks and Battle Lines, Barjai and Miya Studio: An Exhibition Arranged by the University Art Museum, University of Queensland, Centering Around Young Brisbane Artists of the 1940s. University Art Museum. 1988. pp. 1–5. ISBN 978-0-86776-293-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86776-293-8","url_text":"978-0-86776-293-8"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/crawford-james-jim-12867","external_links_name":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/crawford-james-jim-12867"},{"Link":"http://www.artmuseum.uq.edu.au/miya-studio-archive","external_links_name":"http://www.artmuseum.uq.edu.au/miya-studio-archive"},{"Link":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/collinson-laurence-henry-laurie-12337","external_links_name":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/collinson-laurence-henry-laurie-12337"},{"Link":"http://www.library.uq.edu.au/fryer/ms/uqfl301.pdf","external_links_name":"PDF link to list of what is included in Jim Crawford Collection in Fryer Library, UQ St Lucia."},{"Link":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/crawford-james-jim-12867","external_links_name":"The Australia Dictionary of Biography – James Crawford."},{"Link":"http://www.artmuseum.uq.edu.au/miya-studio-archive%7CThe","external_links_name":"University of Queensland. The Miya Studio Archive. Located at the Art Museum, University of Queensland."},{"Link":"http://www.austlit.edu.au/run?ex=ShowAgent&agentId=A%29wW","external_links_name":"AustLit Record for Gertrude Langer."}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_cruiser_Esmeralda_(1896)
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Chilean cruiser Esmeralda (1896)
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["1 Background and design","2 Service","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
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For other ships with the same name, see Chilean ship Esmeralda.
Esmeralda
History
Chile
NameEsmeralda
NamesakeEsmeralda (1791)
Ordered15 May 1895
BuilderArmstrong Mitchell, Elswick
Laid down4 July 1895
Launched14 April 1896
Commissioned4 September 1896
Decommissioned1930
FateScrapped 1930
General characteristics
TypeArmoured cruiser
Displacement7,032 long tons (7,145 t)
Length
436 ft (132.89 m) (pp)
468 ft 3 in (142.72 m) oa
Beam52 ft 5 in (15.98 m)
Draft20 ft 6 in (6.25 m)
Installed power
6 cylindrical boilers
16,000 ihp (12,000 kW)
Propulsion2 shafts; 2 triple expansion steam engines
Speed22.25 knots (41.21 km/h; 25.60 mph)
Complement513
Armament
2 × single 8 in (203 mm) guns
16 × single 6 in (152 mm) guns
8 × single 12 pdr (3 in (76 mm)) guns
10 × single 6 pdr (2.2 in (57 mm)) guns
3 × 18 in (457 mm) torpedo tubes
Armor
Harvey armor
Belt: 6 in (152 mm)
Deck: 1.5–2 in (38–51 mm)
Bulkheads: 6 in (152 mm)
Gunshields: 4.5 in (114 mm)
Conning tower: 8 in (203 mm)
Esmeralda was developed as a custom design by naval architect Philip Watts for the Chilean Navy during the Argentine–Chilean naval arms race.
Background and design
This Esmeralda was purchased in part with US$1,500,000 in funds garnered from the sale of an earlier protected cruiser of the same name to Japan via Ecuador.
The idea for the design was based on the performance of Japanese firepower and speed in the Battle of the Yalu River.
The new ship was defined by historian Adrian J. English as "the first armored cruiser to be built for any navy," and the contemporary Naval Annual called it "one of the most powerful cruisers in the world." Another historian, Peter Brook, has written that Esmeralda should be classified as a lesser "belted" cruiser due to design faults present after its conversion from a protected cruiser while under construction.
Service
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2020)
On 18 December 1907, the ship brought troops from Valparaíso to Iquique to repress thousands of miners from different nitrate mines in Chile's north who were appealing for government intervention to improve their living and working conditions. This later developed into the Santa María School massacre.: 340
In 1910, it sailed with the frigate O’Higgins to the naval magazine of Argentina for its centenary.
In 1915, the Chilean Navy claimed that Esmeralda set speed and accuracy world records in big-gun shooting. For the latter, 100 out of 100 shots hit a target.
Esmeralda served in the Chilean Navy until 1930.
1:48 scale model of Esmeralda, on display at the Swiss Museum of Transport.
See also
South American dreadnought race
List of decommissioned ships of the Chilean Navy
Notes
^ a b c d Brooke 1999, p. 101.
^ Robert Scheina, Latin America: A Naval History 1810–1987 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1987), 48; Charles R. Flint, "Fifty Years a Trader," System: The Magazine of Business 40, no. 2 (1921): 218.
^ a b c "Crucero". armada.cl (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-11-21.
^ Adrian J. English, Armed Forces of Latin America (London: Jane's Publishing Company, 1984), 146.
^ E. Weyl, "The Progress of Foreign Navies," in The Naval Annual, ed. T.A. Brassey (London: William Clowes and Sons, 1896), 55.
^ Peter Brook, Warships for Export: Armstrong Warships, 1867–1927 (Gravesend, UK: World Ship Society, 1999), 101–02.
^ Carlos López Urrutia (1969). Historia de la Marina de Chile. Andres Bello. GGKEY:9XDHU6QU6DA. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
^ "Chileans Claim a Record". The New York Times. 11 July 1915. p. 8. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
References
Brooke, Peter. Warships for Export: Armstrong Warships 1867–1927. Gravesend, UK: World Ship Society, 1999. ISBN 0-905617-89-4.
Chesneau, Roger and Eugene M. Kolesnik. Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. London: Conway's Maritime Press, 1979. ISBN 0-85177-133-5.
External links
Chilean Navy site Esmeralda (1895), retrieved on 17 December 2012
vteCruisers of the Chilean NavyCruisersLight cruisersTre Kronor class
Almirante Latorre (CL-04) (1971–1984)
Brooklyn class
O'Higgins (CL-02) (1951–1992)
Capitan Prat (CL-03) (1951–1982)
Armored cruisers
Esmeralda S (1896–1930)
O'Higgins S (1898–1933)
Protected cruisers
Chacabuco S (1902–1950)
New Orleans class
Ministro Zenteno (1896–1930)
Blanco Encalada S (1895–1940)
Presidente Errázuriz class
Presidente Errázuriz (1892–1930)
Presidente Pinto (1892–1905)
Esmeralda S (1884–1894)
Unprotected cruisersTsukushi class
Arturo Prat C (1880)
S
Single ship of class
C
Purchase cancelled
Footnotes
^ Later renamed as Chacabuco.
List of cruisers of the Chilean Navy
List of decommissioned ships of the Chilean Navy
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chilean ship Esmeralda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_ship_Esmeralda"},{"link_name":"Philip Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Watts_(naval_architect)"},{"link_name":"Chilean Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Navy"},{"link_name":"Argentine–Chilean naval arms race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine%E2%80%93Chilean_naval_arms_race"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see Chilean ship Esmeralda.Esmeralda was developed as a custom design by naval architect Philip Watts for the Chilean Navy during the Argentine–Chilean naval arms race.","title":"Chilean cruiser Esmeralda (1896)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"protected cruiser of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_cruiser_Esmeralda_(1883)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Yalu River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yalu_River_(1894)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Naval Annual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Annual"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"This Esmeralda was purchased in part with US$1,500,000 in funds garnered from the sale of an earlier protected cruiser of the same name to Japan via Ecuador.[2]The idea for the design was based on the performance of Japanese firepower and speed in the Battle of the Yalu River.[3]The new ship was defined by historian Adrian J. English as \"the first armored cruiser to be built for any navy,\"[4] and the contemporary Naval Annual called it \"one of the most powerful cruisers in the world.\"[5] Another historian, Peter Brook, has written that Esmeralda should be classified as a lesser \"belted\" cruiser due to design faults present after its conversion from a protected cruiser while under construction.[6]","title":"Background and design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa María School massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_School_massacre"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Urrutia1969-7"},{"link_name":"O’Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_frigate_O%27Higgins_(1816)"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Esmeralda-IMG_8662.jpg"},{"link_name":"Swiss Museum of Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Museum_of_Transport"}],"text":"On 18 December 1907, the ship brought troops from Valparaíso to Iquique to repress thousands of miners from different nitrate mines in Chile's north who were appealing for government intervention to improve their living and working conditions. This later developed into the Santa María School massacre.[7]: 340In 1910, it sailed with the frigate O’Higgins to the naval magazine of Argentina for its centenary. [3]In 1915, the Chilean Navy claimed that Esmeralda set speed and accuracy world records in big-gun shooting. For the latter, 100 out of 100 shots hit a target.[8]Esmeralda served in the Chilean Navy until 1930.[3]1:48 scale model of Esmeralda, on display at the Swiss Museum of Transport.","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-export_p101_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-export_p101_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-export_p101_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-export_p101_1-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_3-2"},{"link_name":"\"Crucero\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//armada.temporal.avz.cl/armada/site/artic/20140214/pags/20140214174659.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Urrutia1969_7-0"},{"link_name":"Historia de la Marina de Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=IyV_C94lNRoC"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Chileans Claim a Record\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nyti.ms/3LkSIEQ"}],"text":"^ a b c d Brooke 1999, p. 101.\n\n^ Robert Scheina, Latin America: A Naval History 1810–1987 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1987), 48; Charles R. Flint, \"Fifty Years a Trader,\" System: The Magazine of Business 40, no. 2 (1921): 218.\n\n^ a b c \"Crucero\". armada.cl (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-11-21.\n\n^ Adrian J. English, Armed Forces of Latin America (London: Jane's Publishing Company, 1984), 146.\n\n^ E. Weyl, \"The Progress of Foreign Navies,\" in The Naval Annual, ed. T.A. Brassey (London: William Clowes and Sons, 1896), 55.\n\n^ Peter Brook, Warships for Export: Armstrong Warships, 1867–1927 (Gravesend, UK: World Ship Society, 1999), 101–02.\n\n^ Carlos López Urrutia (1969). Historia de la Marina de Chile. Andres Bello. GGKEY:9XDHU6QU6DA. Retrieved 9 January 2013.\n\n^ \"Chileans Claim a Record\". The New York Times. 11 July 1915. p. 8. Retrieved 21 April 2023.","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"South American dreadnought race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_race"},{"title":"List of decommissioned ships of the Chilean Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_decommissioned_ships_of_the_Chilean_Navy"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Crucero\". armada.cl (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-11-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://armada.temporal.avz.cl/armada/site/artic/20140214/pags/20140214174659.html","url_text":"\"Crucero\""}]},{"reference":"Carlos López Urrutia (1969). Historia de la Marina de Chile. Andres Bello. GGKEY:9XDHU6QU6DA. Retrieved 9 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IyV_C94lNRoC","url_text":"Historia de la Marina de Chile"}]},{"reference":"\"Chileans Claim a Record\". The New York Times. 11 July 1915. p. 8. Retrieved 21 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nyti.ms/3LkSIEQ","url_text":"\"Chileans Claim a Record\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chilean_cruiser_Esmeralda_(1896)&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"http://armada.temporal.avz.cl/armada/site/artic/20140214/pags/20140214174659.html","external_links_name":"\"Crucero\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IyV_C94lNRoC","external_links_name":"Historia de la Marina de Chile"},{"Link":"https://nyti.ms/3LkSIEQ","external_links_name":"\"Chileans Claim a Record\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120320005222/http://www.armada.cl/prontus_armada/site/artic/20090710/pags/20090710192942.html","external_links_name":"Esmeralda (1895)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoli_Basket
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Napoli Basket
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["1 History","1.1 2016–2019: Beginnings","1.2 2019–present: Promotion to LBA and Italian Cup victory","2 Players","2.1 Current roster","2.2 Notable players","2.3 Depth chart","3 Domestic competitions","4 References","5 External links"]
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Basketball team in Naples, ItalyNapoli BasketLeagueLBAFounded2016HistoryCuore Napoli Basket(2016–2018)Napoli Basket(2018–present)ArenaPalaBarbutoCapacity5,500LocationNaples, ItalyTeam colorsWhite and Blue CEOAlessandro Dalla SaldaPresidentFederico GrassiTeam managerPedro LlompartHead coachIgor MiličićChampionships1 Italian Cup1 Italian A2 Cup 1 Italian B CupWebsitenapolibasket.eu
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Napoli Basket, known for sponsorship reasons as GeVi Napoli, is an Italian professional basketball team of the city of Naples. It's the de facto successor of the Basket Napoli which was dissolved in 2009.
The team has achieved the promotion to the Serie A after the end of the 2020–21 season of the Serie A2 Basket.
History
2016–2019: Beginnings
In August 2016, after a corporate failure of S.S. Basket Napoli, Ciro Ruggiero founded a new team, known as Cuore Napoli Basket. The transfer of the sporting title from Cilento Basket Agropoli allowed the newborn Neapolitan team to play in the 2016–17 Serie B. In the same season, Cuore Napoli Basket managed to win promotion to Serie A2, after having arrived first in Group C of the regular season and beat Bergamo Basket in the playoff's final. During the same season Napoli also won his first Italian Cup in the National Basketball League.
At the end of the 2017–18 season, Cuore Napoli Basket relegated to Serie B, after losing in the playouts against Roseto Sharks. At the end of the season, the management passed to the Neapolitan entrepreneurs Federico Grassi and Francesco Tavassi and the club changed its name to Napoli Basket. Gianluca Lulli was signed as new head coach. In 2018–19 Serie B, Napoli Basket closed the regular season at the 6th place in group D with 36 points, but it lost in the semifinals against Pallacanestro Palestrina.
2019–present: Promotion to LBA and Italian Cup victory
In June 2019, the club announced that it had purchased the sports title from Legnano Basket Knights, obtaining the right to participate in the 2019–20 Serie A2 season. However, the season began with three consecutive defeats against NPC Rieti, Basket Latina and Junior Casale. Gianluca Lulli was sacked and the expert coach Stefano Sacripanti was signed. Napoli ended the regular season at the 8th place, achieving the second phase, which however was never played due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In the next summer, important players like Josh Mayo and Jordan Parks were signed. In the 2020–21 season, the team won its second Italian LNP Cup (the first in Serie A2), beating APU Udine for 80–69 in the final. On 27 June 2021, following the victory in the playoff's finals against Udine, Napoli was promoted to Lega Basket Serie A (LBA).
Despite a good start of the season, on 15 March 2022, coach Sacripanti was sacked following several defeats and the club hired Maurizio Buscaglia as new head coach. Moreover, on 29 March, Napoli signed the Lithuanian center Artūras Gudaitis, who had left Zenit Saint Petersburg following the Russian invasion of Ukraine. On May 1, Napoli defeated Fortitudo Bologna at PalaDozza, achieving the salvation from relegation.
After not making the playoffs in the 2021-22 season, the club decided to take new players during the offseason. These include Jordan Howard, Robert Johnson, David Michineau, Elijah Stewart and JaCorey Williams. On January 3, 2023, Buscaglia was esonerated and Cesare Pancotto ended up becoming the head coach after being an assistant coach for the team. During the season, they engaged Devin Davis, Joe Young and Thomas Wimbush. Though Johnson, Davis, Williams, Agravanis and Zanotti would all leave the club before the end of the season.
In 2023, Alessandro Dalla Salda became the new CEO and hired the Croatian Igor Miličić as new head coach. Moreover, the club signed important players like Jacob Pullen, Tyler Ennis, Michał Sokołowski, Tariq Owens and Markel Brown. On 18 February 2024, after having ousted Pallacanestro Brescia and Reggiana in the first two rounds, Napoli defeated Olimpia Milano in the final, winning the first Italian Cup of its history.
Players
Current roster
GeVi Napoli Basket roster
Players
Coaches
Pos.
No.
Nat.
Name
Ht.
Wt.
Age
PG
0
Pullen, Jacob
1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)
91 kg (201 lb)
34 – (1989-11-10)10 November 1989
F/C
1
Zubčić, Tomislav
2.11 m (6 ft 11 in)
110 kg (243 lb)
34 – (1990-01-17)17 January 1990
PG
5
De Nicolao, Giovanni
1.91 m (6 ft 3 in)
79 kg (174 lb)
28 – (1996-06-10)10 June 1996
PF
11
Owens, Tariq
2.06 m (6 ft 9 in)
93 kg (205 lb)
28 – (1995-06-30)30 June 1995
SG
22
Brown, Markel
1.90 m (6 ft 3 in)
86 kg (190 lb)
32 – (1992-01-29)29 January 1992
PF
25
Lever, Alessandro
2.08 m (6 ft 10 in)
104 kg (229 lb)
25 – (1998-12-04)4 December 1998
PF
35
Bamba, Moussa
2.04 m (6 ft 8 in)
102 kg (225 lb)
19 – (2005-01-10)10 January 2005
C
44
Dut Biar, Mabor
2.16 m (7 ft 1 in)
110 kg (243 lb)
22 – (2001-12-21)21 December 2001
PF
73
Ebeling, Michele
2.06 m (6 ft 9 in)
91 kg (201 lb)
25 – (1999-01-03)3 January 1999
G
Copeland, Zach
1.93 m (6 ft 4 in)
84 kg (185 lb)
26 – (1997-06-21)21 June 1997
Head coach
Igor Miličić
Assistant coach(es)
Cesare Pancotto
Francesco Cavaliere
Legend
(C) Team captain Injured
Roster Updated: May 24, 2024
Notable players
Elijah Stewart (born 1995)
Depth chart
Pos.
Starting 5
Bench 1
Bench 2
C
Tariq Owens
Mabor Dut Biar
PF
Tomislav Zubčić
Alessandro Lever
Moussa Bamba
SF
Michele Ebeling
SG
Markel Brown
Jacob Pullen
PG
Giovanni De Nicolao
(colours: Italian or homegrown players; foreign players; young players)
Domestic competitions
Italian Cup
Winners (1): 2023–24
References
^ "Basket Napli page in LNP" (in Italian). legapallacanestro.com.
^ "Napoli è la prima neopromossa. Il presidente Grassi: 'Ci abbiamo creduto sin dal primo giorno'" (in Italian). legabasket.it. 28 June 2021.
^ Cuore Napoli Basket: Patron Ruggiero lascia la compagine napoletana, La Rampa
^ Gevi Napoli basket – Pino Sacripanti è ufficialmente il nuovo head coach degli azzurri, Generazione Vincente
^ Napoli Basket, vinta la Coppa Italia di Serie A2, Informare
^ Estasi Napoli: torna in Serie A dopo 13 anni!, Gazzetta dello Sport
^ Napoli basket, esonerato l'allenatore Sacripanti dopo la sconfitta con Varese, Sky Sport
^ https://sportando.basketball/generazione-vincente-napoli-ufficiale-arturas-gudaitis/, Sportando
^ "Gevi Napoli Basket, ingaggiato il playmaker Jordan Howard". Napoli Basket (in Italian). 2022-06-20. Retrieved 2023-04-23.
^ "Napoli Basket, preso anche Robert Johnson: ufficiale l'arrivo della guardia americana". NapoliToday (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-04-23.
^ "Gevi Napoli Basket, Arriva il playmaker David Michineau". Napoli Basket (in Italian). 2022-06-17. Retrieved 2023-04-23.
^ "UFFICIALE - Gevi Napoli Basket, arriva Elijah Stewart". Basketinside.com (in Italian). 2022-07-19. Retrieved 2023-04-23.
^ Stefano (2022-07-15). "Scouting, Jacorey Williams: il volto nuovo Gevi Napoli Basket". Backdoorpodcast.com | Podcast e news su Nba, Eurolega e Basket Serie A (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-04-23.
^ Arcari, Marco. "SERIE A - LA GEVI NAPOLI ESONERA MAURIZIO BUSCAGLIA". Eurosport (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-04-23.
^ "Ge.Vi. Napoli: Cesare Pancotto cambia idea e accetta il ruolo da head coach". SuperBasket (in Italian). 2023-01-03. Retrieved 2023-04-23.
^ "UFFICIALE - Gevi Napoli Basket, arriva Devin Davis". Basketinside.com (in Italian). 2022-11-15. Retrieved 2023-04-23.
^ "UFFICIALE - Napoli, colpo in entrata: Joe Young firma con la GeVi". Basketinside.com (in Italian). 2023-01-05. Retrieved 2023-04-23.
^ Uccella, Davide (2023-02-07). "UFFICIALE - Gevi Napoli Basket, arriva Thomas Wimbush". Basketinside.com (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-04-23.
^ "Simone Zanotti lascia Napoli e firma in A2 con Torino". Basket Magazine (in Italian). 2023-04-20. Retrieved 2023-04-23.
External links
Official Site (in Italian)
vteGeVi Napoli current roster
0 Pullen
1 Zubčić
5 De Nicolao
11 Owens
25 Lever
73 Ebeling
Copeland
Head coach: Miličić
Assistant coach(es): Pancotto
vteLega Basket Serie A2022–23 teams
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Bertram Yachts Derthona Tortona
Carpegna Prosciutto Basket Pesaro
Dolomiti Energia Trento
EA7 Emporio Armani Milano
Germani Brescia
GeVi Napoli Basket
Givova Scafati
Happy Casa Brindisi
Nutribullet Treviso Basket
Openjobmetis Varese
Pallacanestro Trieste
Tezenis Verona
Umana Reyer Venezia
UnaHotels Reggio Emilia
Virtus Segafredo Bologna
Seasons
... 1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
... 2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
Finals
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Awards
Most Valuable Player
Finals MVP
LBA Best Defender
Best Player Under 22
Best Coach
Best Executive
Premio Reverberi
Statistical leaders
Stats leaders
Scoring
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Other articles
Italian Cup
Italian Supercup
Italian clubs in international competitions
All Star Game
Italian Basketball Hall of Fame
Lega Basket
Italian League System
Category
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Basket Napoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S._Basket_Napoli"},{"link_name":"Agropoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agropoli"},{"link_name":"Serie A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A2_Basket"},{"link_name":"Italian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_LNP_Cup"},{"link_name":"2017–18 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Serie_A2_Basket"},{"link_name":"Roseto Sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseto_Sharks"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"2016–2019: Beginnings","text":"In August 2016, after a corporate failure of S.S. Basket Napoli, Ciro Ruggiero founded a new team, known as Cuore Napoli Basket. The transfer of the sporting title from Cilento Basket Agropoli allowed the newborn Neapolitan team to play in the 2016–17 Serie B. In the same season, Cuore Napoli Basket managed to win promotion to Serie A2, after having arrived first in Group C of the regular season and beat Bergamo Basket in the playoff's final. During the same season Napoli also won his first Italian Cup in the National Basketball League.At the end of the 2017–18 season, Cuore Napoli Basket relegated to Serie B, after losing in the playouts against Roseto Sharks. At the end of the season, the management passed to the Neapolitan entrepreneurs Federico Grassi and Francesco Tavassi and the club changed its name to Napoli Basket.[3] Gianluca Lulli was signed as new head coach. In 2018–19 Serie B, Napoli Basket closed the regular season at the 6th place in group D with 36 points, but it lost in the semifinals against Pallacanestro Palestrina.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Legnano Basket Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legnano_Basket_Knights"},{"link_name":"Junior Casale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Junior_Pallacanestro_Casale"},{"link_name":"Stefano Sacripanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_Sacripanti"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Josh Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Mayo"},{"link_name":"Jordan Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Parks"},{"link_name":"Italian LNP Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_LNP_Cup"},{"link_name":"APU Udine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APU_Udine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lega Basket Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Basket_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Maurizio Buscaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurizio_Buscaglia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Artūras Gudaitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%C5%ABras_Gudaitis"},{"link_name":"Zenit Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Zenit_Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Fortitudo Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortitudo_Bologna"},{"link_name":"PalaDozza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PalaDozza"},{"link_name":"2021-22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_LBA_season"},{"link_name":"Jordan Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Howard_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Robert Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Johnson_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"David Michineau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Michineau"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Elijah Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Stewart"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"JaCorey Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JaCorey_Williams"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Cesare Pancotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Pancotto"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Devin Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devin_Davis_(basketball,_born_1995)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Joe Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Young_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Thomas Wimbush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wimbush"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmitt_Williams"},{"link_name":"Agravanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Agravanis"},{"link_name":"Zanotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Zanotti"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Igor Miličić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Mili%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Jacob Pullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Pullen"},{"link_name":"Tyler Ennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Ennis_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Michał Sokołowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Soko%C5%82owski"},{"link_name":"Tariq Owens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariq_Owens"},{"link_name":"Markel Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markel_Brown"},{"link_name":"Pallacanestro Brescia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallacanestro_Brescia"},{"link_name":"Reggiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallacanestro_Reggiana"},{"link_name":"Olimpia Milano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olimpia_Milano"},{"link_name":"Italian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Basketball_Cup"}],"sub_title":"2019–present: Promotion to LBA and Italian Cup victory","text":"In June 2019, the club announced that it had purchased the sports title from Legnano Basket Knights, obtaining the right to participate in the 2019–20 Serie A2 season. However, the season began with three consecutive defeats against NPC Rieti, Basket Latina and Junior Casale. Gianluca Lulli was sacked and the expert coach Stefano Sacripanti was signed.[4] Napoli ended the regular season at the 8th place, achieving the second phase, which however was never played due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In the next summer, important players like Josh Mayo and Jordan Parks were signed. In the 2020–21 season, the team won its second Italian LNP Cup (the first in Serie A2), beating APU Udine for 80–69 in the final.[5] On 27 June 2021, following the victory in the playoff's finals against Udine, Napoli was promoted to Lega Basket Serie A (LBA).[6]Despite a good start of the season, on 15 March 2022, coach Sacripanti was sacked following several defeats and the club hired Maurizio Buscaglia as new head coach.[7] Moreover, on 29 March, Napoli signed the Lithuanian center Artūras Gudaitis, who had left Zenit Saint Petersburg following the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[8] On May 1, Napoli defeated Fortitudo Bologna at PalaDozza, achieving the salvation from relegation.After not making the playoffs in the 2021-22 season, the club decided to take new players during the offseason. These include Jordan Howard,[9] Robert Johnson,[10] David Michineau,[11] Elijah Stewart[12] and JaCorey Williams.[13] On January 3, 2023, Buscaglia was esonerated and Cesare Pancotto ended up becoming the head coach after being an assistant coach for the team.[14][15] During the season, they engaged Devin Davis,[16] Joe Young[17] and Thomas Wimbush.[18] Though Johnson, Davis, Williams, Agravanis and Zanotti would all leave the club before the end of the season.[19]In 2023, Alessandro Dalla Salda became the new CEO and hired the Croatian Igor Miličić as new head coach. Moreover, the club signed important players like Jacob Pullen, Tyler Ennis, Michał Sokołowski, Tariq Owens and Markel Brown. On 18 February 2024, after having ousted Pallacanestro Brescia and Reggiana in the first two rounds, Napoli defeated Olimpia Milano in the final, winning the first Italian Cup of its history.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Current roster","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elijah Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Stewart"}],"sub_title":"Notable players","text":"Elijah Stewart (born 1995)","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Depth chart","text":"(colours: Italian or homegrown players; foreign players; young players)","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Basketball_Cup"},{"link_name":"2023–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Italian_Basketball_Cup"}],"text":"Italian CupWinners (1): 2023–24","title":"Domestic competitions"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedute
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Veduta
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["1 Origins","2 18th century","3 19th century","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
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Genre of large-scale paintings or prints of a cityscape or other vista
Rome, a view of the Tiber, Castel Sant'Angelo, Ponte Sant'Angleo, Saint Peter's Basilica by Hendrik Frans van Lint; 1734, oil on canvas, 47 × 72 cm, private collection
A veduta (Italian for 'view'; pl.: vedute) is a highly detailed, usually large-scale painting or, more often, print of a cityscape or some other vista. The painters of vedute are referred to as vedutisti.
Origins
View of Bracciano by Paul Bril; early 1620s, oil on canvas, 75 × 164 cm, Art Gallery of South Australia.
This genre of landscape originated in Flanders, where artists such as Paul Bril painted vedute as early as the 16th century. In the 17th century, Dutch painters made a specialty of detailed and accurate recognizable city and landscapes that appealed to the sense of local pride of the wealthy Dutch middle class. An archetypal example is Johannes Vermeer's View of Delft. The Ghent architect, draughtsman and engraver Lieven Cruyl (1640–1720) contributed to the development of the vedute during his residence in Rome in the late 17th century. Cruyl's drawings reproduce the topographical aspects of the urban landscape.
18th century
As the itinerary of the Grand Tour became somewhat standardized, vedute of familiar scenes like the Roman Forum or the Grand Canal recalled early ventures to the Continent for aristocratic Englishmen. By the mid-18th century, Venice became renowned as the centre of the vedutisti. The genre was pioneered by Luca Carlevarijs, and its greatest practitioners belonged to the Canal and Guardi families of Venice. Some of them went to work as painters in major capitals of Europe, e.g., Canaletto in London and his nephew Bernardo Bellotto in Dresden and Warsaw.
Westminster Bridge, with the Lord Mayor's Procession on the Thames by Canaletto, 1747
In other parts of 18th-century Italy, idiosyncratic varieties of the genre evolved. Giovanni Paolo Pannini was the first veduta artist to concentrate on painting ruins. The Dutch painter Gaspar van Wittel (who worked in Rome, where he was known as Vanvitelli) and others painted veduta esatta, i.e. exact vedute, which was a topographically accurate depiction of a cityscape or monument and in which the human and animal figures played a secondary role. His collaborators included Hendrik Frans van Lint, who would become one of the leading vedute painters in the first half of the 18th century. Through his more realistic representation in the vedute he executed at the end of the 17th century and beginning of the 18th century, the Flemish painter Jan Frans van Bloemen anticipated developments during the 18th century, when there was a shift away from the classically oriented Roman landscapes of French vedute painters in Rome such as Gaspard Dughet.
The Quattro Fontane Looking Toward Santa Maria Maggiore by Lieven Cruyl
In later developments of the vedute, Pannini's veduta morphed into the scenes partly or completely imaginary elements, known as capricci and vedute ideate or veduta di fantasia. Giambattista Piranesi was the foremost master of vedute ideate etchings. His topographical series, Vedute di Roma, went through many printings.
19th century
In the later 19th century, more personal "impressions" of cityscapes replaced the desire for topographical accuracy, which was satisfied instead by painted, and later photographed, panoramas. There was a sizeable community of émigré artists active in Venice, such as Antonietta Brandeis, the Spanish painters Martín Rico y Ortega, Mariano Fortuny, Antonio Reyna Manescau and Rafael Senet and the Peruvian painter Federico del Campo. These artists responded to the large international market for their city views of Venice, and they made such big names for themselves through this genre that they painted nothing but Italian views.
Santa Maria del Rosario in Venice by Federico del Campo, 1899
Demand for Federico del Campo's views, particularly from English tourists, was so strong that he painted several views multiple times, and the same can be said of Reyna Manescau, that repeated the same urban landscapes in many occasions with minimal variations.
See also
Capriccio (art)
Cityscape
References
^ Lieven Cruyl's veduti (or city views)
^ a b Rudolf Wittkower, Art and architecture in Italy: 1600-1750, Penguin Books, 1980, p. 501
^ Edgar Peters Bowron, Joseph J. Rishel, Art in Rome in the Eighteenth Century, Philadelphia Museum of Art; Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, 2000, p. 236-237
^ Christine van Mulders and Alain Jacobs. "Bloemen, van." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 5 Dec. 2014
^ Federico del Campo, Peruvian, Gondolas by the Doge's Palace, Venice at Sotheby's
^ "Museo Carmen Thyssen Málaga". www.carmenthyssenmalaga.org (in Spanish). Retrieved 2018-11-20.
Further reading
Salerno, Luigi. (1991) I pittori di *Canaletto, a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which has material on Canaletto's contributions to the genre
External links
Media related to Veduta at Wikimedia Commons
Authority control databases National
Germany
Czech Republic
Other
Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
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The painters of vedute are referred to as vedutisti.","title":"Veduta"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Bril_-_View_of_Bracciano_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"View of Bracciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_of_Bracciano"},{"link_name":"Paul Bril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bril"},{"link_name":"Art Gallery of South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"genre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre"},{"link_name":"landscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_art"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Paul Bril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bril"},{"link_name":"Johannes Vermeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer"},{"link_name":"View of Delft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_of_Delft_(Vermeer)"},{"link_name":"Ghent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent"},{"link_name":"Lieven Cruyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieven_Cruyl"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"View of Bracciano by Paul Bril; early 1620s, oil on canvas, 75 × 164 cm, Art Gallery of South Australia.This genre of landscape originated in Flanders, where artists such as Paul Bril painted vedute as early as the 16th century. In the 17th century, Dutch painters made a specialty of detailed and accurate recognizable city and landscapes that appealed to the sense of local pride of the wealthy Dutch middle class. An archetypal example is Johannes Vermeer's View of Delft. The Ghent architect, draughtsman and engraver Lieven Cruyl (1640–1720) contributed to the development of the vedute during his residence in Rome in the late 17th century. Cruyl's drawings reproduce the topographical aspects of the urban landscape.[1]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Tour"},{"link_name":"Roman Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Forum"},{"link_name":"Grand Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canal_(Venice)"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Luca Carlevarijs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Carlevarijs"},{"link_name":"Guardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Guardi"},{"link_name":"Canaletto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaletto"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Bernardo Bellotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Bellotto"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Westminster_Bridge,_with_the_Lord_Mayor%27s_Procession_on_the_Thames_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Canaletto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaletto"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Paolo Pannini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Paolo_Pannini"},{"link_name":"ruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruin"},{"link_name":"Gaspar van Wittel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_van_Wittel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wit-2"},{"link_name":"Hendrik Frans van Lint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Frans_van_Lint"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phil-3"},{"link_name":"Jan Frans van Bloemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Frans_van_Bloemen"},{"link_name":"Gaspard Dughet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_Dughet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lieven_Cruyl_-_Eighteen_Views_of_Rome-_The_Quattro_Fontane_Looking_Toward_Santa_Maria_Maggiore.tiff"},{"link_name":"Lieven Cruyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieven_Cruyl"},{"link_name":"capricci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capriccio_(art)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wit-2"},{"link_name":"Giambattista Piranesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giambattista_Piranesi"},{"link_name":"etchings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etching"}],"text":"As the itinerary of the Grand Tour became somewhat standardized, vedute of familiar scenes like the Roman Forum or the Grand Canal recalled early ventures to the Continent for aristocratic Englishmen. By the mid-18th century, Venice became renowned as the centre of the vedutisti. The genre was pioneered by Luca Carlevarijs, and its greatest practitioners belonged to the Canal and Guardi families of Venice. Some of them went to work as painters in major capitals of Europe, e.g., Canaletto in London and his nephew Bernardo Bellotto in Dresden and Warsaw.Westminster Bridge, with the Lord Mayor's Procession on the Thames by Canaletto, 1747In other parts of 18th-century Italy, idiosyncratic varieties of the genre evolved. Giovanni Paolo Pannini was the first veduta artist to concentrate on painting ruins. The Dutch painter Gaspar van Wittel (who worked in Rome, where he was known as Vanvitelli) and others painted veduta esatta, i.e. exact vedute, which was a topographically accurate depiction of a cityscape or monument and in which the human and animal figures played a secondary role.[2] His collaborators included Hendrik Frans van Lint, who would become one of the leading vedute painters in the first half of the 18th century.[3] Through his more realistic representation in the vedute he executed at the end of the 17th century and beginning of the 18th century, the Flemish painter Jan Frans van Bloemen anticipated developments during the 18th century, when there was a shift away from the classically oriented Roman landscapes of French vedute painters in Rome such as Gaspard Dughet.[4]The Quattro Fontane Looking Toward Santa Maria Maggiore by Lieven CruylIn later developments of the vedute, Pannini's veduta morphed into the scenes partly or completely imaginary elements, known as capricci and vedute ideate or veduta di fantasia.[2] Giambattista Piranesi was the foremost master of vedute ideate etchings. His topographical series, Vedute di Roma, went through many printings.","title":"18th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"panoramas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panorama"},{"link_name":"Antonietta Brandeis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonietta_Brandeis"},{"link_name":"Martín Rico y Ortega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Rico"},{"link_name":"Mariano Fortuny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Fortuny_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Antonio Reyna Manescau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Mar%C3%ADa_Reyna_Manescau"},{"link_name":"Rafael Senet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Senet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Federico del Campo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_del_Campo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Chiesa_Gesuati_by_Federico_del_Campo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria del Rosario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesuati"},{"link_name":"Federico del Campo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_del_Campo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sot-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In the later 19th century, more personal \"impressions\" of cityscapes replaced the desire for topographical accuracy, which was satisfied instead by painted, and later photographed, panoramas. There was a sizeable community of émigré artists active in Venice, such as Antonietta Brandeis, the Spanish painters Martín Rico y Ortega, Mariano Fortuny, Antonio Reyna Manescau and Rafael Senet and the Peruvian painter Federico del Campo. These artists responded to the large international market for their city views of Venice, and they made such big names for themselves through this genre that they painted nothing but Italian views.Santa Maria del Rosario in Venice by Federico del Campo, 1899Demand for Federico del Campo's views, particularly from English tourists, was so strong that he painted several views multiple times,[5] and the same can be said of Reyna Manescau, that repeated the same urban landscapes in many occasions with minimal variations.[6]","title":"19th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salerno, Luigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Salerno"},{"link_name":"Canaletto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/49680"}],"text":"Salerno, Luigi. (1991) I pittori di *Canaletto, a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which has material on Canaletto's contributions to the genre","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Rome, a view of the Tiber, Castel Sant'Angelo, Ponte Sant'Angleo, Saint Peter's Basilica by Hendrik Frans van Lint; 1734, oil on canvas, 47 × 72 cm, private collection","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Rome%2C_a_view_of_the_Tiber%2C_Castel_Sant%27Angelo%2C_Ponte_Sant%27Angleo%2C_Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_%28by_Hendrik_Frans_van_Lint%29.jpg/290px-Rome%2C_a_view_of_the_Tiber%2C_Castel_Sant%27Angelo%2C_Ponte_Sant%27Angleo%2C_Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_%28by_Hendrik_Frans_van_Lint%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of Bracciano by Paul Bril; early 1620s, oil on canvas, 75 × 164 cm, Art Gallery of South Australia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Paul_Bril_-_View_of_Bracciano_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/290px-Paul_Bril_-_View_of_Bracciano_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"image_text":"Westminster Bridge, with the Lord Mayor's Procession on the Thames by Canaletto, 1747","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Canaletto_-_Westminster_Bridge%2C_with_the_Lord_Mayor%27s_Procession_on_the_Thames_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/240px-Canaletto_-_Westminster_Bridge%2C_with_the_Lord_Mayor%27s_Procession_on_the_Thames_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Quattro Fontane Looking Toward Santa Maria Maggiore by Lieven Cruyl","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Lieven_Cruyl_-_Eighteen_Views_of_Rome-_The_Quattro_Fontane_Looking_Toward_Santa_Maria_Maggiore.tiff/lossless-page1-250px-Lieven_Cruyl_-_Eighteen_Views_of_Rome-_The_Quattro_Fontane_Looking_Toward_Santa_Maria_Maggiore.tiff.png"},{"image_text":"Santa Maria del Rosario in Venice by Federico del Campo, 1899","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/La_Chiesa_Gesuati_by_Federico_del_Campo.jpg/250px-La_Chiesa_Gesuati_by_Federico_del_Campo.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Capriccio (art)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capriccio_(art)"},{"title":"Cityscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cityscape"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Museo Carmen Thyssen Málaga\". www.carmenthyssenmalaga.org (in Spanish). Retrieved 2018-11-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.carmenthyssenmalaga.org/artista/antonio-maria-reyna-manescau","url_text":"\"Museo Carmen Thyssen Málaga\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.heritage-kbf.be/collection/lieven-cruyls-veduti-or-city-views","external_links_name":"Lieven Cruyl's veduti (or city views)"},{"Link":"http://www.sothebys.com/content/sothebys/es/auctions/ecatalogue/2013/age-of-elegance-hk0442/lot.10.html","external_links_name":"Federico del Campo, Peruvian, Gondolas by the Doge's Palace, Venice"},{"Link":"https://www.carmenthyssenmalaga.org/artista/antonio-maria-reyna-manescau","external_links_name":"\"Museo Carmen Thyssen Málaga\""},{"Link":"http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/49680","external_links_name":"Canaletto"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4001393-5","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127003&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/011009","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU_Carburetter
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SU carburettor
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["1 Invention and development","2 S. U. Company Limited","3 The S. U. Carburetter Company Limited","4 Operating principle","5 SU carburettor types","6 Applications","7 SU fuel pumps","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","11 External links"]
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Original design incorporating a leather bellows which was replaced by a piston. This image was published 1908 and 1909
A pair of SU carburettors from an MGB
The SU carburettor was a constant-depression carburettor made by a British manufacturer of that name or its licensees in various designs spanning most of the twentieth century.
The S.U. Carburetter Company Limited also manufactured dual-choke updraft carburetors for aero-engines such as the Rolls-Royce Merlin and Rolls-Royce Griffon.
Invention and development
Herbert Skinner (1872–1931), pioneer motorist and an active participant in the development of the petrol engine, invented his Union carburettor in 1904. His much younger brother, Carl (Thomas Carlisle) Skinner (1882–1958), also a motoring enthusiast, had joined the Farman Automobile Co in London in 1899. He helped Herbert to develop the carburettor. Herbert's son could remember his mother sewing the first leather bellows. It would be given on loan to The Science Museum, South Kensington in 1934. In 1905, Herbert applied for a patent, which was granted in early 1906. Later, Carl sold his interest in footwear business Lilley & Skinner and became a partner in G Wailes & Co of Euston Road, London, manufacturers of their carburettor. Herbert continued to develop and patent improvements through to the 1920s, including the replacement of the leather bellows by a brass piston, even though he was a full-time director and divisional manager of Lilley & Skinner.
S. U. Company Limited
S. U. Company Limited — Skinner-Union — was incorporated in August 1910 to acquire Herbert's carburettor inventions, and it began manufacture of the carburettors in a factory at Prince of Wales Road, Kentish Town, in North London. Sales were slow.
Following the outbreak of war in 1914, carburettor production nearly stopped, with the factory making machine gun parts and some aircraft carburettors. With peace in 1918, production resumed, but sales remained slow and the company was not profitable, so Carl Skinner approached his customer, W. R. Morris, and managed to sell him the business. Carl Skinner (T. C. Skinner) became a director of Morris's privately held empire, and remained managing director of S.U. until he retired in 1948 aged 65. Production was moved to the W. R. Morris-owned Wolseley factory at Adderley Park, Birmingham. In 1936, W. R. Morris sold many of his privately held businesses, including S. U., to his listed company, Morris Motors.
The S. U. Carburetter Company Limited
Manufacture continued, then by The S. U. Carburetter Company Limited, which was incorporated 15 September 1936, as part of the Morris Organization, later known as the Nuffield Organization. The companybecame a subsidiary of British Leyland, and traded under the name SU Carburetters.
The S. U. Carburetter Company Limited of 1936 was voluntarily liquidated in December 1994.
In 1996, the name and rights were acquired by Burlen Fuel Systems Limited of Salisbury, which incorporated an entirely new company with the name The S.U. Carburetter Company Limited, which continues to manufacture carburettors, pumps and components, mainly for the classic car market.
Relocating
Operating principle
This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
HS6 damper
HS6 without dashpot
SU carburettors feature a variable venturi controlled by a piston. This piston has a tapered, conical metering rod (usually referred to as a "needle") that fits inside an orifice ("jet") which admits fuel into the airstream passing through the carburettor. Since the needle is tapered, as it rises and falls it opens and closes the opening in the jet, regulating the passage of fuel, so the movement of the piston controls the amount of fuel delivered, depending on engine demand. The exact dimensions of the taper are tailored during engine development.
The flow of air through the venturi creates a reduced static pressure in the venturi. This pressure drop is communicated to the upper side of the piston via an air passage. The underside of the piston is open to atmospheric pressure. The difference in pressure between the two sides lifts the piston. Opposing this are the weight of the piston and the force of a spring that is compressed by the piston rising. Because the spring is operating over a very small part of its possible range of extension, its force is approximately constant. Under steady state conditions the upwards and downwards forces on the piston are equal and opposite, and the piston does not move.
If the airflow into the engine is increased - by opening the throttle plate (also known as the "butterfly"), or by allowing the engine revs to rise with the throttle plate at a constant setting - the pressure drop in the venturi increases, the pressure above the piston falls, and the piston is pushed upwards, increasing the size of the venturi, until the pressure drop in the venturi returns to its nominal level. Similarly if the airflow into the engine is reduced, the piston will fall. The result is that the pressure drop in the venturi remains the same regardless of the speed of the airflow - hence the name "constant depression" for carburettors operating on this principle - but the piston rises and falls according to the rate of air delivery.
Since the position of the piston controls the position of the needle in the jet and thus the open area of the jet, while the depression in the venturi sucking fuel out of the jet remains constant, the rate of fuel delivery is always a definite function of the rate of air delivery. The precise nature of the function is determined by the profile of the needle. With appropriate selection of the needle, the fuel delivery can be matched much more closely to the demands of the engine than is possible with the more common fixed-venturi carburettor, an inherently inaccurate device whose design must incorporate many complex fudges to obtain usable accuracy of fuelling. The well-controlled conditions under which the jet is operating also make it possible to obtain good and consistent atomisation of the fuel under all operating conditions.
This self-adjusting nature makes the selection of the maximum venturi diameter (colloquially, but inaccurately, referred to as "choke size") much less critical than with a fixed-venturi carburettor.
To prevent erratic and sudden movements of the piston it is damped by light oil (20W Grade) in a dashpot, which requires periodic replenishment. The damping is asymmetrical: it heavily resists upwards movement of the piston. This serves as the equivalent of an "accelerator pump" on traditional carburettors by temporarily increasing the speed of air through the venturi when the throttle is suddenly opened, thus increasing the richness of the mixture.
SU carburettors do not have a conventional choke flap, which in a fixed-jet carburettor enriches the mixture for starting the engine from cold by restricting the air supply upstream of the venturi. Instead a mechanism lowers the jet assembly, which has the same effect as the needle rising in normal operation - increasing the supply of fuel so that the carburettor will deliver an enriched mixture at all engine speeds and throttle positions. The 'choke' mechanism on an SU carburettor usually also incorporates a system for holding the throttle plate slightly open to raise the engine's idling speed and prevent stalling at low speeds due to a rich mixture.
The beauty of the SU lies in its simplicity and lack of multiple jets and ease of adjustment. Adjustment is accomplished by altering the starting position of the jet relative to the needle on a fine screw (26TPI for most pre-HIF versions). At first sight, the principle appears to bear a similarity to that of the slide carburettor, which was previously used on many motorcycles. The slide carburettor has the same piston and main needle as an SU carburettor, however the piston/needle position is directly actuated by a physical connection to the throttle cable rather than indirectly by venturi airflow as with an SU carburettor. This piston actuation difference is the significant distinction between a slide and an SU carburettor. The piston in a slide carburettor is controlled by the operator's demands rather than the demands of the engine. This means that the metering of the fuel can be inaccurate unless the vehicle is travelling at a constant speed at a constant throttle setting - conditions rarely encountered except on motorways. This inaccuracy results in fuel waste, particularly as the carburettor must be set slightly rich to avoid a lean condition (which can cause engine damage). For this reason Japanese motorcycle manufacturers ceased to fit slide carburettors and substituted constant-depression carburettors, which are essentially miniature SUs. It is also possible - indeed, easy - to retrofit an SU carburettor to a bike that was originally manufactured with a slide carburettor, and obtain improved fuel economy and more tractable low-speed behaviour.
One of the downsides of the constant depression carburettor is in high performance applications. Since it relies on restricting air flow in order to produce enrichment during acceleration, the throttle response lacks punch. By contrast, the fixed choke design adds extra fuel under these conditions using its accelerator pump.
SU carburettor types
An SU fitted to an MZ in place of the original BVF slide carb
Three 2-inch SU HD8 carburettors as installed on an E-type Jaguar
SU carburettors were supplied in several throat sizes in both Imperial (inch) and metric (millimetre) measurement.
The carburettor identification is made by letter prefix which indicates the float type:
"H": introduced in 1937 in which the float bowl has an arm cast into its base, which mounts to the bottom of the carburetor with a hollow bolt or banjo fitting. Fuel passes through the arm into the carburetor body. The bolt attaches to the carburetor body just behind the main jet assembly.
"HD": introduced in 1954 with the float bowl mounted with its arm fastening directly below, and concentric with, the main jet. The arm has a flange that fastens with 4 screws to the bottom of the carburetor, and sealed with a rubber diaphragm integral with the main jet.
"HS": introduced in 1958 the float bowl can be rigidly or rubber mounted to the main body, fuel is transferred by an external flexible pipe to the jet. The jet moves down to enrich the mixture for cold starting,when the 'choke' linkage is pulled.
"HIF": (1972) the float bowl is horizontal and integral (hence the name) Horizontal Integral Float. Example: 1972-1974 MGB.
"HV" (1929), "OM" and "KIF" types also exist but were less commonly employed.
The Imperial sizes include 1-1/8", 1-1/4", 1-1/2", 1-3/4", 1-7/8", and 2", although not every type (H, HD, HS, HIF) was offered in every size.
There were also H models made in 2-1/4" and 2-1/2", now obsolete. Special purpose-built carburetors (Norman) were made as large as 3".
To determine the throat size from the type number:
If the final number (after one, two or three letters, beginning with H) has 1 digit, multiply this number by 1/8", then add 1". For example, if the type number is HS6, the final number is 6: 6/8 = 3/4", add 1, total is 1-3/4", etc.
If the final number has 2 digits, it is the throat size in mm. For example, if the type number is HIF38, the final number is 38, size is 38 mm etc.
Applications
An HV type carburettor fitted to a 1930 MG M-type
S.U. carburettors were widely used not only in Morris's Morris and MG products but such British makes as Rolls-Royce, Bentley, Rover, Riley, Turner, Austin, Jaguar, and Triumph, and Swedish Volvo, for much of the twentieth century.
S.U. also produced carburettors for aircraft engines including the early versions of the Rolls-Royce Merlin, but these were of the conventional fixed-jet updraught type rather than the firm's patented constant-depression design.
Standard S.U. carburetors (American spelling) were also a popular upfit for Harley-Davidson motorcycles, given their space saving "side draft" design and superior ability to self-compensate for changes in air density/altitude. Many owners replaced the stock Linkert, Bendix or Keihin carbs with SU's until the Keihin Constant Velocity carb became stock in 1990.
S.U. carburetors remained on production cars through to 1994 in the Mini and the Maestro, by which time the company had become part of the Rover Group.
Hitachi also built carburettors based on the SU design which were used on the Datsun 240Z, Datsun 260Z and other Datsun Cars. While these appear the same, only their needles are interchangeable.
SU fuel pumps
In 1929 SU introduced the Petrolift electric fuel pump, which could be fitted as a substitute for the vacuum type pumps common at the time. This was superseded in 1932 by the L type fuel pump, which used a solenoid to operate a diaphragm pump.
See also
Amal (carburettor)
Zenith carburettor
Notes
^ S. U. Company Limited, 386—388 Euston Road, N.W. Capital £5,000 in £1 shares. Formed to acquire from G. H. Skinner certain inventions relating to carburettors for motorcars &cNew Companies Registered. Private Companies. The Automotor Journal, 24 September 1910
References
As of this edit, this article uses content from PESWiki, a source licensed under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License which was imported into Wikipedia before November 2008 and is therefore validly licensed for use on Wikipedia. All relevant terms must be followed. The original article was at "PowerPedia:Carburetor".
^ The Two Rs Flight magazine, p 577, 7 May 1954
^ a b Obituary. Mr. G. H. Skinner. The Times, Wednesday, Jan 06, 1932; pg. 12; Issue 46023
^ a b c E A Forward, Handbook of the Collections illustrating Land Transport, II. Mechanical Road Vehicles, Science Museum South Kensington, 1936
^ a b c d Obituary. Mr. Thomas C. Skinner The Times, Saturday, Nov 15, 1958, Issue 54309, p.10.
^ a b H. Jones: Herbert Wakefield Banks Skinner. 1900-1960. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, Vol.6, (Nov. 1960), pp.259-268, publisher: The Royal Society
^ The Science Museum's (1965) carburettor, sectioned
^ 3257 G H Skinner, Carburetting apparatus. reported in page 152, AutoMotor Journal 3 February 1906
^ 'Lilley & Skinner, The Times, Tuesday, Jun 02, 1896; pg. 14; Issue 34906
^ Skinner-Union Carburettor Improvement. The Commercial Motor, 24 August 1920, p.28.
^ Profile Professor Herbert Skinner, The New Scientist 14 November 1957
^ a b James Leasor, Wheels to Fortune, Stratus, Cornwall 2001 ISBN 0755100476
^ Colin Campbell, Tuning for Economy, Springer 1981 ISBN 9780412234903
^ Nick Meikle, Malloch's Spitfire: The Story and Restoration of PK350, Casemate 2014 ISBN 9781612002521
^ a b Burnett, John (2012). SU Carburettor Company catalogue. Salisbury: Burlen Fuel Systems.
^ a b James Leasor, Wheels to Fortune, Stratus, Cornwall, 2001 ISBN 0-7551-0047-6
^ Herbert Wakefield Banks Skinner. 1900-1960 H Jones, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 1960
^ a b Companies House company number 00318520
^ "SU Carburettor Halted By Protest Strike". Honest John Classics. 5 January 1973. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
^ Companies House company number 03285338
^ SU Carburetors Owners Workshop Manual by Don Peers: Part 1 Chapter 2 and Part 2 Type H, Haynes Publishing Group, Spsrkford YEOVIL Somerset England. Copyright JH Haynes and Company Limited 1976
^ "HIF4 Carburetor - Carburetors - Fuel, Intake & Emissions - MGB | Moss Motors".
^ SU technical pages
External links
Burlen Fuel Systems - manufacturer of genuine SU carburetters
A very comprehensive SU and Stromberg Carb Needle Selection and Analysis Tool
Guide to setting up and tuning SU carburettors
Classic Motorsports magazine's guide to understanding, tuning and rebuilding SUs
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Company Limited — Skinner-Union —[10][11][12][13] was incorporated in August 1910[note 1] to acquire Herbert's carburettor inventions, and it began manufacture[2] of the carburettors in a factory at Prince of Wales Road, Kentish Town, in North London.[14] Sales were slow.Following the outbreak of war in 1914, carburettor production nearly stopped, with the factory making machine gun parts and some aircraft carburettors. With peace in 1918, production resumed, but sales remained slow and the company was not profitable, so Carl Skinner approached his customer, W. R. Morris, and managed to sell him the business.[11] Carl Skinner (T. C. Skinner) became a director of Morris's privately held empire, and remained managing director of S.U. until he retired in 1948 aged 65.[4] Production was moved to the W. R. Morris-owned Wolseley factory at Adderley Park, Birmingham. In 1936, W. R. Morris sold many of his privately held businesses, including S. U., to his listed company, Morris Motors.[15][16]","title":"S. U. 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U. Carburetter Company Limited, which was incorporated 15 September 1936,[17] as part of the Morris Organization, later known as the Nuffield Organization.[15] The company[clarification needed]became a subsidiary of British Leyland,[18][when?] and traded under the name SU Carburetters.The S. U. Carburetter Company Limited of 1936[17] was voluntarily liquidated in December 1994.In 1996, the name and rights were acquired by Burlen Fuel Systems Limited of Salisbury,[14] which incorporated an entirely new company with the name The S.U. Carburetter Company Limited,[19] which continues to manufacture carburettors, pumps and components, mainly for the classic car market.[citation needed]Relocating","title":"The S. U. Carburetter Company Limited"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disassembling_front_SU_HS6_carburetor_(6034480418).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disassembling_front_SU_HS6_carburetor_(6033925181).jpg"},{"link_name":"venturi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venturi_pump"},{"link_name":"piston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston"},{"link_name":"conical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline"},{"link_name":"static pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_pressure"},{"link_name":"choke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choke_valve"},{"link_name":"dashpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashpot"},{"link_name":"screw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw"},{"link_name":"motorcycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycles"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"bike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle"},{"link_name":"fuel economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles"}],"text":"HS6 damperHS6 without dashpotSU carburettors feature a variable venturi controlled by a piston. This piston has a tapered, conical metering rod (usually referred to as a \"needle\") that fits inside an orifice (\"jet\") which admits fuel into the airstream passing through the carburettor.[20] Since the needle is tapered, as it rises and falls it opens and closes the opening in the jet, regulating the passage of fuel, so the movement of the piston controls the amount of fuel delivered, depending on engine demand. The exact dimensions of the taper are tailored during engine development.The flow of air through the venturi creates a reduced static pressure in the venturi. This pressure drop is communicated to the upper side of the piston via an air passage. The underside of the piston is open to atmospheric pressure. The difference in pressure between the two sides lifts the piston. Opposing this are the weight of the piston and the force of a spring that is compressed by the piston rising. Because the spring is operating over a very small part of its possible range of extension, its force is approximately constant. Under steady state conditions the upwards and downwards forces on the piston are equal and opposite, and the piston does not move.If the airflow into the engine is increased - by opening the throttle plate (also known as the \"butterfly\"), or by allowing the engine revs to rise with the throttle plate at a constant setting - the pressure drop in the venturi increases, the pressure above the piston falls, and the piston is pushed upwards, increasing the size of the venturi, until the pressure drop in the venturi returns to its nominal level. Similarly if the airflow into the engine is reduced, the piston will fall. The result is that the pressure drop in the venturi remains the same regardless of the speed of the airflow - hence the name \"constant depression\" for carburettors operating on this principle - but the piston rises and falls according to the rate of air delivery.Since the position of the piston controls the position of the needle in the jet and thus the open area of the jet, while the depression in the venturi sucking fuel out of the jet remains constant, the rate of fuel delivery is always a definite function of the rate of air delivery. The precise nature of the function is determined by the profile of the needle. With appropriate selection of the needle, the fuel delivery can be matched much more closely to the demands of the engine than is possible with the more common fixed-venturi carburettor, an inherently inaccurate device whose design must incorporate many complex fudges to obtain usable accuracy of fuelling. The well-controlled conditions under which the jet is operating also make it possible to obtain good and consistent atomisation of the fuel under all operating conditions.This self-adjusting nature makes the selection of the maximum venturi diameter (colloquially, but inaccurately, referred to as \"choke size\") much less critical than with a fixed-venturi carburettor.To prevent erratic and sudden movements of the piston it is damped by light oil (20W Grade) in a dashpot, which requires periodic replenishment. The damping is asymmetrical: it heavily resists upwards movement of the piston. This serves as the equivalent of an \"accelerator pump\" on traditional carburettors by temporarily increasing the speed of air through the venturi when the throttle is suddenly opened, thus increasing the richness of the mixture.SU carburettors do not have a conventional choke flap, which in a fixed-jet carburettor enriches the mixture for starting the engine from cold by restricting the air supply upstream of the venturi. Instead a mechanism lowers the jet assembly, which has the same effect as the needle rising in normal operation - increasing the supply of fuel so that the carburettor will deliver an enriched mixture at all engine speeds and throttle positions. The 'choke' mechanism on an SU carburettor usually also incorporates a system for holding the throttle plate slightly open to raise the engine's idling speed and prevent stalling at low speeds due to a rich mixture.The beauty of the SU lies in its simplicity and lack of multiple jets and ease of adjustment. Adjustment is accomplished by altering the starting position of the jet relative to the needle on a fine screw (26TPI for most pre-HIF versions). At first sight, the principle appears to bear a similarity to that of the slide carburettor, which was previously used on many motorcycles. The slide carburettor has the same piston and main needle as an SU carburettor, however the piston/needle position is directly actuated by a physical connection to the throttle cable rather than indirectly by venturi airflow as with an SU carburettor. This piston actuation difference is the significant distinction between a slide and an SU carburettor. The piston in a slide carburettor is controlled by the operator's demands rather than the demands of the engine. This means that the metering of the fuel can be inaccurate unless the vehicle is travelling at a constant speed at a constant throttle setting - conditions rarely encountered except on motorways. This inaccuracy results in fuel waste, particularly as the carburettor must be set slightly rich to avoid a lean condition (which can cause engine damage). For this reason Japanese motorcycle manufacturers ceased to fit slide carburettors and substituted constant-depression carburettors, which are essentially miniature SUs. It is also possible - indeed, easy - to retrofit an SU carburettor to a bike that was originally manufactured with a slide carburettor, and obtain improved fuel economy and more tractable low-speed behaviour.One of the downsides of the constant depression carburettor is in high performance applications. Since it relies on restricting air flow in order to produce enrichment during acceleration, the throttle response lacks punch. By contrast, the fixed choke design adds extra fuel under these conditions using its accelerator pump.","title":"Operating principle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SU-Carb-on-MZ.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carbs-SU-HD8.jpg"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"An SU fitted to an MZ in place of the original BVF slide carbThree 2-inch SU HD8 carburettors as installed on an E-type JaguarSU carburettors were supplied in several throat sizes in both Imperial (inch) and metric (millimetre) measurement.The carburettor identification is made by letter prefix which indicates the float type:\"H\": introduced in 1937 in which the float bowl has an arm cast into its base, which mounts to the bottom of the carburetor with a hollow bolt or banjo fitting. Fuel passes through the arm into the carburetor body. The bolt attaches to the carburetor body just behind the main jet assembly.\"HD\": introduced in 1954 with the float bowl mounted with its arm fastening directly below, and concentric with, the main jet. The arm has a flange that fastens with 4 screws to the bottom of the carburetor, and sealed with a rubber diaphragm integral with the main jet.\"HS\": introduced in 1958 the float bowl can be rigidly or rubber mounted to the main body, fuel is transferred by an external flexible pipe to the jet. The jet moves down to enrich the mixture for cold starting,when the 'choke' linkage is pulled.\"HIF\": (1972) the float bowl is horizontal and integral (hence the name) Horizontal Integral Float. Example:[21] 1972-1974 MGB.\"HV\" (1929), \"OM\" and \"KIF\" types also exist but were less commonly employed.[22]The Imperial sizes include 1-1/8\", 1-1/4\", 1-1/2\", 1-3/4\", 1-7/8\", and 2\", although not every type (H, HD, HS, HIF) was offered in every size.There were also H models made in 2-1/4\" and 2-1/2\", now obsolete. Special purpose-built carburetors (Norman) were made as large as 3\".To determine the throat size from the type number:\nIf the final number (after one, two or three letters, beginning with H) has 1 digit, multiply this number by 1/8\", then add 1\". For example, if the type number is HS6, the final number is 6: 6/8 = 3/4\", add 1, total is 1-3/4\", etc.If the final number has 2 digits, it is the throat size in mm. For example, if the type number is HIF38, the final number is 38, size is 38 mm etc.","title":"SU carburettor types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1930MGM-TypeEngine.jpg"},{"link_name":"MG M-type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_M-type"},{"link_name":"Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Motors"},{"link_name":"MG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_(car)"},{"link_name":"Rolls-Royce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited"},{"link_name":"Bentley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentley"},{"link_name":"Rover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_(marque)"},{"link_name":"Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riley_Motor"},{"link_name":"Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Sports_Cars"},{"link_name":"Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Jaguar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar_Cars"},{"link_name":"Triumph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Volvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_Cars"},{"link_name":"aircraft engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_engine"},{"link_name":"Rolls-Royce Merlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Merlin"},{"link_name":"updraught","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Updraft_carburetor"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini"},{"link_name":"Maestro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maestro_(car)"},{"link_name":"Rover Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_Group"},{"link_name":"Hitachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi,_Ltd."},{"link_name":"Datsun 240Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datsun_240Z"},{"link_name":"Datsun 260Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datsun_260Z"},{"link_name":"Datsun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datsun"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"needles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needle_valve"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"An HV type carburettor fitted to a 1930 MG M-typeS.U. carburettors were widely used not only in Morris's Morris and MG products but such British makes as Rolls-Royce, Bentley, Rover, Riley, Turner, Austin, Jaguar, and Triumph, and Swedish Volvo, for much of the twentieth century.S.U. also produced carburettors for aircraft engines including the early versions of the Rolls-Royce Merlin, but these were of the conventional fixed-jet updraught type rather than the firm's patented constant-depression design.Standard S.U. carburetors (American spelling) were also a popular upfit for Harley-Davidson motorcycles, given their space saving \"side draft\" design and superior ability to self-compensate for changes in air density/altitude. Many owners replaced the stock Linkert, Bendix or Keihin carbs with SU's until the Keihin Constant Velocity carb became stock in 1990.[citation needed]S.U. carburetors remained on production cars through to 1994 in the Mini and the Maestro, by which time the company had become part of the Rover Group.Hitachi also built carburettors based on the SU design which were used on the Datsun 240Z, Datsun 260Z and other Datsun Cars.[citation needed] While these appear the same, only their needles are interchangeable.[citation needed]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"solenoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenoid"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In 1929 SU introduced the Petrolift electric fuel pump, which could be fitted as a substitute for the vacuum type pumps common at the time.[citation needed] This was superseded in 1932 by the L type fuel pump, which used a solenoid to operate a diaphragm pump.[citation needed]","title":"SU fuel pumps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"}],"text":"^ S. U. Company Limited, 386—388 Euston Road, N.W. Capital £5,000 in £1 shares. Formed to acquire from G. H. Skinner certain inventions relating to carburettors for motorcars &cNew Companies Registered. Private Companies. The Automotor Journal, 24 September 1910","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Original design incorporating a leather bellows which was replaced by a piston. This image was published 1908 and 1909","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Skinner-Union_carburettor_1909.jpg/220px-Skinner-Union_carburettor_1909.jpg"},{"image_text":"A pair of SU carburettors from an MGB","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Sucarb2.jpg/220px-Sucarb2.jpg"},{"image_text":"HS6 damper","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Disassembling_front_SU_HS6_carburetor_%286034480418%29.jpg/220px-Disassembling_front_SU_HS6_carburetor_%286034480418%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"HS6 without dashpot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Disassembling_front_SU_HS6_carburetor_%286033925181%29.jpg/220px-Disassembling_front_SU_HS6_carburetor_%286033925181%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"An SU fitted to an MZ in place of the original BVF slide carb","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/SU-Carb-on-MZ.jpg/220px-SU-Carb-on-MZ.jpg"},{"image_text":"Three 2-inch SU HD8 carburettors as installed on an E-type Jaguar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Carbs-SU-HD8.jpg/220px-Carbs-SU-HD8.jpg"},{"image_text":"An HV type carburettor fitted to a 1930 MG M-type","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/1930MGM-TypeEngine.jpg/220px-1930MGM-TypeEngine.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Amal (carburettor)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amal_(carburettor)"},{"title":"Zenith carburettor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_carburettor"}]
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[{"reference":"Burnett, John (2012). SU Carburettor Company catalogue. Salisbury: Burlen Fuel Systems.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"SU Carburettor Halted By Protest Strike\". Honest John Classics. 5 January 1973. Retrieved 7 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://classics.honestjohn.co.uk/news/archive/1973-01/su-carburetter-halted-by-protest-strike/","url_text":"\"SU Carburettor Halted By Protest Strike\""}]},{"reference":"\"HIF4 Carburetor - Carburetors - Fuel, Intake & Emissions - MGB | Moss Motors\".","urls":[{"url":"https://mossmotors.com/mgb/fuel-intake-emissions/carburetors/hif4-carburetor","url_text":"\"HIF4 Carburetor - Carburetors - Fuel, Intake & Emissions - MGB | Moss Motors\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SU_carburettor&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SU_carburettor&oldid=218908319","external_links_name":"this edit"},{"Link":"http://peswiki.com/index.php/PowerPedia:Carburetor","external_links_name":"\"PowerPedia:Carburetor\""},{"Link":"https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%201296.html","external_links_name":"The Two Rs"},{"Link":"https://museu.ms/collection/object/220278?pUnitId=466&pDashed=su-carburettor-1965-sectioned","external_links_name":"The Science Museum's (1965) carburettor, sectioned"},{"Link":"http://rsbm.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/roybiogmem/6/258","external_links_name":"Herbert Wakefield Banks Skinner. 1900-1960"},{"Link":"https://classics.honestjohn.co.uk/news/archive/1973-01/su-carburetter-halted-by-protest-strike/","external_links_name":"\"SU Carburettor Halted By Protest Strike\""},{"Link":"https://mossmotors.com/mgb/fuel-intake-emissions/carburetors/hif4-carburetor","external_links_name":"\"HIF4 Carburetor - Carburetors - Fuel, Intake & Emissions - MGB | Moss Motors\""},{"Link":"http://www.sucarb.co.uk/technical","external_links_name":"SU technical pages"},{"Link":"http://www.burlen.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Burlen Fuel Systems - manufacturer of genuine SU carburetters"},{"Link":"http://mk1-performance-conversions.co.uk/technical_carb.htm","external_links_name":"A very comprehensive SU and Stromberg Carb Needle Selection and Analysis Tool"},{"Link":"http://www.classiccarhub.co.uk/articles/perfomance/guide_to_setting_up_tuning_su_carburettors.html","external_links_name":"Guide to setting up and tuning SU carburettors"},{"Link":"http://classicmotorsports.net/articles/simple-carbs/","external_links_name":"Classic Motorsports magazine's guide to understanding, tuning and rebuilding SUs"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryahovo
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Oryahovo
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["1 History","1.1 Ancient history and Middle Ages","1.2 Bulgarian National Revival","1.3 Liberated Bulgaria","2 Sport","2.1 Badminton","3 Notable people","3.1 Born in Oryahovo","3.2 Others connected to Oryahovo","4 Annual events","5 Gallery Monuments","6 Honour","7 References","8 External links"]
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Coordinates: 43°44′03″N 23°57′40″E / 43.73417°N 23.96111°E / 43.73417; 23.96111Place in Vratsa, BulgariaOryahovo
Оряхово
Coat of armsOryahovoLocation of OryahovoCoordinates: 43°44′03″N 23°57′40″E / 43.73417°N 23.96111°E / 43.73417; 23.96111CountryBulgariaProvince(Oblast)VratsaGovernment • MayorRosen Dobrev (GERB)Area • Total50,792 km2 (19,611 sq mi)Elevation173 m (568 ft)Population (2020) • Total5,007Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Postal Code3300Area code09171WebsiteOfficial website
Oryahovo (Bulgarian: Оряхово pronounced ) is a port city in northwestern Bulgaria, part of Vratsa Province. It is located in a hilly area on the right bank of the Danube, just east of the mouth of the river Ogosta, a few more kilometres downstream from where the Jiu flows into the Danube on Romanian territory. The town is known for the ferry service that connects it to the Romanian town of Bechet across the river. There are also plans by local private companies for a bridge across the Danube.
History
Oryahovo in the 1930s
Ancient history and Middle Ages
The town's name has evolved through the course of history, with names such as Vrhov, Orezov, Oreov, and Rahovo being mentioned in documents until the current one was officially established in 1886. The area around Oryahovo has been inhabited since ancient times, as archaeological research has proven with findings from the early Neolithic to the Late Middle Ages. A fortress called Kamaka (Камъка), which existed from the 9th to the 14th century, is located 1 km (0.62 mi) west of Oryahovo. In 1396, the city, already controlled by the Ottoman Turks, was sacked and its Ottoman civilian inhabitants killed while the prisoners were massacred by French crusaders heading towards Nicopolis to participate in the Battle of Nicopolis. The troops of Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund and Polish King Władysław III of Varna passed through the fortress during their unsuccessful crusades (the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396 and the Battle of Varna in 1444, respectively) against the Ottoman Empire.
Bulgarian National Revival
During the Bulgarian National Revival, Oryahovo established itself as an economic and industrial centre and a key point for the supply of the Ottoman Empire with goods through the Danube. The town was mentioned as an important Danube port in a 1762 book printed in Brussels. The St George Church was opened in 1837, a secular school was built in the town in 1857 and a community centre (читалище, chitalishte) followed in 1871. During the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, the town was liberated on 21 November 1877 by Romanian forces after three-day fighting. A memorial by Italian sculptor Arnaldo Zocchi was erected in their honour.
Liberated Bulgaria
After the liberation, Oryahovo was known for the lively trade and rich cultural life. A provincial centre for three months, it became the centre of an okrag, an administrative division, for 10 years (1877–1882 and 1884–1889). The architecture from the period is typically influenced by that of Western Europe, with many such buildings preserved today.
A railway line linking Oryahovo with Cherven Bryag was constructed in 1926; a new church, the Assumption of Mary Church, opened in 1930, and a new building for the community centre was built in 1936 after a project by two Vidin architects.
Some of the first industrial companies in the city – a spare parts factory and a metalworking company – were opened in 1961. Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant, a short drive west of town, is also a major employer.
The Oryahovo–Beckett ferry, crossing the Danube, is one of the main transport corridors from Bulgaria to Romania. This is the most direct route from Sofia to Romania, Ukraine and other countries.
Sport
Badminton
Badminton has been developed in Oryahovo since 1980. This sport has brought considerable fame to the city in Bulgaria, but also in Romania, the former USSR, Georgia, Poland, Moldova, Hungary and Northern Macedonia. The badminton coach is Koycho Stanev and his wife Nikulina Staneva. From 1981 to 1991, when the workers' badminton was closed, the men's team at the Post Office in Oryahovo was the undisputed republican champion. The team was composed of Koycho Stanev, Ventsislav Stanev, Boyko Angelov and Yani Kirilov. Many children practice badminton in the renovated city hall. The 5th–7th and 8th–10th-grade badminton teams from Hristo Botev High School are regular participants in the finals of school games, invariably ranking among the top six teams in the country. The teams are entirely made up of players from the Oryahovo 80 Badminton Club with chairman and coach Stanev and Staneva.
Today, many children train, with an emphasis on children's and youth badminton – up to 17 years inclusive. From the badminton school in Oryahovo is the national athlete Vladimir Metodiev, who competes in men's badminton. Children from the 2nd to 10th grades practice badminton. In 2010, coach Stanev participated in a national tournament for veterans in Varna, where at the age of 55+ in the men's doubles discipline he became a national champion with partner Radi Nikolov from Stara Zagora.
In 2010, the under-19 youth team of the Oryahovo-80 Badminton Club won fourth place nationally at the State Team Championship for youth under 19, and the girls 9th place. The teams were composed of Alexander Valeriev, Devin Slavov, Kristian Petrov and Dean Genov on the boys' team and Janet Borisova, Gloria Simova, Tsvetelina Vasileva and Dalia Tosheva. Coach Stanev participates in the course for second-level coaches of the International Olympic Committee and the Bulgarian Olympic Committee.
Notable people
Aleksandar Tsankov
Born in Oryahovo
Aleksandar Tsankov (1879–1959), economist and politician
Andrej Chaprazov (1920–1999), actor
Boris Spasov (1912–2002), jurist
Venelin Venkov (born 1982), wrestler
Dimitar Efremov, revolutionary
Dimitar Tsolov (1896–1970), architect
Zahari Todorov, revolutionary
Ivan Vasiljov (1893–1979), architect
Kosta Lulchev (1882–1965), politician
Ljuben Genov, painter
Ljuben Dikov (1895–1973), politician
Ljuben Telcharov (1907–1995), pathologist and alpinist
Marin Varbanov (1932–1989), painter
Temenuzhka Radulova (born 1951), journalist
Todor Panitsa (1879–1925), revolutionary
Tsveti Ivanov (1914–1950), politician
Tseko Tsorbov (1899–1987), jurist and translator
Juksel Kadriev (born 1973), TV host
Others connected to Oryahovo
Diko Iliev (1898–1984), composer
Naum Torbov (1880–1952), architect
Annual events
Every year around August 18, the traditional fair days are held in the town of Oryahovo.
Every year around August 19–23, during the traditional fair days, a badminton tournament is held for children, teenagers and veterans.
Every year from August 9 to 18 an art plein air dedicated to Marin Varbanov is held.
Swimming on the Danube River around August 20 from the Romanian coast to the Bulgarian coast.
Every year around August 20, a chess tournament is held at the Kamaka Hotel.
Gallery Monuments
Kosta Lulchev memorial plaque
Todor Panitsa's monument
Honour
Oryahovo Heights on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, is named after Oryahovo.
References
^ "Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian towns in 2009". NSI. Archived from the original on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 18 December 2010.
^ Grumeza, Ion (2010). The Roots of Balkanization: Eastern Europe C.E. 500-1500. University Press of America. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-7618-5134-9.
^ Gandev, Khristo (1987). The Bulgarian People During the 15th Century: A Demographic and Ethnographic Study. Sofia-Press. pp. 69–71.
^ Jefferson, John (2012-08-17). The Holy Wars of King Wladislas and Sultan Murad: The Ottoman-Christian Conflict from 1438-1444. BRILL. pp. 429, 448. ISBN 978-90-04-21904-5.
External links
360 degree virtual panoramas from Oryahovo
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oryahovo.
vteMunicipalities of Vratsa Province
Borovan
Byala Slatina
Hayredin
Kozloduy
Krivodol
Mezdra
Miziya
Oryahovo
Roman
Vratsa
vte Cities and towns of Bulgaria (2011 census)1,000,000+
Sofia (capital)
300,000+
Plovdiv
Varna
200,000+
Burgas
100,000+
Pleven
Ruse
Stara Zagora
50,000+
Asenovgrad
Blagoevgrad
Dobrich
Gabrovo
Haskovo
Pazardzhik
Pernik
Shumen
Sliven
Veliko Tarnovo
Vratsa
Yambol
20,000+
Aytos
Botevgrad
Dimitrovgrad
Dupnitsa
Gorna Oryahovitsa
Kardzhali
Karlovo
Kazanlak
Kyustendil
Lom
Lovech
Montana
Nova Zagora
Petrich
Razgrad
Samokov
Sandanski
Sevlievo
Silistra
Smolyan
Svishtov
Targovishte
Troyan
Velingrad
Vidin
10,000+
Balchik
Bankya
Berkovitsa
Byala Slatina
Cherven Bryag
Chirpan
Elhovo
Etropole
Gotse Delchev
Harmanli
Ihtiman
Karnobat
Kavarna
Knezha
Kostinbrod
Kozloduy
Mezdra
Nesebar
Novi Iskar
Novi Pazar
Panagyurishte
Parvomay
Pavlikeni
Peshtera
Pomorie
Popovo
Provadia
Radnevo
Radomir
Rakovski
Razlog
Stamboliyski
Svilengrad
5,000+
Aksakovo
Bansko
Belene
Belogradchik
Beloslav
Bobov Dol
Bozhurishte
Byala, Ruse Province
Chepelare
Devin
Devnya
Dolni Chiflik
Dryanovo
Dulovo
Elena
Elin Pelin
Galabovo
General Toshevo
Hisarya
Isperih
Kostenets
Kotel
Krichim
Krumovgrad
Kubrat
Kuklen
Levski
Lukovit
Lyaskovets
Lyubimets
Madan
Momchilgrad
Omurtag
Oryahovo
Perushtitsa
Pirdop
Rakitovo
Saedinenie
Septemvri
Simeonovgrad
Simitli
Slivnitsa
Sopot, Plovdiv Province
Sredets
Straldzha
Svoge
Tervel
Teteven
Topolovgrad
Tryavna
Tsarevo
Tutrakan
Tvarditsa
Varshets
Veliki Preslav
Yakoruda
Zlatitsa
Zlatograd
2,000+
Aheloy
Apriltsi
Ardino
Banya
Batak
Batanovtsi
Belitsa
Belovo
Borovo
Bratsigovo
Bregovo
Breznik
Byala
Chernomorets
Dalgopol
Debelets
Dobrinishte
Dolna Banya
Dolna Mitropoliya
Dolna Oryahovitsa
Dolni Dabnik
Dospat
Dragoman
Dunavtsi
Dve Mogili
Dzhebel
Glodzhevo
Godech
Gulyantsi
Gurkovo
Hadzhidimovo
Ignatievo*
Iskar
Ivaylovgrad
Kableshkovo
Kalofer
Kameno
Kaspichan
Kilifarevo
Klisura
Kocherinovo
Koprivshtitsa
Kostandovo
Koynare
Kresna
Kran
Krivodol
Kula
Laki
Letnitsa
Loznitsa
Maglizh
Malko Tarnovo
Marten
Мizia
Nedelino
Nikolaevo
Nikopol
Obzor
Opaka
Pavel Banya
Polski Trambesh
Pordim
Pravets
Primorsko
Rila
Roman
Rudozem
Sadovo
Sapareva Banya
Sarnitsa
Shabla
Shivachevo
Slavyanovo
Slivo Pole
Smyadovo
Sozopol
Strazhitsa
Strelcha
Sungurlare
Suvorovo
Sveti Vlas
Tran
Trastenik
Tsar Kaloyan
Ugarchin
Valchedram
Valchi Dol
Varbitsa
Vetovo
Vetren
Yablanitsa
Zavet
Zlataritsa
1,000+
Ahtopol
Alfatar
Antonovo
Balgarovo
Boboshevo
Bolyarovo
Boychinovtsi
Brusartsi
Byala Cherkva
Chiprovtsi
Dimovo
Glavinitsa
Gramada
Kaolinovo
Kermen
Merichleri
Momin Prohod
Plachkovtsi
Senovo
Shipka
Suhindol
Zemen
500+
Kiten
Madzharovo
Pliska
499-
Melnik
Notes
city status after the census of 01.02.2011: Ignatievo, Kran
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"[oˈrʲaxovo]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Bulgarian"},{"link_name":"port city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_city"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Vratsa Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vratsa_Province"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Ogosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogosta"},{"link_name":"Jiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiu_River"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Bechet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechet"}],"text":"Place in Vratsa, BulgariaOryahovo (Bulgarian: Оряхово pronounced [oˈrʲaxovo]) is a port city in northwestern Bulgaria, part of Vratsa Province. It is located in a hilly area on the right bank of the Danube, just east of the mouth of the river Ogosta, a few more kilometres downstream from where the Jiu flows into the Danube on Romanian territory. The town is known for the ferry service that connects it to the Romanian town of Bechet across the river. There are also plans by local private companies for a bridge across the Danube.","title":"Oryahovo"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-746K-1-84-18_a_Bulgarian_town_as_seen_from_the_air_1930s.jpg"}],"text":"Oryahovo in the 1930s","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"Late Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France"},{"link_name":"crusaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"},{"link_name":"Nicopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikopol,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Battle of Nicopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sigismund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Władysław III of Varna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_of_Varna"},{"link_name":"Battle of Nicopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis"},{"link_name":"Battle of Varna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Varna"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Ancient history and Middle Ages","text":"The town's name has evolved through the course of history, with names such as Vrhov, Orezov, Oreov, and Rahovo being mentioned in documents until the current one was officially established in 1886. The area around Oryahovo has been inhabited since ancient times, as archaeological research has proven with findings from the early Neolithic to the Late Middle Ages. A fortress called Kamaka (Камъка), which existed from the 9th to the 14th century, is located 1 km (0.62 mi) west of Oryahovo. In 1396, the city, already controlled by the Ottoman Turks, was sacked and its Ottoman civilian inhabitants killed while the prisoners were massacred by French crusaders heading towards Nicopolis to participate in the Battle of Nicopolis.[2][3] The troops of Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund and Polish King Władysław III of Varna passed through the fortress during their unsuccessful crusades (the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396 and the Battle of Varna in 1444, respectively) against the Ottoman Empire.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulgarian National Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Revival"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_of_1877%E2%80%9378"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Arnaldo Zocchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnoldo_Zocchi"}],"sub_title":"Bulgarian National Revival","text":"During the Bulgarian National Revival, Oryahovo established itself as an economic and industrial centre and a key point for the supply of the Ottoman Empire with goods through the Danube. The town was mentioned as an important Danube port in a 1762 book printed in Brussels. The St George Church was opened in 1837, a secular school was built in the town in 1857 and a community centre (читалище, chitalishte) followed in 1871. During the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, the town was liberated on 21 November 1877 by Romanian forces after three-day fighting. A memorial by Italian sculptor Arnaldo Zocchi was erected in their honour.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"okrag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okrag"},{"link_name":"Western Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe"},{"link_name":"Cherven Bryag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherven_Bryag"},{"link_name":"Vidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidin"},{"link_name":"Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozloduy_Nuclear_Power_Plant"}],"sub_title":"Liberated Bulgaria","text":"After the liberation, Oryahovo was known for the lively trade and rich cultural life. A provincial centre for three months, it became the centre of an okrag, an administrative division, for 10 years (1877–1882 and 1884–1889). The architecture from the period is typically influenced by that of Western Europe, with many such buildings preserved today.A railway line linking Oryahovo with Cherven Bryag was constructed in 1926; a new church, the Assumption of Mary Church, opened in 1930, and a new building for the community centre was built in 1936 after a project by two Vidin architects.Some of the first industrial companies in the city – a spare parts factory and a metalworking company – were opened in 1961. Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant, a short drive west of town, is also a major employer.The Oryahovo–Beckett ferry, crossing the Danube, is one of the main transport corridors from Bulgaria to Romania. This is the most direct route from Sofia to Romania, Ukraine and other countries.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Northern Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Koycho Stanev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koycho_Stanev&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nikulina Staneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikulina_Staneva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ventsislav Stanev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ventsislav_Stanev&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Boyko Angelov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boyko_Angelov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yani Kirilov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yani_Kirilov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hristo Botev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristo_Botev"},{"link_name":"Oryahovo 80 Badminton Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oryahovo_80_Badminton_Club&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Metodiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Metodiev&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Radi Nikolov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radi_Nikolov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stara Zagora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stara_Zagora"},{"link_name":"Alexander Valeriev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Valeriev&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Devin Slavov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devin_Slavov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kristian Petrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristian_Petrov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dean Genov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dean_Genov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Janet Borisova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janet_Borisova&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gloria Simova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gloria_Simova&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tsvetelina Vasileva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsvetelina_Vasileva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dalia Tosheva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dalia_Tosheva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"International Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Olympic_Committee"}],"sub_title":"Badminton","text":"Badminton has been developed in Oryahovo since 1980. This sport has brought considerable fame to the city in Bulgaria, but also in Romania, the former USSR, Georgia, Poland, Moldova, Hungary and Northern Macedonia. The badminton coach is Koycho Stanev and his wife Nikulina Staneva. From 1981 to 1991, when the workers' badminton was closed, the men's team at the Post Office in Oryahovo was the undisputed republican champion. The team was composed of Koycho Stanev, Ventsislav Stanev, Boyko Angelov and Yani Kirilov. Many children practice badminton in the renovated city hall. The 5th–7th and 8th–10th-grade badminton teams from Hristo Botev High School are regular participants in the finals of school games, invariably ranking among the top six teams in the country. The teams are entirely made up of players from the Oryahovo 80 Badminton Club with chairman and coach Stanev and Staneva.Today, many children train, with an emphasis on children's and youth badminton – up to 17 years inclusive. From the badminton school in Oryahovo is the national athlete Vladimir Metodiev, who competes in men's badminton. Children from the 2nd to 10th grades practice badminton. In 2010, coach Stanev participated in a national tournament for veterans in Varna, where at the age of 55+ in the men's doubles discipline he became a national champion with partner Radi Nikolov from Stara Zagora.In 2010, the under-19 youth team of the Oryahovo-80 Badminton Club won fourth place nationally at the State Team Championship for youth under 19, and the girls 9th place. The teams were composed of Alexander Valeriev, Devin Slavov, Kristian Petrov and Dean Genov on the boys' team and Janet Borisova, Gloria Simova, Tsvetelina Vasileva and Dalia Tosheva. Coach Stanev participates in the course for second-level coaches of the International Olympic Committee and the Bulgarian Olympic Committee.","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aleksandar_Tsankov.png"},{"link_name":"Aleksandar Tsankov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Tsankov"}],"text":"Aleksandar Tsankov","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aleksandar Tsankov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Tsankov"},{"link_name":"Andrej Chaprazov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrej_Chaprazov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Boris Spasov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boris_Spasov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Venelin Venkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venelin_Venkov"},{"link_name":"Dimitar Efremov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dimitar_Efremov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dimitar Tsolov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dimitar_Tsolov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zahari Todorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zahari_Todorov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ivan Vasiljov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Vasilyov"},{"link_name":"Kosta Lulchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosta_Lulchev&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ljuben Genov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ljuben_Genov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ljuben Dikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ljuben_Dikov_politics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ljuben Telcharov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ljuben_Telcharov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marin Varbanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_Varbanov"},{"link_name":"Temenuzhka Radulova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temenuzhka_Radulova&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Todor Panitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todor_Panitsa"},{"link_name":"Tsveti Ivanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsveti_Ivanov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tseko Tsorbov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tseko_Tsorbov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Juksel Kadriev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juksel_Kadriev&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Born in Oryahovo","text":"Aleksandar Tsankov (1879–1959), economist and politician\nAndrej Chaprazov (1920–1999), actor\nBoris Spasov (1912–2002), jurist\nVenelin Venkov (born 1982), wrestler\nDimitar Efremov, revolutionary\nDimitar Tsolov (1896–1970), architect\nZahari Todorov, revolutionary\nIvan Vasiljov (1893–1979), architect\nKosta Lulchev (1882–1965), politician\nLjuben Genov, painter\nLjuben Dikov (1895–1973), politician\nLjuben Telcharov (1907–1995), pathologist and alpinist\nMarin Varbanov (1932–1989), painter\nTemenuzhka Radulova (born 1951), journalist\nTodor Panitsa (1879–1925), revolutionary\nTsveti Ivanov (1914–1950), politician\nTseko Tsorbov (1899–1987), jurist and translator\nJuksel Kadriev (born 1973), TV host","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diko Iliev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diko_Iliev&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Naum Torbov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naum_Torbov"}],"sub_title":"Others connected to Oryahovo","text":"Diko Iliev (1898–1984), composer\nNaum Torbov (1880–1952), architect","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marin Varbanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_Varbanov"},{"link_name":"Danube River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube_River"},{"link_name":"chess tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_tournament"}],"text":"Every year around August 18, the traditional fair days are held in the town of Oryahovo.\nEvery year around August 19–23, during the traditional fair days, a badminton tournament is held for children, teenagers and veterans.\nEvery year from August 9 to 18 an art plein air dedicated to Marin Varbanov is held.\nSwimming on the Danube River around August 20 from the Romanian coast to the Bulgarian coast.\nEvery year around August 20, a chess tournament is held at the Kamaka Hotel.","title":"Annual events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kosta_Lulchev_memorial_plaque,_Oryahovo.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Todor_Panitsa_monument_in_Oriahovo.jpg"}],"text":"Kosta Lulchev memorial plaque\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTodor Panitsa's monument","title":"Gallery Monuments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oryahovo Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryahovo_Heights"},{"link_name":"Livingston Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_Island"},{"link_name":"South Shetland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"}],"text":"Oryahovo Heights on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, is named after Oryahovo.","title":"Honour"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Oryahovo in the 1930s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/BASA-746K-1-84-18_a_Bulgarian_town_as_seen_from_the_air_1930s.jpg/272px-BASA-746K-1-84-18_a_Bulgarian_town_as_seen_from_the_air_1930s.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aleksandar Tsankov","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Aleksandar_Tsankov.png/170px-Aleksandar_Tsankov.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian towns in 2009\". NSI. Archived from the original on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 18 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165731/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont","url_text":"\"Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian towns in 2009\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statistical_Institute_(Bulgaria)","url_text":"NSI"},{"url":"http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Grumeza, Ion (2010). The Roots of Balkanization: Eastern Europe C.E. 500-1500. University Press of America. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-7618-5134-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QKhuxLdnYhMC","url_text":"The Roots of Balkanization: Eastern Europe C.E. 500-1500"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-5134-9","url_text":"978-0-7618-5134-9"}]},{"reference":"Gandev, Khristo (1987). The Bulgarian People During the 15th Century: A Demographic and Ethnographic Study. Sofia-Press. pp. 69–71.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kTdpAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Bulgarian People During the 15th Century: A Demographic and Ethnographic Study"}]},{"reference":"Jefferson, John (2012-08-17). The Holy Wars of King Wladislas and Sultan Murad: The Ottoman-Christian Conflict from 1438-1444. BRILL. pp. 429, 448. ISBN 978-90-04-21904-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FpvqWWpUYSoC","url_text":"The Holy Wars of King Wladislas and Sultan Murad: The Ottoman-Christian Conflict from 1438-1444"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21904-5","url_text":"978-90-04-21904-5"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oryahovo¶ms=43_44_03_N_23_57_40_E_region:BG_type:city(5007)","external_links_name":"43°44′03″N 23°57′40″E / 43.73417°N 23.96111°E / 43.73417; 23.96111"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oryahovo¶ms=43_44_03_N_23_57_40_E_region:BG_type:city(5007)","external_links_name":"43°44′03″N 23°57′40″E / 43.73417°N 23.96111°E / 43.73417; 23.96111"},{"Link":"https://www.oriahovo.bg/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165731/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont","external_links_name":"\"Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian towns in 2009\""},{"Link":"http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QKhuxLdnYhMC","external_links_name":"The Roots of Balkanization: Eastern Europe C.E. 500-1500"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kTdpAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Bulgarian People During the 15th Century: A Demographic and Ethnographic Study"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FpvqWWpUYSoC","external_links_name":"The Holy Wars of King Wladislas and Sultan Murad: The Ottoman-Christian Conflict from 1438-1444"},{"Link":"http://bg360.net/en/panoramas-from-bulgaria/oryahovo/","external_links_name":"360 degree virtual panoramas from Oryahovo"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/243597416","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4325099-3","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Smedes
|
Lewis B. Smedes
|
["1 Personal","2 Education","3 Professional","4 Major works","5 References"]
|
American theologian and academic
Lewis Benedictus Smedes (August 20, 1921 – December 19, 2002) was a renowned Christian author, ethicist, and theologian in the Reformed tradition. He was a professor of theology and ethics for twenty-five years at Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, California. His 15 books, including the popular Forgive and Forget: Healing the Hurts We Don't Deserve, covered some important issues including sexuality and forgiveness.
Personal
Lewis Benedictus Smedes was born in 1921, the youngest of five children. His father, Melle Smedes, and mother, Rena, emigrated to the United States from Oostermeer, Friesland in the Netherlands (Rena's original name was Renske.) When he was two months old, his father died in the partially completed house he built in Muskegon, Michigan.
Smedes married Doris Dekker. He died after falling from a ladder at his home in Sierra Madre, California on December 19, 2002. He was survived by his wife, three children, two grandchildren and one brother.
Education
Smedes graduated from Calvin College (B.A.), Calvin Theological Seminary (B.D.), and the Free University of Amsterdam (Th.D). He pursued other graduate studies at Oxford University in United Kingdom and the University of Basel in Switzerland.
Professional
Smedes began his teaching career at Fuller Theological Seminary as a visiting professor in 1968. He joined the faculty as full professor in 1970. He retired in 1995.
After his time at Fuller, Smedes performed several years of pastoral service in the Christian Reformed Church at Madison Avenue Christian Reformed Church (Paterson, NJ), where he was ordained.
Smedes also taught at the Free University in Amsterdam (1968 to 1969) and Calvin College (1957 to 1970) in Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Collections of Smedes papers are housed at Calvin University and Fuller Theological Seminary.
Major works
In addition to many articles, Smedes wrote many popular books including:
Forgive & Forget: Healing the Hurts We Don't Deserve, Harper, 1984
A Pretty Good Person What it Takes to Live with Courage, Gratitude, & Integrity or When Pretty Good Is as Good as You Can Be, Harper, 1990
Standing on the Promises
Choices: Making Right Decisions in a Complex World
How Can It Be All Right When Everything Is All Wrong?
Caring & Commitment: Learning to Live the Love We Promise
The Incarnation in Modern Anglo-Catholic Theology
All Things Made New
Love Within Limits
Sex for Christians
Mere Morality: What God Expects From Ordinary People
A Life of Distinction
The Art of Forgiving
Shame and Grace: Healing the Shame We Don't Deserve
Keeping Hope Alive
My God and I, a Spiritual Memoir, Eerdmans, 2003
References
Mark A. Kellner (December 1, 2002) Lewis Smedes Dead at 81 from Christianity Today
Lewis Smedes Papers .
vteFuller Theological SeminaryFounder
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William Sanford La Sor
George Eldon Ladd
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Joy J. Moore
Richard Muller
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Robert N. Schaper
Love L. Sechrest
Lewis B. Smedes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_(symbolism)
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Apple (symbolism)
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["1 Mythology and religion","1.1 Greek","1.2 Norse","1.3 Celtic","2 Legends, folklore, and traditions","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References"]
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Symbol in various mythologies and religions
Adam and Eve, Marcantonio Franceschini. The forbidden fruit is often depicted as an apple.
Apples appear in many religious traditions, often as a mystical or forbidden fruit. One of the problems identifying apples in religion, mythology and folktales is that as late as the 17th century, the word "apple" was used as a generic term for all (foreign) fruit other than berries, but including nuts. This term may even have extended to plant galls, as they were thought to be of plant origin (see oak apple). For instance, when tomatoes were introduced into Europe, they were called "love apples". In one Old English work, cucumbers are called eorþæppla (lit. "earth-apples"), just as in French, Dutch, Hebrew, Afrikaans, Persian and Swiss German as well as several other German dialects, the words for potatoes mean "earth-apples". In some languages, oranges are called "golden apples" or "Chinese apples". Datura is called "thorn-apple".
Ethnobotanical and ethnomycological scholars such as R. Gordon Wasson, Carl Ruck and Clark Heinrich write that the mythological apple is a symbolic substitution for the entheogenic Amanita muscaria (or fly agaric) mushroom. Its association with knowledge is an allusion to the revelatory states described by some shamans and users of psychedelic mushrooms. At times artists would co-opt the apple, as well as other religious symbology, whether for ironic effect or as a stock element of symbolic vocabulary. Thus, secular art as well made use of the apple as symbol of love and sexuality. It is often an attribute associated with Venus who is shown holding it.
Mythology and religion
This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Adam and Eve: a classic depiction of the biblical tale showcasing the apple as a symbol of sin. Albrecht Dürer, 1507; oil on panel.
Though the forbidden fruit in the Book of Genesis is not identified, popular Christian tradition holds that Adam and Eve ate an apple from the forbidden tree in the Garden of Eden. The unnamed fruit of Eden thus became an apple under the influence of the story of the golden apples in the Garden of Hesperides. As a result, the apple became a symbol for knowledge, immortality, temptation, the fall of man and sin. According to the Bible, there is nothing to show the forbidden fruit of the tree of knowledge was necessarily an apple.
The classical Greek word μῆλον (mēlon), or dialectal μᾶλον (mālon), now a loanword in English as melon, meant tree fruit in general, but was borrowed into Latin as mālum, meaning 'apple'. The similarity of this word to Latin mălum, meaning 'evil', may also have influenced the apple's becoming interpreted as the biblical "forbidden fruit" in the commonly used Latin translation called Vulgate.
The larynx in the human throat has been called Adam's apple because of the folk tale that the bulge was caused by the forbidden fruit sticking in the throat of Adam. The apple as symbol of sexual seduction has sometimes been used to imply sexuality between men, possibly in an ironic vein.
Francisco de Zurbarán - A Virgem da Maçã, 1660-64
The notion of the apple as a symbol of sin is reflected in artistic renderings of the fall from Eden. When held in Adam's hand, the apple symbolises sin. But, when Christ is portrayed holding an apple, he represents the Second Adam who brings life. This difference reflects the evolution of the symbol in Christianity. In the Old Testament, the apple was significant of the fall of man; in the New Testament, it is an emblem of the redemption from that fall. The apple is represented in pictures of the Madonna and Infant Jesus as another sign of that redemption.
In some versions (such as Young's Literal Translation) of the Bible, the Hebrew word for mandrakes dudaim (Genesis 30:14) is translated as "love apples" (not to be confused with the New World tomatoes). There are several instances in the Old Testament where the apple is used in a more favourable light. The phrase 'the apple of your eye' comes from verses in Deuteronomy 32:10, Psalm 17:8 Proverbs 7:2, and Zechariah 2:8, implying an object or person who is greatly valued. In Proverbs 25:11, the verse states, "a word fitly spoken is like apples of gold in settings of silver". In the love songs of the Song of Solomon, the apple is used in a sensual context. In these latter instances, the apple is used as a symbol for beauty. The apple appears again in Joel 1:12 in a verse with a sense of profound loss when the apple tree withers.
During the Jewish New Year - Rosh Hashanah - it is customary to eat apples dipped in honey to evoke a "new year that is good and sweet ".
Greek
Atalanta and Hippomenes by Nicolas Colombel
The Garden of the Hesperides is Hera's orchard in the west, where either a single apple plant or a grove grows, producing golden apples. According to legend, when the marriage of Zeus and Hera took place, the different deities came with nuptial presents for the latter, and among them Gaia, with branches bearing golden apples upon them as a wedding gift. The Hesperides were given the task of tending to the grove, but occasionally picked apples from it themselves. Not trusting them, Hera also placed in the garden an immortal, never-sleeping, hundred-headed dragon named Ladon as an additional safeguard.
In the myth of the Judgement of Paris, it was from the Garden that Eris, the goddess of discord, obtained the Apple of Discord. Eris became disgruntled after she was excluded from the wedding of Peleus and Thetis. In retaliation, she tossed a golden apple inscribed Kallisti ('For the most beautiful one'), into the wedding party. Three goddesses claimed the apple: Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite. Paris of Troy was appointed to select the recipient. After being bribed by both Hera and Athena, Aphrodite tempted him with the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen of Sparta. He awarded the apple to Aphrodite, thus indirectly causing the Trojan War.
The Greek hero Heracles, as a part of his Twelve Labours, was required to travel to the Garden of the Hesperides and pick the golden apples off the Tree of Life growing at its center.
Atalanta, also of Greek mythology, raced all her suitors in an attempt to avoid marriage. She outran all but Hippomenes (a.k.a. Melanion, a name possibly derived from melon the Greek word for both "apple" and fruit in general), who defeated her by cunning, not speed. Hippomenes knew that he could not win in a fair race, so he used three golden apples (gifts of Aphrodite, the goddess of love) to distract Atalanta. It took all three apples and all of his speed, but Hippomenes was finally successful, winning the race and Atalanta's hand.
Norse
In Norse mythology, Iðunn, the goddess of eternal youth, is the keeper of an eski (a wooden box made of ash wood and often used for carrying personal possessions) full of apples eaten by the gods when they begin to grow old, rendering them young again. This is described as recurring until Ragnarök. Gangleri (described as King Gylfi in disguise) states that it seems to him that the gods depend greatly upon Iðunn's good faith and care. Iðunn was once abducted by Þjazi the giant, who used Loki to lure Iðunn and her apples out of Ásgarðr. After borrowing Freyja's falcon skin, Loki liberated Iðunn from Þjazi by transforming her into a nut for the flight back. Þjazi gave chase in the form of an eagle, whereupon reaching Ásgarðr he was set aflame by a bonfire lit by the Æsir.
Loki and Idun (1911) by John Bauer
English scholar Hilda Ellis Davidson notes a connection between apples and the Vanir, a group of gods associated with fertility in Norse mythology, citing an instance of eleven "golden apples" being given to woo the beautiful Gerðr by Skírnir, who was acting as messenger for the major Vanir god Freyr in stanzas 19 and 20 of the poem Skírnismál. Davidson also notes a further connection between fertility and apples in Norse mythology; in chapter 2 of the Völsunga saga when the major goddess Frigg sends King Rerir an apple after he prays to Odin for a child, Frigg's messenger (in the guise of a crow) drops the apple in his lap as he sits atop a mound.
The Norse kenning apples of Hel (epli Heljar) occurs in a piece by the skald Þórbjörn Brúnason embedded in the Heiðarvíga saga. The phrase appears to refer to death itself as a subversion of Iðunn's apples. The skald says that his wife desires his death, and that she wants him to live under the earth and to give apples of Hel to him. Davidson believes this may specifically imply that the apple was thought of by the skald as the food of the dead.
Celtic
The pome fruit and tree of the apple is celebrated in numerous functions in Celtic mythology, legend, and folklore; it is an emblem of fruitfulness and sometimes a means to immortality. Wands of druids were made from wood either of the yew or of the apple.
The Allantide game
Allantide (Cornish: Kalan Gwav, meaning first day of winter) is a Cornish festival that was traditionally celebrated on the night of 31 October, as well as the following day time. One of the most important parts of this festival was the giving of Allan apples, large glossy red apples that were highly polished, to family and friends as tokens of good luck. Allan apple markets used to be held throughout West Cornwall in the run up to the feast. and in the town of St Just it surpassed Christmas as a time for giving gifts until the late 20th century. A game was also recorded in which two pieces of wood were nailed together in the shape of a cross. It was then suspended, with 4 lit candles on each arm and Allan apples suspended underneath. The aim being to catch the apples with your mouth without getting molten wax on your face. For unmarried recipients the apples would be placed under their pillows in the hope that they would bring dreams of their future wife or husband.
The acquisition of the Silver Branch in The Voyage of Bran, a silver apple branch with white blossoms, is the incident which sends the eponymous hero Bran mac Febail on a journey to the Otherworld.
A magical silver branch with three golden apples belonged to the sea deity Manannán mac Lir and was given to the high king Cormac mac Airt in the narrative of the Echtra Cormaic. The branch created magical soporific music that assuaged those afflicted with injury or illness to sleep. In the Irish tale Echtra Condla, Conle the son of Conn is fed an apple by a fairy lover, which sustains him in terms of food and drink for a month without diminishing; but it also makes him long for the woman and the beautiful country of women to which his lover is enticing him.
In the Arthurian mythos, the island of Avalon is considered the Isle of Apples, and its very name, originally Welsh, refers to the fruit. Geoffrey of Monmouth's Vita Merlini describes the enchanted isle as being populated by many apple trees. Avalon from its first inception was considered the home of the magical Morgan le Fay, her sisters, and their mystical practices.
After being killed by brigands, the Breton pseudo-saint Konorin was transformed into a mysterious apple which, when eaten by a young virgin, causes her impregnation and his rebirth as the "son of the apple, the fruit of wisdom".
Legends, folklore, and traditions
In North America a Native American is called an "apple" (a slur that stands for someone who is "red on the outside, white on the inside.") primarily by other Native Americans to indicate someone who has lost touch with their cultural identity. First used in the 1980s. During the Jewish New Year, Rosh Hashanah, it is customary to eat apples dipped in honey to evoke a "sweet new year". In the United States, teachers used to commonly receive gifts of apples, as the community was expected to both provide housing and food for them, because teachers were often unmarried women. The symbol of an apple is still strongly associated with teachers to this day, with apples being a popular theme for gifts and awards given to exemplary teachers. In North Caucasian mythology, the Narts possessed a tree which grew apples that would guarantee a child to the person who consumed them, based on which side of the apple was eaten.
Gallery
Venus Holding an Apple, Daniel Mauch
The Virgin and Child Under an Apple Tree, Lucas Cranach the elder
Two Young Men, Crispin van den Broeck (Dutch), ca. 1590; Oil on panel; Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge.
Venus Verticoedia, Dante Gabriel Rossetti
See also
Apple Tree Man
Shooting an apple off one's child's head
The symbol in Psychoanalysis and archetypes
References
^ Douglas Harper, Historian (25 May 2011). "apple". Online Etymology Dictionary.
^ Wasson, R. Gordon (1968). Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality. ISBN 0-15-683800-1.
^ Ruck, Carl; Blaise Daniel Staples; Clark Heinrich (2001). The Apples of Apollo, Pagan and Christian Mysteries of the Eucharist. Durham: Carolina Academic Press. pp. 64–70. ISBN 0-89089-924-X.
^ Heinrich, Clark (2002). Magic Mushrooms in Religion and Alchemy. Rochester: Park Street Press. pp. 64–70. ISBN 0-89281-997-9.
^ https://biblehub.com/topical/a/apple.htm, Retrieved 2023-01-01.
^ Entry μῆλον at Liddell & Scott.
^ Pherecydes, Hyginus. Astronomica ii.3
^ Colluthus. Rape of Helen, 59ff. Translated by Mair, A. W. Loeb Classical Library Volume 219. London: William Heinemann Ltd, 1928
^ Karl Kerenyi, The Heroes of the Greeks, 1959, pg. 172.
^ "HESIOD, CATALOGUES OF WOMEN FRAGMENTS, FRAGMENT 14 - Theoi Classical Texts Library". https://www.theoi.com/Text/HesiodCatalogues.html. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
^ Faulkes, Anthony (Trans.) (1995). Edda. Everyman. ISBN 0-460-87616-3, pg. 25. For eski see Byock, Jesse (Trans.) (2006). The Prose Edda. Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-044755-5, pg. 141.
^ Faulkes, Anthony (Trans.) (1995). Edda. Everyman. ISBN 0-460-87616-3, pg. 60
^ Ellis Davidson, H. R. (1965). Gods And Myths Of Northern Europe. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-013627-4, pg. 165-166.
^ "Kvasir Symbol Database: Apple & Apple Tree".
^ Ellis Davidson, H. R. (1965). Gods And Myths Of Northern Europe. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-013627-4, pg. 165.
^ McKillop, James (1998). 'apple.' A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press
^ Simon Reed - The Cornish Traditional Year 2009
^ Meyer, Kuno, ed. (1895), Voyage of Bran, 1, London: D. Nutt,¶2-31 (3–30 are quatrain strophes). pp. 1–17
^ Stokes, Whitley, ed. (1891), "Echtra Cormaic i Tir Tairngiri ocus Ceart Claidib Cormaic", Irische Texte, S. Hirzel, 3, pp. 185–202 (text); 203–221 (translation); 222–229 (notes)
^ Joyce, P.W. (1879), "Connla of the Golden Hair, and the Fairy Maiden", pg. 108, Old Celtic Romances
^ Matasović, Ranko, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic, Brill, 2008, p. 23.
^ "Vita Merlini Index". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
^ McKillop, James (1998). 'Konorin.' A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press
^ Green, 2005, ISBN 0-304-36636-6, p. 29
^ "Why Apples and Honey? | Reform Judaism". reformjudaism.org. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
^ Donato, Al (2019-09-09). "The Sweet Meaning Behind This Classic Back-To-School Gift". HuffPost. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
^ Colarusso, John (2002). Nart Sagas: Ancient Myths and Legends of the Circassians and Abkhazians (Fourth ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02647-5.
^ "Fitzwilliam Museum".
vteAdam and EveSource
Genesis creation narrative in the Book of Genesis
Adam
Eve
Offspring
Cain and Abel
Cain
Abel
Aclima
Luluwa
Seth
Awan
Azura
Jumella
Related theology
Fall of man
Original sin
Garden of Eden
Tree of the knowledge of good and evil
Serpents in the Bible
Forbidden fruit
Apple
Fig leaf
Figs in the Bible
Adam's ale
Adamic language
Camael
Protevangelium
Rosh Hashanah
Seed of the woman
Shamsiel
Lilith
Tree of life
Allegorical interpretations of Genesis
Other cultures
Adam–God doctrine
Adam and Eve in Mormonism
Adam in Islam
Adam in rabbinic literature
Al-A'raf
Book of Moses
Endowment
Manu (Hinduism)
Mashya and Mashyana
Serpent seed
Tree of Jiva and Atman
Tree of life (Quran)
Our Lady of Endor Coven
Film
Mama's Affair (1921)
Good Morning, Eve! (1934)
The Broken Jug (1937)
The Original Sin (1948)
The Private Lives of Adam and Eve (1960)
El pecado de Adán y Eva (1969)
La Biblia en pasta (1984)
The Annunciation (1984)
Second Time Lucky (1984)
Adipapam (1988)
Adam (1992)
Babs (2000)
The Last Eve (2005)
Year One (2009)
The Tragedy of Man (2011)
Adam and Dog (2011)
Tropico (2013)
Plays
Le Jeu d'Adam (12th century)
The Broken Jug (1808)
The Tragedy of Man (1861)
The Creation of the World and Other Business (1972)
Musicals
The Apple Tree (1966)
Dude (1972)
Up from Paradise (1973)
Children of Eden (1991)
Compositions
The Creation (1798)
structure
La mort d'Adam (1809)
Ève (1875)
Genesis Suite (1945)
Lilith (2001)
Literature
Apocalypse of Adam
Book of Moses
Book of Abraham
Books of Adam
Book of the Penitence of Adam
Cave of Treasures
"El amigo de Él y Ella"
Genesis A and Genesis B
Harrowing of Hell
Life of Adam and Eve
Testament of Adam
Testimony of Truth (3rd century)
Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan (6th century)
"Old Saxon Genesis" (9th century)
"Adam lay ybounden" (15th century)
Paradise Lost (1667)
Le Dernier Homme (1805)
Extracts from Adam's Diary (1904)
Eve's Diary (1905)
The Book of Genesis (2009)
The Rise and Fall of Adam and Eve (2017)
Art
Bernward Doors (1015)
Tapestry of Creation (11th century)
Expulsion from the Garden of Eden (1425)
Vienna Diptych (15th century)
The Last Judgment (1482)
The Garden of Earthly Delights (1504)
Adam and Eve (1507)
Paradise and Hell (1510)
The Creation of Adam (1512)
The Haywain Triptych (1516)
Eve, the Serpent and Death (1510s or 1520s)
Adam and Eve (1528)
Adam and Eve (1550)
The Fall of Man (1550)
Adam and Eve (c. 1550)
The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man (1617)
The Fall of Man (1628)
The Four Seasons (1660s)
The Koren Picture-Bible (1692–1696)
Paradise Lost (19th century)
Expulsion from the Garden of Eden (1828)
The First Mourning (1888)
Adam and Eve (1905)
Adam and Eve (1909)
Eve (1931)
Adam and Eve (1932)
The Serpent Chooses Adam and Eve (1958)
Songs
"Dese Bones G'wine Rise Again"
"Adam-ondi-Ahman" (1835)
"Forbidden Fruit" (1915)
"The Garden of Eden" (1956)
"In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" (1968)
"Let's Give Adam and Eve Another Chance" (1970)
"Man Gave Names to All the Animals" (1979)
Albums
The Cainian Chronicle (1996)
Visions of Eden (2006)
Snakes for the Divine (2010)
Geography
Adam-ondi-Ahman
Tomb of Eve
Biology
Mitochondrial Eve
Y-chromosomal Adam
The Real Eve
Story within a story
Doraemon: Nobita's Diary on the Creation of the World
Island of Love
The Visitors
Television
"Adam & Eve" (1992)
"Probe 7, Over and Out" (1963)
"Simpsons Bible Stories"
"In-A-Gadda-Da-Leela"
"Daesong Heavy Industries II: Return to Innocence"
"Holly Bibble"
Games
Demon: The Fallen (2002)
Other
Pre-Adamite
Generations of Adam
Cave of the Patriarchs
Adam and Eve cylinder seal
Genealogies of Genesis
Carnal knowledge
Legend of the Rood
Ystorya Adaf
Ransom theory of atonement
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adam_and_Eve,_by_Marcantonio_Franceschini.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marcantonio Franceschini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcantonio_Franceschini"},{"link_name":"forbidden fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_fruit"},{"link_name":"Apples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple"},{"link_name":"religious traditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_religions"},{"link_name":"mystical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism"},{"link_name":"forbidden fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_fruit"},{"link_name":"religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion"},{"link_name":"mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythology"},{"link_name":"folktales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_tale"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"galls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall"},{"link_name":"oak apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_apple"},{"link_name":"tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato"},{"link_name":"cucumbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucumber"},{"link_name":"lit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Swiss German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_German"},{"link_name":"potatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato"},{"link_name":"oranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_(fruit)"},{"link_name":"Datura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datura"},{"link_name":"Ethnobotanical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnobotany"},{"link_name":"ethnomycological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnomycology"},{"link_name":"R. Gordon Wasson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Gordon_Wasson"},{"link_name":"Carl Ruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ruck"},{"link_name":"Clark Heinrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Heinrich"},{"link_name":"entheogenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entheogen"},{"link_name":"Amanita muscaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_muscaria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"religious symbology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_symbolism"},{"link_name":"symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol"},{"link_name":"Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(mythology)"}],"text":"Adam and Eve, Marcantonio Franceschini. The forbidden fruit is often depicted as an apple.Apples appear in many religious traditions, often as a mystical or forbidden fruit. One of the problems identifying apples in religion, mythology and folktales is that as late as the 17th century, the word \"apple\" was used as a generic term for all (foreign) fruit other than berries, but including nuts.[1] This term may even have extended to plant galls, as they were thought to be of plant origin (see oak apple). For instance, when tomatoes were introduced into Europe, they were called \"love apples\". In one Old English work, cucumbers are called eorþæppla (lit. \"earth-apples\"), just as in French, Dutch, Hebrew, Afrikaans, Persian and Swiss German as well as several other German dialects, the words for potatoes mean \"earth-apples\". In some languages, oranges are called \"golden apples\" or \"Chinese apples\". Datura is called \"thorn-apple\".Ethnobotanical and ethnomycological scholars such as R. Gordon Wasson, Carl Ruck and Clark Heinrich write that the mythological apple is a symbolic substitution for the entheogenic Amanita muscaria (or fly agaric) mushroom. Its association with knowledge is an allusion to the revelatory states described by some shamans and users of psychedelic mushrooms.[2][3][4] At times artists would co-opt the apple, as well as other religious symbology, whether for ironic effect or as a stock element of symbolic vocabulary. Thus, secular art as well made use of the apple as symbol of love and sexuality. It is often an attribute associated with Venus who is shown holding it.","title":"Apple (symbolism)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adam_and_Eve_(Prado)_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Adam and Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_(D%C3%BCrer)"},{"link_name":"Albrecht Dürer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer"},{"link_name":"Book of Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Adam and Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_and_Eve"},{"link_name":"Garden of Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_of_Eden"},{"link_name":"Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_of_Eden"},{"link_name":"golden apples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_apple"},{"link_name":"Garden of Hesperides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperides#The_Garden_of_the_Hesperides"},{"link_name":"knowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge"},{"link_name":"immortality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortality"},{"link_name":"temptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temptation"},{"link_name":"fall of man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_man"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"loanword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanword"},{"link_name":"melon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melon"},{"link_name":"fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"mālum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/malum#Noun_3"},{"link_name":"mălum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/malum#Noun_2"},{"link_name":"biblical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Vulgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgate"},{"link_name":"larynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx"},{"link_name":"Adam's apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%27s_apple"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Virgen_y_el_Ni%C3%B1o_de_la_manzana,_por_Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n.jpg"},{"link_name":"Francisco de Zurbarán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ"},{"link_name":"Old Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"the Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Madonna"},{"link_name":"Infant Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"mandrakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandrake#In_the_Bible"},{"link_name":"New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World"},{"link_name":"Proverbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs"},{"link_name":"Song of Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_Solomon"},{"link_name":"Rosh Hashanah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah"}],"text":"Adam and Eve: a classic depiction of the biblical tale showcasing the apple as a symbol of sin. Albrecht Dürer, 1507; oil on panel.Though the forbidden fruit in the Book of Genesis is not identified, popular Christian tradition holds that Adam and Eve ate an apple from the forbidden tree in the Garden of Eden. The unnamed fruit of Eden thus became an apple under the influence of the story of the golden apples in the Garden of Hesperides. As a result, the apple became a symbol for knowledge, immortality, temptation, the fall of man and sin. According to the Bible, there is nothing to show the forbidden fruit of the tree of knowledge was necessarily an apple.[5]The classical Greek word μῆλον (mēlon), or dialectal μᾶλον (mālon), now a loanword in English as melon, meant tree fruit in general,[6] but was borrowed into Latin as mālum, meaning 'apple'. The similarity of this word to Latin mălum, meaning 'evil', may also have influenced the apple's becoming interpreted as the biblical \"forbidden fruit\" in the commonly used Latin translation called Vulgate.The larynx in the human throat has been called Adam's apple because of the folk tale that the bulge was caused by the forbidden fruit sticking in the throat of Adam. The apple as symbol of sexual seduction has sometimes been used to imply sexuality between men, possibly in an ironic vein.Francisco de Zurbarán - A Virgem da Maçã, 1660-64The notion of the apple as a symbol of sin is reflected in artistic renderings of the fall from Eden. When held in Adam's hand, the apple symbolises sin. But, when Christ is portrayed holding an apple, he represents the Second Adam who brings life. This difference reflects the evolution of the symbol in Christianity. In the Old Testament, the apple was significant of the fall of man; in the New Testament, it is an emblem of the redemption from that fall. The apple is represented in pictures of the Madonna and Infant Jesus as another sign of that redemption.In some versions (such as Young's Literal Translation) of the Bible, the Hebrew word for mandrakes dudaim (Genesis 30:14) is translated as \"love apples\" (not to be confused with the New World tomatoes). There are several instances in the Old Testament where the apple is used in a more favourable light. The phrase 'the apple of your eye' comes from verses in Deuteronomy 32:10, Psalm 17:8 Proverbs 7:2, and Zechariah 2:8, implying an object or person who is greatly valued. In Proverbs 25:11, the verse states, \"a word fitly spoken is like apples of gold in settings of silver\". In the love songs of the Song of Solomon, the apple is used in a sensual context. In these latter instances, the apple is used as a symbol for beauty. The apple appears again in Joel 1:12 in a verse with a sense of profound loss when the apple tree withers.\nDuring the Jewish New Year - Rosh Hashanah - it is customary to eat apples dipped in honey to evoke a \"new year that is good [the apple] and sweet [the honey]\".","title":"Mythology and religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nicolas_Colombel_002.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Colombel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Colombel"},{"link_name":"Garden of the Hesperides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperides#The_Garden_of_the_Hesperides"},{"link_name":"Gaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Eris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eris_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Apple of Discord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_of_Discord"},{"link_name":"Peleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peleus"},{"link_name":"Thetis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thetis"},{"link_name":"Kallisti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallisti"},{"link_name":"Hera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hera"},{"link_name":"Athena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena"},{"link_name":"Aphrodite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrodite"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Troy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy"},{"link_name":"Helen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_of_Troy"},{"link_name":"Sparta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta"},{"link_name":"Trojan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_War"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Greek hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_hero"},{"link_name":"Heracles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles"},{"link_name":"Twelve Labours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles#Labours_of_Heracles"},{"link_name":"Tree of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperides#The_Garden_of_the_Hesperides"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Atalanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atalanta"},{"link_name":"Hippomenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippomenes"},{"link_name":"Melanion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanion"},{"link_name":"Aphrodite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrodite"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Greek","text":"Atalanta and Hippomenes by Nicolas ColombelThe Garden of the Hesperides is Hera's orchard in the west, where either a single apple plant or a grove grows, producing golden apples. According to legend, when the marriage of Zeus and Hera took place, the different deities came with nuptial presents for the latter, and among them Gaia, with branches bearing golden apples upon them as a wedding gift. The Hesperides were given the task of tending to the grove, but occasionally picked apples from it themselves. Not trusting them, Hera also placed in the garden an immortal, never-sleeping, hundred-headed dragon named Ladon as an additional safeguard.[7]In the myth of the Judgement of Paris, it was from the Garden that Eris, the goddess of discord, obtained the Apple of Discord. Eris became disgruntled after she was excluded from the wedding of Peleus and Thetis. In retaliation, she tossed a golden apple inscribed Kallisti ('For the most beautiful one'), into the wedding party. Three goddesses claimed the apple: Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite. Paris of Troy was appointed to select the recipient. After being bribed by both Hera and Athena, Aphrodite tempted him with the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen of Sparta. He awarded the apple to Aphrodite, thus indirectly causing the Trojan War.[8]The Greek hero Heracles, as a part of his Twelve Labours, was required to travel to the Garden of the Hesperides and pick the golden apples off the Tree of Life growing at its center.[9]Atalanta, also of Greek mythology, raced all her suitors in an attempt to avoid marriage. She outran all but Hippomenes (a.k.a. Melanion, a name possibly derived from melon the Greek word for both \"apple\" and fruit in general), who defeated her by cunning, not speed. Hippomenes knew that he could not win in a fair race, so he used three golden apples (gifts of Aphrodite, the goddess of love) to distract Atalanta. It took all three apples and all of his speed, but Hippomenes was finally successful, winning the race and Atalanta's hand.[10]","title":"Mythology and religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norse mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_mythology"},{"link_name":"Iðunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B0unn"},{"link_name":"Ragnarök","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Þjazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ejazi"},{"link_name":"giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn"},{"link_name":"Loki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loki"},{"link_name":"Ásgarðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asgard"},{"link_name":"Freyja's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freya"},{"link_name":"Æsir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86sir"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loki_and_Idun_-_John_Bauer.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Bauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bauer_(illustrator)"},{"link_name":"Hilda Ellis Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilda_Ellis_Davidson"},{"link_name":"Vanir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanir"},{"link_name":"fertility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility"},{"link_name":"golden apples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_apple"},{"link_name":"Gerðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ger%C3%B0r"},{"link_name":"Skírnir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnir"},{"link_name":"Freyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freyr"},{"link_name":"Skírnismál","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnism%C3%A1l"},{"link_name":"Völsunga saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lsunga_saga"},{"link_name":"Frigg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigg"},{"link_name":"Rerir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rerir"},{"link_name":"crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"kenning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenning"},{"link_name":"Hel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hel_(being)"},{"link_name":"skald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skald"},{"link_name":"Heiðarvíga saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hei%C3%B0arv%C3%ADga_saga"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Norse","text":"In Norse mythology, Iðunn, the goddess of eternal youth, is the keeper of an eski (a wooden box made of ash wood and often used for carrying personal possessions) full of apples eaten by the gods when they begin to grow old, rendering them young again. This is described as recurring until Ragnarök. Gangleri (described as King Gylfi in disguise) states that it seems to him that the gods depend greatly upon Iðunn's good faith and care.[11] Iðunn was once abducted by Þjazi the giant, who used Loki to lure Iðunn and her apples out of Ásgarðr. After borrowing Freyja's falcon skin, Loki liberated Iðunn from Þjazi by transforming her into a nut for the flight back. Þjazi gave chase in the form of an eagle, whereupon reaching Ásgarðr he was set aflame by a bonfire lit by the Æsir.[12]Loki and Idun (1911) by John BauerEnglish scholar Hilda Ellis Davidson notes a connection between apples and the Vanir, a group of gods associated with fertility in Norse mythology, citing an instance of eleven \"golden apples\" being given to woo the beautiful Gerðr by Skírnir, who was acting as messenger for the major Vanir god Freyr in stanzas 19 and 20 of the poem Skírnismál. Davidson also notes a further connection between fertility and apples in Norse mythology; in chapter 2 of the Völsunga saga when the major goddess Frigg sends King Rerir an apple after he prays to Odin for a child, Frigg's messenger (in the guise of a crow) drops the apple in his lap as he sits atop a mound.[13]The Norse kenning apples of Hel (epli Heljar) occurs in a piece by the skald Þórbjörn Brúnason embedded in the Heiðarvíga saga. The phrase appears to refer to death itself as a subversion of Iðunn's apples.[14] The skald says that his wife desires his death, and that she wants him to live under the earth and to give apples of Hel to him. Davidson believes this may specifically imply that the apple was thought of by the skald as the food of the dead.[15]","title":"Mythology and religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allantide.jpg"},{"link_name":"Allantide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allantide"},{"link_name":"Cornish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_language"},{"link_name":"Cornish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"St Just","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Just_in_Penwith"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Silver Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Branch"},{"link_name":"The Voyage of Bran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imram_Brain"},{"link_name":"Otherworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Otherworld"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"golden apples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_apple#Apple_branch"},{"link_name":"sea deity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_deity"},{"link_name":"Manannán mac Lir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manann%C3%A1n_mac_Lir"},{"link_name":"Cormac mac Airt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cormac_mac_Airt"},{"link_name":"Echtra Cormaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echtra_Cormaic"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Echtra Condla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echtra_Condla"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Arthurian mythos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"Avalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey of Monmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth"},{"link_name":"Vita Merlini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_Merlini"},{"link_name":"Morgan le Fay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Celtic","text":"The pome fruit and tree of the apple is celebrated in numerous functions in Celtic mythology, legend, and folklore; it is an emblem of fruitfulness and sometimes a means to immortality. Wands of druids were made from wood either of the yew or of the apple.[16]The Allantide gameAllantide (Cornish: Kalan Gwav, meaning first day of winter) is a Cornish festival that was traditionally celebrated on the night of 31 October, as well as the following day time. One of the most important parts of this festival was the giving of Allan apples, large glossy red apples that were highly polished, to family and friends as tokens of good luck. Allan apple markets used to be held throughout West Cornwall in the run up to the feast. and in the town of St Just it surpassed Christmas as a time for giving gifts until the late 20th century. A game was also recorded in which two pieces of wood were nailed together in the shape of a cross. It was then suspended, with 4 lit candles on each arm and Allan apples suspended underneath. The aim being to catch the apples with your mouth without getting molten wax on your face. For unmarried recipients the apples would be placed under their pillows in the hope that they would bring dreams of their future wife or husband.[17]The acquisition of the Silver Branch in The Voyage of Bran, a silver apple branch with white blossoms, is the incident which sends the eponymous hero Bran mac Febail on a journey to the Otherworld.[18]A magical silver branch with three golden apples belonged to the sea deity Manannán mac Lir and was given to the high king Cormac mac Airt in the narrative of the Echtra Cormaic. The branch created magical soporific music that assuaged those afflicted with injury or illness to sleep.[19] In the Irish tale Echtra Condla, Conle the son of Conn is fed an apple by a fairy lover, which sustains him in terms of food and drink for a month without diminishing; but it also makes him long for the woman and the beautiful country of women to which his lover is enticing him.[20]In the Arthurian mythos, the island of Avalon is considered the Isle of Apples, and its very name, originally Welsh, refers to the fruit.[21] Geoffrey of Monmouth's Vita Merlini describes the enchanted isle as being populated by many apple trees. Avalon from its first inception was considered the home of the magical Morgan le Fay, her sisters, and their mystical practices.[22]After being killed by brigands, the Breton pseudo-saint Konorin was transformed into a mysterious apple which, when eaten by a young virgin, causes her impregnation and his rebirth as the \"son of the apple, the fruit of wisdom\".[23]","title":"Mythology and religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"slur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejorative"},{"link_name":"cultural identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_identity"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Rosh Hashanah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah"},{"link_name":"apples dipped in honey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apples_and_honey"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"teachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teacher"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"North Caucasian mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythology_of_the_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Narts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narts"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"In North America a Native American is called an \"apple\" (a slur that stands for someone who is \"red on the outside, white on the inside.\") primarily by other Native Americans to indicate someone who has lost touch with their cultural identity. First used in the 1980s.[24] During the Jewish New Year, Rosh Hashanah, it is customary to eat apples dipped in honey to evoke a \"sweet new year\".[25] In the United States, teachers used to commonly receive gifts of apples, as the community was expected to both provide housing and food for them, because teachers were often unmarried women. The symbol of an apple is still strongly associated with teachers to this day, with apples being a popular theme for gifts and awards given to exemplary teachers.[26] In North Caucasian mythology, the Narts possessed a tree which grew apples that would guarantee a child to the person who consumed them, based on which side of the apple was eaten.[27]","title":"Legends, folklore, and traditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daniel_Mauch_-_Venus_Holding_an_Apple_-_Walters_6119_-_View_A.jpg"},{"link_name":"Daniel Mauch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Mauch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lucas_Cranach_(I)_-_Madonna_und_Kind_unter_dem_Apfelbaum_(Eremitage).jpg"},{"link_name":"Lucas Cranach the elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_elder"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Two_Young_Men,_Crispin_van_den_Broeck.jpg"},{"link_name":"Crispin van den Broeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crispin_van_den_Broeck"},{"link_name":"Fitzwilliam Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzwilliam_Museum"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venus_Verticordia_-_Dante_Rossetti_-_1866.jpg"},{"link_name":"Venus Verticoedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Verticordia_(Rossetti)"},{"link_name":"Dante Gabriel Rossetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti"}],"text":"Venus Holding an Apple, Daniel Mauch\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Virgin and Child Under an Apple Tree, Lucas Cranach the elder\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTwo Young Men, Crispin van den Broeck (Dutch), ca. 1590; Oil on panel; Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge.[28]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVenus Verticoedia, Dante Gabriel Rossetti","title":"Gallery"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Adam and Eve, Marcantonio Franceschini. The forbidden fruit is often depicted as an apple.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Adam_and_Eve%2C_by_Marcantonio_Franceschini.jpg/220px-Adam_and_Eve%2C_by_Marcantonio_Franceschini.jpg"},{"image_text":"Adam and Eve: a classic depiction of the biblical tale showcasing the apple as a symbol of sin. Albrecht Dürer, 1507; oil on panel.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adam_and_Eve_%28Prado%29_2.jpg/220px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adam_and_Eve_%28Prado%29_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Francisco de Zurbarán - A Virgem da Maçã, 1660-64","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/La_Virgen_y_el_Ni%C3%B1o_de_la_manzana%2C_por_Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n.jpg/220px-La_Virgen_y_el_Ni%C3%B1o_de_la_manzana%2C_por_Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n.jpg"},{"image_text":"Atalanta and Hippomenes by Nicolas Colombel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Nicolas_Colombel_002.jpg/220px-Nicolas_Colombel_002.jpg"},{"image_text":"Loki and Idun (1911) by John Bauer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Loki_and_Idun_-_John_Bauer.jpg/220px-Loki_and_Idun_-_John_Bauer.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Allantide game","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Allantide.jpg/220px-Allantide.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Apple Tree Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Tree_Man"},{"title":"Shooting an apple off one's child's head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_an_apple_off_one%27s_child%27s_head"},{"title":"The symbol in Psychoanalysis and archetypes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol#Psychoanalysis_and_archetypes"}]
|
[{"reference":"Douglas Harper, Historian (25 May 2011). \"apple\". Online Etymology Dictionary.","urls":[{"url":"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/apple","url_text":"\"apple\""}]},{"reference":"Wasson, R. Gordon (1968). Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality. ISBN 0-15-683800-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Gordon_Wasson","url_text":"Wasson, R. Gordon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-683800-1","url_text":"0-15-683800-1"}]},{"reference":"Ruck, Carl; Blaise Daniel Staples; Clark Heinrich (2001). The Apples of Apollo, Pagan and Christian Mysteries of the Eucharist. Durham: Carolina Academic Press. pp. 64–70. ISBN 0-89089-924-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ruck","url_text":"Ruck, Carl"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Daniel_Staples","url_text":"Blaise Daniel Staples"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89089-924-X","url_text":"0-89089-924-X"}]},{"reference":"Heinrich, Clark (2002). Magic Mushrooms in Religion and Alchemy. Rochester: Park Street Press. pp. 64–70. ISBN 0-89281-997-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89281-997-9","url_text":"0-89281-997-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Kvasir Symbol Database: Apple & Apple Tree\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mimisbrunnr.info/ksd-apple","url_text":"\"Kvasir Symbol Database: Apple & Apple Tree\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why Apples and Honey? | Reform Judaism\". reformjudaism.org. Retrieved 2024-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://reformjudaism.org/jewish-holidays/rosh-hashanah/why-apples-and-honey","url_text":"\"Why Apples and Honey? | Reform Judaism\""}]},{"reference":"Donato, Al (2019-09-09). \"The Sweet Meaning Behind This Classic Back-To-School Gift\". HuffPost. Retrieved 2024-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffpost.com/archive/ca/entry/giving-apples-teachers-explained_ca_5d7180cae4b06d55b970d92b","url_text":"\"The Sweet Meaning Behind This Classic Back-To-School Gift\""}]},{"reference":"Colarusso, John (2002). Nart Sagas: Ancient Myths and Legends of the Circassians and Abkhazians (Fourth ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02647-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02647-5","url_text":"0-691-02647-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Fitzwilliam Museum\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/pharos/collection_pages/northern_pages/PD_20_1961/TXT_SE-PD201961.html","url_text":"\"Fitzwilliam Museum\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apple_(symbolism)&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/apple","external_links_name":"\"apple\""},{"Link":"https://biblehub.com/topical/a/apple.htm","external_links_name":"https://biblehub.com/topical/a/apple.htm"},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dmh%3Dlon2","external_links_name":"μῆλον"},{"Link":"https://www.theoi.com/Text/HesiodCatalogues.html","external_links_name":"https://www.theoi.com/Text/HesiodCatalogues.html"},{"Link":"https://www.mimisbrunnr.info/ksd-apple","external_links_name":"\"Kvasir Symbol Database: Apple & Apple Tree\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/voyageofbransono01meye/page/4/mode/2up%7CThe","external_links_name":"Voyage of Bran"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/oldcelticromanc00joycgoog/page/n132/mode/2up?view=theater","external_links_name":"\"Connla of the Golden Hair, and the Fairy Maiden\""},{"Link":"https://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/eng/vm/vmeng.htm","external_links_name":"\"Vita Merlini Index\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC&pg=PA29","external_links_name":"p. 29"},{"Link":"https://reformjudaism.org/jewish-holidays/rosh-hashanah/why-apples-and-honey","external_links_name":"\"Why Apples and Honey? | Reform Judaism\""},{"Link":"https://www.huffpost.com/archive/ca/entry/giving-apples-teachers-explained_ca_5d7180cae4b06d55b970d92b","external_links_name":"\"The Sweet Meaning Behind This Classic Back-To-School Gift\""},{"Link":"http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/pharos/collection_pages/northern_pages/PD_20_1961/TXT_SE-PD201961.html","external_links_name":"\"Fitzwilliam Museum\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFTDA_Championship
|
WFTDA Championships
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["1 Format","2 Broadcast","3 Championships","3.1 2006 Dust Devil","3.2 2007 Texas Shootout","3.3 2008 Northwest Knockdown","3.4 2009 Declaration of Derby","3.5 2010 Uproar on the Lakeshore","3.6 2011 Continental Divide and Conquer","3.7 2020","4 References"]
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This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2023)
WFTDA Championships2006–presentThe Hydra Trophy.Tournament informationLocationVariousMonth playedNovemberEstablished2006FormatKnockoutCurrent championRose City Rollers
The International Women's Flat Track Derby Association Championships ("WFTDA Championships" or "Champs" for short) are the leading competition for roller derby leagues.
The Championships are organized by the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA). They originated in 2007 as the Inaugural National WFTDA Championship "Texas Shootout" held in Austin, Texas. Previously the "Dust Devil" tournament in 2006 featured teams from across the US, was held in front of several thousand fans in Tucson, Arizona. This was the first multi-league flat track roller derby tournament.
In 2019, the Championships were hosted outside the United States for the first time, in Montreal, Canada.
Format
2015 MVP Scald Eagle of the Rose City Rollers with the Hydra Trophy after the 2015 WFTDA Championships
In 2007, Western and Eastern Region Tournaments were held in order to determine qualifiers for the "Texas Shootout" National Championship, held in Austin, Texas. By 2010, with leagues in Canada and the United Kingdom also enjoying membership of the WFTDA, "National" was dropped from the title of the contest.
Through the 2012 WFTDA season, the WFTDA was divided into regions based on geography. Each region held a tournament contested by its top ten leagues: the Eastern (2007–2012), North Central (2009–2012), South Central (2009–2012) and Western (2007–2012) Regional Tournaments. The top three leagues from each of these four tournaments qualified for the Championships. Together, the qualifying tournaments and Championships were termed the "Big 5".
From 2013 through 2016, full WFTDA members were eligible for ranking in one of the association's three divisions. Division 1 comprised the top 40-ranked teams in the WFTDA, and the top 40 teams that met eligibility requirements based on the June 30 rankings of that year were invited to Division 1 Playoffs, and were divided into four playoff tournaments (10 per tournament) using an S-curve for seeding. Participants in Division 1 Playoffs were not required to be current members of Division 1, as long as they meet ranking and other requirements. The teams that finished first through third at each Division 1 Tournament then moved on to the WFTDA Championship tournament. Division 2 comprised the teams ranked 41 through 100, and the next 20 teams overall that meet requirements after the 40 confirmed Division 1 playoff participants were then invited to Division 2 Playoffs, divided into two playoff tournaments. The top 2 teams of each Division 2 Tournament then played each other at the WFTDA Championship Tournament, with the winner crowned the Division 2 champion. Through 2014, Division 3 comprised all ranked teams from 101 on, and there are no Division 3 Playoffs.
Starting with the 2017 season, the top 36 teams compete in three Division 1 Playoff Tournaments, and the top four finishers from each tournament go on to the WFTDA Championship Tournament. The next 16 eligible teams compete in a single Division 2 Playoff Tournament, with the winner crowned the Division 2 champion.
Since 2008, the winner of the Championships has been awarded the Hydra Trophy.
Broadcast
The tournament is broadcast on the WFTDA online service WFTDA.tv on a pay-per-view basis; starting in 2015 the WFTDA entered into a partnership with ESPN whereby the Sunday games of the tournament – the Division 1 and Division 2 championship and 3rd place games – are carried on ESPN3. For 2017 the format was changed, with the Division 2 Championship occurring earlier in the year, and the Division 1 championship game scheduled to be broadcast on ESPN2, marking the first time contemporary women's flat track roller derby will be aired live on American network television.
Championships
Year
Date
Name
Location
Champion
Second
Third
MVP
2006
24–26 February
Dust Devil*
Tucson, Arizona
Texas Rollergirls
Tucson Roller Derby
Arizona Roller Derby
Eight Track (Texas)
2007
28–30 September
Texas Shootout
Austin, Texas
Kansas City Roller Warriors
Rat City Rollergirls
Texas Rollergirls
Xcelerator (Kansas City)Miss Fortune (Rat City)
2008
14–16 November
Northwest Knockdown
Portland, Oregon
Gotham Girls Roller Derby
Windy City Rollers
Philly Rollergirls
Bonnie Thunders (Gotham)
2009
13–15 November
Declaration of Derby
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Oly Rollers
Texas Rollergirls
Denver Roller Dolls
Heffer (Oly)Rice Rocket (Texas)Fonda Payne (Denver)Whipity Pow (Rocky Mountain)
2010
5–7 November
Uproar on the Lakeshore
Chicago, Illinois
Rocky Mountain Rollergirls
Oly Rollers
Gotham Girls Roller Derby
Sassy (Oly)
2011
11–13 November
Continental Divide and Conquer
Broomfield, Colorado
Gotham Girls Roller Derby
Oly Rollers
Texas Rollergirls
Kelley Young (Kansas City)
2012
2–4 November
Grits and Glory
Atlanta, Georgia
Gotham Girls Roller Derby
Oly Rollers
Denver Roller Dolls
Sandrine Rangeon (Denver)Shaina Serelson (Denver)
2013
8–10 November
WFTDA Championships
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Gotham Girls Roller Derby
Texas Rollergirls
B.ay A.rea D.erby Girls
Bloody Mary (Texas)
2014
31 October – 2 November
WFTDA Championships
Nashville, Tennessee
Gotham Girls Roller Derby
Rose City Rollers
B.ay A.rea D.erby Girls
Loren Mutch (Rose)
2015
6–8 November
WFTDA Championships
St Paul, Minnesota
Rose City Rollers
Gotham Girls Roller Derby
Victorian Roller Derby League
Scald Eagle (Rose)
2016
4–6 November
WFTDA Championships
Portland, Oregon
Rose City Rollers
Gotham Girls Roller Derby
Victorian Roller Derby League
Brawn Swanson (Rose)
2017
3–5 November
WFTDA Championships
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Victorian Roller Derby League
Rose City Rollers
Gotham Girls Roller Derby
Lady Trample (Victorian)
2018
9–11 November
WFTDA Championships
New Orleans, Louisiana
Rose City Rollers
Victorian Roller Derby League
Gotham Girls Roller Derby
Gal of Fray (Rose)
2019
15–17 November
WFTDA Championships
Montréal, Québec
Rose City Rollers
Gotham Girls Roller Derby
Victorian Roller Derby League
Bonita Apple Bomb (Gotham)
2020
2020 postseason canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic
As of February 2024, there has been no WFTDA Championships since 2019. At a November 2022 Town Hall Meeting, it was decided that the WFTDA would eventually go back to a yearly Hydra. The statement reads: " As regions expand and the sport recovers, it's possible the right thing will be to eventually go back to a yearly Hydra, or maybe a different structure altogether. We'll have to see.
Team
Champ
2nd Place
3rd place
Gotham Roller Derby
5
3
3
Rose City Rollers
4
2
0
Oly Rollers
1
3
0
Texas Rollergirls
1*
2
2
Victorian Roller Derby League
1
1
3
Kansas City Roller Warriors
1
0
0
Rocky Mountain Rollergirls
1
0
0
Tucson Roller Derby
0
1
0
Rat City Roller Derby
0
1
0
Windy City Rollers
0
1
0
Denver Roller Derby
0
0
2
Bay Area Derby
0
0
2
Philly Roller Derby
0
0
1
Arizona Roller Derby
0
0
1
2006 Dust Devil
In Tucson, Arizona, over the weekend of February 24–26, 2006, Tucson Roller Derby hosted 20 WFTDA leagues from around the United States in a tournament.
Round-robin bouts were instituted to determine seeding for a single-elimination tournament. Four pools were created, titled Scorpion, Tarantula, Black Widow and Rattlesnake, with each pool consisting of 5 teams. On Friday, February 24, 2006, each team played four ten-minute bouts in each pool. Point differential was used to determine the ranking and placement of each team within its pool. With this information in hand, tournament officials selected the top three teams of each pool and seeded them according to the point differential of each team for the single-elimination tournament.
The single-elimination tournament started on Saturday, February 25, 2006 with 12 of the previous day's 20 teams. Scheduling of the bouts allowed for the top four seeded teams to receive a bye in the first round of play. Teams seeded 5 through 12 played in the first round. The winners of the first round of the single elimination tournament played the top four seeds in the second round. Bout winners advanced to the semi-finals and bout losers were eliminated.
On Sunday February 26, 2006, four teams (Texas Rollergirls Texecutioners, Tucson Roller Derby Saddletramps, Minnesota Rollergirls All-Stars and Arizona Roller Derby Tent City Terrors) played in the semi-final bouts. In the first bout, the Texecutioners defeated the Tent City Terrors in a full three-period bout, 114 to 81, sending the Texas to the championship bout and Arizona to the 3rd-place bout. A second full three-period semi-final bout was played between Tucson and the Minnesota Rollergirls. Tucson defeated Minnesota 136–75. This pitted the Tent City Terrors against Minnesota for the 3rd-place bout, and set the WFTDA National Championship Bout to be between Texas and Tucson. The 3rd-place bout was played out with the Tent City Terrors upsetting 3rd-seeded Minnesota 115–88. The Championship bout was finalized later in the evening, with the Texecutioners defeating the Saddletramps 129–96.
The tournament also saw the first collaboration between roller derby announcers. Following the event, announcer Bob Noxious founded "Voices of Reason", an announcers' association.
2007 Texas Shootout
On September 30, 2007, the Kansas City Roller Warriors beat the Rat City Rollergirls 89–85 in the final match of the Texas Shootout to become the first WFTDA National Champions. The Texas Rollergirls placed third. Eight teams competed in the tournament, four from the eastern regional division and four from the western regional division. These teams included Carolina Rollergirls (fourth place), Gotham Girls Roller Derby, Tucson Roller Derby, Detroit Derby Girls, and Windy City Rollers.
Several marketing materials as well as a statement from WFTDA President "Crackerjack" on page 5 of the program for this event confirms that at the time it was considered the "first WFTDA Championship Tournament."
2008 Northwest Knockdown
On November 16, 2008, the Gotham Girls Roller Derby (GGRD All-Stars) beat the Windy City Rollers 134–66 in the championship bout. The Philly Rollergirls (Liberty Belles) beat the Texas Rollergirls (Texecutioners) 114–95 in the consolation bout to take third place.
2009 Declaration of Derby
The Denver Roller Dolls pioneered the "slow derby" style of play, utilizing slow and stopped packs and backwards skating, which proved effective against most opposition, but unpopular with crowds. They were finally defeated 178–91 in the semi-finals by the Oly Rollers were regarded as a largely unknown force, although they had gone undefeated through the whole season. Rocky Mountain Rollergirls had unexpectedly sailed through their qualifying tournament, and beat Philly Rollergirls in an overtime jam in their quarter final, but they lost to defending champions Texas Rollergirls 139–82 in the semi-final, in a bout which saw Rocky skater DeRanged ejected from the tournament after apparently punching Angie-Christ from Texas.
Denver defeated Rocky 151–103 in the third place bout, greatly aided by forty-four points to nil scored in the later section of the first half. Oly dominated Texas in the championship bout, taking the title 178–100.
2010 Uproar on the Lakeshore
The final was particularly hard-fought. The Oly Rollers built up a half-time lead, 84 points to the Rocky Mountain Rollergirls' 49, principally due to Atomatrix's power jams. Although she ultimately scored 101 points for Oly, Rocky Mountain were able to fight back in the second half. With one jam remaining, Oly retained an eight-point lead, but, jamming for the third time in a row, Rocky Mountain's Frida Beater scored nine unopposed points before calling off the jam, to secure a win by a single point.
Quarter-finals:
6 November 2010
Charm City
103–165
Rocky Mountain
(52–67)
Report
6 November 2010
Kansas City
126–147
Philly
(55–78)
Report
6 November 2010
Oly
178–76
Windy City
(74–31)
Report
7 November 2010
Gotham
151–52
Texas
(65–39)
Report
Semi-finals:
7 November 2010
Gotham
79–113
Rocky Mountain
(31–75)
Report
7 November 2010
Oly
106–81
Philly
(52–34)
Report
Third place play-off:
7 November 2010
Gotham
162–51
Philly
(74–26)
Report
Final:
7 November 2010
Oly
146–147
Rocky Mountain
(84–49)
Report
2011 Continental Divide and Conquer
First round:
11 November 2011 14:00
Charm City
121–160
Minnesota
(42–94)
Report
11 November 2011 15:45
Nashville
58–198
Rocky Mountain
(41–101)
Report
11 November 2011 17:30
Kansas City
143–135
Rose City
(42–29)
Report
11 November 2011 19:15
Naptown
68–225
Philly
(20–104)
Report
Quarter finals:
12 November 2011 09:30
Minnesota
108–141
Texas
(67–56)
Report
12 November 2011 11:15
Gotham
187–134
Rocky Mountain
(75–53)
Report
12 November 2011 13:00
Kansas City
112–95
Windy City
(42–29)
Report
12 November 2011 14:45
Oly
181–95
Philly
(89–36)
Report
Semi finals:
12 November 2011 17:30
Gotham
195–113
Texas
(75–48)
Report
12 November 2011 19:15
Kansas City
104–124
Oly
(36–60)
Report
Third place play-off:
13 November 2011 14:00
Kansas City
112–136
Texas
(62–50)
Report
Final:
13 November 2011 16:00
Gotham
197–140
Oly
(59–38)
Report
2020
The 2020 International WFTDA Championships were canceled in May due to the COVID-19 pandemic, joining the previously-announced cancellation of the season's Playoffs and Continental Cups.
References
^ "Hot on the Track", Buffalo News, 5 August 2006
^ a b Alex Cohen and Jennifer Barbee, Down and Derby: The Insider's Guide to Roller Derby
^ "Steel City Derby Demons put their bodies on the line for the thrill of the game", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 18 January 2007
^ Molly Yanity, "Roller derby enjoys rollicking resurgence", Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 16 August 2007
^ "WFTDA 2011 Big 5 Tournament Schedule Announced Archived 2011-10-05 at the Wayback Machine", WFTDA, 9 November 2010
^ a b "WFTDA Releases Tournament Locations and New Playoffs and Championships Structure – WFTDA". wftda.com. WFTDA. 30 January 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
^ "The Hydra Archived 2010-11-14 at the Wayback Machine", WFTDA
^ Swiatecki, Chad (11 August 2015). "ESPN hooks up with Austinites to bring roller derby back". Austin Business Journal. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
^ "WFTDA Signs Deal to Stream 2015 Championships with ESPN3". WFTDA. 7 August 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
^ "WFTDA Brings Roller Derby Back to Network Television, Signs Deal with ESPN2 to Televise 2017 WFTDA Championship Game – WFTDA". wftda.com. WFTDA. 24 September 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
^ "2007 WFTDA Championship Official Event Program", pp.29–30
^ Gnosis, "Live from the 2007 WFTDA National Championships", Derby News Network, 8 October 2007
^ "August 2010 Featured Skater: Bonnie Thunders", WFTDA, 1 August 2010
^ "WFTDA Announces 2009 Championship MVPs", WFTDA, 19 December 2009
^ "December 2010 Featured Skater: Sassy", WFTDA, 2 December 2010
^ Shelly Shankya, "Gotham Wins 2011 Championships!", WFTDA, 13 November 2011
^ "2012 Championships MVPs", WFTDA
^ "http://wftda.com/tournaments/2013/championships", WFTDA, 1 October 2013
^ "", Derby News Network 10 November 2013
^ "http://wftda.com/news/wftda-announces-2014-tournament-dates-and-locations", WFTDA, 1 December 2013
^ Frye, Andy (8 November 2015). "Holy Upset: Rose City Stuns Gotham Girls Roller Derby For Championship". ESPN. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
^ "D1 Champs 1st Place: Rose City takes down Gotham, 206–195". Derby Central. 9 November 2015. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
^ "Rollers repeat as roller derby champions". Portland Tribune. 6 November 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
^ Brown, Simon Leo (6 November 2017). "Victorian Roller Derby League All Stars win WFTDA world championships". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
^ "Rose City Rollers Defeat Victoria, Win 2018 International WFTDA Championships – WFTDA". wftda.com. WFTDA. 12 November 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
^ "2019 Championships Game 13: Gotham v Rose City". WFTDA. 2019-11-18. Retrieved 2019-11-18.
^ "2019 Tournament MVPs". WFTDA. Retrieved 2019-11-18.
^ a b "5/18/20 - COVID-19 Update » WFTDA Roller Derby Resources". WFTDA Roller Derby Resources. WFTDA. 18 May 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
^ Catherine Mabe, Roller Derby: The History and All-Girl Revival of the Greatest Sport on Wheels, p.80
^ Kansas City Star
^ "Rat City Rollergirls lose championship bout". Seattle's Big Blog. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
^ Whittaker, Richard (1 October 2007). "Kansas, the Wheeled Giant Killers and More on the Texas Shootout". Austin Chronicle. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
^ "LeadJammer.com". Retrieved 23 November 2015.
^ "Texas Shootout – 2007 Women's Flat Track Derby Association Championship Tournament". Archived from the original on 2007-10-17. Retrieved 2011-09-28.
^ Phil Davis (15 January 2009). "WFTDA National Roller Derby Program". Issuu. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
^ "2008 WFTDA Nationals: Complete Recaps – Derby News Network". derbynews.net. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
^ a b Matt Costa, "Declaration of Derby: The 2009 WFTDA National Tournament", Blood and Thunder #15, pp.40–47
^ Justice Feelgood Marshall, "Rocky Mountain Rollergirls Take It All", Derby News Network, 27 May 2011
^ "3/30/20 - COVID-19 Statement and Update » WFTDA Roller Derby Resources". WFTDA Roller Derby Resources. WFTDA. 30 March 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"roller derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_derby"},{"link_name":"Women's Flat Track Derby Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Flat_Track_Derby_Association"},{"link_name":"Tucson, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cohen-2"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"}],"text":"The International Women's Flat Track Derby Association Championships (\"WFTDA Championships\" or \"Champs\" for short) are the leading competition for roller derby leagues.The Championships are organized by the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA). They originated in 2007 as the Inaugural National WFTDA Championship \"Texas Shootout\" held in Austin, Texas. Previously the \"Dust Devil\" tournament in 2006 featured teams from across the US, was held in front of several thousand fans in Tucson, Arizona.[1] This was the first multi-league flat track roller derby tournament.[2]In 2019, the Championships were hosted outside the United States for the first time, in Montreal, Canada.","title":"WFTDA Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scald_Eagle_Rose_City_MVP_2015.JPG"},{"link_name":"Rose City Rollers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_City_Rollers"},{"link_name":"Hydra Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Austin, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFTDA_Eastern_Region_Tournament"},{"link_name":"North Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFTDA_North_Central_Region_Tournament"},{"link_name":"South Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFTDA_South_Central_Region_Tournament"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFTDA_Western_Region_Tournament"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Division 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Flat_Track_Derby_Association_Division_1"},{"link_name":"seeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Division 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Flat_Track_Derby_Association_Division_2"},{"link_name":"Division 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Flat_Track_Derby_Association_Division_3"},{"link_name":"Division 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Flat_Track_Derby_Association_Division_1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017_structure-6"},{"link_name":"Division 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Flat_Track_Derby_Association_Division_2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017_structure-6"},{"link_name":"Hydra Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"2015 MVP Scald Eagle of the Rose City Rollers with the Hydra Trophy after the 2015 WFTDA ChampionshipsIn 2007, Western and Eastern Region Tournaments were held in order to determine qualifiers for the \"Texas Shootout\" National Championship, held in Austin, Texas.[3][4] By 2010, with leagues in Canada and the United Kingdom also enjoying membership of the WFTDA, \"National\" was dropped from the title of the contest.Through the 2012 WFTDA season, the WFTDA was divided into regions based on geography. Each region held a tournament contested by its top ten leagues: the Eastern (2007–2012), North Central (2009–2012), South Central (2009–2012) and Western (2007–2012) Regional Tournaments. The top three leagues from each of these four tournaments qualified for the Championships. Together, the qualifying tournaments and Championships were termed the \"Big 5\".[5]From 2013 through 2016, full WFTDA members were eligible for ranking in one of the association's three divisions. Division 1 comprised the top 40-ranked teams in the WFTDA, and the top 40 teams that met eligibility requirements based on the June 30 rankings of that year were invited to Division 1 Playoffs, and were divided into four playoff tournaments (10 per tournament) using an S-curve for seeding. Participants in Division 1 Playoffs were not required to be current members of Division 1, as long as they meet ranking and other requirements. The teams that finished first through third at each Division 1 Tournament then moved on to the WFTDA Championship tournament. Division 2 comprised the teams ranked 41 through 100, and the next 20 teams overall that meet requirements after the 40 confirmed Division 1 playoff participants were then invited to Division 2 Playoffs, divided into two playoff tournaments. The top 2 teams of each Division 2 Tournament then played each other at the WFTDA Championship Tournament, with the winner crowned the Division 2 champion. Through 2014, Division 3 comprised all ranked teams from 101 on, and there are no Division 3 Playoffs.Starting with the 2017 season, the top 36 teams compete in three Division 1 Playoff Tournaments, and the top four finishers from each tournament go on to the WFTDA Championship Tournament.[6] The next 16 eligible teams compete in a single Division 2 Playoff Tournament, with the winner crowned the Division 2 champion.[6]Since 2008, the winner of the Championships has been awarded the Hydra Trophy.[7]","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"Division 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Flat_Track_Derby_Association_Division_1"},{"link_name":"Division 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Flat_Track_Derby_Association_Division_2"},{"link_name":"ESPN3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Austin_journal-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wftda_espn-9"},{"link_name":"ESPN2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN2-10"}],"text":"The tournament is broadcast on the WFTDA online service WFTDA.tv on a pay-per-view basis; starting in 2015 the WFTDA entered into a partnership with ESPN whereby the Sunday games of the tournament – the Division 1 and Division 2 championship and 3rd place games – are carried on ESPN3.[8][9] For 2017 the format was changed, with the Division 2 Championship occurring earlier in the year, and the Division 1 championship game scheduled to be broadcast on ESPN2, marking the first time contemporary women's flat track roller derby will be aired live on American network television.[10]","title":"Broadcast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tucson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"Tucson Roller Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson_Roller_Derby"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Round-robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-robin_tournament"},{"link_name":"single-elimination tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-elimination_tournament"},{"link_name":"Point differential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_difference"},{"link_name":"Texas Rollergirls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rollergirls"},{"link_name":"Tucson Roller Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson_Roller_Derby"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Rollergirls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Rollergirls"},{"link_name":"Arizona Roller Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Roller_Derby"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cohen-2"}],"sub_title":"2006 Dust Devil","text":"In Tucson, Arizona, over the weekend of February 24–26, 2006, Tucson Roller Derby hosted 20 WFTDA leagues from around the United States in a tournament.[29]Round-robin bouts were instituted to determine seeding for a single-elimination tournament. Four pools were created, titled Scorpion, Tarantula, Black Widow and Rattlesnake, with each pool consisting of 5 teams. On Friday, February 24, 2006, each team played four ten-minute bouts in each pool. Point differential was used to determine the ranking and placement of each team within its pool. With this information in hand, tournament officials selected the top three teams of each pool and seeded them according to the point differential of each team for the single-elimination tournament.The single-elimination tournament started on Saturday, February 25, 2006 with 12 of the previous day's 20 teams. Scheduling of the bouts allowed for the top four seeded teams to receive a bye in the first round of play. Teams seeded 5 through 12 played in the first round. The winners of the first round of the single elimination tournament played the top four seeds in the second round. Bout winners advanced to the semi-finals and bout losers were eliminated.On Sunday February 26, 2006, four teams (Texas Rollergirls Texecutioners, Tucson Roller Derby Saddletramps, Minnesota Rollergirls All-Stars and Arizona Roller Derby Tent City Terrors) played in the semi-final bouts. In the first bout, the Texecutioners defeated the Tent City Terrors in a full three-period bout, 114 to 81, sending the Texas to the championship bout and Arizona to the 3rd-place bout. A second full three-period semi-final bout was played between Tucson and the Minnesota Rollergirls. Tucson defeated Minnesota 136–75. This pitted the Tent City Terrors against Minnesota for the 3rd-place bout, and set the WFTDA National Championship Bout to be between Texas and Tucson. The 3rd-place bout was played out with the Tent City Terrors upsetting 3rd-seeded Minnesota 115–88. The Championship bout was finalized later in the evening, with the Texecutioners defeating the Saddletramps 129–96.The tournament also saw the first collaboration between roller derby announcers. Following the event, announcer Bob Noxious founded \"Voices of Reason\", an announcers' association.[2]","title":"Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kansas City Roller Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Roller_Warriors"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Rat City Rollergirls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_City_Rollergirls"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-austin_07-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Carolina Rollergirls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Rollergirls"},{"link_name":"Gotham Girls Roller Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham_Girls_Roller_Derby"},{"link_name":"Tucson Roller Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson_Roller_Derby"},{"link_name":"Detroit Derby Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Derby_Girls"},{"link_name":"Windy City Rollers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windy_City_Rollers"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"2007 Texas Shootout","text":"On September 30, 2007, the Kansas City Roller Warriors beat[30] the Rat City Rollergirls[31] 89–85 in the final match of the Texas Shootout to become the first WFTDA National Champions.[32] The Texas Rollergirls placed third.[33] Eight teams competed in the tournament, four from the eastern regional division and four from the western regional division. These teams included Carolina Rollergirls (fourth place), Gotham Girls Roller Derby, Tucson Roller Derby, Detroit Derby Girls, and Windy City Rollers.[34]Several marketing materials as well as a statement from WFTDA President \"Crackerjack\" on page 5 of the program[35] for this event confirms that at the time it was considered the \"first WFTDA Championship Tournament.\"","title":"Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gotham Girls Roller Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham_Girls_Roller_Derby"},{"link_name":"Windy City Rollers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windy_City_Rollers"},{"link_name":"Texas Rollergirls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rollergirls"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"2008 Northwest Knockdown","text":"On November 16, 2008, the Gotham Girls Roller Derby (GGRD All-Stars) beat the Windy City Rollers 134–66 in the championship bout. The Philly Rollergirls (Liberty Belles) beat the Texas Rollergirls (Texecutioners) 114–95 in the consolation bout to take third place.[36]","title":"Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-costa-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-costa-37"}],"sub_title":"2009 Declaration of Derby","text":"The Denver Roller Dolls pioneered the \"slow derby\" style of play, utilizing slow and stopped packs and backwards skating, which proved effective against most opposition, but unpopular with crowds. They were finally defeated 178–91 in the semi-finals by the Oly Rollers were regarded as a largely unknown force, although they had gone undefeated through the whole season. Rocky Mountain Rollergirls had unexpectedly sailed through their qualifying tournament, and beat Philly Rollergirls in an overtime jam in their quarter final, but they lost to defending champions Texas Rollergirls 139–82 in the semi-final, in a bout which saw Rocky skater DeRanged ejected from the tournament after apparently punching Angie-Christ from Texas.[37]Denver defeated Rocky 151–103 in the third place bout, greatly aided by forty-four points to nil scored in the later section of the first half. Oly dominated Texas in the championship bout, taking the title 178–100.[37]","title":"Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oly Rollers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oly_Rollers"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountain Rollergirls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Rollergirls"},{"link_name":"Atomatrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomatrix"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"2010 Uproar on the Lakeshore","text":"The final was particularly hard-fought. The Oly Rollers built up a half-time lead, 84 points to the Rocky Mountain Rollergirls' 49, principally due to Atomatrix's power jams. Although she ultimately scored 101 points for Oly, Rocky Mountain were able to fight back in the second half. With one jam remaining, Oly retained an eight-point lead, but, jamming for the third time in a row, Rocky Mountain's Frida Beater scored nine unopposed points before calling off the jam, to secure a win by a single point.[38]Quarter-finals:Semi-finals:Third place play-off:Final:","title":"Championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2011 Continental Divide and Conquer","text":"First round:Quarter finals:Semi finals:Third place play-off:Final:","title":"Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020_cancel-28"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"2020","text":"The 2020 International WFTDA Championships were canceled in May due to the COVID-19 pandemic,[28] joining the previously-announced cancellation of the season's Playoffs and Continental Cups.[39]","title":"Championships"}]
|
[{"image_text":"2015 MVP Scald Eagle of the Rose City Rollers with the Hydra Trophy after the 2015 WFTDA Championships","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Scald_Eagle_Rose_City_MVP_2015.JPG/220px-Scald_Eagle_Rose_City_MVP_2015.JPG"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"WFTDA Releases Tournament Locations and New Playoffs and Championships Structure – WFTDA\". wftda.com. WFTDA. 30 January 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://wftda.com/wftda-releases-tournament-locations-and-new-playoffs-and-championships-structure/","url_text":"\"WFTDA Releases Tournament Locations and New Playoffs and Championships Structure – WFTDA\""}]},{"reference":"Swiatecki, Chad (11 August 2015). \"ESPN hooks up with Austinites to bring roller derby back\". Austin Business Journal. Retrieved 12 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/blog/creative/2015/08/espn-hooks-up-with-austinites-to-bring-roller.html","url_text":"\"ESPN hooks up with Austinites to bring roller derby back\""}]},{"reference":"\"WFTDA Signs Deal to Stream 2015 Championships with ESPN3\". WFTDA. 7 August 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://wftda.com/news/wftda-signs-deal-to-stream-2015-championships-with-espn3","url_text":"\"WFTDA Signs Deal to Stream 2015 Championships with ESPN3\""}]},{"reference":"\"WFTDA Brings Roller Derby Back to Network Television, Signs Deal with ESPN2 to Televise 2017 WFTDA Championship Game – WFTDA\". wftda.com. WFTDA. 24 September 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://wftda.com/wftda-signs-deal-with-espn2-to-televise-2017-wftda-championship-game/","url_text":"\"WFTDA Brings Roller Derby Back to Network Television, Signs Deal with ESPN2 to Televise 2017 WFTDA Championship Game – WFTDA\""}]},{"reference":"Frye, Andy (8 November 2015). \"Holy Upset: Rose City Stuns Gotham Girls Roller Derby For Championship\". ESPN. Retrieved 10 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/espnw/news-commentary/article/14085367/rose-city-stuns-gotham-girls-roller-derby-championship","url_text":"\"Holy Upset: Rose City Stuns Gotham Girls Roller Derby For Championship\""}]},{"reference":"\"D1 Champs 1st Place: Rose City takes down Gotham, 206–195\". Derby Central. 9 November 2015. Retrieved 10 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.derbycentral.net/2015/11/d1-champs-1st-place-rose-city-takes-down-gotham-206-195/","url_text":"\"D1 Champs 1st Place: Rose City takes down Gotham, 206–195\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rollers repeat as roller derby champions\". Portland Tribune. 6 November 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://portlandtribune.com/pt/9-news/330844-210436-rollers-repeat-as-roller-derby-champions","url_text":"\"Rollers repeat as roller derby champions\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Simon Leo (6 November 2017). \"Victorian Roller Derby League All Stars win WFTDA world championships\". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 6 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-11-06/victorian-roller-derby-league-all-stars-win-world-championships/9122912","url_text":"\"Victorian Roller Derby League All Stars win WFTDA world championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rose City Rollers Defeat Victoria, Win 2018 International WFTDA Championships – WFTDA\". wftda.com. WFTDA. 12 November 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://wftda.com/rose-city-rollers-defeat-victoria-wins-2018-international-wftda-championships/","url_text":"\"Rose City Rollers Defeat Victoria, Win 2018 International WFTDA Championships – WFTDA\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 Championships Game 13: Gotham v Rose City\". WFTDA. 2019-11-18. Retrieved 2019-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://wftda.com/2019-championships-game-13-gotham-v-rose-city/","url_text":"\"2019 Championships Game 13: Gotham v Rose City\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 Tournament MVPs\". WFTDA. Retrieved 2019-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://wftda.com/2019-mvps/","url_text":"\"2019 Tournament MVPs\""}]},{"reference":"\"5/18/20 - COVID-19 Update » WFTDA Roller Derby Resources\". WFTDA Roller Derby Resources. WFTDA. 18 May 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://resources.wftda.org/5-18-20-covid-19-update/","url_text":"\"5/18/20 - COVID-19 Update » WFTDA Roller Derby Resources\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rat City Rollergirls lose championship bout\". Seattle's Big Blog. Retrieved 23 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.seattlepi.nwsource.com/thebigblog/archives/122777.asp","url_text":"\"Rat City Rollergirls lose championship bout\""}]},{"reference":"Whittaker, Richard (1 October 2007). \"Kansas, the Wheeled Giant Killers and More on the Texas Shootout\". Austin Chronicle. Retrieved 4 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austinchronicle.com/daily/sports/2007-10-01/545019/","url_text":"\"Kansas, the Wheeled Giant Killers and More on the Texas Shootout\""}]},{"reference":"\"LeadJammer.com\". Retrieved 23 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://leadjammer.com/#","url_text":"\"LeadJammer.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Texas Shootout – 2007 Women's Flat Track Derby Association Championship Tournament\". Archived from the original on 2007-10-17. Retrieved 2011-09-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071017215257/http://txrollergirls.com/2007wftda/schedule.htm","url_text":"\"Texas Shootout – 2007 Women's Flat Track Derby Association Championship Tournament\""},{"url":"http://www.txrollergirls.com/2007wftda/schedule.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Phil Davis (15 January 2009). \"WFTDA National Roller Derby Program\". Issuu. Retrieved 23 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://issuu.com/punkrockphil/docs/wftdaprogram","url_text":"\"WFTDA National Roller Derby Program\""}]},{"reference":"\"2008 WFTDA Nationals: Complete Recaps – Derby News Network\". derbynews.net. Retrieved 23 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.derbynews.net/2008/11/20/2008_wftda_nationals_complete_recaps","url_text":"\"2008 WFTDA Nationals: Complete Recaps – Derby News Network\""}]},{"reference":"\"3/30/20 - COVID-19 Statement and Update » WFTDA Roller Derby Resources\". WFTDA Roller Derby Resources. WFTDA. 30 March 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://resources.wftda.org/3-30-20-covid-19-statement-and-update/","url_text":"\"3/30/20 - COVID-19 Statement and Update » WFTDA Roller Derby Resources\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poldice_mine
|
Poldice mine
|
["1 History","2 Minerals","3 The site today","4 Mineral Statistics","5 See also","6 References","7 Sources"]
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Coordinates: 50°14′36″N 5°10′09″W / 50.2433°N 5.1692°W / 50.2433; -5.1692Former metalliferous mine in southwest Cornwall, England
PoldiceThe ruins of Poldice mineLocationPoldice MineLocation in CornwallLocationSt DayCountyCornwallCountryEnglandCoordinates50°14′36″N 5°10′09″W / 50.2433°N 5.1692°W / 50.2433; -5.1692ProductionProductsTin, Copper, Arsenic and othersHistoryOpened17th century or earlierClosed1930
Poldice mine is a former metalliferous mine located in Poldice Valley in southwest Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is situated near the hamlet of Todpool, between the villages of Twelveheads and St Day, three miles (5 km) east of Redruth. Since the early 2000’s the area has been adopted by the local mountain biking community known as the Dice Rollers. The area is now nationally famous as the best location to ride MTB in the south west attracting attention from youtube superstars such as Ben Deakin and his friend Matt Edgie.
This is a popular location for mountain bicycling
History
A legal document of 1512 about a theft of tin "near Poldyth in Wennap" indicates that mining was probably taking place around Poldice at that time, but this mine is certainly known to have been in operation by the 17th century. At the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th century, 800 to 1,000 men were employed.
In 1748, Poldice's chief adventurer William Lemon and manager John Williams started the Great County Adit in the Carnon Valley. It formed a cheap and effective method of draining many of the mines in the locality and also provided a means of locating new lodes of ore. When the adit reached Poldice in the late 1760s, the mine was using two Newcomen steam engines, with cylinders of diameter 66 inches and 60 inches to drain the mine into the adit.
As the mine was some distance from the sea, transport to market was a problem for the mining operation. A pioneering railway, the Portreath Tramroad was opened in 1812 giving access to Portreath harbour.
In November 1821 a 90-inch Woolf single-cylinder pumping engine was installed at the mine, the third one of this size in the county, after two had been installed at Consolidated Mines in February of the same year. These were by far the largest steam engines in Cornwall at the time. In 1842 this engine was raising an average of 887 gallons per minute and it was one of the most heavily worked engines in the county. It was re-cylindered as an 85 inch in 1845 and was still working well when it was sold for £700 in August 1867 to Great Western Deep Coal Co. in the Forest of Dean.
By the 1860s the copper industry was in decline, and some time between 1869 and 1872 the mine sold £12,000 worth of redundant equipment to J. C. Lanyon & Son of Redruth, a major dealer and exporter of mine equipment. Despite these sales, the mine purchased from Perran Foundry a new 85-inch pumping engine that cost £2,250 and which was in operation by early 1873. At the time it was needed to deal with the water flooding into the mine as a result of a very wet winter, but in July 1873 after working for just 6 months, the engine was up for sale and the mine had closed because it was unable to cope with the cost of pumping water out of the workings. The engine was sold to a company in Scotland.
Minerals
The mine was extracting tin ore in 1748, but by 1788 the output of copper ore exceeded that of tin, and by the 1790s it was making a good profit. In the early 19th century the mine merged with neighbour Wheal Unity. The mine switched to arsenic extraction, although metals were still being mined in decreasing quantities, but by the 1910s most of the activity was over and although small-scale mining continued into the 1920s, it closed in 1930.
Apart from the enormous quantities of the common ores mined at Poldice, the area was also known for rarer and more valuable minerals including chalcophyllite, olivenite, mimetite and liroconite.
The site today
Today, the ruins of many mine buildings and mineshafts are visible in the Poldice Valley, which has not seen any further development since the end of mining. The valley is now a nature reserve.
Mineral Statistics
From Robert Hunt's Mineral Statistics of the United Kingdom.
Copper Production (from ticketing records; 1801-1867)
Year(s)
Ore (Tons)
Metal (Tons)
Value (£)
Comment
1801
925.00
78.32
7345.75
Cu est., 6 months only
1802
1497.00
118.71
9860.85
Cu est., c 6 months only
1803
2176.00
183.84
18337.25
Cu est., c 8 months only
1804
4295.00
337.41
37296.08
Cu est
1805
4852.00
382.84
52785.53
Cu est
1806
4654.00
402.10
41806.93
..
1807
4189.00
383.74
32859.98
Cu partly est
1808
3678.00
357.94
25938.38
Cu est
1809
3529.00
284.54
31259.80
Cu est
1810
3559.00
262.75
25331.35
..
1811
3659.00
289.97
25295.68
..
1812
1882.00
147.92
12003.90
..
1813
680.00
54.22
4616.10
..
1814
989.00
77.68
7765.20
..
1815
854.00
62.47
5390.65
..
1816
914.00
69.04
4612.73
..
1817
619.00
43.46
3084.70
..
1818
970.00
52.49
5015.48
..
1819
726.00
46.23
4282.15
Cu est., with Unity
1820
553.00
39.66
3106.00
With Unity
1821
1322.00
107.33
7423.40
..
1822
2955.00
259.08
19518.00
Includes some Unity ore, Cu partly est., with Poldice & Unity Wood, excludes fluorspar sold at copper ticketings
1823
3792.00
365.90
29398.20
Includes 2 months Unity ore, Cu est. with Unity, & with Unity Wood, excludes fluorspar
1824
3678.00
342.80
27542.10
Cu est., with Unity, excludes fluorspar
1825
3490.00
290.03
28608.83
Cu est., with Unity
1826
3677.00
306.62
23279.40
Cu est., with Unity & Poldice, East
1827
3359.00
280.59
21674.78
Cu est., with Poldice, East & Unity. Excludes fluorspar
1828
3687.00
295.83
23145.80
Cu est., with Poldice, East & Unity
1829
4213.00
329.39
24933.58
Cu est., with Unity. Excludes fluorspar
1830
3383.00
275.65
19656.68
With Unity. Excludes fluorspar
1831
2563.00
209.63
14169.13
With Unity. Excludes fluorspar
1832
1755.00
146.14
10680.60
With Unity
1833
1403.00
117.26
9449.13
..
1834
999.00
80.98
6165.03
Cu est., with Unity
1835
669.00
56.54
4217.10
Cu partly est., with Unity
1836
762.00
52.77
4699.68
..
1837
785.00
61.70
4578.43
..
1838
910.00
73.40
5560.83
Fluorspar excluded
1839
864.00
80.85
6015.15
Fluorspar excluded
1840
1238.00
113.03
9101.60
..
1841
2298.00
189.15
17200.90
..
1842
2809.00
220.18
17121.13
..
1843
3088.00
226.84
16665.45
..
1844
2928.00
206.59
14701.45
..
1848
944.00
81.47
4859.55
From Mineral Statistics
1867
46.00
2.47
167.90
From HJ/7/7
Tin Production (1867-1930)
Year(s)
Black (Tons)
Stuff (Tons)
Value (£)
1867
41.90
..
1,976.90
1868
112.80
..
5,563.40
1869
157.00
..
10,378.30
1870
275.50
..
19,591.10
1871
307.50
..
23,352.60
1872
212.70
..
17,608.00
1873
176.20
..
13,651.60
1874
20.60
..
1,111.90
1875
24.00
15.90
1,309.00
1876
3.10
17.80
235.60
1877
4.80
7.60
198.30
1878
6.30
..
201.50
1879
..
100.00
126.00
1888-1889
no-details
..
..
1890
2.40
5,117.00
1,690.00
1891
3.00
3,367.00
710.00
1892
..
66.00
77.00
1898
..
42.00
17.00
1899
..
74.00
44.00
1900
no-details
..
..
1905
no-details
..
..
1906
..
511.00
416.00
1907
..
512.00
343.00
1908
..
695.00
461.00
1909
..
411.00
329.00
1910
..
381.00
53.00
1912
..
223.00
409.00
1913
..
933.00
675.00
1914
..
..
211.00
1915
..
..
445.00
1916
no detailed return
..
..
1917
6.00
..
442.00
1917-1921
no-details
..
..
1918
0.05
..
12.00
1928-1930
no-details
..
..
Arsenic Production (1867-1918)
Year(s)
Ore (Tons)
Value (£)
1867
38.90
87.40
1870
50.00
105.60
1872
105.00
200.00
1873
68.00
264.10
1889
8.00
42.00
1890
12.00
71.00
1891
7.00
47.00
1893
7.00
80.00
1895
11.00
94.00
1896
3.00
44.00
1918
no detailed return
..
Employment (1878-1930)
Year(s)
Total
Overground
Underground
1878
9
6
3
1879
7
4
3
1888
41
20
21
1889
28
21
7
1890
47
29
18
1891
5
1
4
1892
3
..
3
1893
4
..
4
1894
2
..
2
1895
9
9
..
1896
11
11
..
1898-1900
4
..
4
1905
7
7
..
1906
8
8
..
1908
16
16
..
1909
7
7
..
1910
11
11
..
1911
12
8
4
1912
15
13
2
1913
16
14
2
1917
9
9
..
1918
72
72
..
1919
147
145
2
1919
147
145
2
1920
125
123
2
1928
6
..
6
1929
58
58
..
1930
6
6
..
See also
Cornwall portal
Consolidated Mines
Devon Great Consols
Wheal Vor
Wheal Jane
Mining in Cornwall and Devon
Portreath Tramroad
References
^ a b c "The Mines of Gwennap - Poldice Mine". Cornwall in Focus. Archived from the original on 28 January 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
^ "Occasional Notes". The Cornishman. No. 491. 1 December 1887. p. 4.
^ Hancock, Peter (2008). The Mining Heritage of Cornwall and West Devon. Wellington, Somerset: Halsgrove. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-1-84114-753-6.
^ "Great County Adit Cornwall". Cornwall Calling. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
^ Barton 1966, p. 41
^ a b Barton 1966, p. 102
^ Barton 1966, pp. 65–66
^ Barton 1966, p. 71
^ "Poldice Mine (arsenic works)". The Trevithick Society. Archived from the original on 9 August 2009. Retrieved 30 July 2009.
^ Burt, Roger; Burnley, Ray; Gill, Michael; Neill, Alasdair (2014). Mining in Cornwall and Devon: Mines and Men. University of Exeter Press. ISBN 978-0-85989-889-8.
Poldice Valley, Bob Acton, Landfall Publications, 1990.
Sources
Barton, D. B. (1966). The Cornish Beam Engine (New ed.). Truro: D. Bradford Barton Ltd.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metalliferous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/metalliferous"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Todpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todpool"},{"link_name":"Twelveheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelveheads"},{"link_name":"St Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Day"},{"link_name":"Redruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redruth"}],"text":"Former metalliferous mine in southwest Cornwall, EnglandPoldice mine is a former metalliferous mine located in Poldice Valley in southwest Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is situated near the hamlet of Todpool, between the villages of Twelveheads and St Day, three miles (5 km) east of Redruth. Since the early 2000’s the area has been adopted by the local mountain biking community known as the Dice Rollers. The area is now nationally famous as the best location to ride MTB in the south west attracting attention from youtube superstars such as Ben Deakin and his friend Matt Edgie.\nThis is a popular location for mountain bicycling","title":"Poldice mine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIF-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Great County Adit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_County_Adit"},{"link_name":"lodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lode"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MHC-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Newcomen steam engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcomen_steam_engine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIF-1"},{"link_name":"Portreath Tramroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portreath_Tramroad"},{"link_name":"Woolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Woolf"},{"link_name":"Consolidated Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Mines"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B102-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B102-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Perran Foundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perran_Foundry"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"A legal document of 1512 about a theft of tin \"near Poldyth in Wennap\" indicates that mining was probably taking place around Poldice at that time, but this mine is certainly known to have been in operation by the 17th century.[1] At the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th century, 800 to 1,000 men were employed.[2]In 1748, Poldice's chief adventurer William Lemon and manager John Williams started the Great County Adit in the Carnon Valley. It formed a cheap and effective method of draining many of the mines in the locality and also provided a means of locating new lodes of ore.[3] When the adit reached Poldice in the late 1760s,[4] the mine was using two Newcomen steam engines, with cylinders of diameter 66 inches and 60 inches to drain the mine into the adit.[1]As the mine was some distance from the sea, transport to market was a problem for the mining operation. A pioneering railway, the Portreath Tramroad was opened in 1812 giving access to Portreath harbour.In November 1821 a 90-inch Woolf single-cylinder pumping engine was installed at the mine, the third one of this size in the county, after two had been installed at Consolidated Mines in February of the same year. These were by far the largest steam engines in Cornwall at the time.[5] In 1842 this engine was raising an average of 887 gallons per minute and it was one of the most heavily worked engines in the county.[6] It was re-cylindered as an 85 inch in 1845 and was still working well when it was sold for £700 in August 1867 to Great Western Deep Coal Co. in the Forest of Dean.[6]By the 1860s the copper industry was in decline, and some time between 1869 and 1872 the mine sold £12,000 worth of redundant equipment to J. C. Lanyon & Son of Redruth, a major dealer and exporter of mine equipment.[7] Despite these sales, the mine purchased from Perran Foundry a new 85-inch pumping engine that cost £2,250 and which was in operation by early 1873. At the time it was needed to deal with the water flooding into the mine as a result of a very wet winter, but in July 1873 after working for just 6 months, the engine was up for sale and the mine had closed because it was unable to cope with the cost of pumping water out of the workings. The engine was sold to a company in Scotland.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tin ore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_ore"},{"link_name":"copper ore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_ore"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIF-1"},{"link_name":"arsenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"chalcophyllite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcophyllite"},{"link_name":"olivenite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivenite"},{"link_name":"mimetite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimetite"},{"link_name":"liroconite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liroconite"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The mine was extracting tin ore in 1748, but by 1788 the output of copper ore exceeded that of tin, and by the 1790s it was making a good profit. In the early 19th century the mine merged with neighbour Wheal Unity.[1] The mine switched to arsenic extraction, although metals were still being mined in decreasing quantities, but by the 1910s most of the activity was over and although small-scale mining continued into the 1920s, it closed in 1930.[9]Apart from the enormous quantities of the common ores mined at Poldice, the area was also known for rarer and more valuable minerals including chalcophyllite, olivenite, mimetite and liroconite.[citation needed]","title":"Minerals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Today, the ruins of many mine buildings and mineshafts are visible in the Poldice Valley, which has not seen any further development since the end of mining. The valley is now a nature reserve.[citation needed]","title":"The site today"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hunt_(scientist)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"From Robert Hunt's Mineral Statistics of the United Kingdom[10].","title":"Mineral Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cornwall"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cornwall"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cornwall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Ceremonial county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Cornwall Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Cornwall Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall_Council"},{"link_name":"Council of the Isles of Scilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_the_Isles_of_Scilly"},{"link_name":"Bodmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodmin"},{"link_name":"Bude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bude"},{"link_name":"Callington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callington"},{"link_name":"Camborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camborne"},{"link_name":"Camelford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelford"},{"link_name":"Falmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falmouth,_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Fowey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowey"},{"link_name":"Hayle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayle"},{"link_name":"Helston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helston"},{"link_name":"Hugh Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Town"},{"link_name":"Launceston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launceston,_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Liskeard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liskeard"},{"link_name":"Looe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looe"},{"link_name":"Lostwithiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lostwithiel"},{"link_name":"Marazion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marazion"},{"link_name":"Newlyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newlyn"},{"link_name":"Newquay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newquay"},{"link_name":"Padstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padstow"},{"link_name":"Penryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penryn,_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Penzance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penzance"},{"link_name":"Porthleven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porthleven"},{"link_name":"Redruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redruth"},{"link_name":"St Austell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Austell"},{"link_name":"St Blazey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Blazey"},{"link_name":"St Columb Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Columb_Major"},{"link_name":"St Ives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Ives,_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"St Just in Penwith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Just_in_Penwith"},{"link_name":"Saltash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltash"},{"link_name":"Stratton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratton,_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Torpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpoint"},{"link_name":"Truro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truro"},{"link_name":"Wadebridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadebridge"},{"link_name":"List of civil parishes in Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Allen,_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Camel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Camel"},{"link_name":"Carnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnon_River"},{"link_name":"Cober","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Cober"},{"link_name":"De Lank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Lank_River"},{"link_name":"Fal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Fal"},{"link_name":"Fowey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Fowey"},{"link_name":"Gannel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Gannel"},{"link_name":"Gover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gover_Stream"},{"link_name":"Hayle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Hayle"},{"link_name":"Helford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helford_River"},{"link_name":"Inny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Inny,_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Kensey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Kensey"},{"link_name":"Lerryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Lerryn"},{"link_name":"Looe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Looe"},{"link_name":"Lynher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Lynher"},{"link_name":"Menalhyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Menalhyl"},{"link_name":"Ottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Ottery"},{"link_name":"Par","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par_River,_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Pont Pill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_Pill"},{"link_name":"Port Navas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Navas_Creek"},{"link_name":"Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_(Koner)"},{"link_name":"St Austell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Austell_River"},{"link_name":"Seaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Seaton"},{"link_name":"Tamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Tamar"},{"link_name":"Tiddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Tiddy"},{"link_name":"Truro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truro_River"},{"link_name":"Valency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Valency"},{"link_name":"full list...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_in_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall_in_the_English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Status debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Piran%27s_Flag"},{"link_name":"Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_in_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Flora and fauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_and_fauna_of_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_in_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"List of farms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_farms_in_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Population of major settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Cornwall_by_population"},{"link_name":"Demography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Notable people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"The Duchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Truro"},{"link_name":"Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Hundreds/shires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundreds_of_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Places of interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Places_of_interest_in_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Outline of Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Index of Cornwall-related articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Cornwall-related_articles"}],"text":"Barton, D. B. (1966). The Cornish Beam Engine (New ed.). Truro: D. Bradford Barton Ltd.vte Ceremonial county of CornwallCornwall PortalUnitary authorities\nCornwall Council\nCouncil of the Isles of Scilly\nMajor settlements(cities in italics)\nBodmin\nBude\nCallington\nCamborne\nCamelford\nFalmouth\nFowey\nHayle\nHelston\nHugh Town\nLaunceston\nLiskeard\nLooe\nLostwithiel\nMarazion\nNewlyn\nNewquay\nPadstow\nPenryn\nPenzance\nPorthleven\nRedruth\nSt Austell\nSt Blazey\nSt Columb Major\nSt Ives\nSt Just in Penwith\nSaltash\nStratton\nTorpoint\nTruro\nWadebridgeSee also: List of civil parishes in Cornwall\nRivers\nAllen\nCamel\nCarnon\nCober\nDe Lank\nFal\nFowey\nGannel\nGover\nHayle\nHelford\nInny\nKensey\nLerryn\nLooe\nLynher\nMenalhyl\nOttery\nPar\nPont Pill\nPort Navas\nRed\nSt Austell\nSeaton\nTamar\nTiddy\nTruro\nValency\nfull list...\nTopics\nHistory (Civil War)\nStatus debate\nFlag\nCulture\nEconomy\nFishing\nFlora and fauna\nPlaces\nList of farms\nPopulation of major settlements\nDemography\nNotable people\nThe Duchy\nDiocese\nPolitics\nSchools\nHundreds/shires\nPlaces of interest\nOutline of Cornwall\nIndex of Cornwall-related articles","title":"Sources"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Cornwall portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cornwall"},{"title":"Consolidated Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Mines"},{"title":"Devon Great Consols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_Great_Consols"},{"title":"Wheal Vor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheal_Vor"},{"title":"Wheal Jane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheal_Jane"},{"title":"Mining in Cornwall and Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_in_Cornwall_and_Devon"},{"title":"Portreath Tramroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portreath_Tramroad"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"The Mines of Gwennap - Poldice Mine\". Cornwall in Focus. Archived from the original on 28 January 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100128100146/http://www.cornwallinfocus.co.uk/history/poldice.php","url_text":"\"The Mines of Gwennap - Poldice Mine\""},{"url":"http://www.cornwallinfocus.co.uk/history/poldice.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Occasional Notes\". The Cornishman. No. 491. 1 December 1887. p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hancock, Peter (2008). The Mining Heritage of Cornwall and West Devon. Wellington, Somerset: Halsgrove. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-1-84114-753-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84114-753-6","url_text":"978-1-84114-753-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Great County Adit Cornwall\". Cornwall Calling. Retrieved 29 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cornwall-calling.co.uk/mines/great-adit.htm","url_text":"\"Great County Adit Cornwall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Poldice Mine (arsenic works)\". The Trevithick Society. Archived from the original on 9 August 2009. Retrieved 30 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090809112043/http://www.trevithick-society.org.uk/industry/poldicearsenic.htm","url_text":"\"Poldice Mine (arsenic works)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevithick_Society","url_text":"Trevithick Society"},{"url":"http://www.trevithick-society.org.uk/industry/poldicearsenic.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Burt, Roger; Burnley, Ray; Gill, Michael; Neill, Alasdair (2014). Mining in Cornwall and Devon: Mines and Men. University of Exeter Press. ISBN 978-0-85989-889-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vZEpmwEACAAJ","url_text":"Mining in Cornwall and Devon: Mines and Men"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85989-889-8","url_text":"978-0-85989-889-8"}]},{"reference":"Barton, D. B. (1966). The Cornish Beam Engine (New ed.). Truro: D. Bradford Barton Ltd.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Poldice_mine¶ms=50.2433_N_5.1692_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"50°14′36″N 5°10′09″W / 50.2433°N 5.1692°W / 50.2433; -5.1692"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Poldice_mine¶ms=50.2433_N_5.1692_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"50°14′36″N 5°10′09″W / 50.2433°N 5.1692°W / 50.2433; -5.1692"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100128100146/http://www.cornwallinfocus.co.uk/history/poldice.php","external_links_name":"\"The Mines of Gwennap - Poldice Mine\""},{"Link":"http://www.cornwallinfocus.co.uk/history/poldice.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cornwall-calling.co.uk/mines/great-adit.htm","external_links_name":"\"Great County Adit Cornwall\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090809112043/http://www.trevithick-society.org.uk/industry/poldicearsenic.htm","external_links_name":"\"Poldice Mine (arsenic works)\""},{"Link":"http://www.trevithick-society.org.uk/industry/poldicearsenic.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vZEpmwEACAAJ","external_links_name":"Mining in Cornwall and Devon: Mines and Men"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_North_Lincolnshire_Council_election
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2023 North Lincolnshire Council election
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["1 Background","2 Ward results","2.1 Ashby Central","2.2 Ashby Lakeside","2.3 Axholme Central","2.4 Axholme North","2.5 Axholme South","2.6 Barton","2.7 Bottesford","2.8 Brigg & Wolds","2.9 Broughton & Scawby","2.10 Brumby","2.11 Burringham and Gunness","2.12 Burton Upon Stather & Winterton","2.13 Crosby & Park","2.14 Ferry","2.15 Frodingham","2.16 Kingsway & Lincoln Gardens","2.17 Messingham","2.18 Ridge","2.19 Town","3 References"]
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2023 North Lincolnshire Council election
← 2019
4 May 2023 (2023-05-04)
2027 →
All 43 seats to North Lincolnshire Council22 seats needed for a majority
First party
Second party
Third party
Leader
Robert Waltham MBE
Len Foster
n/a
Party
Conservative
Labour
Independent
Leader's seat
Brigg and Wolds
Brumby
Last election
27
16
0
Seats before
28
14
1
Seats won
27
16
0
Seat change
1
2
1
Leader before election
Robert Waltham
Conservative
Leader after election
Robert Waltham
Conservative
2023 English local election
The 2023 North Lincolnshire Council election took place on 4 May 2023 to elect all 43 members of North Lincolnshire Council in Lincolnshire, England. This was at the same time as other local elections across England.
The Conservatives retained their majority on the council.
Background
Following the 2019 election the council had comprised 27 Conservative and 16 Labour councillors. In October 2019 the former leader of the Labour group, Mark Kirk, left the party and sat as an independent. There were then three by-elections in May 2021, which saw the Conservatives gain one extra seat from Labour. The 2023 election saw the parties return to the same number of seats they had had in 2019.
Party
After 2019 election
Before 2023 election
2023 results
Conservative
27
28
27
Labour
16
14
16
Independent
0
1
0
Ward results
The results in each ward:
Ashby Central
Following boundary changes across North Lincolnshire, this was a new ward for these elections. Therefore, no swing is provided.
Ashby Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Michael Grant
784
60.26
Labour
Andrea Davison
778
59.80
Conservative
James Knight
521
40.05
Conservative
Kara Broughton
519
39.89
Turnout
1301
22.95
Ashby Lakeside
Following boundary changes across North Lincolnshire, this was a new ward for these elections. Therefore, no swing is provided.
*Ashley Sykes was suspended by the Conservative Party during the election campaign, however, remained on the ballot paper as a candidate for the 'Local Conservatives' due to the timing of the suspension.
Ashby Lakeside
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Max Bell
687
64.81
Labour
Judith Matthews
677
63.87
Conservative
Joanne Saunby
416
39.24
Conservative
Ashley Sykes*
340
32.08
Turnout
1060
20.25
Axholme Central
Axholme Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Tim Mitchell
1,265
73.93
Conservative
David Robinson
1,141
66.69
Labour
Pamela Allen
574
33.55
Labour
Annie Jones
442
25.83
Turnout
1711
29.94
Conservative hold
Conservative hold
Axholme North
Axholme North
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Julie Reed
1,207
62.72
Conservative
John Briggs
1,187
61.68
Labour
Lara Chaplin
663
34.45
Labour
Simon O'Rourke
589
30.60
Green
Nadine Bones
203
10.55
Turnout
1925
31.56
Conservative hold
Conservative hold
Axholme South
Axholme South
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
David Rose
1,364
77.90
Conservative
Judy Kennedy
1,340
76.53
Labour
Lisa Southern
400
22.84
Labour
Nicholas Parkinson
398
22.73
Turnout
1751
32.04
Conservative hold
Conservative hold
Barton
Barton
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Keith Vickers
1,568
58.58
Conservative
Paul Vickers
1,252
46.77
Conservative
Chris Patterson
1,101
41.13
Green
Neil Jacques
1037
38.74
Green
Carol Thornton
820
30.64
Green
Amie Watson
709
26.49
Labour
Neil Turner
558
20.85
Labour
Susan Turner
530
19.80
Labour
Dina Tchernych
455
17.00
Turnout
2677
30.86
Conservative hold
Conservative hold
Conservative hold
Bottesford
Bottesford
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Margaret Armiger
1,582
54.01
Conservative
Janet Longcake
1,535
52.41
Conservative
John Davison
1,520
51.89
Labour
Glyn Williams
1348
46.02
Labour
Paul Shearer
1280
43.7
Labour
Sallyanne Humphreys
1232
42.06
Green
Sue Wilsea
171
5.84
Heritage
Scott Curtis
119
4.06
Turnout
2929
35.33
Conservative hold
Conservative hold
Conservative hold
Brigg & Wolds
This ward was subject to boundary changes at this election. Therefore, no swing is provided.
Brigg & Wolds
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Rob Waltham
2,181
73.55
Conservative
Carl Sherwood
2,108
71.09
Conservative
Nigel Sherwood
2,062
69.54
Labour
Gordon Walker
769
25.93
Labour
Lawrence Rayner
654
22.05
Labour
Maureen Whittaker-Clark
626
21.11
Green
Jenny Haynes
496
16.73
Turnout
2965
33.39
Conservative hold
Conservative hold
Conservative hold
Broughton & Scawby
Following boundary changes across North Lincolnshire, this was a new ward for these elections. Therefore, no swing is provided.
The below is the legally-declared result for this election in this ward. However, 864 cast postal votes for this ward were placed in a wheelie bin and mistakenly not counted towards the legally-declared result. The legally-declared turnout figure includes the aforementioned "missing" postal votes.
Broughton & Scawby
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Carol Ross
528
56.17
Conservative
Janet Lee
525
55.85
Labour
Michael Campion
367
39.04
Labour
Catherine Whittingham
355
37.77
Green
Mark Bannister
105
11.17
Turnout
940
30.40
Conservative hold
Conservative hold
Brumby
Brumby
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Leonard Foster
993
75.34
Labour
Susan Armitage
920
69.80
Labour
Stephen Swift
909
68.97
Conservative
Louise Mikkonen
397
30.12
Conservative
Sandra Sherwood
369
28.00
Conservative
Anne Hannigan
366
27.77
Turnout
1318
17.61
Labour hold
Labour hold
Labour hold
Burringham and Gunness
Burringham and Gunness
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Josh Walshe
575
50.71
Labour
Daniel Hart
336
29.63
Independent
Dave Oldfield
223
19.67
Turnout
1134
38.48
Conservative hold
Burton Upon Stather & Winterton
This ward was subject to boundary changes at this election. Therefore, no swing is provided.
Burton Upon Stather & Winterton
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Ralph Ogg
2,037
61.41
Conservative
Elaine Marper
1,975
59.55
Conservative
Helen Rowson
1,974
59.52
Labour
Sarah Jarvis
1305
39.35
Labour
Trevor Davey
1200
36.18
Labour
William Brown
1158
34.91
Green
Jo Baker
301
9.08
Turnout
3317
37.03
Conservative hold
Conservative hold
Conservative hold
Crosby & Park
*Mark Kirk was elected as a Labour Councillor in 2019, but stood as an Independent candidate at this election.
Crosby & Park
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Christine O'Sullivan
1,147
80.98
Labour
Nasser Ahmed
999
70.53
Labour
Helen Yates
965
68.13
Independent
Mark Kirk*
524
37.00
Independent
Liz Rahman
327
23.09
Independent
Mohammed Choudhury
287
20.26
Turnout
1417
18.91
Labour hold
Labour hold
Labour hold
Ferry
Ferry
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Peter Clark
1,479
64.66
Conservative
Richard Hannigan
1,362
59.55
Conservative
David Wells
1,243
54.34
Labour
Paul Wilkinson
824
36.02
Labour
Peter Swann
821
35.89
Labour
Stephen Rayner
611
26.71
Green
Sue Stephenson
522
22.82
Turnout
2287
27.98
Conservative hold
Conservative hold
Conservative hold
Frodingham
Frodingham
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Anthony Ellerby
742
78.69
Labour
Darryl Southern
669
70.94
Conservative
Angela Foster
259
27.46
Conservative
Mary Allen
216
22.91
Turnout
943
17.68
Labour hold
Labour hold
Kingsway & Lincoln Gardens
This ward was subject to boundary changes at this election. Therefore, no swing is provided.
Kingsway & Lincoln Gardens
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Anthony Gosling
1,100
67.40
Labour
Helen Rayner
1,055
64.64
Conservative
Pat Mewis
598
36.64
Conservative
Jordan Marper
511
31.31
Turnout
1632
28.16
Messingham
Following boundary changes across North Lincolnshire, this was a new ward for these elections. Therefore, no swing is provided.
Messingham
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Neil Poole
715
61.37
Labour
Simon Shaw
450
38.62
Turnout
1165
30.77
Ridge
This ward was subject to boundary changes at this election. Therefore, no swing is provided.
Ridge
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
David Garritt
817
55.79
Conservative
Trevor Foster
748
51.08
Labour
Margaret Davies
558
38.10
Labour
Geoffrey Cossey
496
33.87
Green
Jacqui Stirling
198
13.52
UKIP
Andy Taliss
112
7.65
Turnout
1465
31.41
Town
Town
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Lorraine Yeadon
870
74.84
Labour
Mashook Ali
844
72.60
Conservative
Jamal Ahmed
323
27.78
Conservative
Choudhury Anjum
288
24.77
Turnout
1163
21.76
Labour hold
Labour hold
References
^ "Local election 2023: North Lincolnshire a key battleground". BBC News. 2023-05-03. Retrieved 2023-05-07.
^ Waller, Jamie (31 October 2019). "Former North Lincolnshire Council leader Mark Kirk leaves Labour group". Grimsby Live. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
^ "Local election results 2023: Conservatives retain North Lincolnshire". BBC News. 2023-05-05. Retrieved 2023-05-07.
^ "North Lincolnshire result - Local Elections 2023". BBC News. Retrieved 2023-05-07.
^ Page, Mark; Morris Poxton, Ivan (5 May 2023). "North Lincolnshire election results live as Conservatives retain control of council". Grimsby Live. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
^ "Results of elections 4 May 2023: North Lincolnshire Council". North Lincolnshire Council. Retrieved 2023-05-07.
^ "North Lincolnshire election results live". Grimsby Live. 2023-04-05. Retrieved 2023-11-24.
^ a b c d e f g h "Local Government Boundary Commission for England, 2023". Local Government Boundary Commission for England. 2023-11-24. Retrieved 2023-11-24.
^ "Tory candidate suspended following racist and homophobic social media posts". Yorkshire Post. 2023-04-21. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
^ "North Lincolnshire Council: Lost votes found in wheelie bins 'human error not fraud'". BBC News. 2023-10-02. Retrieved 2023-11-27.
vte Council elections in LincolnshireLincolnshire County Council
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Scunthorpe Borough Council
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See also: Wards
Boundary changes
vte(2022 ←) 2023 United Kingdom local elections (→ 2024)EnglandMetropolitan boroughs
Barnsley
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Unitary authorities
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Non-metropolitan districts
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Fermanagh & Omagh
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Mid & East Antrim
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Lincolnshire Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Lincolnshire_Council"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"local elections across England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_United_Kingdom_local_elections"}],"text":"2023 English local electionThe 2023 North Lincolnshire Council election took place on 4 May 2023 to elect all 43 members of North Lincolnshire Council in Lincolnshire, England.[1] This was at the same time as other local elections across England.The Conservatives retained their majority on the council.","title":"2023 North Lincolnshire Council election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2019 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_North_Lincolnshire_Council_election"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Following the 2019 election the council had comprised 27 Conservative and 16 Labour councillors. In October 2019 the former leader of the Labour group, Mark Kirk, left the party and sat as an independent.[2] There were then three by-elections in May 2021, which saw the Conservatives gain one extra seat from Labour. The 2023 election saw the parties return to the same number of seats they had had in 2019.[3][4][5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The results in each ward:[6][7]","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lgbce-8"}],"sub_title":"Ashby Central","text":"Following boundary changes across North Lincolnshire, this was a new ward for these elections. Therefore, no swing is provided.[8]","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lgbce-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Ashby Lakeside","text":"Following boundary changes across North Lincolnshire, this was a new ward for these elections. Therefore, no swing is provided.[8]*Ashley Sykes was suspended by the Conservative Party during the election campaign, however, remained on the ballot paper as a candidate for the 'Local Conservatives' due to the timing of the suspension.[9]","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Axholme Central","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Axholme North","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Axholme South","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Barton","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bottesford","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lgbce-8"}],"sub_title":"Brigg & Wolds","text":"This ward was subject to boundary changes at this election. Therefore, no swing is provided.[8]","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lgbce-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Broughton & Scawby","text":"Following boundary changes across North Lincolnshire, this was a new ward for these elections. Therefore, no swing is provided.[8]The below is the legally-declared result for this election in this ward. However, 864 cast postal votes for this ward were placed in a wheelie bin and mistakenly not counted towards the legally-declared result. The legally-declared turnout figure includes the aforementioned \"missing\" postal votes. [10]","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Brumby","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Burringham and Gunness","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lgbce-8"}],"sub_title":"Burton Upon Stather & Winterton","text":"This ward was subject to boundary changes at this election. Therefore, no swing is provided.[8]","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Crosby & Park","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ferry","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Frodingham","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lgbce-8"}],"sub_title":"Kingsway & Lincoln Gardens","text":"This ward was subject to boundary changes at this election. Therefore, no swing is provided.[8]","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lgbce-8"}],"sub_title":"Messingham","text":"Following boundary changes across North Lincolnshire, this was a new ward for these elections. Therefore, no swing is provided.[8]","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lgbce-8"}],"sub_title":"Ridge","text":"This ward was subject to boundary changes at this election. Therefore, no swing is provided.[8]","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Town","title":"Ward results"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Local election 2023: North Lincolnshire a key battleground\". BBC News. 2023-05-03. Retrieved 2023-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-humber-65415853","url_text":"\"Local election 2023: North Lincolnshire a key battleground\""}]},{"reference":"Waller, Jamie (31 October 2019). \"Former North Lincolnshire Council leader Mark Kirk leaves Labour group\". Grimsby Live. Retrieved 23 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grimsbytelegraph.co.uk/news/local-news/former-north-lincolnshire-council-leader-3483185","url_text":"\"Former North Lincolnshire Council leader Mark Kirk leaves Labour group\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local election results 2023: Conservatives retain North Lincolnshire\". BBC News. 2023-05-05. Retrieved 2023-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-humber-65493039","url_text":"\"Local election results 2023: Conservatives retain North Lincolnshire\""}]},{"reference":"\"North Lincolnshire result - Local Elections 2023\". BBC News. Retrieved 2023-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/election/2023/england/councils/E06000013","url_text":"\"North Lincolnshire result - Local Elections 2023\""}]},{"reference":"Page, Mark; Morris Poxton, Ivan (5 May 2023). \"North Lincolnshire election results live as Conservatives retain control of council\". Grimsby Live. Retrieved 23 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grimsbytelegraph.co.uk/news/local-news/north-lincolnshire-election-results-live-8413886","url_text":"\"North Lincolnshire election results live as Conservatives retain control of council\""}]},{"reference":"\"Results of elections 4 May 2023: North Lincolnshire Council\". North Lincolnshire Council. Retrieved 2023-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.northlincs.gov.uk/your-council/elections-and-voting/","url_text":"\"Results of elections 4 May 2023: North Lincolnshire Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"North Lincolnshire election results live\". Grimsby Live. 2023-04-05. Retrieved 2023-11-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grimsbytelegraph.co.uk/news/local-news/north-lincolnshire-election-results-live-8413886","url_text":"\"North Lincolnshire election results live\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local Government Boundary Commission for England, 2023\". Local Government Boundary Commission for England. 2023-11-24. Retrieved 2023-11-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lgbce.org.uk/all-reviews/north-lincolnshire","url_text":"\"Local Government Boundary Commission for England, 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tory candidate suspended following racist and homophobic social media posts\". Yorkshire Post. 2023-04-21. Retrieved 2023-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/politics/tory-candidate-suspended-following-racist-social-media-posts-4112767","url_text":"\"Tory candidate suspended following racist and homophobic social media posts\""}]},{"reference":"\"North Lincolnshire Council: Lost votes found in wheelie bins 'human error not fraud'\". BBC News. 2023-10-02. Retrieved 2023-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lincolnshire-66983316","url_text":"\"North Lincolnshire Council: Lost votes found in wheelie bins 'human error not fraud'\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-humber-65415853","external_links_name":"\"Local election 2023: North Lincolnshire a key battleground\""},{"Link":"https://www.grimsbytelegraph.co.uk/news/local-news/former-north-lincolnshire-council-leader-3483185","external_links_name":"\"Former North Lincolnshire Council leader Mark Kirk leaves Labour group\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-humber-65493039","external_links_name":"\"Local election results 2023: Conservatives retain North Lincolnshire\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/election/2023/england/councils/E06000013","external_links_name":"\"North Lincolnshire result - Local Elections 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.grimsbytelegraph.co.uk/news/local-news/north-lincolnshire-election-results-live-8413886","external_links_name":"\"North Lincolnshire election results live as Conservatives retain control of council\""},{"Link":"https://www.northlincs.gov.uk/your-council/elections-and-voting/","external_links_name":"\"Results of elections 4 May 2023: North Lincolnshire Council\""},{"Link":"https://www.grimsbytelegraph.co.uk/news/local-news/north-lincolnshire-election-results-live-8413886","external_links_name":"\"North Lincolnshire election results live\""},{"Link":"https://www.lgbce.org.uk/all-reviews/north-lincolnshire","external_links_name":"\"Local Government Boundary Commission for England, 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/politics/tory-candidate-suspended-following-racist-social-media-posts-4112767","external_links_name":"\"Tory candidate suspended following racist and homophobic social media posts\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lincolnshire-66983316","external_links_name":"\"North Lincolnshire Council: Lost votes found in wheelie bins 'human error not fraud'\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_Mooney
|
Fish Mooney
|
["1 Development","2 Fictional character biography","2.1 Season 1","2.2 Season 2","2.3 Season 3","3 Powers and abilities","4 References"]
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Fictional character
Fish MooneyGotham characterJada Pinkett Smith as Fish MooneyFirst appearance"Pilot" September 22, 2014Last appearance"Destiny Calling" June 5, 2017Created byBruno HellerPortrayed byJada Pinkett SmithIn-universe informationFull nameMaria Mercedes MooneyNicknameFishGenderFemaleNationalityAmerican
Maria Mercedes "Fish" Mooney is a fictional character created by producer and screenwriter Bruno Heller for the television series Gotham, portrayed by actress Jada Pinkett Smith.
Development
Pinkett-Smith drew inspiration from various different individuals for taking on the role, including the fictional character of Norma Desmond from the 1950 film Sunset Boulevard, played by Gloria Swanson; and Griselda Blanco, a real-life drug lord of the Medellín Cartel.
Fictional character biography
Season 1
Fish Mooney is mob boss Carmine Falcone's most trusted lieutenant. Unbeknownst to Falcone, Fish is plotting to usurp his criminal empire, and employs a young woman named Liza, who resembles Falcone's late mother, to distract the lonely, aging mafia chieftain while Fish undermines his control of Gotham City. She has good relations with the Gotham City Police Department, and decides to help detective Harvey Bullock in investigating the murder of Thomas and Martha Wayne in return for him leaving her alone. When her underling Oswald Cobblepot informs on her to the GCPD, she hobbles him — giving him his trademark "penguin walk" — and orders him killed along with Bullock and his new partner, Jim Gordon. Falcone intervenes, however, and spares their lives. Cobblepot gradually works his way up the ladder of Gotham's underworld to become the right-hand man of both Falcone and his rival, mob boss, Sal Maroni, and gets revenge on Fish by revealing her treachery to Falcone. Hurt and angered by Fish's betrayal, Falcone has her and Butch tortured, however Butch escapes custody and frees Fish. Wanting revenge against Penguin, she goes to her former club to find him there and proceeds to beat him. Before she can do much harm she and Butch are pursued by Zsasz and his crew. Butch helps her escape while staying behind to fend them off to buy her time. Harvey meets up with her later that night and helps her flee from Gotham City.
However, she is captured again by unknown peoples and wakes to find herself held prisoner in a large basement area with other random abductees, many of whom have been there for years. She learns that they are kept as "spare parts" by the man who owns the large estate and his security staff, with different prisoners being selected by the guards every few days, taken away, and returning (if at all) with missing body parts. Fish takes control of the basement and organizes a resistance by promising she'll be able to save "some" of them (but not all). She forces a meeting with the man in charge, Francis Dulmacher, a mad scientist who is running a blackmarket organ transplant farm and recreationally creating human monsters out of his victims' body parts. When Dulmacher tells her he is going to remove her eyes, she gouges out her own eye with a spoon so he can't use it in his experiments or sell it. Impressed by her resolve he offers a chance to prove her value as a go-between for himself and the prisoners in the basement, promising her safety as long as the supply of body parts isn't interrupted again. She uses this position to prepare an escape and, by sacrificing some of the detainees who had previously been bullying and abusing the weaker prisoners, she uses the ensuing chaos to escape with the rest and return to Gotham with a small band of devoted followers.
In the last episode of the first season, "All Happy Families Are Alike", Fish recruits the young Selina Kyle into her gang, and makes an alliance with Maroni in order to get rid of Falcone. Fish captures Falcone, Cobblepot, Gordon and Bullock. Fish reveals Cobblepot's treachery to Maroni in exchange for an agreement to divide the city between them. When Maroni reveals that he intends to rule the city with Fish as his lieutenant and treats her with sexist condescension, Fish loses her temper and shoots him in the head. An all-out gang war ensues between Fish and Maroni's forces, during which Cobblepot fights her on a rooftop and pushes her into the river below.
Season 2
During the second season Fish's corpse is revealed to have been sent to Indian Hill, a scientific division of Wayne Enterprises run by Hugo Strange, who brings her back to life augmented with cuttlefish DNA. The side-effects of the revival gives Fish the ability to take control of anyone who comes in contact with her. She escapes and runs across Cobblepot, who since her death has taken over Gotham's criminal underworld as "The Penguin". Shocked, he passes out.
Season 3
Soon after her rebirth, Fish starts going into rapid physical decline, and raids every pharmacy in Gotham for drugs to keep herself alive. She forms a new gang with her fellow Indian Hill escapees. She interrogates Strange's assistant Ethel Peabody, who tells her that her body is rejecting the cells Strange implanted in her, and that only Strange can save her. Fish has her fellow escapee Marv, who can accelerate or slow a person's metabolism, deplete the energy from Peabody's cells, literally stealing her life.
Fish frees Strange, intent on making him create more mutants to do her bidding. By then, however, Cobblepot has amassed an angry mob of Gothamites bent on killing the mutants. When Cobblepot has her at his mercy, Fish says she is proud of having transformed him into "The Penguin". Moved, Cobblepot tells her to leave Gotham and never come back. Later, when Gotham is in chaos from the effects of a homicidal mania-inducing virus, Fish joins forces with Cobblepot and Strange to create an antidote and hold the city to ransom. An infected Gordon shows up and attacks Mooney, accidentally impaling her with a sword and destroying the antidote. With her dying breath, Fish tells Cobblepot to either take Gotham for his own or burn it to the ground.
Powers and abilities
After her resurrection by Hugo Strange near the end of the second season of Gotham, Mooney develops the ability to control people with just a touch of her hand.
References
^ Cutter, Jacqueline (September 22, 2014). "'Gotham': Jada Pinkett Smith's Fish Mooney part Norma Desmond, part assassinated drug lord". screenertv.com. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
^ a b Ausiello, Michael (January 29, 2016). "Jada Pinkett Smith Sets Gotham Return". TVLine. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
^ Bucksbaum, Sydney (May 16, 2016). "Gotham Recap: Something Fishy This Way Comes". Nerdist. Archived from the original on March 20, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
vteGothamCharacters
Jim Gordon
Bruce Wayne
Selina Kyle
Fish Mooney
Oswald Cobblepot
Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska
EpisodesSeason 1
"Pilot"
"Selina Kyle"
"The Balloonman"
"Arkham"
"Viper"
"Spirit of the Goat"
"Penguin's Umbrella"
"The Mask"
"Harvey Dent"
"Lovecraft"
"Rogues' Gallery"
"What the Little Bird Told Him"
"Welcome Back, Jim Gordon"
"The Fearsome Dr. Crane"
"The Scarecrow"
"The Blind Fortune Teller"
"Red Hood"
"Everyone Has a Cobblepot"
"Beasts of Prey"
"Under the Knife"
"The Anvil or the Hammer"
"All Happy Families Are Alike"
Season 2Rise of the Villains
"Damned If You Do..."
"Knock, Knock"
"The Last Laugh"
"Strike Force"
"Scarification"
"By Fire"
"Mommy's Little Monster"
"Tonight's the Night"
"A Bitter Pill to Swallow"
"The Son of Gotham"
"Worse Than a Crime"
Wrath of the Villains
"Mr. Freeze"
"A Dead Man Feels No Cold"
"This Ball of Mud and Meanness"
"Mad Grey Dawn"
"Prisoners"
"Into the Woods"
"Pinewood"
"Azrael"
"Unleashed"
"A Legion of Horribles"
"Transference"
Season 3Mad City
"Better to Reign in Hell..."
"Burn the Witch"
"Look into My Eyes"
"New Day Rising"
"Anything for You"
"Follow the White Rabbit"
"Red Queen"
"Blood Rush"
"The Executioner"
"Time Bomb"
"Beware the Green-Eyed Monster"
"Ghosts"
"Smile Like You Mean It"
"The Gentle Art of Making Enemies"
Heroes Rise
"How the Riddler Got His Name"
"These Delicate and Dark Obsessions"
"The Primal Riddle"
"Light the Wick"
"All Will Be Judged"
"Pretty Hate Machine"
"Destiny Calling"
"Heavydirtysoul"
Season 4A Dark Knight
"Pax Penguina"
"The Fear Reaper"
"They Who Hide Behind Masks"
"The Demon's Head"
"The Blade's Path"
"Hog Day Afternoon"
"A Day in the Narrows"
"Stop Hitting Yourself"
"Let Them Eat Pie"
"Things That Go Boom"
"Queen Takes Knight"
"Pieces of a Broken Mirror"
"A Beautiful Darkness"
"Reunion"
"The Sinking Ship The Grand Applause"
"One of My Three Soups"
"Mandatory Brunch Meeting"
Season 5Legend of the Dark Knight
"The Beginning..."
Related
Pennyworth
Category
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fictional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiction"},{"link_name":"character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_(arts)"},{"link_name":"Bruno Heller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Heller"},{"link_name":"Gotham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Jada Pinkett Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jada_Pinkett_Smith"}],"text":"Fictional characterMaria Mercedes \"Fish\" Mooney is a fictional character created by producer and screenwriter Bruno Heller for the television series Gotham, portrayed by actress Jada Pinkett Smith.","title":"Fish Mooney"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fictional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiction"},{"link_name":"character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_(arts)"},{"link_name":"Norma Desmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Desmond"},{"link_name":"Sunset Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_Boulevard_(film)"},{"link_name":"Gloria Swanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Swanson"},{"link_name":"Griselda Blanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griselda_Blanco"},{"link_name":"Medellín Cartel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn_Cartel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Pinkett-Smith drew inspiration from various different individuals for taking on the role, including the fictional character of Norma Desmond from the 1950 film Sunset Boulevard, played by Gloria Swanson; and Griselda Blanco, a real-life drug lord of the Medellín Cartel.[1]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carmine Falcone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmine_Falcone"},{"link_name":"Gotham City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham_City"},{"link_name":"Gotham City Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham_City_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"Harvey Bullock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Bullock_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wayne"},{"link_name":"Martha Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Wayne"},{"link_name":"Oswald Cobblepot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Cobblepot_(Gotham)"},{"link_name":"Jim Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gordon_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Sal Maroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_Maroni"},{"link_name":"Francis Dulmacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollmaker_(comics)"},{"link_name":"mad scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_scientist"},{"link_name":"All Happy Families Are Alike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Happy_Families_Are_Alike"},{"link_name":"Selina Kyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selina_Kyle_(Gotham_character)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvline-2"}],"sub_title":"Season 1","text":"Fish Mooney is mob boss Carmine Falcone's most trusted lieutenant. Unbeknownst to Falcone, Fish is plotting to usurp his criminal empire, and employs a young woman named Liza, who resembles Falcone's late mother, to distract the lonely, aging mafia chieftain while Fish undermines his control of Gotham City. She has good relations with the Gotham City Police Department, and decides to help detective Harvey Bullock in investigating the murder of Thomas and Martha Wayne in return for him leaving her alone. When her underling Oswald Cobblepot informs on her to the GCPD, she hobbles him — giving him his trademark \"penguin walk\" — and orders him killed along with Bullock and his new partner, Jim Gordon. Falcone intervenes, however, and spares their lives. Cobblepot gradually works his way up the ladder of Gotham's underworld to become the right-hand man of both Falcone and his rival, mob boss, Sal Maroni, and gets revenge on Fish by revealing her treachery to Falcone. Hurt and angered by Fish's betrayal, Falcone has her and Butch tortured, however Butch escapes custody and frees Fish. Wanting revenge against Penguin, she goes to her former club to find him there and proceeds to beat him. Before she can do much harm she and Butch are pursued by Zsasz and his crew. Butch helps her escape while staying behind to fend them off to buy her time. Harvey meets up with her later that night and helps her flee from Gotham City.However, she is captured again by unknown peoples and wakes to find herself held prisoner in a large basement area with other random abductees, many of whom have been there for years. She learns that they are kept as \"spare parts\" by the man who owns the large estate and his security staff, with different prisoners being selected by the guards every few days, taken away, and returning (if at all) with missing body parts. Fish takes control of the basement and organizes a resistance by promising she'll be able to save \"some\" of them (but not all). She forces a meeting with the man in charge, Francis Dulmacher, a mad scientist who is running a blackmarket organ transplant farm and recreationally creating human monsters out of his victims' body parts. When Dulmacher tells her he is going to remove her eyes, she gouges out her own eye with a spoon so he can't use it in his experiments or sell it. Impressed by her resolve he offers a chance to prove her value as a go-between for himself and the prisoners in the basement, promising her safety as long as the supply of body parts isn't interrupted again. She uses this position to prepare an escape and, by sacrificing some of the detainees who had previously been bullying and abusing the weaker prisoners, she uses the ensuing chaos to escape with the rest and return to Gotham with a small band of devoted followers.In the last episode of the first season, \"All Happy Families Are Alike\", Fish recruits the young Selina Kyle into her gang, and makes an alliance with Maroni in order to get rid of Falcone. Fish captures Falcone, Cobblepot, Gordon and Bullock. Fish reveals Cobblepot's treachery to Maroni in exchange for an agreement to divide the city between them. When Maroni reveals that he intends to rule the city with Fish as his lieutenant and treats her with sexist condescension, Fish loses her temper and shoots him in the head. An all-out gang war ensues between Fish and Maroni's forces, during which Cobblepot fights her on a rooftop and pushes her into the river below.[2]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wayne Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"Hugo Strange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Strange"},{"link_name":"cuttlefish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuttlefish"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvline-2"}],"sub_title":"Season 2","text":"During the second season Fish's corpse is revealed to have been sent to Indian Hill, a scientific division of Wayne Enterprises run by Hugo Strange, who brings her back to life augmented with cuttlefish DNA. The side-effects of the revival gives Fish the ability to take control of anyone who comes in contact with her. She escapes and runs across Cobblepot, who since her death has taken over Gotham's criminal underworld as \"The Penguin\". Shocked, he passes out.[2]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 3","text":"Soon after her rebirth, Fish starts going into rapid physical decline, and raids every pharmacy in Gotham for drugs to keep herself alive. She forms a new gang with her fellow Indian Hill escapees. She interrogates Strange's assistant Ethel Peabody, who tells her that her body is rejecting the cells Strange implanted in her, and that only Strange can save her. Fish has her fellow escapee Marv, who can accelerate or slow a person's metabolism, deplete the energy from Peabody's cells, literally stealing her life.Fish frees Strange, intent on making him create more mutants to do her bidding. By then, however, Cobblepot has amassed an angry mob of Gothamites bent on killing the mutants. When Cobblepot has her at his mercy, Fish says she is proud of having transformed him into \"The Penguin\". Moved, Cobblepot tells her to leave Gotham and never come back. Later, when Gotham is in chaos from the effects of a homicidal mania-inducing virus, Fish joins forces with Cobblepot and Strange to create an antidote and hold the city to ransom. An infected Gordon shows up and attacks Mooney, accidentally impaling her with a sword and destroying the antidote. With her dying breath, Fish tells Cobblepot to either take Gotham for his own or burn it to the ground.","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hugo Strange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Strange"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"After her resurrection by Hugo Strange near the end of the second season of Gotham, Mooney develops the ability to control people with just a touch of her hand.[3]","title":"Powers and abilities"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_at_the_2018_Mediterranean_Games
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Serbia at the 2018 Mediterranean Games
|
["1 Medalists","2 Archery","3 Athletics","4 Badminton","5 Basketball 3x3","6 Beach volleyball","7 Bowls","8 Boxing","9 Canoeing","10 Cycling","11 Fencing","12 Golf","13 Gymnastics","13.1 Artistic gymnastics","13.2 Rhythmic gymnastics","14 Handball","14.1 Men's tournament","14.2 Women's tournament","15 Judo","16 Karate","17 Rowing","18 Sailing","19 Shooting","20 Swimming","21 Table tennis","22 Taekwondo","23 Triathlon","24 Water polo","24.1 Men's tournament","25 Water skiing","26 Weightlifting","27 Wrestling","28 References"]
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Sporting event delegationSerbia at the2018 Mediterranean GamesIOC codeSRBNOCOlympic Committee of SerbiaCompetitors138 in 26 sportsFlag bearerDavor ŠtefanekMedalsRanked 7th
Gold
12
Silver
11
Bronze
9
Total
32
Mediterranean Games appearances (overview)2009201320182022Other related appearances Yugoslavia (1951–1991) Serbia and Montenegro (1997–2005) Kosovo (2018–)
Serbia competed at the 2018 Mediterranean Games in Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain over 10 days from 22 June to 1 July 2018.
Medalists
Medal
Name
Sport
Event
Date
Gold
Jelena Milivojčević
Karate
−50 kg
23 June
Gold
Damir Mikec
Shooting
10 m air pistol
23 June
Gold
Velimir Stjepanović
Swimming
200 m freestyle
23 June
Gold
Andrej BarnaIvan LenđerUroš NikolićVelimir Stjepanović
Swimming
4 × 100 m freestyle relay
23 June
Gold
Milica Starović
Canoeing
K-1 500 m
24 June
Gold
Andrea Arsović
Shooting
10 m air rifle
24 June
Gold
Milutin Stefanović
Shooting
10 m air rifle
24 June
Gold
Velimir Stjepanović
Swimming
200 m butterfly
25 June
Gold
Ivana Španović
Athletics
Long jump
27 June
Gold
Žarko Ćulum
Judo
+100 kg
29 June
Gold
Ana Bajić
Taekwondo
+67 kg
30 June
Gold
Serbia men's national water polo teamMilan AleksićMiloš ĆukFilip FilipovićNikola JakšićDušan MandićBranislav MitrovićStefan MitrovićDuško PijetlovićGojko PijetlovićSava RanđelovićStrahinja RašovićViktor RašovićNemanja Ubović
Water polo
Men's tournament
July 1
Silver
Zorana Arunović
Shooting
10 m air pistol
23 June
Silver
Anja Crevar
Swimming
400 m individual medley
23 June
Silver
Marko Dragosavljević
Canoeing
K-1 200 m
24 June
Silver
Čaba Silađi
Swimming
100 m breaststroke
24 June
Silver
Andrej BarnaAleksa BobarUroš NikolićVelimir Stjepanović
Swimming
4 × 200 m freestyle relay
24 June
Silver
Čaba Silađi
Swimming
50 m breaststroke
25 June
Silver
Aleksa BobarIvan LenđerČaba SilađiVelimir Stjepanović
Swimming
4 × 100 m medley relay
25 June
Silver
Davor Štefanek
Wrestling
Greco-Roman 77 kg
25 June
Silver
Milica Nikolić
Judo
48 kg
27 June
Silver
Nemanja Majdov
Judo
90 kg
28 June
Silver
Marko Marjanović
Rowing
Single sculls
30 June
Bronze
Vladimir TorubarovErvin Holpert
Canoeing
K-2 500 m
24 June
Bronze
Slobodan Bitević
Karate
+84 kg
24 June
Bronze
Vladimir Stankić
Wrestling
Greco-Roman 87 kg
25 June
Bronze
Mikheil Kajaia
Wrestling
Greco-Roman 97 kg
25 June
Bronze
Stevan Mićić
Wrestling
Freestyle 65 kg
26 June
Bronze
Vanja Stanković
Taekwondo
49 kg
28 June
Bronze
Miloš Gladović
Taekwondo
58 kg
29 June
Bronze
Trifun Dašić
Boxing
Middleweight
29 June
Bronze
Dušan Janjić
Boxing
Flyweight
29 June
Archery
Main article: Archery at the 2018 Mediterranean Games
Men
Athlete
Event
Ranking round
Round of 64
Round of 32
Round of 16
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Final / BM
Score
Seed
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
Rank
Aleksandar Beatović
Individual
304
29
Bouakaz (ALG)W 6-2
Alvariño Garcia (ESP)L 2-6
Did not advance
Nikola Stefanović
315
22
Bye
Koenig (FRA)L 3-7
Did not advance
Athletics
Main article: Athletics at the 2018 Mediterranean Games
Key
Note – Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
Q = Qualified for the next round
q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
NR = National record
N/A = Round not applicable for the event
Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round
Men
Track & road events
Athlete
Event
Semifinal
Final
Result
Rank
Result
Rank
Elzan Bibić
1500 m
Did not finish
5000 m
—
14:32.05
13
Women
Track & road events
Athlete
Event
Semifinal
Final
Result
Rank
Result
Rank
Zorana Barjaktarović
100 m
12.06
5
Did not advance
200 m
24.04
5
Did not advance
Amela Terzić
800 m
2:08.38 SB
5
Did not advance
1500 m
—
4:19.13
7
Field events
Athlete
Event
Final
Distance
Position
Ivana Španović
Long jump
7.04
Badminton
Main article: Badminton at the 2018 Mediterranean Games
Men
Athlete
Event
Round of 32
Round of 16
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Final / BM
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
Rank
Andrija Doder
Men's singles
Bye
Popov (FRA)L (11-21, 9-21)
Did not advance
Luka Milić
Bye
Maddaloni (ITA)L (13-21, 19–21)
Did not advance
Andrija DoderLuka Milić
Men's doubles
—
Galvas / Skarlatos (GRE)W (19-21, 21–19, 21–15)
Koca / Salim (TUR)L (13-21, 10–21)
Did not advance
Basketball 3x3
Main article: Basketball at the 2018 Mediterranean Games
Athlete
Event
Group matches
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Final / BM
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
Rank
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
Rank
Marko MilakovićStefan SimićLuka StefanovićNikola Šućov
Men's Tournament
AndorraW 22-10
MacedoniaW 21-10
—
1 Q
GreeceL 13-19
Did not advance
Ines ĆordaAnja SpasojevićBojana StevanovićJulijana Vojinović
Women's Tournament
TurkeyW 22-13
ItalyL 11-21
FranceL 14-21
2 Q
—
SpainL 4-22
PortugalL 20-21
4
Beach volleyball
Main article: Beach volleyball at the 2018 Mediterranean Games
Athlete
Event
Preliminary round
Standing
1/8 Finals
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Final / BM
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
Rank
Stefan BastaLazar Kolarić
Men's
Abosaud / Elhoush (LBA)W 2-0 (21-14, 21–10)
Mermer / Urlu (TUR)W 2-1 (19-21, 21–17, 22–20)
—
1 Q
El Graoui / Farabi (MAR)W 2-0 (21-14, 21–11)
Rossi / Caminati (ITA)L 0-2 (19-21, 21–23)
Did not advance
Katarina RaičevićNataša Savović
Women's
Placette / Richard (FRA)L 1-2 (21-17, 16–21, 15–5)
Carro / Soria (ESP)L 0-2 (17-21, 14–21)
Coelho / Paquete (POR)W 2-1 (21-15, 12–21, 15–13)
3
—
Did not advance
Bowls
Main article: Bowls at the 2018 Mediterranean Games
Lyonnaise
Athlete
Event
Elimination
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Final / BM
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Nataša Antonjak
Women's precision throw
16
=8
Did not advance
Boxing
Main article: Boxing at the 2018 Mediterranean Games
Men
Athlete
Event
Round of 16
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Final
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
Rank
Dušan Janjić
Flyweight
Bye
Abdelrahman (EGY)W 3-1
Mascunano (ESP)L 0-5
Did not advance
Damjan Grmuša
Light welterweight
Kramou (ALG)L 1-4
Did not advance
Trifun Dašić
Middleweight
Abdelmoneim (EGY)W 3-0
Kokkinos (CYP)W 4-1
Ghosoun (SYR)L 0-5
Did not advance
Marko Docić
Heavyweight
—
Filipi (CRO)L RSC
Did not advance
Canoeing
Main article: Canoeing at the 2018 Mediterranean Games
Men
Athlete
Event
Heats
Semifinals
Final
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Marko Dragosavljević
K-1 200 m
34.696
1 Q
Bye
34.603
Stefan Vekić
K-1 500 m
1:39.961
2 Q
Bye
1:41.256
6
Vladimir TorubarovErvin Holpert
K-2 500 m
1:31.558
1 Q
Bye
1:30.168
Women
Athlete
Event
Heats
Semifinals
Final
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Milica Starović
K-1 200 m
41.638
2 Q
Bye
40.912
4
K-1 500 m
1:53.133
2 Q
Bye
1:53.637
Legend: FA = Qualify to final (medal); FB = Qualify to final B (non-medal)
Cycling
Main article: Cycling at the 2018 Mediterranean Games
Men
Athlete
Event
Time
Rank
Dušan Kalaba
Road race
Did not finish
Dušan Rajović
Road race
Did not finish
Time trial
32:09.63
11
Veljko Stojnić
Road race
3:44:56
20
Time trial
31:16.69
6
Women
Athlete
Event
Time
Rank
Jelena Erić
Road race
2:43:22
12
Fencing
Main article: Fencing at the 2018 Mediterranean Games
Women
Athlete
Event
Group stage
Round of 16
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Final / BM
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
Rank
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
Rank
Ana Sel
Individual épée
Cisneros GavinL 4-5
TannousL 4-5
FoiettaL 3-4
RembiL 2-5
MavrikiouW 5-3
SidiropoulouL 2-5
6 Q
Kiskapusi FrankL 7-15
Did not advance
Golf
Main article: Golf at the 2018 Mediterranean Games
Athlete
Event
Round 1
Round 2
Round 3
Round 4
Total
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Par
Rank
Branimir Ante Gudelj
Men's individual
81
74
71
73
299
+11
=25
Mihailo Dimitrijević
80
74
70
70
294
+6
=16
Branimir Ante GudeljMihailo Dimitrijević
Men's team
161
148
141
143
593
+17
9
Gymnastics
Artistic gymnastics
Men
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Final
Apparatus
Total
Rank
Apparatus
Total
Rank
F
PH
R
V
PB
HB
F
PH
R
V
PB
HB
Bojan Dejanović
All-around
13.150
12.700
11.200
13.450
11.850
11.650
74.000
24 Q
13.050
10.800
11.850
13.900
11.650
12.600
73.850
18
Women
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Final
Apparatus
Total
Rank
Apparatus
Total
Rank
V
UB
BB
F
V
UB
BB
F
Tamara Mrđenović
All-around
13.000
11.900
11.550
12.250 Q
48.700
11 Q
Did not start
Apparatus
Athlete
Event
Final
Total
Rank
Tamara Mrđenović
Balance beam
Did not start
Rhythmic gymnastics
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Final
Hoop
Ball
Clubs
Ribbon
Total
Rank
Hoop
Ball
Clubs
Ribbon
Total
Rank
Nastasija Gvozdić
All-around
12.450
11.900
12.100
10.250
46.700
15
Did not advance
Handball
Main article: Handball at the 2018 Mediterranean Games
Men's tournament
Roster
Aleksandar Milenković
Dejan Milosavljev
Viktor Matičić
Stevan Sretenović
Darko Stevanović
Milan Vučković
Aleksandar Babić
Nemanja Gojković
Borivoje Đukić
Milan Milić
Predrag Vejin
Nemanja Živković
Mladen Šotić
Vukašin Vorkapić
Vladimir Jevtić
Nemanja Ratković
Group stage
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
Turkey
3
2
1
0
84
74
+10
5
Quarterfinals
2
Serbia
3
1
1
1
95
88
+7
3
3
Egypt
3
1
0
2
91
102
−11
2
4
North Macedonia
3
1
0
2
86
92
−6
2
Source: Tarragona 2018Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Head-to-head points; 3) Head-to-head goal difference; 4) Head-to-head goals scored; 5) Goal difference; 6) Goals scored; 7) Draw.Notes:
^ a b Egypt 34–29 Macedonia
23 June 2018 18:30
Egypt
33–42
Serbia
Campclar Sports Palace, Tarragona Referees: Deche, Ghouarda (ALG)
Mahmoud 13
(11–18)
Sretenović, Vorkapić 7
2× 4×
Report
3× 7×
24 June 2018 18:30
Serbia
24–24
Turkey
Campclar Sports Palace, Tarragona Referees: Alperan, Scevola (ITA)
Sretenović 8
(13–14)
Sarak 8
3× 3×
Report
3× 5×
25 June 2018 18:30
Serbia
29–31
North Macedonia
Campclar Sports Palace, Tarragona Referees: Macías, Ruiz (ESP)
Milić 6
(15–16)
Popovski 6
2× 4×
Report
2× 3× 1×
Quarterfinals
27 June 2018 17:30
Spain
35–25
Serbia
Campclar Sports Palace, Tarragona Referees: Deche, Ghouarda (ALG)
Odriozola 6
(20–11)
Milić 5
3× 4×
Report
3× 4×
5–8th place semifinals
28 June 2018 20:00
Slovenia
33–26
Serbia
Campclar Sports Palace, Tarragona Referees: Pinto, Santos (POR)
Grzentič 6
(15–14)
Živković 7
2× 3× 1×
Report
1× 4×
Seventh place game
30 June 2018 10:00
Algeria
30–28
Serbia
Campclar Sports Palace, Tarragona Referees: Hoz, Riloba (ESP)
Abdi 10
(16–14)
Matičić 7
2× 5× 1×
Report
2× 5×
Women's tournament
Roster
Marijana Ilić
Katarina Kosanović
Dijana Radojević
Milica Rančić
Marija Obradović
Katarina Stošić
Gordana Mitrović
Tamara Radojević
Aleksandra Vukajlović
Lidija Cvijić
Anđela Janjušević
Jelena Terzić
Nataša Atanasković
Jovana Bogojević
Jelena Agbaba
Jovana Milojević
Group stage
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
Montenegro
4
4
0
0
132
85
+47
8
Semifinals
2
North Macedonia
4
3
0
1
108
96
+12
6
3
Turkey
4
2
0
2
121
127
−6
4
5th place game
4
Serbia
4
1
0
3
108
118
−10
2
7th place game
5
Egypt
4
0
0
4
91
134
−43
0
Source: Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Head-to-head points; 3) Head-to-head goal difference; 4) Head-to-head goals scored; 5) Goal difference; 6) Goals scored; 7) Draw.
23 June 2018 10:00
Montenegro
36–22
Serbia
Pabellón CE Vendrell, El Vendrell
Grbić 7
(16–6)
Terzić 5
3× 3×
1× 1×
24 June 2018 10:00
Serbia
33–21
Egypt
Pabellón CE Vendrell, El Vendrell Referees: Pinto, Santos (POR)
Janjušević, Rančić 5
(16–10)
Attiatalla 8
2× 2×
Report
2× 1×
25 June 2018 12:00
Serbia
21–28
North Macedonia
Pabellón CE Vendrell, El Vendrell Referees: García, Rodríguez (ESP)
Obradović 6
(13–16)
three players 6
1× 4×
Report
1× 7×
28 June 2018 10:00
Serbia
32–33
Turkey
Pabellón CE Vendrell, El Vendrell Referees: Ivanović, Vujisić (MNE)
Obradović 8
(17–15)
İskit 8
2× 3×
Report
3× 2×
Seventh place game
29 June 2018 17:30
Portugal
31–30 (ET)
Serbia
Pabellón CE Vendrell, El Vendrell Referees: Alperan, Scevola (ITA)
Correia 9
(16–15)
Vukajlović 7
2× 6× 1×
Report
3× 4×
FT: 27–27 ET: 4–3
Judo
Main article: Judo at the 2018 Mediterranean Games
Men
Athlete
Event
Round of 16
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Repechage 1
Repechage 2
Final / BM
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
Rank
Nemanja Majdov
−90 kg
Bye
Elias (LIB)W 100-0
Tselidis (GRE)W 10-0
Bye
Sherazadishvili (ESP)L 10-110
Žarko Ćulum
+100 kg
Bye
Dragič (SLO)W 100-0
Sadiković (BIH)W 10-0
Bye
D'Arco (ITA)W 100-0
Women
Athlete
Event
Round of 16
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Repechage 1
Repechage 2
Final / BM
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
Rank
Milica Nikolić
−48 kg
Bye
Mecerem (ALG)W 100-0
Lokmanhekim (TUR)W 100-0
Bye
Figueroa Peña (ESP)L 0-100
Andrea Stojadinov
−52 kg
El Qorachi (MAR)W 100-0
Gneto (FRA)L 0-100
Did not advance
Marica Perišić
−57 kg
Boi (ITA)L 0-100
Did not advance
Iraoui (MAR)L 0-10
Did not advance
Jovana Obradović
−63 kg
Fazliu (KOS)W 10-0
Belattar (MAR)W 100-10
Bjaoui (TUN)L 0-110
Bye
Dekete (FRA)L 0-110
5
Karate
Main article: Karate at the 2018 Mediterranean Games
Men
Athlete
Event
Round of 16
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Repechage
Final / BM
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
Rank
Marko Antić
−60 kg
Bye
Azzoauzi (TUN)L 0-2
Did not advance
Salama (EGY)L 0-0
Did not advance
7
Dejan Cvrkota
−84 kg
Arenas Zapata (ESP)W 1-0
Hernandez (POR)W 1-0
Jakupi (MKD)L 1-2
Bye
Martina (ITA)L 0-0
5
Slobodan Bitević
+84 kg
Elasfar (EGY)L 0-2
Did not advance
Nishevci (KOS)W 2-0
Klouz (FRA)W 0-0
Women
Athlete
Event
Round of 16
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Repechage
Final / BM
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
Rank
Jelena Milivojčević
−50 kg
Bye
Rashed (EGY)W 1-1
Kavakopoulou (GRE)W 0-0
Bye
Sayah (MAR)W 0-0
Dina Durmiš
−55 kg
Ouhammad (MAR)W 1-0
Drašković (MNE)L 0-5
Did not advance
Bye
Ouihaddadene (FRA)L 0-4
5
Sanja Cvrkota
−68 kg
Bye
Eltemur (TUR)L 0-4
Did not advance
Errabi (MAR)L 2-3
Did not advance
7
Rowing
Main article: Rowing at the 2018 Mediterranean Games
Men
Athlete
Event
Heats
Repechage
Final
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Marko Marjanović
Single sculls
3:13.434
1 FA
Bye
3:16.628
Aleksandar BeđikIgor Đerić
Double sculls
2:58.701
1 FA
Bye
03:06.649
5
Sailing
Main article: Sailing at the 2018 Mediterranean Games
Women
Athlete
Event
Race
Net points
Final rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
M*
Ksenija Joksimović
Laser Radial
13
12
13
11
13
11
11
10
10
13
13
117
13
Shooting
Main article: Shooting at the 2018 Mediterranean Games
Men
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Final
Points
Rank
Points
Rank
Dimitrije Grgić
10 m air pistol
577
4 Q
156.1
6
Damir Mikec
578
3 Q
240.9 MGR
Lazar Kovačević
10 m air rifle
617.7
7
205.0
4
Milutin Stefanović
622.3
1
247.5 MGR
Dušan Nikolić
Trap
116
12
Did not advance
Borko Vasiljević
118
7
Women
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Final
Points
Rank
Points
Rank
Zorana Arunović
10 m air pistol
568
3
239.9
Bobana Momčilović Veličković
572
2
194.5
4
Andrea Arsović
10 m air rifle
624.4
2
246.9 MGR
Milica Babić
621.8
8
183.7
5
Swimming
Main article: Swimming at the 2018 Mediterranean Games
Men
Athlete
Event
Heat
Final
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Andrej Barna
50 m freestyle
22.57
5 Q
22.60
7
100 m freestyle
49.96
7 Q
49.69
6
Aleksa Bobar
200 m freestyle
1:51.24
12
Did not advance
200 m butterfly
2:06.12
14
Did not advance
Ivan Lenđer
50 m butterfly
24.32
6
24.12
6
100 m butterfly
53.94
6 Q
54.08
8
Uroš Nikolić
50 m freestyle
23.12
11
Did not advance
Čaba Silađi
50 m breaststroke
27.58
2 Q
27.31
100 m breaststroke
1:00.67
1 Q
1:00.46
Velimir Stjepanović
100 m freestyle
49.40
4 Q
49.47
4
200 m freestyle
1:49.91
3 Q
1:47.13
200 m butterfly
1:59.43
2 Q
1:56.93
Andrej BarnaIvan LenđerUroš NikolićVelimir Stjepanović
4 × 100 m freestyle relay
—
3:15.76
Andrej BarnaAleksa BobarUroš NikolićVelimir Stjepanović
4 × 200 m freestyle relay
—
7:18.57
Aleksa BobarIvan LenđerČaba SilađiVelimir Stjepanović
4 × 100 m medley relay
—
3:38.44 NR
Women
Athlete
Event
Heat
Final
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Anja Crevar
400 m freestyle
4:14.24
4 Q
4:12.88
5
200 m individual medley
2:15.40
2 Q
2:15.58
5
400 m individual medley
4:43.9
3 Q
4:40.62 NR
Table tennis
Main article: Table tennis at the 2018 Mediterranean Games
Women
Athlete
Event
Round Robin 1
Round Robin 2
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Final / BM
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
Rank
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
Rank
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
Rank
Izabela Lupulesku
Singles
Morri (SMR)W 4–0
Zarif (FRA)L 3–4
Khoury (LBN)W 4–0
2 Q
Loeuillette (FRA)W 4–2
Altinkaya (TUR)W 4–1
Xiao (ESP)W 4–2
1 Q
Hadžiahmetović (BIH)W 4–2
Meshref (EGY)L 1–4
Dvorak (ESP)L 3–4
4
Aneta Maksuti
Galic (SLO)L 2–4
Katillari (ALB)W 4–0
Altinkaya (TUR)L 1–4
3
Did not advance
Tijana JokićIzabela LupuleskuAneta Maksuti
Team
Egypt (EGY)L 1–3
Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH)W 3–0
—
2 Q
—
France (FRA)L 0–3
Did not advance
Taekwondo
Main article: Taekwondo at the 2018 Mediterranean Games
Men
Athlete
Event
Round of 16
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Final
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
Rank
Miloš Gladović
−58 kg
Bonnet (FRA)W 27-12
Dell'Aquila (ITA)W 25-23
Bragança (POR)L 8-10
Did not advance
Nikola Vučković
−68 kg
Spinosa (ITA)L 4-5
Did not advance
Damir Fejzić
−80 kg
Maiani (SMR)W 12-4
Martinez Garcia (ESP)L 2-14
Did not advance
Draško Jovanov
+80 kg
Bye
Miangue (FRA)L 5-6
Did not advance
Women
Athlete
Event
Round of 16
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Final
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
Rank
Vanja Stanković
−49 kg
Bye
Abdelsalam (EGY)W 13-0
Tomić (CRO)L 8-20
Did not advance
Aleksandra Radmilović
−57 kg
Laaraj (MAR)W 12-10
Glasnović (CRO)L 8-19
Did not advance
Nađa Savković
−67 kg
Layouni (TUN)W 5-4
Wahba (EGY)L 0-3
Did not advance
Ana Bajić
+67 kg
Bye
Giacomini (ITA)W 4-0
Kuş (TUR)W 1-1
Blé (FRA)W 5-1
Triathlon
Main article: Triathlon at the 2018 Mediterranean Games
Men
Athlete
Event
Swim
Trans 1
Bike
Trans 2
Run
Total Time
Rank
Ognjen Stojanović
Individual sprint
10:12
0:32
31:10
0:24
16:23
58:39
4
Water polo
Main article: Water polo at the 2018 Mediterranean Games
Men's tournament
Roster
Milan Aleksić
Miloš Ćuk
Filip Filipović
Nikola Jakšić
Dušan Mandić
Branislav Mitrović
Stefan Mitrović
Duško Pijetlović
Gojko Pijetlović
Sava Ranđelović
Strahinja Rašović
Viktor Rašović
Nemanja Ubović
Group stage
Pos
Team
Pld
W
W+
L+
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
Serbia
3
3
0
0
0
41
10
+31
9
Final
2
Montenegro
3
2
0
0
1
41
12
+29
6
3rd place game
3
France
3
1
0
0
2
23
33
−10
3
5th place game
4
Portugal
3
0
0
0
3
9
59
−50
0
7th place game
Source: Tarragona 2018
27 June 2018 18:40
Report
Serbia
6–5
Montenegro
Campclar Aquatic Center, Tarragona
Score by quarters: 1–1, 0–1, 3–1, 2–2
Mandić, Rašović 2
Goals
Radović 2
28 June 2018 14:20
Report
Serbia
14–4
France
Campclar Aquatic Center, Tarragona
Score by quarters: 4–0, 2–3, 4–0, 4–1
Aleksić, Pijetlović 3
Goals
four players 1
29 June 2018 14:20
Report
Serbia
21–1
Portugal
Campclar Aquatic Center, Tarragona
Score by quarters: 4–0, 7–0, 3–1, 7–0
Ubović 4
Goals
Secrieru 1
Final
1 July 2018 12:10
Report
Greece
10–12
Serbia
Campclar Aquatic Center, Tarragona
Score by quarters: 1–1, 2–0, 3–4, 2–3 PSO: 2–4
Fountoulis 3
Goals
Filipović, Mandić 3
Water skiing
Main article: Water skiing at the 2018 Mediterranean Games
Men
Athlete
Event
Round 1
Round 2
Final
Points/Time
Rank
Points/Time
Rank
Points/Time
Rank
Srđan Dragić
Slalom
5.00/40
14
0.50/52
7
Did not advance
Marko Jovičić
0.50/52
12
4.00/40
12
Weightlifting
Main article: Weightlifting at the 2018 Mediterranean Games
Men
Athlete
Event
Snatch
Clean & jerk
Result
Rank
Result
Rank
Stevan Vladisavljev
−62 kg
110
6
135
6
Wrestling
Main article: Wrestling at the 2018 Mediterranean Games
Freestyle wrestling
Athlete
Event
Round of 16
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Repechage
Final / BM
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
Rank
Stevan Mićić
−65 kg
Bye
Ansari (MAR)W 10-0
Kilicsallayan (TUR)L 4-8
Bye
Aly (EGY)W 8-7
Greco-Roman wrestling
Athlete
Event
Round of 16
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Repechage
Final / BM
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
Rank
Kristijan Fris
−67 kg
Ghaiou (ALG)W 2-1
Firat (TUR)L 1-7
Did not advance
Davor Štefanek
−77 kg
Bye
Prevolarakis (GRE)W ?
Margaryan (FRA)W 5-1
Bye
Başar (TUR)L 0-5
Vladimir Stankić
−87 kg
Bye
Başar (TUR)L 0-5
Did not advance
Bye
Garcia Perez (ESP)W 4-1
Mikheil Kajaia
−97 kg
Bye
Kesidis (GRE)W 9-1
Noumonvi (FRA)L 2-5
Bye
Demirci (TUR)W 2-2
References
^ Svečano otvorene XVIII Mediteranske igre u Taragoni
"XVIII Jocs Mediterranis Tarragona 2018". tarragona2018.cat. Retrieved 2018-05-24.
vteNations at the 2018 Mediterranean Games in Tarragona, Spain
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatia
Cyprus
Egypt
France
Greece
Italy
Kosovo
Lebanon
Libya
Macedonia
Malta
Monaco
Montenegro
Morocco
Portugal
San Marino
Serbia
Slovenia
Spain
Syria
Tunisia
Turkey
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"2018 Mediterranean Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Mediterranean_Games"},{"link_name":"Tarragona, Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarragona,_Catalonia"}],"text":"Serbia competed at the 2018 Mediterranean Games in Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain over 10 days from 22 June to 1 July 2018.","title":"Serbia at the 2018 Mediterranean Games"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medalists"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Men","title":"Archery"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Key\nNote – Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only\nQ = Qualified for the next round\nq = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target\nNR = National record\nN/A = Round not applicable for the event\nBye = Athlete not required to compete in roundMen\nTrack & road eventsWomen\nTrack & road eventsField events","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Men","title":"Badminton"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Basketball 3x3"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Beach volleyball"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Lyonnaise","title":"Bowls"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Men","title":"Boxing"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"MenWomenLegend: FA = Qualify to final (medal); FB = Qualify to final B (non-medal)","title":"Canoeing"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"MenWomen","title":"Cycling"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Women","title":"Fencing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Golf"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Gymnastics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Artistic gymnastics","text":"MenWomenApparatus","title":"Gymnastics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rhythmic gymnastics","title":"Gymnastics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Handball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aleksandar Milenković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksandar_Milenkovi%C4%87_(handballer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dejan Milosavljev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejan_Milosavljev"},{"link_name":"Viktor Matičić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Mati%C4%8Di%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stevan Sretenović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevan_Sretenovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Darko Stevanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darko_Stevanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Milan Vučković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milan_Vu%C4%8Dkovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aleksandar Babić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksandar_Babi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nemanja Gojković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nemanja_Gojkovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Borivoje Đukić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borivoje_%C4%90uki%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Milan Milić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Mili%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Predrag Vejin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predrag_Vejin"},{"link_name":"Nemanja Živković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nemanja_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87_(handballer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mladen Šotić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mladen_%C5%A0oti%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vukašin Vorkapić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuka%C5%A1in_Vorkapi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Jevtić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Jevti%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nemanja Ratković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nemanja_Ratkovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tarragona 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tarragona2018-reports.s3.amazonaws.com/HBL/MED18_HBLMTEAM--------------------------_C76_v6.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_EGY0.82434969014691_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_EGY0.82434969014691_2-1"}],"sub_title":"Men's tournament","text":"RosterAleksandar Milenković\nDejan Milosavljev\nViktor Matičić\nStevan Sretenović\nDarko Stevanović\nMilan Vučković\nAleksandar Babić\nNemanja Gojković\nBorivoje Đukić\nMilan Milić\nPredrag Vejin\nNemanja Živković\nMladen Šotić\nVukašin Vorkapić\nVladimir Jevtić\nNemanja RatkovićGroup stageSource: Tarragona 2018Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Head-to-head points; 3) Head-to-head goal difference; 4) Head-to-head goals scored; 5) Goal difference; 6) Goals scored; 7) Draw.Notes:^ a b Egypt 34–29 MacedoniaQuarterfinals5–8th place semifinalsSeventh place game","title":"Handball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marijana Ilić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marijana_Ili%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Katarina Kosanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katarina_Kosanovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dijana Radojević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijana_Radojevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Milica Rančić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milica_Ran%C4%8Di%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marija Obradović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_Obradovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Katarina Stošić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katarina_Sto%C5%A1i%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gordana Mitrović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gordana_Mitrovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tamara Radojević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara_Georgijev"},{"link_name":"Aleksandra Vukajlović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_Vukajlovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Lidija Cvijić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidija_Cviji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Anđela Janjušević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C4%91ela_Janju%C5%A1evi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Jelena Terzić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jelena_Terzi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nataša Atanasković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nata%C5%A1a_Atanaskovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Jovana Bogojević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jovana_Bogojevi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jelena Agbaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelena_Agbaba"},{"link_name":"Jovana Milojević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovana_Milojevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Women's tournament","text":"RosterMarijana Ilić\nKatarina Kosanović\nDijana Radojević\nMilica Rančić\nMarija Obradović\nKatarina Stošić\nGordana Mitrović\nTamara Radojević\nAleksandra Vukajlović\nLidija Cvijić\nAnđela Janjušević\nJelena Terzić\nNataša Atanasković\nJovana Bogojević\nJelena Agbaba\nJovana MilojevićGroup stageSource: [citation needed]Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Head-to-head points; 3) Head-to-head goal difference; 4) Head-to-head goals scored; 5) Goal difference; 6) Goals scored; 7) Draw.Seventh place game","title":"Handball"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"MenWomen","title":"Judo"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"MenWomen","title":"Karate"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Men","title":"Rowing"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Women","title":"Sailing"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"MenWomen","title":"Shooting"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"MenWomen","title":"Swimming"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Women","title":"Table tennis"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"MenWomen","title":"Taekwondo"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Men","title":"Triathlon"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Water polo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milan Aleksić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Aleksi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Miloš Ćuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_%C4%86uk"},{"link_name":"Filip Filipović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_Filipovi%C4%87_(water_polo)"},{"link_name":"Nikola Jakšić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Dušan Mandić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Mandi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Branislav Mitrović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branislav_Mitrovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Stefan Mitrović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Mitrovi%C4%87_(water_polo)"},{"link_name":"Duško Pijetlović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1ko_Pijetlovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Gojko Pijetlović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojko_Pijetlovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Sava Ranđelović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sava_Ran%C4%91elovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Strahinja Rašović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strahinja_Ra%C5%A1ovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Viktor Rašović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Ra%C5%A1ovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Nemanja Ubović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nemanja_Ubovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tarragona 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tarragona2018-reports.s3.amazonaws.com/WPO/MED18_WPOMTEAM7-------------------------_C76_v6.pdf"}],"sub_title":"Men's tournament","text":"RosterMilan Aleksić\nMiloš Ćuk\nFilip Filipović\nNikola Jakšić\nDušan Mandić\nBranislav Mitrović\nStefan Mitrović\nDuško Pijetlović\nGojko Pijetlović\nSava Ranđelović\nStrahinja Rašović\nViktor Rašović\nNemanja UbovićGroup stageSource: Tarragona 2018Final","title":"Water polo"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Men","title":"Water skiing"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Men","title":"Weightlifting"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Freestyle wrestlingGreco-Roman wrestling","title":"Wrestling"}]
|
[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1882
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List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (1800–1899)
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["1 FM 1800","1.1 FM 1800/RM 1800 (1951)","2 FM 1801","3 FM 1802","4 FM 1803","4.1 FM 1803 (1951)","5 FM 1804","6 FM 1805","7 FM 1806","7.1 FM 1806 (1951)","8 FM 1807","9 FM 1808","9.1 FM 1808 (1951)","10 FM 1809","11 FM 1810","11.1 FM 1810 (1951)","12 FM 1811","13 FM 1812","13.1 FM 1812 (1951)","14 FM 1813","15 FM 1814","16 FM 1815","17 FM 1816","18 FM 1817","19 FM 1818","20 FM 1819","21 FM 1820","21.1 FM 1820 (1951)","21.2 FM 1820 (1978)","22 FM 1821","22.1 FM 1821 (1951)","23 FM 1822","24 FM 1823","25 FM 1824","25.1 FM 1824 (1951)","26 FM 1825","27 RM 1826","28 FM 1827","29 FM 1828","29.1 FM 1828 (1951)","29.2 FM 1828 (1955)","30 FM 1829","30.1 FM 1829 (1951)","31 FM 1830","32 FM 1831","33 RM 1832","33.1 FM 1832 (1951)","34 FM 1833","34.1 FM 1833 (1951)","35 FM 1834","35.1 FM 1834 (1951)","36 FM 1835","37 FM 1836","38 RM 1837","38.1 FM 1837 (1951)","39 FM 1838","40 FM 1839","41 FM 1840","42 FM 1841","43 FM 1842","44 FM 1843","45 FM 1844","46 FM 1845","47 FM 1846","48 FM 1847","49 FM 1848","49.1 FM 1848 (1951)","50 FM 1849","51 FM 1850","52 FM 1851","53 FM 1852","54 FM 1853","55 FM 1854","56 RM 1855","57 FM 1856","58 FM 1857","58.1 FM 1857 (1951)","58.2 FM 1857 (1952)","59 FM 1858","59.1 FM 1858 (1951)","60 FM 1859","61 FM 1860","62 FM 1861","63 FM 1862","64 FM 1863","64.1 FM 1863 (1951)","65 FM 1864","66 RM 1865","67 FM 1866","68 FM 1867","69 FM 1868","70 RM 1869","71 FM 1870","71.1 FM 1870 (1951)","72 RM 1871","73 FM 1872","74 FM 1873","75 FM 1874","75.1 FM 1874 (1951)","76 FM 1875","77 FM 1876","78 FM 1877","79 FM 1878","80 FM 1879","81 FM 1880","82 FM 1881","82.1 FM 1881 (1951)","83 FM 1882","83.1 FM 1882 (1951–1953)","83.2 FM 1882 (1953)","84 FM 1883","85 FM 1884","86 FM 1885","87 FM 1886","88 FM 1887","89 FM 1888","89.1 FM 1888 (1951)","89.2 FM 1888 (1953)","89.3 FM 1888 (1958)","90 RM 1888","91 FM 1889","92 FM 1890","93 FM 1891","94 FM 1892","94.1 FM 1892 (1951–1952)","94.2 FM 1892 (1952–1960)","95 FM 1893","96 FM 1894","97 FM 1895","97.1 FM 1895 (1951)","98 FM 1896","99 FM 1897","100 FM 1898","100.1 FM 1898 (1951)","101 FM 1899","101.1 FM 1899 (1951)","101.2 FM 1899 (1953)","102 Notes","103 References"]
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This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas" 1800–1899 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Texas Farm to Market Road and Ranch to Market Road markersHighway namesInterstatesInterstate Highway X (IH-X, I-X)US HighwaysU.S. Highway X (US X)StateState Highway X (SH X)Loops:Loop XSpurs:Spur XRecreational:Recreational Road X (RE X)Farm or Ranch to Market Roads:Farm to Market Road X (FM X)Ranch to Market Road X (RM X)Park Roads:Park Road X (PR X)System links
Highways in Texas
Interstate
US
State
Toll
Loops
Spurs
FM/RM
Park
Rec
Farm to Market Roads in Texas are owned and maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT).
FM 1800
Farm to Market Road 1800LocationStephens CountyLength0.924 mi (1,487 m)ExistedDecember 22, 1993–present
Farm to Market Road 1800 (FM 1800) is located in Stephens County. It runs from SH 67 northeast of Breckenridge westward to the Texas Department of Criminal Justice's Walker Sayle Unit.
The current FM 1800 was designated on December 22, 1993, on the current route.
FM 1800/RM 1800 (1951)
Ranch to Market Road 1800LocationMartin, Midland, Glasscock, and Reagan countiesExistedDecember 18, 1951–May 16, 1984
The previous route numbered FM 1800 was designated on December 18, 1951, from FM 307 in Midland County north to the Martin County line. On February 21, 1952, the road was extended 2.8 miles (4.5 km) north to US 80 (now I-20) at Stanton. On January 29, 1953, the road was extended south and southeast to SH 158 in Glasscock County, 4 miles (6.4 km) east of the Midland County line, replacing FM 1857. On December 1, 1953, the route was signed, but not designated, as SH 137. On October 31, 1957, the road was extended southeast 6.0 miles (9.7 km) from SH 158. A year later the road was extended southeast 11.0 miles (17.7 km) to the Reagan County line. On December 2, 1958, the road was extended southeast via Stiles to RM 33, 12.5 miles (20.1 km) north of Big Lake, replacing RM 2404; the designation was changed to Ranch to Market Road 1800 (RM 1800). RM 1800 was cancelled on May 16, 1984, when the SH 137 designation became official.
FM 1801
Farm to Market Road 1801LocationWood CountyLength6.283 mi (10.112 km)ExistedNovember 20, 1951–present
FM 1802
Farm to Market Road 1802LocationWheeler CountyLength0.984 mi (1,584 m)ExistedNovember 20, 1951–present
Farm to Market Road 1802 (FM 1802) is located in Wheeler County. Its northern terminus is at I-40 exit 169. It runs southward approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) before state maintenance ends. The unimproved roadway that continues from both ends is CR 23.
FM 1802 was designated on November 20, 1951, along the current route. The intersecting route at the northern terminus was previously US 66.
FM 1803
Farm to Market Road 1803LocationHenderson CountyLength8.335 mi (13.414 km)ExistedOctober 31, 1958–present
FM 1803 (1951)
Farm to Market Road 1803LocationSmith CountyExistedNovember 20, 1951–October 30, 1957
A previous route numbered FM 1803 was designated on November 20, 1951, from US 271, 2 miles (3.2 km) north of Tyler, south to SH 64. On December 10, 1954, the road was extended south, west, north and east to FM 1803 0.1 miles (0.16 km) south of the point of beginning, replacing FM 845 and completing the loop around Tyler. FM 1803 was cancelled on October 30, 1957, and transferred to Loop 323.
FM 1804
Farm to Market Road 1804LocationSmith and Wood countiesLength7.806 mi (12.563 km)ExistedNovember 20, 1951–present
FM 1805
Farm to Market Road 1805LocationVan Zandt and Smith countiesLength5.241 mi (8.435 km)ExistedNovember 20, 1951–present
FM 1806
Farm to Market Road 1806LocationMontague CountyLength14.296 mi (23.007 km)ExistedDecember 17, 1952–present
Farm to Market Road 1806 (FM 1806) is a two-lane highway that connects the farming areas of west central Montague County to the county seat, Montague. FM 1806 also intersects with US 81 leading to Ringgold and Bowie, and other various county secondary roads. FM 1806 runs from a point 2.9 miles (4.7 km) west of US 81, near Stoneburg, to SH 59 and SH 175 in Montague.
The current FM 1806 was designated on December 17, 1952 (numbered February 6, 1953 or later), from US 81 in Stoneburg northeastward and eastward 4.0 miles (6.4 km). On November 21, 1956, FM 1806 was extended east 3.9 miles (6.3 km). On January 10, 1957, FM 1806 was extended east to SH 59/SH 175, replacing FM 2188. On September 27, 1977, FM 1806 was extended west to its current western terminus.
FM 1806 (1951)
Farm to Market Road 1806LocationJohnson CountyExistedNovember 20, 1951–February 6, 1953
FM 1806 was originally designated on November 20, 1951, on a route from SH 171 to FM 110 (now FM 4) in Johnson County; this route was transferred to FM 916 on February 6, 1953.
FM 1807
Farm to Market Road 1807LocationJohnson and Ellis countiesLength9.255 mi (14.894 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1808
Farm to Market Road 1808LocationMitchell CountyLength8.400 mi (13.518 km)ExistedSeptember 29, 1954–present
FM 1808 (1951)
Farm to Market Road 1808LocationMitchell CountyExistedNovember 20, 1951–February 24, 1953
A previous route numbered FM 1808 was designated on November 20, 1951, from US 80 (now I-20 Business) at Westbrook to a point 5.8 miles (9.3 km) south. On December 17, 1952, the road was extended 3.0 miles (4.8 km) to SH 101 (now SH 163). FM 1808 was cancelled on February 24, 1953, and transferred to FM 670.
FM 1809
Farm to Market Road 1809LocationNolan CountyLength2.721 mi (4.379 km)Existed1951–present
Farm to Market Road 1809 (FM 1809) is located in Nolan County. It runs from SH 70, 5 miles (8.0 km) south of Sweetwater, westward approximately 2.7 miles (4.3 km) before state maintenance ends. The roadway continues as CR 145.
FM 1809 was designated on November 20, 1951, along the current route.
FM 1810
Farm to Market Road 1810LocationJack and Wise countiesLength27.724 mi (44.617 km)ExistedAugust 24, 1955–present
FM 1810 (1951)
Farm to Market Road 1810LocationWilbarger CountyExistedNovember 20, 1951–October 18, 1954
A previous route numbered FM 1810 was designated on November 20, 1951, from US 287, 3.5 miles (5.6 km) east of Vernon, northeast to Kingola. FM 1810 was cancelled on October 18, 1954, and became a portion of FM 1763.
FM 1811
Farm to Market Road 1811LocationWilbarger and Wichita countiesLength16.911 mi (27.216 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1812
Farm to Market Road 1812LocationFisher and Jones countiesLength25.415 mi (40.901 km)ExistedSeptember 29, 1954–present
FM 1812 (1951)
Farm to Market Road 1812LocationWichita CountyExistedNovember 20, 1951–February 25, 1954
A previous route numbered FM 1812 was designated on November 20, 1951, from SH 25 southwest to US 287 in Electra. FM 1812 was cancelled on February 25, 1954, and transferred to SH 25 when it was rerouted. The old route on 5th street, Avenue C, Waggoner Street, Glisson Street, and Main Street was given to the city.
FM 1813
Farm to Market Road 1813LocationWichita CountyLength1.898 mi (3.055 km)Existed1951–present
Farm to Market Road 1813 (FM 1813) is located in Wichita County.
It runs from SH 240 near the community of Clara southward and eastward to FM 368.
FM 1813 was designated on November 20, 1951, along the current route. The route at the southern terminus was formerly designated FM 1205, which was renumbered FM 368 on July 28, 1953.
FM 1814
Farm to Market Road 1814LocationWichita CountyLength2.173 mi (3.497 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1815
Farm to Market Road 1815LocationMontague CountyLength4.727 mi (7.607 km)ExistedNovember 20, 1951–present
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 1815KML is not from Wikidata
Farm to Market Road 1815 (FM 1815) is located in north-central Montague County. The two-lane highway connects FM 1956 with US 82 near Bonita.
FM 1815 was designated on November 20, 1951, running from US 82 to a point 2.3 miles (3.7 km) to the north. It was extended north to its current terminus on November 21, 1956.
FM 1816
Farm to Market Road 1816LocationMontague CountyLength17.853 mi (28.732 km)ExistedNovember 20, 1951–present
Farm to Market Road 1816 (FM 1816) is a two-lane highway in Montague County. It runs from SH 59 in Bowie to an intersection 1.1 miles (1.8 km) north of US 82. FM 1816 also intersects with FM 1806 east of Stoneburg and other various county secondary roads. The road generally parallels US 81 through central Montague County.
FM 1816 was designated on November 20, 1951, from US 82 north 1.1 miles (1.8 km). On August 24, 1955, FM 1816 was extended south 5.0 miles (8.0 km). On November 21, 1956, FM 1816 was extended south to FM 1806. On February 2, 1959, FM 1816 was extended south to SH 59, replacing FM 1935.
FM 1817
Farm to Market Road 1817LocationAnderson CountyLength8.86 mi (14.26 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1818
Farm to Market Road 1818LocationAngelina CountyLength20.792 mi (33.461 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1819
Farm to Market Road 1819LocationAngelina and Cherokee countiesLength7.122 mi (11.462 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1820
Farm to Market Road 1820 (FM 1820) is a designation that has been used twice. No highway currently uses the FM 1820 designation.
FM 1820 (1951)
Farm to Market Road 1820LocationShelby CountyExistedNovember 20, 1951–August 13, 1968
The first route numbered FM 1820 was designated in Shelby County on November 20, 1951, running from SH 87 at Shelbyville northeastward to Carroll Church at a distance of 6.4 miles (10.3 km). The highway was extended 5.4 miles (8.7 km) to FM 139 at Pauls Store on August 24, 1955. FM 1820 was cancelled and became a portion of FM 417 on August 13, 1968.
FM 1820 (1978)
Farm to Market Road 1820LocationWise CountyExistedApril 25, 1978–November 19, 1996
The second route numbered FM 1820 was designated in Wise County on April 25, 1978, running near the Lake Bridgeport Dam southeastward to US 380 at a distance of 1.1 miles (1.8 km). The highway was extended 1.8 miles (2.9 km) northward to FM 1658 on July 29, 1993. FM 1820 was cancelled on November 19, 1996, with the mileage being transferred to FM 1658.
FM 1821
Farm to Market Road 1821LocationPalo Pinto CountyLength5.838 mi (9.395 km)ExistedJanuary 29, 1959–present
Farm to Market Road 1821 (FM 1821) is located in Palo Pinto County.
FM 1821 begins at an intersection with FM 1195 near Mineral Wells Airport. The highway starts out running in a west direction along MH 379, then turns north onto Garrett Morris Parkway. FM 1821 travels through more rural areas of Mineral Wells before running near a subdivision and retail center near US 180. The highway leaves the Mineral Wells city limits just north of an intersection with FM 3027 and passes near a subdivision before the route becomes more rural. FM 1821 turns west at Hayes Road and continues to travel in a westward direction, ending at an intersection with US 281.
The current FM 1821 was designated on January 29, 1959, running from US 180 east of Mineral Wells southward and eastward to FM 1195 along a former routing of that highway. On September 27, 1960, the highway was extended northward to US 281 with an overlap with US 180. FM 1821 was routed off of US 180 on November 5, 1971.
Junction list
The entire route is in Palo Pinto County.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Mineral Wells0.00.0 FM 1195 – Mineral Wells Airport
2.33.7 US 180 – Mineral Wells, Weatherford
3.35.3 FM 3027 west (NE 23rd Street)
5.99.5 US 281 – Mineral Wells, Jacksboro
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
FM 1821 (1951)
Farm to Market Road 1821LocationShelby CountyExistedNovember 20, 1951–November 28, 1958
A previous route numbered FM 1821 was designated on November 20, 1951, running from SH 7 near Center southward to Jericho at a distance of 3.7 miles (6.0 km). The highway was cancelled on November 28, 1958, with the mileage being transferred to FM 711.
FM 1822
Farm to Market Road 1822LocationJackson CountyLength7.598 mi (12.228 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1823
Farm to Market Road 1823LocationJackson CountyLength6.93 mi (11.15 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1824
Farm to Market Road 1824LocationErath CountyLength4.518 mi (7.271 km)ExistedDecember 17, 1952–present
FM 1824 (1951)
Farm to Market Road 1824LocationBlanco CountyExistedNovember 20, 1951–January 29, 1953
A previous route numbered FM 1824 was designated on November 20, 1951, running from US 281 near Johnson City northwest 4.5 miles (7.2 km) toward Sandy. FM 1824 was cancelled on January 29, 1953 and became a portion of FM 1323.
FM 1825
Farm to Market Road 1825LocationTravis CountyLength3.913 mi (6.297 km)ExistedNovember 20, 1951–present
Farm to Market Road 1825 (FM 1825) is a 4-mile (6.437 km) route in Travis County. FM 1825 begins in far north Austin at I-35 exit 247. It proceeds north and then east 3.9 miles (6.3 km) into Pflugerville, within which it is named Pecan Street. FM 1825 ends in Pflugerville at an intersection with FM 685. FM 1825 also includes a short 0.8-mile (1.3 km) unsigned spur along Vision Drive that acts as a bypass for the north–south section running parallel to I-35.
As designated on November 20, 1951, FM 1825 originally included only the segment from Three Points Road eastward, which intersected with US 81 at the time. On January 18, 1960, the alignment of US 81 was altered to align with I-35; FM 1825 was extended south 1.1 miles (1.8 km) to intersect with the new I-35 alignment, and Three Points Road between FM 1825 and I-35 was added as an unsigned spur. On June 27, 1995, FM 1825 was redesignated as Urban Road 1825 (UR 1825). The designation reverted to FM 1825 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
RM 1826
Ranch to Market Road 1826LocationHays and Travis countiesLength12.088 mi (19.454 km)ExistedNovember 20, 1951–present
Ranch to Market Road 1826 (RM 1826) is a 12-mile (19 km) east–west route located in Travis and Hays counties.
RM 1826 begins at an intersection with RM 150 just north of Driftwood. The route proceeds northeast 8.4 miles (13.5 km), entering Travis County to intersect the stub end of the southern segment of SH 45. It continues northeast 3.7 miles (6.0 km) along the Austin city limits to its northern terminus, along US 290 west of its intersection with SH 71 in the Oak Hill neighborhood of Austin.
RM 1826 was designated on November 20, 1951, as Farm to Market Road 1826 (FM 1826), from US 290 southwestward to the Hays County line. On September 29, 1954, the route was extended west 7.9 miles (12.7 km) to FM 966 (now RM 150) near Driftwood, and the designation was changed to RM 150.
Junction list
CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Hays0.00.0 RM 150 – DriftwoodSouthern terminus
1.32.1 RM 967 – Buda
TravisAustin8.513.7 SH 45 to Loop 1
12.119.5 US 290 to SH 71 – Austin, Johnson CityNorthern terminus
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
FM 1827
Farm to Market Road 1827LocationCollin CountyLength10.784 mi (17.355 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1828
Farm to Market Road 1828LocationSchleicher CountyLength16.099 mi (25.909 km)ExistedOctober 31, 1957–present
FM 1828 (1951)
Farm to Market Road 1828LocationCollin CountyExistedNovember 20, 1951–May 20, 1955
The first use of the FM 1828 designation was on November 20, 1951, in Collin County, from SH 24 west of McKinney north 3.0 miles (4.8 km) to a road intersection. FM 1828 was cancelled on May 20, 1955, and became a portion of FM 1461.
FM 1828 (1955)
Farm to Market Road 1828LocationSan Jacinto CountyExistedAugust 24, 1955–December 17, 1956
The next use of the FM 1828 designation was on August 24, 1955, in San Jacinto County, from SH 150, 2 miles (3.2 km) south of Coldspring, south 5.5 miles (8.9 km) to a road intersection. FM 1828 was cancelled on December 17, 1956, and became a portion of FM 2025.
FM 1829
Farm to Market Road 1829LocationCoryell CountyLength7.129 mi (11.473 km)ExistedDecember 17, 1952–present
FM 1829 (1951)
Farm to Market Road 1829LocationDenton CountyExistedNovember 20, 1951–January 29, 1953
A previous route numbered FM 1829 was designated on November 20, 1951, from SH 10 in Pilot Point west 5.8 miles (9.3 km) to a road intersection. FM 1829 was cancelled on January 29, 1953, and transferred to FM 455.
FM 1830
Farm to Market Road 1830LocationDenton CountyLength5.477 mi (8.814 km)Existed1951–present
Farm to Market Road 1830 (FM 1830) is located in Denton County.
FM 1830 begins at an intersection with FM 407 in Argyle. The highway travels in a northern direction along the eastern edge of the town, leaving the city limits at an intersection with Hickory Hill Road. FM 1830 travels through areas that feature a mix between subdivisions and farm land, entering Denton near Ryan Road. The highway travels through less developed areas of the city, ending at an intersection with US 377.
FM 1830 was designated on November 20, 1951, traveling from US 377 southward to a road intersection at a distance of 6.2 miles (10.0 km). The highway was extended 2.0 miles (3.2 km) southward to FM 1078 at Bartonville on December 17, 1952. The section of FM 1830 between FM 1172 and FM 1078 was cancelled and transferred to FM 407 (along with all of FM 1172 and FM 1078) on January 6, 1955, decreasing the route's length by 2.6 miles (4.2 km). The route was redesignated Urban Road 1830 (UR 1830) on June 27, 1995. The designation reverted to FM 1830 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
FM 1831
Farm to Market Road 1831LocationCrosby CountyLength7.554 mi (12.157 km)Existed1951–present
RM 1832
Ranch to Market Road 1832LocationJeff Davis CountyLength10.859 mi (17.476 km)ExistedMarch 26, 1953–present
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Ranch to Market Road 1832KML is not from Wikidata
RM 1832 in the Davis Mountains of northeastern Jeff Davis County
Ranch to Market Road 1832 (RM 1832) is located in Jeff Davis County. The 10.9-mile-long (17.5 km) route connects the Boy Scouts of America's Buffalo Trails Scout Ranch to SH 17, about 25.1 miles (40.4 km) north of Fort Davis.
On March 26, 1953, Farm to Market Road 1832 (FM 1832) was designated along the present route. The route was to be cancelled and given to Jeff Davis County upon the completion of construction, which occurred by September 20, 1954. On September 20, 1955, the designation was restored. The road was redesignated RM 1832 on October 27, 1959.
FM 1832 (1951)
Farm to Market Road 1832LocationCallahan CountyExistedNovember 20, 1951–January 28, 1953
A previous route numbered FM 1832 was designated in Callahan County on November 20, 1951, as a 6.0-mile (9.7 km) road linking the former US 80 (now I-20) 1.0 mile (1.6 km) east of Putnam to a road intersection. On December 17, 1952, FM 1832 was extended to US 380 near Moran. FM 1832 was cancelled on January 28, 1953, and became an extension of FM 880.
FM 1833
Farm to Market Road 1833LocationNueces CountyLength7.717 mi (12.419 km)ExistedOctober 28, 1953–present
FM 1833 (1951)
Farm to Market Road 1833LocationFisher CountyExistedNovember 20, 1951–November 4, 1953
A previous route numbered FM 1833 was designated on November 20, 1951, from FM 57 at Sylvester to a point 8.6 miles (13.8 km) southeast. FM 1833 was cancelled on November 4, 1953, and transferred to FM 1085.
FM 1834
Farm to Market Road 1834LocationWillacy CountyLength2.045 mi (3.291 km)ExistedJune 28, 1963–present
FM 1834 (1951)
Farm to Market Road 1834LocationHaskell CountyExistedDecember 11, 1951–October 22, 1962
A previous route numbered FM 1834 was designated on December 11, 1951, from FM 618 to a point 0.8 miles (1.3 km) west as a replacement of a section of FM 618. On November 21, 1956, the road was extended 9.1 miles (14.6 km) northwest to Haskell. FM 1834 was cancelled on October 22, 1962, and transferred to FM 600.
FM 1835
Farm to Market Road 1835LocationStonewall and Jones countiesLength36.047 mi (58.012 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1836
Farm to Market Road 1836LocationKaufman CountyLength15.708 mi (25.280 km)Existed1951–present
RM 1837
Ranch to Market Road 1837LocationJeff Davis CountyLength3.383 mi (5.444 km)ExistedMarch 26, 1953–present
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Ranch to Market Road 1837KML is not from Wikidata
Eastern terminus of RM 1837 at SH 118 in southeastern Jeff Davis County. Mountain in background is Mitre Peak
Ranch to Market Road 1837 (RM 1837) is located in Jeff Davis County. It connects the Girl Scouts of the USA's Camp Mitre Peak to SH 118 14.2 miles (22.9 km) south of Fort Davis.
RM 1837 was designated on March 26, 1953, and was to be cancelled and relinquished to the county upon completion, which occurred on September 20, 1954. On September 20, 1955, the route was restored as part of the state highway system as Farm to Market Road 1837 (FM 1837). The designation was again changed to RM 1837 on October 1, 1959.
FM 1837 (1951)
Farm to Market Road 1837LocationKaufman CountyExistedNovember 20, 1951–January 29, 1953
A previous route numbered FM 1837 was designated in Kaufman County on November 20, 1951, from US 80, 1.0 mile (1.6 km) east of Terrell, southeastward 4.8 miles (7.7 km). FM 1837 was cancelled on January 29, 1953, and became part of an extended FM 429.
FM 1838
Farm to Market Road 1838LocationNavarro CountyLength9.353 mi (15.052 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1839
Farm to Market Road 1839LocationNavarro CountyLength5.813 mi (9.355 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1840
Farm to Market Road 1840LocationBowie CountyLength13.818 mi (22.238 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1841
Farm to Market Road 1841LocationCass CountyLength22.247 mi (35.803 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1842
Farm to Market Road 1842LocationLamb CountyLength11.408 mi (18.359 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1843
Farm to Market Road 1843LocationLamb CountyLength5.785 mi (9.310 km)ExistedNovember 20, 1951–present
Farm to Market Road 1843 (FM 1843) is located in Lamb County. It runs from US 84 in Sudan east to FM 1055 north of Amherst.
FM 1843 was designated on November 20, 1951, along its current route.
FM 1844
Farm to Market Road 1844LocationUpshur and Gregg countiesLength11.196 mi (18.018 km)ExistedNovember 20, 1951–present
Farm to Market Road 1844 (FM 1844) is located in Upshur and Gregg counties. It runs from US 271 in Union Grove east to US 259 near Judson. FM 1844 was designated on November 20, 1951, from US 271 in Union Grove to FM 1403 (now SH 300). On December 16 of that year, FM 1844 was extended to SH 26 (now US 259) at Judson. On November 5, 1971, it was extended from old US 259 to new US 259.
Junction list
CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes
UpshurUnion Grove US 271 – Gilmer, Gladewater
East Mountain FM 1845 (Main Street)
SH 300 (Gilmer Road) – Gilmer, Longview
GreggJudson Spur 502 (Judson Road) – Longview
FM 2751 north
US 259 – Ore City, Longview
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
FM 1845
Farm to Market Road 1845LocationUpshur and Gregg countiesLength9.702 mi (15.614 km)ExistedNovember 20, 1951–present
Farm to Market Road 1845 (FM 1845) is Upshur and Gregg counties. It runs from US 80 in Longview northwest to FM 726 near East Mountain. It is known as Pine Tree Road in Longview.
FM 1845 was designated on November 20, 1951, from FM 1844 south to the Gregg County line. On September 25, 1952, it was extended south to SH 26 (later US 259; this section now part of SH 31). On July 28, 1953, FM 1845 was extended to SH 149, replacing FM 1919 on that route. On November 3, 1969, it was extended south over the old location of SH 149 to Interstate Highway 20 (I-20). On October 26, 1983, it was extended northwest 0.6 miles (0.97 km) to East Mountain. On February 26, 1986, FM 1845 was extended northwest to FM 726. On March 25, 1992, the section from US 80 to I-20 was transferred to Loop 281. On June 27, 1995, the section from FM 2275 to US 80 was redesignated Urban Road 1845 (UR 1845). The designation of this section reverted to FM 1845 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
Junction list
CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes
GreggLongview US 80 (Marshall Avenue) – White Oak, Hallsville
Loop 281
FM 2605 west (Teneryville Road)
FM 2275 (George Richey Road)
UpshurEast Mountain FM 1844
FM 726
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
FM 1846
Farm to Market Road 1846LocationCameron CountyLength7.483 mi (12.043 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1847
Farm to Market Road 1847LocationCameron CountyLength27.764 mi (44.682 km)ExistedNovember 20, 1951–present
FM 1847 flooded following Hurricane Dolly in July 2008
Farm to Market Road 1847 (FM 1847) is located in Cameron County. FM 1847 was originally designated on November 20, 1951, from a road intersection southward 4.1 miles (6.6 km) to SH 100 in Los Fresnos, Texas. On December 17, 1952, it was extended 10.7 miles (17.2 km) south to SH 48, and the north end became part of FM 732 (which had its east end there). On October 26, 1954, this section of FM 732 became part of FM 510 which had extended west. On June 28, 1963, it was extended another 5.6 miles (9.0 km) northward to FM 2358, with another extension northward to Arroyo Colorado on November 10, 1967, replacing part of FM 2358, which was canceled as the remainder west to FM 803 became part of FM 106 as several farm to market roads in the area were changed. The road at the north end would become part of FM 2925 (which ended there) on November 3, 1972. FM 2925 was extended east from FM 1847 on May 7, 1974, so the roads were no longer end to end. The portion south of FM 3248 was transferred to Urban Road 1847 (UR 1847) on June 27, 1995. The designation of this section reverted to FM 1847 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
FM 1848
Farm to Market Road 1848LocationFreestone and Leon countiesLength9.646 mi (15.524 km)ExistedMay 6, 1964–present
FM 1848 (1951)
Farm to Market Road 1848LocationCottle CountyExistedNovember 20, 1951–September 14, 1963
A previous route numbered FM 1848 was designated on November 20, 1951, from FM 1038 south to Sneedville. FM 1848 was cancelled on September 14, 1963, and transferred to FM 1168.
FM 1849
Farm to Market Road 1849LocationBrown CountyLength4.113 mi (6.619 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1850
Farm to Market Road 1850LocationBrown CountyLength2.901 mi (4.669 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1851
Farm to Market Road 1851LocationMcCulloch and Mason countiesLength7.524 mi (12.109 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1852
Farm to Market Road 1852LocationStephens and Eastland countiesLength14.79 mi (23.80 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1853
Farm to Market Road 1853LocationStephens and Eastland countiesLength13.056 mi (21.012 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1854
Farm to Market Road 1854LocationCaldwell CountyLength13.74 mi (22.11 km)Existed1951–present
RM 1855
Ranch to Market Road 1855LocationBurnet CountyLength1.614 mi (2.597 km)ExistedNovember 20, 1951–present
FM 1856
Farm to Market Road 1856LocationNolan CountyLength10.008 mi (16.106 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1857
Farm to Market Road 1857LocationCherokee CountyLength10.326 mi (16.618 km)ExistedDecember 17, 1952–present
FM 1857 (1951)
Farm to Market Road 1857LocationHoward CountyExistedNovember 20, 1951–by January 18, 1952
The first use of the FM 1857 designation was in Howard County, from US 87 northwest of Big Spring northeast to FM 1584 at Vealmoor. FM 1857 was cancelled by January 18, 1952, and transferred to FM 669.
FM 1857 (1952)
Farm to Market Road 1857LocationGlasscock CountyExistedJanuary 18, 1952–January 23, 1953
The next use of the FM 1857 designation was in Glasscock County, from SH 158, 4 miles (6.4 km) east of the Midland County line, northwest 7.0 miles (11.3 km) to a road intersection. On August 20, 1952, the road was extended northwest to FM 307. FM 1857 was cancelled on January 23, 1953 and transferred to FM 1800 (now SH 137).
FM 1858
Farm to Market Road 1858LocationMcLennan CountyLength10.881 mi (17.511 km)ExistedOctober 31, 1958–present
FM 1858 (1951)
Farm to Market Road 1858LocationAustin CountyExistedNovember 20, 1951–April 24, 1953
A previous route numbered FM 1858 was designated on November 20, 1951, from SH 159, 3 miles (4.8 km) east of Nelsonville, southwest 5.0 miles (8.0 km) to a road intersection. On December 17, 1952, the road was extended southwest 2.6 miles (4.2 km) to FM 1094. FM 1858 was cancelled on April 24, 1953; the original section was eliminated from the highway system in exchange for extending FM 1371 from the Washington–Austin county line to FM 1456; the remainder was eliminated from the highway system in exchange for extending FM 332 from FM 109 in Welcome to the end of FM 1263 at the Washington–Austin county line and the creation of FM 1952 (which then had its south end at the Austin–Fort Bend county line).
FM 1859
Farm to Market Road 1859LocationBosque CountyLength0.291 mi (468 m)Existed1951–present
FM 1860
Farm to Market Road 1860LocationMcLennan CountyLength17.587 mi (28.304 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1861
Farm to Market Road 1861LocationVan Zandt and Henderson countiesLength14.537 mi (23.395 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1862
Farm to Market Road 1862LocationJackson and Matagorda countiesLength12.055 mi (19.401 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1863
Farm to Market Road 1863LocationComal and Bexar countiesLength17.097 mi (27.515 km)ExistedDecember 17, 1952–present
Farm to Market Road 1863 (FM 1863) is a 17-mile (27 km) route located primarily in Comal County. FM 1863 begins in Bulverde, at an interchange with US 281, and travels east through the southern portion of the city. Due to the manner in which the route was constructed, the route briefly enters Bexar County before returning to Comal County. It intersects FM 3009 near the Bulverde city limits. It continues eastward, eventually entering New Braunfels and ending at a junction with SH 46.
The current designation for FM 1863 was introduced on December 17, 1952 (numbered January 23, 1953 or later); at that time, the route's western terminus was listed as a "road intersection" 5 miles (8.0 km) west of SH 46. The designation was extended to the west 4.4 miles (7.1 km) on October 13, 1954. On November 21, 1956, the route was extended northwest 5 miles (8.0 km), and then extended westward to US 281 on October 31, 1957.
FM 1863 (1951)
Farm to Market Road 1863LocationNacogdoches CountyExistedNovember 20, 1951–January 23, 1953
A previous route numbered FM 1863 was designated on November 20, 1951, from SH 21 near Chireno north 6.3 miles (10.1 km) via Attoyac to a road intersection. FM 1863 was cancelled on January 23, 1953, and transferred to FM 1274 (which became part of FM 95 in 1964; FM 1274 was reused on a different route elsewhere in the state).
FM 1864
Farm to Market Road 1864LocationCallahan and Eastland countiesLength9.875 mi (15.892 km)Existed1951–present
RM 1865
Ranch to Market Road 1865LocationTerrell and Val Verde countiesLength2.815 mi (4.530 km)ExistedNovember 20, 1951–present
Ranch to Market Road 1865 (RM 1865) is located in Terrell and Val Verde counties. Its southern terminus is at US 90 in Terrell County, just east of the Val Verde County line. The route enters Val Verde County and travels to the northeast before ending at the Union Pacific Railroad line in Pumpville.
The route was designated as Farm to Market Road 1865 (FM 1865) on November 21, 1951, along the current route. On October 17, 1959, the designation was changed to RM 1865.
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Ranch to Market Road 1865KML is from Wikidata
FM 1866
Farm to Market Road 1866LocationZavala CountyLength7.28 mi (11.72 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1867
Farm to Market Road 1867LocationZavala and Dimmit countiesLength21.149 mi (34.036 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1868
Farm to Market Road 1868LocationDickens CountyLength10.05 mi (16.17 km)Existed1951–present
RM 1869
Ranch to Market Road 1869LocationBurnet and Williamson countiesLength12.732 mi (20.490 km)ExistedNovember 20, 1951–present
Ranch to Market Road 1869 (RM 1869) is located in Burnet and Williamson counties. It begins in Burnet County at an intersection with RM 1174 south of Bertram, within the Balcones Canyonlands National Wildlife Refuge. The route travels east into Williamson County, crossing SH 29 in Liberty Hill, before turning to the northeast and ending at a junction with US 183.
RM 1869 was designated on November 20, 1951, as Farm to Market Road 1869 (FM 1869), from SH 29 at Liberty Hill northeast 3.4 miles (5.5 km) to SH 74 (now US 183). The designation was changed to RM 1869 on October 1, 1956. On November 21, 1956, the road was extended west 9.0 miles (14.5 km) to what is now RM 1174.
Junction list
CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Burnet0.00.0 RM 1174 – BertramWestern terminus
WilliamsonLiberty Hill9.415.1 Loop 332 (Main Street)
10.116.3 SH 29 – Burnet, Georgetown
12.720.4 US 183 – Austin, LampasasEastern terminus
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
FM 1870
Farm to Market Road 1870LocationHopkins CountyLength6.414 mi (10.322 km)ExistedDecember 18, 1953–present
FM 1870 (1951)
Farm to Market Road 1870LocationBastrop CountyExistedNovember 20, 1951–November 13, 1953
A previous route numbered FM 1870 was designated on November 20, 1951, from SH 71, 1.3 miles (2.1 km) north of Smithville, towards Winchester to a point 6.8 miles (10.9 km). On October 28, 1953, the road was extended east 0.7 miles (1.1 km) to the Fayette County line. FM 1870 was cancelled on November 13, 1953, and transferred to FM 153.
RM 1871
Ranch to Market Road 1871LocationMason and Kimble countiesLength27.087 mi (43.592 km)ExistedNovember 20, 1951–present
This was originally FM 1871.
FM 1872
Farm to Market Road 1872LocationPolk CountyLength0.783 mi (1,260 m)Existed1951–present
FM 1873
Farm to Market Road 1873LocationLive Oak CountyLength11.444 mi (18.417 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1874
Farm to Market Road 1874LocationRunnels CountyLength2.009 mi (3.233 km)ExistedOctober 31, 1958–present
FM 1874 (1951)
Farm to Market Road 1874LocationBaylor CountyExistedNovember 20, 1951–October 18, 1954
A previous route numbered FM 1874 was designated on November 20, 1951, from FM 422, 1 mile (1.6 km) west of England, south to SH 199 (now SH 114). FM 1874 was cancelled on October 18, 1954, and became a portion of FM 1790.
FM 1875
Farm to Market Road 1875LocationFort Bend CountyLength4.596 mi (7.397 km)ExistedNovember 20, 1951–present
View south on FM 1875 near US 90 Alt. east of Tavener
Farm to Market Road 1875 (FM 1875) is located in Fort Bend County. The two-lane highway begins at Loop 540 southwest of Beasley and heads generally northwest to US 90 Alt. at a location east of Tavener.
FM 1875 begins at a stop sign on Loop 540 southwest of Beasley. The highway immediately crosses the Union Pacific Railroad tracks and heads straight to the northwest for about 2.75 miles (4.43 km). In this stretch, the road passes Ward Airpark on the right at Kovar Road. At Drachenberg Road, FM 1875 curves briefly to the northeast for 0.25 miles (0.40 km) before swinging back to the northwest again. After heading northwest for 0.65 miles (1.05 km), the highway turns and goes north by northwest for the final 1.0 mile (1.6 km) before ending at a stop sign at US 90 Alt. North of Drachenberg Road, FM 1875 is also known as Beasley Road.
FM 1875 was first designated on November 20, 1951, to run about 4.8 miles (7.7 km) from US 90 Alt. near Tavener to US 59 near Beasley. On April 14, 1980, a 3.1-mile (5.0 km) section of US 59 near Beasley became Loop 540.
FM 1876
Farm to Market Road 1876LocationHarris and Fort Bend countiesLength5.594 mi (9.003 km)Existed1951–present
Farm to Market Road 1876 (FM 1876) is located in Harris and Fort Bend counties. It runs from Bellaire Boulevard south to US 90 Alt.
FM 1876 was designated on November 20, 1951, from US 59 (now US 90 Alt.) near Sugar Land northward 3.4 miles (5.5 km) to the Harris County line. On October 31, 1958, the road was extended 6.4 miles (10.3 km) north to FM 1093. On November 24, 1959, the road was relocated in Harris County, shortening the route by 2 miles. On September 25, 1962, the section in Harris County was cancelled, bringing the route back to its 1951 configuration. On May 25, 1976, the road was extended north 2.2 miles (3.5 km) into Harris County to the intersection of Synott Road and Bellaire Boulevard. The entire route was transferred to UR 1876 on June 27, 1995, but was changed back to FM 1876 on November 15, 2018.
FM 1877
Farm to Market Road 1877LocationAngelina CountyLength1.116 mi (1.796 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1878
Farm to Market Road 1878LocationNacogdoches CountyLength14.764 mi (23.760 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1879
Farm to Market Road 1879LocationDallam CountyLength12.799 mi (20.598 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1880
Farm to Market Road 1880LocationDelta CountyLength1.232 mi (1.983 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1881
Farm to Market Road 1881LocationSwisher CountyLength13.408 mi (21.578 km)ExistedApril 24, 1953–present
FM 1881 (1951)
Farm to Market Road 1881LocationWise CountyExistedNovember 20, 1951–February 6, 1953
A previous route numbered FM 1881 was designated on November 20, 1951, from SH 24 (later SH 114, now SH 101) at Chico east 4.0 miles (6.4 km) to a road intersection. On December 17, 1952, the road was extended north 6.5 miles (10.5 km) to US 81 at Alvord. FM 1881 was cancelled on February 6, 1953, and transferred to FM 1655.
FM 1882
Farm to Market Road 1882LocationEctor CountyLength12.156 mi (19.563 km)ExistedOctober 28, 1953–present
FM 1882 (1951–1953)
Farm to Market Road 1882LocationWise CountyExistedNovember 20, 1951–February 6, 1953
The first use of the FM 1882 designation was in Wise County, from SH 24 (now US 380) in Decatur south 7.0 miles (11.3 km) to a road intersection. On December 17, 1952, the road was extended south 6.0 miles (9.7 km) to SH 114 in Boyd. FM 1882 was cancelled on February 6, 1953, and transferred to FM 730.
FM 1882 (1953)
Farm to Market Road 1882LocationEllis CountyExistedMarch 26, 1953–November 19, 1953
The next use of the FM 1882 designation was in Ellis County, from US 77 in Milford southeast to the Hill County line. Seven months later FM 1882 was cancelled to FM 308.
FM 1883
Farm to Market Road 1883LocationClay CountyLength9.746 mi (15.685 km)ExistedNovember 20, 1951–present
Farm to Market Road 1883 (FM 1883) is located in south central Clay County, with a spur connection to the unincorporated community of Deer Creek.
FM 1883 begins at an intersection with FM 172 and runs south. It then runs to the east, passing Deer Creek, before ending at SH 148. The roadway continues to the east as Lower Slobovia Road.
FM 1883 was designated on November 20, 1951, from FM 172 southwest to Deer Creek, replacing a former segment of that route. On April 29, 1952, FM 1883 was rerouted to end at SH 148. The western end was realigned on November 24, 1959, with the previous route becoming the spur connection to Deer Creek.
FM 1884
Farm to Market Road 1884LocationParker CountyLength7.925 mi (12.754 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1885
Farm to Market Road 1885LocationPalo Pinto and Parker countiesLength15.474 mi (24.903 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1886
Farm to Market Road 1886LocationTarrant and Parker countiesLength9.806 mi (15.781 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1887
Farm to Market Road 1887LocationWaller CountyLength13.694 mi (22.038 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1888
Farm to Market Road 1888 (FM 1888) is a designation that has been used three times. No highway currently uses the FM 1888 designation.
FM 1888 (1951)
Farm to Market Road 1888LocationBandera and Medina countiesExistedNovember 20, 1951–May 25, 1953
FM 1888 was first designated on November 20, 1951, running from FM 470 at Tarpley southward to the Medina County line at a distance of 2.5 miles (4.0 km). The highway was extended 24.7 miles (39.8 km) to US 90 in Hondo a month later on December 18. FM 1888 was cancelled and transferred to FM 462 on May 25, 1953.
FM 1888 (1953)
Farm to Market Road 1888LocationFalls CountyExistedJune 23, 1953–December 13, 1956
FM 1888 was designated a second time in 1953, running from FM 413 southward to Eloise at a distance of 1.2 miles (1.9 km). The highway was cancelled and transferred to FM 1373 in 1956.
FM 1888 (1958)
Farm to Market Road 1888LocationHill CountyExistedOctober 31, 1958–July 24, 1963
FM 1888 was designated for a third time on October 31, 1958, running from FM 308 at Penelope eastward to a road intersection at a distance of 4.2 miles (6.8 km); part of this route was transferred from Spur 224. The highway was extended 4.3 miles (6.9 km) to SH 171 in Hubbard on November 24, 1959. FM 1888 was deleted on July 24, 1963, with the mileage being transferred to FM 2114.
RM 1888
Ranch to Market Road 1888LocationBlanco, Kendall, and Gillespie countiesLength16.273 mi (26.189 km)ExistedMay 6, 1964–present
Ranch to Market Road 1888 (RM 1888) is in Blanco, Kendall and Gillespie counties. It runs from RM 1623 westward to RM 1376.
RM 1888 was designated on May 6, 1964, from RM 1623, 5 miles (8.0 km) west of Blanco, westward 3.5 miles (5.6 km). On June 1, 1965, RM 1888 was extended west to RM 1376.
FM 1889
Farm to Market Road 1889LocationNueces CountyLength4.069 mi (6.548 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1890
Farm to Market Road 1890LocationColorado CountyLength3.397 mi (5.467 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1891
Farm to Market Road 1891LocationLavaca CountyLength9.131 mi (14.695 km)Existed1951–present
Farm to Market Road 1891 (FM 1891) is located in Lavaca County. From a junction with SH 95 north of Shiner, it runs 9.1 miles (14.6 km) east and then south via Wied to US 90 Alt. east of Shiner.
FM 1891 was designated on November 20, 1951, from SH 200 (now US 90 Alt.) north 2.4 miles (3.9 km). On December 17, 1952, it was extended 3.8 miles (6.1 km) northwest. On September 26, 1954, it was extended 3.6 miles (5.8 km) west to SH 95.
FM 1892
Farm to Market Road 1892LocationAnderson CountyLength0.884 mi (1,423 m)ExistedMay 2, 1962–present
Farm to Market Road 1892 (FM 1892) is located in Anderson County. It runs 0.9 miles (1.4 km) from east of Frankston north, then east, to a boat ramp just west of the dam at Lake Palestine, near the headquarters of the Upper Neches River Municipal Water Authority which owns and operates the lake.
FM 1892 (1951–1952)
Farm to Market Road 1892LocationAtascosa CountyExistedDecember 18, 1951–January 29, 1953
The first use of the FM 1892 designation was in Atascosa County, from US 281, 1.8 miles (2.9 km) south of the Bexar County line, eastward 3.7 miles (6.0 km) to a county road. On April 29, 1952, the road was extended 2.1 miles (3.4 km) east to the Wilson County line. FM 1892 was cancelled on January 29, 1953, and transferred to FM 536.
FM 1892 (1952–1960)
Farm to Market Road 1892LocationKendall CountyExistedDecember 17, 1952–October 18, 1960
The next use of the FM 1892 designation was in Kendall County, from FM 473 (now RM 473) at Sisterdale south 5.5 miles (8.9 km) toward Boerne. It was numbered on January 29, 1953 or later. On October 28, 1953, the road was extended another 5.0 miles (8.0 km) south, and an additional 2.5 miles (4.0 km) south to US 87 on October 13, 1954. On September 21, 1955, a section from FM 473 to a point 4.0 miles (6.4 km) north was added, creating a concurrency with FM 473. On November 21, 1956, the road was extended north 1.0 mile (1.6 km). On September 27, 1960, the road was extended north 7.5 miles (12.1 km) to the Gillespie County line. FM 1892 was cancelled on October 18, 1960, and transferred to RM 1376.
FM 1893
Farm to Market Road 1893LocationTrinity CountyLength0.788 mi (1,268 m)Existed1951–present
FM 1894
Farm to Market Road 1894LocationCochran CountyLength3.202 mi (5.153 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1895
Farm to Market Road 1895LocationKaufman CountyLength7.538 mi (12.131 km)ExistedMarch 26, 1953–present
FM 1895 (1951)
Farm to Market Road 1895LocationLa Salle CountyExistedDecember 18, 1951–January 29, 1953
A previous route numbered FM 1895 was designated on November 20, 1951, from US 81 at Millet southeast 9.0 miles (14.5 km) towards Los Angeles. FM 1895 was cancelled on January 29, 1953, and transferred to FM 469.
FM 1896
Farm to Market Road 1896LocationFranklin and Titus countiesLength11.169 mi (17.975 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1897
Farm to Market Road 1897LocationGrayson CountyLength5.581 mi (8.982 km)Existed1951–present
FM 1898
Farm to Market Road 1898LocationKleberg CountyLength3.413 mi (5.493 km)ExistedOctober 28, 1953–present
FM 1898 (1951)
Farm to Market Road 1898LocationGrayson CountyExistedDecember 18, 1951–November 12, 1953
A previous route numbered FM 1898 was designated on December 18, 1951, from SH 10 (now US 377) at Collinsville east and south 5.9 miles (9.5 km) to Ethel. FM 1898 was cancelled on November 12, 1953, and transferred to FM 902.
FM 1899
Farm to Market Road 1899LocationMitchell CountyLength8.758 mi (14.095 km)ExistedOctober 31, 1958–present
Farm to Market Road 1899 (FM 1899) is located in Mitchell County. Its western terminus is at I-20 exit 220, approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) east of Colorado City; the unimproved roadway that runs south from this interchange is CR 135. It runs northward and then eastward for 8.7 miles (14.0 km) before ending at FM 644, from where the unimproved roadway continues as CR 464.
FM 1899 was designated on October 31, 1958, along the current route. At the time, the route at the eastern terminus was still designated US 80.
FM 1899 (1951)
Farm to Market Road 1899LocationHartley CountyExistedNovember 20, 1951–December 7, 1953
The first use of the FM 1899 designation was in Hartley County, from FM 1712, east 6.0 miles (9.7 km) to a road intersection. On December 1, 1953, the road was extended east 6.5 miles (10.5 km) to the Moore County line. FM 1899 was cancelled on December 7, 1953, and transferred to FM 281.
FM 1899 (1953)
Farm to Market Road 1899LocationTaylor CountyExistedOctober 29, 1953–September 2, 1955
The next use of the FM 1899 designation was in Taylor County, from US 277 at View to a point 4.5 miles (7.2 km) north. FM 1899 was cancelled on September 2, 1955, and transferred to FM 1235.
Notes
^ RM 1855 was previously designated as FM 1855 from 1951 to 1956.
^ RM 1865 was previously designated as FM 1865 from 1951 to 1956.
^ RM 1869 was previously designated as FM 1869 from 1951 to 1956.
^ RM 1871 was previously designated as FM 1871 from 1951 to 1956.
References
^ a b c d e Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1800". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 656. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 2404". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway No. 137". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1801". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1802". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 149. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1803". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1804". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1805". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1806". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1807". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1808". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1809". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 775. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1810". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1811". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1812". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1813". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
^ Minor, David: Clara, TX from the Handbook of Texas Online (December 1, 1994)
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 305. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1205". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1814". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1815". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 381. Retrieved December 2, 2022.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1816". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1817". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1818". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1819". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1820". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 417". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1658". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1821". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1195". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
^ Google (June 24, 2018). "Route of FM 1821" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 711". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1822". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1823". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1824". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 1323". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 1825". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1825". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
^ a b c d "Minute Order 115371" (PDF). Texas Transportation Commission. November 15, 2018. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
^ a b c d e Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 1826". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1639. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1589. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
^ Google (June 6, 2018). "Overview map of Farm to Market Road 1826 Distances Between Interchanges" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1827". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1828". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1829". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1830". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 407". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 1830". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1831". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 1832". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1354. Retrieved February 3, 2022.
^ https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676444.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
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^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1834". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1835". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1836". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 25, 2018.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 1837". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
^ Google (December 6, 2009). "SH 118 between junction of RM 1837 and Fort Davis" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
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^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1839". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 25, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1840". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 25, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1841". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 25, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1842". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 25, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1843". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 288. Retrieved November 16, 2022.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1844". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1845". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 1845". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1846". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1847". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 1847". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1848". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1849". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1850". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1851". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1852". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1853". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1854". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 1855". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1856". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1857". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 669". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1858". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ Texas State Highway Department (April 22, 1953). "Minutes of the 453rd Meeting of the Texas State Highway Department" (PDF). Austin: Texas State Highway Department.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1859". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1860". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1861". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1862". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ a b c d e Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1863". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1786. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1787. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1864". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 25, 2018.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 1865". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1722. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1672. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1866". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1867". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1868". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
^ a b c d e Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 1869". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1434. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
^ Google (January 13, 2011). "Overview map of Ranch to Market Road 1869 Distances Between Interchanges" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 13, 2011.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1870". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 1871". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1872". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1873". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1874". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1875". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
^ Google (March 27, 2013). "Farm to Market Road 1875" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved March 27, 2013.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 540". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 27, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1876". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1877". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1878". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1879". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1880". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1881". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 26, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1882". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1883". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 406. Retrieved December 2, 2022.
^ Minor, David: Deer Creek, TX from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved December 2, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 407. Retrieved December 2, 2022.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1884". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1885". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1886". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1887". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 462". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1373". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 224". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2114". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 1888". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1889". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 25, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1890". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 25, 2018.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1891". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 25, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1875. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1892". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 11, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 536". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 1376". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1893". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1894". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1895". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1896". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1897". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1898". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1899". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 773. Retrieved June 2, 2023.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 774. Retrieved June 2, 2023.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Farm to Market Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm-to-market_road"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation"}],"text":"Farm to Market Roads in Texas are owned and maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT).","title":"List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (1800–1899)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stephens County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephens_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_67"},{"link_name":"Breckenridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breckenridge,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas Department of Criminal Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Criminal_Justice"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1800-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_656-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1800-1"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1800 (FM 1800) is located in Stephens County. It runs from SH 67 northeast of Breckenridge westward to the Texas Department of Criminal Justice's Walker Sayle Unit.[1][2]The current FM 1800 was designated on December 22, 1993, on the current route.[1]","title":"FM 1800"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 307","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_307"},{"link_name":"Midland County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Martin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20"},{"link_name":"Stanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 158","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_158"},{"link_name":"Glasscock County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasscock_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1857"},{"link_name":"SH 137","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_137"},{"link_name":"Reagan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagan_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"RM 33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_33"},{"link_name":"Big Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Lake,_Texas"},{"link_name":"RM 2404","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_2404"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_137-4"}],"sub_title":"FM 1800/RM 1800 (1951)","text":"The previous route numbered FM 1800 was designated on December 18, 1951, from FM 307 in Midland County north to the Martin County line. On February 21, 1952, the road was extended 2.8 miles (4.5 km) north to US 80 (now I-20) at Stanton. On January 29, 1953, the road was extended south and southeast to SH 158 in Glasscock County, 4 miles (6.4 km) east of the Midland County line, replacing FM 1857. On December 1, 1953, the route was signed, but not designated, as SH 137. On October 31, 1957, the road was extended southeast 6.0 miles (9.7 km) from SH 158. A year later the road was extended southeast 11.0 miles (17.7 km) to the Reagan County line. On December 2, 1958, the road was extended southeast via Stiles to RM 33, 12.5 miles (20.1 km) north of Big Lake, replacing RM 2404; the designation was changed to Ranch to Market Road 1800 (RM 1800).[3] RM 1800 was cancelled on May 16, 1984, when the SH 137 designation became official.[4]","title":"FM 1800"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1801"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wheeler County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1802-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_149-7"},{"link_name":"US 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_66_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1802-6"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1802 (FM 1802) is located in Wheeler County. Its northern terminus is at I-40 exit 169. It runs southward approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) before state maintenance ends. The unimproved roadway that continues from both ends is CR 23.[6][7]FM 1802 was designated on November 20, 1951, along the current route. The intersecting route at the northern terminus was previously US 66.[6]","title":"FM 1802"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1803"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loop 323","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_323"}],"sub_title":"FM 1803 (1951)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1803 was designated on November 20, 1951, from US 271, 2 miles (3.2 km) north of Tyler, south to SH 64. On December 10, 1954, the road was extended south, west, north and east to FM 1803 0.1 miles (0.16 km) south of the point of beginning, replacing FM 845 and completing the loop around Tyler. FM 1803 was cancelled on October 30, 1957, and transferred to Loop 323.","title":"FM 1803"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1804"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1805"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montague County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montague_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Montague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montague,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_81_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Ringgold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringgold,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowie,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Stoneburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoneburg,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_59"},{"link_name":"SH 175","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_175"},{"link_name":"FM 2188","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2188"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1806-11"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1806 (FM 1806) is a two-lane highway that connects the farming areas of west central Montague County to the county seat, Montague. FM 1806 also intersects with US 81 leading to Ringgold and Bowie, and other various county secondary roads. FM 1806 runs from a point 2.9 miles (4.7 km) west of US 81, near Stoneburg, to SH 59 and SH 175 in Montague.The current FM 1806 was designated on December 17, 1952 (numbered February 6, 1953 or later), from US 81 in Stoneburg northeastward and eastward 4.0 miles (6.4 km). On November 21, 1956, FM 1806 was extended east 3.9 miles (6.3 km). On January 10, 1957, FM 1806 was extended east to SH 59/SH 175, replacing FM 2188. On September 27, 1977, FM 1806 was extended west to its current western terminus.[11]","title":"FM 1806"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 171","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_171"},{"link_name":"FM 110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_110"},{"link_name":"Johnson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_916"}],"sub_title":"FM 1806 (1951)","text":"FM 1806 was originally designated on November 20, 1951, on a route from SH 171 to FM 110 (now FM 4) in Johnson County; this route was transferred to FM 916 on February 6, 1953.","title":"FM 1806"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1807"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1808"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_163"}],"sub_title":"FM 1808 (1951)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1808 was designated on November 20, 1951, from US 80 (now I-20 Business) at Westbrook to a point 5.8 miles (9.3 km) south. On December 17, 1952, the road was extended 3.0 miles (4.8 km) to SH 101 (now SH 163). FM 1808 was cancelled on February 24, 1953, and transferred to FM 670.","title":"FM 1808"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nolan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_70"},{"link_name":"Sweetwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetwater,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1809-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_775-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1809-14"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1809 (FM 1809) is located in Nolan County. It runs from SH 70, 5 miles (8.0 km) south of Sweetwater, westward approximately 2.7 miles (4.3 km) before state maintenance ends. The roadway continues as CR 145.[14][15]FM 1809 was designated on November 20, 1951, along the current route.[14]","title":"FM 1809"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1810"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 1810 (1951)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1810 was designated on November 20, 1951, from US 287, 3.5 miles (5.6 km) east of Vernon, northeast to Kingola. FM 1810 was cancelled on October 18, 1954, and became a portion of FM 1763.","title":"FM 1810"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1811"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1812"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_25"}],"sub_title":"FM 1812 (1951)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1812 was designated on November 20, 1951, from SH 25 southwest to US 287 in Electra. FM 1812 was cancelled on February 25, 1954, and transferred to SH 25 when it was rerouted. The old route on 5th street, Avenue C, Waggoner Street, Glisson Street, and Main Street was given to the city.","title":"FM 1812"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wichita County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 240","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_240"},{"link_name":"FM 368","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_368"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1813-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clara-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_305-21"},{"link_name":"FM 1205","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1205"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1813-19"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1205-22"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1813 (FM 1813) is located in Wichita County.It runs from SH 240 near the community of Clara southward and eastward to FM 368.[19][20][21]FM 1813 was designated on November 20, 1951, along the current route. The route at the southern terminus was formerly designated FM 1205, which was renumbered FM 368 on July 28, 1953.[19][22]","title":"FM 1813"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1814"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1815&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1815&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 1815","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1815"},{"link_name":"Montague County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montague_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1956"},{"link_name":"US 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bonita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonita,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_381-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1815-24"}],"text":"KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 1815KML is not from WikidataFarm to Market Road 1815 (FM 1815) is located in north-central Montague County. The two-lane highway connects FM 1956 with US 82 near Bonita.[25]FM 1815 was designated on November 20, 1951, running from US 82 to a point 2.3 miles (3.7 km) to the north. It was extended north to its current terminus on November 21, 1956.[24]","title":"FM 1815"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montague County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montague_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_59"},{"link_name":"Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowie,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1806","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1806"},{"link_name":"Stoneburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoneburg,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_81_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1935","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1935"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1816 (FM 1816) is a two-lane highway in Montague County. It runs from SH 59 in Bowie to an intersection 1.1 miles (1.8 km) north of US 82. FM 1816 also intersects with FM 1806 east of Stoneburg and other various county secondary roads. The road generally parallels US 81 through central Montague County.FM 1816 was designated on November 20, 1951, from US 82 north 1.1 miles (1.8 km). On August 24, 1955, FM 1816 was extended south 5.0 miles (8.0 km). On November 21, 1956, FM 1816 was extended south to FM 1806. On February 2, 1959, FM 1816 was extended south to SH 59, replacing FM 1935.","title":"FM 1816"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1817"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1818"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1819"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1820 (FM 1820) is a designation that has been used twice. No highway currently uses the FM 1820 designation.[30]","title":"FM 1820"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shelby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_87"},{"link_name":"Shelbyville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelbyville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 139","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_139"},{"link_name":"FM 417","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_417"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"FM 1820 (1951)","text":"The first route numbered FM 1820 was designated in Shelby County on November 20, 1951, running from SH 87 at Shelbyville northeastward to Carroll Church at a distance of 6.4 miles (10.3 km). The highway was extended 5.4 miles (8.7 km) to FM 139 at Pauls Store on August 24, 1955. FM 1820 was cancelled and became a portion of FM 417 on August 13, 1968.[31]","title":"FM 1820"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wise County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wise_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lake Bridgeport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Bridgeport"},{"link_name":"US 380","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_380"},{"link_name":"FM 1658","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1658"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"FM 1820 (1978)","text":"The second route numbered FM 1820 was designated in Wise County on April 25, 1978, running near the Lake Bridgeport Dam southeastward to US 380 at a distance of 1.1 miles (1.8 km). The highway was extended 1.8 miles (2.9 km) northward to FM 1658 on July 29, 1993. FM 1820 was cancelled on November 19, 1996, with the mileage being transferred to FM 1658.[32]","title":"FM 1820"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palo Pinto County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Pinto_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1195","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1195"},{"link_name":"Mineral Wells Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_Wells_Airport"},{"link_name":"Mineral Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_Wells,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 180","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_180_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 3027","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3027"},{"link_name":"US 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_281_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Palo Pinto County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Pinto_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1821 (FM 1821) is located in Palo Pinto County.FM 1821 begins at an intersection with FM 1195 near Mineral Wells Airport. The highway starts out running in a west direction along MH 379, then turns north onto Garrett Morris Parkway. FM 1821 travels through more rural areas of Mineral Wells before running near a subdivision and retail center near US 180. The highway leaves the Mineral Wells city limits just north of an intersection with FM 3027 and passes near a subdivision before the route becomes more rural. FM 1821 turns west at Hayes Road and continues to travel in a westward direction, ending at an intersection with US 281.The current FM 1821 was designated on January 29, 1959, running from US 180 east of Mineral Wells southward and eastward to FM 1195 along a former routing of that highway.[34] On September 27, 1960, the highway was extended northward to US 281 with an overlap with US 180. FM 1821 was routed off of US 180 on November 5, 1971.Junction listThe entire route is in Palo Pinto County.","title":"FM 1821"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_7"},{"link_name":"Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 711","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_711"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"FM 1821 (1951)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1821 was designated on November 20, 1951, running from SH 7 near Center southward to Jericho at a distance of 3.7 miles (6.0 km). The highway was cancelled on November 28, 1958, with the mileage being transferred to FM 711.[36]","title":"FM 1821"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1822"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1823"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1824"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 1323","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1323"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"FM 1824 (1951)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1824 was designated on November 20, 1951, running from US 281 near Johnson City northwest 4.5 miles (7.2 km) toward Sandy. FM 1824 was cancelled on January 29, 1953 and became a portion of FM 1323.[40]","title":"FM 1824"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Travis County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UR_1825-41"},{"link_name":"Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Pflugerville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pflugerville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 685","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_685"},{"link_name":"US 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_81_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1825-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UR_1825-41"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1825-42"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1825 (FM 1825) is a 4-mile (6.437 km) route in Travis County.[41] FM 1825 begins in far north Austin at I-35 exit 247. It proceeds north and then east 3.9 miles (6.3 km) into Pflugerville, within which it is named Pecan Street. FM 1825 ends in Pflugerville at an intersection with FM 685. FM 1825 also includes a short 0.8-mile (1.3 km) unsigned spur along Vision Drive that acts as a bypass for the north–south section running parallel to I-35.As designated on November 20, 1951, FM 1825 originally included only the segment from Three Points Road eastward, which intersected with US 81 at the time. On January 18, 1960, the alignment of US 81 was altered to align with I-35; FM 1825 was extended south 1.1 miles (1.8 km) to intersect with the new I-35 alignment, and Three Points Road between FM 1825 and I-35 was added as an unsigned spur.[42] On June 27, 1995, FM 1825 was redesignated as Urban Road 1825 (UR 1825).[41] The designation reverted to FM 1825 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[43][42]","title":"FM 1825"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Travis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hays_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM_1826-44"},{"link_name":"RM 150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_150"},{"link_name":"Driftwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driftwood,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1639-45"},{"link_name":"SH 45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1639-45"},{"link_name":"Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 290","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_290_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_71"},{"link_name":"Oak Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Hill,_Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM_1826-44"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1589-46"},{"link_name":"FM 966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_966"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM_1826-44"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 1826 (RM 1826) is a 12-mile (19 km) east–west route located in Travis and Hays counties.[44]RM 1826 begins at an intersection with RM 150 just north of Driftwood.[45] The route proceeds northeast 8.4 miles (13.5 km), entering Travis County to intersect the stub end of the southern segment of SH 45.[45] It continues northeast 3.7 miles (6.0 km) along the Austin city limits to its northern terminus, along US 290 west of its intersection with SH 71 in the Oak Hill neighborhood of Austin.[44][46]RM 1826 was designated on November 20, 1951, as Farm to Market Road 1826 (FM 1826), from US 290 southwestward to the Hays County line. On September 29, 1954, the route was extended west 7.9 miles (12.7 km) to FM 966 (now RM 150) near Driftwood, and the designation was changed to RM 150.[44]Junction list","title":"RM 1826"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1827"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1828"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 1828 (1951)","text":"The first use of the FM 1828 designation was on November 20, 1951, in Collin County, from SH 24 west of McKinney north 3.0 miles (4.8 km) to a road intersection. FM 1828 was cancelled on May 20, 1955, and became a portion of FM 1461.","title":"FM 1828"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 1828 (1955)","text":"The next use of the FM 1828 designation was on August 24, 1955, in San Jacinto County, from SH 150, 2 miles (3.2 km) south of Coldspring, south 5.5 miles (8.9 km) to a road intersection. FM 1828 was cancelled on December 17, 1956, and became a portion of FM 2025.","title":"FM 1828"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1829"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 1829 (1951)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1829 was designated on November 20, 1951, from SH 10 in Pilot Point west 5.8 miles (9.3 km) to a road intersection. FM 1829 was cancelled on January 29, 1953, and transferred to FM 455.","title":"FM 1829"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denton_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 407","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_407"},{"link_name":"Argyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyle,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Denton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 377","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_377"},{"link_name":"FM 1078","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1078"},{"link_name":"Bartonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartonville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1172","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1172"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-43"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1830 (FM 1830) is located in Denton County.FM 1830 begins at an intersection with FM 407 in Argyle. The highway travels in a northern direction along the eastern edge of the town, leaving the city limits at an intersection with Hickory Hill Road. FM 1830 travels through areas that feature a mix between subdivisions and farm land, entering Denton near Ryan Road. The highway travels through less developed areas of the city, ending at an intersection with US 377.FM 1830 was designated on November 20, 1951, traveling from US 377 southward to a road intersection at a distance of 6.2 miles (10.0 km). The highway was extended 2.0 miles (3.2 km) southward to FM 1078 at Bartonville on December 17, 1952. The section of FM 1830 between FM 1172 and FM 1078 was cancelled and transferred to FM 407 (along with all of FM 1172 and FM 1078) on January 6, 1955, decreasing the route's length by 2.6 miles (4.2 km).[52] The route was redesignated Urban Road 1830 (UR 1830) on June 27, 1995.[53] The designation reverted to FM 1830 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[43]","title":"FM 1830"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1831"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Ranch_to_Market_Road_1832&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Ranch_to_Market_Road_1832&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Ranch to Market Road 1832","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Ranch_to_Market_Road_1832"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RM_1832_Davis_Mts.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jeff Davis County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Davis_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Boy Scouts of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America"},{"link_name":"SH 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_17"},{"link_name":"Fort Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Davis,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1354-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM_1832-55"}],"text":"KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/Ranch to Market Road 1832KML is not from WikidataRM 1832 in the Davis Mountains of northeastern Jeff Davis CountyRanch to Market Road 1832 (RM 1832) is located in Jeff Davis County. The 10.9-mile-long (17.5 km) route connects the Boy Scouts of America's Buffalo Trails Scout Ranch to SH 17, about 25.1 miles (40.4 km) north of Fort Davis.[56]On March 26, 1953, Farm to Market Road 1832 (FM 1832) was designated along the present route. The route was to be cancelled and given to Jeff Davis County upon the completion of construction,[57] which occurred by September 20, 1954. On September 20, 1955, the designation was restored. The road was redesignated RM 1832 on October 27, 1959.[55]","title":"RM 1832"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Callahan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callahan_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Putnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putnam,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 380","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_380_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moran,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 880","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_880"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM_1832-55"}],"sub_title":"FM 1832 (1951)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1832 was designated in Callahan County on November 20, 1951, as a 6.0-mile (9.7 km) road linking the former US 80 (now I-20) 1.0 mile (1.6 km) east of Putnam to a road intersection. On December 17, 1952, FM 1832 was extended to US 380 near Moran. FM 1832 was cancelled on January 28, 1953, and became an extension of FM 880.[55]","title":"RM 1832"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1833"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 1833 (1951)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1833 was designated on November 20, 1951, from FM 57 at Sylvester to a point 8.6 miles (13.8 km) southeast. FM 1833 was cancelled on November 4, 1953, and transferred to FM 1085.","title":"FM 1833"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1834"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 1834 (1951)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1834 was designated on December 11, 1951, from FM 618 to a point 0.8 miles (1.3 km) west as a replacement of a section of FM 618. On November 21, 1956, the road was extended 9.1 miles (14.6 km) northwest to Haskell. FM 1834 was cancelled on October 22, 1962, and transferred to FM 600.","title":"FM 1834"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1835"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1836"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Ranch_to_Market_Road_1837&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Ranch_to_Market_Road_1837&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Ranch to Market Road 1837","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Ranch_to_Market_Road_1837"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ranch_Road_1837_east_end.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jeff Davis County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Davis_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Girl Scouts of the USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_Scouts_of_the_USA"},{"link_name":"SH 118","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_118"},{"link_name":"Fort Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Davis,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMaps_SH_118_(near_RM_1837)-63"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM_1837-62"}],"text":"KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/Ranch to Market Road 1837KML is not from WikidataEastern terminus of RM 1837 at SH 118 in southeastern Jeff Davis County. Mountain in background is Mitre PeakRanch to Market Road 1837 (RM 1837) is located in Jeff Davis County. It connects the Girl Scouts of the USA's Camp Mitre Peak to SH 118 14.2 miles (22.9 km) south of Fort Davis.[63]RM 1837 was designated on March 26, 1953, and was to be cancelled and relinquished to the county upon completion, which occurred on September 20, 1954. On September 20, 1955, the route was restored as part of the state highway system as Farm to Market Road 1837 (FM 1837). The designation was again changed to RM 1837 on October 1, 1959.[62]","title":"RM 1837"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaufman County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaufman_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Terrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrell,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 429","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_429"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM_1837-62"}],"sub_title":"FM 1837 (1951)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1837 was designated in Kaufman County on November 20, 1951, from US 80, 1.0 mile (1.6 km) east of Terrell, southeastward 4.8 miles (7.7 km). FM 1837 was cancelled on January 29, 1953, and became part of an extended FM 429.[62]","title":"RM 1837"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1838"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1839"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1840"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1841"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1842"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lamb County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1055","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1055"},{"link_name":"Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_288-70"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1843 (FM 1843) is located in Lamb County. It runs from US 84 in Sudan east to FM 1055 north of Amherst.[70]FM 1843 was designated on November 20, 1951, along its current route.","title":"FM 1843"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Upshur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upshur_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Gregg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 271","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_271_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Union Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Grove,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 259","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_259_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Judson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judson,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1403","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1403"},{"link_name":"SH 300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_300"},{"link_name":"SH 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_26"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1844 (FM 1844) is located in Upshur and Gregg counties. It runs from US 271 in Union Grove east to US 259 near Judson. FM 1844 was designated on November 20, 1951, from US 271 in Union Grove to FM 1403 (now SH 300). On December 16 of that year, FM 1844 was extended to SH 26 (now US 259) at Judson. On November 5, 1971, it was extended from old US 259 to new US 259.Junction list","title":"FM 1844"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Upshur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upshur_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Gregg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Longview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longview,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 726","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_726"},{"link_name":"East Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Mountain,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Longview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longview,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1844","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1844"},{"link_name":"SH 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_26"},{"link_name":"US 259","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_259_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_31"},{"link_name":"SH 149","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_149"},{"link_name":"FM 1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1919"},{"link_name":"Interstate Highway 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Loop 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_281"},{"link_name":"FM 2275","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2275"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UR_1845-73"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-43"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1845 (FM 1845) is Upshur and Gregg counties. It runs from US 80 in Longview northwest to FM 726 near East Mountain. It is known as Pine Tree Road in Longview.FM 1845 was designated on November 20, 1951, from FM 1844 south to the Gregg County line. On September 25, 1952, it was extended south to SH 26 (later US 259; this section now part of SH 31). On July 28, 1953, FM 1845 was extended to SH 149, replacing FM 1919 on that route. On November 3, 1969, it was extended south over the old location of SH 149 to Interstate Highway 20 (I-20). On October 26, 1983, it was extended northwest 0.6 miles (0.97 km) to East Mountain. On February 26, 1986, FM 1845 was extended northwest to FM 726. On March 25, 1992, the section from US 80 to I-20 was transferred to Loop 281. On June 27, 1995, the section from FM 2275 to US 80 was redesignated Urban Road 1845 (UR 1845).[73] The designation of this section reverted to FM 1845 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[43]Junction list","title":"FM 1845"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1846"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FEMA_-_37361_-_Flooded_road_in_Texas.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Dolly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dolly_(2008)"},{"link_name":"Cameron County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_100"},{"link_name":"Los Fresnos, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Fresnos,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_48"},{"link_name":"FM 732","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_732"},{"link_name":"FM 510","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_510"},{"link_name":"FM 2358","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2358"},{"link_name":"FM 106","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_106"},{"link_name":"FM 2925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2925"},{"link_name":"FM 3248","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3248"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UR_1847-76"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-43"}],"text":"FM 1847 flooded following Hurricane Dolly in July 2008Farm to Market Road 1847 (FM 1847) is located in Cameron County. FM 1847 was originally designated on November 20, 1951, from a road intersection southward 4.1 miles (6.6 km) to SH 100 in Los Fresnos, Texas. On December 17, 1952, it was extended 10.7 miles (17.2 km) south to SH 48, and the north end became part of FM 732 (which had its east end there). On October 26, 1954, this section of FM 732 became part of FM 510 which had extended west. On June 28, 1963, it was extended another 5.6 miles (9.0 km) northward to FM 2358, with another extension northward to Arroyo Colorado on November 10, 1967, replacing part of FM 2358, which was canceled as the remainder west to FM 803 became part of FM 106 as several farm to market roads in the area were changed. The road at the north end would become part of FM 2925 (which ended there) on November 3, 1972. FM 2925 was extended east from FM 1847 on May 7, 1974, so the roads were no longer end to end. The portion south of FM 3248 was transferred to Urban Road 1847 (UR 1847) on June 27, 1995.[76] The designation of this section reverted to FM 1847 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[43]","title":"FM 1847"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1848"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 1848 (1951)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1848 was designated on November 20, 1951, from FM 1038 south to Sneedville. FM 1848 was cancelled on September 14, 1963, and transferred to FM 1168.","title":"FM 1848"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1849"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1850"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1851"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1852"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1853"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1854"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"RM 1855"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1856"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1857"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Howard County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Big Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Spring,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1584","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1584"},{"link_name":"Vealmoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vealmoor,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 669","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_669"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"}],"sub_title":"FM 1857 (1951)","text":"The first use of the FM 1857 designation was in Howard County, from US 87 northwest of Big Spring northeast to FM 1584 at Vealmoor. FM 1857 was cancelled by January 18, 1952, and transferred to FM 669.[87]","title":"FM 1857"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glasscock County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasscock_County,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"FM 1857 (1952)","text":"The next use of the FM 1857 designation was in Glasscock County, from SH 158, 4 miles (6.4 km) east of the Midland County line, northwest 7.0 miles (11.3 km) to a road intersection. On August 20, 1952, the road was extended northwest to FM 307. FM 1857 was cancelled on January 23, 1953 and transferred to FM 1800 (now SH 137).","title":"FM 1857"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1858"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 332","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_332"},{"link_name":"FM 109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_109"},{"link_name":"FM 1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1952"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"}],"sub_title":"FM 1858 (1951)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1858 was designated on November 20, 1951, from SH 159, 3 miles (4.8 km) east of Nelsonville, southwest 5.0 miles (8.0 km) to a road intersection. On December 17, 1952, the road was extended southwest 2.6 miles (4.2 km) to FM 1094. FM 1858 was cancelled on April 24, 1953; the original section was eliminated from the highway system in exchange for extending FM 1371 from the Washington–Austin county line to FM 1456; the remainder was eliminated from the highway system in exchange for extending FM 332 from FM 109 in Welcome to the end of FM 1263 at the Washington–Austin county line and the creation of FM 1952 (which then had its south end at the Austin–Fort Bend county line).[89]","title":"FM 1858"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1859"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1860"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1861"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1862"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Comal County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comal_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1863-95"},{"link_name":"Bulverde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulverde,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_281_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bexar County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bexar_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1786-96"},{"link_name":"FM 3009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3009"},{"link_name":"New Braunfels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Braunfels,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_46"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1863-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1787-97"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1863-95"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1863 (FM 1863) is a 17-mile (27 km) route located primarily in Comal County.[94] FM 1863 begins in Bulverde, at an interchange with US 281, and travels east through the southern portion of the city. Due to the manner in which the route was constructed, the route briefly enters Bexar County before returning to Comal County.[95] It intersects FM 3009 near the Bulverde city limits. It continues eastward, eventually entering New Braunfels and ending at a junction with SH 46.[94][96]The current designation for FM 1863 was introduced on December 17, 1952 (numbered January 23, 1953 or later); at that time, the route's western terminus was listed as a \"road intersection\" 5 miles (8.0 km) west of SH 46. The designation was extended to the west 4.4 miles (7.1 km) on October 13, 1954. On November 21, 1956, the route was extended northwest 5 miles (8.0 km), and then extended westward to US 281 on October 31, 1957.[94]","title":"FM 1863"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_21"}],"sub_title":"FM 1863 (1951)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1863 was designated on November 20, 1951, from SH 21 near Chireno north 6.3 miles (10.1 km) via Attoyac to a road intersection. FM 1863 was cancelled on January 23, 1953, and transferred to FM 1274 (which became part of FM 95 in 1964; FM 1274 was reused on a different route elsewhere in the state).","title":"FM 1863"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1864"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Terrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrell_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Val Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Verde_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_90_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1722-101"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Pumpville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM_1865-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1672-102"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM_1865-99"},{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Ranch_to_Market_Road_1865&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Ranch_to_Market_Road_1865&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Ranch to Market Road 1865","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Ranch_to_Market_Road_1865"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 1865 (RM 1865) is located in Terrell and Val Verde counties. Its southern terminus is at US 90 in Terrell County, just east of the Val Verde County line.[99] The route enters Val Verde County and travels to the northeast before ending at the Union Pacific Railroad line in Pumpville.[98][100]The route was designated as Farm to Market Road 1865 (FM 1865) on November 21, 1951, along the current route. On October 17, 1959, the designation was changed to RM 1865.[98]KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/Ranch to Market Road 1865KML is from Wikidata","title":"RM 1865"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1866"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1867"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1868"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnet_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM_1869-106"},{"link_name":"RM 1174","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_1174"},{"link_name":"Bertram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Balcones Canyonlands National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balcones_Canyonlands_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"SH 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_29"},{"link_name":"Liberty Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Hill,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_183_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM_1869-106"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1434-108"},{"link_name":"SH 74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_74"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM_1869-106"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 1869 (RM 1869) is located in Burnet and Williamson counties.[104] It begins in Burnet County at an intersection with RM 1174 south of Bertram, within the Balcones Canyonlands National Wildlife Refuge. The route travels east into Williamson County, crossing SH 29 in Liberty Hill, before turning to the northeast and ending at a junction with US 183.[104][105]RM 1869 was designated on November 20, 1951, as Farm to Market Road 1869 (FM 1869), from SH 29 at Liberty Hill northeast 3.4 miles (5.5 km) to SH 74 (now US 183). The designation was changed to RM 1869 on October 1, 1956. On November 21, 1956, the road was extended west 9.0 miles (14.5 km) to what is now RM 1174.[104]Junction list","title":"RM 1869"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1870"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 1870 (1951)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1870 was designated on November 20, 1951, from SH 71, 1.3 miles (2.1 km) north of Smithville, towards Winchester to a point 6.8 miles (10.9 km). On October 28, 1953, the road was extended east 0.7 miles (1.1 km) to the Fayette County line. FM 1870 was cancelled on November 13, 1953, and transferred to FM 153.","title":"FM 1870"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"This was originally FM 1871.","title":"RM 1871"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1872"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1873"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1874"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 1874 (1951)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1874 was designated on November 20, 1951, from FM 422, 1 mile (1.6 km) west of England, south to SH 199 (now SH 114). FM 1874 was cancelled on October 18, 1954, and became a portion of FM 1790.","title":"FM 1874"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tavener_TX_FM_1875.JPG"},{"link_name":"Fort Bend County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bend_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Loop 540","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_540"},{"link_name":"Beasley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beasley,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 90 Alt.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_90_Alternate_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Tavener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavener,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"US 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_59_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1875-116"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loop_540-118"}],"text":"View south on FM 1875 near US 90 Alt. east of TavenerFarm to Market Road 1875 (FM 1875) is located in Fort Bend County. The two-lane highway begins at Loop 540 southwest of Beasley and heads generally northwest to US 90 Alt. at a location east of Tavener.FM 1875 begins at a stop sign on Loop 540 southwest of Beasley. The highway immediately crosses the Union Pacific Railroad tracks and heads straight to the northwest for about 2.75 miles (4.43 km). In this stretch, the road passes Ward Airpark on the right at Kovar Road. At Drachenberg Road, FM 1875 curves briefly to the northeast for 0.25 miles (0.40 km) before swinging back to the northwest again. After heading northwest for 0.65 miles (1.05 km), the highway turns and goes north by northwest for the final 1.0 mile (1.6 km) before ending at a stop sign at US 90 Alt. North of Drachenberg Road, FM 1875 is also known as Beasley Road.[113]FM 1875 was first designated on November 20, 1951, to run about 4.8 miles (7.7 km) from US 90 Alt. near Tavener to US 59 near Beasley.[112] On April 14, 1980, a 3.1-mile (5.0 km) section of US 59 near Beasley became Loop 540.[114]","title":"FM 1875"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Fort Bend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bend_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_59"},{"link_name":"Harris County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1876 (FM 1876) is located in Harris and Fort Bend counties. It runs from Bellaire Boulevard south to US 90 Alt.FM 1876 was designated on November 20, 1951, from US 59 (now US 90 Alt.) near Sugar Land northward 3.4 miles (5.5 km) to the Harris County line. On October 31, 1958, the road was extended 6.4 miles (10.3 km) north to FM 1093. On November 24, 1959, the road was relocated in Harris County, shortening the route by 2 miles. On September 25, 1962, the section in Harris County was cancelled, bringing the route back to its 1951 configuration. On May 25, 1976, the road was extended north 2.2 miles (3.5 km) into Harris County to the intersection of Synott Road and Bellaire Boulevard. The entire route was transferred to UR 1876 on June 27, 1995, but was changed back to FM 1876 on November 15, 2018.","title":"FM 1876"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1877"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1878"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1879"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1880"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1881"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 1881 (1951)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1881 was designated on November 20, 1951, from SH 24 (later SH 114, now SH 101) at Chico east 4.0 miles (6.4 km) to a road intersection. On December 17, 1952, the road was extended north 6.5 miles (10.5 km) to US 81 at Alvord. FM 1881 was cancelled on February 6, 1953, and transferred to FM 1655.","title":"FM 1881"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1882"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wise County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wise_County,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"FM 1882 (1951–1953)","text":"The first use of the FM 1882 designation was in Wise County, from SH 24 (now US 380) in Decatur south 7.0 miles (11.3 km) to a road intersection. On December 17, 1952, the road was extended south 6.0 miles (9.7 km) to SH 114 in Boyd. FM 1882 was cancelled on February 6, 1953, and transferred to FM 730.","title":"FM 1882"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ellis County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_County,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"FM 1882 (1953)","text":"The next use of the FM 1882 designation was in Ellis County, from US 77 in Milford southeast to the Hill County line. Seven months later FM 1882 was cancelled to FM 308.","title":"FM 1882"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clay County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 172","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_172"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_406-127"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSHA_Deer_Creek-128"},{"link_name":"SH 148","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_148"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_407-129"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1883-126"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1883 (FM 1883) is located in south central Clay County, with a spur connection to the unincorporated community of Deer Creek.FM 1883 begins at an intersection with FM 172 and runs south.[123] It then runs to the east, passing Deer Creek,[124] before ending at SH 148. The roadway continues to the east as Lower Slobovia Road.[125]FM 1883 was designated on November 20, 1951, from FM 172 southwest to Deer Creek, replacing a former segment of that route. On April 29, 1952, FM 1883 was rerouted to end at SH 148. The western end was realigned on November 24, 1959, with the previous route becoming the spur connection to Deer Creek.[122]","title":"FM 1883"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1884"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1885"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1886"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1887"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1888 (FM 1888) is a designation that has been used three times. No highway currently uses the FM 1888 designation.","title":"FM 1888"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 470","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_470"},{"link_name":"Tarpley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarpley,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_90_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondo,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 462","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_462"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"}],"sub_title":"FM 1888 (1951)","text":"FM 1888 was first designated on November 20, 1951, running from FM 470 at Tarpley southward to the Medina County line at a distance of 2.5 miles (4.0 km). The highway was extended 24.7 miles (39.8 km) to US 90 in Hondo a month later on December 18. FM 1888 was cancelled and transferred to FM 462 on May 25, 1953.[130]","title":"FM 1888"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 413","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_413"},{"link_name":"FM 1373","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1373"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"}],"sub_title":"FM 1888 (1953)","text":"FM 1888 was designated a second time in 1953, running from FM 413 southward to Eloise at a distance of 1.2 miles (1.9 km). The highway was cancelled and transferred to FM 1373 in 1956.[131]","title":"FM 1888"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 308","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_308"},{"link_name":"Penelope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penelope,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Spur 224","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_224"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"SH 171","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_171"},{"link_name":"Hubbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubbard,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2114"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"}],"sub_title":"FM 1888 (1958)","text":"FM 1888 was designated for a third time on October 31, 1958, running from FM 308 at Penelope eastward to a road intersection at a distance of 4.2 miles (6.8 km); part of this route was transferred from Spur 224.[132] The highway was extended 4.3 miles (6.9 km) to SH 171 in Hubbard on November 24, 1959. FM 1888 was deleted on July 24, 1963, with the mileage being transferred to FM 2114.[133]","title":"FM 1888"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanco_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Kendall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Gillespie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillespie_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"RM 1623","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_1623"},{"link_name":"RM 1376","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_1376"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 1888 (RM 1888) is in Blanco, Kendall and Gillespie counties. It runs from RM 1623 westward to RM 1376.RM 1888 was designated on May 6, 1964, from RM 1623, 5 miles (8.0 km) west of Blanco, westward 3.5 miles (5.6 km). On June 1, 1965, RM 1888 was extended west to RM 1376.","title":"RM 1888"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1889"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1890"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lavaca County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavaca_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_95"},{"link_name":"Shiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiner,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wied,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 90 Alt.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_90_Alternate_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1891-141"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1875-142"},{"link_name":"SH 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_200"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1891-141"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1891 (FM 1891) is located in Lavaca County. From a junction with SH 95 north of Shiner, it runs 9.1 miles (14.6 km) east and then south via Wied to US 90 Alt. east of Shiner.[137][138]FM 1891 was designated on November 20, 1951, from SH 200 (now US 90 Alt.) north 2.4 miles (3.9 km). On December 17, 1952, it was extended 3.8 miles (6.1 km) northwest. On September 26, 1954, it was extended 3.6 miles (5.8 km) west to SH 95.[137]","title":"FM 1891"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anderson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Frankston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lake Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Palestine"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1892 (FM 1892) is located in Anderson County. It runs 0.9 miles (1.4 km) from east of Frankston north, then east, to a boat ramp just west of the dam at Lake Palestine, near the headquarters of the Upper Neches River Municipal Water Authority which owns and operates the lake.","title":"FM 1892"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atascosa County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atascosa_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 536","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_536"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"}],"sub_title":"FM 1892 (1951–1952)","text":"The first use of the FM 1892 designation was in Atascosa County, from US 281, 1.8 miles (2.9 km) south of the Bexar County line, eastward 3.7 miles (6.0 km) to a county road. On April 29, 1952, the road was extended 2.1 miles (3.4 km) east to the Wilson County line. FM 1892 was cancelled on January 29, 1953, and transferred to FM 536.[140]","title":"FM 1892"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kendall County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"}],"sub_title":"FM 1892 (1952–1960)","text":"The next use of the FM 1892 designation was in Kendall County, from FM 473 (now RM 473) at Sisterdale south 5.5 miles (8.9 km) toward Boerne. It was numbered on January 29, 1953 or later. On October 28, 1953, the road was extended another 5.0 miles (8.0 km) south, and an additional 2.5 miles (4.0 km) south to US 87 on October 13, 1954. On September 21, 1955, a section from FM 473 to a point 4.0 miles (6.4 km) north was added, creating a concurrency with FM 473. On November 21, 1956, the road was extended north 1.0 mile (1.6 km). On September 27, 1960, the road was extended north 7.5 miles (12.1 km) to the Gillespie County line. FM 1892 was cancelled on October 18, 1960, and transferred to RM 1376.[141]","title":"FM 1892"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1893"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1894"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1895"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 1895 (1951)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1895 was designated on November 20, 1951, from US 81 at Millet southeast 9.0 miles (14.5 km) towards Los Angeles. FM 1895 was cancelled on January 29, 1953, and transferred to FM 469.","title":"FM 1895"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1896"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1897"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1898"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 1898 (1951)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1898 was designated on December 18, 1951, from SH 10 (now US 377) at Collinsville east and south 5.9 miles (9.5 km) to Ethel. FM 1898 was cancelled on November 12, 1953, and transferred to FM 902.","title":"FM 1898"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mitchell County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1899-152"},{"link_name":"I-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20"},{"link_name":"Colorado City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_773-153"},{"link_name":"FM 644","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_644"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_774-154"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1899-152"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1899 (FM 1899) is located in Mitchell County.[148] Its western terminus is at I-20 exit 220, approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) east of Colorado City; the unimproved roadway that runs south from this interchange is CR 135.[149] It runs northward and then eastward for 8.7 miles (14.0 km) before ending at FM 644, from where the unimproved roadway continues as CR 464.[150]FM 1899 was designated on October 31, 1958, along the current route. At the time, the route at the eastern terminus was still designated US 80.[148]","title":"FM 1899"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hartley County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartley_County,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"FM 1899 (1951)","text":"The first use of the FM 1899 designation was in Hartley County, from FM 1712, east 6.0 miles (9.7 km) to a road intersection. On December 1, 1953, the road was extended east 6.5 miles (10.5 km) to the Moore County line. FM 1899 was cancelled on December 7, 1953, and transferred to FM 281.","title":"FM 1899"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taylor County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_County,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"FM 1899 (1953)","text":"The next use of the FM 1899 designation was in Taylor County, from US 277 at View to a point 4.5 miles (7.2 km) north. FM 1899 was cancelled on September 2, 1955, and transferred to FM 1235.","title":"FM 1899"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FM_1855_85-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FM_1865_100-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FM_1869_107-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FM_1871_112-0"}],"text":"^ RM 1855 was previously designated as FM 1855 from 1951 to 1956.\n\n^ RM 1865 was previously designated as FM 1865 from 1951 to 1956.\n\n^ RM 1869 was previously designated as FM 1869 from 1951 to 1956.\n\n^ RM 1871 was previously designated as FM 1871 from 1951 to 1956.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"RM 1832 in the Davis Mountains of northeastern Jeff Davis County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/RM_1832_Davis_Mts.jpg/220px-RM_1832_Davis_Mts.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eastern terminus of RM 1837 at SH 118 in southeastern Jeff Davis County. Mountain in background is Mitre Peak","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ranch_Road_1837_east_end.jpg/220px-Ranch_Road_1837_east_end.jpg"},{"image_text":"FM 1847 flooded following Hurricane Dolly in July 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/FEMA_-_37361_-_Flooded_road_in_Texas.jpg/220px-FEMA_-_37361_-_Flooded_road_in_Texas.jpg"},{"image_text":"View south on FM 1875 near US 90 Alt. east of Tavener","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tavener_TX_FM_1875.JPG/220px-Tavener_TX_FM_1875.JPG"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1800\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1800.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1800\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 656. Retrieved June 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/656.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 2404\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2404.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2404\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway No. 137\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0137.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway No. 137\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1801\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1801.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1801\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1802\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1802.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1802\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 149. Retrieved June 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/149.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1803\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1803.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1803\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1804\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1804.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1804\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1805\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1805.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1805\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1806\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1806.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1806\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1807\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1807.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1807\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1808\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1808.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1808\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1809\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1809.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1809\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 775. Retrieved June 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/775.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1810\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1810.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1810\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1811\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1811.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1811\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1812\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1812.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1812\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1813\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1813.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1813\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 305. Retrieved June 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/305.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1205\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1205.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1205\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1814\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1814.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1814\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1815\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1815.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1815\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 381. Retrieved December 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/381.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1816\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1816.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1816\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1817\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1817.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1817\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1818\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1818.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1818\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1819\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1819.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1819\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1820\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1820.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1820\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 417\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0417.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 417\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1658\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1658.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1658\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1821\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1821.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1821\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1195\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1195.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1195\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 24, 2018). \"Route of FM 1821\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/32.7888589,-98.0657031/32.8546501,-98.0940269/@32.8182586,-98.0967811,13.5z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 1821\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 711\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM0500/FM0711.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 711\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1822\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1822.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1822\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1823\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1823.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1823\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1824\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1824.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1824\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 1323\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM1323.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 1323\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Urban Road No. 1825\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR1825.htm","url_text":"\"Urban Road No. 1825\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1825\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1825.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1825\""}]},{"reference":"\"Minute Order 115371\" (PDF). Texas Transportation Commission. November 15, 2018. Retrieved August 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/commission/2018/1115/4.pdf","url_text":"\"Minute Order 115371\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 1826\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM1826.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 1826\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1639. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1639.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1589. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1589.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Google (June 6, 2018). \"Overview map of Farm to Market Road 1826 Distances Between Interchanges\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/30.1318425,-98.0319389/30.1319014,-98.0102672/30.1928924,-97.924694/30.2292372,-97.8882537/@30.2286173,-97.8876607,19z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0?hl=en","url_text":"\"Overview map of Farm to Market Road 1826 Distances Between Interchanges\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1827\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1827.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1827\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1828\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1828.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1828\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1829\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1829.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1829\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1830\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1830.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1830\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 407\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0407.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 407\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Urban Road No. 1830\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR1830.htm","url_text":"\"Urban Road No. 1830\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1831\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1831.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1831\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 1832\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM1832.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 1832\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1354. Retrieved February 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1354.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676444.pdf.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676444.pdf","url_text":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676444.pdf"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1833\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1833.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1833\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1834\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1834.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1834\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1835\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1835.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1835\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1836\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1836.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1836\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 1837\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM1837.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 1837\""}]},{"reference":"Google (December 6, 2009). \"SH 118 between junction of RM 1837 and Fort Davis\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved December 6, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=TX-118+N&daddr=State+St+%26+Cemetery+Rd+Fort+Davis+TX&hl=en&geocode=FXQi0QEdyA3R-Q%3B&mra=ls&sll=30.535355,-103.824577&sspn=0.135139,0.220413&ie=UTF8&ll=30.537425,-103.817368&spn=0.135136,0.220413&z=12","url_text":"\"SH 118 between junction of RM 1837 and Fort Davis\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1838\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1838.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1838\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1839\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1839.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1839\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1840\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1840.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1840\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1841\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1841.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1841\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1842\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1842.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1842\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1843\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1843.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1843\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 288. Retrieved November 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/288.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1844\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1844.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1844\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1845\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1845.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1845\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Urban Road No. 1845\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR1845.htm","url_text":"\"Urban Road No. 1845\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1846\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1846.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1846\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1847\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1847.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1847\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Urban Road No. 1847\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR1847.htm","url_text":"\"Urban Road No. 1847\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1848\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1848.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1848\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1849\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1849.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1849\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1850\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1850.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1850\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1851\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1851.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1851\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1852\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1852.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1852\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1853\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1853.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1853\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1854\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1854.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1854\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 1855\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM1855.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 1855\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1856\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1856.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1856\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1857\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1857.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1857\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 669\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM0500/FM0669.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 669\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1858\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1858.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1858\""}]},{"reference":"Texas State Highway Department (April 22, 1953). \"Minutes of the 453rd Meeting of the Texas State Highway Department\" (PDF). Austin: Texas State Highway Department.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676445.pdf","url_text":"\"Minutes of the 453rd Meeting of the Texas State Highway Department\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1859\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1859.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1859\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1860\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1860.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1860\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1861\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1861.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1861\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1862\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1862.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1862\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1863\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1863.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1863\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1786. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1786.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1787. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1787.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1864\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1864.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1864\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 1865\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM1865.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 1865\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1722. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1722.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1672. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1672.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1866\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1866.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1866\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1867\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1867.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1867\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1868\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1868.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1868\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 1869\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM1869.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 1869\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1434. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1434.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Google (January 13, 2011). \"Overview map of Ranch to Market Road 1869 Distances Between Interchanges\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. 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Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM1871.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 1871\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1872\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1872.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1872\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1873\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1873.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1873\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1874\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1874.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1874\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1875\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1875.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1875\""}]},{"reference":"Google (March 27, 2013). \"Farm to Market Road 1875\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. 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Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1876.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1876\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1877\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1877.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1877\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1878\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1878.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1878\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1879\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1879.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1879\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1880\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1880.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1880\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1881\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1881.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1881\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1882\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1882.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1882\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1883\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1883.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1883\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 406. Retrieved December 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/406.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 407. Retrieved December 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/407.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1884\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1884.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1884\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1885\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1885.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1885\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1886\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1886.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1886\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1887\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1887.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1887\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 462\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0462.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 462\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1373\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1373.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1373\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 224\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0224.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 224\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2114\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2114.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2114\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 1888\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM1888.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 1888\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1889\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1889.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1889\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1890\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1890.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1890\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1891\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1891.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1891\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1875. Retrieved July 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1875.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1892\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1892.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1892\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 536\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM0500/FM0536.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 536\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 1376\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM1376.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 1376\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1893\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1893.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1893\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1894\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1894.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1894\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1895\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1895.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1895\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1896\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1896.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1896\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1897\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1897.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1897\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1898\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1898.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1898\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1899\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1899.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1899\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 773. Retrieved June 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/773.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 774. Retrieved June 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/774.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priodontognathus
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Priodontognathus
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["1 History and taxonomy","1.1 \"Omosaurus\" phillipsii","2 Paleobiology","3 Miscellany","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Extinct genus of dinosaurs
PriodontognathusTemporal range: Upper Jurassic, Oxfordian
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Clade:
Dinosauria
Clade:
†Ornithischia
Clade:
†Thyreophora
Clade:
†Ankylosauria
Genus:
†PriodontognathusSeeley, 1875
Species:
†P. phillipsii
Binomial name
†Priodontognathus phillipsii(Seeley, 1869)
Synonyms
Iguanodon phillipsii Seeley, 1869
Priodontognathus (meaning "saw tooth jaw") was a genus of ankylosaurian dinosaur possibly from the Oxfordian-age Upper Jurassic Lower Calcareous Grit of Yorkshire, England. It is a dubious genus based on a maxilla, and has been erroneously mixed up with iguanodonts and stegosaurs.
History and taxonomy
English paleontologist Harry Govier Seeley, who described the genus, first mentioned the holotype (SMC B53408), a maxilla or upper jaw bone, in 1869. Seeley was at the time compiling a catalogue of the fossils of the Woodwardian Museum. Part of these formed the Forbes Collection that after the death of James Forbes-Young had in 1862 been donated to the University of Cambridge by his sons Charles Young and Henry Young. The provenance of this particular bone from that collection was unknown; first believed to be found near Tilgate from a Lower Cretaceous stratum, it was later thought to have been discovered somewhere near the coast of Yorkshire in a Jurassic layer. Seeley initially assumed that it was referable to Iguanodon, and named it Iguanodon Phillipsii. The specific name honoured geology professor John Phillips. The five inch long fragment lacked the teeth, only seventeen empty tooth sockets being visible. By 1875, after subsequent preparation had uncovered the replacement teeth within the jaw bone, Seeley had recognized that it was different, and so gave it the generic name Priodontognathus. The name is derived from Greek prion, "saw", odous, "tooth" and gnathos, "jaw", in recognition of the form of its teeth. Because the replacement teeth had not yet erupted, their serrations had not been worn down and many sharp denticula could be seen, shaped as the points of a saw.
Because armored dinosaurs were very poorly known at the time, he had little to compare it to, and in light of this it is not too surprising that he later, in 1893, had it mixed up with the stegosaurian Omosaurus (now Dacentrurus); stegosaurs are most closely related to the ankylosaurs within the Thyreophora. At this time, he named a species Omosaurus phillipsii based on a femur (YM 498), but also provisionally equated this species to Priodontognathus phillipsii, despite the two species being based on non-comparable material. This was extremely confusing as both shared the same specific name (see at the bottom). It led to a later misunderstanding by some authors, assuming Omosaurus phillipsii was nothing but Priodontognathus phillipsii reassigned to Omosaurus. However, this is precluded by the mere fact that both species have been based on different type specimens.
After this time, Priodontognathus was generally considered to be a stegosaurid, although at least one author, Baron Franz Nopcsa, recognized that it was not, and assigned it to "Acanthopholididae", which we would recognize as Nodosauridae. Alfred Sherwood Romer also recognized that it was an ankylosaurian, although he synonymized it with Hylaeosaurus.
Peter Galton reassessed the genus in 1980 and established that it was a distinct genus, which he compared to Priconodon and Sauropelta and assigned to Nodosauridae. While his assessment of it as a type of ankylosaurian has been accepted, his belief that it was valid was not, and it has been usually considered a dubious genus of uncertain ankylosaurian affinities since then.
"Omosaurus" phillipsii
As mentioned, Seeley named a femur Omosaurus phillipsii in 1893, which has become confused with this animal, due to being discussed in the same article (and considered to possibly be the same genus), and due to them having the same specific name. Omosaurus phillipsii, now known as "Dacentrurus" phillipsii or "Omosaurus" phillipsii (depending on how an author denotes dubious species), is a dubious species of stegosaurian from the Malton Oolite Member of the Corallian Oolite Formation, Slingsby, North Yorkshire. Galton (1983) found it to have no diagnostic features, and that its major significance was of being the only record then known of Oxfordian stegosaurians. The femur, which is in three pieces, is that of a juvenile.
Paleobiology
As an ankylosaurian, Priodontognathus would have been a slow quadrupedal herbivore, built low to the ground, and possessing armor as a protective feature against theropods and other carnivores. It was a rather small animal, a few metres long; if the Oxfordian date is correct this might be seen as a feature shared with all early nodosaurids.
Miscellany
The double "i" at the end of the specific name for both Priodontognathus and "Omosaurus" phillipsii is an old formulation and is today not done. The extra "i" has not been formally removed and is the only valid spelling under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, but authors sometimes leave it off. For that matter, as mentioned above regarding the name of "Omosaurus" phillipsi, Priodontognathus will sometimes be referred to as "Iguanodon" phillipsii. Seeley's original use of a capital to write Phillipsii is now no longer conventional, lower case being used for the beginning of all specific epithets even if they were derived from personal names, resulting in this case in a phillipsi.
See also
Timeline of ankylosaur research
References
^ Seeley, H.G. (1869). Index to the fossil remains of Aves, Ornithosauria, and Reptilia from the Secondary Strata. Cambridge University Press:Cambridge, 143 p.
^ a b c d Seeley, H.G. (1893). On Omosaurus phillipsii. Annual Report, Yorkshire Philosophical Society, 1892. 52-57.
^ Seeley, H.G. (1875). On the maxillary bone of a new dinosaur (Priodontognathus phillipsii), contained in the Woodwardian Museum of the University of Cambridge. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 31:439-443.
^ von Huene, F. (1909). Skizze zu einer Systematik und Stammesgeschichte der Dinosaurier. Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie 1909:12-22.
^ von Zittel, K.A.. (1911). Grundzüge der Paläontologie (Paläozoologie). II. Abteilung. Vertebrata. Druck und Verlag von R. Oldenbourg:München, 1-598.
^ Nopcsa, F. (1902). Notizen über cretacische Dinosaurier. Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 111(1):93-114.
^ Romer, A.S. (1956). Osteology of the Reptiles. University of Chicago Press:Chicago, 1-772. ISBN 0-89464-985-X
^ Galton, P.M. 1980. Priodontognathus phillipsii (Seeley), an ankylosaurian dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic (or possibly Lower Cretaceous) of England. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 1980(8):477-489.
^ a b Coombs, Jr., W.P., and Maryańska, T. (1990). Ankylosauria. In: Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P., and Osmólska, H. (eds.). The Dinosauria (first edition). University of California Press:Berkeley, 456-483. ISBN 0-520-06727-4
^ Ford, T.L. (2000). A review of ankylosaur osteoderms from New Mexico and a preliminary review of ankylosaur armor. In: Lucas, S.G., and Heckert, A.B. (eds.). Dinosaurs of New Mexico. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 17:157-176.
^ a b Carpenter, K. (2001). Phylogenetic analysis of the Ankylosauria. In: Carpenter, K. (ed.). The Armored Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press:Bloomington, 455-483. ISBN 0-253-33964-2
^ a b c Vickaryous, M.K., Maryańska, T., and Weishampel, D.B. (2004). Ankylosauria. In: Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P., and Osmólska, H. (eds.). The Dinosauria (second edition). University of California Press:Berkeley, 363-392. ISBN 0-520-24209-2
^ a b A juvenile stegosaurian dinosaur, Omosaurus phillipsii Seeley from the Oxfordian (Upper Jurassic) of England. Géobios 16:95-101.
External links
A Dinosaur Mailing List post mentioning the confusing taxonomy (scroll to the bottom)
vteAnkylosauria
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: Ornithischia
Clade: Thyreophora
Avemetatarsalia
see Avemetatarsalia
Ornithischia
see Ornithischia
Ankylosauria
see below↓
AnkylosauriaAnkylosauria
Cryptosaurus
Dracopelta
Minmi
Priodontognathus
Sarcolestes
Serendipaceratops?
Sinankylosaurus
Spicomellus
Stegosaurides?
Tianchisaurus
Vectipelta
Parankylosauria
Antarctopelta
Kunbarrasaurus?
Stegouros
EuankylosauriaNodosauridae
Acanthopholis
Anoplosaurus
Dongyangopelta
Gargoyleosaurus?
Gastonia?
Glyptodontopelta
Horshamosaurus
Hylaeosaurus?
Invictarx
Mymoorapelta?
Polacanthoides?
Priconodon?
Propanoplosaurus
Rhadinosaurus
Sauroplites
Polacanthinae
Gargoyleosaurus?
Gastonia?
Hoplitosaurus
Peloroplites?
Polacanthus
Taohelong?
Nodosaurinae
Acantholipan
Ahshislepelta?
Borealopelta
Niobrarasaurus
Nodosaurus
Patagopelta
Peloroplites?
Sauropelta
Silvisaurus
Tatankacephalus
Panoplosaurini
Animantarx
Denversaurus
Edmontonia
Panoplosaurus
Texasetes
Struthiosaurini
Europelta
Hungarosaurus
Pawpawsaurus
Stegopelta
Struthiosaurus
Ankylosauridae
Ahshislepelta?
Aletopelta?
Cedarpelta
Chuanqilong
Hylaeosaurus?
Liaoningosaurus
Zhejiangosaurus
Shamosaurinae
Gobisaurus
Shamosaurus
Zhongyuansaurus?
Ankylosaurinae
Bissektipelta
Crichtonpelta
Crichtonsaurus
Datai
Jinyunpelta
Minotaurasaurus
Pinacosaurus
Saichania
Shanxia?
Tarchia
Tianzhenosaurus?
Tsagantegia
Zaraapelta
Ankylosaurini
Akainacephalus
Ankylosaurus
Anodontosaurus
Dyoplosaurus
Euoplocephalus
Nodocephalosaurus
Oohkotokia
Platypelta
Scolosaurus
Talarurus
Ziapelta
Zuul
See also: Timeline
Category
|
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It is a dubious genus based on a maxilla, and has been erroneously mixed up with iguanodonts and stegosaurs.","title":"Priodontognathus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people"},{"link_name":"paleontologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologist"},{"link_name":"Harry Govier Seeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Govier_Seeley"},{"link_name":"holotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotype"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HGS69-1"},{"link_name":"Woodwardian Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodwardian_Museum"},{"link_name":"James Forbes-Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Forbes-Young&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"provenance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provenance"},{"link_name":"Tilgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilgate"},{"link_name":"stratum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HGS93-2"},{"link_name":"Iguanodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguanodon"},{"link_name":"specific name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"John Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Arthur_Phillips"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HGS75-3"},{"link_name":"stegosaurian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stegosauria"},{"link_name":"Dacentrurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacentrurus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HGS93-2"},{"link_name":"Thyreophora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyreophora"},{"link_name":"femur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femur"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HGS93-2"},{"link_name":"see at the bottom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dml.cmnh.org/1999Feb/msg00055.html"},{"link_name":"type specimens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_specimen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FVH09-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Z11-5"},{"link_name":"Franz Nopcsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Nopcsa"},{"link_name":"Nodosauridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodosauridae"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-N02-6"},{"link_name":"Alfred Sherwood Romer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Sherwood_Romer"},{"link_name":"Hylaeosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylaeosaurus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASR56-7"},{"link_name":"Peter Galton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Galton"},{"link_name":"Priconodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priconodon"},{"link_name":"Sauropelta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropelta"},{"link_name":"Nodosauridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodosauridae"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PG80-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CM90-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F00-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KC01-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VMW04-12"}],"text":"English paleontologist Harry Govier Seeley, who described the genus, first mentioned the holotype (SMC B53408), a maxilla or upper jaw bone, in 1869.[1] Seeley was at the time compiling a catalogue of the fossils of the Woodwardian Museum. Part of these formed the Forbes Collection that after the death of James Forbes-Young had in 1862 been donated to the University of Cambridge by his sons Charles Young and Henry Young. The provenance of this particular bone from that collection was unknown; first believed to be found near Tilgate from a Lower Cretaceous stratum, it was later thought to have been discovered somewhere near the coast of Yorkshire in a Jurassic layer.[2] Seeley initially assumed that it was referable to Iguanodon, and named it Iguanodon Phillipsii. The specific name honoured geology professor John Phillips. The five inch long fragment lacked the teeth, only seventeen empty tooth sockets being visible. By 1875, after subsequent preparation had uncovered the replacement teeth within the jaw bone, Seeley had recognized that it was different, and so gave it the generic name Priodontognathus. The name is derived from Greek prion, \"saw\", odous, \"tooth\" and gnathos, \"jaw\", in recognition of the form of its teeth.[3] Because the replacement teeth had not yet erupted, their serrations had not been worn down and many sharp denticula could be seen, shaped as the points of a saw.Because armored dinosaurs were very poorly known at the time, he had little to compare it to, and in light of this it is not too surprising that he later, in 1893, had it mixed up with the stegosaurian Omosaurus (now Dacentrurus);[2] stegosaurs are most closely related to the ankylosaurs within the Thyreophora. At this time, he named a species Omosaurus phillipsii based on a femur (YM 498), but also provisionally equated this species to Priodontognathus phillipsii, despite the two species being based on non-comparable material.[2] This was extremely confusing as both shared the same specific name (see at the bottom). It led to a later misunderstanding by some authors, assuming Omosaurus phillipsii was nothing but Priodontognathus phillipsii reassigned to Omosaurus. However, this is precluded by the mere fact that both species have been based on different type specimens.After this time, Priodontognathus was generally considered to be a stegosaurid,[4][5] although at least one author, Baron Franz Nopcsa, recognized that it was not, and assigned it to \"Acanthopholididae\", which we would recognize as Nodosauridae.[6] Alfred Sherwood Romer also recognized that it was an ankylosaurian, although he synonymized it with Hylaeosaurus.[7]Peter Galton reassessed the genus in 1980 and established that it was a distinct genus, which he compared to Priconodon and Sauropelta and assigned to Nodosauridae.[8] While his assessment of it as a type of ankylosaurian has been accepted, his belief that it was valid was not, and it has been usually considered a dubious genus of uncertain ankylosaurian affinities since then.[9][10][11][12]","title":"History and taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dacentrurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacentrurus"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"stegosaurian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stegosauria"},{"link_name":"Malton Oolite Member","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malton_Oolite_Member&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Corallian Oolite Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corallian_Oolite_Formation"},{"link_name":"Slingsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slingsby,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HGS93-2"},{"link_name":"Oxfordian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordian_stage"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PG83-13"},{"link_name":"juvenile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenile_(organism)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PG83-13"}],"sub_title":"\"Omosaurus\" phillipsii","text":"As mentioned, Seeley named a femur Omosaurus phillipsii in 1893, which has become confused with this animal, due to being discussed in the same article (and considered to possibly be the same genus), and due to them having the same specific name. Omosaurus phillipsii, now known as \"Dacentrurus\" phillipsii or \"Omosaurus\" phillipsii (depending on how an author denotes dubious species), is a dubious species of stegosaurian from the Malton Oolite Member of the Corallian Oolite Formation, Slingsby, North Yorkshire.[2] Galton (1983) found it to have no diagnostic features, and that its major significance was of being the only record then known of Oxfordian stegosaurians.[13] The femur, which is in three pieces, is that of a juvenile.[13]","title":"History and taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"quadrupedal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadruped"},{"link_name":"herbivore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivore"},{"link_name":"armor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armour_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"theropods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theropod"},{"link_name":"carnivores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivore"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VMW04-12"}],"text":"As an ankylosaurian, Priodontognathus would have been a slow quadrupedal herbivore, built low to the ground, and possessing armor as a protective feature against theropods and other carnivores.[12] It was a rather small animal, a few metres long; if the Oxfordian date is correct this might be seen as a feature shared with all early nodosaurids.","title":"Paleobiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Code of Zoological Nomenclature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CM90-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KC01-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VMW04-12"},{"link_name":"lower case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_case"}],"text":"The double \"i\" at the end of the specific name for both Priodontognathus and \"Omosaurus\" phillipsii is an old formulation and is today not done. The extra \"i\" has not been formally removed and is the only valid spelling under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, but authors sometimes leave it off. For that matter, as mentioned above regarding the name of \"Omosaurus\" phillipsi, Priodontognathus will sometimes be referred to as \"Iguanodon\" phillipsii.[9][11][12] Seeley's original use of a capital to write Phillipsii is now no longer conventional, lower case being used for the beginning of all specific epithets even if they were derived from personal names, resulting in this case in a phillipsi.","title":"Miscellany"}]
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[{"title":"Timeline of ankylosaur research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_ankylosaur_research"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://dml.cmnh.org/1999Feb/msg00055.html","external_links_name":"see at the bottom"},{"Link":"http://dml.cmnh.org/1999Feb/msg00055.html","external_links_name":"A Dinosaur Mailing List post"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_call
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Glossary of tennis terms
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List of definitions of terms and concepts related to tennis
This page is a glossary of tennis terminology.
Contents
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
References
External links
A
Ace: Serve where the tennis ball lands inside the service box and is not touched by the receiver; thus, a shot that is both a serve and a winner is an ace. Aces are usually powerful and generally land on or near one of the corners at the back of the service box. Initially, the term was used to indicate the scoring of a point.
Action: Synonym of spin.
Ad court: Left side of the court of each player, so called because the ad (advantage) point immediately following a deuce is always served to this side of the court.
Ad in: Advantage to the server.
Ad out: Advantage to the receiver.
Ad: Used by the chair umpire to announce the score when a player has the advantage, meaning they won the point immediately after a deuce. See scoring in tennis.
Advantage set: Set won by a player or team having won at least six games with a two-game advantage over the opponent (as opposed to a tiebreak format). All advantage sets were used at the final set of matches at the Olympic tennis events (until 2012), Davis Cup (until 2015), Fed Cup (until 2015), Australian Open (until 2018), Wimbledon (until 2018) and French Open (until 2021) when they were all switched to tie breaks.
Advantage: When one player wins the first point from a deuce and needs one more point to win the game; not applicable when using deciding points.
All-Comers: Tournament in which all players took part except the reigning champion. The winner of the All-Comers event would play the title holder in the Challenge Round.
All-court (or all-court game): Style of play that is a composite of all the different playing styles, which includes baseline, transition, and serve and volley styles.
All-courter: Player with an all-court game.
All: Used by the chair umpire to announce scores when both players have the same number of points or the same number of games. When both players are at 40, the preferred term is deuce.
Alley: Area of the court between the singles and the doubles sidelines, which together are known as tramlines.
Alternate: Player or team that gains acceptance into the main draw of a tournament when a main draw player or team withdraws. Such a player may be a lucky loser.
American doubles (or American singles, Australian doubles and cut-throat tennis): Informal and unsanctioned variation of tennis played with three players—two on one side of the court and one on the other. The team of two players can only hit the ball within the single player's singles lines, whilst the single player can hit into the full doubles court on the doubles team's side. After each game, the players rotate such that each player plays in every position on court during the match. See also: Canadian doubles.
Approach shot (or approach): A groundstroke shot used as a setup as the player approaches the net, often using underspin or topspin.
ATP Finals: (formerly Masters Grand Prix, ATP Tour World Championship, Tennis Masters Cup and ATP World Tour Finals): Annual season-ending tournament of the ATP Tour featuring the eight top-ranked men in the world (plus two alternates).
ATP Race (or ATP Race to Milan/Turin/London; formerly ATP Champions Race): ATP point ranking system that starts at the beginning of the year and by the end of the year mirrors the ATP entry system ranking. The top eight players at the end of the year qualify for the ATP Finals.
ATP Tour (formerly ATP World Tour): Worldwide top-tier tennis tour for men organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals.
ATP: Abbreviation for Association of Tennis Professionals, the main organizing body of men's professional tennis; governs the ATP Tour with the largest tournaments for men.
Australian doubles: See American doubles.
Australian formation: In doubles, a formation where the server and partner stand on the same side of the court before starting the point.
B
A ball boy in action
Backboard: Vertical wall, often with the image of a tennis net painted on it, that is used to practice hitting against such that the ball bounces back without the need for a partner.
Backcourt: The area of the tennis court between the baseline and the service line.
Backhand: Stroke in which the ball is hit with the back of the racket hand facing the ball at the moment of contact. A backhand is often hit by a right-handed player when the ball is on the left side of the court, and vice versa.
Backhand smash: A type of smash played over the backhand side.
Backspin: Shot that rotates the ball backwards after it is hit; also known as slice or underspin. The trajectory of the shot is affected by an upward force that lifts the ball. See Magnus effect.
Backswing: Portion of a swing where the racket is swung backwards in preparation for the forward motion to hit the ball.
Bagel: Colloquial term for winning or losing a set 6–0 (the shape of the zero being reminiscent of the round shape of a bagel). See also breadstick.
Bagnall-Wild: A method of draw which places all byes in the first round. Introduced in the 1880s by Ralph Bagnall Bagnall-Wild.
Ball boy (also ball girl or ballkid): a person, commonly a child, tasked with retrieving tennis balls from the court that have gone out of play and supplying the balls to the players before their service. Ball boys in net positions normally kneel near the net and run across the court to collect the ball, while ball boys in the back positions stand in the back along the perimeter of the arena. Ball boys in the back are responsible for giving the balls to the player serving.
Ball toss: The action of throwing up the ball prior to the serve.
Ball machine: Machine that shoots tennis balls onto the court at a similar speed and trajectory as a human player, allowing an individual to practice their strokes without the need for a partner.
Banana shot or banana forehand: Forehand hit down the line with sufficient spin that it curves in the air outside over the tramline and then back into the court again. A signature shot of Rafael Nadal.
Baseline: Line at the farthest ends of the court indicating the boundary of the area of play. If the ball goes over the baseline it will be the other player's point.
Baseliner: Player who plays around the baseline during play and relies on the quality of their ground strokes.
Big serve: Forceful serve, usually giving an advantage in the point for the server.
Billie Jean King Cup (formerly Fed Cup or Federation Cup): International, annual women's tennis competition in which teams from participating countries compete in a single-elimination format tournament with matches occurring at several stages during the year.
Bisque: One stroke (point), which may be claimed by the receiver at any part of the set. Part of the handicapping odds and used during the early era of the sport. Abolished by the LTA in 1890.
Block (or blocked shot, blocked return): Defensive shot with relatively little backswing and shortened action instead of a full swing, usually while returning a serve.
Bounce: The upward movement of the ball after it has hit the ground. The trajectory of the bounce can be affected by the surface and weather, the amount and type of spin and the power of the shot.
Boxed set: The career slam in singles, doubles, and mixed, i.e. winning at least one title in each discipline at all four of the slam venues. Has been completed only four times, by Doris Hart, Margaret Court (twice), and Martina Navratilova.
Breadstick: Colloquial term for winning or losing a set 6–1, with the straight shape of the one supposedly being reminiscent of the straight shape of a breadstick. See also bagel.
Break back: To win a game as the receiving player or team immediately after losing the previous game as the serving player or team.
Break point: Point which, if won by the receiver, would result in a break of service; arises when the score is 30–40 or 40–ad. A double break point or two break points arises at 15–40; a triple break point or three break points arises at 0–40.
Break: To win a game as the receiving player or team, thereby breaking serve. At high level of play the server is more likely to win a game, so breaks are often key moments of a match. Noun: break (service break) (e.g. "to be a break down" means "to have, in a set, one break fewer than the opponent", "to be a double break up" means "to have, in a set, two breaks more than the opponent").
Breaker: Colloquial term for tiebreak.
Brutaliser: Hitting the ball directly at the opponent.
Buffalo Log: The population of unbiased spectators enqueued viva their exchange mechanism, in attendance at the field.
Buggy whip: Forehand hit with a follow-through that does not go across the body and finish on the opposite side, but rather goes from low to high, crosses the opposite shoulder (optionally) and finishes on the same side (similar to the driver of a horse-drawn carriage whipping a horse). Used, for example, by Rafael Nadal (racket head crosses the opposite shoulder) and Maria Sharapova (racket head stays on the same shoulder).
Bumper guard: A piece of plastic that protects the outside of the upper-half of the racket head.
Bye: Automatic advancement of a player to the next round of a tournament without facing an opponent. Byes are often awarded in the first round to the top-seeded players in a tournament.
Bunt: To use the power of the opponent's shot and hit it back with a short swing.
C
A tennis court with its dimensions and components
Call: Verbal utterance by a line judge or chair umpire declaring that a ball landed outside the valid area of play.
Canadian doubles: Informal and unsanctioned variation of tennis played with three players—two on one side of the court and one on the other. The team of two players can only hit the ball within the single player's singles lines, whilst the single player can hit into the full doubles court on the doubles team's side. See also: American doubles.
Can opener: Serve hit by a right-handed player with slice, landing on or near the intersection of the singles tramline and service line in the deuce court (or in the ad court for a left-handed server).
Cannonball: Somewhat archaic term for a very fast, flat serve.
Career Golden Slam: In addition to having won all four major titles in their career, a player that has also won an Olympic gold medal is said to have achieved a career Golden Slam. Only four players have ever achieved this in singles: Steffi Graf (1988), Andre Agassi (1996), Rafael Nadal (2010) and Serena Williams (2012). The term is rarely used in doubles, although the feat has been more common in that discipline. It has been achieved individually by nine wheelchair tennis players and four able-bodied players (Pam Shriver, Gigi Fernández, Daniel Nestor, Mate Pavić), and by three teams (The Woodies, the Williams sisters, and the Bryan brothers). Tennis at the Olympics was not played from 1928 to 1984.
Career Grand Slam (or career slam): Players who have won all four Major championships over the course of their career (but not within the same calendar year) are said to have won a career Grand Slam.
Carpet court: A surface for tennis courts consisting of textile or polymer materials supplied in rolls. Previously common for indoor professional events, the surface was dropped from major pro tournaments in 2009. See carpet court.
Carve: To hit a groundstroke shot with a combination of sidespin and underspin.
Centre mark: Small mark located at the centre of the baseline. When serving the player must stand on the correct side of the mark corresponding with the score.
Chair umpire: See umpire.
Challenge Round: Final round of a tournament, in which the winner of a single-elimination phase faces the previous year's champion, who plays only that one match. The challenge round was used in the early history of Wimbledon (from 1877 through 1921) and the US Open (from 1884 through 1911), and, until 1972, in the Davis Cup.
Challenge: When a player requests an official review of the spot where the ball landed, using electronic ball tracking technology. See Hawk-Eye. Challenges are only available in some large tournaments.
Challenger: A tour of tournaments one level below the top-tier ATP Tour. Currently, Challenger tournaments compose the ATP Challenger Tour. Players, generally ranked around world no. 80 to world no. 300, compete on the Challenger tour in an effort to gain ranking points which allow them to gain entry to tournaments on the ATP Tour.
Champions tiebreak: See super tiebreak.
Change-over (or change of ends): 90 second rest time after every odd-numbered game when the players change ends.
Chip and charge: Type of approach shot which involves hitting a slice shot while rapidly moving forward and following the shot into the net. Aimed at putting the opponent under pressure.
Chip: Blocking a shot with underspin, creating a low trajectory.
Chop: Shot hit with extreme underspin, opposite of topspin.
Circuit: The yearly group of sanctioned tennis tournaments.
Clay (or clay court, claycourt): a natural surface made of crushed shale, stone, brick or clay on which tennis is played, most notably at the French Open. See: clay court.
Claycourter (or clay-courter, clay courter): Player who is particularly proficient or a specialist on clay courts.
Closed tournament: Entries to "closed" tournaments are restricted, normally by a requirement of residency within a specified geographic area.
Closed stance: Classic technique in which the ball is hit while the hitter's body is facing at an angle between parallel to the baseline and with their back turned to the opponent.
Code violation: a rule violation at a men's and women's professional tour match called by the chair umpire which results in a player receiving an official warning or a penalty. The first violation results in a warning; the second, a point penalty; the third and successive violations, a game penalty each. A code violation may also be judged severe enough to result in the player having to forfeit the match immediately (without having to go through the three or more automatic penalty stages). There often follows additional monetary fine for each code violation.
Consolidate (a break): To hold serve in the game immediately following a break of serve.
Continental grip: way of holding the racket in which the bottom knuckle of the index finger is in contact with the top of the handle and the heel of the hand with the bevel directly clockwise from it.
Counterpuncher: Defensive baseliner. See tennis strategy.
Court: Area designated for playing a game of tennis.
Cross-over: Player crossing the net into the opponent's court. It can be done either in a friendly fashion, or maliciously, thereby invoking a code violation. The latter sometimes happens when it is uncertain whether the ball on a decisive point landed inside or outside the court when playing on clay, thus leaving a mark.
Crosscourt shot: Hitting the ball diagonally into the opponent's court.
Cut-throat tennis (or cutthroat tennis): see American doubles.
Cyclops: Device formerly used at Wimbledon and other tournaments to detect a serve that landed long, past the service line. The device emitted an audible noise when the serve was long. Succeeded by Hawk-Eye.
D
An example of a dead net cord
Dampener A small rubber device affixed to the strings of the racket to absorb some of the vibration caused by hitting the ball.
Davis Cup: International, annual men's tennis competition in which teams from participating countries compete in a single-elimination format, with matches occurring at several stages during the year.
Dead net (or dead net cord): Situation in which a player scores by inadvertently hitting the ball in such a way that it touches the upper cord of the net and rolls over to the other side; the player is said to have "gotten (caught) a dead net (dead net cord)" and considered to be lucky.
Dead rubber: Davis/Fed Cup match which is played after the victor of the tie has already been decided. Dead rubbers may or may not be played, depending on the coaches' agreement to do so, and are usually best of three, instead of five, sets. Typically, players who play the dead rubber are lower-ranked members of the team looking to gain Davis/Fed Cup match experience.
Deciding point: In doubles, the point played when the game score reaches deuce and there is no ad play; the game is decided in favor of whichever team wins the deuce point.
Deep shot: Shot that lands near the baseline, as opposed to near the net or mid-court.
Default: Disqualification of a player in a match by the chair umpire after the player has received four code violation warnings, generally for their conduct on court. A default can occur with less than four code violations warnings if the code violation is judged severe enough to warrant it. A double default occurs when both players are disqualified. Defaults also occur when a player misses a match with no valid excuse. Defaults are considered losses.
Deuce court: Right side of the court of each player, so called because it is the area into which the ball is served when the score is deuce.
Deuce: Score of 40–40 in a game. A player must win two consecutive points from a deuce to win the game, unless the tournament employs deciding points, as in the 2010 ATP World Tour Finals. A player who has won one point after deuce is said to have the advantage.
Dig: A shot where the player hits the ball just before the second bounce. So named because the racket is positioned in a downward position, similar to a shovel digging a hole.
Dink: Onomatopoetic term for a shot with little pace, usually hit close to the net.
Direct acceptance ("DA"): The process followed for the bulk of players who enter and are selected for a tournament by ranking. The term "DA" may be used specifically where a player's ATP or WTA ranking would be insufficient to gain entry into a tournament, but they are selected based on an ITF ranking, top 500 national ranking, or randomly if the player is unranked but more direct entry spots are needed to fill the draw.
Dirtballer: Colloquial term for a clay court specialist.
Double bagel: Two sets won to love; see bagel.
Double break point: A situation where the receiver has two consecutive break point opportunities in game, or a score of 15–40.
Double break (or double-break): An advantage of two breaks of service in a set.
Double fault: Two serving faults in a row in one point, causing the player serving to lose the point.
Double-handed backhand (or double-hander): See two-handed backhand.
Double-handed forehand (or double-hander): See two-handed forehand.
Doubles net: A net used for playing doubles; longer than a singles net.
Doubles: Match played by four players, two per side of the court. A doubles court is 9 ft (2.97m) wider than a singles court.
Down the line: Ball hit straight along the sideline to the opponent's side of the court.
Draw: The schedule of matches in a tennis tournament. The starting fixtures are determined by a combined process of player seeding and random selection, and may or may not involve a public draw ceremony. A qualifying draw is set up to arrange the starting lineup of the qualifying competition (qualies), from where unseeded players qualify for a place in the starting lineup or the main draw of the tournament.
Drive volley (or drive-volley, swing volley): a tennis volley executed with full swing or topspin drive, thus with pace and conventionally at shoulder height; in the manner of a forehand or backhand swing.
Drive: Groundstroke hit with a flat trajectory.
Drop (a set): to lose (the set)
Drop shot (colloquial: dropper): Play in which the player hits the ball lightly enough to just go over the net, usually with backspin; designed to catch a player who is away from the net off guard.
Drop volley: Drop shot executed from a volley position.
Dual match: A team competition format used at the college level in the US. In NCAA Division I, a dual match consists of three one-set doubles matches and six singles matches. One point is awarded to the team that wins two or more of the doubles sets, and six more points are awarded for each singles win. The winner of the dual match is the team with four or more of the seven points.
E
Elbow: Corner of the baseline and the doubles alley.
Emergency substitution ("ES"): ATP Tour 250 Tournaments qualify for one (1) emergency substitution if the following conditions exist : i) Two (2) of the tournament's top four (4) seeds on the original acceptance list withdraw; and ii) One (1) of the withdrawals involves the first or second seeded player; and iii) The substitute player (1) meets a minimum of one (1) of the following criteria: 1. A former top 20 player on the Pepperstone ATP rankings within the previous 5 years from the tournament date. 2. Past tournament champion. 3. A current player ranked in the top 5 on the current ITF International Junior Ranking. 4. A current player ranked in the top 2 of the host country official National Junior Ranking. To be eligible for the emergency substitution, the tournament must have declared their wildcards to the ATP prior to the withdrawal of the player that qualified them for the emergency substitution.
Entry system: Ranking system used by the ATP and WTA tours, so named because it determines whether a player has a sufficiently high ranking to gain direct acceptance (not as a qualifier or wild card) into the main draw of a tournament. A player's Entry System ranking is different from their Race ranking, which is reset to zero at the beginning of each year. A player carries points and the associated Entry ranking continuously unless those points are lost at a tournament at which the player had previously earned them.
Error: A shot that does not land (correctly) in the opponent's court, resulting in the loss of a point.
Exhibition: Tournament in which players compete for the purpose of entertaining the crowd or raising money, but not ranking points on the ATP or WTA tours.
F
Example of a follow through action after the ball is hit
Fault: Serve that fails to land the ball in the opponent's service box, therefore not starting the point. See also double fault and foot fault.
Fed Cup (or Federation Cup): See Billie Jean King Cup.
First serve: The first of the two attempts to serve that a player is allowed at the beginning of a point. A let serve that lands inbounds does not count as a serve.
Five: Number of games completed (e.g. "7–5" is spoken as "seven–five"), or a spoken abbreviation of "15" in points (e.g. a score of 40–15 is sometimes spoken as "forty–five").
Flat (or flat shot): Shot with relatively little spin and usually hard-hit.
Flatliner: Player who hits the ball flat with a very low trajectory with exceptional depth and accuracy. Examples include Andre Agassi and Lindsay Davenport.
Follow through: Portion of a swing after the ball is hit.
Foot fault (or footfault): Type of service fault in which a player, during the serve, steps on or over the baseline into the court before striking the ball. A foot fault may also occur if the player steps on or across the center hash mark and its imaginary perpendicular extension from the baseline to the net. The definition of a foot fault has changed several times since the introduction of (lawn) tennis.
Forced error: Error caused by an opponent's good play; contrasted with an unforced error. Counting forced errors as well as unforced errors is partly subjective.
Forehand: Stroke in which the player hits the ball with the front of the racket hand facing the ball; contrasted with backhand.
Frame shot (or frame, wood shot): A mishit on the frame of the racket rather than the strings.
Fry: See breadstick.
Futures: Series of men's tour tennis tournaments which compose the ITF Men's Circuit, a tour two levels below the ATP Tour and one level below the ATP Challenger Tour. Players compete in Futures events (generally when ranked below world no. 300 or so) to garner enough ranking points to gain entry into Challenger events.
G
Game point: Situation in which the server is leading and needs one more point to win the game. See also break point.
Game, set, match: Expression used at the conclusion of a match to indicate that one of the competitors has prevailed.
Game: A game consists of a sequence of points played with the same player serving and is a segment of a set. Each set consists of at least six games.
Get: Reaching and returning a ball that is difficult to retrieve.
Ghost in to the net: To approach the net from the baseline while the opposing player is focused on retrieving a ball and therefore unaware that the player is approaching the net.
Golden set: A set that is won without dropping a single point.
Golden Slam: Winning the Grand Slam and the tennis Olympic gold medal in a calendar year. This has been achieved once by Steffi Graf in 1988. See also Career Golden Slam.
Grand Slam: Winning all four of the prestigious major tournaments in a calendar year. "Grand Slam" is also commonly used to refer to any one of the four tournaments: the Australian Open, the French Open (Roland Garros), Wimbledon, and the US Open. See also Career Grand Slam.
Grass (or grass court): A natural turf surface tennis is played on, most notably at Wimbledon. See: grass court.
Grasscourter (or grass-courter, grass courter): Player who is particularly proficient or a specialist on grass courts.
Grinding: Playing out points with a series of shots from the baseline. See also attrition.
Grip: A way of holding the racket in order to hit shots during a match. The three most commonly used conventional grips are the Continental, the Eastern and the Western. Most players change grips during a match depending on which shot they are hitting. For further information on grips, including all the types, see grip (tennis).
Grommet strip: A strip of plastic containing small tubes that are placed in the frame's string holes to prevent the strings from rubbing against the abrasive frame.
Groundie: Colloquial word for a groundstroke.
Groundstroke: Forehand or backhand shot that is executed after the ball bounces once on the court.
Grunting: Noises made by players while either serving or hitting the ball.
Gut: Type of racket string. Can be made from catgut or synthetic gut.
H
Hacker: Player whose clumsy strokes seem more accidental than intentional.
Hail Mary: Extremely high lob, for defensive purposes.
Half court: The area of the court in the vicinity of the service line.
Half volley: A groundstroke shot made immediately after a bounce or simultaneous to the bounce and played with the racket close to the ground.
Handicapping A system in which competitors are given advantages or compensations to equalize the chances of winning.
Hardcourt (or hard court): A type of court which is made of asphalt or concrete with a synthetic/acrylic layer on top. They can vary in color and tend to play medium-fast to fast.
Hardcourter (or hard-courter, hard courter): Player who is particularly proficient or a specialist on hard courts.
Hawk-Eye Live: Advanced version of the Hawk-Eye technology that calls shots in or out in real time (through speakers), fully replacing human line judges.
Hawk-Eye: Computer system connected to cameras to track the path of the ball for replay purposes; used with the player challenge system to contest and review designated line calls.
Head (or racket head): Portion of the racket that contains the strings.
Heavy (ball): Ball hit with so much topspin that it feels "heavy" when the opposing player strikes it.
Hit and giggle: non-competitive social tennis.
Hitting partner (or sparring partner): specialist employed by a tennis player to practice strokes during training.
Hold (or hold serve): To win the game when serving. Compare break.
Hot Dog: A shot where the player hits the ball between their legs.
I
I-formation: Formation used in doubles where the net player on the serving team crouches roughly at the centre service line; used mainly to counter teams that prefer a crosscourt return.
Inside-in: Running around the backhand side to hit a forehand down the line. Vice versa for inside in backhand.
Inside-out: Running around the backhand side and hitting a crosscourt forehand. Vice versa for inside out backhand.
Insurance break: Break that achieves an overall advantage of two breaks of serve.
IPIN: Abbreviation for International Player Identification Number, a registration number required for all professional tennis players and administered by the governing body ITF.
ITF entry: High-ranking ITF players can be awarded a spot into ATP Challenger and ITF women's tournaments main draws based on their ITF ranking.
ITF: Abbreviation for International Tennis Federation, the governing body of world tennis. Founded in 1913 as the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF).
J
Jamming: Serving or returning straight into the opponent's body.
Junior exempt ("JE"): High-ranking junior players can be awarded a spot in the draw of a tournament through the ITF's junior exempt project.
Junk ball: A shot or return stroke in which the ball tends to be slow and possibly also without spin; often introduced unpredictably to upset the flow of the game and the rhythm of the opposition.
Junk baller (or junkballer): Player that hits junk balls; often used in a derogative manner.
K
Kick serve: Type of spin serve that bounces high. Introduced in the United States in the late 1880s and called the American twist.
Knock-up: Practice or warm-up session without scoring which usually precedes the start of competitive play.
Kenin-Hold: This is used to describe a game, where the server holds the game from 0–40 down by hitting 5 consecutive winners in the due process of holding his/her serve. This has been termed after 2020 Australian Open champion Sofia Kenin, who infamously held her serve from 0–40 down in the final against two-time Grandslam champion Garbiñe Muguruza.
L
Line judges at Wimbledon
Last direct ("LD"): a player with the lowest rank/rating allowed to participate directly in the tournament.
Late Entry ("LE"): A Late Entry spot is a reserved position (one) in each ATP Tour 250 tournament. Only players with a ranking better than the original tournament entry list cut are allowed to enter.
Lawn tennis: "Regular" tennis, as opposed to real tennis, the game from which tennis is derived. Reflects the fact that the game was first played on grass.
Let-check: Electronic sensor on the net that assists chair umpires in calling lets by detecting vibration. Typically, it is used only on show courts in professional matches, like electronic review. Players and commentators occasionally complain that such devices are too sensitive, that is, indicate too many false positives.
Let: A call that requires the point to be replayed. The umpire indicates this type of let by announcing "Let. First serve", or "Let. Second serve." Lets typically occur when an otherwise-valid serve makes contact with the net before hitting the ground. Theoretically, a player could serve an unlimited number of otherwise-valid let serves, but a serve that touches the net and then lands out of bounds counts as one of the two allowed serves. A let can also be called during play when there is some distraction to either player not caused by the players themselves, such as a ball boy moving behind a receiver, debris flying across the court in windy conditions, or a ball accidentally falling out of a player's pocket or entering from a neighboring court. The call is made by the chair umpire when one is assigned to the match, as in professional matches, or one of the players when there is no chair umpire. When a receiver is legitimately unprepared for a serve, a let is technically the result, even if the word goes unspoken.
Line call (or call): Call made by the line judge. A call of 'out' will be made in combination with an outstretched arm pointing sideways if a ball lands outside the court and if the ball is 'in', i.e. lands on or within the outer lines, this is indicated by holding both hands flattened and the arms stretched downwards.
Line judge (or linesman, lineswoman or line umpire): Person designated to observe the passage of tennis balls over the boundary lines of the court. A line judge can declare that a play was inside or outside the play area and cannot be overruled by the players. Line judges must defer to an umpire's decision, even when it contradicts their own observations.
Lingering death tiebreak: Version of the tiebreak played as the best of twelve points, with a two-point advantage needed to clinch the set.
Lob volley: Type of volley shot aimed at lobbing the ball over the opponent and normally played when the opponent is in the vicinity of the net.
Lob: Stroke in which the ball is hit high above the net. If the opposing player or players are up at the net, the intention may be an offensive lob in order to win the point outright. In a defensive lob, the intent is to give the player time to recover and get in position, or, if the opponents are at the net, to force them to chase down the lob. See also moonball.
Long: A call to indicate that the ball has landed out of court, beyond the baseline.
Love game: Shutout game, won without the opponent scoring a single point.
Love hold: Game won by the server without the opponent scoring a single point.
Love: A score of zero (e.g. "15-0" is spoken "fifteen-love"; "to hold to love" means "to win the game when serving with the opponent scoring zero points"; "to break to love" means "to win the game when receiving with the opponent scoring zero points"). Thought to be derived from the French term, l'oeuf, literally the egg, meaning nothing; less popular alternative theory claiming it to be from the Dutch word lof doen, meaning honour.
Lucky loser ("LL"): Highest-ranked player to lose in the final round of qualifying for a tournament, but still ends up qualifying because of a sudden withdrawal by one of the players already in the main draw. In Grand Slam events, one of the four highest-ranked losers in the final qualifying round is randomly picked as the lucky loser.
M
Mac-Cam: High-speed video camera used for televised instant replays of close shots landing on/near the baseline. Name derived from John McEnroe.
Masters Cup (or Tennis Masters Cup) Former name of the year-end ATP championship, in which the eight highest-ranked players compete in a round-robin format. See ATP Finals.
Masters: Colloquial name for a tournament in the ATP Tour Masters 1000 category on the ATP Tour.
Match: A contest between two players (singles match) or two teams of players (doubles match), normally played as the best of three or five sets.
Match point: Situation in which the player who is leading needs one more point to win the match. Variations of the term are possible; e.g. championship point is the match point in the final match of a championship or a gold medal point is the match point in the final match of the Olympics.
Mercedes Super 9: Former name for the nine ATP Tour Masters 1000 tournaments.
Match tiebreak: A final set played under a tiebreak or super tiebreak format. The match tiebreak is used in ATP and WTA doubles tournaments, as well as the Australian Open, US Open and French Open mixed doubles tournaments.
Mini-break: Point won from the opponent's serve. The term is usually used in a tiebreak, but it can be used during normal service games as well. To be "up a mini-break" means that the player has one more mini-break than the opponent.
Mini-hold: Point won by the server, usually in a tiebreak.
MIPTC: Abbreviation for Men's International Professional Tennis Council, administrative body of the tournaments that composed the Grand Prix tennis circuit. Existed from 1974 until the creation of the ATP Tour in 1989.
Mis-hit (or mishit): Stroke in which the racket fails to make contact with the ball in the "sweetspot" area of the strings.
Mixed doubles: Match played by four players, two male, two female, one of each sex per side of the court.
Moonball: A type of groundstroke that is hit with a lot of topspin, usually with the forehand, to create a high, slow, floating shot that lands close to the opponent's baseline. See also lob.
MOP: Point at 0–30; stands for major opportunity point.
Main draw: See draw.
N
Net cord: See dead net cord.
Net point: Point won or lost on approaching the net, as opposed to a point won or lost by a stroke from the baseline.
Net out: Fault occurred when the ball hits the net and lands outside the court during a serve.
Net posts: Posts on each side of the court which hold up the net. The net posts are placed 3 feet (0.914 m) outside the doubles court on each side, unless a singles net is used, in which case the posts are placed 3 feet (0.914 m) outside the singles court.
Net sticks (or singles sticks): Pair of poles placed on the singles line to support the net during a singles match.
Net: Interlaced fabric, cord, and tape stretched across the entire width of the court; it is held up by the posts.
New balls: A new set of balls replacing an old set, usually after seven or nine games have been played (the knock-up counts as two games), and requested by the chair umpire calling for "new balls, please." A necessary move since constant strokes cause balls to heat up and lose pressure and velocity, which leads to an alteration of their bounce characteristics. As a courtesy, the player first to serve a new ball will show it to their opponent before serving.
No ad scoring: Game format in which the player who wins the first point after deuce wins the game. The receiver determines whether the server serves to the deuce or ad court. Typically used in matches with time constraints.
No-man's land: Area between the service line and the baseline, where a player is most vulnerable.
Non-endemic products: Products for tennis sponsorship that are not intrinsic to the sport such as watches, cars, jewelry.
Not up: Call given by the umpire when a player plays a ball that has already bounced twice, i.e. the ball was out of play when the player played it.
NTRP rating: National Tennis Rating Program rating; system used in the United States to rank players on a scale from 1 to 7, with 1 being an absolute beginner and 7 a touring pro.
O
Official: Member of the officiating team: tournament referee, chair umpire, or linesman.
On one's racket: A situation in which a player can win the match, set, or tiebreak by holding serve. This occurs when a player breaks the opponent's serve or achieves a mini break in a tiebreak.
On serve: Situation where both players or teams have the same number of breaks in a set. While on serve, neither player or team can win the set without a break of serve. An advantage set requires at least one break to win.
One-handed backhand (or single-handed backhand, single-hander, one-hander): Backhand stroke hit with one hand on the grip.
One-two punch: When a server wins a point in two shots, where the second shot results in a winner or an opponent's forced error due to the positioning of both players after the serve.
Open: A pre-open era term used to indicate a tournament open to all comers of any nationality as opposed 'closed' tournaments for nationals of the country concerned.
Open Era: Period in tennis which began in 1968 when tournaments became open to both amateurs and professional players.
Open stance: Modern technique in which the hitter's body facing is at an angle between parallel to the baseline and facing the opponent. See also closed stance.
OP: Stands for opportunity point; 15–30, an opportunity to potentially break serve.
Order of play ("OOP"): Schedule of matches in a tennis tournament.
On-site entry ("OSE"): The process by which vacant slots in a doubles tournament are filled by teams who physically sign up for the draw and are selected based on ranking cut-offs.
Out: An error in which the ball lands outside the playing area.
Overgrip (or overwrap): padded tape spirally wrapped over the handle or grip of the racket to absorb moisture or add gripping assistance.
Overhead: Stroke in which the player hits the ball over their head; if the shot is hit relatively strongly, it is referred to as a smash; smashes are often referred to as simply overheads, although not every overhead shot is a smash.
Overrule: To reverse a call made by a line judge, done by the umpire.
P
Pace: The speed and power of the ball after it is struck by the racket. Pace is used to control the tempo of the game.
Paint the lines: To hit shots that land as close to the lines of the court as possible.
Pass (or passing shot): Type of shot, usually played in the vicinity of the baseline, that passes by (not over) the opponent at the net. See also lob.
Percentage tennis: Style of play consisting of safe shots with large margins of error. Aimed at keeping the ball in play in anticipation of an opponent's error.
Perfect Game: This is used to describe a game where the server holds his serve by hitting four consecutive aces.
Ping it: To hit an offensive shot and place the ball deep to the corners of the court.
Poaching (noun: poach): In doubles, an aggressive move where the player at the net moves to volley a shot intended for their partner.
Point penalty: Point awarded to a player's opponent following successive code violations.
Point: Period of play between the first successful service of a ball and the point at which that ball goes out of play. It is the smallest unit of scoring in tennis.
Pre-qualifying: Tournament in which the winner(s) earn a wild card into a tournament's qualifying draw.
Pressureless ball: Special type of tennis ball that does not have a core of pressurized air as standard balls do, but rather has a core made of solid rubber, or a core filled tightly with micro-particles. Quality pressureless balls are approved for top-pro play generally, but pressureless balls are typically used mostly at high altitudes, where standard balls would be greatly affected by the difference between the high pressure in the ball and the thin air.
Protected ranking ("PR") or Special ranking ("SR") : Players injured for a minimum of six months can ask for a protected ranking, which is based on their average ranking during the first three months of their injury. The player can use their protected ranking to enter tournaments' main draws or qualifying competitions when coming back from injury (or some occurrences such as COVID-19 frozen ranking concerns in 2020–21). It is not used for seeding purposes. It is also used in the WTA for players returning from pregnancy leave.
Pull the trigger: To hit a powerful offensive shot, particularly after patiently waiting for the right opportunity to arise during a rally.
Pulp: 30–30, not quite deuce (a pun on the homophone "juice").
Pusher: Player who does not try to hit winners, but only to return the ball safely; often used in a derogative manner.
Putaway: Offensive shot to try to end the point with no hope of a return.
Q
Qualies: Short for qualification rounds or similar.
Qualification round: Final round of play in a pre-tournament qualification competition, also known as qualies.
Qualifier ("Q"): Player who reaches the tournament's main draw by competing in a pre-tournament qualifying competition instead of automatically qualified by virtue of their world ranking, being a wild card, or other exemption.
Qualifying draw: See draw.
R
A modern tennis racket
Racket (or racquet): Bat with a long handle and a large looped frame with a string mesh tautly stretched across it, the frame made of wood, metal, graphite, composite, or some other synthetic material, used by a tennis player to hit the tennis ball during a game of tennis.
Racket abuse (racquet abuse): When a player slams their racket into the ground or net in frustration. Can result in a warning from the umpire or docking of points.
Rally: Following the service of a tennis ball, a series of return hits of the ball that ends when one or other player fails to return the ball within the court boundary or fails to return a ball that falls within the play area.
Rankings: A hierarchical listing of players based on their recent achievements. Used to determine qualification for entry and seeding in tournaments.
Rating: A system used by national tennis organizations to group players of comparable skills. The rating of players is dependent on their match record.
Real tennis (also royal tennis or court tennis): An indoor racket sport which was the predecessor of the modern game of (lawn) tennis. The term real is used as a retronym to distinguish the ancient game from the modern game of lawn tennis. Known also as court tennis in the United States or royal tennis in Australia.
Receiver: Player who is receiving the service of the opponent.
Referee: Person in charge of enforcing the rules in a tournament, as opposed to a tennis match. See also umpire.
Reflex volley: Volley in which the player has no time to plan the shot, and instead reacts instinctively to get the racket in position to return the ball. This occurs frequently in doubles and in advanced singles.
Registered player: A designation used during the beginning of the Open Era to identify a category of amateur tennis players who were allowed to compete for prize money but stayed under the control of their national associations.
Retirement ("ret."): Player's withdrawal during a match, causing the player to forfeit the tournament. Usually this happens due to injury. For a pre-match withdrawal, see walkover.
Retriever: Defensive baseliner who relies on returning the ball rather than scoring direct winners. See tennis strategy.
Return: Stroke made by the receiver of a service.
Return ace: Shot in which the opponent serves, the receiver returns the serve, and the opponent does not hit the ball.
Rising shot: Shot in which the ball is hit before it reaches its apex; also hitting on the rise.
Round of 16: Round of a tournament prior to the quarterfinals in which there are 16 players remaining, corresponds to the fourth round of 128-draw tournament, the third round of a 64-draw, and second round of a 32-draw tournament.
Round robin ("RR"): Tournament format in which players are organised into groups of three or four players and compete against all other members of the group. Players are then ranked according to number of matches, sets, and games won and head-to-head records. The top one, two, or four players then qualify for the next stage of the tournament.
Rubber: Individual match, singles or doubles, within a Davis Cup or Billie Jean King Cup tie.
Run around the ball: To quickly move laterally on the court during a rally so as to be able to hit a forehand instead of a backhand, or vice versa.
S
Preparing to serve to start a point
Player preparing to hit a backhand slice shot
SABR (spoken "saber"; short for Sneak Attack By Roger): a return strategy where a tennis player suddenly moves forward to the service line and returns the opponent's serve with a half-volley or a chip-and-charge shot.
Satellite: Intermediate junior level of play, equivalent of Level 6.
Scoring: Method of tracking progress of a match. A match consists of points, game and sets.
Scratch: Withdrawal from a match due to an injury.
Second serve (or second service): Second and final of the two serve attempts a player is allowed at the beginning of a point, not counting net cord let serves that would otherwise be good.
Second snap: a tennis ball struck for top spin against lubricated or co-poly strings will get extra rotation on the ball from the mains popping back in position before the ball leaves contact with the racket.
Seed (or seeding): Player whose position in a tournament has been arranged based on their ranking so as not to meet other ranking players in the early rounds of play. Named for the similarity to scattering seeds widely over the ground to plant them. For a given tournament there is a specified number of seeds, depending on the size of the draw. For ATP tournaments, typically one out of four players are seeds. For example, a 32-draw ATP Tour 250 tournament would have eight seeds. The seeds are chosen and ranked by the tournament organizers and are selected because they are the players with the highest ranking who also, in the estimation of the organizers, have the best chance of winning the tournament. Seed ranking is sometimes controversial, because it does not always match the players' current ATP ranking.
Serve and volley: Method of play to serve and immediately move forward to the net to make a volley with the intent to hit a winner and end the point.
Serve-and-volleyer: Player that plays serves-and-volleys frequently or for all of their service points.
Serve out: To win a set (and possibly therefore, the match) by holding serve.
Serve (verb and noun. Also service, noun): The starting stroke of each point. The ball must be hit into the opponent's service box, specifically the box's half that is diagonally opposite the server.
Service box (or service court): Rectangular area of the court, marked by the sidelines and the service lines, that a serve is supposed to land in.
Service game: With regard to a player, the game in which the player is serving (e.g. "Player A won a love service game" means that Player A has won a game where (s)he was serving without the opponent scoring).
Service line: A line that runs parallel to the net at a distance of 21 ft (6.4m) and forms part of the demarcation of the service box.
Set point: Situation in which the player who is leading needs one more point to win a set. If the player is serving in such a situation, (s)he is said to be "serving for the set".
Set: A unit of scoring. A set consists of games and the first player to win six games with a two-game advantage wins the set. In most tournaments a tiebreak is used at six games all to decide the outcome of a set.
Shallow: Not deep into the court; not close to the baseline (of a struck ball).
Shamateurism: Amalgamation of 'sham' and 'amateurism', derogatory term for a custom that widely existed before the open era where an amateur player would receive financial remuneration to participate in a tournament in violation of amateur laws.
Shank: Significantly misdirected shot, the result of hitting the ball in an unintentional manner, typically with the frame of the racket. Such shots typically land outside the court, however, it is possible to hit a shank that lands validly in the court.
Shot clock: A publicly displayed clock which is used in between points to ensure that a player serves within 25 seconds. First used in Grand Slams at the Australian Open in 2018.
Single-handed backhand (or single-hander): See one-handed backhand.
Singles net: A net used for playing singles; shorter than a doubles net.
Singles sticks (or net sticks): Pair of poles which are placed underneath the net near the singles sideline for the purpose of raising it for singles play.
Singles: Match played by two players, one on each side of the court. A singles court is narrower than a doubles court and is bounded by the inner sidelines and the baseline.
Sitter: Shot which is hit with very little pace and no spin, which bounces high after landing, thus being an easy shot to put away.
Skyhook: Overhead shot hit behind the body.
Sledgehammer: Colloquial term for a two-handed backhand winner down the line.
Slice: Shot with underspin (backspin), or a serve with sidespin. Groundstrokes hit with slice tend to have a flat trajectory and a low bounce.
Smash: Strongly hit overhead, typically executed when the player who hits the shot is very close to the net and can therefore hit the ball nearly vertically, often so that it bounces into the stands, making it unreturnable.
Spank: To hit a groundstroke flat with a lot of pace.
Sparring partner: see hitting partner.
Special exempt ("SE"): Players who are unable to appear in a tournament's qualifying draw because they are still competing in the final rounds of a previous tournament can be awarded a spot in the main draw by special exempt.
Special ranking ("SR"): See protected ranking.
Spin: Rotation of the ball as it moves through the air, affecting its trajectory and bounce. See backspin, topspin, and underspin.
Split step: a footwork technique in which a player does a small bounce on both feet, just as the opponent hits the ball. This lets the player go more quickly in either direction.
Spot serving/spot server: Serving with precision, resulting in the ball landing either on or near the intersection of the center service line and service line or singles tramline and service line.
Squash shot: Forehand or backhand shot typically hit on the run from a defensive position, either with slice, or from behind the player's stance.
Stance: The way a player stands when hitting the ball.
Stick volley: Volley hit crisply, resulting in shot with a sharp downward trajectory.
Stiffness (or racket stiffness): The resistance of the racket to bending upon impact with the ball.
Stop volley: A softly-hit volley which absorbs almost all the power of the shot resulting in the ball dropping just over the net.
Stopper: Player who will not win or go deep in a tournament but is good enough to stop a top seed from advancing.
Straight sets: Situation in which the winner of a match does not lose a set. A straight set may also mean a set which is won by a score of 6-something; i.e. is won at the first opportunity and does not reach five games all.
Stringbed: Grid of strings within the frame of the racket.
String saver: Tiny piece of plastic that is sometimes inserted where the strings cross, to prevent the strings from abrading each other and prematurely breaking.
Strings: Material woven through the face of the racket. The strings are where contact with the ball is supposed to be made.
Stroke: Striking of the ball.
Sudden death tiebreak: Version of a tiebreak played as the best of nine points, with the last being a deciding point to clinch the set. Introduced in 1965 by Jimmy Van Alen as a component of the VASSS.
Super tiebreak (or Champions tiebreak): A tiebreak variation played with a first to ten points format instead of seven; usually used in doubles to decide a match instead of playing a third set.
Supercoach: A tennis coach who has had a successful professional career.
Sweetspot: Central area of the racket head which is the best location, in terms of control and power, for making contact with the ball.
Swing volley: See drive volley.
T
A standard optic yellow tennis ball
Tanking (noun: tank): Colloquial term for losing a match on purpose; or to purposely lose a non-vital set, so as to focus energy and attention on a match-deciding set. It may result in a temporary ban such as that encountered by Nick Kyrgios at the 2016 and 2017 Shanghai Open.
Tape it: To play a shot that hits the tape at the top of the net.
Tennis ball: Soft, hollow, air-filled rubber ball coated in a synthetic fur, used in the game of tennis. The ITF specifies that a tennis ball must have a diameter of 6.54–6.86 cm (2.57–2.70 in) and a weight of 56.0–59.4g. Yellow and white are the only approved colors at tournament level.
Tennis bubble: Indoor tennis facility consisting of a domed structure which is supported by air pressure generated by blowers inside the structure.
Tennis dad: Father of a tennis player, often used in reference to a parent actively participating in the player's tennis development and/or career.
Tennis elbow: Common injury in beginner to intermediate tennis players, possibly due to improper technique or a racket which transmits excessive vibration to the arm.
Tennis Hall of Fame: The International Tennis Hall of Fame located in Newport, Rhode Island, United States. It was established in 1954 and hosts an annual tournament around the induction ceremony.
The vineyard of tennis: Southern California as characterized by tennis commentator and historian Bud Collins.
Tiebreak: Special game played when the score is 6–6 in a set to decide the winner of the set; the winner is the first to reach at least seven points with a difference of two points over the opponent.
Tie: Synonymous with match, but used for team competitions such as the Davis Cup and Fed Cup.
Topspin: Spin of a ball where the top of the ball rotates toward the direction of travel; the spin goes forward over the top of the ball, causing the ball to dip and bounce at a higher angle to the court.
Toss: At the beginning of a match, the winner of a coin toss chooses who serves first. In amateur tennis the toss is often performed by spinning the racket.
Touch: Occurs when a player touches any part of the net when the ball is still in play, losing the point.
Tramline: Line defining the limit of play on the side of a singles or doubles court.
Trampolining: Effect which occurs when striking a ball flat with a racket that is strung at a very loose tension. Trampolining results in a shot that has a very high velocity.
Two ball pass: Passing an opponent that has come to the net with a first shot that causes them trouble on the volley followed up by hitting the second ball by them.
Triple bagel: Colloquial term for three sets won to love. See bagel.
Triple crown: Winning the championship in all three tennis disciplines (singles, doubles and mixed doubles) at one event, especially a Grand Slam tournament.
T (the T): The spot on a tennis court where the center line and the service line intersect perpendicularly to form a "T" shape.
Tube: (Colloquial term) to deliberately and successfully hit the ball at the opponent's body; e.g. "he tubed his opponent."
Tweener (also called tweeny, tweenie, hot dog, Gran Willy or Sabatweenie — the last two being named after Guillermo Vilas and Gabriela Sabatini respectively, who pioneered the shot in the 1970s and 80s): A difficult trick shot in which a player hits the ball between their legs. It is usually performed when chasing down a lob with the player's back to the net. Forward-facing tweeners are also sometimes employed, and have been dubbed "front tweeners".
Tweener racket: a tennis racket of mid-weight, mid-head size and mid-stiffness, often used as a transitional racket for young professionals.
Twist serve (or American twist serve): Serve hit with a combination of slice and topspin which results in a curving trajectory and high bounce in the opposite direction of the ball's flight trajectory. See also kick serve.
Two-handed backhand (or double-handed backhand, double-hander, two-hander): Backhand stroke hit with both hands on the grip.
Two-handed forehand (or double-handed forehand, double-hander, two-hander): Forehand stroke hit with both hands on the grip.
U
Umpire (or chair umpire): Person designated to enforce the rules of the game during play, usually sitting on a high chair beside the net.
Underhand serve (or underarm serve): A serve in which the player lobs the ball from below shoulder level.
Underspin (or backspin or undercut): Spin of a ball where the top of the ball rotates away from the direction of travel; the spin is underneath the ball, causing the ball to float and to bounce at a lower angle to the court.
Unforced error: Error in a service or return shot that cannot be attributed to any factor other than poor judgement and execution by the player; contrasted with a forced error.
Unseeded player: Player who is not a seed in a tournament.
Upset: The defeat of a high-ranked player by a lower-ranked player.
V
Approaching a forehand volley
Vantage: Archaic term for advantage.
VASSS: Abbreviation for Van Alen Streamlined Scoring System, an alternative scoring method developed by James Van Alen aimed at avoiding very long matches that can arise under the traditional advantage scoring system. The only element of the VASSS to be adopted by tennis authorities was the tiebreak.
Volley: A shot hit, usually in the vicinity of the net, by a player before the ball bounces on their own side of the court.
W
Walkover ("WO" or "w/o"): Unopposed victory. A walkover is awarded when the opponent fails to start the match for any reason, such as injury. For a mid-match withdrawal, see retirement.
Western grip: Type of grip used if a player wants to generate a lot of topspin on the groundstrokes, is created by placing the index knuckle on bevel 5 of the grip.
Whiff: A stroke in which the player misses the ball completely. Whiffing a serve is considered a fault in an official match.
Wide: A call to indicate that the ball has landed out of court, beyond the sideline.
Wild card ("WC"): Player allowed to play in a tournament, even if their rank is not adequate or they do not register in time. Typically a few places in the draw are reserved for wild cards, which may be for local players who do not gain direct acceptance or for players who are just outside the ranking required to gain direct acceptance. Wild cards may also be given to players whose ranking has dropped due to a long-term injury.
Winner: A shot that is not reached by the opponent and wins the point; sometimes also a serve that is reached but not returned into the court.
Wood shot: See frame shot.
WCT: Abbreviation for World Championship Tennis, a tour for professional male tennis players established in 1968 which lasted until the emergence of the ATP Tour in 1990.
Wrong-foot (or wrong foot, wrongfoot): To hit the ball in the opposite horizontal direction to that expected by the opponent, causing them to switch direction suddenly.
WTA Finals: The annual season-ending tournament of the WTA Tour featuring the eight top-ranked women in the world (plus two alternates).
WTA Tour: Worldwide top-tier tennis tour for women organized by the Women's Tennis Association.
WTA: Abbreviation for Women's Tennis Association, the main organizing body of women's professional tennis; governs the WTA Tour with the largest tournaments for women.
Y
Yo-yo: Situation in which a player scores by hitting the ball in backspin in such a way that the ball touches the opponent's court first and returns to the player side after the first bounce.
Z
Zero pointer: Ranking points received by skipping selected professional tennis tour events which a top ranked player is committed to participate in (mandatory tournaments). Therefore, the player risks getting no points added to their ranking even when participating in an alternative tournament in place of the mandatory event.
See also
Tennis portal
Tennis shots
References
^ a b Grasso (2011), p. 19
^ a b Shine (2003), p. 3
^ a b c d e Hedges (1978), p. 251
^ a b Grasso (2011), p. 22
^ Shannon (1981), p. 539
^ Shine (2003), pp. 5–6
^ Grasso (2011), p. 23
^ Shine (2003), p. 8
^ "Tournaments – ATP World Tour Finals". www.atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP).
^ a b "Rankings FAQ". www.atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP).
^ Kathleen Krajco. "Australian Doubles Strategy". The Tennis Server.
^ Shine (2003), p. 9
^ a b c Shine (2003), p. 10
^ "BuzzWord – Bagel". www.macmillandictionary.com. Macmillan.
^ Peter Bodo (26 July 2011). "Bagel, Anyone?". Tennis.com.
^ Shine (2003), p. 11
^ Joseph T. Whittelsey, ed. (1893). Wright & Ditson's Lawn Tennis Guide for 1893. Boston: Wright & Ditson. pp. 124, 125. OCLC 32300203.
^ Gillmeister, Heiner (1998). Tennis : A Cultural History (Repr. ed.). London: Leicester University Press. p. 355. ISBN 978-0718501952.
^ a b Shine (2003), p. 13
^ Nathan, Giri (24 January 2019). "All Hail The Rafael Nadal Banana Shot". Deadspin. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
^ a b c d Hedges (1978), p. 252
^ a b Shine (2003), p. 14
^ Robertson (1974), pp. 241–243
^ "Lawn Tennis Association". Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser. British Newspaper Archive. 30 January 1890.
^ Shine (2003), p. 17
^ Carl Bialik (3 July 2013). "Radwanska's Bakery of Odd Results". The Wall Street Journal.
^ a b c Shine (2003), p. 18
^ Shine (2003), pp. 17–18
^ "Why do we say love? And other tennis jargon". BBC.
^ Hoskins, Tina (2003). The Tennis Drill Book. Champaign, Ill. ;Leeds: Human Kinetics. p. 23. ISBN 978-0736049122.
^ a b Shine (2003), p. 19
^ Tennis.com. "Another Big Four: Legends play the Garden". Tennis.com. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
^ O'Shannessy, Craig (2017-06-05). "You Are Facing A Nasty Can Opener..." Brain Game Tennis. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
^ a b c d e f "Tennis words amongst those to be added to the Oxford English Dictionary". Oxford University Press. 27 June 2017.
^ Shannon (1981), p. 540
^ Shine (2003), p. 21–32
^ Shine (2003), p. 22
^ a b Shine (2003), p. 23
^ Robertson (1974), p. 217
^ "Adult Tournament Options: Tournament Formats" (PDF). www.usta.com. USTA Mid Atlantic. p. 1. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
^ Shine (2003), pp. 25–26
^ a b "Court Rules". www.itftennis.com. International Tennis Federation (ITF).
^ Hedges (1978), pp. 252–253
^ a b c d Hedges (1978), p. 254
^ Shine (2003), p. 31–32
^ Shine (2003), p. 32
^ Robertson (1974), pp. 225–231
^ a b Stuart Miller (15 November 2012). "Quirks of the Game: Davis Cup's Strange Lingo". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
^ a b Shine (2003), p. 35
^ {ITF World Tennis Tour Acceptance Lists Explained ITF
^ a b Shine (2003), p. 36
^ Robertson (1974), p. 234
^ a b c d e Shannon (1981), p. 542
^ Drive Volley Merriam Webster
^ "The Official Rulebook of the Intercollegiate Tennis Association" (PDF). Intercollegiate Tennis Association. 2022–23. pp. 1, 81. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
^ "ATP® Official Rulebook" (PDF).
^ a b "ATP® Official Rulebook chapter 7" (PDF).
^ a b "ATP® Official Rulebook".
^ Hedges (1978), pp. 254–255
^ Robertson (1974), p. 243
^ a b c Hedges (1978), p. 255
^ a b c d e f Shannon (1981), p. 543
^ Robertson (1974), pp. 257–258
^ Shine (2003), p. 56
^ a b c d e f Hedges (1978), p. 256
^ Robertson (1974), pp. 258–259
^ Michaels, Jake (2021-02-13). "'There are just no mistakes happening': Hawk-Eye Live gains more support at Australian Open". ESPN. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
^ Shine (2003), p. 97
^ Grasso (2011), p. 143
^ David Cox (30 July 2014). "The I Formation: when, why and how to use it". Tennis Australia.
^ Robertson (1974), p. 265
^ "Junior Exempt". International Tennis Federation. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
^ Hedges (1978), pp. 251, 259–260
^ Rod Croft (6 June 2013). "How to hit a fierce kick serve". www.tennis.com.au. Tennis Australia.
^ Jonathan Overend (21 December 2011). "Pre-match knock-ups should be scrapped". www.bbc.co.uk. BBC.
^ Clarey, Christopher (2020-10-03). "Sofia Kenin's Knack for Rebounds Is Being Tested at the French Open. And in 2020". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
^ Shine (2003), p. 70
^ Rules of Tennis (PDF). ITF. 2012. p. 9.
^ Shine (2003), pp. 70–71
^ Shine (2003), p. 71
^ Grasso (2011), p. 175
^ Shine (2003), p. 72
^ a b c d e f Shannon (1981), p. 544
^ Shine (2003), p. 75
^ Palmatier, Robert. Speaking of animals: a dictionary of animal metaphors, page 245 (1995).
^ Horn, Geoffrey. Rafael Nadal, page 13 (2006).
^ Shine (2003), pp. 74–75
^ Ben Rothenberg (16 March 2013). "Wozniacki Survives Battle of Moonballs Pierrot". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
^ Ron Waite. "A Tennis Stroke That Is "Out Of This World"". The Tennis Server.
^ Robertson (1974), p. 287
^ "Why New Balls Are Important In Tennis – We Can Tell You", from TennisRanked.com (accessed 7/2/2022)
^ "USTA National Tennis Ranking Program (NTRP)". USTA. Archived from the original on 2009-08-20. Retrieved 2009-08-21.
^ "Nadal Reacts To Zverev Win | BNP Paribas Open". BNP Paribas Open. Retrieved 2017-07-15.
^ "Federer Stuttgart 2016 SF Reaction | ATP World Tour | Tennis". ATP World Tour. Retrieved 2017-07-15.
^ "Inadequately Heartbreaking". Tennis.com. Retrieved 2017-07-15.
^ "Fantastic Federer shows his class on grass". The Hindu. Retrieved 2017-07-15.
^ Robertson, Max; Kramer, Jack (1974). The encyclopedia of tennis. London: Allen & Unwin. p. 296. ISBN 0047960426.
^ Shine (2003), p. 85
^ a b Shine (2003), p. 86
^ a b Shine (2003), p. 87
^ "What is Pace in Tennis? How and When to Use IT". Tennis 4 Beginners. 27 July 2018. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
^ a b Shannon (1981), p. 545
^ a b Hedges (1978), p. 257
^ Shine (2003), p. 90
^ "WTA increases rankings protection for returning mothers". Reuters. 17 December 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
^ a b c Shannon (1981), p. 546
^ a b c Grasso (2011), p. 229
^ Hedges (1978), pp. 257–258
^ Grasso (2011), p. 231
^ a b c Hedges (1978), p. 258
^ Shine (2003), p. 100
^ Shine (2003), pp. 101–102
^ "The rankings riddle". www.tennis.com.au. Tennis Australia. 20 June 2014.
^ Robertson (1974), p. 304
^ Robertson (1974), p. 305
^ a b Hedges (1978), p. 259
^ Marzorati, Gerald (2015-09-19). "Opinion | How Federer Thrives in an Age of Disruption". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
^ Grasso (2011), p. 255–256
^ a b c Grasso (2011), p. 261
^ Grasso (2011), pp. 260–261
^ Shine (2003), p. 113
^ a b c d e f g Hedges (1978), p. 260
^ Robertson (1974), p. 316
^ a b Grasso (2011), p. 263
^ Shine (2003), p. 119
^ "ATP Rule Book" (PDF). atpworldtour.com. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
^ Shine (2003), pp. 122–123
^ Shine (2003), pp. 123–124
^ a b Shannon (1981), p. 547
^ Shine (2003), p. 124
^ Shine (2003), p. 125
^ Shine (2003), pp. 124–125
^ a b Steve Tignor (18 February 2015). "1970: The Tiebreaker Is Introduced". Tennis.com.
^ Shine (2003), pp. 134–135
^ Shine (2003), p. 127
^ "Raonic, Krajicek Mutually Part Ways | ATP World Tour | Tennis". ATP World Tour. Retrieved 2017-12-10.
^ Shine (2003), p. 128
^ Shine (2003), pp. 130–131
^ Shanghai Masters: Nick Kyrgios fined for quitting match – BBC Sport, 11 October 201711
^ Robertson (1974), p. 202
^ Robertson (1974), p. 329
^ Grasso (2011), p. 144–145
^ Shine (2003), pp. 135–136
^ Hedges (1978), pp. 260–261
^ Robertson (1974), p. 330
^ a b c Hedges (1978), p. 261
^ Shine (2003), pp. 138–139
^ Shine (2003), p. 132
^ Shine (2003), p. 7
^ Shine (2003), p. 142
^ a b c d Shannon (1981), p. 548
^ Shine (2003), pp. 142–143
^ Shine (2003), p. 143
^ Shine (2003), pp. 143–144
^ "Kei Nishikori Beats Sergiy Stakhovsky, Who Upset Roger Federer At 2013 Wimbledon | ATP World Tour | Tennis". ATP World Tour. Retrieved 2017-12-10.
^ Robertson (1974), p. 340
^ Shine (2003), pp. 145
^ Shine (2003), pp. 146
^ Shine (2003), pp. 147–148
^ "Swings vs. "Whiffs"". USTA. United States Tennis Association. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
^ Shine (2003), p. 149
^ Shine (2003), p. 150
^ Grasso (2011), p. 310
^ Shine (2003), p. 153
^ Grasso (2011), pp. 310–311
^ Shine (2003), pp. 157–158
Sources
Grasso, John (2011). Historical Dictionary of Tennis. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0810872370.
Hedges, Martin (1978). The Concise Dictionary of Tennis. New York: Mayflower Books. pp. 251–261. ISBN 978-0861240128.
Robertson, Max (1974). The Encyclopedia of Tennis. London: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 9780047960420.
Shannon, Bill, ed. (1981). Official Encyclopedia of Tennis (3rd, Revised and updated ed.). New York : Harper & Row. pp. 272–277. ISBN 9780060148966.
Shine, Ossian (2003). The Language of Tennis. Manchester: Carcanet. ISBN 978-1857546330.
External links
For a list of words relating to Tennis, see the Tennis category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Glossary of tennis terms at britishtennis.com
Glossary of tennis terms at Tennis Australia
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Aces are usually powerful and generally land on or near one of the corners at the back of the service box. Initially, the term was used to indicate the scoring of a point.[1][2]\n Action: Synonym of spin.\n Ad court: Left side of the court of each player, so called because the ad (advantage) point immediately following a deuce is always served to this side of the court.[2]\n Ad in: Advantage to the server.\n Ad out: Advantage to the receiver.\n Ad: Used by the chair umpire to announce the score when a player has the advantage, meaning they won the point immediately after a deuce. See scoring in tennis.\n Advantage set: Set won by a player or team having won at least six games with a two-game advantage over the opponent (as opposed to a tiebreak format). All advantage sets were used at the final set of matches at the Olympic tennis events (until 2012), Davis Cup (until 2015), Fed Cup (until 2015), Australian Open (until 2018), Wimbledon (until 2018) and French Open (until 2021) when they were all switched to tie breaks.\n Advantage: When one player wins the first point from a deuce and needs one more point to win the game; not applicable when using deciding points.[1]\n All-Comers: Tournament in which all players took part except the reigning champion. The winner of the All-Comers event would play the title holder in the Challenge Round.[3][4]\n All-court (or all-court game): Style of play that is a composite of all the different playing styles, which includes baseline, transition, and serve and volley styles.[5][6]\n All-courter: Player with an all-court game.\n All: Used by the chair umpire to announce scores when both players have the same number of points or the same number of games. When both players are at 40, the preferred term is deuce.[4]\n Alley: Area of the court between the singles and the doubles sidelines, which together are known as tramlines.[7]\n Alternate: Player or team that gains acceptance into the main draw of a tournament when a main draw player or team withdraws. Such a player may be a lucky loser.\n American doubles (or American singles, Australian doubles and cut-throat tennis): Informal and unsanctioned variation of tennis played with three players—two on one side of the court and one on the other. The team of two players can only hit the ball within the single player's singles lines, whilst the single player can hit into the full doubles court on the doubles team's side. After each game, the players rotate such that each player plays in every position on court during the match. See also: Canadian doubles.\n Approach shot (or approach): A groundstroke shot used as a setup as the player approaches the net, often using underspin or topspin.[8]\n ATP Finals: (formerly Masters Grand Prix, ATP Tour World Championship, Tennis Masters Cup and ATP World Tour Finals): Annual season-ending tournament of the ATP Tour featuring the eight top-ranked men in the world (plus two alternates).[9]\n ATP Race (or ATP Race to Milan/Turin/London; formerly ATP Champions Race): ATP point ranking system that starts at the beginning of the year and by the end of the year mirrors the ATP entry system ranking. The top eight players at the end of the year qualify for the ATP Finals.[10]\n ATP Tour (formerly ATP World Tour): Worldwide top-tier tennis tour for men organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals.\n ATP: Abbreviation for Association of Tennis Professionals, the main organizing body of men's professional tennis; governs the ATP Tour with the largest tournaments for men.\n Australian doubles: See American doubles.\n Australian formation: In doubles, a formation where the server and partner stand on the same side of the court before starting the point.[11][12]","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ball_kid_-_2010_Australian_Open.jpg"},{"link_name":"ball boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ball_boy"},{"link_name":"Backboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backboard_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"net","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#net"},{"link_name":"baseline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#baseline"},{"link_name":"service line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#service_line"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200310-13"},{"link_name":"Backhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backhand"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978251-3"},{"link_name":"smash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#smash"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200310-13"},{"link_name":"Backspin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backspin"},{"link_name":"slice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#slice"},{"link_name":"Magnus effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_effect"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200310-13"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978251-3"},{"link_name":"Bagel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagel_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"bagel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagel"},{"link_name":"breadstick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#breadstick"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200311-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ball boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_boy"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200313-19"},{"link_name":"serve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#serve"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200313-19"},{"link_name":"strokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stroke"},{"link_name":"down the line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#down_the_line"},{"link_name":"tramline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tramline"},{"link_name":"Rafael Nadal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Nadal"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Baseline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Baseline"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978252-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200314-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200314-22"},{"link_name":"Billie Jean King Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Jean_King_Cup"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1974241%E2%80%93243-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200317-25"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978252-21"},{"link_name":"Doris Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Hart"},{"link_name":"Margaret Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Court"},{"link_name":"Martina Navratilova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina_Navratilova"},{"link_name":"bagel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bagel"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200318-27"},{"link_name":"Break","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/break"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200317%E2%80%9318-28"},{"link_name":"tiebreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Tiebreak"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200318-27"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc_bitesize-29"},{"link_name":"Rafael Nadal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Nadal"},{"link_name":"Maria Sharapova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Sharapova"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200318-27"},{"link_name":"Bye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bye_(sports)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978252-21"}],"text":"A ball boy in actionBackboard: Vertical wall, often with the image of a tennis net painted on it, that is used to practice hitting against such that the ball bounces back without the need for a partner.\n Backcourt: The area of the tennis court between the baseline and the service line.[13]\n Backhand: Stroke in which the ball is hit with the back of the racket hand facing the ball at the moment of contact. A backhand is often hit by a right-handed player when the ball is on the left side of the court, and vice versa.[3]\n Backhand smash: A type of smash played over the backhand side.[13]\n Backspin: Shot that rotates the ball backwards after it is hit; also known as slice or underspin. The trajectory of the shot is affected by an upward force that lifts the ball. See Magnus effect.[13]\n Backswing: Portion of a swing where the racket is swung backwards in preparation for the forward motion to hit the ball.[3]\n Bagel: Colloquial term for winning or losing a set 6–0 (the shape of the zero being reminiscent of the round shape of a bagel). See also breadstick.[14][15][16]\n Bagnall-Wild: A method of draw which places all byes in the first round. Introduced in the 1880s by Ralph Bagnall Bagnall-Wild.[17][18]\n Ball boy (also ball girl or ballkid): a person, commonly a child, tasked with retrieving tennis balls from the court that have gone out of play and supplying the balls to the players before their service. Ball boys in net positions normally kneel near the net and run across the court to collect the ball, while ball boys in the back positions stand in the back along the perimeter of the arena. Ball boys in the back are responsible for giving the balls to the player serving.[19]\n Ball toss: The action of throwing up the ball prior to the serve.[19]\n Ball machine: Machine that shoots tennis balls onto the court at a similar speed and trajectory as a human player, allowing an individual to practice their strokes without the need for a partner.\n Banana shot or banana forehand: Forehand hit down the line with sufficient spin that it curves in the air outside over the tramline and then back into the court again. A signature shot of Rafael Nadal.[20]\n Baseline: Line at the farthest ends of the court indicating the boundary of the area of play. If the ball goes over the baseline it will be the other player's point.[21][22]\n Baseliner: Player who plays around the baseline during play and relies on the quality of their ground strokes.[22]\n Big serve: Forceful serve, usually giving an advantage in the point for the server.\n Billie Jean King Cup (formerly Fed Cup or Federation Cup): International, annual women's tennis competition in which teams from participating countries compete in a single-elimination format tournament with matches occurring at several stages during the year.[23]\n Bisque: One stroke (point), which may be claimed by the receiver at any part of the set. Part of the handicapping odds and used during the early era of the sport. Abolished by the LTA in 1890.[24]\n Block (or blocked shot, blocked return): Defensive shot with relatively little backswing and shortened action instead of a full swing, usually while returning a serve.[25]\n Bounce: The upward movement of the ball after it has hit the ground. The trajectory of the bounce can be affected by the surface and weather, the amount and type of spin and the power of the shot.[21]\n Boxed set: The career slam in singles, doubles, and mixed, i.e. winning at least one title in each discipline at all four of the slam venues. Has been completed only four times, by Doris Hart, Margaret Court (twice), and Martina Navratilova.\n Breadstick: Colloquial term for winning or losing a set 6–1, with the straight shape of the one supposedly being reminiscent of the straight shape of a breadstick. See also bagel.[26]\n Break back: To win a game as the receiving player or team immediately after losing the previous game as the serving player or team.\n Break point: Point which, if won by the receiver, would result in a break of service; arises when the score is 30–40 or 40–ad. A double break point or two break points arises at 15–40; a triple break point or three break points arises at 0–40.[27]\n Break: To win a game as the receiving player or team, thereby breaking serve. At high level of play the server is more likely to win a game, so breaks are often key moments of a match. Noun: break (service break) (e.g. \"to be a break down\" means \"to have, in a set, one break fewer than the opponent\", \"to be a double break up\" means \"to have, in a set, two breaks more than the opponent\").[28]\n Breaker: Colloquial term for tiebreak.[27]\n Brutaliser: Hitting the ball directly at the opponent.[29]\n Buffalo Log: The population of unbiased spectators enqueued viva their exchange mechanism, in attendance at the field.\n Buggy whip: Forehand hit with a follow-through that does not go across the body and finish on the opposite side, but rather goes from low to high, crosses the opposite shoulder (optionally) and finishes on the same side (similar to the driver of a horse-drawn carriage whipping a horse). Used, for example, by Rafael Nadal (racket head crosses the opposite shoulder) and Maria Sharapova (racket head stays on the same shoulder).[30]\n Bumper guard: A piece of plastic that protects the outside of the upper-half of the racket head.[27]\n Bye: Automatic advancement of a player to the next round of a tournament without facing an opponent. Byes are often awarded in the first round to the top-seeded players in a tournament.[21]\n Bunt: To use the power of the opponent's shot and hit it back with a short swing.","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tennis_court_imperial.svg"},{"link_name":"court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#court"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200319-31"},{"link_name":"Canadian doubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_doubles"},{"link_name":"American doubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#American_doubles"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200319-31"},{"link_name":"Career Golden Slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career_Golden_Slam"},{"link_name":"Steffi Graf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steffi_Graf"},{"link_name":"Andre Agassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Agassi"},{"link_name":"Rafael Nadal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Nadal"},{"link_name":"Serena Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Williams"},{"link_name":"Pam Shriver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam_Shriver"},{"link_name":"Gigi Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigi_Fern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"Daniel Nestor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Nestor"},{"link_name":"Mate Pavić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mate_Pavi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"The Woodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Woodies"},{"link_name":"Williams sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_sisters"},{"link_name":"Bryan brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_brothers"},{"link_name":"Tennis at the Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Career Grand Slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)#Career_Grand_Slam"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oup-34"},{"link_name":"Carpet court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpet_court"},{"link_name":"carpet court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpet_court"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon1981540-35"},{"link_name":"Chair umpire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_(Tennis)#Chair_umpire"},{"link_name":"umpire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Umpire"},{"link_name":"single-elimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-elimination_tournament"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon"},{"link_name":"US Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Davis Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Cup"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978251-3"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200321%E2%80%9332-36"},{"link_name":"Hawk-Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk-Eye"},{"link_name":"ATP Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP_Tour"},{"link_name":"ATP Challenger Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP_Challenger_Tour"},{"link_name":"super tiebreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Super_tiebreak"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200322-37"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oup-34"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200323-38"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oup-34"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200323-38"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978252-21"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1974217-39"},{"link_name":"Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_court"},{"link_name":"shale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale"},{"link_name":"stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone"},{"link_name":"brick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick"},{"link_name":"clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay"},{"link_name":"French Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Open"},{"link_name":"clay court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_court"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200325%E2%80%9326-41"},{"link_name":"Code violation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tennis_code_violations"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oup-34"},{"link_name":"baseliner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#baseliner"},{"link_name":"tennis strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_strategy"},{"link_name":"Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_court"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itfcourt-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978252%E2%80%93253-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978254-44"},{"link_name":"Cut-throat tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut-throat_tennis"},{"link_name":"American doubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#American_doubles"},{"link_name":"Cyclops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclops_(computer_system)"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon"},{"link_name":"Hawk-Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Hawk-Eye"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200331%E2%80%9332-45"}],"text":"A tennis court with its dimensions and componentsCall: Verbal utterance by a line judge or chair umpire declaring that a ball landed outside the valid area of play.[31]\n Canadian doubles: Informal and unsanctioned variation of tennis played with three players—two on one side of the court and one on the other. The team of two players can only hit the ball within the single player's singles lines, whilst the single player can hit into the full doubles court on the doubles team's side. See also: American doubles.\n Can opener: Serve hit by a right-handed player with slice, landing on or near the intersection of the singles tramline and service line in the deuce court (or in the ad court for a left-handed server).[32][33]\n Cannonball: Somewhat archaic term for a very fast, flat serve.[31]\n Career Golden Slam: In addition to having won all four major titles in their career, a player that has also won an Olympic gold medal is said to have achieved a career Golden Slam. Only four players have ever achieved this in singles: Steffi Graf (1988), Andre Agassi (1996), Rafael Nadal (2010) and Serena Williams (2012). The term is rarely used in doubles, although the feat has been more common in that discipline. It has been achieved individually by nine wheelchair tennis players and four able-bodied players (Pam Shriver, Gigi Fernández, Daniel Nestor, Mate Pavić), and by three teams (The Woodies, the Williams sisters, and the Bryan brothers). Tennis at the Olympics was not played from 1928 to 1984.\n Career Grand Slam (or career slam): Players who have won all four Major championships over the course of their career (but not within the same calendar year) are said to have won a career Grand Slam.[34]\n Carpet court: A surface for tennis courts consisting of textile or polymer materials supplied in rolls. Previously common for indoor professional events, the surface was dropped from major pro tournaments in 2009. See carpet court.\n Carve: To hit a groundstroke shot with a combination of sidespin and underspin.\n Centre mark: Small mark located at the centre of the baseline. When serving the player must stand on the correct side of the mark corresponding with the score.[35]\n Chair umpire: See umpire.\n Challenge Round: Final round of a tournament, in which the winner of a single-elimination phase faces the previous year's champion, who plays only that one match. The challenge round was used in the early history of Wimbledon (from 1877 through 1921) and the US Open (from 1884 through 1911), and, until 1972, in the Davis Cup.[3][36]\n Challenge: When a player requests an official review of the spot where the ball landed, using electronic ball tracking technology. See Hawk-Eye. Challenges are only available in some large tournaments.\n Challenger: A tour of tournaments one level below the top-tier ATP Tour. Currently, Challenger tournaments compose the ATP Challenger Tour. Players, generally ranked around world no. 80 to world no. 300, compete on the Challenger tour in an effort to gain ranking points which allow them to gain entry to tournaments on the ATP Tour.\n Champions tiebreak: See super tiebreak.\n Change-over (or change of ends): 90 second rest time after every odd-numbered game when the players change ends.[37][34]\n Chip and charge: Type of approach shot which involves hitting a slice shot while rapidly moving forward and following the shot into the net. Aimed at putting the opponent under pressure.[38][34]\n Chip: Blocking a shot with underspin, creating a low trajectory.[38]\n Chop: Shot hit with extreme underspin, opposite of topspin.[21][39]\n Circuit: The yearly group of sanctioned tennis tournaments.\n Clay (or clay court, claycourt): a natural surface made of crushed shale, stone, brick or clay on which tennis is played, most notably at the French Open. See: clay court.\n Claycourter (or clay-courter, clay courter): Player who is particularly proficient or a specialist on clay courts.\nClosed tournament: Entries to \"closed\" tournaments are restricted, normally by a requirement of residency within a specified geographic area.[40]\n Closed stance: Classic technique in which the ball is hit while the hitter's body is facing at an angle between parallel to the baseline and with their back turned to the opponent.[41]\n Code violation: a rule violation at a men's and women's professional tour match called by the chair umpire which results in a player receiving an official warning or a penalty. The first violation results in a warning; the second, a point penalty; the third and successive violations, a game penalty each. A code violation may also be judged severe enough to result in the player having to forfeit the match immediately (without having to go through the three or more automatic penalty stages). There often follows additional monetary fine for each code violation.\n Consolidate (a break): To hold serve in the game immediately following a break of serve.\n Continental grip: way of holding the racket in which the bottom knuckle of the index finger is in contact with the top of the handle and the heel of the hand with the bevel directly clockwise from it.[34]\n Counterpuncher: Defensive baseliner. See tennis strategy.\n Court: Area designated for playing a game of tennis.[42][43]\n Cross-over: Player crossing the net into the opponent's court. It can be done either in a friendly fashion, or maliciously, thereby invoking a code violation. The latter sometimes happens when it is uncertain whether the ball on a decisive point landed inside or outside the court when playing on clay, thus leaving a mark.\n Crosscourt shot: Hitting the ball diagonally into the opponent's court.[44]\n Cut-throat tennis (or cutthroat tennis): see American doubles.\n Cyclops: Device formerly used at Wimbledon and other tournaments to detect a serve that landed long, past the service line. The device emitted an audible noise when the serve was long. Succeeded by Hawk-Eye.[45]","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EVD-tenis-090.jpg"},{"link_name":"dead net cord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dead_net"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200332-46"},{"link_name":"Davis Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Cup"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1974225%E2%80%93231-47"},{"link_name":"Dead rubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_rubber"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytrubber-48"},{"link_name":"Default","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"code violation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_violation_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"advantage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#advantage"},{"link_name":"racket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#racket"},{"link_name":"Onomatopoetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomatopoetic"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200335-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"clay court specialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_court_specialist"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200335-49"},{"link_name":"Double bagel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagel_(tennis)#Double_bagel"},{"link_name":"bagel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bagel"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200336-51"},{"link_name":"receiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#receiver"},{"link_name":"break point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#break_point"},{"link_name":"game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#game"},{"link_name":"breaks of service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#break"},{"link_name":"Double fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_fault_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"faults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fault"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200336-51"},{"link_name":"Double-handed backhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backhand#Two-handed_backhand"},{"link_name":"two-handed backhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Two-handed_backhand"},{"link_name":"Double-handed forehand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forehand#Two-handed_forehand"},{"link_name":"two-handed forehand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Two-handed_forehand"},{"link_name":"net","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#net"},{"link_name":"singles net","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#singles_net"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1974234-52"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978254-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978254-44"},{"link_name":"Drive volley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive_volley"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon1981542-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Groundstroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Groundstroke"},{"link_name":"Drop shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drop_shot"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978254-44"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"An example of a dead net cordDampener A small rubber device affixed to the strings of the racket to absorb some of the vibration caused by hitting the ball.[46]\n Davis Cup: International, annual men's tennis competition in which teams from participating countries compete in a single-elimination format, with matches occurring at several stages during the year.[47]\n Dead net (or dead net cord): Situation in which a player scores by inadvertently hitting the ball in such a way that it touches the upper cord of the net and rolls over to the other side; the player is said to have \"gotten (caught) a dead net (dead net cord)\" and considered to be lucky.\n Dead rubber: Davis/Fed Cup match which is played after the victor of the tie has already been decided. Dead rubbers may or may not be played, depending on the coaches' agreement to do so, and are usually best of three, instead of five, sets. Typically, players who play the dead rubber are lower-ranked members of the team looking to gain Davis/Fed Cup match experience.[48]\n Deciding point: In doubles, the point played when the game score reaches deuce and there is no ad play; the game is decided in favor of whichever team wins the deuce point.\n Deep shot: Shot that lands near the baseline, as opposed to near the net or mid-court.\n Default: Disqualification of a player in a match by the chair umpire after the player has received four code violation warnings, generally for their conduct on court. A default can occur with less than four code violations warnings if the code violation is judged severe enough to warrant it. A double default occurs when both players are disqualified. Defaults also occur when a player misses a match with no valid excuse. Defaults are considered losses.\n Deuce court: Right side of the court of each player, so called because it is the area into which the ball is served when the score is deuce.\n Deuce: Score of 40–40 in a game. A player must win two consecutive points from a deuce to win the game, unless the tournament employs deciding points, as in the 2010 ATP World Tour Finals. A player who has won one point after deuce is said to have the advantage.\n Dig: A shot where the player hits the ball just before the second bounce. So named because the racket is positioned in a downward position, similar to a shovel digging a hole.\n Dink: Onomatopoetic term for a shot with little pace, usually hit close to the net.[49]\n Direct acceptance (\"DA\"): The process followed for the bulk of players who enter and are selected for a tournament by ranking. The term \"DA\" may be used specifically where a player's ATP or WTA ranking would be insufficient to gain entry into a tournament, but they are selected based on an ITF ranking, top 500 national ranking, or randomly if the player is unranked but more direct entry spots are needed to fill the draw.[50]\n Dirtballer: Colloquial term for a clay court specialist.[49]\n Double bagel: Two sets won to love; see bagel.[51]\n Double break point: A situation where the receiver has two consecutive break point opportunities in game, or a score of 15–40.\n Double break (or double-break): An advantage of two breaks of service in a set.\n Double fault: Two serving faults in a row in one point, causing the player serving to lose the point.[51]\n Double-handed backhand (or double-hander): See two-handed backhand.\n Double-handed forehand (or double-hander): See two-handed forehand.\n Doubles net: A net used for playing doubles; longer than a singles net.\n Doubles: Match played by four players, two per side of the court. A doubles court is 9 ft (2.97m) wider than a singles court.[52]\n Down the line: Ball hit straight along the sideline to the opponent's side of the court.[44]\n Draw: The schedule of matches in a tennis tournament. The starting fixtures are determined by a combined process of player seeding and random selection, and may or may not involve a public draw ceremony. A qualifying draw is set up to arrange the starting lineup of the qualifying competition (qualies), from where unseeded players qualify for a place in the starting lineup or the main draw of the tournament.[44]\n Drive volley (or drive-volley, swing volley): a tennis volley executed with full swing or topspin drive, thus with pace and conventionally at shoulder height; in the manner of a forehand or backhand swing.[53][54]\n Drive: Groundstroke hit with a flat trajectory.\n Drop (a set): to lose (the set)\n Drop shot (colloquial: dropper): Play in which the player hits the ball lightly enough to just go over the net, usually with backspin; designed to catch a player who is away from the net off guard.[44]\n Drop volley: Drop shot executed from a volley position.\n Dual match: A team competition format used at the college level in the US. In NCAA Division I, a dual match consists of three one-set doubles matches and six singles matches. One point is awarded to the team that wins two or more of the doubles sets, and six more points are awarded for each singles win. The winner of the dual match is the team with four or more of the seven points.[55]","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rulebookch7-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rulebook-58"},{"link_name":"ATP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP_Tour"},{"link_name":"WTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTA_Tour"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon1981542-53"},{"link_name":"ATP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Tennis_Professionals"},{"link_name":"WTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association"}],"text":"Elbow: Corner of the baseline and the doubles alley.\n Emergency substitution (\"ES\"): ATP Tour 250 Tournaments qualify for one (1) emergency substitution if the following conditions exist : i) Two (2) of the tournament's top four (4) seeds on the original acceptance list withdraw; and ii) One (1) of the withdrawals involves the first or second seeded player; and iii) The substitute player (1) meets a minimum of one (1) of the following criteria: 1. A former top 20 player on the Pepperstone ATP rankings within the previous 5 years from the tournament date. 2. Past tournament champion. 3. A current player ranked in the top 5 on the current ITF International Junior Ranking. 4. A current player ranked in the top 2 of the host country official National Junior Ranking. To be eligible for the emergency substitution, the tournament must have declared their wildcards to the ATP prior to the withdrawal of the player that qualified them for the emergency substitution.[56][57][58]\n Entry system: Ranking system used by the ATP and WTA tours, so named because it determines whether a player has a sufficiently high ranking to gain direct acceptance (not as a qualifier or wild card) into the main draw of a tournament. A player's Entry System ranking is different from their Race ranking, which is reset to zero at the beginning of each year. A player carries points and the associated Entry ranking continuously unless those points are lost at a tournament at which the player had previously earned them.\n Error: A shot that does not land (correctly) in the opponent's court, resulting in the loss of a point.[53]\n Exhibition: Tournament in which players compete for the purpose of entertaining the crowd or raising money, but not ranking points on the ATP or WTA tours.","title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014_US_Open_(Tennis)_-_Tournament_-_Bernard_Tomic_(14954485718).jpg"},{"link_name":"follow through","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#follow_though"},{"link_name":"double fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#double_fault"},{"link_name":"foot fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#foot_fault"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978254%E2%80%93255-59"},{"link_name":"Fed Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fed_Cup"},{"link_name":"Billie Jean King Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Billie_Jean_King_Cup"},{"link_name":"Flat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon1981542-53"},{"link_name":"Andre Agassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Agassi"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Davenport"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1974243-60"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon1981542-53"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978255-61"},{"link_name":"unforced error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#unforced_error"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon1981542-53"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oup-34"},{"link_name":"Forehand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forehand"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978255-61"},{"link_name":"breadstick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#breadstick"},{"link_name":"ITF Men's Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITF_Men%27s_Circuit"}],"text":"Example of a follow through action after the ball is hitFault: Serve that fails to land the ball in the opponent's service box, therefore not starting the point. See also double fault and foot fault.[59]\n Fed Cup (or Federation Cup): See Billie Jean King Cup.\n First serve: The first of the two attempts to serve that a player is allowed at the beginning of a point. A let serve that lands inbounds does not count as a serve.\n Five: Number of games completed (e.g. \"7–5\" is spoken as \"seven–five\"), or a spoken abbreviation of \"15\" in points (e.g. a score of 40–15 is sometimes spoken as \"forty–five\").\n Flat (or flat shot): Shot with relatively little spin and usually hard-hit.[53]\n Flatliner: Player who hits the ball flat with a very low trajectory with exceptional depth and accuracy. Examples include Andre Agassi and Lindsay Davenport.\n Follow through: Portion of a swing after the ball is hit.[60][53]\n Foot fault (or footfault): Type of service fault in which a player, during the serve, steps on or over the baseline into the court before striking the ball. A foot fault may also occur if the player steps on or across the center hash mark and its imaginary perpendicular extension from the baseline to the net. The definition of a foot fault has changed several times since the introduction of (lawn) tennis.[61]\n Forced error: Error caused by an opponent's good play; contrasted with an unforced error. Counting forced errors as well as unforced errors is partly subjective.[53][34]\n Forehand: Stroke in which the player hits the ball with the front of the racket hand facing the ball; contrasted with backhand.[61]\n Frame shot (or frame, wood shot): A mishit on the frame of the racket rather than the strings.\n Fry: See breadstick.\n Futures: Series of men's tour tennis tournaments which compose the ITF Men's Circuit, a tour two levels below the ATP Tour and one level below the ATP Challenger Tour. Players compete in Futures events (generally when ranked below world no. 300 or so) to garner enough ranking points to gain entry into Challenger events.","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Game point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_score"},{"link_name":"break point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#break_point"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon1981543-62"},{"link_name":"match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#match"},{"link_name":"points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#point"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon1981543-62"},{"link_name":"Golden set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_set_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Golden Slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Slam"},{"link_name":"tennis Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Steffi Graf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steffi_Graf"},{"link_name":"Career Golden Slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Career_Golden_Slam"},{"link_name":"Grand Slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Australian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Open"},{"link_name":"French Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Open"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon"},{"link_name":"US Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Career Grand Slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Career_Grand_Slam"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978255-61"},{"link_name":"Grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_court"},{"link_name":"turf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn#Uses"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon"},{"link_name":"grass court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_court"},{"link_name":"attrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wear"},{"link_name":"Grip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grip_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"grip (tennis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grip_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1974257%E2%80%93258-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200356-64"},{"link_name":"groundstroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#groundstroke"},{"link_name":"Groundstroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundstroke"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon1981543-62"},{"link_name":"Grunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunting_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978256-65"},{"link_name":"Gut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strings_(tennis)#Natural_Gut"},{"link_name":"catgut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catgut"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon1981543-62"}],"text":"Game point: Situation in which the server is leading and needs one more point to win the game. See also break point.[62]\n Game, set, match: Expression used at the conclusion of a match to indicate that one of the competitors has prevailed.\n Game: A game consists of a sequence of points played with the same player serving and is a segment of a set. Each set consists of at least six games.[62]\n Get: Reaching and returning a ball that is difficult to retrieve.\n Ghost in to the net: To approach the net from the baseline while the opposing player is focused on retrieving a ball and therefore unaware that the player is approaching the net.\n Golden set: A set that is won without dropping a single point.\n Golden Slam: Winning the Grand Slam and the tennis Olympic gold medal in a calendar year. This has been achieved once by Steffi Graf in 1988. See also Career Golden Slam.\n Grand Slam: Winning all four of the prestigious major tournaments in a calendar year. \"Grand Slam\" is also commonly used to refer to any one of the four tournaments: the Australian Open, the French Open (Roland Garros), Wimbledon, and the US Open. See also Career Grand Slam.[61]\n Grass (or grass court): A natural turf surface tennis is played on, most notably at Wimbledon. See: grass court.\n Grasscourter (or grass-courter, grass courter): Player who is particularly proficient or a specialist on grass courts.\n Grinding: Playing out points with a series of shots from the baseline. See also attrition.\n Grip: A way of holding the racket in order to hit shots during a match. The three most commonly used conventional grips are the Continental, the Eastern and the Western. Most players change grips during a match depending on which shot they are hitting. For further information on grips, including all the types, see grip (tennis).[63]\n Grommet strip: A strip of plastic containing small tubes that are placed in the frame's string holes to prevent the strings from rubbing against the abrasive frame.[64]\n Groundie: Colloquial word for a groundstroke.\n Groundstroke: Forehand or backhand shot that is executed after the ball bounces once on the court.[62]\n Grunting: Noises made by players while either serving or hitting the ball.[65]\n Gut: Type of racket string. Can be made from catgut or synthetic gut.[62]","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon1981543-62"},{"link_name":"Half volley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_volley"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978256-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978256-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1974258%E2%80%93259-66"},{"link_name":"Hardcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcourt"},{"link_name":"Hawk-Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Hawk-Eye"},{"link_name":"line judges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Line_judge"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Hawk-Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk-Eye"},{"link_name":"line calls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#line_call"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200397-68"}],"text":"Hacker: Player whose clumsy strokes seem more accidental than intentional.[62]\n Hail Mary: Extremely high lob, for defensive purposes.\n Half court: The area of the court in the vicinity of the service line.\n Half volley: A groundstroke shot made immediately after a bounce or simultaneous to the bounce and played with the racket close to the ground.[65]\n Handicapping A system in which competitors are given advantages or compensations to equalize the chances of winning.[65][66]\n Hardcourt (or hard court): A type of court which is made of asphalt or concrete with a synthetic/acrylic layer on top. They can vary in color and tend to play medium-fast to fast.\n Hardcourter (or hard-courter, hard courter): Player who is particularly proficient or a specialist on hard courts.\n Hawk-Eye Live: Advanced version of the Hawk-Eye technology that calls shots in or out in real time (through speakers), fully replacing human line judges.[67]\n Hawk-Eye: Computer system connected to cameras to track the path of the ball for replay purposes; used with the player challenge system to contest and review designated line calls.\n Head (or racket head): Portion of the racket that contains the strings.[68]\n Heavy (ball): Ball hit with so much topspin that it feels \"heavy\" when the opposing player strikes it.\n Hit and giggle: non-competitive social tennis.\n Hitting partner (or sparring partner): specialist employed by a tennis player to practice strokes during training.\n Hold (or hold serve): To win the game when serving. Compare break.\n Hot Dog: A shot where the player hits the ball between their legs.","title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I-formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-formation_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrasso2011143-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"ITF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation"},{"link_name":"ITF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation"},{"link_name":"International Tennis Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1974265-71"}],"text":"I-formation: Formation used in doubles where the net player on the serving team crouches roughly at the centre service line; used mainly to counter teams that prefer a crosscourt return.[69][70]\n Inside-in: Running around the backhand side to hit a forehand down the line. Vice versa for inside in backhand.\n Inside-out: Running around the backhand side and hitting a crosscourt forehand. Vice versa for inside out backhand.\n Insurance break: Break that achieves an overall advantage of two breaks of serve.\n IPIN: Abbreviation for International Player Identification Number, a registration number required for all professional tennis players and administered by the governing body ITF.\n ITF entry: High-ranking ITF players can be awarded a spot into ATP Challenger and ITF women's tournaments main draws based on their ITF ranking.\n ITF: Abbreviation for International Tennis Federation, the governing body of world tennis. Founded in 1913 as the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF).[71]","title":"I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"text":"Jamming: Serving or returning straight into the opponent's body.\n Junior exempt (\"JE\"): High-ranking junior players can be awarded a spot in the draw of a tournament through the ITF's junior exempt project.[72]\n Junk ball: A shot or return stroke in which the ball tends to be slow and possibly also without spin; often introduced unpredictably to upset the flow of the game and the rhythm of the opposition.\n Junk baller (or junkballer): Player that hits junk balls; often used in a derogative manner.","title":"J"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kick serve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twist_serve"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978251,_259%E2%80%93260-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon1981543-62"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"2020 Australian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Australian_Open"},{"link_name":"Sofia Kenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Kenin"},{"link_name":"Garbiñe Muguruza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbi%C3%B1e_Muguruza"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"text":"Kick serve: Type of spin serve that bounces high. Introduced in the United States in the late 1880s and called the American twist.[73][74]\n Knock-up: Practice or warm-up session without scoring which usually precedes the start of competitive play.[62][75]\n Kenin-Hold: This is used to describe a game, where the server holds the game from 0–40 down by hitting 5 consecutive winners in the due process of holding his/her serve. This has been termed after 2020 Australian Open champion Sofia Kenin, who infamously held her serve from 0–40 down in the final against two-time Grandslam champion Garbiñe Muguruza.[76]","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Line_Judges_Centre_Court.JPG"},{"link_name":"Line judges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#line_judge"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rulebookch7-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rulebook-58"},{"link_name":"real tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_tennis"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200370-77"},{"link_name":"false positives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_positive"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200370%E2%80%9371-79"},{"link_name":"Line call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_call"},{"link_name":"line judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#line_judge"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200371-80"},{"link_name":"Line judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_judge_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978256-65"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrasso2011175-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200372-82"},{"link_name":"volley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#volley"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon1981544-83"},{"link_name":"Lob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lob_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"moonball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#moonball"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978256-65"},{"link_name":"baseline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#baseline"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200375-84"},{"link_name":"score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Scoring"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200374%E2%80%9375-87"},{"link_name":"Lucky loser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_loser"}],"text":"Line judges at WimbledonLast direct (\"LD\"): a player with the lowest rank/rating allowed to participate directly in the tournament.\n Late Entry (\"LE\"): A Late Entry spot is a reserved position (one) in each ATP Tour 250 tournament. Only players with a ranking better than the original tournament entry list cut are allowed to enter.[57][58]\n Lawn tennis: \"Regular\" tennis, as opposed to real tennis, the game from which tennis is derived. Reflects the fact that the game was first played on grass.[77]\n Let-check: Electronic sensor on the net that assists chair umpires in calling lets by detecting vibration. Typically, it is used only on show courts in professional matches, like electronic review. Players and commentators occasionally complain that such devices are too sensitive, that is, indicate too many false positives.\n Let: A call that requires the point to be replayed. The umpire indicates this type of let by announcing \"Let. First serve\", or \"Let. Second serve.\" Lets typically occur when an otherwise-valid serve makes contact with the net before hitting the ground. Theoretically, a player could serve an unlimited number of otherwise-valid let serves, but a serve that touches the net and then lands out of bounds counts as one of the two allowed serves. A let can also be called during play when there is some distraction to either player not caused by the players themselves, such as a ball boy moving behind a receiver, debris flying across the court in windy conditions, or a ball accidentally falling out of a player's pocket or entering from a neighboring court. The call is made by the chair umpire when one is assigned to the match, as in professional matches, or one of the players when there is no chair umpire. When a receiver is legitimately unprepared for a serve, a let is technically the result, even if the word goes unspoken.[78][79]\n Line call (or call): Call made by the line judge. A call of 'out' will be made in combination with an outstretched arm pointing sideways if a ball lands outside the court and if the ball is 'in', i.e. lands on or within the outer lines, this is indicated by holding both hands flattened and the arms stretched downwards.[80]\n Line judge (or linesman, lineswoman or line umpire): Person designated to observe the passage of tennis balls over the boundary lines of the court. A line judge can declare that a play was inside or outside the play area and cannot be overruled by the players. Line judges must defer to an umpire's decision, even when it contradicts their own observations.[65][81]\n Lingering death tiebreak: Version of the tiebreak played as the best of twelve points, with a two-point advantage needed to clinch the set.[82]\n Lob volley: Type of volley shot aimed at lobbing the ball over the opponent and normally played when the opponent is in the vicinity of the net.[83]\n Lob: Stroke in which the ball is hit high above the net. If the opposing player or players are up at the net, the intention may be an offensive lob in order to win the point outright. In a defensive lob, the intent is to give the player time to recover and get in position, or, if the opponents are at the net, to force them to chase down the lob. See also moonball.[65]\n Long: A call to indicate that the ball has landed out of court, beyond the baseline.\n Love game: Shutout game, won without the opponent scoring a single point.[84]\n Love hold: Game won by the server without the opponent scoring a single point.\n Love: A score of zero (e.g. \"15-0\" is spoken \"fifteen-love\"; \"to hold to love\" means \"to win the game when serving with the opponent scoring zero points\"; \"to break to love\" means \"to win the game when receiving with the opponent scoring zero points\"). Thought to be derived from the French term, l'oeuf, literally the egg, meaning nothing; less popular alternative theory claiming it to be from the Dutch word lof doen, meaning honour.[85][86][87]\n Lucky loser (\"LL\"): Highest-ranked player to lose in the final round of qualifying for a tournament, but still ends up qualifying because of a sudden withdrawal by one of the players already in the main draw. In Grand Slam events, one of the four highest-ranked losers in the final qualifying round is randomly picked as the lucky loser.","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John McEnroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McEnroe"},{"link_name":"Masters Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_Cup"},{"link_name":"round-robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-robin_tournament"},{"link_name":"ATP Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ATP_Finals"},{"link_name":"Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP_Tour_Masters_1000"},{"link_name":"ATP Tour Masters 1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP_Tour_Masters_1000"},{"link_name":"ATP Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP_Tour"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978256-65"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon1981544-83"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon1981544-83"},{"link_name":"ATP Tour Masters 1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP_Tour_Masters_1000"},{"link_name":"tiebreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tiebreak"},{"link_name":"super tiebreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#super_tiebreak"},{"link_name":"Men's International Professional Tennis Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_International_Professional_Tennis_Council"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix tennis circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_tennis_circuit"},{"link_name":"ATP Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP_Tour"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon1981544-83"},{"link_name":"lob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lob"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#draw"}],"text":"Mac-Cam: High-speed video camera used for televised instant replays of close shots landing on/near the baseline. Name derived from John McEnroe.\n Masters Cup (or Tennis Masters Cup) Former name of the year-end ATP championship, in which the eight highest-ranked players compete in a round-robin format. See ATP Finals.\n Masters: Colloquial name for a tournament in the ATP Tour Masters 1000 category on the ATP Tour.\n Match: A contest between two players (singles match) or two teams of players (doubles match), normally played as the best of three or five sets.[65][83]\n Match point: Situation in which the player who is leading needs one more point to win the match. Variations of the term are possible; e.g. championship point is the match point in the final match of a championship or a gold medal point is the match point in the final match of the Olympics.[83]\n Mercedes Super 9: Former name for the nine ATP Tour Masters 1000 tournaments.\n Match tiebreak: A final set played under a tiebreak or super tiebreak format. The match tiebreak is used in ATP and WTA doubles tournaments, as well as the Australian Open, US Open and French Open mixed doubles tournaments.\n Mini-break: Point won from the opponent's serve. The term is usually used in a tiebreak, but it can be used during normal service games as well. To be \"up a mini-break\" means that the player has one more mini-break than the opponent.\n Mini-hold: Point won by the server, usually in a tiebreak.\n MIPTC: Abbreviation for Men's International Professional Tennis Council, administrative body of the tournaments that composed the Grand Prix tennis circuit. Existed from 1974 until the creation of the ATP Tour in 1989.\n Mis-hit (or mishit): Stroke in which the racket fails to make contact with the ball in the \"sweetspot\" area of the strings.\n Mixed doubles: Match played by four players, two male, two female, one of each sex per side of the court.[83]\n Moonball: A type of groundstroke that is hit with a lot of topspin, usually with the forehand, to create a high, slow, floating shot that lands close to the opponent's baseline. See also lob.[88][89]\n MOP: Point at 0–30; stands for major opportunity point.\n Main draw: See draw.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dead net cord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dead_net_cord"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itfcourt-42"},{"link_name":"singles sticks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#singles_sticks"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon1981544-83"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1974287-90"},{"link_name":"knock-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#knock-up"},{"link_name":"chair umpire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_(tennis)#chair_umpire"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon1981544-83"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"text":"Net cord: See dead net cord.\n Net point: Point won or lost on approaching the net, as opposed to a point won or lost by a stroke from the baseline.\n Net out: Fault occurred when the ball hits the net and lands outside the court during a serve.\n Net posts: Posts on each side of the court which hold up the net. The net posts are placed 3 feet (0.914 m) outside the doubles court on each side, unless a singles net is used, in which case the posts are placed 3 feet (0.914 m) outside the singles court.[42]\n Net sticks (or singles sticks): Pair of poles placed on the singles line to support the net during a singles match.[83]\n Net: Interlaced fabric, cord, and tape stretched across the entire width of the court; it is held up by the posts.[90]\n New balls: A new set of balls replacing an old set, usually after seven or nine games have been played (the knock-up counts as two games), and requested by the chair umpire calling for \"new balls, please.\" A necessary move since constant strokes cause balls to heat up and lose pressure and velocity, which leads to an alteration of their bounce characteristics.[91] As a courtesy, the player first to serve a new ball will show it to their opponent before serving.\n No ad scoring: Game format in which the player who wins the first point after deuce wins the game. The receiver determines whether the server serves to the deuce or ad court. Typically used in matches with time constraints.\n No-man's land: Area between the service line and the baseline, where a player is most vulnerable.[83]\n Non-endemic products: Products for tennis sponsorship that are not intrinsic to the sport such as watches, cars, jewelry.\n Not up: Call given by the umpire when a player plays a ball that has already bounced twice, i.e. the ball was out of play when the player played it.\n NTRP rating: National Tennis Rating Program rating; system used in the United States to rank players on a scale from 1 to 7, with 1 being an absolute beginner and 7 a touring pro.[92]","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Official","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"One-handed backhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backhand#One-handed_backhand"},{"link_name":"Backhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Backhand"},{"link_name":"grip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#grip"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Open Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Era"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200385-98"},{"link_name":"closed stance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#closed_stance"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200386-99"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200386-99"},{"link_name":"smash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smash_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200387-100"},{"link_name":"line judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#line_judge"},{"link_name":"umpire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#umpire"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200387-100"}],"text":"Official: Member of the officiating team: tournament referee, chair umpire, or linesman.\n On one's racket: A situation in which a player can win the match, set, or tiebreak by holding serve. This occurs when a player breaks the opponent's serve or achieves a mini break in a tiebreak.[93][94][95][96]\n On serve: Situation where both players or teams have the same number of breaks in a set. While on serve, neither player or team can win the set without a break of serve. An advantage set requires at least one break to win.\n One-handed backhand (or single-handed backhand, single-hander, one-hander): Backhand stroke hit with one hand on the grip.\n One-two punch: When a server wins a point in two shots, where the second shot results in a winner or an opponent's forced error due to the positioning of both players after the serve.\nOpen: A pre-open era term used to indicate a tournament open to all comers of any nationality as opposed 'closed' tournaments for nationals of the country concerned.[97]\n Open Era: Period in tennis which began in 1968 when tournaments became open to both amateurs and professional players.[98]\n Open stance: Modern technique in which the hitter's body facing is at an angle between parallel to the baseline and facing the opponent. See also closed stance.\n OP: Stands for opportunity point; 15–30, an opportunity to potentially break serve.\n Order of play (\"OOP\"): Schedule of matches in a tennis tournament.\n On-site entry (\"OSE\"): The process by which vacant slots in a doubles tournament are filled by teams who physically sign up for the draw and are selected based on ranking cut-offs.\n Out: An error in which the ball lands outside the playing area.[99]\n Overgrip (or overwrap): padded tape spirally wrapped over the handle or grip of the racket to absorb moisture or add gripping assistance.[99]\n Overhead: Stroke in which the player hits the ball over their head; if the shot is hit relatively strongly, it is referred to as a smash; smashes are often referred to as simply overheads, although not every overhead shot is a smash.[100]\n Overrule: To reverse a call made by a line judge, done by the umpire.[100]","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"lob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lob"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon1981545-102"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oup-34"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978257-103"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon1981545-102"},{"link_name":"Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#point"},{"link_name":"code violations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#code_violation"},{"link_name":"Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"scoring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#scoring"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine200390-104"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atprankingsfaq-10"},{"link_name":"WTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association"},{"link_name":"pregnancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rally"},{"link_name":"deuce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#deuce"},{"link_name":"homophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophone"},{"link_name":"Pusher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusher_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon1981546-106"}],"text":"Pace: The speed and power of the ball after it is struck by the racket. Pace is used to control the tempo of the game.[101]\n Paint the lines: To hit shots that land as close to the lines of the court as possible.\n Pass (or passing shot): Type of shot, usually played in the vicinity of the baseline, that passes by (not over) the opponent at the net. See also lob.[102]\n Percentage tennis: Style of play consisting of safe shots with large margins of error. Aimed at keeping the ball in play in anticipation of an opponent's error.[34]\n Perfect Game: This is used to describe a game where the server holds his serve by hitting four consecutive aces.\n Ping it: To hit an offensive shot and place the ball deep to the corners of the court.\n Poaching (noun: poach): In doubles, an aggressive move where the player at the net moves to volley a shot intended for their partner.[103][102]\n Point penalty: Point awarded to a player's opponent following successive code violations.\n Point: Period of play between the first successful service of a ball and the point at which that ball goes out of play. It is the smallest unit of scoring in tennis.[104]\n Pre-qualifying: Tournament in which the winner(s) earn a wild card into a tournament's qualifying draw.\n Pressureless ball: Special type of tennis ball that does not have a core of pressurized air as standard balls do, but rather has a core made of solid rubber, or a core filled tightly with micro-particles. Quality pressureless balls are approved for top-pro play generally, but pressureless balls are typically used mostly at high altitudes, where standard balls would be greatly affected by the difference between the high pressure in the ball and the thin air.\n Protected ranking (\"PR\") or Special ranking (\"SR\") : Players injured for a minimum of six months can ask for a protected ranking, which is based on their average ranking during the first three months of their injury. The player can use their protected ranking to enter tournaments' main draws or qualifying competitions when coming back from injury (or some occurrences such as COVID-19 frozen ranking concerns in 2020–21). It is not used for seeding purposes.[10] It is also used in the WTA for players returning from pregnancy leave.[105]\n Pull the trigger: To hit a powerful offensive shot, particularly after patiently waiting for the right opportunity to arise during a rally.\n Pulp: 30–30, not quite deuce (a pun on the homophone \"juice\").\n Pusher: Player who does not try to hit winners, but only to return the ball safely; often used in a derogative manner.\n Putaway: Offensive shot to try to end the point with no hope of a return.[106]","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrasso2011229-107"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrasso2011229-107"},{"link_name":"wild card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#wild_card"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrasso2011229-107"},{"link_name":"draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#draw"}],"text":"Qualies: Short for qualification rounds or similar.[107]\n Qualification round: Final round of play in a pre-tournament qualification competition, also known as qualies.[107]\n Qualifier (\"Q\"): Player who reaches the tournament's main draw by competing in a pre-tournament qualifying competition instead of automatically qualified by virtue of their world ranking, being a wild card, or other exemption.[107]\n Qualifying draw: See draw.","title":"Q"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Babolat_pure_drive_plus.jpg"},{"link_name":"tennis racket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#racket"},{"link_name":"Racket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_racket"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978257%E2%80%93258-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrasso2011231-109"},{"link_name":"Rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rally_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978258-110"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978257-103"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine2003100-111"},{"link_name":"Real tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_tennis"},{"link_name":"retronym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retronym"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine2003101%E2%80%93102-112"},{"link_name":"service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#serve"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978258-110"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Referee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_(Tennis)#Referee"},{"link_name":"umpire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#umpire"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1974304-114"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon1981546-106"},{"link_name":"walkover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#walkover"},{"link_name":"baseliner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#baseliner"},{"link_name":"tennis strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_strategy"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon1981546-106"},{"link_name":"service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#service"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1974305-115"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978258-110"},{"link_name":"Davis Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Cup"},{"link_name":"Billie Jean King Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Jean_King_Cup"},{"link_name":"tie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tie"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytrubber-48"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978259-116"},{"link_name":"forehand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#forehand"},{"link_name":"backhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#backhand"}],"text":"A modern tennis racketRacket (or racquet): Bat with a long handle and a large looped frame with a string mesh tautly stretched across it, the frame made of wood, metal, graphite, composite, or some other synthetic material, used by a tennis player to hit the tennis ball during a game of tennis.[108][109]\n Racket abuse (racquet abuse): When a player slams their racket into the ground or net in frustration. Can result in a warning from the umpire or docking of points.\n Rally: Following the service of a tennis ball, a series of return hits of the ball that ends when one or other player fails to return the ball within the court boundary or fails to return a ball that falls within the play area.[110]\n Rankings: A hierarchical listing of players based on their recent achievements. Used to determine qualification for entry and seeding in tournaments.[103]\n Rating: A system used by national tennis organizations to group players of comparable skills. The rating of players is dependent on their match record.[111]\n Real tennis (also royal tennis or court tennis): An indoor racket sport which was the predecessor of the modern game of (lawn) tennis. The term real is used as a retronym to distinguish the ancient game from the modern game of lawn tennis. Known also as court tennis in the United States or royal tennis in Australia.[112]\n Receiver: Player who is receiving the service of the opponent.[110][113]\n Referee: Person in charge of enforcing the rules in a tournament, as opposed to a tennis match. See also umpire.[114][106]\n Reflex volley: Volley in which the player has no time to plan the shot, and instead reacts instinctively to get the racket in position to return the ball. This occurs frequently in doubles and in advanced singles.\n Registered player: A designation used during the beginning of the Open Era to identify a category of amateur tennis players who were allowed to compete for prize money but stayed under the control of their national associations.\n Retirement (\"ret.\"): Player's withdrawal during a match, causing the player to forfeit the tournament. Usually this happens due to injury. For a pre-match withdrawal, see walkover.\n Retriever: Defensive baseliner who relies on returning the ball rather than scoring direct winners. See tennis strategy.[106]\n Return: Stroke made by the receiver of a service.[115]\n Return ace: Shot in which the opponent serves, the receiver returns the serve, and the opponent does not hit the ball.\n Rising shot: Shot in which the ball is hit before it reaches its apex; also hitting on the rise.\n Round of 16: Round of a tournament prior to the quarterfinals in which there are 16 players remaining, corresponds to the fourth round of 128-draw tournament, the third round of a 64-draw, and second round of a 32-draw tournament.\n Round robin (\"RR\"): Tournament format in which players are organised into groups of three or four players and compete against all other members of the group. Players are then ranked according to number of matches, sets, and games won and head-to-head records. The top one, two, or four players then qualify for the next stage of the tournament.[110]\n Rubber: Individual match, singles or doubles, within a Davis Cup or Billie Jean King Cup tie.[48][116]\n Run around the ball: To quickly move laterally on the court during a rally so as to be able to hit a forehand instead of a backhand, or vice versa.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Azarenka_Roland_Garros_2009_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"serve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#serve"},{"link_name":"point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#point"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joao_Souza_(14706260226).jpg"},{"link_name":"slice shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#slice"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Scoring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_scoring_system"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrasso2011255%E2%80%93256-118"},{"link_name":"ATP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Tennis_Professionals"},{"link_name":"ATP Tour 250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP_Tour_250"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978259-116"},{"link_name":"Serve and volley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serve_and_volley"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrasso2011261-119"},{"link_name":"holding serve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hold_serve"},{"link_name":"Serve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serve_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrasso2011260%E2%80%93261-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine2003113-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978260-122"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrasso2011261-119"},{"link_name":"tiebreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tiebreak"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrasso2011261-119"},{"link_name":"deep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#deep"},{"link_name":"baseline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#baseline"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1974316-123"},{"link_name":"Grand Slams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Australian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Open"},{"link_name":"Single-handed backhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backhand#One-handed_backhand"},{"link_name":"one-handed backhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#One-handed_backhand"},{"link_name":"net","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#net"},{"link_name":"doubles net","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#doubles_net"},{"link_name":"net sticks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#net_sticks"},{"link_name":"Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singles_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978260-122"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrasso2011263-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine2003119-125"},{"link_name":"Overhead shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Overhead"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978260-122"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrasso2011263-124"},{"link_name":"Smash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smash_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"overhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#overhead"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978260-122"},{"link_name":"hitting partner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hitting_partner"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"protected ranking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#protected_ranking"},{"link_name":"backspin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#backspin"},{"link_name":"topspin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#topspin"},{"link_name":"underspin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#underspin"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978260-122"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine2003122%E2%80%93123-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine2003123%E2%80%93124-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon1981547-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine2003124-130"},{"link_name":"set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#set"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon1981547-129"},{"link_name":"strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#strings"},{"link_name":"racket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#racket"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine2003125-131"},{"link_name":"Strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strings_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine2003124%E2%80%93125-132"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978260-122"},{"link_name":"tiebreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tiebreak"},{"link_name":"VASSS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#VASSS"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tiebreak-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine2003134%E2%80%93135-134"},{"link_name":"tiebreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tiebreak"},{"link_name":"doubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#doubles"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine2003127-135"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine2003128-137"},{"link_name":"drive volley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#drive_volley"}],"text":"Preparing to serve to start a pointPlayer preparing to hit a backhand slice shotSABR (spoken \"saber\"; short for Sneak Attack By Roger): a return strategy where a tennis player suddenly moves forward to the service line and returns the opponent's serve with a half-volley or a chip-and-charge shot.[117]\n Satellite: Intermediate junior level of play, equivalent of Level 6.[clarification needed]\n Scoring: Method of tracking progress of a match. A match consists of points, game and sets.[118]\n Scratch: Withdrawal from a match due to an injury.\n Second serve (or second service): Second and final of the two serve attempts a player is allowed at the beginning of a point, not counting net cord let serves that would otherwise be good.\n Second snap: a tennis ball struck for top spin against lubricated or co-poly strings will get extra rotation on the ball from the mains popping back in position before the ball leaves contact with the racket.\n Seed (or seeding): Player whose position in a tournament has been arranged based on their ranking so as not to meet other ranking players in the early rounds of play. Named for the similarity to scattering seeds widely over the ground to plant them. For a given tournament there is a specified number of seeds, depending on the size of the draw. For ATP tournaments, typically one out of four players are seeds. For example, a 32-draw ATP Tour 250 tournament would have eight seeds. The seeds are chosen and ranked by the tournament organizers and are selected because they are the players with the highest ranking who also, in the estimation of the organizers, have the best chance of winning the tournament. Seed ranking is sometimes controversial, because it does not always match the players' current ATP ranking.[116]\n Serve and volley: Method of play to serve and immediately move forward to the net to make a volley with the intent to hit a winner and end the point.[119]\n Serve-and-volleyer: Player that plays serves-and-volleys frequently or for all of their service points.\n Serve out: To win a set (and possibly therefore, the match) by holding serve.\n Serve (verb and noun. Also service, noun): The starting stroke of each point. The ball must be hit into the opponent's service box, specifically the box's half that is diagonally opposite the server.[120]\n Service box (or service court): Rectangular area of the court, marked by the sidelines and the service lines, that a serve is supposed to land in.[121]\n Service game: With regard to a player, the game in which the player is serving (e.g. \"Player A won a love service game\" means that Player A has won a game where (s)he was serving without the opponent scoring).\n Service line: A line that runs parallel to the net at a distance of 21 ft (6.4m) and forms part of the demarcation of the service box.[122]\n Set point: Situation in which the player who is leading needs one more point to win a set. If the player is serving in such a situation, (s)he is said to be \"serving for the set\".[119]\n Set: A unit of scoring. A set consists of games and the first player to win six games with a two-game advantage wins the set. In most tournaments a tiebreak is used at six games all to decide the outcome of a set.[119]\n Shallow: Not deep into the court; not close to the baseline (of a struck ball).\n Shamateurism: Amalgamation of 'sham' and 'amateurism', derogatory term for a custom that widely existed before the open era where an amateur player would receive financial remuneration to participate in a tournament in violation of amateur laws.[123]\n Shank: Significantly misdirected shot, the result of hitting the ball in an unintentional manner, typically with the frame of the racket. Such shots typically land outside the court, however, it is possible to hit a shank that lands validly in the court.\n Shot clock: A publicly displayed clock which is used in between points to ensure that a player serves within 25 seconds. First used in Grand Slams at the Australian Open in 2018.\n Single-handed backhand (or single-hander): See one-handed backhand.\n Singles net: A net used for playing singles; shorter than a doubles net.\n Singles sticks (or net sticks): Pair of poles which are placed underneath the net near the singles sideline for the purpose of raising it for singles play.\n Singles: Match played by two players, one on each side of the court. A singles court is narrower than a doubles court and is bounded by the inner sidelines and the baseline.[122][124]\n Sitter: Shot which is hit with very little pace and no spin, which bounces high after landing, thus being an easy shot to put away.[125]\n Skyhook: Overhead shot hit behind the body.\n Sledgehammer: Colloquial term for a two-handed backhand winner down the line.\n Slice: Shot with underspin (backspin), or a serve with sidespin. Groundstrokes hit with slice tend to have a flat trajectory and a low bounce.[122][124]\n Smash: Strongly hit overhead, typically executed when the player who hits the shot is very close to the net and can therefore hit the ball nearly vertically, often so that it bounces into the stands, making it unreturnable.[122]\n Spank: To hit a groundstroke flat with a lot of pace.\n Sparring partner: see hitting partner.\n Special exempt (\"SE\"): Players who are unable to appear in a tournament's qualifying draw because they are still competing in the final rounds of a previous tournament can be awarded a spot in the main draw by special exempt.[126]\nSpecial ranking (\"SR\"): See protected ranking.\n Spin: Rotation of the ball as it moves through the air, affecting its trajectory and bounce. See backspin, topspin, and underspin.[122]\n Split step: a footwork technique in which a player does a small bounce on both feet, just as the opponent hits the ball. This lets the player go more quickly in either direction.[127]\n Spot serving/spot server: Serving with precision, resulting in the ball landing either on or near the intersection of the center service line and service line or singles tramline and service line.\n Squash shot: Forehand or backhand shot typically hit on the run from a defensive position, either with slice, or from behind the player's stance.\n Stance: The way a player stands when hitting the ball.\n Stick volley: Volley hit crisply, resulting in shot with a sharp downward trajectory.\n Stiffness (or racket stiffness): The resistance of the racket to bending upon impact with the ball.[128]\n Stop volley: A softly-hit volley which absorbs almost all the power of the shot resulting in the ball dropping just over the net.[129][130]\n Stopper: Player who will not win or go deep in a tournament but is good enough to stop a top seed from advancing.\n Straight sets: Situation in which the winner of a match does not lose a set. A straight set may also mean a set which is won by a score of 6-something; i.e. is won at the first opportunity and does not reach five games all.[129]\n Stringbed: Grid of strings within the frame of the racket.\n String saver: Tiny piece of plastic that is sometimes inserted where the strings cross, to prevent the strings from abrading each other and prematurely breaking.[131]\n Strings: Material woven through the face of the racket. The strings are where contact with the ball is supposed to be made.[132]\n Stroke: Striking of the ball.[122]\n Sudden death tiebreak: Version of a tiebreak played as the best of nine points, with the last being a deciding point to clinch the set. Introduced in 1965 by Jimmy Van Alen as a component of the VASSS.[133][134]\n Super tiebreak (or Champions tiebreak): A tiebreak variation played with a first to ten points format instead of seven; usually used in doubles to decide a match instead of playing a third set.[135]\n Supercoach: A tennis coach who has had a successful professional career.[136]\n Sweetspot: Central area of the racket head which is the best location, in terms of control and power, for making contact with the ball.[137]\n Swing volley: See drive volley.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tennis_ball_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"tennis ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tennis_ball"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine2003130%E2%80%93131-138"},{"link_name":"Nick Kyrgios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Kyrgios"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Open"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Tennis ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_ball"},{"link_name":"ITF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978251-3"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1974202-140"},{"link_name":"Tennis elbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_elbow"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1974329-141"},{"link_name":"Tennis Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Tennis_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"International Tennis Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Tennis_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Newport, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrasso2011144%E2%80%93145-142"},{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"Bud Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_Collins"},{"link_name":"Tiebreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_score#Scoring_a_tiebreak_game"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978260-122"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tiebreak-133"},{"link_name":"match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#match"},{"link_name":"Davis Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Cup"},{"link_name":"Fed Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fed_Cup"},{"link_name":"Topspin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topspin"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine2003135%E2%80%93136-143"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978260%E2%80%93261-144"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1974330-145"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978261-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine2003138%E2%80%93139-147"},{"link_name":"Triple bagel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagel_(tennis)#Triple_bagel"},{"link_name":"love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#love"},{"link_name":"bagel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bagel"},{"link_name":"Triple crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Crown_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Grand Slam tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"tennis court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_court"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine2003132-148"},{"link_name":"Tweener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweener_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Guillermo Vilas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_Vilas"},{"link_name":"Gabriela Sabatini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriela_Sabatini"},{"link_name":"lob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lob_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Tweener racket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweener_racket"},{"link_name":"kick serve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kick_serve"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine20037-149"},{"link_name":"Two-handed backhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backhand#Two-handed_backhand"},{"link_name":"Backhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Backhand"},{"link_name":"grip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#grip"},{"link_name":"Two-handed forehand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forehand#Two-handed_forehand"},{"link_name":"Forehand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Forehand"},{"link_name":"grip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#grip"}],"text":"A standard optic yellow tennis ballTanking (noun: tank): Colloquial term for losing a match on purpose; or to purposely lose a non-vital set, so as to focus energy and attention on a match-deciding set.[138] It may result in a temporary ban such as that encountered by Nick Kyrgios at the 2016 and 2017 Shanghai Open.[139]\n Tape it: To play a shot that hits the tape at the top of the net.\n Tennis ball: Soft, hollow, air-filled rubber ball coated in a synthetic fur, used in the game of tennis. The ITF specifies that a tennis ball must have a diameter of 6.54–6.86 cm (2.57–2.70 in) and a weight of 56.0–59.4g. Yellow and white are the only approved colors at tournament level.[3][140]\n Tennis bubble: Indoor tennis facility consisting of a domed structure which is supported by air pressure generated by blowers inside the structure.\n Tennis dad: Father of a tennis player, often used in reference to a parent actively participating in the player's tennis development and/or career.\n Tennis elbow: Common injury in beginner to intermediate tennis players, possibly due to improper technique or a racket which transmits excessive vibration to the arm.[141]\n Tennis Hall of Fame: The International Tennis Hall of Fame located in Newport, Rhode Island, United States. It was established in 1954 and hosts an annual tournament around the induction ceremony.[142]\n The vineyard of tennis: Southern California as characterized by tennis commentator and historian Bud Collins.\n Tiebreak: Special game played when the score is 6–6 in a set to decide the winner of the set; the winner is the first to reach at least seven points with a difference of two points over the opponent.[122][133]\n Tie: Synonymous with match, but used for team competitions such as the Davis Cup and Fed Cup.\n Topspin: Spin of a ball where the top of the ball rotates toward the direction of travel; the spin goes forward over the top of the ball, causing the ball to dip and bounce at a higher angle to the court.[143]\n Toss: At the beginning of a match, the winner of a coin toss chooses who serves first. In amateur tennis the toss is often performed by spinning the racket.[144][145]\n Touch: Occurs when a player touches any part of the net when the ball is still in play, losing the point.\n Tramline: Line defining the limit of play on the side of a singles or doubles court.[146][147]\n Trampolining: Effect which occurs when striking a ball flat with a racket that is strung at a very loose tension. Trampolining results in a shot that has a very high velocity.\n Two ball pass: Passing an opponent that has come to the net with a first shot that causes them trouble on the volley followed up by hitting the second ball by them.\n Triple bagel: Colloquial term for three sets won to love. See bagel.\n Triple crown: Winning the championship in all three tennis disciplines (singles, doubles and mixed doubles) at one event, especially a Grand Slam tournament.\n T (the T): The spot on a tennis court where the center line and the service line intersect perpendicularly to form a \"T\" shape.[148]\nTube: (Colloquial term) to deliberately and successfully hit the ball at the opponent's body; e.g. \"he tubed his opponent.\"\n Tweener (also called tweeny, tweenie, hot dog, Gran Willy or Sabatweenie — the last two being named after Guillermo Vilas and Gabriela Sabatini respectively, who pioneered the shot in the 1970s and 80s): A difficult trick shot in which a player hits the ball between their legs. It is usually performed when chasing down a lob with the player's back to the net. Forward-facing tweeners are also sometimes employed, and have been dubbed \"front tweeners\".\n Tweener racket: a tennis racket of mid-weight, mid-head size and mid-stiffness, often used as a transitional racket for young professionals.\n Twist serve (or American twist serve): Serve hit with a combination of slice and topspin which results in a curving trajectory and high bounce in the opposite direction of the ball's flight trajectory. See also kick serve.[149]\n Two-handed backhand (or double-handed backhand, double-hander, two-hander): Backhand stroke hit with both hands on the grip.\n Two-handed forehand (or double-handed forehand, double-hander, two-hander): Forehand stroke hit with both hands on the grip.","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Umpire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_(Tennis)#Chair_umpire"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978261-146"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine2003142-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon1981548-151"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine2003142%E2%80%93143-152"},{"link_name":"forced error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Forced_error"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine2003143-153"},{"link_name":"seed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-elimination_tournament#Seeding"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine2003143%E2%80%93144-154"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"}],"text":"Umpire (or chair umpire): Person designated to enforce the rules of the game during play, usually sitting on a high chair beside the net.[146]\n Underhand serve (or underarm serve): A serve in which the player lobs the ball from below shoulder level.[150]\n Underspin (or backspin or undercut): Spin of a ball where the top of the ball rotates away from the direction of travel; the spin is underneath the ball, causing the ball to float and to bounce at a lower angle to the court.[151][152]\n Unforced error: Error in a service or return shot that cannot be attributed to any factor other than poor judgement and execution by the player; contrasted with a forced error.[153]\n Unseeded player: Player who is not a seed in a tournament.[154]\n Upset: The defeat of a high-ranked player by a lower-ranked player.[155]","title":"U"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tsvetana_Pironkova_1,_Wimbledon_2013_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"link_name":"volley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#volley"},{"link_name":"advantage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#advantage"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon1981548-151"},{"link_name":"James Van Alen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Van_Alen"},{"link_name":"tiebreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tiebreak"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1974340-156"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine2003145-157"},{"link_name":"Volley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volley_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges1978261-146"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine2003146-158"}],"text":"Approaching a forehand volleyVantage: Archaic term for advantage.[151]\n VASSS: Abbreviation for Van Alen Streamlined Scoring System, an alternative scoring method developed by James Van Alen aimed at avoiding very long matches that can arise under the traditional advantage scoring system. The only element of the VASSS to be adopted by tennis authorities was the tiebreak.[156][157]\n Volley: A shot hit, usually in the vicinity of the net, by a player before the ball bounces on their own side of the court.[146][158]","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walkover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkover"},{"link_name":"walkover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkover"},{"link_name":"retirement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#retirement"},{"link_name":"grip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#grip"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine2003147%E2%80%93148-159"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon1981548-151"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon1981548-151"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine2003149-161"},{"link_name":"Wild card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_card_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine2003150-162"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrasso2011310-163"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine2003153-164"},{"link_name":"frame shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#frame_shot"},{"link_name":"World Championship Tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Championship_Tennis"},{"link_name":"ATP Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP_Tour"},{"link_name":"WTA Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTA_Finals"},{"link_name":"WTA Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTA_Tour"},{"link_name":"alternates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#alternate"},{"link_name":"WTA Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTA_Tour"},{"link_name":"Women's Tennis Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association"},{"link_name":"WTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association"},{"link_name":"Women's Tennis Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association"},{"link_name":"WTA Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTA_Tour"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrasso2011310%E2%80%93311-165"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShine2003157%E2%80%93158-166"}],"text":"Walkover (\"WO\" or \"w/o\"): Unopposed victory. A walkover is awarded when the opponent fails to start the match for any reason, such as injury. For a mid-match withdrawal, see retirement.\n Western grip: Type of grip used if a player wants to generate a lot of topspin on the groundstrokes, is created by placing the index knuckle on bevel 5 of the grip.[159][151]\n Whiff: A stroke in which the player misses the ball completely. Whiffing a serve is considered a fault in an official match.[160]\n Wide: A call to indicate that the ball has landed out of court, beyond the sideline.[151][161]\n Wild card (\"WC\"): Player allowed to play in a tournament, even if their rank is not adequate or they do not register in time. Typically a few places in the draw are reserved for wild cards, which may be for local players who do not gain direct acceptance or for players who are just outside the ranking required to gain direct acceptance. Wild cards may also be given to players whose ranking has dropped due to a long-term injury.[162]\n Winner: A shot that is not reached by the opponent and wins the point; sometimes also a serve that is reached but not returned into the court.[163][164]\n Wood shot: See frame shot.\n WCT: Abbreviation for World Championship Tennis, a tour for professional male tennis players established in 1968 which lasted until the emergence of the ATP Tour in 1990.\n Wrong-foot (or wrong foot, wrongfoot): To hit the ball in the opposite horizontal direction to that expected by the opponent, causing them to switch direction suddenly.\n WTA Finals: The annual season-ending tournament of the WTA Tour featuring the eight top-ranked women in the world (plus two alternates).\n WTA Tour: Worldwide top-tier tennis tour for women organized by the Women's Tennis Association.\n WTA: Abbreviation for Women's Tennis Association, the main organizing body of women's professional tennis; governs the WTA Tour with the largest tournaments for women.[165][166]","title":"W"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Yo-yo: Situation in which a player scores by hitting the ball in backspin in such a way that the ball touches the opponent's court first and returns to the player side after the first bounce.","title":"Y"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Zero pointer: Ranking points received by skipping selected professional tennis tour events which a top ranked player is committed to participate in (mandatory tournaments). Therefore, the player risks getting no points added to their ranking even when participating in an alternative tournament in place of the mandatory event.","title":"Z"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A ball boy in action","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ball_kid_-_2010_Australian_Open.jpg/180px-Ball_kid_-_2010_Australian_Open.jpg"},{"image_text":"A tennis court with its dimensions and components","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tennis_court_imperial.svg/180px-Tennis_court_imperial.svg.png"},{"image_text":"An example of a dead net cord","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/EVD-tenis-090.jpg/180px-EVD-tenis-090.jpg"},{"image_text":"Example of a follow through action after the ball is hit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/2014_US_Open_%28Tennis%29_-_Tournament_-_Bernard_Tomic_%2814954485718%29.jpg/180px-2014_US_Open_%28Tennis%29_-_Tournament_-_Bernard_Tomic_%2814954485718%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Line judges at Wimbledon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Line_Judges_Centre_Court.JPG/180px-Line_Judges_Centre_Court.JPG"},{"image_text":"A modern tennis racket","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Babolat_pure_drive_plus.jpg/180px-Babolat_pure_drive_plus.jpg"},{"image_text":"Preparing to serve to start a point","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Azarenka_Roland_Garros_2009_2.jpg/180px-Azarenka_Roland_Garros_2009_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Player preparing to hit a backhand slice shot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Joao_Souza_%2814706260226%29.jpg/180px-Joao_Souza_%2814706260226%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A standard optic yellow tennis ball","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Tennis_ball_01.jpg/180px-Tennis_ball_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Approaching a forehand volley","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Tsvetana_Pironkova_1%2C_Wimbledon_2013_-_Diliff.jpg/180px-Tsvetana_Pironkova_1%2C_Wimbledon_2013_-_Diliff.jpg"}]
|
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tennis_ball.svg"},{"title":"Tennis portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tennis"},{"title":"Tennis shots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_shots"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Tournaments – ATP World Tour Finals\". www.atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Tournaments/London-Finals.aspx","url_text":"\"Tournaments – ATP World Tour Finals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Tennis_Professionals","url_text":"Association of Tennis Professionals"}]},{"reference":"\"Rankings FAQ\". www.atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atpworldtour.com/Rankings/Rankings-FAQ.aspx","url_text":"\"Rankings FAQ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Tennis_Professionals","url_text":"Association of Tennis Professionals"}]},{"reference":"Kathleen Krajco. \"Australian Doubles Strategy\". The Tennis Server.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tennisserver.com/wildcards/wildcards_02_06.html","url_text":"\"Australian Doubles Strategy\""}]},{"reference":"\"BuzzWord – Bagel\". www.macmillandictionary.com. Macmillan.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.macmillandictionary.com/buzzword/entries/bagel.html","url_text":"\"BuzzWord – Bagel\""}]},{"reference":"Peter Bodo (26 July 2011). \"Bagel, Anyone?\". Tennis.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2011/07/bagel-anyone/41515/#.VOs5h3zF8rs","url_text":"\"Bagel, Anyone?\""}]},{"reference":"Joseph T. Whittelsey, ed. (1893). Wright & Ditson's Lawn Tennis Guide for 1893. Boston: Wright & Ditson. pp. 124, 125. OCLC 32300203.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/wrightditsonoff20unkngoog","url_text":"Wright & Ditson's Lawn Tennis Guide for 1893"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/wrightditsonoff20unkngoog/page/n145","url_text":"124"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32300203","url_text":"32300203"}]},{"reference":"Gillmeister, Heiner (1998). Tennis : A Cultural History (Repr. ed.). London: Leicester University Press. p. 355. ISBN 978-0718501952.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/tennisculturalhi0000gill","url_text":"Tennis : A Cultural History"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/tennisculturalhi0000gill/page/355","url_text":"355"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0718501952","url_text":"978-0718501952"}]},{"reference":"Nathan, Giri (24 January 2019). \"All Hail The Rafael Nadal Banana Shot\". Deadspin. Retrieved 22 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadspin.com/all-hail-the-rafael-nadal-banana-shot-1832024644","url_text":"\"All Hail The Rafael Nadal Banana Shot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadspin","url_text":"Deadspin"}]},{"reference":"\"Lawn Tennis Association\". Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser. British Newspaper Archive. 30 January 1890.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/18900130/001/0003","url_text":"\"Lawn Tennis Association\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive","url_text":"British Newspaper Archive"}]},{"reference":"Carl Bialik (3 July 2013). \"Radwanska's Bakery of Odd Results\". The Wall Street Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.wsj.com/dailyfix/2013/07/03/radwanskas-bakery-of-odd-results/","url_text":"\"Radwanska's Bakery of Odd Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why do we say love? And other tennis jargon\". BBC.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zvdfxyc","url_text":"\"Why do we say love? And other tennis jargon\""}]},{"reference":"Hoskins, Tina (2003). The Tennis Drill Book. Champaign, Ill. ;Leeds: Human Kinetics. p. 23. ISBN 978-0736049122.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/tennisdrillbook0000hosk","url_text":"The Tennis Drill Book"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/tennisdrillbook0000hosk/page/23","url_text":"23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0736049122","url_text":"978-0736049122"}]},{"reference":"Tennis.com. \"Another Big Four: Legends play the Garden\". Tennis.com. Retrieved 2023-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/another-big-four-legends-play-the-garden","url_text":"\"Another Big Four: Legends play the Garden\""}]},{"reference":"O'Shannessy, Craig (2017-06-05). \"You Are Facing A Nasty Can Opener...\" Brain Game Tennis. Retrieved 2023-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.braingametennis.com/you-are-facing-a-nasty-can-opener/","url_text":"\"You Are Facing A Nasty Can Opener...\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tennis words amongst those to be added to the Oxford English Dictionary\". Oxford University Press. 27 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://global.oup.com/academic/news/June272017?cc=de&lang=en&","url_text":"\"Tennis words amongst those to be added to the Oxford English Dictionary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Adult Tournament Options: Tournament Formats\" (PDF). www.usta.com. USTA Mid Atlantic. p. 1. Retrieved 2 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usta.com/content/dam/usta/sections/mid-atlantic/pdfs/adult_tournament_options.pdf","url_text":"\"Adult Tournament Options: Tournament Formats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Court Rules\". www.itftennis.com. International Tennis Federation (ITF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.itftennis.com/technical/publications/rules/courts/overview.aspx","url_text":"\"Court Rules\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation","url_text":"International Tennis Federation"}]},{"reference":"Stuart Miller (15 November 2012). \"Quirks of the Game: Davis Cup's Strange Lingo\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150922041224/http://straightsets.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/11/15/quirks-of-the-game-davis-cups-strange-lingo/","url_text":"\"Quirks of the Game: Davis Cup's Strange Lingo\""},{"url":"http://straightsets.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/11/15/quirks-of-the-game-davis-cups-strange-lingo/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Official Rulebook of the Intercollegiate Tennis Association\" (PDF). Intercollegiate Tennis Association. 2022–23. pp. 1, 81. Retrieved April 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ncaaorg.s3.amazonaws.com/championships/sports/tennis/rules/2022-23PRXTE_ITARulesBook.pdf","url_text":"\"The Official Rulebook of the Intercollegiate Tennis Association\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercollegiate_Tennis_Association","url_text":"Intercollegiate Tennis Association"}]},{"reference":"\"ATP® Official Rulebook\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atptour.com/-/media/files/rulebook/2023/2023-rulebook_09oct.pdf","url_text":"\"ATP® Official Rulebook\""}]},{"reference":"\"ATP® Official Rulebook chapter 7\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atptour.com/-/media/files/rulebook/2024/2024-rulebook-chapter-7_the-competition_22jan.pdf","url_text":"\"ATP® Official Rulebook chapter 7\""}]},{"reference":"\"ATP® Official Rulebook\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atptour.com/en/corporate/rulebook","url_text":"\"ATP® Official Rulebook\""}]},{"reference":"Michaels, Jake (2021-02-13). \"'There are just no mistakes happening': Hawk-Eye Live gains more support at Australian Open\". ESPN. Retrieved 22 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/30877297/hawk-eye-live-gains-more-support-australian-open","url_text":"\"'There are just no mistakes happening': Hawk-Eye Live gains more support at Australian Open\""}]},{"reference":"David Cox (30 July 2014). \"The I Formation: when, why and how to use it\". Tennis Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tennis.com.au/news/2014/07/30/the-i-formation-when-why-and-how-to-use-it","url_text":"\"The I Formation: when, why and how to use it\""}]},{"reference":"\"Junior Exempt\". International Tennis Federation. Retrieved 2 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.itftennis.com/juniors/players/junior-exempt.aspx","url_text":"\"Junior Exempt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation","url_text":"International Tennis Federation"}]},{"reference":"Rod Croft (6 June 2013). \"How to hit a fierce kick serve\". www.tennis.com.au. Tennis Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tennis.com.au/news/2013/06/06/how-to-hit-a-fierce-kick-serve","url_text":"\"How to hit a fierce kick serve\""}]},{"reference":"Jonathan Overend (21 December 2011). \"Pre-match knock-ups should be scrapped\". www.bbc.co.uk. BBC.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/legacy/jonathanoverend/2011/12/tennis_knock-up.html","url_text":"\"Pre-match knock-ups should be scrapped\""}]},{"reference":"Clarey, Christopher (2020-10-03). \"Sofia Kenin's Knack for Rebounds Is Being Tested at the French Open. And in 2020\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-09-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/03/sports/tennis/sofia-kenin-french-open.html","url_text":"\"Sofia Kenin's Knack for Rebounds Is Being Tested at the French Open. And in 2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Rules of Tennis (PDF). ITF. 2012. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.itftennis.com/media/117960/117960.pdf","url_text":"Rules of Tennis"}]},{"reference":"Ben Rothenberg (16 March 2013). \"Wozniacki Survives Battle of Moonballs Pierrot\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150207210531/http://straightsets.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/03/16/wozniacki-survives-battle-of-moonballs/?_r=0","url_text":"\"Wozniacki Survives Battle of Moonballs Pierrot\""},{"url":"http://straightsets.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/03/16/wozniacki-survives-battle-of-moonballs/?_r=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ron Waite. \"A Tennis Stroke That Is \"Out Of This World\"\". The Tennis Server.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tennisserver.com/turbo/turbo_09_02.html","url_text":"\"A Tennis Stroke That Is \"Out Of This World\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"USTA National Tennis Ranking Program (NTRP)\". USTA. Archived from the original on 2009-08-20. Retrieved 2009-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090820090732/http://www.usta.com/USTA/Global/Active/Custom%20Pages/Leagues/1237_NTRP.aspx","url_text":"\"USTA National Tennis Ranking Program (NTRP)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USTA","url_text":"USTA"},{"url":"http://www.usta.com/USTA/Global/Active/Custom%20Pages/Leagues/1237_NTRP.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nadal Reacts To Zverev Win | BNP Paribas Open\". BNP Paribas Open. Retrieved 2017-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bnpparibasopen.com/en/media-and-news/news/2016/03/16/nadal-reacts-to-zverev-win","url_text":"\"Nadal Reacts To Zverev Win | BNP Paribas Open\""}]},{"reference":"\"Federer Stuttgart 2016 SF Reaction | ATP World Tour | Tennis\". ATP World Tour. Retrieved 2017-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/federer-stuttgart-2016-sf-reaction","url_text":"\"Federer Stuttgart 2016 SF Reaction | ATP World Tour | Tennis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inadequately Heartbreaking\". Tennis.com. Retrieved 2017-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2012/07/inadequately-heartbreaking/38079/","url_text":"\"Inadequately Heartbreaking\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fantastic Federer shows his class on grass\". The Hindu. Retrieved 2017-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/fantastic-federer-shows-his-class-on-grass/article3611733.ece","url_text":"\"Fantastic Federer shows his class on grass\""}]},{"reference":"Robertson, Max; Kramer, Jack (1974). The encyclopedia of tennis. London: Allen & Unwin. p. 296. ISBN 0047960426.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0047960426","url_text":"0047960426"}]},{"reference":"\"What is Pace in Tennis? How and When to Use IT\". Tennis 4 Beginners. 27 July 2018. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210922065742/https://www.tennis4beginners.com/what-is-pace-in-tennis/","url_text":"\"What is Pace in Tennis? 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Retrieved 2024-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/20/opinion/sunday/how-federer-thrives-in-an-age-of-disruption.html","url_text":"\"Opinion | How Federer Thrives in an Age of Disruption\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"ATP Rule Book\" (PDF). atpworldtour.com. Retrieved 3 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atptour.com/-/media/files/rulebook/2021/2021-atp-rulebook_30dec20_1212.pdf","url_text":"\"ATP Rule Book\""}]},{"reference":"Steve Tignor (18 February 2015). \"1970: The Tiebreaker Is Introduced\". Tennis.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2015/02/1970-tiebreaker-introduced/54116/#.VOoChXzF8rs","url_text":"\"1970: The Tiebreaker Is Introduced\""}]},{"reference":"\"Raonic, Krajicek Mutually Part Ways | ATP World Tour | Tennis\". ATP World Tour. Retrieved 2017-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/raonic-krajicek-june-2017","url_text":"\"Raonic, Krajicek Mutually Part Ways | ATP World Tour | Tennis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kei Nishikori Beats Sergiy Stakhovsky, Who Upset Roger Federer At 2013 Wimbledon | ATP World Tour | Tennis\". ATP World Tour. Retrieved 2017-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/cilic-nishikori-stakhovsky-wimbledon-2017-wednesday","url_text":"\"Kei Nishikori Beats Sergiy Stakhovsky, Who Upset Roger Federer At 2013 Wimbledon | ATP World Tour | Tennis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swings vs. \"Whiffs\"\". USTA. United States Tennis Association. Retrieved 22 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usta.com/Improve-Your-Game/Rules/Rulings/Swings_vs_whiffs/","url_text":"\"Swings vs. \"Whiffs\"\""}]},{"reference":"Grasso, John (2011). Historical Dictionary of Tennis. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. 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ISBN 9780047960420.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780047960420","url_text":"9780047960420"}]},{"reference":"Shannon, Bill, ed. (1981). Official Encyclopedia of Tennis (3rd, Revised and updated ed.). New York [u.a.]: Harper & Row. pp. 272–277. ISBN 9780060148966.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/unitedstatestenn0000unse/page/272","url_text":"Official Encyclopedia of Tennis"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/unitedstatestenn0000unse/page/272","url_text":"272–277"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060148966","url_text":"9780060148966"}]},{"reference":"Shine, Ossian (2003). The Language of Tennis. Manchester: Carcanet. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Rosmini
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Diego Rosmini
|
["1 Second 'Ndrangheta war","2 Arrest and convictions","3 References"]
|
Diego Rosmini (born 16 July 1927), also known as Direttore, is an Italian criminal and a member of the 'Ndrangheta in Calabria. He was the boss of the Rosmini 'ndrina based in the city of Reggio Calabria. He was born in Reggio Calabria.
Second 'Ndrangheta war
Main article: Second 'Ndrangheta war
The Rosmini clan was a protagonist in the Second 'Ndrangheta war (1985–1991), which grouped all the 'ndrine in the city of Reggio Calabria into either one of two opposing factions: the Condello, Imerti, Serraino and Rosmini clans on one side, and the De Stefano 'ndrina, Tegano, Libri and Latella clans on the other.
Arrest and convictions
Rosmini was arrested on 4 December 1990, and received a life sentence and an additional 15-year sentence for murder and Mafia association. In 1998, he received a life sentence for ordering the killing in 1989 of the Christian Democrat politician Lodovico Ligato, former head of the Italian State Railways. Ligato demanded a 10 percent bribe on public work contracts, jeopardizing agreements already reached among a so-called "business committee" of local politicians and 'Ndrangheta groups. In March 2001, he received another life sentence.
Rosmini is currently in jail. His nephew Diego Rosmini, known as junior (he was born in 1955), took over the leadership of the clan.
References
^ a b c d (in Italian) Sentenza procedimento penale Olimpia Archived July 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Tribunale di Reggio Calabria, January 19, 1999
^ (in Italian) Gratteri & Nicaso, Fratelli di Sangue, pp. 65-68
^ Italian politicians implicated in Mafia murder, The Independent, December 7, 1992
^ (in Italian) Mafia, Matacena (Fi) condannato a 5 anni, La Repubblica, March 13, 2001
(in Italian) Gratteri, Nicola & Antonio Nicaso (2006). Fratelli di Sangue, Cosenza: Luigi Pellegrini Editore ISBN 88-8101-373-8
|
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[]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.stopndrangheta.it/file/stopndrangheta_439.pdf","external_links_name":"Sentenza procedimento penale Olimpia"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053651/http://www.stopndrangheta.it/file/stopndrangheta_439.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/italian-politicians-implicated-in-mafia-murder-1562074.html","external_links_name":"Italian politicians implicated in Mafia murder"},{"Link":"http://www.repubblica.it/online/cronaca/matacena/matacena/matacena.html","external_links_name":"Mafia, Matacena (Fi) condannato a 5 anni"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TTUWeZBiBrUC","external_links_name":"Fratelli di Sangue"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_Peak_(Antarctica)
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Snow Peak (Antarctica)
|
["1 Location","2 Maps","3 References"]
|
Location of Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands.
Snow Peak (in the left background) from Kuzman Knoll.
Topographic map of Livingston Island, Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands.
Snow Peak is a snow-covered peak rising to 428 m in western Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It is linked by a saddle to Casanovas Peak in the west, and surmounts Berkovitsa Glacier to the northwest, Fletcher Nunatak and Belev Nunatak to the northeast, Tundzha Glacier to the east and Verila Glacier to the southwest.
The feature was charted and named descriptively by Discovery Investigations personnel in 1935.
Location
The peak is located at 62°34′59″S 60°42′43″W / 62.58306°S 60.71194°W / -62.58306; -60.71194 which is 12.89 km northeast of Rotch Dome, 2.83 km east of Casanovas Peak, 2.92 km southwest of Avitohol Point and 7.04 km north-northwest of Ustra Peak (British mapping in 1935 and 1968, and Bulgarian in 2005 and 2009).
Maps
L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.
L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009. ISBN 978-954-92032-6-4
References
SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer.
This Livingston Island location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berkovitsa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kuzman Knoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzman_Knoll"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Livingston-Island-Map-2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Livingston Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_Island"},{"link_name":"South Shetland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Casanovas Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casanovas_Peak"},{"link_name":"Berkovitsa Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkovitsa_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Fletcher Nunatak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher_Nunatak"},{"link_name":"Belev Nunatak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belev_Nunatak"},{"link_name":"Tundzha Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundzha_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Verila Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verila_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Discovery Investigations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Investigations"}],"text":"Snow Peak (in the left background) from Kuzman Knoll.Topographic map of Livingston Island, Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands.Snow Peak is a snow-covered peak rising to 428 m in western Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It is linked by a saddle to Casanovas Peak in the west, and surmounts Berkovitsa Glacier to the northwest, Fletcher Nunatak and Belev Nunatak to the northeast, Tundzha Glacier to the east and Verila Glacier to the southwest.The feature was charted and named descriptively by Discovery Investigations personnel in 1935.","title":"Snow Peak (Antarctica)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"62°34′59″S 60°42′43″W / 62.58306°S 60.71194°W / -62.58306; -60.71194","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Snow_Peak_(Antarctica)¶ms=62_34_59_S_60_42_43_W_"},{"link_name":"Rotch Dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotch_Dome"},{"link_name":"Avitohol Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avitohol_Point"},{"link_name":"Ustra Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustra_Peak"}],"text":"The peak is located at 62°34′59″S 60°42′43″W / 62.58306°S 60.71194°W / -62.58306; -60.71194 which is 12.89 km northeast of Rotch Dome, 2.83 km east of Casanovas Peak, 2.92 km southwest of Avitohol Point and 7.04 km north-northwest of Ustra Peak (British mapping in 1935 and 1968, and Bulgarian in 2005 and 2009).","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Livingston-Greenwich-map.jpg"},{"link_name":"Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//apcbg.org/image023.jpg"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-954-92032-6-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-954-92032-6-4"}],"text":"L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.\nL.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009. ISBN 978-954-92032-6-4","title":"Maps"}]
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[{"image_text":"Location of Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Livingston-Island-location-map.png/220px-Livingston-Island-location-map.png"},{"image_text":"Snow Peak (in the left background) from Kuzman Knoll.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Berkovitsa.jpg/220px-Berkovitsa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Topographic map of Livingston Island, Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Livingston-Island-Map-2010.jpg/220px-Livingston-Island-Map-2010.jpg"}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Snow_Peak_(Antarctica)¶ms=62_34_59_S_60_42_43_W_","external_links_name":"62°34′59″S 60°42′43″W / 62.58306°S 60.71194°W / -62.58306; -60.71194"},{"Link":"http://apcbg.org/image023.jpg","external_links_name":"Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands"},{"Link":"http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/","external_links_name":"SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snow_Peak_(Antarctica)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s_Council
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State President of South Africa
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["1 Ceremonial post","2 Executive post","3 End of white minority rule","4 List of state presidents of South Africa","5 Timeline","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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1961–1994 head of state of South Africa
This article is about the position of South African head of state from 1961 to 1994. For the position of South African head of state and head of government from 1994, see President of South Africa. For head of government from 1910 to 1984, see Prime Minister of South Africa.
State President of the Republic of South AfricaStaatspresident van Republiek van Suid-AfrikaStandard of the State President (1984–1994)Longest servingJim Fouché10 April 1968 – 9 April 1975StyleThe Honourable (until 1985)AbbreviationSP – the same abbreviation in both English (State President) and Afrikaans (Staatspresident)ResidenceTuynhuys, Cape TownAppointerParliament of South Africa as an electoral college – House of Assembly of South Africa and the Senate of South Africa meeting jointly for this purpose.Term lengthSeven years, nonrenewable (until 1984)Duration of Parliament(normally five years) (1984–94)PrecursorMonarch of South AfricaFormation31 May 1961 (ceremonial)3 September 1984 (executive)First holderCharles Robberts SwartFinal holderFrederik Willem de KlerkAbolished10 May 1994SuccessionPresident of South AfricaDeputyVice State President of South Africa (1981–1984)
The Standard of the ceremonial and non-executive State President of the Republic of South Africa from 1961 to 1984.
The State President of the Republic of South Africa (Afrikaans: Staatspresident van Republiek van Suid-Afrika) was the head of state of South Africa from 1961 to 1994. The office was established when the country became a republic on 31 May 1961, outside the Commonwealth of Nations, and Queen Elizabeth II ceased to be Queen of South Africa. The position of Governor-General of South Africa was accordingly abolished. From 1961 to 1984, the post was largely ceremonial. After constitutional reforms enacted in 1983 and taking effect in 1984, the State President became an executive post, and its holder was both head of state and head of government.
The State President was appointed by both Houses of the Parliament of South Africa (Senate of South Africa and the House of Assembly of South Africa) meeting jointly in the form of an electoral college for this purpose.
The office was abolished in 1994, with the end of Apartheid and the transition to democratic majority rule. Since then, the head of state and head of government is known simply as the President of South Africa.
Prior to 1981, the President of the Senate of South Africa had a dormant commission to act as State President whenever the State Presidency was vacant. This was often the case from 1967 to 1979.
Ceremonial post
De Tuynhuys, used as the Cape Town office of the State President, now the office of the President of South Africa
Republicanism had long been a plank in the platform of the ruling National Party. However, it was not until 1960, 12 years after it took power, that it was able to hold a referendum on the issue. A narrow majority — 52 percent — of the minority white electorate voted in favour of abolishing the monarchy and declaring South Africa a republic.
The Republic of South Africa was proclaimed on 31 May 1961. Charles Robberts Swart, the last Governor-General, was sworn in as the first State President. The title 'State President' was originally used for the head of state of the Boer Republics, and like them, the holder of the office wore a sash with the Republic's coat of arms. He was elected to a single seven-year term by the Parliament of South Africa, and was not eligible for re-election.
The National Party decided against having an executive presidency, instead adopting a minimalist approach as a conciliatory gesture to those in the English-speaking community who were opposed to a republic. As such, the State President performed mostly ceremonial duties, and was bound by convention to act on the advice of the Prime Minister and the cabinet.
In practice, the post of State President was a sinecure for retired National Party ministers, as the Governor-General's post had been since 1948. Consequently, all State Presidents from 1961 to 1984 were white, Afrikaner, male, and over 60.
The powers of the State President from 1961 to 1984 was essentially the same as that of the Governor-General of South Africa.
Executive post
Following constitutional reforms, in 1984, the office of State President became an executive post, as in the United States. The Prime Minister's post was abolished, and its powers were de facto merged with those of the State President. He was elected by an electoral college of 88 members – 50 Whites, 25 Coloureds, and 13 Indians – from among the members of the Tricameral Parliament. The members of the electoral college were elected by the respective racial groups of the Tricameral Parliament – the white House of Assembly, Coloured House of Representatives and Indian House of Delegates. He held office for the Parliament's duration — in practice, five years. The last Prime Minister, P. W. Botha, was elected as the first executive State President. He succeeded the last ceremonial and non-executive State President, Marais Viljoen.
The State President was vested with sweeping executive powers – in most respects, even greater than those of comparative offices like the President of the United States. He had sole jurisdiction over matters of "national" concern, such as foreign policy and race relations. He was chairman of the President's Council, which resolved disputes between the three chambers regarding "general affairs" legislation. This body consisted of 60 members – 20 members appointed by the House of Assembly, 10 by the House of Representatives, five by the House of Delegates and 25 directly by the State President.
Although the reforms were billed as a power-sharing arrangement, the composition of the electoral college and President's Council made it all but impossible for the white chamber to be outvoted on any substantive matter. Thus, the real power remained in white hands – and in practice, in the hands of the National Party, which had a large majority in the white chamber. As Botha was leader of the National Party, the system placed nearly all governing power in his hands.
Botha resigned in 1989 and was succeeded by F. W. de Klerk, who oversaw the transition to majority rule in 1994.
End of white minority rule
Under South Africa's first non-racial constitution, adopted in 1994, the head of state (and of government) has been known simply as the President. However, since the declaration of the republic in 1961, most non-South African sources had referred to the State President as simply the "President". The leader of the African National Congress, Nelson Mandela, was sworn in as President of South Africa on 10 May 1994.
List of state presidents of South Africa
Political parties
National Party
Symbols
and "acting" denotes acting president
No.
Portrait
Name(Birth–Death)
Term of office
Political party
Elected
Took office
Left office
Time in office
State presidents as head of state (Ceremonial, 1961–1984)
1
Charles Robberts Swart(1894–1982)
31 May 1961
31 May 1967
6 years
National Party
1961
—
Theophilus Ebenhaezer Dönges(1898–1968)
Elected, but did not take office because of illness
National Party
1967
—
Jozua François Naudé(1889–1969)acting
1 June 1967
10 April 1968
314 days
National Party
—
2
Jacobus Johannes Fouché(1898–1980)
10 April 1968
9 April 1975
6 years, 364 days
National Party
1968
—
Johannes de Klerk(1903–1979)acting
9 April 1975
19 April 1975
10 days
National Party
—
3
Nicolaas Johannes Diederichs(1903–1978)
19 April 1975
21 August 1978(died in office)
3 years, 124 days
National Party
1975
—
Marais Viljoen(1915–2007)acting
21 August 1978
10 October 1978
50 days
National Party
—
4
Balthazar Johannes Vorster(1915–1983)
10 October 1978
4 June 1979(resigned)
237 days
National Party
1978
—
Marais Viljoen(1915–2007)
4 June 1979
19 June 1979
15 days
National Party
–
5
19 June 1979
3 September 1984
5 years, 91 days
1979
State presidents as head of state and government (Executive, 1984–1994)
—
Pieter Willem Botha(1916–2006)
3 September 1984
14 September 1984
11 days
National Party
–
1
14 September 1984
14 August 1989(resigned)
4 years, 334 days
1984
—
Jan Christiaan Heunis(1927–2006)acting
19 January 1989
15 March 1989
55 days
National Party
–
—
Frederik Willem de Klerk(1936–2021)
14 August 1989
20 September 1989
37 days
National Party
–
2
20 September 1989
10 May 1994
4 years, 232 days
1989
Timeline
See also
State President of the South African Republic
State President of the Orange Free State
Governor-General of the Union of South Africa
President of South Africa
Prime Minister of South Africa
Vice State President of South Africa
References
^ Sketch of the Orange Free State of South Africa, Orange Free State. Commission at the International Exhibition, Philadelphia, 1876, pages 10–12
^ The White Tribe of Africa, David Harrison, University of California Press, 1983, page 161
^ South Africa: A War Won, Time, 9 June 1961
^ John Vorster, former South African Prime Minister, Dies At 67, The New York Times, 11 September 1983
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to State Presidents of South Africa.
List of Presidents
Lists of Heads of state with links to bios
vteHeads of State of South AfricaMonarch (1910–1961)
George V
Edward VIII
George VI
Elizabeth II
State President (1961–1994)(under Apartheid)
Charles Robberts Swart
Eben Dönges†
Tom Naudé*
Jim Fouché
Jan de Klerk*
Nico Diederichs†
Marais Viljoen*
John Vorster
Marais Viljoen
P. W. Botha
F. W. de Klerk
President (from 1994)(post-Apartheid)
Nelson Mandela
Thabo Mbeki
Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri*
Kgalema Motlanthe
Jacob Zuma
Cyril Ramaphosa
†Died in office *Acting President
vteHeads of state and government of AfricaHeads of stateUN member states
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Eswatini
Ethiopia
Gabon
The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Other states
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Somaliland
Heads of governmentUN member states
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Eswatini
Ethiopia
Gabon
The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Other states
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Somaliland
Defunct statesand governments
Ashanti Empire
Monarch
Benin
Prime Minister
Burundi
King
Central African Empire
Emperor
Dahomey
King
Egypt
Muhammad Ali dynasty
Monarch
Ethiopia
Emperor
list
The Gambia
Prime Minister
Ghana
Prime Minister
Kenya
Prime Minister
Kingdom of Kongo
Monarch
list
Malawi
Prime Minister
Merina Kingdom
Monarch
Nigeria
Prime Minister
Orange Free State
State President
Rwanda
King
South African Republic
State President
South Africa
Governor-General
State President
Prime Minister
Tunisia
Bey
Zanzibar
Sultan
Prime Minister
Zambia
Prime Minister
Zimbabwe
Prime Minister
Zulu Kingdom
King
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For the position of South African head of state and head of government from 1994, see President of South Africa. For head of government from 1910 to 1984, see Prime Minister of South Africa.The Standard of the ceremonial and non-executive State President of the Republic of South Africa from 1961 to 1984.The State President of the Republic of South Africa (Afrikaans: Staatspresident van Republiek van Suid-Afrika) was the head of state of South Africa from 1961 to 1994. The office was established when the country became a republic on 31 May 1961, outside the Commonwealth of Nations, and Queen Elizabeth II ceased to be Queen of South Africa. The position of Governor-General of South Africa was accordingly abolished. From 1961 to 1984, the post was largely ceremonial. After constitutional reforms enacted in 1983 and taking effect in 1984, the State President became an executive post, and its holder was both head of state and head of government.The State President was appointed by both Houses of the Parliament of South Africa (Senate of South Africa and the House of Assembly of South Africa) meeting jointly in the form of an electoral college for this purpose.The office was abolished in 1994, with the end of Apartheid and the transition to democratic majority rule. Since then, the head of state and head of government is known simply as the President of South Africa.Prior to 1981, the President of the Senate of South Africa had a dormant commission to act as State President whenever the State Presidency was vacant. 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Botha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._W._Botha"},{"link_name":"Marais Viljoen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marais_Viljoen"},{"link_name":"President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"President's Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s_Council"},{"link_name":"House of Delegates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Delegates_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"F. W. de Klerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk"}],"text":"Following constitutional reforms, in 1984, the office of State President became an executive post, as in the United States. The Prime Minister's post was abolished, and its powers were de facto merged with those of the State President. He was elected by an electoral college of 88 members – 50 Whites, 25 Coloureds, and 13 Indians – from among the members of the Tricameral Parliament. The members of the electoral college were elected by the respective racial groups of the Tricameral Parliament – the white House of Assembly, Coloured House of Representatives and Indian House of Delegates. He held office for the Parliament's duration — in practice, five years. The last Prime Minister, P. W. Botha, was elected as the first executive State President. He succeeded the last ceremonial and non-executive State President, Marais Viljoen.The State President was vested with sweeping executive powers – in most respects, even greater than those of comparative offices like the President of the United States. He had sole jurisdiction over matters of \"national\" concern, such as foreign policy and race relations. He was chairman of the President's Council, which resolved disputes between the three chambers regarding \"general affairs\" legislation. This body consisted of 60 members – 20 members appointed by the House of Assembly, 10 by the House of Representatives, five by the House of Delegates and 25 directly by the State President.Although the reforms were billed as a power-sharing arrangement, the composition of the electoral college and President's Council made it all but impossible for the white chamber to be outvoted on any substantive matter. Thus, the real power remained in white hands – and in practice, in the hands of the National Party, which had a large majority in the white chamber. As Botha was leader of the National Party, the system placed nearly all governing power in his hands.Botha resigned in 1989 and was succeeded by F. W. de Klerk, who oversaw the transition to majority rule in 1994.","title":"Executive post"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TIME-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"African National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"Nelson Mandela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela"},{"link_name":"President of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_South_Africa"}],"text":"Under South Africa's first non-racial constitution, adopted in 1994, the head of state (and of government) has been known simply as the President. However, since the declaration of the republic in 1961, most non-South African sources had referred to the State President as simply the \"President\".[3][4] The leader of the African National Congress, Nelson Mandela, was sworn in as President of South Africa on 10 May 1994.","title":"End of white minority rule"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)"}],"text":"Political partiesNational PartySymbolsand \"acting\" denotes acting president","title":"List of state presidents of South Africa"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Timeline"}]
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[{"image_text":"The Standard of the ceremonial and non-executive State President of the Republic of South Africa from 1961 to 1984.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_the_President_of_South_Africa_%281961%E2%80%931984%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_President_of_South_Africa_%281961%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"De Tuynhuys, used as the Cape Town office of the State President, now the office of the President of South Africa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Tuynhuys_%28detail%29.jpg/220px-Tuynhuys_%28detail%29.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"State President of the South African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_President_of_the_South_African_Republic"},{"title":"State President of the Orange Free State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_President_of_the_Orange_Free_State"},{"title":"Governor-General of the Union of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Union_of_South_Africa"},{"title":"President of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_South_Africa"},{"title":"Prime Minister of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Africa"},{"title":"Vice State President of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_State_President_of_South_Africa"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F0YNAQAAIAAJ&q=%22State+President%22+%22Orange+Free+State%22","external_links_name":"Sketch of the Orange Free State of South Africa"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LgwWMUbyNVUC&dq=referendum+south+africa+republic&pg=PA161","external_links_name":"The White Tribe of Africa"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090822195218/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,938112,00.html","external_links_name":"South Africa: A War Won"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/11/obituaries/john-vorster-former-south-african-prime-minister-diest-at-67.html","external_links_name":"John Vorster, former South African Prime Minister, Dies At 67"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131004233917/http://www.southafricaweb.co.za/page/presidency-south-africa","external_links_name":"List of Presidents"},{"Link":"http://www.archontology.org/nations/south_africa/sa_pres1/","external_links_name":"Lists of Heads of state with links to bios"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida
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Indigenous peoples of Florida
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["1 Paleoindians","1.1 Stone tools","1.2 Other tools","2 Archaic period","3 Post-Archaic period","3.1 Post-Archaic cultures in Florida","4 Early modern period","4.1 Indigenous peoples encountered by Europeans","4.2 18th and 19th centuries","4.3 20th and 21st century","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 Bibliography","10 External links"]
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Peoples of Florida prior to European-Americans
For broader coverage of the peoples of the Southeastern United States, see Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands.
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The Indigenous peoples of Florida lived in what is now known as Florida for more than 12,000 years before the time of first contact with Europeans. However, the indigenous Floridians living east of the Apalachicola River had largely died out by the early 18th century. Some Apalachees migrated to Louisiana, where their descendants now live; some were taken to Cuba and Mexico by the Spanish in the 18th century, and a few may have been absorbed into the Seminole and Miccosukee tribes.
Paleoindians
The first people arrived in Florida before the extinction of the Pleistocene megafauna. Human remains and/or artifacts have been found in association with the remains of Pleistocene animals at a number of Florida locations. A carved bone depicting a mammoth found near the site of Vero man has been dated to 13,000 to 20,000 years ago. Artifacts recovered at the Page-Ladson site date to 12,500 to 14,500 years ago. Evidence that a giant tortoise was cooked in its shell at Little Salt Spring dates to between 12,000 and 13,500 years ago. Human remains and artifacts have also been found in association with remains of Pleistocene animals at Devil's Den, Melbourne, Warm Mineral Springs, and the Cutler Fossil Site. A Bison antiquus skull with an embedded projectile point has been found in the Wacissa River. Other important Paleoindian sites in Florida include Harney Flats in Hillsborough County, the Nalcrest site, and Silver Springs.
Florida's environment at the end of the Pleistocene was very different from that of today. Because of the enormous amount of water frozen in ice sheets during the last glacial period, sea level was at least 100 metres (330 ft) lower than now. Florida had about twice the land area. Its water table was much lower and the climate was cooler and much drier. There were few running rivers or springs in what is today's Florida. The few water sources in the interior of Florida were rain-fed lakes and water holes over relatively impervious deposits of marl, or deep sinkholes partially filled by springs.
With water available only at scattered locations, animals and humans would have congregated at the water holes to drink. The concentration of animals would have attracted hunters. Many Paleoindian artifacts and animal bones showing butchering marks have been found in Florida rivers, where deep sinkholes in the river bed would have provided access to water. Sites with Paleoindian artifacts also have been found in flooded river valleys as much as 17 feet (5.2 m) under the Gulf of Mexico, and suspected sites have been identified up to 20 miles (32 km) offshore under 38 feet (12 m) of water. Half of the Paleoindian sites in Florida may now be under water in the Gulf of Mexico. Materials deposited in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene in sinkholes in the beds of rivers were covered by silt and sealed in place before the water table rose high enough to create running rivers, and those layers remained undisturbed until excavated by archaeologists. These deposits preserved organic materials, including bone, ivory, wood, and other plant remains.
Archaeologists have found direct evidence that Paleoindians in Florida hunted mammoths, mastodons, Bison antiquus, and giant tortoises. The bones of other large and small animals, including ground sloths, tapirs, horses, camelids, deer, fish, turtles, shellfish, snakes, raccoons, opossums, and muskrats are associated with Paleoindian sites.
Stone tools
Organic materials are not well preserved in the warm, wet climate and often acidic soils of Florida. Organic materials that can be dated through radiocarbon dating are rare at Paleoindian sites in Florida, usually found only where the material has remained under water continuously since the Paleoindian period. Stone tools are therefore often the only clues to dating prehistoric sites without ceramics in Florida.
Projectile points (probably used on spears, the bow and arrow did not appear until much later) have distinctive forms that can be fairly reliably assigned to specific time periods. Based on stone artifacts, Bullen divided pre-Archaic Florida into four periods, Early Paleo-Indian (10000-9000 BCE), Late Paleo-Indian (9000-8000 BCE), Dalton Early (8000-7000 BCE), and Dalton Late (7000-6000 BCE). Purdy defined a simpler sequence, Paleo Indian (10000-8000 BCE, equivalent to Bullen's Early and Late Paleo-Indian) and Late Paleo (8000-7000 BCE, equivalent to Bullen's Dalton Early). Later discoveries have pushed the beginning of the Paleoindian period in Florida to an earlier date. The earliest well-dated material from the Paleoindian period in Florida is from the Page-Ladson site, where points resembling pre-Clovis points found at Cactus Hill have been recovered from deposits dated to 14,588 to 14,245 calibrated calendar years BP (12638-12295 BCE), about 1,500 years before the appearance of the Clovis culture. Milanich places the end of the Paleoindian period at about 7500 BCE. During the early Paleoindian period in Florida, before 10,000 years ago, projectile points used in Florida included Beaver Lake, Clovis, Folsom-like, Simpson, Suwannee, Tallahassee, and Santa Fe points. Simpson and Suwannee points are the most common early Paleoindian points found in Florida. In the late Paleoindian period, 9,000 to 10,000 years ago (8000-7000 BCE), Bolen, Greenbriar, Hardaway Side-Notched, Nuckolls Dalton and Marianna points were in use, with the Bolen point being the most commonly found.
Most projectile points associated with early Paleoindians have been found in rivers. Projectile points of the late Paleoindian period, particularly Bolen points, are often found on dry land sites, as well as in rivers.
Paleoindians in Florida used a large variety of stone tools besides projectile points. These tools include blades, scrapers of various kinds, spokeshaves, gravers, gouges, and bola stones. Some of the tools, such as the Hendrix scraper of the early Paleoindian period, and the Edgefield scraper of the late Paleoindian period, are distinctive enough to aid in dating deposits.
Other tools
A few underwater sites in Florida have yielded Paleoindian artifacts of ivory, bone, antler, shell, and wood. A type of artifact found in rivers in northern Florida is the ivory foreshaft. One end of a foreshaft was attached to a projectile point with pitch and sinew. The other end was pointed, and pressure-fitted into a wood shaft. The foreshafts were made from mammoth ivory, or possibly, in some cases, from mastodon ivory. A shell "trigger" may be from an atlatl (spear-thrower). Other tools include an eyed needle made from bone, double pointed bone pins, part of a mortar carved from an oak log, and a non-returning boomerang or throwing stick made from oak.
Archaic period
The Archaic period in Florida lasted from 7500 or 7000 BCE until about 500 BCE. Bullen divided this period into the Dalton Late, Early Pre-ceramic Archaic, Middle Pre-ceramic Archaic, Late Pre-ceramic Archaic, Orange and Florida Transitional periods. Purdy divided it into a Preceramic Archaic period and an Early Ceramic period. Milanich refers to Early (7500-5000 BCE), Middle (5000-3000 BCE) and Late (3000-500 BCE) Archaic periods in Florida.
Several cultures become distinguishable in Florida in the middle to late Archaic period. In northeast Florida, the pre-ceramic Mount Taylor period (5000-2000 BCE) was followed by the ceramic Orange culture (2300-500 BCE). The Norwood culture in the Apalachee region of Florida (2300-500 BCE), was contemporary with the very similar Orange culture. The late Archaic Elliott's Point complex, found in the Florida panhandle from the delta of the Apalachicola River westward, may have been related to the Poverty Point culture. The area around Tampa Bay and southwest Florida (from Charlotte Harbor to the Ten Thousand Islands) each had as yet unnamed late Archaic regional cultures using ceramics.
Post-Archaic period
Pre-historic sites and cultures in the eastern United States and southeastern Canada that followed the Archaic period are generally placed in the Woodland period (1000 BCE – 1000 CE) or the later Mississippian culture period (800 or 900–1500). The Woodland period is defined by the development of technology, including the introduction of ceramics and (late in the Woodland period) the bow and arrow, the adoption of agriculture, mound-building, and increased sedentism. These characteristics developed and spread separately. Sedentism and mound building appeared along the southwest coast of Florida (cf. Horr's Island) and in the lower Mississippi River Valley (cf. Watson Brake and Poverty Point) well before the end of the Archaic period. Ceramics appeared along the coast of the southeastern United States soon after. Agriculture spread and intensified across the Woodland area throughout the Woodland and Mississippian culture periods but appeared in north central and northeastern Florida only after about 700 and had not penetrated the middle and lower Florida peninsula at the time of first contact with Europeans.
Post-Archaic cultures in Florida
Defined culture
Time range
Geographic range
Belle Glade culture
1050 BCE – Historic
Lake Okeechobee basin and Kissimmee River valley
Glades culture
550 BCE – Historic
Everglades, southeast Florida and Florida Keys
Manasota culture
550 BCE – 800 CE
central peninsular Gulf coast of Florida
St. Johns culture
550 BCE – Historic
east and central Florida
Caloosahatchee culture
500 BCE – Historic
Charlotte Harbor to Ten Thousand Islands
Deptford culture – Gulf region
500 BCE–150/250 CE
Gulf coast from Florida/Alabama border to Charlotte Harbor, southwest Georgia, southeast Alabama
Deptford culture – Atlantic region
500 BCE–700 CE
Atlantic coast from mouth of St. Johns River, Florida to Cape Fear, North Carolina
Swift Creek culture
150–350
eastern Florida Panhandle and southern Georgia
Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture
150–350
western Florida Panhandle
Weeden Island cultures100–1000 CE
Weeden Island I, including
100–700
Florida Panhandle, north peninsular Gulf coast in Florida, interior north Florida, and southwest Georgia
– Cades Pond culture
200–750
north-central Florida
– McKeithen Weeden Island culture
200–700
north Florida
Weeden Island II, including
750–1000
Florida Panhandle, north peninsular Gulf coast in Florida, and southwest Georgia
– Wakulla culture
750–1000
Florida Panhandle
Alachua culture
700 – Historic
north central Florida
Suwannee Valley culture
750 – Historic
north Florida
Safety Harbor culture
800 – Historic
central peninsular Gulf coast of Florida
Fort Walton culture – a Mississippian culture
1000 – Historic
Florida Panhandle and southwest Georgia
Pensacola culture – a Mississippian culture
1250 – Historic
western part of Florida Panhandle, southern Alabama and southern Mississippi
Early modern period
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Indigenous peoples of Florida" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
European colonists encountered numerous groups of indigenous peoples in Florida. Recorded information on various groups ranges from numerous detailed reports to the mere mention of a name. Some of the indigenous peoples were taken into the system of Spanish missions in Florida, others had sporadic contact with the Spanish without being brought into the mission system, but many of the peoples are known only from mention of their names in historical accounts. All of these peoples were essentially extinct in Florida by the end of the 18th century.
Most died from exposure to Eurasian infectious diseases, such as smallpox and measles, to which they had no immunity; others died from conflict with European colonists in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. During the initial period of Spanish colonization, groups of conquistadors came into conflict with Florida Indians, which combined with Spanish-introduced diseases devastated their population. In the 17th and 18th centuries, English colonists from the Province of Carolina and the Indian allies carried out several raids against the Spanish mission system, further devastating the indigenous population of Florida. The few survivors migrated out of Florida, mainly to Cuba and New Spain with the Spanish when they ceded Florida to Great Britain in 1763 following the Seven Years' War, although a few Apalachee reached Louisiana, where their descendants still live.
Indigenous peoples encountered by Europeans
A map of indigenous people of Florida at the time of contact.
This section includes the names of tribes, chiefdoms and towns encountered by Europeans in what is now the state of Florida and adjacent parts of Alabama and Georgia in the 16th and 17th centuries:
Ais people – They lived along the Indian River Lagoon in the 17th century and maintained contact with the Spanish in St. Augustine.
Alafay (Alafaes, Alafaia, Elafay, Costa, Alafaia/Alafaya/Alafeyes Costas) – Closely related to or part of Pohoy.
Amacano – When first reported by the Spanish in the 1620s, they lived along the Big Bend coast of Florida, west from the mouth of the Suwannee River along the coast of Apalachee Bay, and spoke the same language as the Chatato, Chine and Capara/Pacara. The Amacano battled with the Pohoys of Tampa Bay in the 1620s, with the Spanish brokering a peace between the two peoples in 1628 or 1629. The Amacano requested a missionary when missions were first established in Apalachee Province in 1633. A mission may have been established among the Amacano at that time, but there is no certain record of it. Spanish records mention the Amacano in 1638, in connection with an incident in which Apalachees and Timucuas had retaliated against the Chatato and Apalachicoli, who had killed some Christians in those provinces, although Hann states it is not clear how the Amacano were involved. The Amacano do not appear in Spanish records again until 1674, when some were living, along with some Capara/Pacara, in the Chine village of Chaccabi, which was served by the mission of San Luis "on the seacoast" (Chaccabi was 10 to 11 leagues south of Apalachee). The Amacano are last mentioned by the Spanish in 1704, when the Apalachee Province was overrun and destroyed by the Province of Carolina and its native allies.
Apalachee – A major chiefdom of people who spoke Apalachee, a Muskogean language, and the western anchor of the Spanish mission system. After raids by English colonists from the Province of Carolina and their Indian allies devastated Apalachee Province the survivors scattered, sometimes seeking shelter near the Spanish settlements of St. Augustine, San Marcos, and Pensacola. Some were taken to Cuba and Mexico when the Spanish withdrew from Florida in 1763. A small group migrated to Louisiana, where their descendants live.
Apalachicola band – The Apalachicola band was a group of towns along the Apalachicola River in Florida early in the 19th century. The towns were assigned several small reservations along the Apalachicola River in the 1823 Treaty of Moultrie Creek but were forced to move west in the 1830s.
Boca Ratones – Known only from records of the 1743 mission attempt on Biscayne Bay.
Bomto (Bonito) – known only from the middle of the 18th century as relations of the Mayaca and Jororo and enemies of the Pohoy.
Calusa – A major tribe centered on the Caloosahatchee River, politically dominant over other tribes in southern Florida. The Spanish maintained contact with them but did not succeed in missionary attempts.
Caparaz – An alternate form of Pacara (see below), occurring once in Spanish records.
Chatot people (Chatato, Chacato, Chactoo) – Located in the upper Apalachicola and Chipola river basins. Related in some way to the Pensacola. The Spanish established three missions to this tribe near the upper part of the Apalachicola River.
Chine – The Chine lived to the south of the Apalachee in the later part of the 17th century. The Chine first appeared in Spanish records with the founding of the mission of St. Peter the Apostle in the village of Chaccabi in 1674. The village of Chaccabi may have been located on the Rio Chachave, now known as Spring Creek on the coast west of St. Marks. They are believed to have spoken the same language as the Amacano and Capara/Pacara. The Spanish mission of San Luís "on the seacoast" served three towns that included members of the Amacano, Caparaz and Chine tribes. Also said to be a branch of the Chatato.
Chisca - The Chisca lived in eastern Tennessee in the 16th century, then appeared throughout much of Spanish Florida in the 17th century. In the 18th century they became known as the Euchee or Yuchi.
Costas – Name applied at different times to Ais, Alafaes, Keys Indians and Pojoy, and to otherwise unidentified refugees near St. Augustine.
Guacata (Vuacata) – Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda implied that the Guacata were part of the Ais and that the Guacata spoke the same language as the Ais and Jaega.
Guazoco or Guacozo – Town near the upper reaches of the Withlacoochee River passed through by the de Soto expedition. This was the farthest south that the Spanish found maize being cultivated.
Guale – Originally living along the central Georgia coast; the survivors of the raids by English colonists and their Indian allies moved from Georgia into Florida.
Jaega – Living along the Florida Atlantic coast south of the Ais, this group was subject to, and possibly a junior branch of, the Ais.
Jobe (Hobe) – A Jaega town.
Jororo – A small tribe in the upper St. Johns River watershed, related to the Mayacas, and taken into the Spanish mission system late in the 17th century.
Keys Indians – Name given by the Spanish to Indians living in the Florida Keys in the middle of the 18th century, probably consisted of Calusa and refugees from other tribes to the north.
Luca – Town near the Withlacoochee River north of Guazoco, passed through by the de Soto expedition.
Macapiras or Amacapiras – Known only as refugees at St. Augustine in the mid-17th century, in the company of Jororo and Pojoy peoples.
Mayaca people – A small tribe in the upper St. Johns River watershed, related to the Jororos, and taken into the Spanish mission system in the 17th century.
Mayaimi – Lived around what is now called Lake Okeechobee, very limited contact with Europeans.
Mayajuaca – Mentioned by Fontaneda in association with the Mayaca.
Mocoso (Mocoço, Mocogo) – Chiefdom on the east side of Tampa Bay at the time of the de Soto expedition, had disappeared by the 1560s.
Muklasa – Town affiliated with either Alabama people or Koasati (possibly speaking a related language), said to have moved to Florida after the Creek War.
Muspa – Town on or near Marco Island subject to the Calusa, name later applied to people living around Charlotte Harbor.
Pacara – First mentioned in 1675 as residing, together with the Amacano and the Chine, at the mission Assumpcíon (or Assuncíon) del Puerto or de Nuestra Señora in the town of Chaccabi near Apalachee Bay south of Apalachee Province. The Pacara probably spoke the same language, or a closely related language, as the Chatatos, Amacanos and Chines, and were probably descendants of people of the Fort Walton culture who had migrated into Apalachee Province in the early 1670s. The Pacara are mentioned a few times in Spanish records in connection with missions in Apalachee Province, the last time in 1702, when they are described as "heathens".
Pawokti – Town associated with Tawasa, the people may have relocated to Florida panhandle.
Pensacola – Lived in the Florida panhandle. May have spoken the same language as the Chatato.
Pohoy – Chiefdom on Tampa Bay in the 17th century, refugees from Uchise raids in various places in Florida in the early 18th century.
Sabacola - A town of the Apalachicola. A dependent town, called Sabacola el Menor, was located in Florida for a few years in the 17th century, when it hosted a Spanish mission, Santa Cruz de Sabacola.
Santa Luces – Tribe briefly mentioned in Spanish records from the middle of the 18th century. Santa Lucía was the name the Spanish gave to an Ais town where they had tried to establish a fort and mission in the 17th century.
Surruque – Tribe that lived north of the Ais, possibly related to either Ais or the Jororos and Mayacas.
Tequesta – Lived in southeastern Florida. Spanish made two short-lived attempts to establish a mission with them.
Timucua – Major group of peoples in northeastern Florida and southeastern Georgia speaking a common language. Many of the Timucua-speaker were brought into the mission system. Other peoples speaking Timucua are only poorly known. Known to be part of this large, loosely associated group are the following:
Acuera – Lived around the Oklawaha River, part of the mission system.
Agua Fresca – Lived along the middle St. Johns River, part of the mission system.
Arapaha – May have lived in southern Georgia.
Ibi – Lived in southern Georgia, part of the mission system.
Itafi (or Icafui) – Lived in southeastern Georgia, part of the mission system. Survivors of the raids by English colonists and their Indian allies may have relocated to Florida.
Mocama – Lived along the coast in northeastern Florida and southeastern Georgia, part of the mission system.
Saturiwa – Chiefdom on the lower St. Johns River, part of the mission system,
Tacatacuru – Chiefdom on Cumberland Island, Georgia. Survivors of the raids by English colonists and their Indian allies may have relocated to Florida.
Northern Utina (Timucua proper) – Lived in north-central Florida, part of the mission system,
Ocale – Lived in north-central Florida, part of the mission system.
Oconi – Lived in southeastern Georgia.
Onatheagua – Lived in north-central Florida, perhaps identifiable as Northern Utina
Osochi - Swanton suggests this was a Timucuan group, connecting the name to Uzachili, chief of Yustaga when de Soto passed through that chiefdom. The Osochi are believed to have migrated northward after the Timucua Rebellion of 1656, settling along the Flint River, and associating with the Hitchiti, especially after being relocated to Arkansas and the Indian Territory.
Potano – Chiefdom in north-central Florida, part of the mission system.
Tucururu – A subdivision of or associated with the Acuera.
Utina – Lived along the middle St. Johns River.
Utinahica - Town on the Altamaha River in Georgia.
Yufera – Lived in southeastern Georgia, part of the mission system. Survivors of the raids by English colonists and their Indian allies may have relocated to Florida.
Yustaga – Lived in north-central Florida, part of the mission system.
Tocaste – Town near Lake Tsala Apopka, passed through by the de Soto expedition.
Tocobaga – Chiefdom on Tampa Bay. Spanish made one unsuccessful attempt to establish a mission.
Uzita – Chiefdom on the south side of Tampa Bay at the time the de Soto expedition, disappeared by the 1560s.
Vicela – Town near the Withlacoochee River north of Luca, passed through by the de Soto expedition.
Viscaynos – Name given by the Spanish to Indians living in the vicinity of Key Biscayne (Cayo Viscainos) in the 17th century.
18th and 19th centuries
From the beginning of the 18th century, various groups of Native Americans, primarily Muscogee people (called Creeks by the English) from north of present-day Florida, moved into what is now the state. The Creek migrants included Hitchiti and Mikasuki speakers. There were also some non-Creek Yamasee and Yuchi migrants. They merged to form the new Seminole ethnicity.
Groups known to have been in Florida in the latter half of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century include:
Alachua Seminoles - Around 1750, a Hitchiti-speaking group of Oconis, led by Ahaya, moved to Florida, settling on what is now known as Paynes Prairie. They were joined by migrants from other Hitchiti-speaking Lower Towns of the Muscogee Confederacy and kept many captured Yamasees as slaves. Ahaya's people were the first to be called "Seminole". The Alachua Seminoles became involved in the Patriot War of East Florida in 1812. After fending off attacks on their largest town by militia from Georgia, the Alachua Seminoles moved south to the area around Okahumpka. The chief of the Alachua Seminole during the Second Seminole War was Micanopy, likely a great-nephew of Ahaya.
Apalachicola band - Several groups of Mucogee-speakers who had settled along the Apalachicola River by the early 19th century were allowed to stay on small reservations along the Apalachicola River when most of the Native Americans in Florida were moved onto a reservation in the interior of the peninsula by the terms of the Treaty of Moultrie Creek. They gave up their reservations and move to the Indian Territory in the 1830s.
Black Seminoles
Chiscas - People from Tennessee and Virginia who migrated into Florida in the 17th century. Some became known as Yuchi, while others may have assimilated into other tribes.
Choctaws - A band of Choctaws was reported to be living near Charlotte Harbor in 1822. An 1823 report indicated that Choctaw refugees from the First Seminole War were in Florida. Mikasukee-speaking Seminole informants told William Sturtevant in the 1950s that there had never been Choctaws in Florida.
Creeks
Mikasukis - Early in the 18th century the Spanish in Florida tried to recruit groups from the Muscogee Confederacy to move into Florida to replace the recently devastated Apalachee and Timucua peoples as buffers against English colonists in the Province of Carolina. Tamathlis and Chiahas moved into the old Apalachee Province, eventually coalescing onto the Mikasuki. The town of Mikasuki, on the shores of Lake Miccosukee, is known from when the British controlled Florida (1766–1783). As a result of the First Seminole War, the Mikasukis first moved southeastward, towards territory recently vacated by the Alachua Seminoles, then back northwestward into what is now Madison County, Florida. At the time of the Treaty of Moultrie Creek, in 1823, the Mikasukis were one of the two most important bands of Native Americans in Florida west of the Suwannee River. In 1826 six chiefs from Florida, including representatives of the Mikasukis, were taken to Washington in order to impress them with the power of the United States. The Mikasukis retained a separate identity through the Second Seminole War. At the end of that war, in 1842, it was reported that there were 33 Mikasuki warriors left in Florida (along with Seminoles, Tallahassees and Creeks).
Muscogees
Muspas - People living in southwestern Florida in the first half of the 19th century, at one time believed to be remnants of the Calusa.
Rancho Indians - Native American people and people of mixed native American and Spanish ancestry worked and lived at seasonal fishingranchos (fishing camps) established by Spanish/Cuban fishermen along the southwest coast of the Florida peninsula in the 18th century. They were all sent to Indian Territory during the Second Seminole War.
Spanish Indians - A name sometimes given to Indians remaining in southern Florida after Florida was transferred from Spain to Great Britain in 1763. These Indians were believed to be trading with Spanish/Cuban fishermen who frequented the southwest Florida coast. The name has also been applied more narrowly to a band led by Chakaika that lived deep in the Everglades. Chakaika's band is believed to have been responsible for the attack on a trading post on the Caloosahatchee River in 1839 that killed a number of soldiers and civilians, and the attack on Indian Key in 1840. Late in 1840 Colonel William S. Harney led a raid on Chakaika's camp, in which Chakaika and several of his followers were killed. The so-called "Spanish Indians" were probably primarily speakers of a Muskogean language (retrospectively called "Seminoles"), with possibly a few Calusa who had remained in Florida when the Spanish left Florida. They were reputed to speak Spanish and to have extensive dealings with the Spanish. Some of the "Spanish Indians" who raided Indian Key were heard speaking English and may have been escaped slaves who had joined the band.
Tallahassees - A band of Muscogee-speakers, called "Tallassees" or "Tallahassees", settled in the old Apalachee Province in the late 18th century. When Osceola was a boy, his mother migrated to Florida with him, settling among the Tallahassees. At the time of the Treaty of Moultrie Creek, in 1823, the Tallahassees were one of the two most important bands of Native Americans in Florida west of the Suwannee River. In 1826 six chiefs from Florida, including representatives of the Tallahassees of northern Florida and the Pease Creek Tallahassees, were taken to Washington in order to impress them with the power of the United States. The Tallahassees retained a separate identity through the Second Seminole War. At the end of that war, in 1842, it was reported that there were ten Tallahassee warriors left in Florida (along with Seminoles, Mikasukis and Creeks).
Yamasees
Yuchis
A series of wars with the United States resulted in the death or removal to what is now Oklahoma of most of the above peoples and the merging of the remainder by ethnogenesis into the current Seminole and Miccosukee tribes of Florida.
20th and 21st century
The only federally recognized tribes in Florida are:
Miccosukee – One of the two tribes to emerge by ethnogenesis from the migrations into Florida and wars with the United States. They were part of the Seminole nation until the mid-20th century, when they organized as an independent tribe, receiving federal recognition in 1962.
Seminole – One of the two tribes to emerge by ethnogenesis from the migrations into Florida and wars with the United States.
The Seminole nation emerged in a process of ethnogenesis out of groups of Native Americans, most significantly Creek from what are now northern Muscogee.
Gallery
Thonotosassa type, Lorida, Florida
Little Gasparilla Island beach find
See also
Florida portalIndigenous peoples of the Americas portal
Federally recognized tribes
Unrecognized tribes#Florida
Indigenous people of the Everglades region
Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean
Notes
^ In the 17th century the Spanish in Florida used cimaron to refer to Christianized natives who had left their mission villages to live "wild" in the woods. Some of the Hitchiti- or Mikasukee-speakers who had settled in Florida identified themselves to the British as "cimallon" (Muskogean languages have no "r" sound, replacing it with "l"). The British wrote the name as "Semallone", later "Seminole". The use of "cimallon" by bands in Florida to describe themselves may have been intended to distinguish themselves from the primarily Muscogee-speakers of the Upper Towns of the Muscogee Confederacy (called the "Creek Confederacy" by the British). The term "Seminole" was first applied to Ahaya's band in Alachua. After 1763, when they took over Florida from the Spanish, the British called all natives living in Florida "Seminoles", "Creeks", or "Seminole-Creeks".
References
^ Viegas 2011.
^ The Associated Press (June 22, 2011). "Ancient mammoth or mastodon image found on bone in Vero Beach". Gainesville Sun. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2011.
^ Halligan, Waters & Perrotti 2016.
^ Purdy 2008, pp. 84–90.
^ Purdy 2008, pp. 65–68.
^ Purdy 2008, pp. 23–29.
^ Cockrell 1990, pp. 74–76.
^ Carr 1986, pp. 231–232.
^ Daniel, Wisenbaker & Ballo 1986.
^ Milanich 1994, pp. 43, 46, 47, 58.
^ Milanich 1994, pp. 38–40.
^ Milanich 1994, pp. 40–46.
^ Milanich 1994, pp. 47–48.
^ Milanich 1994, p. 46.
^ Purdy 1981, p. 6.
^ a b c Bullen 1975, p. 6.
^ a b Purdy 1981, p. 8.
^ Dunbar, James S. "The pre-Clovis occupation of Florida: The Page-Ladson and Wakulla Springs Lodge Data". Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
^ Milanich 1994, p. 58.
^ Purdy 1981, pp. 8–9, 24.
^ Purdy 1981, pp. 25–26.
^ Purdy 1981, pp. 12–32.
^ Milanich 1994, pp. 48–53.
^ Milanich 1994, pp. 63, 75, 85, 104.
^ White & Estabrook 1994.
^ Milanich 1994, pp. 85–104.
^ "The Woodland Period (ca. 2000 B.C. - A.D. 1000)". U. S. National Park Service. Archived from the original on December 29, 2011. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
^ Milanich 1994, pp. 108–09.
^ Milanich 1998, p. 103.
^ Hann 2006, pp. 22–24.
^ a b c Milanich 1995, p. 96.
^ a b Geiger 1940, p. 130.
^ Hann 2003, p. 36.
^ Hann 2003, pp. 133–4.
^ Hann 2006, pp. 20–21.
^ Hann 2006, pp. 24–26.
^ Hann 1988, p. 402.
^ Hann 2003, pp. 60–1.
^ Hann 2003, p. 62.
^ a b c d Milanich 2004, p. 215.
^ Hann 2003, pp. 132–3.
^ Hann 2003, pp. 62, 64.
^ Milanich 2004, p. 213.
^ Swanton 1952, pp. 134, 160.
^ Hann 2006, pp. 20–22, 27.
^ Swanton 1922, pp. 130, 140.
^ Milanich 1995, p. 156.
^ Swanton 1922, pp. 165–167.
^ Hann 1996, pp. 7, 12.
^ Boyd 1951, p. 9.
^ Covington 1968, pp. 347, 350.
^ Hann 1992, p. 451 Note 2.
^ Wright 1986, pp. 4–5, 104–105.
^ Patrick 1954, pp. 184–212, 230–236.
^ Mahon 1985, pp. 10, 28.
^ Sturtevant 1953, p. 39, 56.
^ Mahon 1985, pp. 3, 5, 28, 43, 62.
^ Swanton 1952, pp. 125–128.
^ Hammond 1973, pp. 357, 362–363.
^ Sturtevant 1953, pp. 37–41, 43–45, 47–48, 50, 52, 54–56, 64.
^ Tebeau 1968, pp. 45, 64–67.
^ Mahon 1985, pp. 5, 43, 62, 318.
Bibliography
Boyd, Mark F. (1951). "The Seminole War: Its Background and Onset". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 30 (1): 3–115. ISSN 0015-4113. JSTOR 30138833.
Bullen, Ripley P. (1975). A Guide to the Identification of Florida Projectile Points (Revised ed.). Gainesville, Florida: Kendall Books.
Carr, Robert S. (September 1986). "Preliminary Report on Excavation at the Cutler Fossil Site (8DA2001) in Southern Florida". The Florida Anthropologist. 39 (3 Part 2). Retrieved 16 January 2013.
Cockrell, Wilburn A. (October 1990). Walter C. Jaap (ed.). Archaeological Research at Warm Mineral Springs, Florida (PDF). American Academy of Underwater Sciences Tenth Annual Scientific Diving Symposium. pp. 69–78. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 8, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2021.
Covington, James W. (1968). "Migration of the Seminoles into Florida, 1700-1820". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 46 (4): 340–357. ISSN 0015-4113. JSTOR 30147280.
Daniel, I. Randolph Jr.; Wisenbaker, Michael; Ballo, George (March–June 1986). "The organization of a Suwannee Technology: the View from Harney Flats". The Florida Anthropologist. 39 (1–2): 24–56. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
Geiger, Maynard (1940). "Biographical Dictionary of the Franciscans in Spanish Florida and Cuba (1528–1841)". Franciscan Studies. XXI. Reprinted in Thomas, David Hurst, ed. (1991). The Missions of Spanish Florida. Garland Publishing.
Halligan, Jessi J.; Waters, Michael R.; Perrotti, Angelina (13 May 2016). "Pre-Clovis occupation 14,550 years ago at the Page-Ladson site, Florida, and the peopling of the Americas". Science Advances. 2 (5): e1600375. Bibcode:2016SciA....2E0375H. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600375. PMC 4928949. PMID 27386553.
Hammond, E. A. (April 1973). "The Spanish Fisheries of Charlotte Harbor". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 51 (4): 355–380. JSTOR 30145870.
Hann, John H. (1988). Apalachee: The Land between the rivers. Gainesville, Florida: University Presses of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-0854-7.
Hann, John H. (April 1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Vistas with Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 417–513. doi:10.2307/1006866. JSTOR 1006866. S2CID 147329347.
Hann, John H. (1992). "Heathen Acuera, Murder, and a Potano Cimarrona: The St. Johns River and the Alachua Prairie in the 1670s". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 70 (4): 451–474. ISSN 0015-4113. JSTOR 30148124.
Hann, John H. (1996). A History of Timucua Indians and Missions. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1424-7.
Hann, John H. (2003). Indians of Central and South Florida: 1513–1763. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-2645-8.
Hann, John H. (2006). The Native American World Beyond Apalachee. University Press of Florida. ISBN 9-780-8130-2982-5.
Mahon, John K. (1985) . History of the Second Seminole War: 1835–1942 (Second ed.). Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press. ISBN 0-8130-1097-7.
Milanich, Jerald T. (1994). Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-1273-5.
Milanich, Jerald T. (1995). Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1360-7.
Milanich, Jerald T. (1998). Florida's Indians from Ancient Times to the Present. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-1598-9.
Milanich, Jerald T. (2004). "Early Groups of Central and South Florida". In Fogelson, R. D. (ed.). Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast. Vol. 14. Smithsonian Institution. pp. 213–8. ISBN 978-0160723001.
Patrick, Rembert W. (1954). Florida Fiasco. University of Georgia Press. LCCN 53-13265.
Purdy, Barbara A. (1981). Florida's Prehistoric Stone Technology. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press. ISBN 978-0-8130-0697-0.
Purdy, Barbara A. (2008). Florida's People During the Last Ice Age. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-3204-7.
Sturtevant, William C. (1953). "Chakaika and the "Spanish Indians"" (PDF). Tequesta. 13: 63–64. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-08. Retrieved 2021-12-12 – via Digital Collections Florida International University.
Swanton, John Reed (1922). Early History of the Creek Indians and Their Neighbors. U.S. Government Printing Office.
Swanton, John Reed (1952). The Indian tribes of North America. Washington,D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Tebeau, Charlton W. (1968) . Man in the Everglades (Second, revised ed.). Coral Gables, Florida: University of Miami Press. LCCN 68-177768.
Viegas, Jennifer (June 22, 2011). "Earliest Mammoth Art: Mammoth on Mammoth". Discover News. Archived from the original on November 9, 2012. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
White, Nancy Marie; Estabrook, Richard W. (March 1994). "Sam's Cutoff Shell Mound and the Late Archaic Elliott's Point Complex in the Apalachicola Delta, Northwest Florida". The Florida Anthropologist. 47 (1). Retrieved December 9, 2021.
Wright, J. Leitch Jr. (1986). Creeks and Seminoles: The Destruction and Regeneration of the Muscogulge People (Paperback (1990) ed.). Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-9728-9.
External links
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Southeastern_Woodlands"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Apalachicola River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachicola_River"},{"link_name":"Apalachees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachee"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Seminole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole"},{"link_name":"Miccosukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miccosukee"}],"text":"For broader coverage of the peoples of the Southeastern United States, see Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands.The Indigenous peoples of Florida lived in what is now known as Florida for more than 12,000 years before the time of first contact with Europeans. However, the indigenous Floridians living east of the Apalachicola River had largely died out by the early 18th century. Some Apalachees migrated to Louisiana, where their descendants now live; some were taken to Cuba and Mexico by the Spanish in the 18th century, and a few may have been absorbed into the Seminole and Miccosukee tribes.","title":"Indigenous peoples of Florida"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pleistocene megafauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene_megafauna"},{"link_name":"artifacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"mammoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth"},{"link_name":"Vero man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vero_man"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViegas2011-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Page-Ladson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page-Ladson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliganWatersPerrotti2016-3"},{"link_name":"giant tortoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_tortoise"},{"link_name":"Little Salt Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Salt_Spring"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurdy200884%E2%80%9390-4"},{"link_name":"Devil's Den","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Den_(cave)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurdy200865%E2%80%9368-5"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne,_Florida#Early_human_occupation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurdy200823%E2%80%9329-6"},{"link_name":"Warm Mineral Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm_Mineral_Springs_(spring)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockrell199074%E2%80%9376-7"},{"link_name":"Cutler Fossil Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutler_Fossil_Site"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr1986231%E2%80%93232-8"},{"link_name":"Bison antiquus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_antiquus"},{"link_name":"Wacissa River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wacissa_River"},{"link_name":"Paleoindian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoindian"},{"link_name":"Hillsborough County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsborough_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielWisenbakerBallo1986-9"},{"link_name":"Nalcrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalcrest,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Silver Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Springs,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilanich199443,_46,_47,_58-10"},{"link_name":"ice sheets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_sheet"},{"link_name":"last glacial period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_glacial_period"},{"link_name":"marl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marl"},{"link_name":"sinkholes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkhole"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilanich199438%E2%80%9340-11"},{"link_name":"river bed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_bed"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Holocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilanich199440%E2%80%9346-12"},{"link_name":"mammoths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth"},{"link_name":"mastodons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastodon"},{"link_name":"Bison antiquus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_antiquus"},{"link_name":"giant tortoises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_tortoise"},{"link_name":"ground sloths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_sloth"},{"link_name":"tapirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapir"},{"link_name":"camelids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelid"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilanich199447%E2%80%9348-13"}],"text":"The first people arrived in Florida before the extinction of the Pleistocene megafauna. Human remains and/or artifacts have been found in association with the remains of Pleistocene animals at a number of Florida locations. A carved bone depicting a mammoth found near the site of Vero man has been dated to 13,000 to 20,000 years ago.[1][2] Artifacts recovered at the Page-Ladson site date to 12,500 to 14,500 years ago.[3] Evidence that a giant tortoise was cooked in its shell at Little Salt Spring dates to between 12,000 and 13,500 years ago.[4] Human remains and artifacts have also been found in association with remains of Pleistocene animals at Devil's Den,[5] Melbourne,[6] Warm Mineral Springs,[7] and the Cutler Fossil Site.[8] A Bison antiquus skull with an embedded projectile point has been found in the Wacissa River. Other important Paleoindian sites in Florida include Harney Flats in Hillsborough County,[9] the Nalcrest site, and Silver Springs.[10]Florida's environment at the end of the Pleistocene was very different from that of today. Because of the enormous amount of water frozen in ice sheets during the last glacial period, sea level was at least 100 metres (330 ft) lower than now. Florida had about twice the land area. Its water table was much lower and the climate was cooler and much drier. There were few running rivers or springs in what is today's Florida. The few water sources in the interior of Florida were rain-fed lakes and water holes over relatively impervious deposits of marl, or deep sinkholes partially filled by springs.[11]With water available only at scattered locations, animals and humans would have congregated at the water holes to drink. The concentration of animals would have attracted hunters. Many Paleoindian artifacts and animal bones showing butchering marks have been found in Florida rivers, where deep sinkholes in the river bed would have provided access to water. Sites with Paleoindian artifacts also have been found in flooded river valleys as much as 17 feet (5.2 m) under the Gulf of Mexico, and suspected sites have been identified up to 20 miles (32 km) offshore under 38 feet (12 m) of water. Half of the Paleoindian sites in Florida may now be under water in the Gulf of Mexico. Materials deposited in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene in sinkholes in the beds of rivers were covered by silt and sealed in place before the water table rose high enough to create running rivers, and those layers remained undisturbed until excavated by archaeologists. These deposits preserved organic materials, including bone, ivory, wood, and other plant remains.[12]Archaeologists have found direct evidence that Paleoindians in Florida hunted mammoths, mastodons, Bison antiquus, and giant tortoises. The bones of other large and small animals, including ground sloths, tapirs, horses, camelids, deer, fish, turtles, shellfish, snakes, raccoons, opossums, and muskrats are associated with Paleoindian sites.[13]","title":"Paleoindians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radiocarbon dating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilanich199446-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurdy19816-15"},{"link_name":"Projectile points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projectile_point"},{"link_name":"BCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullen19756-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurdy19818-17"},{"link_name":"Cactus Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus_Hill"},{"link_name":"BP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_Present"},{"link_name":"Clovis culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_culture"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilanich199458-19"},{"link_name":"Beaver Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Lake_point"},{"link_name":"Folsom-like","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folsom_point"},{"link_name":"Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpson_point"},{"link_name":"Suwannee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwannee_point"},{"link_name":"Tallahassee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tallahassee_point&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santa_Fe_point&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bolen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bolen_point&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greenbriar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greenbriar_point&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hardaway Side-Notched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardaway_Site"},{"link_name":"Nuckolls Dalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton_tradition"},{"link_name":"Marianna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marianna_point&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullen19756-16"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurdy19818%E2%80%939,_24-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurdy198125%E2%80%9326-21"},{"link_name":"spokeshaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokeshave"},{"link_name":"gravers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)"},{"link_name":"gouges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisel#Gouge"},{"link_name":"bola stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolas"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurdy198112%E2%80%9332-22"}],"sub_title":"Stone tools","text":"Organic materials are not well preserved in the warm, wet climate and often acidic soils of Florida. Organic materials that can be dated through radiocarbon dating are rare at Paleoindian sites in Florida, usually found only where the material has remained under water continuously since the Paleoindian period. Stone tools are therefore often the only clues to dating prehistoric sites without ceramics in Florida.[14][15]Projectile points (probably used on spears, the bow and arrow did not appear until much later) have distinctive forms that can be fairly reliably assigned to specific time periods. Based on stone artifacts, Bullen divided pre-Archaic Florida into four periods, Early Paleo-Indian (10000-9000 BCE), Late Paleo-Indian (9000-8000 BCE), Dalton Early (8000-7000 BCE), and Dalton Late (7000-6000 BCE).[16] Purdy defined a simpler sequence, Paleo Indian (10000-8000 BCE, equivalent to Bullen's Early and Late Paleo-Indian) and Late Paleo (8000-7000 BCE, equivalent to Bullen's Dalton Early).[17] Later discoveries have pushed the beginning of the Paleoindian period in Florida to an earlier date. The earliest well-dated material from the Paleoindian period in Florida is from the Page-Ladson site, where points resembling pre-Clovis points found at Cactus Hill have been recovered from deposits dated to 14,588 to 14,245 calibrated calendar years BP (12638-12295 BCE), about 1,500 years before the appearance of the Clovis culture.[18] Milanich places the end of the Paleoindian period at about 7500 BCE.[19] During the early Paleoindian period in Florida, before 10,000 years ago, projectile points used in Florida included Beaver Lake, Clovis, Folsom-like, Simpson, Suwannee, Tallahassee, and Santa Fe points. Simpson and Suwannee points are the most common early Paleoindian points found in Florida. In the late Paleoindian period, 9,000 to 10,000 years ago (8000-7000 BCE), Bolen, Greenbriar, Hardaway Side-Notched, Nuckolls Dalton and Marianna points were in use, with the Bolen point being the most commonly found.[16][20]Most projectile points associated with early Paleoindians have been found in rivers. Projectile points of the late Paleoindian period, particularly Bolen points, are often found on dry land sites, as well as in rivers.[21]Paleoindians in Florida used a large variety of stone tools besides projectile points. These tools include blades, scrapers of various kinds, spokeshaves, gravers, gouges, and bola stones. Some of the tools, such as the Hendrix scraper of the early Paleoindian period, and the Edgefield scraper of the late Paleoindian period, are distinctive enough to aid in dating deposits.[22]","title":"Paleoindians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"atlatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlatl"},{"link_name":"mortar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle"},{"link_name":"boomerang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomerang"},{"link_name":"throwing stick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throwing_stick"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilanich199448%E2%80%9353-23"}],"sub_title":"Other tools","text":"A few underwater sites in Florida have yielded Paleoindian artifacts of ivory, bone, antler, shell, and wood. A type of artifact found in rivers in northern Florida is the ivory foreshaft. One end of a foreshaft was attached to a projectile point with pitch and sinew. The other end was pointed, and pressure-fitted into a wood shaft. The foreshafts were made from mammoth ivory, or possibly, in some cases, from mastodon ivory. A shell \"trigger\" may be from an atlatl (spear-thrower). Other tools include an eyed needle made from bone, double pointed bone pins, part of a mortar carved from an oak log, and a non-returning boomerang or throwing stick made from oak.[23]","title":"Paleoindians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullen19756-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurdy19818-17"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilanich199463,_75,_85,_104-24"},{"link_name":"Archaic period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaic_period_in_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Mount Taylor period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Taylor_period"},{"link_name":"Orange culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_culture"},{"link_name":"Norwood culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwood_culture"},{"link_name":"Apalachicola River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachicola_River"},{"link_name":"Poverty Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_Point"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiteEstabrook1994-25"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Harbor_(estuary)"},{"link_name":"Ten Thousand Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Thousand_Islands"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilanich199485%E2%80%93104-26"}],"text":"The Archaic period in Florida lasted from 7500 or 7000 BCE until about 500 BCE. Bullen divided this period into the Dalton Late, Early Pre-ceramic Archaic, Middle Pre-ceramic Archaic, Late Pre-ceramic Archaic, Orange and Florida Transitional periods. Purdy divided it into a Preceramic Archaic period and an Early Ceramic period. Milanich refers to Early (7500-5000 BCE), Middle (5000-3000 BCE) and Late (3000-500 BCE) Archaic periods in Florida.[16][17][24]Several cultures become distinguishable in Florida in the middle to late Archaic period. In northeast Florida, the pre-ceramic Mount Taylor period (5000-2000 BCE) was followed by the ceramic Orange culture (2300-500 BCE). The Norwood culture in the Apalachee region of Florida (2300-500 BCE), was contemporary with the very similar Orange culture. The late Archaic Elliott's Point complex, found in the Florida panhandle from the delta of the Apalachicola River westward, may have been related to the Poverty Point culture.[25] The area around Tampa Bay and southwest Florida (from Charlotte Harbor to the Ten Thousand Islands) each had as yet unnamed late Archaic regional cultures using ceramics.[26]","title":"Archaic period"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woodland period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland_period"},{"link_name":"Mississippian culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippian_culture"},{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"mound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mound#North_American_archaeology"},{"link_name":"sedentism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedentism"},{"link_name":"Horr's Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horr%27s_Island_archaeological_site"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River_Valley"},{"link_name":"Watson Brake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson_Brake"},{"link_name":"Poverty Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_Point"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilanich1994108%E2%80%9309-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilanich1998103-29"}],"text":"Pre-historic sites and cultures in the eastern United States and southeastern Canada that followed the Archaic period are generally placed in the Woodland period (1000 BCE – 1000 CE) or the later Mississippian culture period (800 or 900–1500). The Woodland period is defined by the development of technology, including the introduction of ceramics and (late in the Woodland period) the bow and arrow, the adoption of agriculture, mound-building, and increased sedentism. These characteristics developed and spread separately. Sedentism and mound building appeared along the southwest coast of Florida (cf. Horr's Island) and in the lower Mississippi River Valley (cf. Watson Brake and Poverty Point) well before the end of the Archaic period. Ceramics appeared along the coast of the southeastern United States soon after. Agriculture spread and intensified across the Woodland area throughout the Woodland and Mississippian culture periods but appeared in north central and northeastern Florida only after about 700 and had not penetrated the middle and lower Florida peninsula at the time of first contact with Europeans.[27][28][29]","title":"Post-Archaic period"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Post-Archaic cultures in Florida","title":"Post-Archaic period"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish missions in Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Florida"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"infectious diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_diseases"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"measles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles"},{"link_name":"conquistadors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador"},{"link_name":"Province of Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"New Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Spain"},{"link_name":"Apalachee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachee"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"European colonists encountered numerous groups of indigenous peoples in Florida. Recorded information on various groups ranges from numerous detailed reports to the mere mention of a name. Some of the indigenous peoples were taken into the system of Spanish missions in Florida, others had sporadic contact with the Spanish without being brought into the mission system, but many of the peoples are known only from mention of their names in historical accounts. All of these peoples were essentially extinct in Florida by the end of the 18th century.[citation needed]Most died from exposure to Eurasian infectious diseases, such as smallpox and measles, to which they had no immunity; others died from conflict with European colonists in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. During the initial period of Spanish colonization, groups of conquistadors came into conflict with Florida Indians, which combined with Spanish-introduced diseases devastated their population. In the 17th and 18th centuries, English colonists from the Province of Carolina and the Indian allies carried out several raids against the Spanish mission system, further devastating the indigenous population of Florida. The few survivors migrated out of Florida, mainly to Cuba and New Spain with the Spanish when they ceded Florida to Great Britain in 1763 following the Seven Years' War, although a few Apalachee reached Louisiana, where their descendants still live.[citation needed]","title":"Early modern period"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indigenous-Peoples-Of-Florida-Map.png"},{"link_name":"chiefdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiefdom"},{"link_name":"Ais people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ais_people"},{"link_name":"Indian River Lagoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_River_Lagoon"},{"link_name":"St. Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Alafay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alafay"},{"link_name":"Amacano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amacano_People"},{"link_name":"Big Bend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bend_(Florida)"},{"link_name":"Apalachee Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachee_Bay"},{"link_name":"Pohoys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohoy"},{"link_name":"Province of Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHann200622%E2%80%9324-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilanich199596-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger1940130-32"},{"link_name":"Apalachee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachee"},{"link_name":"chiefdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiefdom"},{"link_name":"Apalachee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachee_language"},{"link_name":"Muskogean language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskogean_languages"},{"link_name":"Province of Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Carolina"},{"link_name":"San Marcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Marks,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Apalachicola band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachicola_band"},{"link_name":"Apalachicola River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachicola_River"},{"link_name":"Biscayne Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscayne_Bay"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHann200336-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHann2003133%E2%80%934-34"},{"link_name":"Calusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calusa"},{"link_name":"Caloosahatchee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloosahatchee_River"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHann200620%E2%80%9321-35"},{"link_name":"Chatot people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatot_people"},{"link_name":"Apalachicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachicola_River"},{"link_name":"Chipola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipola_River"},{"link_name":"Chine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chine_people"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHann200624%E2%80%9326-36"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilanich199596-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger1940130-32"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHann1988402-37"},{"link_name":"Chisca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisca"},{"link_name":"Yuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuchi"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHann200360%E2%80%931-38"},{"link_name":"Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernando_de_Escalante_Fontaneda"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHann200362-39"},{"link_name":"Withlacoochee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withlacoochee_River_(Florida)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilanich2004215-40"},{"link_name":"Guale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guale"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Jaega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaega"},{"link_name":"Jobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobe_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Jororo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jororo"},{"link_name":"St. Johns River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Johns_River"},{"link_name":"Florida Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Keys"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilanich2004215-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHann2003132%E2%80%933-41"},{"link_name":"Mayaca people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayaca_people"},{"link_name":"St. Johns River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Johns_River"},{"link_name":"Mayaimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayaimi"},{"link_name":"Lake Okeechobee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Okeechobee"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHann200362,_64-42"},{"link_name":"Mocoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mocoso"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilanich2004213-43"},{"link_name":"Alabama people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_people"},{"link_name":"Koasati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koasati"},{"link_name":"Creek War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creek_War"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanton1952134,_160-44"},{"link_name":"Muspa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muspa"},{"link_name":"Amacano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amacano"},{"link_name":"Chine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chine_people"},{"link_name":"Apalachee Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachee_Bay"},{"link_name":"Apalachee Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachee_Province"},{"link_name":"Chatatos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatot"},{"link_name":"Fort Walton culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Walton_culture"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHann200620%E2%80%9322,_27-45"},{"link_name":"Tawasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawasa_language"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanton1922130,_140-46"},{"link_name":"Pensacola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola_people"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilanich199596-31"},{"link_name":"Pohoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohoy"},{"link_name":"Sabacola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabacola"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilanich1995156-47"},{"link_name":"Surruque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surruque"},{"link_name":"Tequesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tequesta"},{"link_name":"Timucua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timucua"},{"link_name":"Acuera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acuera"},{"link_name":"Oklawaha River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklawaha_River"},{"link_name":"Agua Fresca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua_Dulce_people"},{"link_name":"Arapaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapaha"},{"link_name":"Ibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibi_people"},{"link_name":"Mocama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mocama"},{"link_name":"Saturiwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturiwa"},{"link_name":"Tacatacuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacatacuru"},{"link_name":"Cumberland Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_Island"},{"link_name":"Northern Utina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Utina"},{"link_name":"Ocale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocale"},{"link_name":"Northern Utina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Utina"},{"link_name":"Flint River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_River_(Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Hitchiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitchiti"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanton1922165%E2%80%93167-48"},{"link_name":"Potano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potano"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHann19967,_12-49"},{"link_name":"Utina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua_Dulce_people"},{"link_name":"Utinahica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utinahica"},{"link_name":"Yufera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yufera"},{"link_name":"Yustaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yustaga"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilanich2004215-40"},{"link_name":"Tocobaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocobaga"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay"},{"link_name":"Uzita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzita_(Florida)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilanich2004215-40"},{"link_name":"Key Biscayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Biscayne"}],"sub_title":"Indigenous peoples encountered by Europeans","text":"A map of indigenous people of Florida at the time of contact.This section includes the names of tribes, chiefdoms and towns encountered by Europeans in what is now the state of Florida and adjacent parts of Alabama and Georgia in the 16th and 17th centuries:Ais people – They lived along the Indian River Lagoon in the 17th century and maintained contact with the Spanish in St. Augustine.\nAlafay (Alafaes, Alafaia, Elafay, Costa, Alafaia/Alafaya/Alafeyes Costas) – Closely related to or part of Pohoy.\nAmacano – When first reported by the Spanish in the 1620s, they lived along the Big Bend coast of Florida, west from the mouth of the Suwannee River along the coast of Apalachee Bay, and spoke the same language as the Chatato, Chine and Capara/Pacara. The Amacano battled with the Pohoys of Tampa Bay in the 1620s, with the Spanish brokering a peace between the two peoples in 1628 or 1629. The Amacano requested a missionary when missions were first established in Apalachee Province in 1633. A mission may have been established among the Amacano at that time, but there is no certain record of it. Spanish records mention the Amacano in 1638, in connection with an incident in which Apalachees and Timucuas had retaliated against the Chatato and Apalachicoli, who had killed some Christians in those provinces, although Hann states it is not clear how the Amacano were involved. The Amacano do not appear in Spanish records again until 1674, when some were living, along with some Capara/Pacara, in the Chine village of Chaccabi, which was served by the mission of San Luis \"on the seacoast\" (Chaccabi was 10 to 11 leagues south of Apalachee). The Amacano are last mentioned by the Spanish in 1704, when the Apalachee Province was overrun and destroyed by the Province of Carolina and its native allies.[30][31][32]\nApalachee – A major chiefdom of people who spoke Apalachee, a Muskogean language, and the western anchor of the Spanish mission system. After raids by English colonists from the Province of Carolina and their Indian allies devastated Apalachee Province the survivors scattered, sometimes seeking shelter near the Spanish settlements of St. Augustine, San Marcos, and Pensacola. Some were taken to Cuba and Mexico when the Spanish withdrew from Florida in 1763. A small group migrated to Louisiana, where their descendants live.\nApalachicola band – The Apalachicola band was a group of towns along the Apalachicola River in Florida early in the 19th century. The towns were assigned several small reservations along the Apalachicola River in the 1823 Treaty of Moultrie Creek but were forced to move west in the 1830s.\nBoca Ratones – Known only from records of the 1743 mission attempt on Biscayne Bay.[33]\nBomto (Bonito) – known only from the middle of the 18th century as relations of the Mayaca and Jororo and enemies of the Pohoy.[34]\nCalusa – A major tribe centered on the Caloosahatchee River, politically dominant over other tribes in southern Florida. The Spanish maintained contact with them but did not succeed in missionary attempts.\nCaparaz – An alternate form of Pacara (see below), occurring once in Spanish records.[35]\nChatot people (Chatato, Chacato, Chactoo) – Located in the upper Apalachicola and Chipola river basins. Related in some way to the Pensacola. The Spanish established three missions to this tribe near the upper part of the Apalachicola River.\nChine – The Chine lived to the south of the Apalachee in the later part of the 17th century. The Chine first appeared in Spanish records with the founding of the mission of St. Peter the Apostle in the village of Chaccabi in 1674. The village of Chaccabi may have been located on the Rio Chachave, now known as Spring Creek on the coast west of St. Marks.[36] They are believed to have spoken the same language as the Amacano and Capara/Pacara.[31] The Spanish mission of San Luís \"on the seacoast\" served three towns that included members of the Amacano, Caparaz and Chine tribes.[32] Also said to be a branch of the Chatato.[37]\nChisca - The Chisca lived in eastern Tennessee in the 16th century, then appeared throughout much of Spanish Florida in the 17th century. In the 18th century they became known as the Euchee or Yuchi.\nCostas – Name applied at different times to Ais, Alafaes, Keys Indians and Pojoy, and to otherwise unidentified refugees near St. Augustine.[38]\nGuacata (Vuacata) – Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda implied that the Guacata were part of the Ais and that the Guacata spoke the same language as the Ais and Jaega.[39]\nGuazoco or Guacozo – Town near the upper reaches of the Withlacoochee River passed through by the de Soto expedition. This was the farthest south that the Spanish found maize being cultivated.[40]\nGuale – Originally living along the central Georgia coast; the survivors of the raids by English colonists and their Indian allies moved from Georgia into Florida.\nJaega – Living along the Florida Atlantic coast south of the Ais, this group was subject to, and possibly a junior branch of, the Ais.\nJobe (Hobe) – A Jaega town.\nJororo – A small tribe in the upper St. Johns River watershed, related to the Mayacas, and taken into the Spanish mission system late in the 17th century.\nKeys Indians – Name given by the Spanish to Indians living in the Florida Keys in the middle of the 18th century, probably consisted of Calusa and refugees from other tribes to the north.\nLuca – Town near the Withlacoochee River north of Guazoco, passed through by the de Soto expedition.[40]\nMacapiras or Amacapiras – Known only as refugees at St. Augustine in the mid-17th century, in the company of Jororo and Pojoy peoples.[41]\nMayaca people – A small tribe in the upper St. Johns River watershed, related to the Jororos, and taken into the Spanish mission system in the 17th century.\nMayaimi – Lived around what is now called Lake Okeechobee, very limited contact with Europeans.\nMayajuaca – Mentioned by Fontaneda in association with the Mayaca.[42]\nMocoso (Mocoço, Mocogo) – Chiefdom on the east side of Tampa Bay at the time of the de Soto expedition, had disappeared by the 1560s.[43]\nMuklasa – Town affiliated with either Alabama people or Koasati (possibly speaking a related language), said to have moved to Florida after the Creek War.[44]\nMuspa – Town on or near Marco Island subject to the Calusa, name later applied to people living around Charlotte Harbor.\nPacara – First mentioned in 1675 as residing, together with the Amacano and the Chine, at the mission Assumpcíon (or Assuncíon) del Puerto or de Nuestra Señora in the town of Chaccabi near Apalachee Bay south of Apalachee Province. The Pacara probably spoke the same language, or a closely related language, as the Chatatos, Amacanos and Chines, and were probably descendants of people of the Fort Walton culture who had migrated into Apalachee Province in the early 1670s. The Pacara are mentioned a few times in Spanish records in connection with missions in Apalachee Province, the last time in 1702, when they are described as \"heathens\".[45]\nPawokti – Town associated with Tawasa, the people may have relocated to Florida panhandle.[46]\nPensacola – Lived in the Florida panhandle. May have spoken the same language as the Chatato.[31]\nPohoy – Chiefdom on Tampa Bay in the 17th century, refugees from Uchise raids in various places in Florida in the early 18th century.\nSabacola - A town of the Apalachicola. A dependent town, called Sabacola el Menor, was located in Florida for a few years in the 17th century, when it hosted a Spanish mission, Santa Cruz de Sabacola.\nSanta Luces – Tribe briefly mentioned in Spanish records from the middle of the 18th century. Santa Lucía was the name the Spanish gave to an Ais town where they had tried to establish a fort and mission in the 17th century.[47]\nSurruque – Tribe that lived north of the Ais, possibly related to either Ais or the Jororos and Mayacas.\nTequesta – Lived in southeastern Florida. Spanish made two short-lived attempts to establish a mission with them.\nTimucua – Major group of peoples in northeastern Florida and southeastern Georgia speaking a common language. Many of the Timucua-speaker were brought into the mission system. Other peoples speaking Timucua are only poorly known. Known to be part of this large, loosely associated group are the following:\nAcuera – Lived around the Oklawaha River, part of the mission system.\nAgua Fresca – Lived along the middle St. Johns River, part of the mission system.\nArapaha – May have lived in southern Georgia.\nIbi – Lived in southern Georgia, part of the mission system.\nItafi (or Icafui) – Lived in southeastern Georgia, part of the mission system. Survivors of the raids by English colonists and their Indian allies may have relocated to Florida.\nMocama – Lived along the coast in northeastern Florida and southeastern Georgia, part of the mission system.\nSaturiwa – Chiefdom on the lower St. Johns River, part of the mission system,\nTacatacuru – Chiefdom on Cumberland Island, Georgia. Survivors of the raids by English colonists and their Indian allies may have relocated to Florida.\nNorthern Utina (Timucua proper) – Lived in north-central Florida, part of the mission system,\nOcale – Lived in north-central Florida, part of the mission system.\nOconi – Lived in southeastern Georgia.\nOnatheagua – Lived in north-central Florida, perhaps identifiable as Northern Utina\nOsochi - Swanton suggests this was a Timucuan group, connecting the name to Uzachili, chief of Yustaga when de Soto passed through that chiefdom. The Osochi are believed to have migrated northward after the Timucua Rebellion of 1656, settling along the Flint River, and associating with the Hitchiti, especially after being relocated to Arkansas and the Indian Territory.[48]\nPotano – Chiefdom in north-central Florida, part of the mission system.\nTucururu – A subdivision of or associated with the Acuera.[49]\nUtina – Lived along the middle St. Johns River.\nUtinahica - Town on the Altamaha River in Georgia.\nYufera – Lived in southeastern Georgia, part of the mission system. Survivors of the raids by English colonists and their Indian allies may have relocated to Florida.\nYustaga – Lived in north-central Florida, part of the mission system.\nTocaste – Town near Lake Tsala Apopka, passed through by the de Soto expedition.[40]\nTocobaga – Chiefdom on Tampa Bay. Spanish made one unsuccessful attempt to establish a mission.\nUzita – Chiefdom on the south side of Tampa Bay at the time the de Soto expedition, disappeared by the 1560s.\nVicela – Town near the Withlacoochee River north of Luca, passed through by the de Soto expedition.[40]\nViscaynos – Name given by the Spanish to Indians living in the vicinity of Key Biscayne (Cayo Viscainos) in the 17th century.","title":"Early modern period"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muscogee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscogee"},{"link_name":"the English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Hitchiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitchiti"},{"link_name":"Mikasuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikasuki_language"},{"link_name":"Yamasee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamasee"},{"link_name":"Yuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuchi"},{"link_name":"Seminole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole"},{"link_name":"ethnicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnicity"},{"link_name":"Hitchiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitchiti"},{"link_name":"Ahaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahaya"},{"link_name":"Paynes Prairie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paynes_Prairie_Preserve_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Lower Towns of the Muscogee Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscogee#Rise_of_the_Muscogee_Confederacy"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd19519-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECovington1968347,_350-51"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Patriot War of East Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole_Wars#Patriot_War_of_East_Florida_(1812)"},{"link_name":"Okahumpka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okahumpka,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Second Seminole War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Seminole_War"},{"link_name":"Micanopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micanopy"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick1954184%E2%80%93212,_230%E2%80%93236-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahon198510,_28-56"},{"link_name":"Apalachicola band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachicola_band"},{"link_name":"Apalachicola River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachicola_River"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Moultrie Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Moultrie_Creek"},{"link_name":"Black Seminoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seminoles"},{"link_name":"Chiscas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisca"},{"link_name":"Choctaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choctaw"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtevant195339,_56-57"},{"link_name":"Muscogee Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscogee_Confederacy"},{"link_name":"Province of Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Chiahas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiaha"},{"link_name":"Apalachee Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachee_Province"},{"link_name":"Lake Miccosukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Miccosukee"},{"link_name":"First Seminole War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Seminole_War"},{"link_name":"Madison County, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Moultrie Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Moultrie_Creek"},{"link_name":"Suwannee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwannee_River"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahon19853,_5,_28,_43,_62-58"},{"link_name":"Muspas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muspa"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanton1952125%E2%80%93128-59"},{"link_name":"fishingranchos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_ranchos"},{"link_name":"Indian Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Territory"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond1973357,_362%E2%80%93363-60"},{"link_name":"Spanish Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Indians"},{"link_name":"attack on a trading post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Seminole_War#Macomb's_peace_and_the_Harney_Massacre"},{"link_name":"Caloosahatchee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloosahatchee_River"},{"link_name":"Indian Key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Key,_Florida#Indian_raid"},{"link_name":"William S. Harney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Harney"},{"link_name":"Muskogean language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskogean_languages"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtevant195337%E2%80%9341,_43%E2%80%9345,_47%E2%80%9348,_50,_52,_54%E2%80%9356,_64-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETebeau196845,_64%E2%80%9367-62"},{"link_name":"Osceola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osceola"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Moultrie Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Moultrie_Creek"},{"link_name":"Suwannee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwannee_River"},{"link_name":"Pease Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_River_(Florida)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahon19855,_43,_62,_318-63"},{"link_name":"Yamasees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamasee"},{"link_name":"Yuchis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuchi"},{"link_name":"wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole_Wars"},{"link_name":"removal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_removal"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"ethnogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnogenesis"},{"link_name":"Seminole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole"},{"link_name":"Miccosukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miccosukee"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"}],"sub_title":"18th and 19th centuries","text":"From the beginning of the 18th century, various groups of Native Americans, primarily Muscogee people (called Creeks by the English) from north of present-day Florida, moved into what is now the state. The Creek migrants included Hitchiti and Mikasuki speakers. There were also some non-Creek Yamasee and Yuchi migrants. They merged to form the new Seminole ethnicity.Groups known to have been in Florida in the latter half of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century include:Alachua Seminoles - Around 1750, a Hitchiti-speaking group of Oconis, led by Ahaya, moved to Florida, settling on what is now known as Paynes Prairie. They were joined by migrants from other Hitchiti-speaking Lower Towns of the Muscogee Confederacy and kept many captured Yamasees as slaves.[50][51] Ahaya's people were the first to be called \"Seminole\".[a] The Alachua Seminoles became involved in the Patriot War of East Florida in 1812. After fending off attacks on their largest town by militia from Georgia, the Alachua Seminoles moved south to the area around Okahumpka. The chief of the Alachua Seminole during the Second Seminole War was Micanopy, likely a great-nephew of Ahaya.[54][55]\nApalachicola band - Several groups of Mucogee-speakers who had settled along the Apalachicola River by the early 19th century were allowed to stay on small reservations along the Apalachicola River when most of the Native Americans in Florida were moved onto a reservation in the interior of the peninsula by the terms of the Treaty of Moultrie Creek. They gave up their reservations and move to the Indian Territory in the 1830s.\nBlack Seminoles\nChiscas - People from Tennessee and Virginia who migrated into Florida in the 17th century. Some became known as Yuchi, while others may have assimilated into other tribes.\nChoctaws - A band of Choctaws was reported to be living near Charlotte Harbor in 1822. An 1823 report indicated that Choctaw refugees from the First Seminole War were in Florida. Mikasukee-speaking Seminole informants told William Sturtevant in the 1950s that there had never been Choctaws in Florida.[56]\nCreeks\nMikasukis - Early in the 18th century the Spanish in Florida tried to recruit groups from the Muscogee Confederacy to move into Florida to replace the recently devastated Apalachee and Timucua peoples as buffers against English colonists in the Province of Carolina. Tamathlis and Chiahas moved into the old Apalachee Province, eventually coalescing onto the Mikasuki. The town of Mikasuki, on the shores of Lake Miccosukee, is known from when the British controlled Florida (1766–1783). As a result of the First Seminole War, the Mikasukis first moved southeastward, towards territory recently vacated by the Alachua Seminoles, then back northwestward into what is now Madison County, Florida. At the time of the Treaty of Moultrie Creek, in 1823, the Mikasukis were one of the two most important bands of Native Americans in Florida west of the Suwannee River. In 1826 six chiefs from Florida, including representatives of the Mikasukis, were taken to Washington in order to impress them with the power of the United States. The Mikasukis retained a separate identity through the Second Seminole War. At the end of that war, in 1842, it was reported that there were 33 Mikasuki warriors left in Florida (along with Seminoles, Tallahassees and Creeks).[57]\nMuscogees\nMuspas - People living in southwestern Florida in the first half of the 19th century, at one time believed to be remnants of the Calusa.[58]\nRancho Indians - Native American people and people of mixed native American and Spanish ancestry worked and lived at seasonal fishingranchos (fishing camps) established by Spanish/Cuban fishermen along the southwest coast of the Florida peninsula in the 18th century. They were all sent to Indian Territory during the Second Seminole War.[59]\nSpanish Indians - A name sometimes given to Indians remaining in southern Florida after Florida was transferred from Spain to Great Britain in 1763. These Indians were believed to be trading with Spanish/Cuban fishermen who frequented the southwest Florida coast. The name has also been applied more narrowly to a band led by Chakaika that lived deep in the Everglades. Chakaika's band is believed to have been responsible for the attack on a trading post on the Caloosahatchee River in 1839 that killed a number of soldiers and civilians, and the attack on Indian Key in 1840. Late in 1840 Colonel William S. Harney led a raid on Chakaika's camp, in which Chakaika and several of his followers were killed. The so-called \"Spanish Indians\" were probably primarily speakers of a Muskogean language (retrospectively called \"Seminoles\"), with possibly a few Calusa who had remained in Florida when the Spanish left Florida. They were reputed to speak Spanish and to have extensive dealings with the Spanish. Some of the \"Spanish Indians\" who raided Indian Key were heard speaking English and may have been escaped slaves who had joined the band.[60][61]\nTallahassees - A band of Muscogee-speakers, called \"Tallassees\" or \"Tallahassees\", settled in the old Apalachee Province in the late 18th century. When Osceola was a boy, his mother migrated to Florida with him, settling among the Tallahassees. At the time of the Treaty of Moultrie Creek, in 1823, the Tallahassees were one of the two most important bands of Native Americans in Florida west of the Suwannee River. In 1826 six chiefs from Florida, including representatives of the Tallahassees of northern Florida and the Pease Creek Tallahassees, were taken to Washington in order to impress them with the power of the United States. The Tallahassees retained a separate identity through the Second Seminole War. At the end of that war, in 1842, it was reported that there were ten Tallahassee warriors left in Florida (along with Seminoles, Mikasukis and Creeks).[62]\nYamasees\nYuchisA series of wars with the United States resulted in the death or removal to what is now Oklahoma of most of the above peoples and the merging of the remainder by ethnogenesis into the current Seminole and Miccosukee tribes of Florida.","title":"Early modern period"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miccosukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miccosukee"},{"link_name":"Seminole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscogee_(Creek)_Nation"}],"sub_title":"20th and 21st century","text":"The only federally recognized tribes in Florida are:Miccosukee – One of the two tribes to emerge by ethnogenesis from the migrations into Florida and wars with the United States. They were part of the Seminole nation until the mid-20th century, when they organized as an independent tribe, receiving federal recognition in 1962.\nSeminole – One of the two tribes to emerge by ethnogenesis from the migrations into Florida and wars with the United States.The Seminole nation emerged in a process of ethnogenesis out of groups of Native Americans, most significantly Creek from what are now northern Muscogee.","title":"Early modern period"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lorida,_FL_Thonotosassa_type.JPG"},{"link_name":"Thonotosassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thonotosassa,_Florida#History"},{"link_name":"Lorida, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorida,_Florida"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Little_Gasparilla_Island.JPG"},{"link_name":"Little Gasparilla Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Gasparilla_Island"}],"text":"Thonotosassa type, Lorida, Florida\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLittle Gasparilla Island beach find","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHann1992451_Note_2-52"},{"link_name":"Hitchiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitchiti"},{"link_name":"Mikasukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikasuki_language"},{"link_name":"Muskogean languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskogean_languages"},{"link_name":"Muscogee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscogee_language"},{"link_name":"Muscogee Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscogee#Rise_of_the_Muscogee_Confederacy"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright19864%E2%80%935,_104%E2%80%93105-53"}],"text":"^ In the 17th century the Spanish in Florida used cimaron to refer to Christianized natives who had left their mission villages to live \"wild\" in the woods.[52] Some of the Hitchiti- or Mikasukee-speakers who had settled in Florida identified themselves to the British as \"cimallon\" (Muskogean languages have no \"r\" sound, replacing it with \"l\"). The British wrote the name as \"Semallone\", later \"Seminole\". The use of \"cimallon\" by bands in Florida to describe themselves may have been intended to distinguish themselves from the primarily Muscogee-speakers of the Upper Towns of the Muscogee Confederacy (called the \"Creek Confederacy\" by the British). The term \"Seminole\" was first applied to Ahaya's band in Alachua. After 1763, when they took over Florida from the Spanish, the British called all natives living in Florida \"Seminoles\", \"Creeks\", or \"Seminole-Creeks\".[53]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0015-4113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-4113"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"30138833","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/30138833"},{"link_name":"Bullen, Ripley P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripley_P._Bullen"},{"link_name":"\"Preliminary Report on Excavation at the Cutler Fossil Site (8DA2001) in Southern Florida\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00027829/00022/images/53"},{"link_name":"Archaeological Research at Warm Mineral Springs, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20211208170611/http://www.warmmineral.com/wms/wmspdf/Cockrell,W1990.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.warmmineral.com/wms/wmspdf/Cockrell,W1990.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0015-4113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-4113"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"30147280","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/30147280"},{"link_name":"\"The organization of a Suwannee Technology: the View from Harney Flats\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00027829/00020/images/26"},{"link_name":"Geiger, Maynard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynard_Geiger"},{"link_name":"\"Pre-Clovis occupation 14,550 years ago at the Page-Ladson site, Florida, and the peopling of the 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T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerald_T._Milanich"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8130-1273-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1273-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8130-1360-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-1360-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8130-1598-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1598-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0160723001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0160723001"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"53-13265","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/53-13265"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8130-0697-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-0697-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8130-3204-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-3204-7"},{"link_name":"Sturtevant, William C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Sturtevant"},{"link_name":"\"Chakaika and the \"Spanish Indians\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120208042914/http://digitalcollections.fiu.edu/tequesta/files/1953/53_1_03.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//digitalcollections.fiu.edu/tequesta/files/1953/53_1_03.pdf"},{"link_name":"Early History of the Creek Indians and Their Neighbors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/earlyhistorycre01swangoog/page/n7/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"Tebeau, Charlton W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton_W._Tebeau"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"68-177768","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/68-177768"},{"link_name":"\"Earliest Mammoth Art: Mammoth on Mammoth\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121109153948/http://news.discovery.com/history/earliest-american-art-mammoth-110622.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.discovery.com/history/earliest-american-art-mammoth-110622.html"},{"link_name":"\"Sam's Cutoff Shell Mound and the Late Archaic Elliott's Point Complex in the Apalachicola Delta, Northwest Florida\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00027829/00051/images/61"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8032-9728-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-9728-9"}],"text":"Boyd, Mark F. (1951). \"The Seminole War: Its Background and Onset\". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 30 (1): 3–115. ISSN 0015-4113. JSTOR 30138833.\nBullen, Ripley P. (1975). A Guide to the Identification of Florida Projectile Points (Revised ed.). Gainesville, Florida: Kendall Books.\nCarr, Robert S. (September 1986). \"Preliminary Report on Excavation at the Cutler Fossil Site (8DA2001) in Southern Florida\". The Florida Anthropologist. 39 (3 Part 2). Retrieved 16 January 2013.\nCockrell, Wilburn A. (October 1990). Walter C. Jaap (ed.). Archaeological Research at Warm Mineral Springs, Florida (PDF). American Academy of Underwater Sciences Tenth Annual Scientific Diving Symposium. pp. 69–78. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 8, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2021.\nCovington, James W. (1968). \"Migration of the Seminoles into Florida, 1700-1820\". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 46 (4): 340–357. ISSN 0015-4113. JSTOR 30147280.\nDaniel, I. Randolph Jr.; Wisenbaker, Michael; Ballo, George (March–June 1986). \"The organization of a Suwannee Technology: the View from Harney Flats\". The Florida Anthropologist. 39 (1–2): 24–56. Retrieved 6 May 2012.\nGeiger, Maynard (1940). \"Biographical Dictionary of the Franciscans in Spanish Florida and Cuba (1528–1841)\". Franciscan Studies. XXI. Reprinted in Thomas, David Hurst, ed. (1991). The Missions of Spanish Florida. Garland Publishing.\nHalligan, Jessi J.; Waters, Michael R.; Perrotti, Angelina (13 May 2016). \"Pre-Clovis occupation 14,550 years ago at the Page-Ladson site, Florida, and the peopling of the Americas\". Science Advances. 2 (5): e1600375. Bibcode:2016SciA....2E0375H. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600375. PMC 4928949. PMID 27386553.\nHammond, E. A. (April 1973). \"The Spanish Fisheries of Charlotte Harbor\". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 51 (4): 355–380. JSTOR 30145870.\nHann, John H. (1988). Apalachee: The Land between the rivers. Gainesville, Florida: University Presses of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-0854-7.\nHann, John H. (April 1990). \"Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Vistas with Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries\". The Americas. 46 (4): 417–513. doi:10.2307/1006866. JSTOR 1006866. S2CID 147329347.\nHann, John H. (1992). \"Heathen Acuera, Murder, and a Potano Cimarrona: The St. Johns River and the Alachua Prairie in the 1670s\". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 70 (4): 451–474. ISSN 0015-4113. JSTOR 30148124.\nHann, John H. (1996). A History of Timucua Indians and Missions. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1424-7.\nHann, John H. (2003). Indians of Central and South Florida: 1513–1763. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-2645-8.\nHann, John H. (2006). The Native American World Beyond Apalachee. University Press of Florida. ISBN 9-780-8130-2982-5.\nMahon, John K. (1985) [1967]. History of the Second Seminole War: 1835–1942 (Second ed.). Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press. ISBN 0-8130-1097-7.\nMilanich, Jerald T. (1994). Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-1273-5.\nMilanich, Jerald T. (1995). Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1360-7.\nMilanich, Jerald T. (1998). Florida's Indians from Ancient Times to the Present. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-1598-9.\nMilanich, Jerald T. (2004). \"Early Groups of Central and South Florida\". In Fogelson, R. D. (ed.). Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast. Vol. 14. Smithsonian Institution. pp. 213–8. ISBN 978-0160723001.\nPatrick, Rembert W. (1954). Florida Fiasco. University of Georgia Press. LCCN 53-13265.\nPurdy, Barbara A. (1981). Florida's Prehistoric Stone Technology. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press. ISBN 978-0-8130-0697-0.\nPurdy, Barbara A. (2008). Florida's People During the Last Ice Age. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-3204-7.\nSturtevant, William C. (1953). \"Chakaika and the \"Spanish Indians\"\" (PDF). Tequesta. 13: 63–64. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-08. Retrieved 2021-12-12 – via Digital Collections Florida International University.\nSwanton, John Reed (1922). Early History of the Creek Indians and Their Neighbors. U.S. Government Printing Office.\nSwanton, John Reed (1952). The Indian tribes of North America. Washington,D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.\nTebeau, Charlton W. (1968) [1964]. Man in the Everglades (Second, revised ed.). Coral Gables, Florida: University of Miami Press. LCCN 68-177768.\nViegas, Jennifer (June 22, 2011). \"Earliest Mammoth Art: Mammoth on Mammoth\". Discover News. Archived from the original on November 9, 2012. Retrieved November 21, 2018.\nWhite, Nancy Marie; Estabrook, Richard W. (March 1994). \"Sam's Cutoff Shell Mound and the Late Archaic Elliott's Point Complex in the Apalachicola Delta, Northwest Florida\". The Florida Anthropologist. 47 (1). Retrieved December 9, 2021.\nWright, J. Leitch Jr. (1986). Creeks and Seminoles: The Destruction and Regeneration of the Muscogulge People (Paperback (1990) ed.). Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-9728-9.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"image_text":"A map of indigenous people of Florida at the time of contact.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Indigenous-Peoples-Of-Florida-Map.png/442px-Indigenous-Peoples-Of-Florida-Map.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/KMMaskPointedNose.jpg/110px-KMMaskPointedNose.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Florida portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Florida"},{"title":"Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"title":"Federally recognized tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribes"},{"title":"Unrecognized tribes#Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrecognized_tribes#Florida"},{"title":"Indigenous people of the Everglades region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_the_Everglades_region"},{"title":"Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean"}]
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[{"reference":"The Associated Press (June 22, 2011). \"Ancient mammoth or mastodon image found on bone in Vero Beach\". Gainesville Sun. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051036/http://www.gainesville.com/article/20110622/ARTICLES/110629821/-1/news?Title=Ancient-mammoth-or-mastodon-image-found-on-bone-in-Vero-Beach","url_text":"\"Ancient mammoth or mastodon image found on bone in Vero Beach\""},{"url":"http://www.gainesville.com/article/20110622/ARTICLES/110629821/-1/news?Title=Ancient-mammoth-or-mastodon-image-found-on-bone-in-Vero-Beach","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dunbar, James S. \"The pre-Clovis occupation of Florida: The Page-Ladson and Wakulla Springs Lodge Data\". Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141012043208/http://www.clovisinthesoutheast.net/dunbar.html","url_text":"\"The pre-Clovis occupation of Florida: The Page-Ladson and Wakulla Springs Lodge Data\""},{"url":"http://www.clovisinthesoutheast.net/dunbar.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Woodland Period (ca. 2000 B.C. - A.D. 1000)\". U. S. National Park Service. Archived from the original on December 29, 2011. Retrieved November 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111229193702/http://www.nps.gov/seac/woodland.htm","url_text":"\"The Woodland Period (ca. 2000 B.C. - A.D. 1000)\""},{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/seac/woodland.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Boyd, Mark F. (1951). \"The Seminole War: Its Background and Onset\". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 30 (1): 3–115. ISSN 0015-4113. JSTOR 30138833.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-4113","url_text":"0015-4113"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/30138833","url_text":"30138833"}]},{"reference":"Bullen, Ripley P. (1975). A Guide to the Identification of Florida Projectile Points (Revised ed.). Gainesville, Florida: Kendall Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripley_P._Bullen","url_text":"Bullen, Ripley P."}]},{"reference":"Carr, Robert S. (September 1986). \"Preliminary Report on Excavation at the Cutler Fossil Site (8DA2001) in Southern Florida\". The Florida Anthropologist. 39 (3 Part 2). Retrieved 16 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00027829/00022/images/53","url_text":"\"Preliminary Report on Excavation at the Cutler Fossil Site (8DA2001) in Southern Florida\""}]},{"reference":"Cockrell, Wilburn A. (October 1990). Walter C. Jaap (ed.). Archaeological Research at Warm Mineral Springs, Florida (PDF). American Academy of Underwater Sciences Tenth Annual Scientific Diving Symposium. pp. 69–78. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 8, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211208170611/http://www.warmmineral.com/wms/wmspdf/Cockrell,W1990.pdf","url_text":"Archaeological Research at Warm Mineral Springs, Florida"},{"url":"http://www.warmmineral.com/wms/wmspdf/Cockrell,W1990.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Covington, James W. (1968). \"Migration of the Seminoles into Florida, 1700-1820\". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 46 (4): 340–357. ISSN 0015-4113. JSTOR 30147280.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-4113","url_text":"0015-4113"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/30147280","url_text":"30147280"}]},{"reference":"Daniel, I. Randolph Jr.; Wisenbaker, Michael; Ballo, George (March–June 1986). \"The organization of a Suwannee Technology: the View from Harney Flats\". The Florida Anthropologist. 39 (1–2): 24–56. Retrieved 6 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00027829/00020/images/26","url_text":"\"The organization of a Suwannee Technology: the View from Harney Flats\""}]},{"reference":"Geiger, Maynard (1940). \"Biographical Dictionary of the Franciscans in Spanish Florida and Cuba (1528–1841)\". Franciscan Studies. XXI.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynard_Geiger","url_text":"Geiger, Maynard"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, David Hurst, ed. (1991). The Missions of Spanish Florida. Garland Publishing.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Halligan, Jessi J.; Waters, Michael R.; Perrotti, Angelina (13 May 2016). \"Pre-Clovis occupation 14,550 years ago at the Page-Ladson site, Florida, and the peopling of the Americas\". Science Advances. 2 (5): e1600375. Bibcode:2016SciA....2E0375H. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600375. PMC 4928949. PMID 27386553.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4928949","url_text":"\"Pre-Clovis occupation 14,550 years ago at the Page-Ladson site, Florida, and the peopling of the Americas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Advances","url_text":"Science Advances"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SciA....2E0375H","url_text":"2016SciA....2E0375H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.1600375","url_text":"10.1126/sciadv.1600375"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4928949","url_text":"4928949"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27386553","url_text":"27386553"}]},{"reference":"Hammond, E. A. (April 1973). \"The Spanish Fisheries of Charlotte Harbor\". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 51 (4): 355–380. JSTOR 30145870.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/30145870","url_text":"30145870"}]},{"reference":"Hann, John H. (1988). Apalachee: The Land between the rivers. Gainesville, Florida: University Presses of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-0854-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-0854-7","url_text":"978-0-8130-0854-7"}]},{"reference":"Hann, John H. (April 1990). \"Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Vistas with Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries\". The Americas. 46 (4): 417–513. doi:10.2307/1006866. JSTOR 1006866. S2CID 147329347.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1006866","url_text":"10.2307/1006866"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1006866","url_text":"1006866"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147329347","url_text":"147329347"}]},{"reference":"Hann, John H. (1992). \"Heathen Acuera, Murder, and a Potano Cimarrona: The St. Johns River and the Alachua Prairie in the 1670s\". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 70 (4): 451–474. ISSN 0015-4113. JSTOR 30148124.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-4113","url_text":"0015-4113"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/30148124","url_text":"30148124"}]},{"reference":"Hann, John H. (1996). A History of Timucua Indians and Missions. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1424-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-1424-7","url_text":"0-8130-1424-7"}]},{"reference":"Hann, John H. (2003). Indians of Central and South Florida: 1513–1763. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-2645-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-2645-8","url_text":"0-8130-2645-8"}]},{"reference":"Hann, John H. (2006). The Native American World Beyond Apalachee. University Press of Florida. ISBN 9-780-8130-2982-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-780-8130-2982-5","url_text":"9-780-8130-2982-5"}]},{"reference":"Mahon, John K. (1985) [1967]. History of the Second Seminole War: 1835–1942 (Second ed.). Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press. ISBN 0-8130-1097-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_K._Mahon","url_text":"Mahon, John K."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-1097-7","url_text":"0-8130-1097-7"}]},{"reference":"Milanich, Jerald T. (1994). Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-1273-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerald_T._Milanich","url_text":"Milanich, Jerald T."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1273-5","url_text":"978-0-8130-1273-5"}]},{"reference":"Milanich, Jerald T. (1995). Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1360-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-1360-7","url_text":"0-8130-1360-7"}]},{"reference":"Milanich, Jerald T. (1998). Florida's Indians from Ancient Times to the Present. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-1598-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1598-9","url_text":"978-0-8130-1598-9"}]},{"reference":"Milanich, Jerald T. (2004). \"Early Groups of Central and South Florida\". In Fogelson, R. D. (ed.). Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast. Vol. 14. Smithsonian Institution. pp. 213–8. ISBN 978-0160723001.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0160723001","url_text":"978-0160723001"}]},{"reference":"Patrick, Rembert W. (1954). Florida Fiasco. University of Georgia Press. LCCN 53-13265.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/53-13265","url_text":"53-13265"}]},{"reference":"Purdy, Barbara A. (1981). Florida's Prehistoric Stone Technology. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press. ISBN 978-0-8130-0697-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-0697-0","url_text":"978-0-8130-0697-0"}]},{"reference":"Purdy, Barbara A. (2008). Florida's People During the Last Ice Age. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-3204-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-3204-7","url_text":"978-0-8130-3204-7"}]},{"reference":"Sturtevant, William C. (1953). \"Chakaika and the \"Spanish Indians\"\" (PDF). Tequesta. 13: 63–64. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-08. Retrieved 2021-12-12 – via Digital Collections Florida International University.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Sturtevant","url_text":"Sturtevant, William C."},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120208042914/http://digitalcollections.fiu.edu/tequesta/files/1953/53_1_03.pdf","url_text":"\"Chakaika and the \"Spanish Indians\"\""},{"url":"http://digitalcollections.fiu.edu/tequesta/files/1953/53_1_03.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Swanton, John Reed (1922). Early History of the Creek Indians and Their Neighbors. U.S. Government Printing Office.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/earlyhistorycre01swangoog/page/n7/mode/2up","url_text":"Early History of the Creek Indians and Their Neighbors"}]},{"reference":"Swanton, John Reed (1952). The Indian tribes of North America. Washington,D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tebeau, Charlton W. (1968) [1964]. Man in the Everglades (Second, revised ed.). Coral Gables, Florida: University of Miami Press. LCCN 68-177768.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton_W._Tebeau","url_text":"Tebeau, Charlton W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/68-177768","url_text":"68-177768"}]},{"reference":"Viegas, Jennifer (June 22, 2011). \"Earliest Mammoth Art: Mammoth on Mammoth\". Discover News. Archived from the original on November 9, 2012. Retrieved November 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121109153948/http://news.discovery.com/history/earliest-american-art-mammoth-110622.html","url_text":"\"Earliest Mammoth Art: Mammoth on Mammoth\""},{"url":"http://news.discovery.com/history/earliest-american-art-mammoth-110622.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"White, Nancy Marie; Estabrook, Richard W. (March 1994). \"Sam's Cutoff Shell Mound and the Late Archaic Elliott's Point Complex in the Apalachicola Delta, Northwest Florida\". The Florida Anthropologist. 47 (1). Retrieved December 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00027829/00051/images/61","url_text":"\"Sam's Cutoff Shell Mound and the Late Archaic Elliott's Point Complex in the Apalachicola Delta, Northwest Florida\""}]},{"reference":"Wright, J. Leitch Jr. (1986). Creeks and Seminoles: The Destruction and Regeneration of the Muscogulge People (Paperback (1990) ed.). Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-9728-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-9728-9","url_text":"0-8032-9728-9"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Home_Affairs_(Isle_of_Man)
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Department of Home Affairs (Isle of Man)
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["1 Function","1.1 Agencies reporting to the Department of Home Affairs","2 Current and previous Ministers and Chairs","2.1 Minister for Home Affairs (Minister for Justice and Home Affairs with effect from 1 December 2020)","2.2 Chair of the Home Affairs Board","3 References"]
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Governmental department of the Isle of Man
Department of Home AffairsDepartment overviewFormed20 January 1987Preceding DepartmentHome Affairs BoardJurisdictionIsle of ManHeadquartersTromode Road, Douglas, Isle of Man, IM2 5PAEmployees565Minister responsibleJane Poole-Wilson MHK, Minister for Justice and Home AffairsDepartment executiveDan Davies, Chief Executive OfficerWebsitewww.gov.im/dha
Politics of the Isle of Man
Lord of Mann
Charles III
Lieutenant governor
John Lorimer
Deputy governor
Andrew Corlett
Isle of Man Government
Council of Ministers
Chief minister
Alfred Cannan
Departments
Statutory Boards
Offices
Other Agencies
Tynwald
Act of Tynwald List
President of Tynwald
Laurence Skelly
Legislative Council
President
President of Tynwald ex officio
House of Keys
Speaker
Juan Watterson
Members (MHKs)
Officials of state
Judiciary
Local government
Parish captains
Elections
House of Keys elections
Legislative Council elections
Keys constituencies
Political parties
Last Keys election
Other countries
vte
The Department of Home Affairs (Manx: Rheynn Cooishyn Sthie) ensures the safety, protection and security of the Isle of Man.
The Department is responsible for the Isle of Man Constabulary, the Isle of Man Fire and Rescue Service, the Prison and Probation Service, emergency planning and Civil Defence.
The current Minister for Justice and Home Affairs is Jane Poole-Wilson MHK.
Function
Isle of Man Constabulary
Isle of Man Fire and Rescue Service
Prison and Probation Service
Emergency Planning and Civil Defence
Emergency Services Joint Control Room
Agencies reporting to the Department of Home Affairs
Communications Commission
Current and previous Ministers and Chairs
Minister for Home Affairs (Minister for Justice and Home Affairs with effect from 1 December 2020)
Hon. Jane Poole-Wilson MHK, from October 2021
Hon. Graham Cregeen MHK, 3 March 2020 – October 2021
Hon. David Ashford MHK, 21 February 2020 – 2 March 2020
Hon. Bill Malarkey MHK, 7 October 2016 – 20 February 2020
Hon. John Shimmin MHK, 28 September 2016 – 6 October 2016
Hon. Juan Watterson MHK, 13 September 2012 – 27 September 2016
Hon. John Shimmin MHK, 3 September 2012 - 12 September 2012
Hon. Juan Watterson MHK, 14 October 2011 - 2 September 2012
Hon. Adrian Earnshaw MHK, 11 August 2008 - 13 October 2011
Hon. Martyn Quayle MHK, 15 December 2006 - 10 August 2008
Hon. John Shimmin MHK, 1 August 2005 - 14 December 2006
Hon. Phil Braidwood MHK, 6 December 2001 - 31 July 2005
Hon. Allan Bell MHK, 6 December 1996 - 5 December 2001
Hon. Richard Corkill MHK, 13 March 1995 - 5 December 1996
Hon. Arnold Callin MLC, 18 December 1991 - 12 March 1995
Hon. Edmund Lowey MLC, 16 December 1986 - 17 December 1991
Chair of the Home Affairs Board
Noel Cringle, 1982-1986
Ian Anderson, 1981-1982
References
^ "Department of Home Affairs Order 1986" (PDF). Tynwald.
Authority control databases
ISNI
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manx_language"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man Constabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man Fire and Rescue Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man_Fire_and_Rescue_Service"},{"link_name":"Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man_Prison"},{"link_name":"Civil Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Defence"},{"link_name":"Jane Poole-Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Poole-Wilson"}],"text":"The Department of Home Affairs (Manx: Rheynn Cooishyn Sthie) ensures the safety, protection and security of the Isle of Man.The Department is responsible for the Isle of Man Constabulary, the Isle of Man Fire and Rescue Service, the Prison and Probation Service, emergency planning and Civil Defence.The current Minister for Justice and Home Affairs is Jane Poole-Wilson MHK.","title":"Department of Home Affairs (Isle of Man)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isle of Man Constabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man Fire and Rescue Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man_Fire_and_Rescue_Service"}],"text":"Isle of Man Constabulary\nIsle of Man Fire and Rescue Service\nPrison and Probation Service\nEmergency Planning and Civil Defence\nEmergency Services Joint Control Room","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Agencies reporting to the Department of Home Affairs","text":"Communications Commission","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current and previous Ministers and Chairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jane Poole-Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Poole-Wilson"},{"link_name":"Graham Cregeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Cregeen"},{"link_name":"David Ashford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ashford"},{"link_name":"Bill Malarkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Malarky"},{"link_name":"John Shimmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shimmin"},{"link_name":"Juan Watterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Watterson"},{"link_name":"John Shimmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shimmin"},{"link_name":"Juan Watterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Watterson"},{"link_name":"Adrian Earnshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Earnshaw"},{"link_name":"Martyn Quayle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyn_Quayle"},{"link_name":"John Shimmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shimmin"},{"link_name":"Phil Braidwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Braidwood"},{"link_name":"Allan Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Bell"},{"link_name":"Richard Corkill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Corkill"},{"link_name":"Arnold Callin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Callin"},{"link_name":"Edmund Lowey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Lowey"}],"sub_title":"Minister for Home Affairs (Minister for Justice and Home Affairs with effect from 1 December 2020)","text":"Hon. Jane Poole-Wilson MHK, from October 2021\nHon. Graham Cregeen MHK, 3 March 2020 – October 2021\nHon. David Ashford MHK, 21 February 2020 – 2 March 2020\nHon. Bill Malarkey MHK, 7 October 2016 – 20 February 2020\nHon. John Shimmin MHK, 28 September 2016 – 6 October 2016\nHon. Juan Watterson MHK, 13 September 2012 – 27 September 2016\nHon. John Shimmin MHK, 3 September 2012 - 12 September 2012\nHon. Juan Watterson MHK, 14 October 2011 - 2 September 2012\nHon. Adrian Earnshaw MHK, 11 August 2008 - 13 October 2011\nHon. Martyn Quayle MHK, 15 December 2006 - 10 August 2008\nHon. John Shimmin MHK, 1 August 2005 - 14 December 2006\nHon. Phil Braidwood MHK, 6 December 2001 - 31 July 2005\nHon. Allan Bell MHK, 6 December 1996 - 5 December 2001\nHon. Richard Corkill MHK, 13 March 1995 - 5 December 1996\nHon. Arnold Callin MLC, 18 December 1991 - 12 March 1995\nHon. Edmund Lowey MLC, 16 December 1986 - 17 December 1991","title":"Current and previous Ministers and Chairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Noel Cringle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Cringle"},{"link_name":"Ian Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Anderson_(Manx_politician)"}],"sub_title":"Chair of the Home Affairs Board","text":"Noel Cringle, 1982-1986\nIan Anderson, 1981-1982","title":"Current and previous Ministers and Chairs"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Department of Home Affairs Order 1986\" (PDF). Tynwald.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tynwald.org.im/links/tls/GC/19801989/1986-GC-0120.pdf","url_text":"\"Department of Home Affairs Order 1986\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.gov.im/dha","external_links_name":"www.gov.im/dha"},{"Link":"http://www.tynwald.org.im/links/tls/GC/19801989/1986-GC-0120.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Department of Home Affairs Order 1986\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000406483912","external_links_name":"ISNI"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Neuroscience
|
International Journal of Neuroscience
|
["1 Editors","2 References"]
|
Academic journalInternational Journal of NeuroscienceDisciplineNeuroscienceLanguageEnglishEdited byMohamad BydonPublication detailsHistory1978–presentPublisherTaylor & Francis (United States)FrequencyMonthlyImpact factor2.107 (2019)Standard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4Int. J. Neurosci.IndexingCODEN (alt · alt2) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt)MIAR · NLM (alt) · ScopusISSN0020-7454 (print)1563-5279 (web)Links
Journal homepage
The International Journal of Neuroscience is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes original research articles, reviews, brief scientific notes, case studies, letters to the editor, and book reviews concerned with all aspects of neuroscience and neurology.
Editors
The Editors-in-Chief of the International Journal of Neuroscience is Dr. Mohamad Bydon.
References
^ "International Journal of Neuroscience". tandfonline.com. Retrieved 2018-10-21.
^ "International Journal of Neuroscience". tandfonline.com. Retrieved 2018-10-21.
^ "Mohamad Bydon, M.D." Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2018-10-21.
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"International Journal of Neuroscience\". tandfonline.com. Retrieved 2018-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/ines20/current","url_text":"\"International Journal of Neuroscience\""}]},{"reference":"\"International Journal of Neuroscience\". tandfonline.com. Retrieved 2018-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=editorialBoard&journalCode=ines20","url_text":"\"International Journal of Neuroscience\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mohamad Bydon, M.D.\" Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2018-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mayo.edu/research/faculty/bydon-mohamad-m-d/bio-20151497","url_text":"\"Mohamad Bydon, M.D.\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortopexy
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Aortopexy
|
["1 References"]
|
Aortopexy is a surgical procedure in which the aortic arch is fixated to the sternum. It results in the tracheal lumen being pulled open. It is used to treat severe tracheomalacia or tracheal compression.
The procedure was originally proposed as a treatment for tracheomalacia Filler et al. in 1976.
References
^ Filler, R. M.; Rossello, P. J.; Lebowitz, R. L. (October 1976). "Life-threatening anoxic spells caused by tracheal compression after repair of esophageal atresia: correction by surgery". Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 11 (5): 739–748. doi:10.1016/0022-3468(76)90098-1. ISSN 0022-3468. PMID 993944.
Aortopexy for the treatment of tracheomalacia in children
Surgical approaches to aortopexy for severe tracheomalacia
This surgery article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The procedure was originally proposed as a treatment for tracheomalacia Filler et al.[1] in 1976.","title":"Aortopexy"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Filler, R. M.; Rossello, P. J.; Lebowitz, R. L. (October 1976). \"Life-threatening anoxic spells caused by tracheal compression after repair of esophageal atresia: correction by surgery\". Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 11 (5): 739–748. doi:10.1016/0022-3468(76)90098-1. ISSN 0022-3468. PMID 993944.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-3468%2876%2990098-1","url_text":"10.1016/0022-3468(76)90098-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3468","url_text":"0022-3468"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/993944","url_text":"993944"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-3468%2876%2990098-1","external_links_name":"10.1016/0022-3468(76)90098-1"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3468","external_links_name":"0022-3468"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/993944","external_links_name":"993944"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3502176/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.jpedsurg.org/article/S0022-3468(13)00755-0/pdf","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aortopexy&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WUWM
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WUWM
|
["1 Programming","2 History","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Public radio station in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
WUWMMilwaukee, WisconsinBroadcast areaGreater MilwaukeeFrequency89.7 MHzBrandingMilwaukee's NPRProgrammingFormatNon-Commercial Public Radio - News - TalkAffiliationsNPRPublic Radio InternationalAmerican Public MediaBBC World ServiceOwnershipOwnerUniversity of Wisconsin–Milwaukee(Board of Regents, University of Wisconsin System)HistoryFirst air dateSeptember 24, 1964; 59 years ago (1964-09-24)Call sign meaningUniversity of Wisconsin-MilwaukeeTechnical informationFacility ID4285ClassBERP13,500 wattsHAAT289 meters (948 feet)Transmitter coordinates43°05′26″N 87°53′50″W / 43.09056°N 87.89722°W / 43.09056; -87.89722LinksWebcastListen LiveWebsitewuwm.com
WUWM (89.7 FM, "Milwaukee's NPR") is a non-commercial, listener-supported public radio station in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It is owned and operated by the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee with the license held by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. A unit of the UW-Milwaukee College of Letters and Science, the station's studios and offices are on the seventh floor of Chase Tower in Downtown Milwaukee.
WUWM is a Class B FM station, with an effective radiated power (ERP) of 13,500 watts. The transmitter is atop the WITI TV Tower in Shorewood.
Programming
WUWM airs programs such as Morning Edition, All Things Considered, Fresh Air, 1A, On Point, Marketplace and Here and Now from National Public Radio (NPR), Public Radio International and American Public Media. It also carries the BBC World Service overnight.
WUWM is the largest NPR member in the state that is not part of the statewide Wisconsin Public Radio network. WPR operates a station in Greater Milwaukee, Delafield-licensed WHAD. For the better part of its history, WUWM has purposely avoided duplicating weekend programming with WHAD. However, in May 2024, as part of a major realignment of WPR's stations, WHAD now features the WPR Music network around the clock (with the WPR News network now exclusive to its HD Radio subchannel), leaving WUWM as the sole outlet for NPR news and talk in Milwaukee.
Each weekday, WUWM has an hour of local interviews and call-ins called Lake Effect. It is heard at noon and repeated most nights at 8 p.m. WUWM has periodic fundraisers on the air and appeals for donations on its website. WUWM also airs some weekend music shows, and until his retirement in April 2024, carried a weekly adult album alternative program hosted by longtime Milwaukee radio personality (and early WUWM staff member) Bob Reitman called It's Alright Ma, It's Only Music.
History
WUWM signed on the air on September 24, 1964; 59 years ago (1964-09-24). Originally a place for students to train for broadcasting careers, it took on a more professional outlook with the formation of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. It became a charter member of NPR in 1971, and remained independently operated from what was then known as the Wisconsin Educational Radio Network, even after the same year's merger of the Wisconsin State University system and the University of Wisconsin into the combined University of Wisconsin System.
However, its signal was largely limited to the area around the UW-Milwaukee campus and Milwaukee's East Side. That changed in 1978, when WITI owner Storer Broadcasting donated space on the WITI TV Tower for the station, allowing it to eventually have the same signal range as the area's television stations, including channel 6. It was originally limited to 1,500 watts due to a glut of stations on the lower end of the FM dial in the Chicago-Milwaukee-Madison axis. However, a change in FCC regulations gave priority to fully qualified public radio stations. It gradually increased its power to 15,500 watts, giving it full-power status that reached the full Milwaukee market.
Its weekday schedule changed in 1988, going with all news, talk and information. That was well before most NPR stations in large cities around the U.S. made a similar move, replacing weekday music shows with spoken-word programming.
In January 2010, WUWM's studios moved from the Shops of Grand Avenue to facilities in the Chase Tower in Downtown Milwaukee. The Chase Tower has studios, offices and production stations for recording upcoming shows and features.
Until December 2013, the station broadcast using HD Radio technology. It operated an automated AAA station on its second HD digital subchannel, known as The Deuce. The HD transmitter broke down in December 2013, and WUWM opted not to replace it. According to the station's general manager at the time, Dave Edwards (who was also the chairman of the NPR board), the HD2 stream attracted minimal listenership over the air, and only 200 listeners per week online. With little outside of a small jump in audio quality on the main signal to justify the technology, station officials concluded it was not worth the effort to bring the HD transmitter back online.
References
^ Radio-Locator.com/WUWM
^ History of WUWM, WUWM website. Retrieved on June 10, 2007.
^ "WUWM: STATION TOUR". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16.
^ Dudek, Duane (11 February 2014). "It's a streaming world — except when the stream is gone". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
External links
WUWM official website
WUWM in the FCC FM station database
WUWM in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
vteRadio stations in the Milwaukee, Wisconsin, metropolitan area including RacineBy AM frequency
540
620
860
920
940
1130
1250
1290
1340
1400
1460
1470
1510
1540
1560
1610
1640
By FM frequency
88.1
88.9
89.7
90.7
91.1
91.7
92.1
92.5
93.3
94.5
95.7
96.1
96.5
97.3
98.3
99.1
100.1
100.7
102.1
102.9
103.7
104.7
104.9
105.3
106.1
106.9
107.7
LPFM
89.3
99.7
101.3
WKJJ-LP1
WPJQ-LP1
104.1
104.3
Translators
92.9
93.7
96.1
97.9
98.7
99.9
100.3
101.7
102.5
103.3
104.5
105.7
106.5
107.3
NOAA Weather Radiofrequency
162.4
162.45
162.525
Digital radioby frequency & subchannel
88.9-1
88.9-2
90.7-1
90.7-2
93.3-1
93.3-2
94.5-1
94.5-2
95.7-1
95.7-2
96.5-1
97.3-1
97.3-2
98.3-1
98.3-2
99.1-1
99.1-2
100.7-1
100.7-2
102.9-1
103.7-1
103.7-2
103.7-3
104.7-1
104.7-2
106.1-1
106.1-2
106.1-3
106.9-1
By call sign
KEC60
KZZ76
W225CP
W230CI
W241CI
W250BN
W254CU
W260CV
W262CJ
W269DL
W273DQ
W277CV
W283CJ
W289CB
W293CX
W297BY
WAUK
WBQR-LP
WDDW
WFAW
WGKB
WGTD
WGLB
WHAD
WHQG
WISN
WIWI-LP
WJMR-FM
WJOI
WJTI
WKJJ-LP1
WKKV-FM
WKLH
WKTI
WLDB
WLKG
WLUM-FM
WLVE
WMBZ
WMIL-FM
WMSE
WMWG-LP
WMWK
WMYX-FM
WNOV
WOKY
WPJQ-LP1
WPTJ444 & WPZK577 (WISDOT Traffic)
WPTT
WRIT-FM
WRJN
WRNW
WRXS
WRYU
WSJP
WSJP-FM
WSSP
WTKM-FM
WTMJ
WUWM
WVCY-FM
WVTY
WWG91
WXRW-LP
WXSS
WYMS
WZTI
Defunct
WAWA
WCCX
WFMR
WTMJ-FM (40s/50s version)
Nearby regions
Appleton-Oshkosh
Kenosha/Waukegan
Janesville-Beloit/Jefferson County
Madison
Sheboygan-Manitowoc
See also
List of radio stations in Wisconsin
Notes
1. Under a "Shared Time" agreement.
vteNPR station networks/member stations in the state of WisconsinWisconsin Public RadioNPR News & Classical Network
WERN Madison
WGTD Kenosha/Racine
WHND Sister Bay/N. Door County
WHRM Wausau
WHSA Brule/Hayward
WHWA Washburn/Ashland/Bayfield
WLSU La Crosse
WPNE Green Bay
WSSU Superior
WSSW Platteville
WUEC Eau Claire
WVSS Menomonie
Wisconsin Public Radio Ideas Network
KUWS Superior
WHA Madison
WHAA Adams/Wisconsin Rapids/Wisconsin Dells
WHAD Delafield/Milwaukee
W300BM Madison/E. Dane County
WHBM Park Falls
WHDI Sister Bay/N. Door County
WHHI Highland/W. Dane County
WHID Green Bay
WHLA La Crosse
WHWC Menomonie
WLBL Auburndale/Stevens Point
WLBL-FM Wausau
WRFW River Falls
WRST-FM Oshkosh/Fond du Lac
WSHS Sheboygan
WUWS Ashland
Wisconsin Public Radio HD2 Classical Network(HD/Internet radio network)
KUWS-HD2 Superior/Duluth
WERN-HD2 Madison
WHAD-HD2 Delafield/Milwaukee
WHRM-HD2 Wausau
WERN-HD2 Madison
WLSU-HD2 La Crosse
WPNE-HD2 Green Bay
Milwaukee Public Radio
WUWM
Radio Milwaukee
WYMS
WXPR Public Radio
WXPR Rhinelander
WXPW Wausau
W265AI Ironwood, Michigan
Woodland Community RadioWOJB Reserve/HaywardSee also List of NPR stations
See also
adult contemporary
classic hits
college
country
news/talk
NPR
oldies
religious
rock
sports
top 40
urban
other radio stations in Wisconsin
vteWisconsin college radio stationsStations
KUWS (University of Wisconsin – Superior)
WMSE (Milwaukee School of Engineering)
WSUM (University of Wisconsin)
WSUP (University of Wisconsin – Platteville)
WSUW (University of Wisconsin – Whitewater)
WUWM (University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee)
WWSP (University of Wisconsin – Stevens Point)
WRST (University of Wisconsin – Oshkosh)
Defunct
WCCX (Carroll College)
WIPZ-LP (University of Wisconsin – Parkside)
WRNC-LP (Northland College)
WRPN-FM (Ripon College)
See also
adult contemporary
classic hits
college
country
news/talk
NPR
oldies
religious
rock
sports
top 40
urban
other radio stations in Wisconsin
vteUniversity of Wisconsin–MilwaukeeAcademics
College of Engineering & Applied Science
College of Health Sciences
College of Letters and Science
College of Nursing
School of Social Welfare
School of the Arts
School of Architecture & Urban Planning
School of Education
School of Information Studies
School of Business
School of Public Health
School of Freshwater Sciences
Research
UWM Research Foundation
Research Growth Initiative
Great Lakes WATER Institute
Einstein@Home
Campus
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee Libraries
UWM Union
Sandburg Halls
Greene Geological Museum
Helene Zelazo Center
Athletics
Milwaukee Panthers
Baseball
Men's basketball
Women's basketball
Football
Horizon League
Engelmann Field
J. Martin Klotsche Center
Franklin Field
People
Notable alumni
Notable faculty
Notable athletes and sports figures
University chancellors
Student life
Student Association
Housing
WUWM
UWM Post
Student organizations
Performing arts venues
In popular culture
History
Public art
Lapham Memorial
Three Bronze Discs
Milwaukee
Polyphony
Float
Happy-Go-Luckies of Nature and Technology
Jantar-Mantar
Pangaea
Related
University of Wisconsin System
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"non-commercial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commercial_educational_station"},{"link_name":"public radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_radio"},{"link_name":"station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"College of Letters and Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Milwaukee_College_of_Letters_and_Science"},{"link_name":"Chase Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Tower_(Milwaukee)"},{"link_name":"Downtown Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Class B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_broadcast_station_classes"},{"link_name":"effective radiated power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_radiated_power"},{"link_name":"watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt"},{"link_name":"transmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter"},{"link_name":"WITI TV Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WITI_TV_Tower"},{"link_name":"Shorewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorewood,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"WUWM (89.7 FM, \"Milwaukee's NPR\") is a non-commercial, listener-supported public radio station in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It is owned and operated by the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee with the license held by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. A unit of the UW-Milwaukee College of Letters and Science, the station's studios and offices are on the seventh floor of Chase Tower in Downtown Milwaukee.WUWM is a Class B FM station, with an effective radiated power (ERP) of 13,500 watts. The transmitter is atop the WITI TV Tower in Shorewood.[1]","title":"WUWM"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morning Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_Edition"},{"link_name":"All Things Considered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Things_Considered"},{"link_name":"Fresh Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_Air"},{"link_name":"1A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1A_(radio_program)"},{"link_name":"On Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Point"},{"link_name":"Marketplace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketplace"},{"link_name":"Here and Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_and_Now_(Boston)"},{"link_name":"National Public Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Radio"},{"link_name":"Public Radio International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Radio_International"},{"link_name":"American Public Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Public_Media"},{"link_name":"BBC World Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_World_Service"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Public Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Public_Radio"},{"link_name":"Greater Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Delafield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delafield,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"WHAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHAD"},{"link_name":"HD Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_Radio"},{"link_name":"fundraisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundraiser"},{"link_name":"adult album alternative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_album_alternative"},{"link_name":"Bob Reitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Reitman"}],"text":"WUWM airs programs such as Morning Edition, All Things Considered, Fresh Air, 1A, On Point, Marketplace and Here and Now from National Public Radio (NPR), Public Radio International and American Public Media. It also carries the BBC World Service overnight.WUWM is the largest NPR member in the state that is not part of the statewide Wisconsin Public Radio network. WPR operates a station in Greater Milwaukee, Delafield-licensed WHAD. For the better part of its history, WUWM has purposely avoided duplicating weekend programming with WHAD. However, in May 2024, as part of a major realignment of WPR's stations, WHAD now features the WPR Music network around the clock (with the WPR News network now exclusive to its HD Radio subchannel), leaving WUWM as the sole outlet for NPR news and talk in Milwaukee.Each weekday, WUWM has an hour of local interviews and call-ins called Lake Effect. It is heard at noon and repeated most nights at 8 p.m. WUWM has periodic fundraisers on the air and appeals for donations on its website. WUWM also airs some weekend music shows, and until his retirement in April 2024, carried a weekly adult album alternative program hosted by longtime Milwaukee radio personality (and early WUWM staff member) Bob Reitman called It's Alright Ma, It's Only Music.","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"signed on","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign-on"},{"link_name":"Corporation for Public Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_System"},{"link_name":"Storer Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storer_Communications"},{"link_name":"WITI TV Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WITI_TV_Tower"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Shops of Grand Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shops_of_Grand_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Chase Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Tower_(Milwaukee)"},{"link_name":"Downtown Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"HD Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_Radio"},{"link_name":"automated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation"},{"link_name":"digital subchannel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subchannel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"WUWM signed on the air on September 24, 1964; 59 years ago (1964-09-24). Originally a place for students to train for broadcasting careers, it took on a more professional outlook with the formation of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. It became a charter member of NPR in 1971, and remained independently operated from what was then known as the Wisconsin Educational Radio Network, even after the same year's merger of the Wisconsin State University system and the University of Wisconsin into the combined University of Wisconsin System.However, its signal was largely limited to the area around the UW-Milwaukee campus and Milwaukee's East Side. That changed in 1978, when WITI owner Storer Broadcasting donated space on the WITI TV Tower for the station, allowing it to eventually have the same signal range as the area's television stations, including channel 6. It was originally limited to 1,500 watts due to a glut of stations on the lower end of the FM dial in the Chicago-Milwaukee-Madison axis. However, a change in FCC regulations gave priority to fully qualified public radio stations. It gradually increased its power to 15,500 watts, giving it full-power status that reached the full Milwaukee market.Its weekday schedule changed in 1988, going with all news, talk and information.[2] That was well before most NPR stations in large cities around the U.S. made a similar move, replacing weekday music shows with spoken-word programming.In January 2010, WUWM's studios moved from the Shops of Grand Avenue to facilities in the Chase Tower in Downtown Milwaukee.[3] The Chase Tower has studios, offices and production stations for recording upcoming shows and features.Until December 2013, the station broadcast using HD Radio technology. It operated an automated AAA station on its second HD digital subchannel, known as The Deuce. The HD transmitter broke down in December 2013, and WUWM opted not to replace it. According to the station's general manager at the time, Dave Edwards (who was also the chairman of the NPR board), the HD2 stream attracted minimal listenership over the air, and only 200 listeners per week online. With little outside of a small jump in audio quality on the main signal to justify the technology, station officials concluded it was not worth the effort to bring the HD transmitter back online.[4]","title":"History"}]
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[{"reference":"\"WUWM: STATION TOUR\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716225728/http://www.wuwm.com/inside/index.php?page=tour","url_text":"\"WUWM: STATION TOUR\""},{"url":"http://www.wuwm.com/inside/index.php?page=tour","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dudek, Duane (11 February 2014). \"It's a streaming world — except when the stream is gone\". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved 6 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jsonline.com/entertainment/tvradio/its-a-streaming-world--except-when-the-stream-is-gone-b99202853z1-245014291.html","url_text":"\"It's a streaming world — except when the stream is gone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Journal_Sentinel","url_text":"Milwaukee Journal Sentinel"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Look_Good_Naked
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How to Look Good Naked
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["1 Format","2 Catchphrases","3 Series guide","4 Versions in other countries","5 References","6 External links"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "How to Look Good Naked" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
British TV series or programme
How to Look Good NakedCreated byMaverick TelevisionPresented byGok WanCountry of originUnited KingdomProductionExecutive producersRiaz Patel, Alex Fraser, Jo Rosenfelder, Jim Sayer, Chris Coelen, Greg Goldman, Carson KressleyProducersPaula Archer, Aja Becher, Jerry Carita, Andrea Chung, Elizabeth Davies, Diane DeStefano, David Garfield, Atousa Hojatpanah, Valana Hunn, Camilla Rahaman, Richard D. TucciOriginal releaseNetworkChannel 4, Really
How to Look Good Naked is a television program, first aired on British Channel 4 in 2006, in which fashion stylist Gok Wan encourages women and men who are insecure with their bodies to strip nude for the camera. The programme is unique among other similar makeover shows in that it never encourages participants to undergo cosmetic surgery or lose weight. The US format premiered on Lifetime Television in 2008 with Carson Kressley hosting, it was the #1 Unscripted Show on the network at the time.
On 27 June 2019, it was announced that the show would be revived by Really with Gok Wan returning as host. This would be the channel's first commission since its acquisition by Discovery.
Format
The format of the show is based on activities designed to build a woman's self-esteem and self-confidence. These include photographing the woman naked and then displaying a very large picture of the woman's body in a public place, such as projected onto the side of a building or on the side of a van, and asking passers-by what they think of them. Viewers typically respond very positively, which builds the woman's self-esteem. Wan burns the woman's current underwear and then replaces it with more flattering underwear, including "tummy tuck pants". At the end of each episode, Wan asks the woman to walk down the modeling catwalk showing her new nude look to family and friends.
In more recent episodes, Wan has used a variety of very personal tactics designed to encourage women to love their bodies and feel sexy. He has had women pose naked in London shop windows, stopped women on the street and asked if they have Lady Lines, published the image of a semi-naked woman on the front of a fake newspaper titled Naked News, and then handed the newspaper out on a busy London street. At the end of each catwalk show, the woman is encouraged to strip naked on stage to show how far they had come in terms of body confidence.
Catchphrases
Wan's favourite and most famous catchphrases include "bangers", which is slang for breasts, and "gorgeous", often calling the women participating in the show "girlfriend". Many of his other catchphrases are puns on his name, such as "Gok shock" and "fairy Gok mother". In his most recent series, Wan has introduced a new feature aimed at giving style and beauty advice to men, which he calls "Wan for the boys".
Series guide
Series 1: Eight 30 minute episodes – first shown from 27 June 2006
Series 2: Eight 30 minute episodes – first shown from 1 May 2007
Series 3: Eight 30 minute episodes – first shown from 14 November 2007
Series 4: Seven 30 minute episodes + six 60 minute revisits – first shown from 8 April 2008
American Series:
Series 1 : Eight 30 minute episodes
Series 2 : Eight 60 minute episodes
Versions in other countries
The U.S. version of How to Look Good Naked airs on Lifetime, and is hosted by Carson Kressley. The show was promoted on The Oprah Winfrey Show, in addition to receiving rave reviews from the New York Times and the L.A. Times. Its premiere was the biggest in the network's 24-year history. The US version has aired on Network Ten in Australia and E4 in the United Kingdom.
In Belgium, there is a show called Look Good or Nicely Naked.
There is also a Swedish version called Snygg Naken, an Italian version called Nude e Belle, an Israeli version called בעירום מלא (Be'erom Mal'e), a French version, Belle toute nue, which began on the M6 channel on 9 December 2008, and Polish version called Jak dobrze wyglądać nago, which will begin on TVN Style channel in March 2009.
In late 2009/early 2010, the Canadian version of How to Look Good Naked premiered and currently runs on the W Network, on which the UK version once aired. It is hosted by Zain Meghji.
Since 2010 there is also a Czech version called Nahá jsi krásná (Naked you're beautiful) hosted by Libor Šula.
References
^ "Gok Wan's How To Look Good Naked axed by Channel 4". Evening Standard. 11 April 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
External links
How to Look Good Naked at IMDb
How to Look Good Naked on Channel 4
How to Look Good Naked on Lifetime Television
How to Look Good Naked Canada on W Network
vteLifetime original programmingCurrent
Married at First Sight (since 2017)
Former1980s-1990s debuts
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Gay, Straight or Taken? (2007)
Side Order of Life (2007)
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America's Psychic Challenge (2007)
How to Look Good Naked (2008)
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Blush: The Search for the Next Great Makeup Artist (2008)
DietTribe (2009)
Project Runway (2009–17)
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Abby's Ultimate Dance Competition (2012–13)
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Witches of East End (2013–14)
Chasing Nashville (2013)
Kim of Queens (2014–2015)
Betty White's Off Their Rockers (2014–17)
Under the Gunn (2014)
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The Lottery (2014)
Raising Asia (2014)
Project Runway: Threads (2014)
The Sisterhood: Becoming Nuns (2014)
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Child Genius (2015–16)
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Pitch Slapped (2016)
Mother/Daughter Experiment (2016)
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American Beauty Star (2017-19)
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Growing Up Supermodel (2017)
Mary Kills People (2017–18)
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Bring It! (2014–19)
Project Runway: Junior (2015–19)
The Rap Game (2016–19)
American Princess (2019)
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Marrying Millions (2019-21)
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2020s debuts
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Surviving Jeffrey Epstein (2020)
|
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The US format premiered on Lifetime Television in 2008 with Carson Kressley hosting, it was the #1 Unscripted Show on the network at the time.On 27 June 2019, it was announced that the show would be revived by Really with Gok Wan returning as host. This would be the channel's first commission since its acquisition by Discovery.","title":"How to Look Good Naked"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"self-esteem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-esteem"},{"link_name":"self-confidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-confidence"}],"text":"The format of the show is based on activities designed to build a woman's self-esteem and self-confidence. These include photographing the woman naked and then displaying a very large picture of the woman's body in a public place, such as projected onto the side of a building or on the side of a van, and asking passers-by what they think of them. Viewers typically respond very positively, which builds the woman's self-esteem. Wan burns the woman's current underwear and then replaces it with more flattering underwear, including \"tummy tuck pants\". At the end of each episode, Wan asks the woman to walk down the modeling catwalk showing her new nude look to family and friends.In more recent episodes, Wan has used a variety of very personal tactics designed to encourage women to love their bodies and feel sexy. He has had women pose naked in London shop windows, stopped women on the street and asked if they have Lady Lines, published the image of a semi-naked woman on the front of a fake newspaper titled Naked News, and then handed the newspaper out on a busy London street. At the end of each catwalk show, the woman is encouraged to strip naked on stage to show how far they had come in terms of body confidence.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Wan's favourite and most famous catchphrases include \"bangers\", which is slang for breasts, and \"gorgeous\", often calling the women participating in the show \"girlfriend\". Many of his other catchphrases are puns on his name, such as \"Gok shock\" and \"fairy Gok mother\". In his most recent series, Wan has introduced a new feature aimed at giving style and beauty advice to men, which he calls \"Wan for the boys\".","title":"Catchphrases"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Series 1: Eight 30 minute episodes – first shown from 27 June 2006\nSeries 2: Eight 30 minute episodes – first shown from 1 May 2007\nSeries 3: Eight 30 minute episodes – first shown from 14 November 2007\nSeries 4: Seven 30 minute episodes + six 60 minute revisits – first shown from 8 April 2008American Series:Series 1 : Eight 30 minute episodes\nSeries 2 : Eight 60 minute episodes","title":"Series guide"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Lifetime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifetime_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Carson Kressley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_Kressley"},{"link_name":"The Oprah Winfrey Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oprah_Winfrey_Show"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"L.A. 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The US version has aired on Network Ten in Australia and E4 in the United Kingdom.In Belgium, there is a show called Look Good or Nicely Naked.There is also a Swedish version called Snygg Naken, an Italian version called Nude e Belle, an Israeli version called בעירום מלא (Be'erom Mal'e), a French version, Belle toute nue, which began on the M6 channel on 9 December 2008, and Polish version called Jak dobrze wyglądać nago, which will begin on TVN Style channel in March 2009.In late 2009/early 2010, the Canadian version of How to Look Good Naked premiered and currently runs on the W Network, on which the UK version once aired. It is hosted by Zain Meghji.Since 2010 there is also a Czech version called Nahá jsi krásná (Naked you're beautiful) hosted by Libor Šula.","title":"Versions in other countries"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear_Heaven
|
Dear Heaven
|
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Awards","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Dear HeavenAlso known asLove in HeavenDear GodHangul하늘이시여Literal meaningDear SkyRevised RomanizationHaneurisiyeo
GenreMelodramaRomanceWritten byIm Sung-hanDirected byLee Young-heeShin Yoon-seobStarringYoon Jung-heeLee Tae-gonCho Yeon-wooLee Soo-kyungWang Bit-naCountry of originSouth KoreaOriginal languageKoreanNo. of episodes85ProductionExecutive producerYoon Young-mukProducersJo Dong-sukLee Hyun-sukRunning time60 minutesProduction companiesKorean Broadcasting Entertainment for Satellite & Terrestrial (K-BEST), Inc.Original releaseNetworkSBS TVRelease10 September 2005 (2005-09-10) –2 July 2006 (2006-07-02)
Dear Heaven (Korean: 하늘이시여) is a South Korean television series starring Yoon Jung-hee, Lee Tae-gon, Cho Yeon-woo, Lee Soo-kyung, and Wang Bit-na. It aired on SBS TV from September 10, 2005, to July 2, 2006, on Saturdays and Sundays at 20:45 for 85 episodes.
According to AGB Nielsen Media Research, it was the 5th highest rated TV program in Korea for the year 2006, with an average rating of 28.3%, and a peak rating of 44.5%.
The popular soap opera invited both criticism and high ratings for its provocative plot. The story revolved around a middle-aged woman who introduces her handsome news anchor stepson to her abandoned daughter, who had led a miserable life because of a cruel stepmother. It triggered controversy when the woman was revealed as the girl's biological mother. Viewers were divided on whether it was "immoral" and "incestuous" or a fresh take on relationship dramas, but director Lee Young-hee insisted that the show's theme was "deep maternal love, with a mother reclaiming her own daughter as a daughter-in-law in order to atone for having abandoned her as a baby."
Plot
When she was very young, Ji Young-sun (Han Hye-sook) gave away her baby Lee Ja-kyung after giving birth to her. She later remarries and creates a new family, but soon after, her husband dies, leaving her behind with her stepson Gu Wang-mo (Lee Tae-gon), and her daughter Gu Seul-ah (Lee Soo-kyung).
Now grown and a makeup artist, Lee Ja-kyung (Yoon Jung-hee) finds herself adrift with loneliness since her foster parents died when she was a child. She fell in love with her step-uncle but his family shuns her, dashing away any hopes of being with him. Deciding to focus on her career and find a new love, she meets Wang-mo, a TV news anchor.
Young-sun has been searching for the daughter whom she had abandoned in her youth. As if guided by the hand of fate, she discovers that Ja-kyung is already going out with Young-sun's own stepson, Wang-mo. In order to keep her secret daughter by her side, Young-sun does everything in her power to marry Ja-kyung to Wang-mo, and eventually succeeds. The two women form a curious double relationship, as at once mother/daughter and mother-in-law/daughter-in-law.
Cast
Yoon Jung-hee as Lee Ja-kyung
Lee Tae-gon as Gu Wang-mo
Gu family
Han Hye-sook as Ji Young-sun
Lee Soo-kyung as Gu Seul-ah
Jung Hye-sun as Hwang Maria (paternal grandmother)
Kang family
Wang Bit-na as Kang Ye-ri (TV news anchor)
Kang Ji-sub as Kang Yi-ri (brother)
Hyun Suk as Kang Dong-choon (father)
Lee Bo-hee as Kim Mi-hyang (mother)
Park Hae-mi as Kim Bae-deuk (aunt, Mi-hyang's sister)
Lee family
Im Chae-moo as Lee Hong-pa (Young-sun's first love)
Ban Hyo-jung as Mo Ran-shil (Hong-pa's mother)
Kim Young-ran as Bong Eun-ji (Hong-pa's wife)
Extended cast
Cho Yeon-woo as Kim Cheong-ha (movie star)
Geum Dan-bi as Mun-ok (Ja-kyung's friend)
Lee Sook as Bae-deuk's friend
Lee Dae-ro as Bae-deuk's dancing partner
Awards
2005 SBS Drama Awards
New Star Award: Cho Yeon-woo
New Star Award: Lee Tae-gon
New Star Award: Yoon Jung-hee
2006 SBS Drama Awards
Grand Prize (Daesang): Han Hye-sook
Top 10 Stars: Han Hye-sook
References
^ "Lovebirds". The Dong-a Ilbo. 16 March 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
^ "Dramas Sweep the Top 10 Ratings List". KBS Global. 5 February 2007. Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
^ "New SBS Drama Sparks Morality Controversy Even Before Its First Episode Airs". The Dong-a Ilbo. 8 September 2005. Archived from the original on 2014-11-13. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
^ "Yoon Jung-hee Overcame Her Fears on Way to Blissful". The Chosun Ilbo. 9 March 2007. Archived from the original on 2014-08-19. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
^ Oh, Jean (2 October 2008). "Youthful drama targets weekend audience". The Korea Herald. Archived from the original on 2022-07-05. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
^ Chung, Ah-young (1 January 2007). "Broadcasters Award Top-Rated Dramas". The Korea Times via Hancinema. Archived from the original on 2008-09-07. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
External links
Official website (in Korean)
Dear Heaven at HanCinema
vteScreenplays by Im Sung-han (Phoebe)
Miss Mermaid
Dear Heaven
Assorted Gems
New Tales of Gisaeng
Princess Aurora
Apgujeong Midnight Sun
Love (ft. Marriage and Divorce)
Durian's Affair
|
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It aired on SBS TV from September 10, 2005, to July 2, 2006, on Saturdays and Sundays at 20:45 for 85 episodes.According to AGB Nielsen Media Research, it was the 5th highest rated TV program in Korea for the year 2006, with an average rating of 28.3%, and a peak rating of 44.5%.[2]The popular soap opera invited both criticism and high ratings for its provocative plot. The story revolved around a middle-aged woman who introduces her handsome news anchor stepson to her abandoned daughter, who had led a miserable life because of a cruel stepmother. It triggered controversy when the woman was revealed as the girl's biological mother. Viewers were divided on whether it was \"immoral\" and \"incestuous\" or a fresh take on relationship dramas, but director Lee Young-hee insisted that the show's theme was \"deep maternal love, with a mother reclaiming her own daughter as a daughter-in-law in order to atone for having abandoned her as a baby.\"[3]","title":"Dear Heaven"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Han Hye-sook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Hye-sook"},{"link_name":"Lee Tae-gon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Tae-gon"},{"link_name":"Lee Soo-kyung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Soo-kyung_(actress,_born_1982)"},{"link_name":"Yoon Jung-hee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoon_Jung-hee_(born_1980)"}],"text":"When she was very young, Ji Young-sun (Han Hye-sook) gave away her baby Lee Ja-kyung after giving birth to her. She later remarries and creates a new family, but soon after, her husband dies, leaving her behind with her stepson Gu Wang-mo (Lee Tae-gon), and her daughter Gu Seul-ah (Lee Soo-kyung).Now grown and a makeup artist, Lee Ja-kyung (Yoon Jung-hee) finds herself adrift with loneliness since her foster parents died when she was a child. She fell in love with her step-uncle but his family shuns her, dashing away any hopes of being with him. Deciding to focus on her career and find a new love, she meets Wang-mo, a TV news anchor.Young-sun has been searching for the daughter whom she had abandoned in her youth. As if guided by the hand of fate, she discovers that Ja-kyung is already going out with Young-sun's own stepson, Wang-mo. In order to keep her secret daughter by her side, Young-sun does everything in her power to marry Ja-kyung to Wang-mo, and eventually succeeds. 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|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Seavey
|
Why Don't We
|
["1 History","1.1 2016–2017: Career beginnings","1.2 2018–2019: 8 Letters and 12/12 era","1.3 2020–2022: The Good Times and the Bad Ones and hiatus","2 Musical influences","3 Band members","3.1 Jack Robert Avery","3.2 Corbyn Matthew Besson","3.3 Zachary Dean Herron","3.4 Jonah Marais Roth Franzitch","3.5 Daniel James Seavey","4 Tours","5 Discography","6 Awards and nominations","6.1 iHeartRadio MMVAs","6.2 iHeartRadio Music Awards","6.3 MTV Europe Music Awards","6.4 MTV Video Music Awards","6.5 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards","6.6 Radio Disney Music Awards","6.7 Teen Choice Awards","7 Explanatory notes","8 References","9 External links"]
|
American band
Why Don't WeWhy Don't We at the 2018 B96 Jingle Bash in Chicago. From left to right: Daniel Seavey, Corbyn Besson, Jonah Marais, Zach Herron, and Jack Avery.Background informationOriginLos Angeles, California, U.S.Genres
Pop
pop rock
Years active2016–2022LabelsSignature Entertainment, LLC
AtlanticMembers
Jack Avery
Corbyn Besson
Zach Herron
Jonah Marais
Daniel Seavey
Websitewhydontwemusic.com
Why Don't We, shortened to WDW, is an American boy band consisting of Jack Avery, Corbyn Besson, Zach Herron, Jonah Marais and Daniel Seavey. They were formed in 2016 and have released two studio albums and six extended plays. The group canceled tour dates and took a break in 2022.
History
2016–2017: Career beginnings
The band originally formed on September 27, 2016, after having all met in Los Angeles, California a year prior. On October 20, 2016, the group released their debut single "Taking You", a track from their debut EP, Only the Beginning, which was released on November 25 of the same year. They embarked on their first headlining tour, the "Taking You Tour", the next year. Their second EP, Something Different, was released on April 21, 2017. Following the release of their second EP, they embarked on the Something Different Tour, their second headlining tour. The group's third EP, Why Don't We Just, was released on June 2, 2017. In September 2017, the band signed with Atlantic Records. That same month, Invitation, their fourth EP, was released. On November 23, 2017, they released their fifth EP, A Why Don't We Christmas. In 2018, in support of the Invitation EP, they headlined the "Invitation Tour". Additionally the band has appeared in several vlogs of YouTuber Logan Paul.
2018–2019: 8 Letters and 12/12 era
On August 31, 2018, they released their first album, 8 Letters. The record debuted at number nine on the US Billboard 200, and was preceded by three singles: "Hooked", "Talk", and "8 Letters". In March 2019, they embarked on the "8 Letters Tour".
Why Don't We released a new song each month in 2019. On January 16, they released "Big Plans", and a music video was released three days later. The song received a gold certification from the RIAA in April 2020. On Valentine's Day, the group released "Cold In LA", along with a music video two days later. On March 20, 2019, they released the humorous song "I Don't Belong in This Club" featuring American rapper Macklemore. It was certified gold by the RIAA in August 2020. On April 20, the group released "Don't Change", which was featured on the soundtrack album of the animated film UglyDolls. In May, the group unveiled their fifth song of the year, "Unbelievable". In June, they released "Come To Brazil", inspired by fans frequently asking them to visit the country. On July 26, the band released the song "I Still Do". On August 23, they released "What Am I", penned by Ed Sheeran, who previously wrote "Trust Fund Baby". The song was certified gold by the RIAA in June of the following year. On October 25, they released "Mad At You". The following month, the group released the Christmas song "With You This Christmas". On December 30, the group released their twelfth and final song of 2019, "Chills". The group then took a nine-month break shortly after the music video release.
2020–2022: The Good Times and the Bad Ones and hiatus
On September 29, 2020, the band released "Fallin' (Adrenaline)", the lead single from their second album, The Good Times and the Bad Ones. It debuted at number 37 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, their first ever entry. Their second single from the album, "Lotus Inn", was released on December 4, 2020. They starred in a YouTube documentary titled 30 Days With, which showed the last stages of development and behind the scenes content of their then-upcoming album for 30 days. Their third single from the album, "Slow Down", was released on December 17, 2020. On January 15, 2021, The Good Times and The Bad Ones was released. The album is largely self-produced, although it also features the productions of Travis Barker, Skrillex, and Timbaland. The album debuted at number 3 on the Billboard 200 albums chart, making this their highest entry on the chart.
The band released the single "Love Back" on October 6, 2021. The band then release a cover of Justin Bieber's "Mistletoe" in December that same year. In January 2022, they released their next single in collaboration with Jonas Blue: "Don't Wake Me Up", followed by "Let Me Down Easy (Lie)" in April, “Just Friends” on May 13, and “How Do You Love Somebody” on May 31.
The band's North American tour, The Good Times Only Tour, was scheduled to commence in June 2022, but was canceled due to the litigation between Why Don't We current manager Randy Phillips and former manager David Loeffler. The band rescheduled the tour with new dates beginning in July. However, on July 6, the band announced that due to ongoing legal battles with their former management, they would be cancelling the tour and taking a hiatus.
Musical influences
Why Don't We prior to their second album release
The band has cited Justin Bieber as their main musical inspiration, in addition to 5 Seconds of Summer, Boyz II Men, The Beatles, Drake, Ed Sheeran, Childish Gambino, Jon Bellion, Post Malone, Frank Ocean and CNCO.
Band members
Jack Robert Avery
Jack Robert Avery (born July 1, 1999) was born in Burbank, California, but raised in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania. Avery released a solo single called "Liar" in 2016 and was part of the meet-and-greet tour "Impact", which members Zach Herron and Corbyn Besson were also a part of. He also starred in a short film called Fearless Five. On April 22, 2019, Avery's former girlfriend, Gabriela Gonzalez, gave birth to their daughter. He is currently single.
Corbyn Matthew Besson
Corbyn Matthew Besson (born November 25, 1998) was born in Dallas, Texas, but raised in Virginia. Besson went to high school in Centreville, Virginia. Besson's cousins are Dutch girl group O'G3NE. Before Why Don't We, he had a following on YouNow and released a solo single called "The Only One" to iTunes in 2014. His other acoustic single, "Marathon", was also released on the platform. After Why Don't We went on hiatus, Besson released 2 singles on his own. ''Love Me Better'' on February 7, 2024, and ''Like That (feat. Armani White)'' on April 12, 2024. He dated Christina Marie Harris and is now dating model Valeria (Lera) Clark
Zachary Dean Herron
Zachary Dean Herron (born May 27, 2001), the youngest member of the group, was raised in Dallas, Texas. Growing up, he sang in the choir. Before Why Don't We, Herron covered songs on YouTube and also produced two singles himself, "Timelapse" and "Why". He dated Kay Cook until 2019 and is now currently with Sierra Petrossi
Jonah Marais Roth Franzitch
Jonah Marais (born June 16, 1998), the eldest member of the group, grew up in Stillwater, Minnesota. Before Why Don't We, Marais had a following on YouNow and released an album, When the Daylight's Gone, in 2016 and went on the 2014 DigiTour. Alongside Seavey, Marais co-wrote "I Got You" for TWICE in 2024. He previously dated Tatum Dahl and Natalie Ganzhorn but is currently Single, On June 7th, 2024, Marais released two solo songs called ''TWISTED LULLABY'' and ''Heaven''
Daniel James Seavey
Daniel James Seavey (born April 2, 1999), born in Vancouver, Washington. He grew up in Portland, Oregon. A main producer of the band, he can play over 20 instruments by ear. As a child, his father would take him to do street performances on the city's art walks. Seavey competed on season 14 of American Idol and finished in ninth place. He also has released multiple songs on his own including his newest singles "Bleed on Me", "Can We Pretend That We're Good?", "Runaway" and "I Tried". Seavey released the single "The Older You Get" on May 9, 2024. The song is the first single from his upcoming debut album. He used to date Franny Arrieta and is now dating Katia Castellano. They have been together since November 2022.
Tours
Headlining
Taking You Tour (2017)
Something Different Tour (2017)
Invitation Tour (2018)
8 Letters Tour (2019)
Discography
Main article: Why Don't We discography
8 Letters (2018)
The Good Times and the Bad Ones (2021)
Awards and nominations
iHeartRadio MMVAs
Year
Nominee / work
Award
Result
Ref.
2018
Themselves
Fan Fave New Artist
Nominated
iHeartRadio Music Awards
Year
Nominee / work
Award
Result
Ref.
2018
Themselves
Best Boy Band
Nominated
2019
Limelights
Best Fan Army
Zack Caspary
Favorite Tour Photographer
2020
Limelights
Best Fan Army
Zack Caspary
Favorite Tour Photographer
Won
MTV Europe Music Awards
Year
Nominee / work
Award
Result
Ref.
2018
Themselves
Best Push
Nominated
MTV Video Music Awards
Year
Nominee / work
Award
Result
Ref.
2018
Themselves
Push Artist of the Year
Nominated
2019
Themselves
Best Group
Nominated
Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
Year
Nominee / work
Award
Result
Ref.
2018
Themselves
Favorite Musical YouTube Creator
Nominated
2019
Favorite Social Music Star
Radio Disney Music Awards
Year
Nominee / work
Award
Result
Ref.
2018
Themselves
Best New Artist
Nominated
"These Girls"
Best Song to Lip Sync to
Teen Choice Awards
Year
Nominee / work
Award
Result
Ref.
2018
Themselves
Choice Music Group
Nominated
"Trust Fund Baby"
Choice Song: Group
2019
Themselves
Choice Music Group
Won
Themselves
Choice Summer Group
Nominated
"8 Letters"
Choice Song: Group
Explanatory notes
^ On hiatus
References
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^ Falcone, Dana Rose (December 15, 2017). "Why Don't We: What to Know About the Hot New Boy Band". PEOPLE.
^ Booth, Ali (August 16, 2018). "Why Don't We Shares the Story Behind Their Decision to Form a Band". Tiger Beat.
^ Locke, Ashely (October 26, 2016). "Boy Band Why Don't We Shares the Story Behind How They Formed Their Group". Sweety High.
^ Singh, Olivia (December 4, 2016). "Why Don't We Drops 'Only the Beginning' ;) EP". TigerBeat.
^ Campbell, Emily (April 21, 2017). "Why Don't We Releases "Something Different" EP". On Air with Ryan Seacrest.
^ Lee, Julia (April 21, 2017). "Why Don't We Drops New 'Something Different' EP". TigerBeat.
^ Weatherby, Taylor (May 8, 2017). "Why Don't We Announce Headlining Summer Tour: Exclusive". Billboard.
^ "Why Don't We Just - EP by Why Don't We on Apple Music". Apple Music. Apple Inc. June 2, 2017. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
^ Stewart, Allison (December 7, 2017). "Boy band Why Don't We enjoying phase one of global dominion". Chicago Tribune.
^ "Why Don't We New EP 'Invitation': Listen". Billboard. September 27, 2017.
^ "Why Don't We Release A Why Don't We Christmas EP". November 29, 2017.
^ Ellwood-Hughes, Pip (November 27, 2017). "Why Don't We Release A Why Don't We Christmas EP". Entertainment Focus. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
^ Weatherby, Taylor (April 23, 2018). "Why Don't We's Live Show: How the Invitation Tour Proves They're Not Going Anywhere". Billboard.
^ "Logan Paul – Help Me Help You ft. Why Don't We ". YouTube. TheOfficialLoganPaul. May 18, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
^ Rincón, Alessandra (August 9, 2018). "Why Don't We Announce Debut Album '8 Letters'". Billboard.
^ "Why Don't We Scores First Top 10 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With '8 Letters'". Billboard. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
^ "Why Don't We Unveil Adventure-Filled Video For 'Hooked'". iHeartRadio. June 7, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
^ "Why Don't We 'Talk' Around the World in New Video: Watch". Billboard. July 9, 2018. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
^ Bowenbank, Starr (August 20, 2018). "Why Don't We Are Lost in Love in New '8 Letters' Video". Billboard. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
^ Booth, Ali (September 5, 2018). "Why Don't We Announces 2019 '8 Letters' Tour". Tiger Beat.
^ Klonowski, Lauren (January 17, 2019). "Why Don't We Drops "Big Plans"". Beyond The Stage Magazine. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
^ "BIG PLANS - Why Don't We ". YouTube. Why Don't We. January 19, 2019. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
^ "American single certifications – Why Don't We – Big Plans". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
^ Stivale, Shelby (February 14, 2019). "Why Don't We Releases Meaningful New Song 'Cold in LA'". Tiger Beat. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
^ "Why Don't We - Cold In LA - YouTube". YouTube. Why Don't We. February 16, 2019. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
^ Rowley, Glenn (March 20, 2019). "Why Don't We & Macklemore Would Rather Be Home in Video For 'I Don't Belong In This Club': Watch". Billboard. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
^ "American single certifications – Why Don't We – I Don't Belong in This Club (feat. Macklemore)". RIAA. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
^ Stivale, Shelby (April 17, 2019). "Why Don't We Announces New Single 'Don't Change'". Tiger Beat. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
^ Shaffer, Claire (May 28, 2019). "Watch Why Don't We Bring Life to the Desert in New 'Unbelievable' Video". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
^ Weatherby, Taylor (June 28, 2019). "Why Don't We Break Down Their Flirty New Single 'Come to Brazil': Exclusive". Billboard. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
^ Cantor, Brian (July 26, 2019). "Why Don't We's 'I Still Do,' Chainsmokers, Illenium & Lennon Stella's 'Takeaway' Reach Top 10 On US iTunes Sales Chart". Headline Planet. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
^ Shaffer, Claire (August 23, 2019). "Why Don't We Unveil Video for Ed Sheeran-Penned New Song 'What Am I'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
^ "American single certifications – Why Don't We – What Am I". RIAA. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
^ Cantor, Brian (October 25, 2019). "Why Don't We's 'Mad At You,' Lizzo & Ariana Grande's 'Good As Hell' Enter Top 5 On US iTunes Sales Chart". Headline Planet. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
^ "Why Don't We Spills Embarrassing Christmas Memories". PAPER. December 16, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
^ Weatherby, Taylor (January 6, 2020). "Why Don't We Will Give You 'Chills' With Romantic Winter Wonderland Video: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
^ Mier, Tomás (September 29, 2020). "Why Don't We Says They're 'Now the Band We've Dreamed of Being' as They Start 'Most Exciting' Era". People. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
^ Matozzo, Marissa (September 29, 2020). "On Set of Why Don't We's Comeback Video". PAPER. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
^ Cantor, Brian (October 12, 2020). "Why Don't We Celebrates Self-Written, Self-Produced "Fallin'" Making the Top 40 On Billboard Hot 100 Chart". Headline Planet. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
^ Phillips, Hedy (December 7, 2020). "Why Don't We — Lotus Inn". EUPHORIA. Magazine. Retrieved January 30, 2021.
^ Aniftos, Rania (December 9, 2020). "Why Don't We Put Their 'Heart Out on the Table' in Emotional '30 Days With' Docuseries: Exclusive Trailer". Billboard. Retrieved January 30, 2021.
^ Deville, Chris (December 18, 2020). "Boy Band Why Don't We Sample Smashing Pumpkins' On New Single". Stereogum. Retrieved January 30, 2021.
^ Whyte, Woodrow (January 14, 2021). "Why Don't We breakdown their transformative new album featuring Heath Ledger and Percy Jackson". PopBuzz. Retrieved January 30, 2021.
^ Caulfield, Keith (January 24, 2021). "Morgan Wallen's 'Dangerous: The Double Album' No. 1 for Second Week on Billboard 200". Billboard. Retrieved January 30, 2021.
^ "Jonas Blue & Why Don't We Debut on Hot Dance/Electronic Songs Chart With 'Don't Wake Me Up'". Billboard. Retrieved April 19, 2022.
^ "Why Don't We Return With New Single Let Me Down Easy (Lie)". StoreBoard. Retrieved April 19, 2022.
^ "Boy Band Why Don't We Asks Labor Commission for Help Dropping Manager". Billboard. Retrieved October 26, 2021.
^ "Why Don't We Shares New Dates for Canadian Shows".
^ "Why Don't We Amid Legal Battle with Former Management". Rolling Stone. July 6, 2022.
^ Weatherby, Taylor (July 10, 2017). "Pop Quintet Why Don't We Explain Why They're Not Just Another Boy Band & How Justin Bieber Inspired Them". Billboard. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
^ "Why Don't We Influences & Tour | Meet Series". YouTube. iHeartRadio. August 18, 2017. Retrieved November 18, 2023.
^ Cassi, Sarah (February 22, 2019). "Boy band Why Don't We coming to the Great Allentown Fair". lehighvalleylive.
^ Carter, Brooke (February 7, 2018). "Jack Avery Net Worth 2018". Gazette Review.
^ "Teen Hit Sensation: Jack Avery | Raider Reader Online News". Raider Reader. March 5, 2015. Archived from the original on September 24, 2017.
^ "10 Things You Didn't Know About Jack Avery" Tiger Beat
^ "Why Don't We Boys: A Guide to the Band Members" J-14
^ Swaim, Stephanie (May 12, 2019). "Why Don't We Singer Jack Avery Welcomes First Child With Gabriela Gonzalez". Access. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
^ a b Gravley, Garrett (April 1, 2019). "Why Don't We Proves That Boy Bands Aren't Such a Bad Thing, After All". Dallas Observer.
^ "Why Don't We Is the Next Generation's All-American Boy Band". PAPER. May 23, 2018.
^ "Corbyn • WHY DON’T WE on Instagram: "met my cousins @og3ne for the first time tonight! they are the most talented girls on this planet. my whole dutch fam came out to the show..." Instagram
^ "10 Things You Didn't Know About Corbyn Besson" Tiger Beat| iHeartRadio"] iHeartRadio
^ "10 Things You Didn't Know About Ryan Shan" Tiger Beat
^ "From fan to boy band: Stillwater native Jonah Marais to play KDWB Jingle Ball". November 30, 2017.
^ "Stillwater teen is an online star in the making". Star Tribune.
^ "10 Things You Didn't Know About Jonah Marais" Tiger Beat
^ "'I GOT YOU' Writers Producers; Daniel Seavey, David Wilson, Jake Torrey, Jonah Marais, Lexxi Saal, dwilly". X (formerly known as Twitter). February 2, 2024. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
^ Oregonian/OregonLive, Kristi Turnquist | The (April 3, 2015). "Vancouver's Daniel Seavey talks about leaving 'American Idol' -- and his 16th birthday". oregonlive.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Oregonian/OregonLive, Kristi Turnquist | The (January 31, 2015). "'American Idol': Daniel Seavey, 15-year-old from Vancouver, talks about making it to Hollywood Week". oregonlive.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "Why Don't We: What to Know About the Hot New Boy Band" People
^ "10 Things You Didn't Know About Daniel Seavey" Tiger Beat
^ "Who Are "Why Don't We"? Age, Names, Girlfriends, Net Worth And More - Capital" Capital FM
^ "iHeartRadio MMVAs 2018 Winners: The Complete List". E!. August 27, 2018.
^ "2018 iHeartRadio Music Awards: The Complete Winners List". Entertainment Tonight. March 11, 2018.
^ "2019 iHeartRadio Music Awards: See the Full List of Winners". Us Weekly. March 15, 2019.
^ Fields, Taylor (September 8, 2020). "2020 iHeartRadio Music Awards Winners: See The Full List". iHeartRadio. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
^ "Here are all the winners from the MTV EMAs 2018". NME. November 5, 2018.
^ "MTV VMAs 2018 Complete Winners List". Billboard.
^ Warner, Denise (August 26, 2019). "Here Are All the Winners from the 2019 MTV VMAs". Billboard. United States. Retrieved August 30, 2019.
^ "Kids' Choice Awards: Complete List of Winners". The Hollywood Reporter. March 24, 2018.
^ "Kids' Choice Awards 2019: Complete Winners List". TheWrap. March 23, 2019.
^ "2018 RDMA Winners". Radio Disney. Archived from the original on June 25, 2018. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
^ "Teen Choice Awards 2018: The winners' list". USA Today.
^ "Teen Choice Awards 2019: See the Full List of Winners". People.
External links
Official website
vteWhy Don't WeDiscographyStudio albums
8 Letters
The Good Times and the Bad Ones
Singles
"Something Different"
"These Girls"
"Trust Fund Baby"
"Hooked"
"Talk"
"8 Letters"
"Big Plans"
"I Don't Belong in This Club"
"What Am I"
"Fallin' (Adrenaline)"
"Lotus Inn"
"Don't Wake Me Up"
Featured singles
"Help Me Help You"
Tours
Invitation Tour
8 Letters Tour
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
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The group canceled tour dates and took a break in 2022.","title":"Why Don't We"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-first-day-2"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wdwj-ep-10"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Invitation Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitation_Tour"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"vlogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlog"},{"link_name":"YouTuber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTuber"},{"link_name":"Logan Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_Paul"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"2016–2017: Career beginnings","text":"The band originally formed on September 27, 2016,[1] after having all met in Los Angeles, California a year prior.[2][3][4] On October 20, 2016, the group released their debut single \"Taking You\", a track from their debut EP, Only the Beginning, which was released on November 25 of the same year.[5] They embarked on their first headlining tour, the \"Taking You Tour\", the next year. Their second EP, Something Different, was released on April 21, 2017.[6][7] Following the release of their second EP, they embarked on the Something Different Tour, their second headlining tour.[8] The group's third EP, Why Don't We Just, was released on June 2, 2017.[9] In September 2017, the band signed with Atlantic Records.[10] That same month, Invitation, their fourth EP, was released.[11] On November 23, 2017, they released their fifth EP, A Why Don't We Christmas.[12][13] In 2018, in support of the Invitation EP, they headlined the \"Invitation Tour\".[14] Additionally the band has appeared in several vlogs of YouTuber Logan Paul.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"8 Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_Letters"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Hooked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooked_(Why_Don%27t_We_song)"},{"link_name":"Talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_(Why_Don%27t_We_song)"},{"link_name":"8 Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_Letters_(song)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Big Plans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Plans"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"RIAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Valentine's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"I Don't Belong in This Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Don%27t_Belong_in_This_Club"},{"link_name":"Macklemore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macklemore"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"soundtrack album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UglyDolls_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"UglyDolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UglyDolls"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"the country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"What Am I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Am_I_(song)"},{"link_name":"Ed Sheeran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Sheeran"},{"link_name":"Trust Fund Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_Fund_Baby_(song)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Christmas song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_music"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"2018–2019: 8 Letters and 12/12 era","text":"On August 31, 2018, they released their first album, 8 Letters.[16] The record debuted at number nine on the US Billboard 200,[17] and was preceded by three singles: \"Hooked\", \"Talk\", and \"8 Letters\".[18][19][20] In March 2019, they embarked on the \"8 Letters Tour\".[21]Why Don't We released a new song each month in 2019. On January 16, they released \"Big Plans\",[22] and a music video was released three days later.[23] The song received a gold certification from the RIAA in April 2020.[24] On Valentine's Day, the group released \"Cold In LA\",[25] along with a music video two days later.[26] On March 20, 2019, they released the humorous song \"I Don't Belong in This Club\" featuring American rapper Macklemore.[27] It was certified gold by the RIAA in August 2020.[28] On April 20, the group released \"Don't Change\", which was featured on the soundtrack album of the animated film UglyDolls.[29] In May, the group unveiled their fifth song of the year, \"Unbelievable\".[30] In June, they released \"Come To Brazil\", inspired by fans frequently asking them to visit the country.[31] On July 26, the band released the song \"I Still Do\".[32] On August 23, they released \"What Am I\", penned by Ed Sheeran, who previously wrote \"Trust Fund Baby\".[33] The song was certified gold by the RIAA in June of the following year.[34] On October 25, they released \"Mad At You\".[35] The following month, the group released the Christmas song \"With You This Christmas\".[36] On December 30, the group released their twelfth and final song of 2019, \"Chills\".[37] The group then took a nine-month break shortly after the music video release.[38]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fallin' (Adrenaline)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallin%27_(Adrenaline)"},{"link_name":"The Good Times and the Bad Ones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Times_and_the_Bad_Ones"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Lotus Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Inn"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Travis Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Barker"},{"link_name":"Skrillex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrillex"},{"link_name":"Timbaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbaland"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Mistletoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistletoe_(Justin_Bieber_song)"},{"link_name":"Jonas Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Blue"},{"link_name":"Don't Wake Me Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Wake_Me_Up_(Jonas_Blue_and_Why_Don%27t_We_song)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Randy Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Phillips_(music_producer)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"2020–2022: The Good Times and the Bad Ones and hiatus","text":"On September 29, 2020, the band released \"Fallin' (Adrenaline)\", the lead single from their second album, The Good Times and the Bad Ones.[39] It debuted at number 37 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, their first ever entry.[40] Their second single from the album, \"Lotus Inn\", was released on December 4, 2020.[41] They starred in a YouTube documentary titled 30 Days With, which showed the last stages of development and behind the scenes content of their then-upcoming album for 30 days.[42] Their third single from the album, \"Slow Down\", was released on December 17, 2020.[43] On January 15, 2021, The Good Times and The Bad Ones was released. The album is largely self-produced, although it also features the productions of Travis Barker, Skrillex, and Timbaland.[44] The album debuted at number 3 on the Billboard 200 albums chart, making this their highest entry on the chart.[45]The band released the single \"Love Back\" on October 6, 2021. The band then release a cover of Justin Bieber's \"Mistletoe\" in December that same year. In January 2022, they released their next single in collaboration with Jonas Blue: \"Don't Wake Me Up\",[46] followed by \"Let Me Down Easy (Lie)\" in April,[47] “Just Friends” on May 13, and “How Do You Love Somebody” on May 31.The band's North American tour, The Good Times Only Tour, was scheduled to commence in June 2022, but was canceled due to the litigation between Why Don't We current manager Randy Phillips and former manager David Loeffler.[48] The band rescheduled the tour with new dates beginning in July.[49] However, on July 6, the band announced that due to ongoing legal battles with their former management, they would be cancelling the tour and taking a hiatus.[50]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Why_Don%27t_We_(Boy_band).jpg"},{"link_name":"Justin Bieber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Bieber"},{"link_name":"5 Seconds of Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_Seconds_of_Summer"},{"link_name":"Boyz II Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyz_II_Men"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Ed Sheeran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Sheeran"},{"link_name":"Childish Gambino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Glover"},{"link_name":"Jon Bellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Bellion"},{"link_name":"Post Malone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Malone"},{"link_name":"Frank Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Ocean"},{"link_name":"CNCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNCO"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"Why Don't We prior to their second album releaseThe band has cited Justin Bieber as their main musical inspiration, in addition to 5 Seconds of Summer, Boyz II Men, The Beatles, Drake, Ed Sheeran, Childish Gambino, Jon Bellion, Post Malone, Frank Ocean and CNCO.[51][52]","title":"Musical influences"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burbank, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbank,_California"},{"link_name":"Susquehanna, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susquehanna,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"sub_title":"Jack Robert Avery","text":"Jack Robert Avery (born July 1, 1999) was born in Burbank, California, but raised in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania.[53][54][55] Avery released a solo single called \"Liar\" in 2016 and was part of the meet-and-greet tour \"Impact\", which members Zach Herron and Corbyn Besson were also a part of.[56] He also starred in a short film called Fearless Five.[57] On April 22, 2019, Avery's former girlfriend, Gabriela Gonzalez, gave birth to their daughter.[58] He is currently single.","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dallasobserver.com-60"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Centreville, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centreville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"O'G3NE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27G3NE"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"YouNow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouNow"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Corbyn Matthew Besson","text":"Corbyn Matthew Besson (born November 25, 1998) was born in Dallas, Texas,[59] but raised in Virginia. Besson went to high school in Centreville, Virginia.[60] Besson's cousins are Dutch girl group O'G3NE.[61] Before Why Don't We, he had a following on YouNow and released a solo single called \"The Only One\" to iTunes in 2014. His other acoustic single, \"Marathon\", was also released on the platform.[62] After Why Don't We went on hiatus, Besson released 2 singles on his own. ''Love Me Better'' on February 7, 2024, and ''Like That (feat. Armani White)'' on April 12, 2024. He dated Christina Marie Harris and is now dating model Valeria (Lera) Clark","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dallasobserver.com-60"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"sub_title":"Zachary Dean Herron","text":"Zachary Dean Herron (born May 27, 2001), the youngest member of the group, was raised in Dallas, Texas.[59] Growing up, he sang in the choir. Before Why Don't We, Herron covered songs on YouTube and also produced two singles himself, \"Timelapse\" and \"Why\".[63] He dated Kay Cook until 2019 and is now currently with Sierra Petrossi","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stillwater, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillwater,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"DigiTour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DigiTour_Media"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"I Got You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Got_You_(Twice_song)"},{"link_name":"TWICE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twice"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"sub_title":"Jonah Marais Roth Franzitch","text":"Jonah Marais (born June 16, 1998), the eldest member of the group, grew up in Stillwater, Minnesota.[64][65] Before Why Don't We, Marais had a following on YouNow and released an album, When the Daylight's Gone, in 2016 and went on the 2014 DigiTour.[66] Alongside Seavey, Marais co-wrote \"I Got You\" for TWICE in 2024.[67] He previously dated Tatum Dahl and Natalie Ganzhorn but is currently Single, On June 7th, 2024, Marais released two solo songs called ''TWISTED LULLABY'' and ''Heaven''","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vancouver, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"season 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idol_(season_14)"},{"link_name":"American Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idol"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"sub_title":"Daniel James Seavey","text":"Daniel James Seavey (born April 2, 1999), born in Vancouver, Washington. He grew up in Portland, Oregon.[68][69] A main producer of the band, he can play over 20 instruments by ear.[70] As a child, his father would take him to do street performances on the city's art walks.[71] Seavey competed on season 14 of American Idol and finished in ninth place. He also has released multiple songs on his own including his newest singles \"Bleed on Me\", \"Can We Pretend That We're Good?\", \"Runaway\" and \"I Tried\".[72] Seavey released the single \"The Older You Get\" on May 9, 2024. The song is the first single from his upcoming debut album. He used to date Franny Arrieta and is now dating Katia Castellano. They have been together since November 2022.","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Invitation Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitation_Tour"},{"link_name":"8 Letters Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_Letters_Tour"}],"text":"HeadliningTaking You Tour (2017)\nSomething Different Tour (2017)\nInvitation Tour (2018)\n8 Letters Tour (2019)","title":"Tours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"8 Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_Letters"},{"link_name":"The Good Times and the Bad Ones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Times_and_the_Bad_Ones"}],"text":"8 Letters (2018)\nThe Good Times and the Bad Ones (2021)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"iHeartRadio MMVAs","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"iHeartRadio Music Awards","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"MTV Europe Music Awards","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"MTV Video Music Awards","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Radio Disney Music Awards","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Teen Choice Awards","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ On hiatus","title":"Explanatory notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Why Don't We prior to their second album release","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Why_Don%27t_We_%28Boy_band%29.jpg/220px-Why_Don%27t_We_%28Boy_band%29.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Why Don't We • Our First Day As A Band\". YouTube. Why Don't We. September 28, 2016. Retrieved September 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OiNtLzDhdh4","url_text":"\"Why Don't We • Our First Day As A Band\""}]},{"reference":"Falcone, Dana Rose (December 15, 2017). \"Why Don't We: What to Know About the Hot New Boy Band\". PEOPLE.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/music/why-dont-we-band-people-explains/","url_text":"\"Why Don't We: What to Know About the Hot New Boy Band\""}]},{"reference":"Booth, Ali (August 16, 2018). \"Why Don't We Shares the Story Behind Their Decision to Form a Band\". Tiger Beat.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerbeat.com/video/why-dont-we-band/","url_text":"\"Why Don't We Shares the Story Behind Their Decision to Form a Band\""}]},{"reference":"Locke, Ashely (October 26, 2016). \"Boy Band Why Don't We Shares the Story Behind How They Formed Their Group\". Sweety High.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sweetyhigh.com/read/why-dont-we-interview-music-102616","url_text":"\"Boy Band Why Don't We Shares the Story Behind How They Formed Their Group\""}]},{"reference":"Singh, Olivia (December 4, 2016). \"Why Don't We Drops 'Only the Beginning' ;) EP\". TigerBeat.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerbeat.com/2016/12/why-dont-we-only-the-beginning-ep/","url_text":"\"Why Don't We Drops 'Only the Beginning' ;) EP\""}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Emily (April 21, 2017). \"Why Don't We Releases \"Something Different\" EP\". On Air with Ryan Seacrest.","urls":[{"url":"https://onairwithryan.iheart.com/featured/ryan-seacrest/content/2017-04-21-why-dont-we-releases-something-different-ep/","url_text":"\"Why Don't We Releases \"Something Different\" EP\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Julia (April 21, 2017). \"Why Don't We Drops New 'Something Different' EP\". TigerBeat.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerbeat.com/2017/04/why-dont-we-ep-something-different/","url_text":"\"Why Don't We Drops New 'Something Different' EP\""}]},{"reference":"Weatherby, Taylor (May 8, 2017). \"Why Don't We Announce Headlining Summer Tour: Exclusive\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7785050/why-dont-we-summer-tour-dates","url_text":"\"Why Don't We Announce Headlining Summer Tour: Exclusive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why Don't We Just - EP by Why Don't We on Apple Music\". Apple Music. Apple Inc. June 2, 2017. Retrieved November 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/why-dont-we-just-ep/1253588063","url_text":"\"Why Don't We Just - EP by Why Don't We on Apple Music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.","url_text":"Apple Inc."}]},{"reference":"Stewart, Allison (December 7, 2017). \"Boy band Why Don't We enjoying phase one of global dominion\". Chicago Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/ct-ott-why-dont-we-1208-story.html","url_text":"\"Boy band Why Don't We enjoying phase one of global dominion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why Don't We New EP 'Invitation': Listen\". Billboard. September 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7980934/why-dont-we-new-ep-invitation-one-year-anniversary","url_text":"\"Why Don't We New EP 'Invitation': Listen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why Don't We Release A Why Don't We Christmas EP\". November 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.entertainment-focus.com/music-section/music-news/why-dont-we-release-a-why-dont-we-christmas-ep/","url_text":"\"Why Don't We Release A Why Don't We Christmas EP\""}]},{"reference":"Ellwood-Hughes, Pip (November 27, 2017). \"Why Don't We Release A Why Don't We Christmas EP\". Entertainment Focus. Retrieved December 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertainment-focus.com/2017/11/29/why-dont-we-release-a-why-dont-we-christmas-ep/","url_text":"\"Why Don't We Release A Why Don't We Christmas EP\""}]},{"reference":"Weatherby, Taylor (April 23, 2018). \"Why Don't We's Live Show: How the Invitation Tour Proves They're Not Going Anywhere\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8372667/why-dont-we-invitation-tour-show-recap-new-york-city","url_text":"\"Why Don't We's Live Show: How the Invitation Tour Proves They're Not Going Anywhere\""}]},{"reference":"\"Logan Paul – Help Me Help You ft. Why Don't We [Official Video]\". YouTube. TheOfficialLoganPaul. May 18, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pT20g6lTZ-k","url_text":"\"Logan Paul – Help Me Help You ft. Why Don't We [Official Video]\""}]},{"reference":"Rincón, Alessandra (August 9, 2018). \"Why Don't We Announce Debut Album '8 Letters'\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8469453/why-dont-we-debut-album-8-letters-release-date-new-song","url_text":"\"Why Don't We Announce Debut Album '8 Letters'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why Don't We Scores First Top 10 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With '8 Letters'\". Billboard. Retrieved October 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8474188/why-dont-we-first-top-10-album-billboard-200-8-letters","url_text":"\"Why Don't We Scores First Top 10 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With '8 Letters'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why Don't We Unveil Adventure-Filled Video For 'Hooked'\". iHeartRadio. June 7, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iheart.com/content/2018-06-07-why-dont-we-unveil-adventure-filled-video-for-hooked/","url_text":"\"Why Don't We Unveil Adventure-Filled Video For 'Hooked'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartRadio","url_text":"iHeartRadio"}]},{"reference":"\"Why Don't We 'Talk' Around the World in New Video: Watch\". Billboard. July 9, 2018. Retrieved October 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8464544/why-dont-we-talk-video-watch","url_text":"\"Why Don't We 'Talk' Around the World in New Video: Watch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Bowenbank, Starr (August 20, 2018). \"Why Don't We Are Lost in Love in New '8 Letters' Video\". Billboard. Retrieved October 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8471060/why-dont-we-8-letters-video","url_text":"\"Why Don't We Are Lost in Love in New '8 Letters' Video\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Booth, Ali (September 5, 2018). \"Why Don't We Announces 2019 '8 Letters' Tour\". Tiger Beat.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerbeat.com/2018/09/why-dont-we-tour/","url_text":"\"Why Don't We Announces 2019 '8 Letters' Tour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Beat","url_text":"Tiger Beat"}]},{"reference":"Klonowski, Lauren (January 17, 2019). \"Why Don't We Drops \"Big Plans\"\". Beyond The Stage Magazine. Retrieved November 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.beyondthestagemagazine.com/why-dont-we-drops-big-plans/","url_text":"\"Why Don't We Drops \"Big Plans\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"BIG PLANS - Why Don't We [Official Music Video]\". YouTube. Why Don't We. January 19, 2019. Retrieved November 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EWguUJtesrs","url_text":"\"BIG PLANS - Why Don't We [Official Music Video]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"American single certifications – Why Don't We – Big Plans\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved November 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Why+Don%27t+We&ti=Big+Plans#search_section","url_text":"\"American single certifications – Why Don't We – Big Plans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"Stivale, Shelby (February 14, 2019). \"Why Don't We Releases Meaningful New Song 'Cold in LA'\". Tiger Beat. Retrieved November 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerbeat.com/video/why-dont-we-cold-in-la/","url_text":"\"Why Don't We Releases Meaningful New Song 'Cold in LA'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Beat","url_text":"Tiger Beat"}]},{"reference":"\"Why Don't We - Cold In LA [Official Music Video] - YouTube\". YouTube. Why Don't We. February 16, 2019. Retrieved November 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Dlh7FLz7oY&ab_channel=WhyDon%27tWe","url_text":"\"Why Don't We - Cold In LA [Official Music Video] - YouTube\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Rowley, Glenn (March 20, 2019). \"Why Don't We & Macklemore Would Rather Be Home in Video For 'I Don't Belong In This Club': Watch\". Billboard. Retrieved November 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8503359/why-dont-we-macklemore-i-dont-belong-in-this-club-video","url_text":"\"Why Don't We & Macklemore Would Rather Be Home in Video For 'I Don't Belong In This Club': Watch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"American single certifications – Why Don't We – I Don't Belong in This Club (feat. Macklemore)\". RIAA. 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|
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Age, Names, Girlfriends, Net Worth And More - Capital\""},{"Link":"https://www.eonline.com/news/963196/iheartradio-mmvas-2018-winners-the-complete-list/","external_links_name":"\"iHeartRadio MMVAs 2018 Winners: The Complete List\""},{"Link":"https://www.etonline.com/2018-iheartradio-music-awards-the-complete-winners-list-98110/","external_links_name":"\"2018 iHeartRadio Music Awards: The Complete Winners List\""},{"Link":"https://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/2019-iheartradio-music-awards-full-list-of-winners/","external_links_name":"\"2019 iHeartRadio Music Awards: See the Full List of Winners\""},{"Link":"https://www.iheart.com/content/2020-09-08-2020-iheartradio-music-awards-winners-see-the-full-list/","external_links_name":"\"2020 iHeartRadio Music Awards Winners: See The Full List\""},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/heres-all-the-winners-from-the-mtv-emas-2018-2397125/","external_links_name":"\"Here are all the winners from the MTV EMAs 2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/events/vma/8471097/vma-2018-winners","external_links_name":"\"MTV VMAs 2018 Complete Winners List\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/awards/8528388/2019-mtv-vmas-winners-list","external_links_name":"\"Here Are All the Winners from the 2019 MTV VMAs\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/kids-choice-awards-complete-list-winners-2018-1089562/item/2018-kids-choice-awards-favorite-movie-1087594","external_links_name":"\"Kids' Choice Awards: Complete List of Winners\""},{"Link":"https://www.thewrap.com/kids-choice-awards-complete-winners-list-ariana-grande/","external_links_name":"\"Kids' Choice Awards 2019: Complete Winners List\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180625104200/https://radio.disney.com/radio-disney-music-awards/2018-rdma-winners","external_links_name":"\"2018 RDMA Winners\""},{"Link":"https://radio.disney.com/radio-disney-music-awards/2018-rdma-winners","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2018/08/13/teen-choice-awards-2018-winners-list/974624002/","external_links_name":"\"Teen Choice Awards 2018: The winners' list\""},{"Link":"https://people.com/tv/teen-choice-awards-2019-winners-list/","external_links_name":"\"Teen Choice Awards 2019: See the Full List of Winners\""},{"Link":"http://whydontwemusic.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000470525363","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/5533153653252155900000","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1166273504","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2018149529","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/1c68773d-b1db-4529-b9ac-51810ced1a19","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_Mountain
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Reynolds Mountain
|
["1 Geology","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 48°40′19″N 113°43′24″W / 48.67194°N 113.72333°W / 48.67194; -113.72333Mountain in the state of Montana
Reynolds MountainReynolds Mountain as seen from Logan PassHighest pointElevation9,130 ft (2,780 m)Prominence1,285 ft (392 m)Coordinates48°40′19″N 113°43′24″W / 48.67194°N 113.72333°W / 48.67194; -113.72333GeographyReynolds MountainLocation in MontanaShow map of MontanaReynolds MountainLocation in the United StatesShow map of the United States
LocationFlathead County, Montana, Glacier County, Montana, U.S.Parent rangeLewis RangeTopo mapUSGS Logan Pass, MT
Reynolds Mountain (9,125 feet (2,781 m)) is located in the Lewis Range, Glacier National Park in the U.S. state of Montana. Reynolds Mountain is situated along the Continental Divide and is easily seen from Logan Pass by looking due south from the pass. Hidden Lake is located below Reynolds Mountain to the west. Reynolds is a class 2(3) climb via the southwestern talus slope route that allows many people to easily climb the peak. The mountain was named for Charles E. Reynolds, a writer for Forest and Stream magazine, and assistant to the magazine's editor, George Bird Grinnell, who named many of the features in Glacier National Park. The mountain's name was officially adopted in 1910 by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names.
Geology
Like other mountains in Glacier National Park, Reynolds Mountain is composed of sedimentary rock laid down during the Precambrian to Jurassic periods. Formed in shallow seas, this sedimentary rock was initially uplifted beginning 170 million years ago when the Lewis Overthrust fault pushed an enormous slab of precambrian rocks 3 mi (4.8 km) thick, 50 miles (80 km) wide and 160 miles (260 km) long over younger rock of the cretaceous period.
Gallery
Reynolds Mountain (left) and Dragons Tail (right) above Hidden Lake
Reynolds Mountain is a classic horn, seen here from Bearhat Mountain
North face
Reynolds Mountain by Ansel Adams in 1942
See also
Mountains and mountain ranges of Glacier National Park (U.S.)
Geology of the Rocky Mountains
References
^ a b "Reynolds Mountain, Montana". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved December 27, 2018.
^ a b "Reynolds Mountain". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved December 27, 2018.
^ Logan Pass, MT (Map). TopoQwest (United States Geological Survey Maps). Retrieved December 27, 2018.
^ Erin Turner, "It Happened in the Old West", 2017, page 105.
^ Gadd, Ben (2008). "Geology of the Rocky Mountains and Columbias". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
External links
Reynolds Mountain: Weather
This Flathead County, Montana state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Glacier County, Montana state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
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[{"title":"Mountains and mountain ranges of Glacier National Park (U.S.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains_and_mountain_ranges_of_Glacier_National_Park_(U.S.)"},{"title":"Geology of the Rocky Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_the_Rocky_Mountains"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_F._Richardson
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George F. Richardson
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["1 Early life and education","2 Controversy in election to the House of Representatives","3 Career after politics","4 Retirement and death","5 References","6 External links"]
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American politician
For the New Zealand politician, see George Richardson (New Zealand politician).
George F. RichardsonFrom 1893's The House of Representatives of the Fifty Third Congress, published by The Graphic Chicago newspaperMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Michigan's 5th districtIn officeMarch 4, 1893 – March 3, 1895Preceded byCharles E. BelknapSucceeded byWilliam Alden SmithMember of the Michigan House of Representativesfrom the Ottawa 2 districtIn office1885–1887
Personal detailsBorn(1850-07-01)July 1, 1850Jamestown Township, Michigan, U.S.DiedMarch 1, 1923(1923-03-01) (aged 72)Bellevue, Washington, U.S.Political partyDemocratic
George Frederick Richardson (July 1, 1850 – March 1, 1923) was a politician from the U.S. states of Michigan and Washington.
Early life and education
Richardson was born in Jamestown Township, Michigan, and attended the common schools. He engaged in agricultural and mercantile pursuits and was elected township clerk eight years in succession. He was a member of the Michigan House of Representatives from Ottawa County 2nd district, from 1885 to 1887 and 1891 to 1892, and served as speaker of the house in the two years. He moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan, in 1893.
Controversy in election to the House of Representatives
In 1892, as the candidate for the Democratic Party, Richardson won a close election for U.S. Representative from Michigan's 5th congressional district. Richardson won the November 8, 1892, general election by a plurality of 10 votes and received a certificate of election from the board of state canvassers. The defeated candidate, incumbent Republican Charles E. Belknap, requested a recount in Ionia County, alleging irregularities. The Michigan Supreme Court ordered a recount on February 3, 1893, which subsequently resulted in a plurality of 19 votes for Belknap. The new board of state canvassers then issued a certificate of election to Belknap. The contest was brought to the floor of the U.S. House of Representatives on August 8, 1893. Following debate on the validity of the contestants’ credentials, the House voted to seat Richardson, referring the matter to the House Committee on Elections. Following further examination, the committee issued a report upholding Richardson’s claim to the seat. Richardson served in the 53rd Congress from March 4, 1893, to March 3, 1895. He declined to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1894.
Career after politics
Richardson then began operating a dairy farm in Grand Rapids. He was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for the Michigan Senate 16th District in 1896, and was secretary of Michigan Union Silver Party in 1899. He moved to Kennewick, Washington, in 1904 and engaged in agricultural pursuits and in the transfer, livery, and fuel business his company named Kennewick Transfer & Storage was located at 112 W Kennewick Ave. He was twice elected mayor of Kennewick and also served as chairman of the school board. He moved to Ellensburg, Washington, and in 1916 engaged in agricultural pursuits.
Retirement and death
George F. Richardson retired to private life in 1919 and made his home in Bellevue, Washington, where he died. He is interred in the Odd Fellows Cemetery, Ellensburg.
References
United States Congress. "George F. Richardson (id: R000220)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
The Political Graveyard
Chapter VI - Michigan's Congressional Delegation Michigan Manual 2003-2004
External links
Biography portal
George F. Richardson - Michigan Legislative Biography
George F. Richardson at Find a Grave
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded byCharles E. Belknap
United States Representative for the 5th Congressional District of Michigan 1893 – 1895
Succeeded byWilliam Alden Smith
vteMembers of the U.S. House of Representatives from MichiganTerritory
Woodbridge
Sibley
Richard
Wing
Biddle
Wing
Lyon
G. Jones
At-large
Crary
J. Howard
Kelley
Staebler
1st district
McClelland
Buel
Penniman
D. Stuart
W. Howard
Cooper
W. Howard
Granger
Beaman
Waldron
Field
A. S. Williams
Newberry
Lord
Maybury
J. L. Chipman
Griffin
Corliss
Lucking
Denby
Doremus
Codd
Clancy
Sosnowski
Clancy
Sadowski
Tenerowicz
Sadowski
Machrowicz
Nedzi
Conyers
Stupak
Benishek
Bergman
2nd district
Lyon
J. S. Chipman
E. Bradley
C. Stuart
Sprague
C. Stuart
Noble
Waldron
Beaman
Upson
Stoughton
Waldron
Willits
Eldredge
Allen
Gorman
Spalding
H. Smith
Townsend
Wedemeyer
Beakes
Bacon
Beakes
Michener
Lehr
Michener
Meader
Vivian
Esch
Pursell
Hoekstra
Huizenga
Moolenaar
3rd district
Hunt
Bingham
J. Conger
Clark
Walbridge
Kellogg
Longyear
Blair
Willard
McGowan
Lacey
O'Donnell
Burrows
Milnes
A. Todd
Gardner
J. Smith
Frankhauser
J. Smith
A. B. Williams
Hooper
Kimball
Main
Shafer
Johansen
P. Todd
G. Brown
Wolpe
Henry
Ehlers
Amash
Meijer
Scholten
4th district
H. L. Stevens
Peck
Leach
Trowbridge
Kellogg
Ferry
Foster
Burrows
Potter
Keightley
Burrows
Yaple
Burrows
Thomas
Hamilton
Ketcham
Foulkes
Hoffman
Hutchinson
Stockman
Siljander
Upton
Camp
Moolenaar
Huizenga
5th district
Baldwin
Trowbridge
O. Conger
Foster
W. Williams
Stone
Webber
Houseman
Comstock
M. Ford
Belknap
M. Ford
Belknap
Richardson
W. Smith
Diekema
Sweet
Mapes
Jonkman
G. Ford
Vander Veen
Sawyer
Henry
Barcia
D. E. Kildee
D. T. Kildee
Walberg
6th district
Driggs
Strickland
Sutherland
Begole
Durand
Brewer
Spaulding
Winans
Brewer
Stout
Aitken
S. Smith
Kelley
Hudson
Person
Cady
Blackney
Transue
Blackney
Clardy
Hayworth
Chamberlain
Carr
Dunn
Carr
Upton
Dingell
7th district
O. Conger
Rich
Carleton
Whiting
Snover
Weeks
McMorran
Cramton
Wolcott
McIntosh
O'Hara
Mackie
Riegle
D. E. Kildee
N. Smith
Schwarz
Walberg
Schauer
Walberg
Slotkin
8th district
N. Bradley
Ellsworth
Horr
Tarsney
Bliss
Youmans
Linton
Brucker
Fordney
Vincent
Hart
Crawford
Bentley
Harvey
Traxler
Carr
Chrysler
Stabenow
Rogers
M. Bishop
Slotkin
Kildee
9th district
Hubbell
Cutcheon
H. Wheeler
Moon
R. Bishop
McLaughlin
Harry W. Musselwhite
Engel
Thompson
Griffin
Vander Jagt
D. E. Kildee
Knollenberg
Peters
S. Levin
A. Levin
McClain
10th district
Hatch
Fisher
F. Wheeler
Weadock
Crump
Aplin
Loud
Woodruff
Loud
Currie
Woodruff
Cederberg
Albosta
Schuette
Camp
Bonior
Miller
Mitchell
McClain
J. James
11th district
Breitung
Moffatt
Seymour
Stephenson
Avery
Mesick
Darragh
Dodds
Lindquist
Scott
Bohn
P. Brown
Luecke
F. Bradley
Potter
Knox
Clevenger
Ruppe
Davis
Knollenberg
McCotter
Curson
Bentivolio
Trott
H. Stevens
12th district
Stephenson
Shelden
Young
MacDonald
W. F. James
Hook
Bennett
Hook
Bennett
O'Hara
Bonior
Levin
J. Dingell Jr.
D. Dingell
Tlaib
13th district
Nichols
McLeod
Brennan
McLeod
O'Brien
McLeod
O'Brien
Coffin
O'Brien
Diggs
Crockett
Collins
W. Ford
Rivers
Kilpatrick
Clarke
Conyers
B. Jones
Tlaib
Thanedar
14th district
Weideman
Rabaut
Youngblood
Rabaut
Ryan
Nedzi
Hertel
Conyers
Peters
Lawrence
15th district
J. Dingell Sr.
J. Dingell Jr.
W. Ford
Collins
Kilpatrick
J. Dingell Jr.
16th district
Lesinski Sr.
Lesinski Jr.
J. Dingell Jr.
17th district
Dondero
Oakman
Griffiths
Brodhead
Levin
18th district
Dondero
Broomfield
Huber
Blanchard
Broomfield
19th district
Farnum
McDonald
Broomfield
Authority control databases: People
US Congress
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Richardson (New Zealand politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Richardson_(New_Zealand_politician)"},{"link_name":"U.S. states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(U.S._state)"}],"text":"For the New Zealand politician, see George Richardson (New Zealand politician).George Frederick Richardson (July 1, 1850 – March 1, 1923) was a politician from the U.S. states of Michigan and Washington.","title":"George F. Richardson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jamestown Township, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"common schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_school"},{"link_name":"Michigan House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Ottawa County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Grand Rapids, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan"}],"text":"Richardson was born in Jamestown Township, Michigan, and attended the common schools. He engaged in agricultural and mercantile pursuits and was elected township clerk eight years in succession. He was a member of the Michigan House of Representatives from Ottawa County 2nd district, from 1885 to 1887 and 1891 to 1892, and served as speaker of the house in the two years. He moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan, in 1893.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Representative"},{"link_name":"Michigan's 5th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan%27s_5th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Charles E. Belknap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_E._Belknap"},{"link_name":"Ionia County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionia_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Michigan Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"U.S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"House Committee on Elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Elections"},{"link_name":"53rd Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/53rd_United_States_Congress"}],"text":"In 1892, as the candidate for the Democratic Party, Richardson won a close election for U.S. Representative from Michigan's 5th congressional district. Richardson won the November 8, 1892, general election by a plurality of 10 votes and received a certificate of election from the board of state canvassers. The defeated candidate, incumbent Republican Charles E. Belknap, requested a recount in Ionia County, alleging irregularities. The Michigan Supreme Court ordered a recount on February 3, 1893, which subsequently resulted in a plurality of 19 votes for Belknap. The new board of state canvassers then issued a certificate of election to Belknap. The contest was brought to the floor of the U.S. House of Representatives on August 8, 1893. Following debate on the validity of the contestants’ credentials, the House voted to seat Richardson, referring the matter to the House Committee on Elections. Following further examination, the committee issued a report upholding Richardson’s claim to the seat. Richardson served in the 53rd Congress from March 4, 1893, to March 3, 1895. He declined to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1894.","title":"Controversy in election to the House of Representatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michigan Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Senate"},{"link_name":"Kennewick, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennewick,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Ellensburg, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellensburg,_Washington"}],"text":"Richardson then began operating a dairy farm in Grand Rapids. He was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for the Michigan Senate 16th District in 1896, and was secretary of Michigan Union Silver Party in 1899. He moved to Kennewick, Washington, in 1904 and engaged in agricultural pursuits and in the transfer, livery, and fuel business his company named Kennewick Transfer & Storage was located at 112 W Kennewick Ave. He was twice elected mayor of Kennewick and also served as chairman of the school board. He moved to Ellensburg, Washington, and in 1916 engaged in agricultural pursuits.","title":"Career after politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bellevue, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellevue,_Washington"}],"text":"George F. Richardson retired to private life in 1919 and made his home in Bellevue, Washington, where he died. He is interred in the Odd Fellows Cemetery, Ellensburg.","title":"Retirement and death"}]
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[{"reference":"United States Congress. \"George F. Richardson (id: R000220)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000220","url_text":"\"George F. Richardson (id: R000220)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000220","external_links_name":"\"George F. Richardson (id: R000220)\""},{"Link":"http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/richardson.html#R9M0JASDI","external_links_name":"The Political Graveyard"},{"Link":"http://www.michiganlegislature.org/mileg.asp?page=MM2003-2004&chapter=6","external_links_name":"Chapter VI - Michigan's Congressional Delegation"},{"Link":"https://mdoe.state.mi.us/legislators/Legislator/LegislatorDetail/3167","external_links_name":"George F. Richardson - Michigan Legislative Biography"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6882081","external_links_name":"George F. Richardson"},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000220","external_links_name":"US Congress"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_notch_of_the_ulna
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Radial notch
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["1 Additional images","2 References","3 External links"]
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Radial notchUpper extremity of left ulna. Lateral aspect. (Radial notch visible at center top.)DetailsIdentifiersLatinincisura radialis ulnaeTA98A02.4.06.005TA21234FMA23618Anatomical terms of bone
The radial notch of the ulna (lesser sigmoid cavity) is a narrow, oblong, articular depression on the lateral side of the coronoid process; it receives the circumferential articular surface of the head of the radius.
It is concave from before backward, and its prominent extremities serve for the attachment of the annular ligament.
Additional images
Annular ligament of radius, from above.
References
This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 215 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
External links
Right ulna (anterior - proximal end) - BioWeb at University of Wisconsin System
elbow/elbowbones/bones3 at the Dartmouth Medical School's Department of Anatomy
vteBones of the armShoulder girdle, clavicle
conoid tubercle
trapezoid line
costal tuberosity
subclavian groove
Scapula
fossae (subscapular, supraspinatous, infraspinatous)
notches (suprascapular, great scapular)
glenoid fossa
tubercles (infraglenoid, supraglenoid)
spine of scapula
acromion
coracoid process
angles (superior, inferior, lateral)
Humerus
upper extremity: necks (anatomical, surgical)
tubercles (greater, lesser)
bicipital groove
body: radial sulcus
deltoid tuberosity
lower extremity: capitulum
trochlea
epicondyles (lateral, medial)
supracondylar ridges (lateral, medial)
fossae (radial, coronoid, olecranon)
ForearmRadius
near elbow (head, tuberosity)
near wrist (ulnar notch, styloid process, Lister's tubercle)
Ulna
near elbow (tuberosity, olecranon, coronoid process, radial notch, trochlear notch)
near wrist (styloid process)
HandCarpal bones
scaphoid
lunate
triquetral
pisiform
trapezium
trapezoid
capitate
hamate
hamulus
Metacarpal bones
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Phalanges
proximal
intermediate
distal
Portal: Anatomy
Authority control databases
Terminologia Anatomica
This human musculoskeletal system article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ulna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulna"},{"link_name":"coronoid process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronoid_process_of_the_ulna"},{"link_name":"head of the radius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_the_radius"},{"link_name":"annular ligament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annular_ligament_of_radius"}],"text":"The radial notch of the ulna (lesser sigmoid cavity) is a narrow, oblong, articular depression on the lateral side of the coronoid process; it receives the circumferential articular surface of the head of the radius.It is concave from before backward, and its prominent extremities serve for the attachment of the annular ligament.","title":"Radial notch"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray333.png"}],"text":"Annular ligament of radius, from above.","title":"Additional images"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/02.4.06.005%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm","external_links_name":"A02.4.06.005"},{"Link":"https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=1234","external_links_name":"1234"},{"Link":"https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma23618","external_links_name":"23618"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/anatomyofhumanbo1918gray#page/215/mode/2up","external_links_name":"page 215"},{"Link":"http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/APlab/Table_of_Contents/Lab_04/Ulna_1/Ulna_1a/ulna_1a.html","external_links_name":"Right ulna (anterior - proximal end)"},{"Link":"http://www.dartmouth.edu/~anatomy/elbow/elbowbones/bones3.html","external_links_name":"elbow/elbowbones/bones3"},{"Link":"http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A02.4.06.005","external_links_name":"Terminologia Anatomica"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radial_notch&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gwyn_Williams
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Gwyn Williams (writer)
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["1 Bibliography","2 References","3 External links"]
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For the historian, see Gwyn Alf Williams.
Professor David Gwyn Williams, usually known simply as Gwyn Williams (24 August 1904 – 24 December 1990) was a Welsh poet, novelist, translator and academic.
Born in Port Talbot, he was educated at the University College of Wales and Jesus College, Oxford. As an academic he taught at Cairo, Alexandria where he first became Professor of English Literature, Benghazi, and Istanbul. While in Egypt he befriended a number of expat writers including Lawrence Durrell. In Egypt he began to work on translations of Welsh poetry into English, pioneering works which were published during the 1950s. On his retirement in 1969 he returned to Wales and concentrated on writing, producing a series of novels, four travel books (including one in Welsh), and numerous other works. A fluent Welsh-speaker, he was a committed member of Plaid Cymru.
His friend John Ormond, produced his well-regarded 1972 and 1974 series on Welsh history, The Land Remembers, for the BBC, which was accompanied by his book of the same title.
His autobiography, ABC of (D.) G. W, was published in 1981, while his Collected Poems, 1936–86 were published in 1987. Williams died in 1990 in Aberystwyth. His diaries of family life in Mynydd Bach were published as Summer Journal 1951.
Williams was a prolific creator and writer. Along with the innumerable translations, poems, articles and reviews, Gwyn Williams published widely, as the sample bibliography below can attest to.
Bibliography
The Rent That’s Due to Love: an anthology of Welsh poetry (Letchworth: The Garden City Press, 1950).
An Introduction to Welsh Poetry (London: Faber and Faber, 1953).
In Defence of Woman by William Cynwal. Translated by Gwyn Williams, engravings by John Petts London: Golden Cockerel Press, undated c.1955).
This Way To Lethe (London: Faber and Faber, 1962) (novel).
Green Mountain: an informal guide to Cyrenaica and its Jebel Akhdar (London: Faber and Faber, 1963).
Turkey: A Traveller’s Guide and History (London: Faber and Faber, 1967).
Inns of Love (Swansea: Christopher Davies, 1970) (poems).
The Avocet (Swansea, Christopher Davies, 1970) (novel).
Eastern Turkey: a guide and history (London: Faber and Faber, 1972).
Welsh Poems: sixth century to 1600 (London: Faber and Faber, 1973).
Foundation Stock (Llandysul: Gomer Press, 1974) (poems).
Twrci a’i Phobl (Caerdydd: Gwasg Y Dref Wen, 1975).
Two Sketches of Womanhood (Llandybie: Christopher Davies, 1975) (novellas).
Troelus a Chresyd (Llandysul: Gwasg Gomer, 1976).
To Look for a Word: collected translations from Welsh poetry (Llandysul: Gomer Press, 1976).
The Land Remembers: a view of Wales (London: Faber and Faber, 1977).
An Introduction to Welsh Literature (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1978).
Choose Your Stranger (Port Talbot: Alun Books, 1979) (poems and translations).
Y Ddefod Goll (Port Talbot: Llyfrau Alun, 1980) (poems, and translations into Welsh from Turkish).
Person and Persona: Studies in Shakespeare (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1981).
ABC of(D)GW: a kind of autobiography (Llandysul: Gomer Press, 1981).
Y Cloc Tywod ((Talybont: Y Lolfa, 1984) (novel).
Collected Poems 1936–1986 (Llandysul: Gomer Press, 1987).
Flyting in Egypt: the story of a verse war 1943–45 told by Gwyn Williams (Port Talbot: Alun Books, 1991).
An Introduction to Welsh Literature (revised edition) (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1992).
Summer Journal 1951 (Aberystwyth: Planet, 2004) (edited and introduced by Teleri Williams and Lowri Gwilym).
References
^ Meic Stephens (2007). Poetry 1900-2000. Parthian. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-902638-88-1.
^ Meic Stephens (1998). The new companion to the literature of Wales. University of Wales Press. p. 792. ISBN 978-0-7083-1383-1.
^ Prof. Gwyn Williams Papers Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Archives Wales]
^ a b Gwyn Williams, BBC Wales
^ Gwyn Williams (2004). Summer Journal 1951. Planet. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-9540881-2-5.
External links
Clips from Williams' 1972 series The Land Remembers, BBC Wales
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Greece
Netherlands
Poland
Other
SNAC
IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gwyn Alf Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyn_Alf_Williams"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephens1998-2"},{"link_name":"Port Talbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Talbot"},{"link_name":"University College of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Jesus College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nlw-3"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Benghazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benghazi"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Durrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Durrell"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-4"},{"link_name":"Plaid Cymru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaid_Cymru"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-4"},{"link_name":"John Ormond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ormond"},{"link_name":"autobiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobiography"},{"link_name":"Aberystwyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberystwyth"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"For the historian, see Gwyn Alf Williams.Professor David Gwyn Williams, usually known simply as Gwyn Williams (24 August 1904 – 24 December 1990)[1] was a Welsh poet, novelist, translator and academic.[2]Born in Port Talbot, he was educated at the University College of Wales and Jesus College, Oxford.[3] As an academic he taught at Cairo, Alexandria where he first became Professor of English Literature, Benghazi, and Istanbul. While in Egypt he befriended a number of expat writers including Lawrence Durrell.[4] In Egypt he began to work on translations of Welsh poetry into English, pioneering works which were published during the 1950s. On his retirement in 1969 he returned to Wales and concentrated on writing, producing a series of novels, four travel books (including one in Welsh), and numerous other works. A fluent Welsh-speaker, he was a committed member of Plaid Cymru.[4]His friend John Ormond, produced his well-regarded 1972 and 1974 series on Welsh history, The Land Remembers, for the BBC, which was accompanied by his book of the same title.His autobiography, ABC of (D.) G. W, was published in 1981, while his Collected Poems, 1936–86 were published in 1987. Williams died in 1990 in Aberystwyth. His diaries of family life in Mynydd Bach were published as Summer Journal 1951.[5]Williams was a prolific creator and writer. Along with the innumerable translations, poems, articles and reviews, Gwyn Williams published widely, as the sample bibliography below can attest to.","title":"Gwyn Williams (writer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lowri Gwilym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowri_Gwilym"}],"text":"The Rent That’s Due to Love: an anthology of Welsh poetry (Letchworth: The Garden City Press, 1950).\nAn Introduction to Welsh Poetry (London: Faber and Faber, 1953).\nIn Defence of Woman by William Cynwal. Translated by Gwyn Williams, engravings by John Petts London: Golden Cockerel Press, undated c.1955).\nThis Way To Lethe (London: Faber and Faber, 1962) (novel).\nGreen Mountain: an informal guide to Cyrenaica and its Jebel Akhdar (London: Faber and Faber, 1963).\nTurkey: A Traveller’s Guide and History (London: Faber and Faber, 1967).\nInns of Love (Swansea: Christopher Davies, 1970) (poems).\nThe Avocet (Swansea, Christopher Davies, 1970) (novel).\nEastern Turkey: a guide and history (London: Faber and Faber, 1972).\nWelsh Poems: sixth century to 1600 (London: Faber and Faber, 1973).\nFoundation Stock (Llandysul: Gomer Press, 1974) (poems).\nTwrci a’i Phobl (Caerdydd: Gwasg Y Dref Wen, 1975).\nTwo Sketches of Womanhood (Llandybie: Christopher Davies, 1975) (novellas).\nTroelus a Chresyd (Llandysul: Gwasg Gomer, 1976).\nTo Look for a Word: collected translations from Welsh poetry (Llandysul: Gomer Press, 1976).\nThe Land Remembers: a view of Wales (London: Faber and Faber, 1977).\nAn Introduction to Welsh Literature (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1978).\nChoose Your Stranger (Port Talbot: Alun Books, 1979) (poems and translations).\nY Ddefod Goll (Port Talbot: Llyfrau Alun, 1980) (poems, and translations into Welsh from Turkish).\nPerson and Persona: Studies in Shakespeare (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1981).\nABC of(D)GW: a kind of autobiography (Llandysul: Gomer Press, 1981).\nY Cloc Tywod ((Talybont: Y Lolfa, 1984) (novel).\nCollected Poems 1936–1986 (Llandysul: Gomer Press, 1987).\nFlyting in Egypt: the story of a verse war 1943–45 told by Gwyn Williams (Port Talbot: Alun Books, 1991).\nAn Introduction to Welsh Literature (revised edition) (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1992).\nSummer Journal 1951 (Aberystwyth: Planet, 2004) (edited and introduced by Teleri Williams and Lowri Gwilym).","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Meic Stephens (2007). Poetry 1900-2000. Parthian. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-902638-88-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x8ZlAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Poetry 1900-2000"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902638-88-1","url_text":"978-1-902638-88-1"}]},{"reference":"Meic Stephens (1998). The new companion to the literature of Wales. University of Wales Press. p. 792. ISBN 978-0-7083-1383-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WoMYAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"The new companion to the literature of Wales"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1383-1","url_text":"978-0-7083-1383-1"}]},{"reference":"Gwyn Williams (2004). Summer Journal 1951. Planet. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-9540881-2-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/summerjournal1950000will","url_text":"Summer Journal 1951"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/summerjournal1950000will/page/69","url_text":"69"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9540881-2-5","url_text":"978-0-9540881-2-5"}]}]
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