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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Camila_Cabello
|
List of awards and nominations received by Camila Cabello
|
["1 Awards and nominations","2 Notes","3 References"]
|
List of awards and nominationsreceived by Camila Cabello
Cabello as Artist of the Year at VMA 2018
Awards and nominations
Award
Wins
Nominations
American Music Awards
5
6
ARIA Music Awards
1
1
ARIA Charts Awards
2
2
Asia Pop 40 Awards
2
2
BBC Radio 1 Teen Awards
0
2
Beano Awards
1
1
Billboard Music Awards
2
7
Billboard Live Music Awards
1
1
Billboard Women in Music
1
1
BMI Pop Awards
9
9
BMI London Awards
5
5
Bravo Otto
2
3
BRIT Awards
0
2
Echo Awards
0
2
GAFFA Awards
0
2
Gaon Chart Awards
1
1
Global Awards
2
5
Grammy Awards
0
4
Guinness World Records
1
1
Hispanic Federation Gala
1
1
iHeartRadio Much Music Video Awards
5
11
iHeartRadio Music Awards
5
19
iHeartRadio Titanium Award
3
3
Juno Awards
1
2
Latin American Music Awards
1
2
Latin Grammy Awards
2
4
LOS40 Music Awards
1
10
MAD Video Music Awards
1
1
MBC Plus X Genie Music Awards
0
1
Melon Music Awards
1
5
MTV Europe Music Awards
7
15
MTV Millennial Awards
2
3
MTV Millennial Awards Brazil
1
3
MTV Video Music Awards
7
18
MTV Video Music Awards Japan
1
3
MTV Video Play Awards
1
1
Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
4
6
Nickelodeon Kids’ Choice Awards Abu Dhabi
0
1
Meus Prêmios Nick
2
6
Nickelodeon Argentina Kids' Choice Awards
2
3
Nickelodeon Colombia Kids' Choice Awards
2
2
Nickelodeon Mexico Kids' Choice Awards
1
6
NRJ Music Awards
3
10
Official Charts Company
2
2
People's Choice Awards
2
10
Prêmio Jovem Brasileiro
1
1
Premios Juventud
2
6
Radio Disney Music Awards
9
10
RTHK International Pop Poll Awards
3
5
Save the Children Awards
1
1
Shorty Awards
1
2
Spotify Awards
0
2
Streamy Awards
0
1
Swiss Music Awards
1
1
Teen Choice Awards
14
32
Telehit Awards
1
6
The Cybersmile Foundation Awards
1
1
The Lockdown Awards
1
3
Variety Power of Women Awards
1
1
WDM Radio Awards
1
1
YouTube Creator Awards
3
3
Totals
Wins
128
Nominations
275
Pending
0
Cuban-born American singer Camila Cabello has received multiple nominations and won more than 136 awards including as a member of American girl group Fifth Harmony. This includes wins for six American Music Awards, two Billboard Music Awards, two Latin Grammy Awards, seven MTV Video Music Awards and nominations for two Brit Awards and four Grammy Awards.
Her debut album Camila was released in 2018 and debuted at No.1 on the US Billboard 200 Chart. The album spawned a No.1 single "Havana" and a top 10 single "Never Be the Same" on Billboard Hot 100. In August, she was presented Artist of the Year at the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards, and won a MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year for "Havana", the video directed by Dave Meyers. In October, she won New Artist of the Year at the 46th Annual American Music Awards, plus Collaboration of the Year, Video of the Year and Favorite Pop/Rock Song. In November, she was presented International Breakthrough of the Year at the NRJ Music Awards. The same year, she has also won a Billboard Music Award, four American Music Awards, five MTV Europe Music Awards, two MTV Video Music Awards, an NRJ Music Award two iHeartRadio Music Awards, and three iHeartRadio Much Music Video Awards.
In December 2018, Cabello was nominated for two awards at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards, including Best Pop Vocal Album for Camila, and Best Pop Solo Performance for the live version of "Havana", becoming her first two nominations. Cabello was also nominated for International Female Solo Artist at the 2019 Brit Awards.
Cabello alongside Shawn Mendes took home two VMAs at the 2019 MTV Video Music Awards for their single Señorita - including Best Collaboration and Best Cinematography.
In September 2019, Cabello was nominated for three awards at the 20th Annual Latin Grammys for "Mi Persona Favorita", her collaboration with Alejandro Sanz.
Late November she won Record of the Year and Best Pop Song.
Awards and nominations
A
B
G
H
I
J
L
M
N
P
R
S
T
V
W
Y
Award
Year
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Category
Result
Ref.
American Music Awards
2018
Camila Cabello
New Artist of the Year
Won
Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist
Nominated
"Havana"
Collaboration of the Year
Won
Video of the Year
Won
Favorite Pop/Rock Song
Won
2019
"Señorita"
Collaboration of the Year
Won
ARIA Music Awards
2018
Camila Cabello
Best International Artist
Won
ARIA Charts
2017
"Havana"
ARIA #1 Single Chart award
Won
2019
"Señorita"
Won
Asia Pop 40 Awards
2019
Camila Cabello
Artist of the Year
Won
"Havana"
Song of the Year
Won
BBC Radio 1 Teen Awards
2018
Camila Cabello
Best International Solo Artist
Nominated
2019
"Señorita"
Best Single
Nominated
Beano Awards
2019
"Señorita"
Best Song
Won
Billboard Music Awards
2017
"Bad Things"
Top Rap Collaboration
Nominated
2018
Camila Cabello
Top New Artist
Nominated
Chart Achievement
Won
Top Female Artist
Nominated
"Havana"
Top Collaboration
Nominated
2020
"Señorita"
Won
Top Hot 100 Song
Nominated
Billboard Live Music Awards
2019
Verizon Up x Shawn Mendes x Camilla Cabello Customer Loyalty Promotion
Concert and Marketing Promotions Award
Won
Billboard Women in Music
2017
Camila Cabello
Breakthrough Artist
Won
BMI Awards
2018
"Bad Things"
Award Winning Songs
Won
"All in My Head (Flex)"
Won
2019
"Havana"
Won
"Never Be The Same"
Won
2020
"Beautiful"
Won
"Consequences"
Won
"Señorita"
Won
2021
"My Oh My"
Won
"South of Border" (with Ed Sheeran & Cardi B)
Won
2023
"Bam Bam" (with Ed Sheeran)
Won
BMI London Awards
2019
"Never Be the Same"
Song of the Year
Won
Award Winning Songs
Won
"Crying in the Club"
Won
2020
"Liar"
Won
"Señorita"
Won
2021
"South of the Border"
Won
Bravo Otto
2019
Camila Cabello
International Singer
Nominated
BreakTudo Awards
2018
Camila Cabello
International Female Artist
Won
"Camila"
Album of the Year
Won
"Havana"
Hit of the Year
Won
Never Be the Same Tour
Summer Tour
Won
2019
Camilizers
International Fandom
Nominated
"Señorita"
International Hit
Nominated
Video of the Year
Nominated
2020
"Shameless"
Hymn of the Year
Nominated
2022
"Bam Bam"
International Hit
Won
BRIT Awards
2019
Camila Cabello
International Female Solo Artist
Nominated
2020
Nominated
Capricho Awards
2017
"Havana"
International Hit
Won
International Music Video
Won
Echo Awards
2018
Camila Cabello
Best International Newcomer
Nominated
Best International Artist
Nominated
GAFFA Awards (Denmark)
2019
Camila Cabello
Best Foreign New Act
Nominated
GAFFA Awards (Sweden)
2019
Camila Cabello
Best Foreign New Act
Nominated
Gaon Chart Music Awards
2018
"Havana"
International Song of the Year
Won
Global Awards
2018
"Havana"
Best Song
Nominated
Camila Cabello
Best Female
Won
Best Pop
Nominated
2020
Best Female
Won
"Señorita"
Best Song of 2019
Nominated
Grammy Awards
2019
"Havana (Live)"
Best Pop Solo Performance
Nominated
Camila
Best Pop Vocal Album
Nominated
2020
"Señorita"
Best Pop Duo/Group Performance
Nominated
2023
"Bam Bam"
Nominated
Guinness World Records
2020
"Havana"
Most streamed track on Spotify by female artist
Won
Hispanic Federation Gala
2022
Camila Cabello
Premio Orgullo
Won
Hits FM Music Awards
2018
Camila Cabello
New Artist of the Year
Won
Hollywood Music in Media Awards
2022
"Take Me Back Home" (with Hans Zimmer)
Original Song/Score - Trailer
Won
iHeartRadio Much Music Video Awards
2016
"I Know What You Did Last Summer"
Fan Fave Video
Won
Best Pop Video
Won
Video of the Year
Nominated
2017
Camila Cabello
Best New International Artist
Won
2018
Best Pop Artist of Group
Nominated
Artist of the Year
Nominated
Fan Fave Artist
Nominated
"Havana"
Fan Fave Single
Nominated
IHeartRadio Music Awards
2016
"Uptown Funk" (featuring Jasmine V, Jacob Whitesides, and Mahogany Lox)
Best Cover Song
Won
2017
Camila Cabello
Best Solo Breakout
Nominated
2018
Fangirls Award
Won
Best New Pop Artist
Nominated
Best Fan Army
Nominated
Best Solo Breakout
Nominated
"Say You Won't Let Go"
Best Cover Song
Nominated
"Havana (Remix)"
Best Remix
Nominated
2019
Camila Cabello
Female Artist of the Year
Nominated
Camilizers
Best Fan Army
Nominated
"Consequences"
Best Lyric
Won
2020
"Señorita"
Song Of The Year
Nominated
Best Collaboration
Won
Best Music Video
Nominated
Best Lyrics
Nominated
Camilizers
Best Fan Army
Nominated
"Someone You Loved"
Best Cover Song
Nominated
2022
"Good 4 U"
Won
iHeartRadio Titanium Award
2019
"Havana"
1 Billion Total Audience Spins on iHeartRadio Stations
Won
"Never Be the Same"
Won
2021
"Señorita"
Won
Juno Awards
2019
Camila
International Album of the Year
Nominated
2020
"Señorita"
Single of the Year
Won
Latin American Music Awards
2018
Camila Cabello
Favorite Crossover Artist
Won
2022
Social Artist of the Year
Nominated
Latin Grammy Awards
2017
"Hey Ma"
Best Urban Song
Nominated
2019
"Mi Persona Favorita"
(with Alejandro Sanz)
Record of the Year
Won
Song of the Year
Nominated
Best Pop Song
Won
2023
"Ambulancia" (with Camilo)
Best Tropical Song
Nominated
LOS40 Music Awards
2017
Camila Cabello
Lo+40 Best Artist Award
Won
2018
Camila
International Album of the Year
Nominated
"Havana"
International Song of the Year
Nominated
2019
"Mi Persona Favorita"
Best Spanish Song
Nominated
"Señorita"
Best International Song
Nominated
2021
"Don't Go Yet"
Best International Music Video
Nominated
2022
Camila Cabello
Best International Act
Nominated
Familia
Best International Album
Nominated
"Bam Bam" (with Ed Sheeran)
Best International Song
Nominated
Best International Collaboration
Nominated
MAD Video Music Awards
2018
"Havana"
Mad Radio International Song of the Year
Won
MBC Plus X Genie Music Awards
2018
Camila Cabello
Best International Artist
Nominated
Melon Music Awards
2018
"Camila"
Best Album Award
Nominated
"Havana"
Best Song Award
Nominated
Best Pop Award
Won
2019
"Señorita"
Best Pop Track
Nominated
MTV Europe Music Awards
2017
Camila Cabello
Best Pop
Won
2018
"Havana"
Best Song
Won
Best Video
Won
Camila Cabello
Best Artist
Won
Best Pop
Nominated
Biggest Fans
Nominated
Best US Act
Won
2019
"Señorita"
Best Song
Nominated
Best Collaboration
Nominated
Camila Cabello
Best Pop
Nominated
MTV Millennial Awards
2017
Camila Cabello
Instagramer Global
Won
2018
Nominated
"Havana"
Hit Global
Won
MTV Millennial Awards Brazil
2018
"Havana"
International Hit
Won
Camila Cabello
Fandom of the Year
Nominated
Camila Cabello and Fifth Harmony
Shade of the Year
Nominated
MTV Video Music Awards
2017
"OMG"
Song of Summer
Nominated
2018
"Havana"
Video of the Year
Won
Song of the Year
Nominated
Best Pop Video
Nominated
Best Choreography
Nominated
Camila Cabello
Artist of the Year
Won
2019
"Señorita"
Best Collaboration
Won
Best Cinematography
Won
Best Art Direction
Nominated
Best Choreography
Nominated
Song of Summer
Nominated
2020
"My Oh My"
Best Cinematography
Nominated
2021
"Don't Go Yet"
Song of Summer
Nominated
2022
"Bam Bam"
Best Cinematography
Nominated
MTV Video Play Awards
2019
"Señorita"
Top 20 Music Videos
Won
Nickelodeon Kids’ Choice Awards Abu Dhabi
2019
Camila Cabello
Favorite International Star
Nominated
Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
2018
Camila Cabello
Favorite Breakout Artist
Won
2019
Favorite Female Artist
Nominated
2020
"Señorita"
Favorite Music Collaboration
Won
2022
Camila Cabello as Cinderella in Cinderella
Favorite Movie Actress
Nominated
Meus Prêmios Nick
2017
"Hey Ma"
Favorite Collaboration
Won
Camila Cabello
Favorite International Artist
Nominated
2018
Nominated
2019
"Señorita"
Favorite International Hit
Nominated
2020
Camila Cabello
Favorite International Artist
Nominated
Nickelodeon Argentina Kids' Choice Awards
2017
"Hey Ma"
Favorite Collaboration
Won
Camila Cabello
Favorite International Artist or Group
Won
2018
Nominated
Nickelodeon Colombia Kids' Choice Awards
2017
"Hey Ma"
Favorite Collaboration
Won
Camila Cabello
Favorite International Artist or Group
Won
Nickelodeon Mexico Kids' Choice Awards
2017
"Hey Ma"
Favorite Collaboration
Nominated
Camila Cabello
Favorite International Artist or Group
Nominated
2018
Won
"Havana"
Favorite Hit
Nominated
2022
Camila Cabello
Favorite Global Artist
Nominated
Bam Bam
International Hit of the Year
Nominated
NRJ Music Awards
2018
Camila Cabello
International Breakthrough of the Year
Won
2019
Camila Cabello
International Female Artist of the Year
Nominated
International Duo/Group of the Year
Nominated
"Señorita" (with Shawn Mendes)
International Song of the Year
Won
2021
Camila Cabello
International Female Artist of the Year
Nominated
2022
Nominated
"Bam Bam"
International Song of the Year
Nominated
International Collaboration of the Year
Won
"Mon Amour"
Francophone Clip
Nominated
Official Charts Company
2017
"Havana"
Official Number 1 single award
Won
2019
"Señorita"
Won
People's Choice Awards
2018
Camila Cabello
Female Artist of 2018
Nominated
"Never Be the Same"
Music Video of 2018
Nominated
Camila
Album of 2018
Nominated
2019
Camila Cabello
Female Artist of 2019
Nominated
"Señorita"
Song of 2019
Won
Music Video of 2019
Nominated
2022
Camila Cabello
Female Artist of 2022
Nominated
"Bam Bam"
Collaboration of the Year
Nominated
Premios Juventud
2016
"I Know What You Did Last Summer"
Favorite Hit
Nominated
2017
"Hey Ma"
Best Song to Dance
Nominated
2023
Camila Cabello
Agent of Change
Won
Prêmio Jovem Brasileiro
2018
"Havana"
Melhor Single
Won
Radio Disney Music Awards
2017
"Bad Things"
Best Collaboration
Won
2018
Camila Cabello
Breakout Artist of the Year
Won
"Havana"
Song of the Year
Won
RTHK International Pop Poll Awards
2018
Camila Cabello
Top Female Artist (Bronze)
Won
"Havana"
Top 10 International Songs
Won
2020
"Señorita"
Top 10 International Songs
Won
2022
Camila Cabello
Top Female Artist
Nominated
"Bam Bam"
Top 10 International Songs
Nominated
Save the Children
2019
Camila Cabello
Voice Award
Won
SEC Awards
2022
Camila Cabello
Best Actress (International)
Won
Spotify Awards
2020
Camila Cabello
Most-Streamed Female Artist – For Users From 13 to 17 Years Old
Nominated
"Mi Persona Favorita"
Monday's Song
Nominated
Streamy Awards
2015
"Uptown Funk" (featuring Jasmine V, Jacob Whitesides, and Mahogany Lox)
Cover Song
Nominated
Swiss Music Awards
2019
Camila Cabello
Best Breaking Act International
Won
Teen Choice Awards
2016
"I Know What You Did Last Summer"
Choice Music: Breakup Song
Nominated
2017
"Crying in the Club"
Choice Single: Female Artist
Won
"Know No Better"
Choice Electronic/Dance Song
Won
"Hey Ma"
Choice Latin Song
Nominated
Camila Cabello
Choice Summer Female Artist
Won
Choice Female Hottie
Won
2018
Choice Female Artist
Won
Choice Summer Female Artist
Won
"Havana"
Choice Single: Female Artist
Won
2019
"Find U Again"
Choice Electronic/Dance Song
Nominated
"Señorita"
Choice Summer Song
Won
Telehit Awards
2017
Camila Cabello
Female Soloist of the Year
Nominated
2018
"Havana"
Song of the Year
Nominated
2019
"Señorita"
Best Anglo Video
Nominated
Best Anglo Song
Nominated
The Cybersmile Foundation
2021
Camila Cabello
July's Cybersmiler of the Month Award
Won
The Lockdown Awards
2020
"What A Wonderful World"
Digital Chemistry: Favorite Duet
Won
"Beautiful Day (Finneas Remix)," Dear Class of 2020
Stronger Together: Favorite Group / All-Star Performance (with Finneas, Ben Platt, Chris Martin, Cynthia Erivo, Khalid, Leon Bridges, Noah Cyrus, Tove Lo & Ty Dolla $ign)
Nominated
Zoom Tune: Zoom Performance (with Finneas, Ben Platt, Chris Martin, Cynthia Erivo, Khalid, Leon Bridges Noah Cyrus, Tove Lo, & Ty Dolla $ign)
Nominated
Variety Power of Women Awards
2022
Camila Cabello
Power of Women
Won
WDM Radio Awards
2018
"Know No Better"
Best Trending Track
Won
YouTube Creator Awards
2016
Camila Cabello
Silver Creator Award
Won
2017
Gold Creator Award
Won
2019
Diamond Creator Award
Won
Notes
^ Indicates the year of ceremony. Each year is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.
^ a b Awards and nominations Cabello has received as songwriter.
References
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^ "Camila Cabello Chart History | Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
^ a b c Browning, Justine (August 20, 2018). "See the full list of winners from the MTV VMAs". Entertainment Weekly.
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^ a b "Here Are All the Winners From the 2018 Billboard Music Awards". Billboard. May 20, 2018. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
^ a b Jiménez, Álex (November 4, 2018). "Camila Cabello arrasa en los Premios MTV EMA 2018" . ABC (in Spanish). Retrieved November 4, 2018.
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^ a b Kennedy, John R. (August 1, 2018). "Shawn Mendes Leads 2018 iHeartRadio MMVAs Nominations". iHeartRadio. Retrieved August 1, 2018.
^ a b Lynch, Joe. "Grammys 2019 Nominees: The Complete List". Billboard. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
^ a b "International Female Solo Nominees Announced". BRIT Awards. January 12, 2019. Retrieved January 12, 2019.
^ a b Balzano, Cata (September 24, 2019). "Rosalia, Alejandro Sanz Lead Latin Grammy Awards Nominations in Landmark Year". Variety. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
^ McCabe, Kathy (November 28, 2018). "ARIA Awards 2018: All the winners, performances from Aussie music's big night". The Herald Sun. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
^ The Phuket News Staff (February 1, 2019). "Asia Pop 40 announces Asia's No. 1 song, No. 1 group and No. 1 artist for 2018". The Phuket News. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
^ "BBC Radio 1 Teen Awards - Best International Solo Artist". BBC. Archived from the original on August 10, 2018.
^ "BBC Radio 1 Teen Awards - Best Single". BBC. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
^ "Beano Power Awards - Meet the Winners!". Beano. Retrieved February 8, 2020.
^ Billboard Staff (April 10, 2017). "Drake, The Chainsmokers Lead Nominees for the 2017 Billboard Music Awards". Billboard. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
^ "Post Malone Leads 2020 Billboard Music Awards Nominations With 16: Full List". Billboard. September 22, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
^
Eggertsen, Chris (November 6, 2019). "P!nk Accepts Legend of Live and Tour of the Year Award at Billboard Live Music Summit". Billboard. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
^ Weiner, Natalie (November 30, 2017). "Billboard Women in Music 'Breakthrough Artist' Camila Cabello on Female Solidarity and Solo Success". Billboard. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
^ "Mark Ronson Receives the BMI Champion Award at the 66th BMI Pop Awards". BMI. May 8, 2018. Retrieved August 5, 2018.
^ "Sting, Imagine Dragons and Martin Bandier Honored at BMI's 67th Annual Pop Awards". BMI. May 15, 2019. Retrieved May 15, 2019.
^ "2020 BMI Pop Awards!". Midiorama. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
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^ "2023 BMI Pop Awards". Broadcast Music, Inc. May 9, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
^ "Noel Gallagher and World's Top Songwriters Honored at 2019 BMI London Awards". BMI. October 21, 2019. Retrieved October 21, 2019.
^ "BMI London Awards 2020". Midiorama. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
^ "BMI London Awards 2021". Midiorama. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
^ "BRAVO-Otto-Wahl 2019: Vote für deinen Star!". Bravo (in German). October 23, 2019. Retrieved October 31, 2019.
^ "BreakTudo Awards 2018 Winners: The Complet List". BreakTudo Awards. January 30, 2019. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
^ "BreakTudo Awards 2019 – Shortlist". BreakTudo Awards. August 22, 2019. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
^ "Find out who are the nominees for the BreakTudo Awards 2020". BreakTudo Awards. August 19, 2020. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
^ "BreakTudo Awards 2022: Meet the nominees!". BreakTudo Awards. September 5, 2022. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
^ Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (January 11, 2020). "Brit award nominations 2020: Dave and Lewis Capaldi top pile, with women shut out". The Guardian. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
^ "The list of winners of CAPRICHO Awards 2017 is out!". Capricho Awards. April 11, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
^ "Pop Nominierte 2018". Echo. March 15, 2018. Archived from the original on March 10, 2018.
^ "GAFFA Prize - And the winners are ..." GAFFA (in Danish). Denmark. March 8, 2019.
^ "GAFFA-priset 2019 – här är artisterna som ligger bäst till". GAFFA (in Swedish). Sweden. Archived from the original on December 23, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2019.
^ "2019 8th Gaon Chart Music Awards winners". Knetizen.
^ "8th Gaon Chart Music Awards nominees and categories". AXS.
^ "The Global Awards". Global. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
^ "The Global Awards 2020 with Vey.co.uk: Full winner's list". Capital Xtra. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
^ "Global Awards: Categories". global.com. Archived from the original on January 2, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
^ Minsker, Evan (December 7, 2018). "Grammy Nominations 2019: See The Full List Here". Pitchfork. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
^ "2020 GRAMMY Awards: Complete Nominees List". Grammy Awards. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
^ "2023 GRAMMY Awards: Complete Nominees List".
^ "Most streamed track on Spotify (female)". guinnessworldrecords.com. February 20, 2020. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
^ Shirley Gomez (April 29, 2022). "THE HISPANIC FEDERATION HONORS CAMILA CABELLO WITH THE PREMIO ORGULLO DURING THEIR NYC GALA". hola.com. Retrieved April 29, 2022.
^ "#Hit FM Music Awards 2018#". m.weibo.cn. February 10, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
^ "2022 HMMA Nominations". Hollywood Music in Media Awards. November 3, 2022. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
^ McIntyre, Hugh. "Drake Wins Big At The 2016 MuchMusic Video Awards". Forbes. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
^ "iHeartRadio Much Music Video Awards 2017 Winners List!". ET Canada. June 18, 2017. Archived from the original on June 21, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
^ "iHeartRadio Music Awards 2016: See the Full Winners List". Billboard.
^ "2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards: Complete Winners List". Billboard. March 5, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
^ Aniftos, Rania (January 10, 2018). "Rihanna, Ed Sheeran & Bruno Mars Lead iHeartRadio Music Awards 2018 Nominees". Billboard. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
^ "iHeartRadio Music Award Nominations 2019: Complete List". iHeartRadio. January 9, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
^ "2020 iHeartRadio Music Awards Nominees Revealed: See the Full List". iHeartRadio. January 8, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
^ Legaspi, Althea (April 2, 2019). "Cardi B, Post Malone, Camila Cabello Receive iHeartRadio Titanium Award". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on April 4, 2019. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
^ Aniftos, Rania (January 8, 2021). "Ariana Grande, Justin Bieber, The Weeknd & More Earn iHeartRadio Titanium Awards for 1 Billion Spins in 2020". Billboard.
^ "Shawn Mendes and the Weeknd lead the 2019 Juno nominations". CBC Music, January 29, 2019.
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^ Cobo, Leila. "Karol G Is Big Winner at Latin AMAs With 6 Awards, Followed by Bad Bunny: Full Winners List". Billboard. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
^ "Lista completa de los nominados a los premios Latin GRAMMY 2017". Univision (in Spanish). September 26, 2017. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
^ Ryan, Patrick. "Latin Grammys: Camila Cabello, Alejandro Sanz, Rosalía, Luis Fonsi score 2019 nominations". USA TODAY. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
^ "CAMILA CABELLO SE LLEVÓ A CASA EL LOS40 MUSIC AWARD A MEJOR ARTISTA LO+40". Los40 (in Spanish). November 11, 2017. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
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^ "MBC Plus X Genie Music Awards". October 2018. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
^ "2018 Melon Music Awards". November 14, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
^ "2019 Melon Music Awards". November 14, 2019. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
^ "Here Are All the Winners From the 2017 MTV EMAs". Billboard. November 12, 2017. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
^ Roth, Madeline (July 23, 2019). "Ariana, Taylor, Billie, and Lil Nas X Lead Your 2019 VMA Nominations". MTV News. Retrieved August 4, 2019.
^ "¡Todas las categorías y nominados!". mtvla.com (in Spanish). April 24, 2017. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
^ "Premios MTV Miaw 2018: todos los nominados". La Nación (in Spanish). April 17, 2018. Archived from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
^ Online, Universo (May 24, 2018). "Conheça todos os vencedores do MTV Miaw que será transmitido nesta quinta". Universo Online (in Portuguese). Grupo Folha. Retrieved June 5, 2018.
^ "Demi, Camila, 5H, And More Will Battle it Out For The VMA Song of Summer Award". MTV News. August 22, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
^ Nordyke, Kimberly (August 26, 2019). "MTV Video Music Awards: Taylor Swift, Jonas Brothers, Cardi B Among Winners". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 26, 2019.
^ Shafer, Ellise (July 30, 2020). "Ariana Grande, Lady Gaga, Billie Eilish and The Weeknd Lead MTV VMAs Nominations". Variety. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
^ "Vote for the MTV VMA Group of the Year and Song of the Summer starting tomorrow". Lakes Media Network. September 3, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
^ "Abu Dhabi's Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards: Billie Eilish, Zahra Lari and Essa Al Marzoug among nominees". The National. August 18, 2019. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
^ "Beyoncé, Dwayne Johnson, and Gal Gadot among 2018 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards nominees". EW. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
^ Nordyke, Kimberly; Forstadt, Jillian (March 23, 2019). "Kids' Choice Awards: Full List of Winners". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved March 24, 2019.
^ Boyle, Kelli (February 13, 2020). "Chance the Rapper to Host 2020 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards: See the Complete List of Nominations". E! News. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
^ Grein, Paul (May 2, 2020). "Complete List of Winners for 'Kids' Choice Awards 2020: Celebrate Together". Billboard. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
^ Erik Pedersen (March 9, 2022). "Kids' Choice Awards Nominations Set; Miranda Cosgrove & Rob Gronkowski To Host Show". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 9, 2022.
^ "Confira os nomes dos grandes vencedores do Meus Prêmios Nick 2017!". Diario Do Grande ABC (in Portuguese). Brazil. November 9, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
^ Zocchi, Gabriela. "Anitta e Maisa lideram a lista dos indicados aos Meus Prêmios Nick 2018". Capricho (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on August 28, 2018. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
^ "Meus Prêmios Nick 2019: A segunda fase da votação começou!". trendybynick (in Portuguese). September 3, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2019.
^ "Saiu! Confira os indicados do Meus Prêmios Nick 2020!" (in Portuguese). Trendy By Nick. July 22, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
^ "Se entregaron los Kids´ Choice Awards Argentina 2017". Funcinema (in Spanish). Argentina. October 20, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
^ "Los looks y la lista de ganadores de los Kids' Choice Awards Argentina 2018". Infobae (in Spanish). Retrieved September 18, 2018.
^ "Kids Choice Awards Colombia 2017: Estos fueron los ganadores". Colombia.com (in Spanish). Colombia. October 2, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
^ "Nominados para los Kids' Choice Awards México 2017". Publimetro (in Spanish). Mexico. July 20, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
^ "Kids Choice Awards México 2018 - ARTISTA O GRUPO INTERNACIONAL FAVORITO". Mundo Nick (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 19, 2018. Retrieved July 19, 2018.
^ "Kids Choice Awards México 2018 - HIT FAVORITO". Mundo Nick (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 19, 2018. Retrieved July 19, 2018.
^ "Vota para los KCA Mexico 2022 | Kids' Choice Awards México 2022". www.kcamexico.com. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
^ "Nommés NRJ MUSIC AWARDS 2019" (in French). NRJ Music Awards. Retrieved November 9, 2019.
^ "Nommés NRJ MUSIC AWARDS 2021" (in French). NRJ Music Awards. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
^ "NRJ Music Awards 2022 - Winners and results by category!". November 19, 2022.
^ Copsey, Rob (November 7, 2017). "Camila Cabello celebrates Havana reaching Number 1 on the Official Singles Chart: "I'm beyond over the moon"". Official Charts. Retrieved March 7, 2021.
^ Copsey, Rob (July 12, 2019). "Shawn Mendes and Camila Cabello's Senorita climbs to Number 1 on the Official Singles Chart: "We are so thankful and excited"". Official Charts. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
^ Macke, Johnni (September 5, 2018). "2018 People's Choice Awards: Complete List of Nominations". E!. Retrieved September 7, 2018.
^ "2019 People's Choice Awards: Complete List of Nominees". E!. September 4, 2019. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
^ "Premios Juventud 2016: Lista completa de ganadores". www.univision.com. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
^ "Esta es la lista de nominados a Premios Juventud 2017". Univision (in Spanish). May 18, 2017. Retrieved May 20, 2017.
^ "2023 Premios Juventud Winners: Complete List". Billboard (in Spanish). July 21, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
^ "CONFIRA OS GANHADORES DO PRÊMIO JOVEM BRASILEIRO, MAIOR PREMIAÇÃO JOVEM DO MUNDO!". Telehit (in Portuguese). October 8, 2018. Archived from the original on February 18, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
^ "Camila Cabello Won Her First Award Since Leaving Fifth Harmony". Seventeen. April 29, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
^ "Shawn Mendes & Meghan Trainor Lead Radio Disney Music Awards 2018 Nominations". Billboard. April 28, 2018.
^ "30th RTHK Pop Poll Awards". RTHK. Archived from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
^ "33rd RTHK Pop Poll Awards". RTHK. Retrieved November 15, 2022.
^ "Camila Cabello and Robert Iger to be Honored at Save the Children Centennial Celebrations". Save The Children. June 26, 2019. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
^ "SEC Awards on Instagram: @Camila_Cabello foi a vencedora na categoria "Melhor Atriz em Filme Internacional" por Cinderela no #SECAwards 2022". Instagram. July 3, 2022. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
^ Reyes, Van (February 19, 2020). "Conoce a todos los nominados a los Spotify Awards 2020". nacionrex.com (in Spanish). Retrieved February 22, 2020.
^ "5th Annual Winners & Nominees". Streamys. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
^ "Winners | Swiss Music Awards 2019". Swiss Music Awards. February 16, 2019. Archived from the original on February 18, 2019. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
^ Goodman, Jessica. "Teen Choice Awards 2016: Winners list". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
^ Ramos, Dino-Ray (August 13, 2017). "Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners: 'Wonder Woman', 'Beauty And The Beast', 'Riverdale' Among Honorees". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media, LLC. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
^ Douglas, Esme (August 12, 2018). "Teen Choice Awards 2018: See the full list of winners". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on August 13, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
^ "Here Are All the Winners From the 2019 Teen Choice Awards". Billboard. August 11, 2019. Archived from the original on August 12, 2019. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
^ "Teen Choice Awards 2019: The Complete Winners List". TheWrap. August 14, 2019. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
^ "¡Conoce a los nominados e invitados de los Premios Telehit 2017!". Telehit (in Spanish). October 5, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
^ Solís, Erik (November 14, 2019). "¡Conoce a los ganadores de los Premios Telehit 2019!". Telehit. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
^ "Camila Cabello Announced as July's Cybersmiler of the Month Award Winner". The Cybersmile Foundation. August 10, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2021.
^ Paul Grein (December 11, 2020). "Shawn Mendes & Camila Cabello, BTS, Cardi B Among Inaugural Lockdown Awards Winners". billboard.com. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
^ William Earl (April 14, 2022). "Kim Cattrall, Camila Cabello, Venus Williams, Amanda Seyfried, Queen Latifah and Drew Barrymore to Be Honored at Variety's Power of Women Event". Variety.com. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
^ "Lista de ganadores #WDMRadioAwards en #CDMX". Los 40. March 22, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ "Camila Cabello – YouTube". YouTube. Retrieved March 7, 2021.
vteCamila Cabello
Awards and nominations
Discography
Songs
Studio albums
Camila (2018)
Romance (2019)
Familia (2022)
C,XOXO (2024)
Singles
"I Know What You Did Last Summer"
"Bad Things"
"Crying in the Club"
"Havana"
"Never Be the Same"
"Sangria Wine"
"Consequences"
"Mi Persona Favorita"
"Señorita"
"Liar"
"Shameless"
"Cry for Me"
"Easy"
"Living Proof"
"My Oh My"
"First Man"
"Don't Go Yet"
"Oh Na Na"
"Bam Bam"
"Psychofreak"
"Hasta los Dientes"
"Mon amour"
"Ku Lo Sa"
"I Luv It"
"He Knows"
Featured singles
"Love Incredible"
"Hey Ma"
"Know No Better"
"Almost Like Praying"
"Beautiful"
"Find U Again"
"South of the Border"
Promotional singles
"I Have Questions"
"OMG"
"Real Friends"
"Million to One"
Other songs
"She Loves Control"
"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree"
"The Christmas Song"
"I'll Be Home for Christmas"
Concert tours
Never Be the Same Tour
Related articles
Fifth Harmony
Category
|
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200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana_(Camila_Cabello_song)"},{"link_name":"Never Be the Same","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Be_the_Same_(Camila_Cabello_song)"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hot100-2"},{"link_name":"2018 MTV Video Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_MTV_Video_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Video_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VMA-3"},{"link_name":"Dave Meyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Meyers_(director)"},{"link_name":"New Artist of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Music_Award_for_New_Artist_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"46th Annual American Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Music_Awards_of_2018"},{"link_name":"Collaboration of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Music_Award_for_Collaboration_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Video of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Music_Award_for_Video_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Favorite Pop/Rock Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Music_Award_for_Favorite_Pop/Rock_Song"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMA-4"},{"link_name":"NRJ Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRJ_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRJ-5"},{"link_name":"Billboard Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBMA-6"},{"link_name":"American Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMA-4"},{"link_name":"MTV Europe Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EMA-7"},{"link_name":"MTV Video Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VMA-3"},{"link_name":"NRJ Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRJ_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRJ-5"},{"link_name":"iHeartRadio Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartRadio_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iHeart-8"},{"link_name":"iHeartRadio Much Music Video Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartRadio_Much_Music_Video_Awards"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MMVA-9"},{"link_name":"61st Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/61st_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRAMMYs-10"},{"link_name":"Best Pop Vocal Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Pop_Vocal_Album"},{"link_name":"Best Pop Solo Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Pop_Solo_Performance"},{"link_name":"International Female Solo Artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Award_for_International_Female_Solo_Artist"},{"link_name":"2019 Brit Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Brit_Awards"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRITs-11"},{"link_name":"Shawn Mendes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn_Mendes"},{"link_name":"2019 MTV Video Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_MTV_Video_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Señorita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%B1orita_(Shawn_Mendes_and_Camila_Cabello_song)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"20th Annual Latin Grammys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Annual_Latin_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Mi Persona Favorita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi_Persona_Favorita"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Sanz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Sanz"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety.com-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety.com-12"}],"text":"Cuban-born American singer Camila Cabello has received multiple nominations and won more than 136 awards including as a member of American girl group Fifth Harmony. This includes wins for six American Music Awards, two Billboard Music Awards, two Latin Grammy Awards, seven MTV Video Music Awards and nominations for two Brit Awards and four Grammy Awards.Her debut album Camila was released in 2018 and debuted at No.1 on the US Billboard 200 Chart.[1] The album spawned a No.1 single \"Havana\" and a top 10 single \"Never Be the Same\" on Billboard Hot 100.[2] In August, she was presented Artist of the Year at the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards, and won a MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year[3] for \"Havana\", the video directed by Dave Meyers. In October, she won New Artist of the Year at the 46th Annual American Music Awards, plus Collaboration of the Year, Video of the Year and Favorite Pop/Rock Song.[4] In November, she was presented International Breakthrough of the Year at the NRJ Music Awards.[5] The same year, she has also won a Billboard Music Award,[6] four American Music Awards,[4] five MTV Europe Music Awards,[7] two MTV Video Music Awards,[3] an NRJ Music Award[5] two iHeartRadio Music Awards,[8] and three iHeartRadio Much Music Video Awards.[9]In December 2018, Cabello was nominated for two awards at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards,[10] including Best Pop Vocal Album for Camila, and Best Pop Solo Performance for the live version of \"Havana\", becoming her first two nominations. Cabello was also nominated for International Female Solo Artist at the 2019 Brit Awards.[11]Cabello alongside Shawn Mendes took home two VMAs at the 2019 MTV Video Music Awards for their single Señorita - including Best Collaboration and Best Cinematography.[citation needed]In September 2019, Cabello was nominated for three awards at the 20th Annual Latin Grammys for \"Mi Persona Favorita\", her collaboration with Alejandro Sanz.[12] \nLate November she won Record of the Year and Best Pop Song.[12]","title":"List of awards and nominations received by Camila Cabello"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"}],"text":"A\nB\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nL\nM\nN\nP\nR\nS\nT\nV\nW\nY","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Writer_23-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Writer_23-1"}],"text":"^ Indicates the year of ceremony. Each year is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.\n\n^ a b Awards and nominations Cabello has received as songwriter.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Caulfield, Keith (January 21, 2018). \"Camila Cabello Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart\". Billboard. Retrieved January 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8095280/camila-cabello-billboard-200-chart-albums-no-1","url_text":"\"Camila Cabello Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Camila Cabello Chart History | Billboard Hot 100\". Billboard. Retrieved April 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/camila-cabello/chart-history/hsi/","url_text":"\"Camila Cabello Chart History | Billboard Hot 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Browning, Justine (August 20, 2018). \"See the full list of winners from the MTV VMAs\". Entertainment Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/music/2018/08/20/mtv-vmas-2018-winners-list/","url_text":"\"See the full list of winners from the MTV VMAs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Hilary (September 12, 2018). \"American Music Awards: Drake, Cardi B Lead 2018 Nominations\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/ama-nominations-2018-list-full-1142123","url_text":"\"American Music Awards: Drake, Cardi B Lead 2018 Nominations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"@nrjhitmusiconly (November 10, 2018). \"C'est votre révélation internationale de l'année aux #NMA !felicitaciones señorita @Camila_Cabello ¡\" [This is your International Revelation of the Year to the #NMA! Congratulations Miss @Camila_Cabello!] (Tweet) (in French) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRJ","url_text":"@nrjhitmusiconly"},{"url":"https://x.com/nrjhitmusiconly/status/1061368611938406406","url_text":"\"C'est votre révélation internationale de l'année aux #NMA !felicitaciones señorita @Camila_Cabello ¡\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Here Are All the Winners From the 2018 Billboard Music Awards\". Billboard. May 20, 2018. Retrieved May 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/bbma/8456842/billboard-music-awards-2018-winners-list-bbmas","url_text":"\"Here Are All the Winners From the 2018 Billboard Music Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Jiménez, Álex (November 4, 2018). \"Camila Cabello arrasa en los Premios MTV EMA 2018\" [Camila Cabello sweeps the MTV EMA 2018 Awards]. ABC (in Spanish). Retrieved November 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.es/play/television/noticias/abci-camila-cabello-arrasa-premios-2018-201811042215_noticia.html","url_text":"\"Camila Cabello arrasa en los Premios MTV EMA 2018\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(newspaper)","url_text":"ABC"}]},{"reference":"Maher, Natalie (February 21, 2018). \"Chance the Rapper, Camila Cabello & Jon Bon Jovi to Receive Special Honors at 2018 iHeartRadio Music Awards\". Billboard. 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#CDMX\""},{"Link":"https://youtube.com/c/camilacabello","external_links_name":"\"Camila Cabello – YouTube\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950%E2%80%9351_Michigan_Wolverines_men%27s_ice_hockey_season
|
1950–51 Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey season
|
["1 Standings","1.1 Schedule","2 Roster and scoring statistics","3 Goaltending Statistics","4 1951 national championship","4.1 (W1) Michigan vs. (E1) Brown","5 Notes","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
|
Sports season
1950–51 Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey seasonNational champion1951 NCAA Tournament, champion
Home iceWeinberg ColiseumRecordOverall22–4–1Home13–2–1Road7–2Neutral2–0Coaches and captainsHead coachVic HeyligerCaptain(s)Gil BurfordMichigan Wolverines men's ice hockey seasons« 1949–50 1951–52 »
The 1950–51 Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey team represented the University of Michigan in intercollegiate college ice hockey during the 1950–51 NCAA men's ice hockey season. The head coach was Vic Heyliger and the team captain was Gil Burford. The team won the 1951 NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament. The team's leading scorer was Neil Celley, who broke Michigan's single-season scoring record with 79 points (40 goals, 39 assists) and led the NCAA in scoring.
Standings
1950–51 NCAA Independent ice hockey standingsvte
Intercollegiate
Overall
GP
W
L
T
Pct.
GF
GA
GP
W
L
T
GF
GA
American International
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
17
8
8
1
–
–
Army
12
1
10
1
.125
29
74
13
2
10
1
33
76
Boston College
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
20
12
8
0
105
89
Boston University
21
16
5
0
.762
149
59
21
16
5
0
149
59
Bowdoin
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
12
6
5
1
–
–
Brown
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
24
18
6
0
172
72
Colby
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Colorado College
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
25
16
8
1
192
130
Dartmouth
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
19
9
9
1
71
89
Denver
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
11
11
1
134
111
Hamilton
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
16
7
9
0
–
–
Harvard
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
12
11
0
117
91
Lehigh
1
1
0
0
1.000
6
1
5
4
1
0
35
14
Massachusetts
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
7
0
7
0
10
40
Michigan
20
18
2
0
.900
159
69
27
22
4
1
212
100
Michigan State
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
17
6
11
0
65
95
Michigan Tech
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
21
5
14
2
89
134
Minnesota
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
26
14
12
0
140
112
MIT
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
10
0
10
0
–
–
New Hampshire
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
9
5
4
0
44
34
North Dakota
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
26
12
12
2
116
139
North Dakota Agricultural
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Northeastern
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
19
8
11
0
90
77
Norwich
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
12
6
6
0
–
–
Princeton
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
18
7
10
1
100
111
Saint Michael's
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
6
3
3
0
33
39
St. Olaf
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
9
5
3
1
–
–
Wyoming
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
12
4
8
0
–
–
Yale
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
17
14
2
1
116
43
Schedule
During the season Michigan compiled a 22–4–1 record, the fourth consecutive year that the team won at least 80% of their games. Their schedule was as follows.
Date
Opponent
Score
Result
Venue
Location
Record
Dec. 8, 1950
Detroit Auto Club
8–6
Win
Weinberg Coliseum
Ann Arbor, MI
1–0
Dec. 15, 1950
Princeton
11–6
Win
Weinberg Coliseum
Ann Arbor, MI
2–0
Dec. 16, 1950
Princeton
10–2
Win
Weinberg Coliseum
Ann Arbor, MI
3–0
Dec. 21, 1950
Western Ontario
8–2
Win
Weinberg Coliseum
Ann Arbor, MI
4–0
Dec. 22, 1950
Western Ontario
14–1
Win
Weinberg Coliseum
Ann Arbor, MI
5–0
Dec. 27, 1950
Boston College
11–2
Win
Boston Arena
Boston, MA
6–0
Dec. 29, 1950
Boston University
3–2
Win
Boston Arena
Boston, MA
7–0
Jan. 5, 1951
Minnesota
5–4*
Win
Williams Arena
Minneapolis, MN
8–0
Jan. 6, 1951
Minnesota
6–4
Win
Williams Arena
Minneapolis, MN
9–0
Jan. 12, 1951
Montreal
8–8*
Tie
Weinberg Coliseum
Ann Arbor, MI
9–0–1
Jan. 13, 1951
Montreal
2–3
Loss
Weinberg Coliseum
Ann Arbor, MI
9–1–1
Jan. 19, 1951
Minnesota
12–2
Win
Weinberg Coliseum
Ann Arbor, MI
10–1–1
Jan. 20, 1951
Minnesota
8–0
Win
Weinberg Coliseum
Ann Arbor, MI
11–1–1
Feb. 5, 1951
Denver
5–4
Win
DU Arena
Denver, CO
12–1–1
Feb. 7, 1951
Denver
3–5
Loss
DU Arena
Denver, CO
12–2–1
Feb. 9, 1951
Colorado College
6–4
Win
Broadmoor Ice Palace
Colorado Springs, CO
13–2–1
Feb. 10, 1951
Colorado College
7–9
Loss
Broadmoor Ice Palace
Colorado Springs, CO
13–3–1
Feb. 16, 1951
Toronto
9–5
Win
Weinberg Coliseum
Ann Arbor, MI
14–3–1
Feb. 17, 1951
Toronto
4–6
Loss
Weinberg Coliseum
Ann Arbor, MI
14–4–1
Feb. 21, 1951
Michigan State
10–1
Win
Demonstration Hall
East Lansing, MI
15–4–1
Feb. 23, 1951
North Dakota
11–4
Win
Weinberg Coliseum
Ann Arbor, MI
16–4–1
Feb. 24, 1951
North Dakota
12–4
Win
Weinberg Coliseum
Ann Arbor, MI
17–4–1
Mar. 3, 1951
Michigan State
9–6
Win
Weinberg Coliseum
Ann Arbor, MI
18–4–1
Mar. 9, 1951
Michigan Tech
8–3
Win
Weinberg Coliseum
Ann Arbor, MI
19–4–1
Mar. 10, 1951
Michigan Tech
7–4
Win
Weinberg Coliseum
Ann Arbor, MI
20–4–1
NCAA TOURNAMENT
March 15, 1951
Boston University
8–2
Win
Broadmoor World Arena
Colorado Springs, CO
21–4–1
March 17, 1951
Brown
7–1
Win
Broadmoor World Arena
Colorado Springs, CO
22–4–1
212–100
22–4–1
* Denotes overtime periods
Roster and scoring statistics
Neil Celley
Gil Burford
No.
Name
Year
Position
Hometown
S/P/C
Games
Goals
Assists
Pts
PIM
6
Neil Celley
Senior
LW
Eveleth, MN
27
40
39
79
10
8
Gil Burford
Senior
RW
Detroit, MI
27
37
34
71
8
10
John McKennell
Sophomore
RW
Toronto, ON
27
35
22
57
24
4
John Matchefts
Sophomore
C
Eveleth, MN
27
25
31
56
30
7
Earl Keyes
Sophomore
C/G
Tiverton, ON
27
18
25
43
28
15
Al Bassey
Senior
F
Walpole, MA
27
16
17
33
14
5
Bob Heathcott
Junior
D
Calgary, AB
27
12
21
33
40
18
Alex MacLellan
Sophomore
D
Montreal, PQ
27
7
20
27
47
9
Paul Pelow
Junior
C
Toronto, ON
17
9
8
17
32
12
Joe Marmo
Senior
LW
East Boston, MA
27
4
12
16
37
11
Graham Cragg
Junior
D
Edmonton, AB
27
1
12
13
18
14
Gordon Naylor
Sophomore
RW
Montreal, PQ
27
3
8
11
10
3
Eddie May
Junior
D
Edmonton, AB
20
4
2
6
8
Harry Stuhldreher
7
0
0
0
12
1
Hal Downes
Senior
G
Melrose, MA
27
0
0
0
0
Total
212
Goaltending Statistics
No.
Name
Games
Minutes
Wins
Losses
Ties
Goals Against
Saves
Shut Outs
SV %
GAA
1
Hal Downes
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
–
–
7
Earl Keyes
2
–
2
0
0
7
49
0
.875
3.50
Total
27
–
22
4
1
100
–
1
–
–
1951 national championship
(W1) Michigan vs. (E1) Brown
March 17
Michigan
7 – 1
Brown
Broadmoor Ice Palace
Scoring summary
Period
Team
Goal
Assist(s)
Time
Score
1st
UM
Eddie May
Naylor and Marmo
03:49
1–0 UM
UM
Gil Burford – GW
MacLellan
15:24
2–0 UM
2nd
UM
Neil Celley
unassisted
26:41
3–0 UM
UM
John McKennell
unassisted
30:56
4–0 UM
UM
Al Bassey
Keyes and MacLellan
34:19
5–0 UM
3rd
BRN
Tony Malo
Wheeler
47:54
5–1 UM
UM
John McKennell
Burford and Keyes
51:15
6–1 UM
UM
Neil Celley
Burford
59:38
7–1 UM
Shots by period
Team
1
2
3
T
Michigan
17
21
14
52
Brown
5
4
11
20
Goaltenders
Team
Name
Saves
Goals against
Time on ice
UM
Hal Downes
19
1
BRN
Donald Whiston
45
7
Bob Heathcott, Gil Burford, John Matchefts and Neil Celley were named to the All-Tournament Team
Notes
Less than year after winning the tournament, Hal Downes was shot down in his B-26 over North Korea and was declared MIA. Though all living POWs were returned to the US in 1953 Downes remained listed as MIA until his remains were returned in 2018.
See also
1951 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament
List of NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament champions
References
^ "THROUGH THE YEARS:" (PDF). Michigan Wolverines. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
^ "Univ. of Michigan 1950-51 roster and statistics". EliteProspects. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
^ "NCAA Division 1 Tournament". College Hockey Historical Archives. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2013.
^ "NCAA Frozen Four Records" (PDF). NCAA.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 17, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2013.
^ "Missing—but not forgotten: What the return of Korean War remains means for the daughter of one American soldier". Wilson Center. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
External links
Official Site
History of the 1950–51 team Archived 2011-11-01 at the Wayback Machine, at page 6
vteNCAA Division I men's ice hockey champions
1948
Michigan
1949
Boston College
1950
Colorado College
1951
Michigan
1952
Michigan
1953
Michigan
1954
Rensselaer
1955
Michigan
1956
Michigan
1957
Colorado College
1958
Denver
1959
North Dakota
1960
Denver
1961
Denver
1962
Michigan Tech
1963
North Dakota
1964
Michigan
1965
Michigan Tech
1966
Michigan State
1967
Cornell
1968
Denver
1969
Denver
1970
Cornell
1971
Boston University
1972
Boston University
1973
Wisconsin
1974
Minnesota
1975
Michigan Tech
1976
Minnesota
1977
Wisconsin
1978
Boston University
1979
Minnesota
1980
North Dakota
1981
Wisconsin
1982
North Dakota
1983
Wisconsin
1984
Bowling Green
1985
Rensselaer
1986
Michigan State
1987
North Dakota
1988
Lake Superior State
1989
Harvard
1990
Wisconsin
1991
Northern Michigan
1992
Lake Superior State
1993
Maine
1994
Lake Superior State
1995
Boston University
1996
Michigan
1997
North Dakota
1998
Michigan
1999
Maine
2000
North Dakota
2001
Boston College
2002
Minnesota
2003
Minnesota
2004
Denver
2005
Denver
2006
Wisconsin
2007
Michigan State
2008
Boston College
2009
Boston University
2010
Boston College
2011
Minnesota–Duluth
2012
Boston College
2013
Yale
2014
Union
2015
Providence
2016
North Dakota
2017
Denver
2018
Minnesota–Duluth
2019
Minnesota–Duluth
2020
No tournament
2021
Massachusetts
2022
Denver
2023
Quinnipiac
2024
Denver
vteMichigan Wolverines men's ice hockeyVenues
Weinberg Coliseum (1914–1973)
Yost Ice Arena (1973–present)
Coaches
Joseph Barss (1922–27)
Eddie Lowrey (1927–44)
Vic Heyliger (1944–57)
Al Renfrew (1957–73)
Dan Farrell (1973–80)
Wilf Martin (1980)
John Giordano (1980–84)
Red Berenson (1984–2017)
Mel Pearson (2017–2022)
Brandon Naurato (2022–present)
Seasons
1922–23
1923–24
1924–25
1925–26
1926–27
1927–28
1928–29
1929–30
1930–31
1931–32
1932–33
1933–34
1934–35
1935–36
1936–37
1937–38
1938–39
1939–40
1940–41
1941–42
1942–43
1943–44
1944–45
1945–46
1946–47
1947–48
1948–49
1949–50
1950–51
1951–52
1952–53
1953–54
1954–55
1955–56
1956–57
1957–58
1958–59
1959–60
1960–61
1961–62
1962–63
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–00
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
Conference affiliations
MCHA/WIHL/WCHA (1951–1958, 1959–1981)
CCHA (1981–2013)
Big Ten (1958–1981, 2013–present)
Rivalries
Michigan State
Minnesota
Notre Dame
Culture & lore
Great Lakes Invitational
The Big Chill at the Big House
Cold War
Faceoff on the Lake
All-time leaders
Statistical leaders
Brendan Morrison (284 Points)
Denny Felsner (139 Goals)
Marty Turco (127 Wins)
National championships
1948
1951
1952
1953
1955
1956
1964
1996
1998
Frozen Four appearances
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1962
1964
1977
1992
1993
1995
1996
1997
1998
2001
2002
2003
2008
2011
2018
2022
2023
2024
NCAA Tournament appearances
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1962
1964
1977
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2016
2018
2021
2022
2023
2024
Conference Tournament titles
CCHA: 1994
1996
1997
1999
2002
2003
2005
2008
2010
Big Ten: 2016
2022
2023
Hobey Baker winners
Brendan Morrison (1997)
Kevin Porter (2008)
Adam Fantilli (2023)
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"college ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"1950–51 NCAA men's ice hockey season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950%E2%80%9351_NCAA_men%27s_ice_hockey_season"},{"link_name":"head coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_coach"},{"link_name":"Vic Heyliger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Heyliger"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(sports)"},{"link_name":"1951 NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_NCAA_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_Tournament"},{"link_name":"Neil Celley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Celley"}],"text":"The 1950–51 Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey team represented the University of Michigan in intercollegiate college ice hockey during the 1950–51 NCAA men's ice hockey season. The head coach was Vic Heyliger and the team captain was Gil Burford. The team won the 1951 NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament. The team's leading scorer was Neil Celley, who broke Michigan's single-season scoring record with 79 points (40 goals, 39 assists) and led the NCAA in scoring.","title":"1950–51 Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Schedule","text":"During the season Michigan compiled a 22–4–1 record, the fourth consecutive year that the team won at least 80% of their games. Their schedule was as follows.[1]* Denotes overtime periods","title":"Standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neil_Celley.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gil_Burford.png"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Neil CelleyGil Burford[2]","title":"Roster and scoring statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Goaltending Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1951 national championship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hal Downes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hal_Downes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Donald Whiston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Whiston"},{"link_name":"Bob Heathcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Heathcott"},{"link_name":"Gil Burford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Burford"},{"link_name":"John Matchefts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Matchefts"},{"link_name":"Neil Celley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Celley"},{"link_name":"All-Tournament Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_All-Tournament_Teams"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"(W1) Michigan vs. (E1) Brown","text":"Shots by period\n\n\nTeam\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\nT\n\n\nMichigan\n17\n21\n14\n52\n\n\nBrown\n5\n4\n11\n20\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGoaltenders\n\n\nTeam\n\nName\n\nSaves\n\nGoals against\n\nTime on ice\n\n\nUM\nHal Downes\n19\n1\n\n\n\nBRN\nDonald Whiston\n45\n7Bob Heathcott, Gil Burford, John Matchefts and Neil Celley were named to the All-Tournament Team[4]","title":"1951 national championship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hal Downes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hal_Downes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"B-26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-26_Invader"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"MIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_in_action"},{"link_name":"POWs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Less than year after winning the tournament, Hal Downes was shot down in his B-26 over North Korea and was declared MIA. Though all living POWs were returned to the US in 1953 Downes remained listed as MIA until his remains were returned in 2018.[5]","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Neil Celley","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Neil_Celley.png/150px-Neil_Celley.png"},{"image_text":"Gil Burford","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gil_Burford.png/150px-Gil_Burford.png"}]
|
[{"title":"1951 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_Tournament"},{"title":"List of NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_Tournament_champions"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"THROUGH THE YEARS:\" (PDF). Michigan Wolverines. Retrieved October 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/mgoblue.com/documents/2016/9/20/ihm-throughtheyears.pdf","url_text":"\"THROUGH THE YEARS:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Univ. of Michigan 1950-51 roster and statistics\". EliteProspects. Retrieved October 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eliteprospects.com/team/803/univ.-of-michigan/1950-1951?tab=stats","url_text":"\"Univ. of Michigan 1950-51 roster and statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"NCAA Division 1 Tournament\". College Hockey Historical Archives. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.augenblick.org/chha/ncaa_trn.html","url_text":"\"NCAA Division 1 Tournament\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140202145059/http://augenblick.org/chha/ncaa_trn.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NCAA Frozen Four Records\" (PDF). NCAA.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 17, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/frozen_4/2009/f4recs.pdf","url_text":"\"NCAA Frozen Four Records\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120817163005/http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/frozen_4/2009/f4recs.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Missing—but not forgotten: What the return of Korean War remains means for the daughter of one American soldier\". Wilson Center. Retrieved August 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/missing-not-forgotten-what-the-return-korean-war-remains-means-for-the-daughter-one","url_text":"\"Missing—but not forgotten: What the return of Korean War remains means for the daughter of one American soldier\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/mgoblue.com/documents/2016/9/20/ihm-throughtheyears.pdf","external_links_name":"\"THROUGH THE YEARS:\""},{"Link":"https://www.eliteprospects.com/team/803/univ.-of-michigan/1950-1951?tab=stats","external_links_name":"\"Univ. of Michigan 1950-51 roster and statistics\""},{"Link":"http://www.augenblick.org/chha/ncaa_trn.html","external_links_name":"\"NCAA Division 1 Tournament\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140202145059/http://augenblick.org/chha/ncaa_trn.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/frozen_4/2009/f4recs.pdf","external_links_name":"\"NCAA Frozen Four Records\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120817163005/http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/frozen_4/2009/f4recs.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/missing-not-forgotten-what-the-return-korean-war-remains-means-for-the-daughter-one","external_links_name":"\"Missing—but not forgotten: What the return of Korean War remains means for the daughter of one American soldier\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090301054911/http://www.mgoblue.com/ice-hockey/page.aspx?id=12126","external_links_name":"Official Site"},{"Link":"http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/mich/sports/m-hockey/auto_pdf/ihm-history-team-081110.pdf","external_links_name":"History of the 1950–51 team"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111101094456/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/mich/sports/m-hockey/auto_pdf/ihm-history-team-081110.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Gordon_England_biplanes
|
Bristol Gordon England biplanes
|
["1 Design and development","2 Variants","3 Specifications (G.E.2, Gnome engine)","4 See also","5 References","6 Citations","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]
|
Gordon England biplanes
G.E.2 with Gnome engine
Role
Military utility aircraftType of aircraft
Manufacturer
Bristol
Designer
Eric Gordon England
First flight
May 1912
Number built
5
The Bristol Gordon England biplanes were a series of early British military biplane aircraft designed by Eric Gordon England for the Bristol Aeroplane Company that first flew in 1912. Designed for easy ground transport, the aircraft could be quickly disassembled.
Design and development
The first Gordon England design, the G.E.1, was a two-bay equal-span tractor configuration biplane powered by a 50 hp (37 kW) Clerget four-cylinder water-cooled engine, driving the two-bladed propeller via a chain drive giving a 2:1 speed reduction. The crew of two were accommodated side-by-side in a single cockpit, fitted with dual controls. The empennage consisted of a small triangular tailplane and elevators mounted on top of the rectangular-section fuselage and elongated triangular fins above and below the fuselage with the unbalanced rudder mounted on the trailing edge.
After testing during May and June 1912 the fins were removed, and an enlarged aerodynamically balanced rudder fitted. The aircraft was sold to the Deutsche Bristol Werke. However it was found to be unsuitable for use as a trainer, and was returned to the Bristol works at Filton in September 1912 and scrapped.
The G.E.2 was an enlargement and refinement of the previous design. The fuselage was carried on the innermost pairs of interplane struts, so that there was a gap between the fuselage and the lower wing, and a shallow curved fairing was added to the top and bottom of the fuselage. The tailplane was enlarged and mounted in a mid-fuselage position. Two examples were built, one powered by a 100 hp (75 kW) Gnome double Omega twin-row rotary engine and the other with a 70 hp (53 kW) four-cylinder inline water-cooled Daimler. Both were entered in the British military aeroplane trials held in August 1912, the first to be flown by Gordon England and the other by Howard Pixton but were unsuccessful, completing only the quick-assembly tests. The Daimler-engined version proved underpowered, and the other aircraft was damaged in an accident early in the competition, which was won by the Cody V biplane . Bristol did have some success, however: their monoplane design being placed equal third.
The design was further refined in the G.E.3, of which two were built for the Turkish government. This had a fuselage faired to a circular cross-section with the crew in two tandem cockpits, with fuel and oil tanks sufficient for three hours flight between them, and was powered by an 80 hp (60 kW) Gnome Lambda single-row rotary engine threequarters enclosed in a circular cowling. The continuous inmost interplane struts were replaced by short struts between the lower longerons and the lower wing and a cabane consisting of two sets of inverted V struts supplemented by a single strut between the centre of the upper wing and the nose of the aircraft. Trials of the aircraft revealed that the wing spars were too flexible, and although an attempt was made to address this problem by adding short kingpost-bracing to the rear spar, by this time the Italian blockade of Turkey made delivery difficult, and no further development was carried out.
Variants
G.E.1
One built. Powered by 50 hp (40 kW) Clerget inline engine: length 29 ft (8.84 m), wingspan 33 ft 8 in (10.26 m).
G.E.2
Two built — one with a 100 hp (80 kW) Gnome engine, the other with a 70 hp (53 kW) Daimler
G.E.3
Two built. Powered by an 80 hp (60 kW) Gnome Lambda engine, length 28 ft 5 in, (8.63 m), wingspan 39 ft (12 m).
Specifications (G.E.2, Gnome engine)
Data from General characteristics
Crew: two, pilot and observer
Length: 31 ft 0 in (9.45 m)
Wingspan: 40 ft 0 in (12.20 m)
Wing area: 400 sq ft (37.2 m2)
Empty weight: 1,080 lb (480 kg)
Gross weight: 2,000 lb (907 kg)
Powerplant: 1 × Gnome double Omega 14-cylinder twin-row rotary engine , 100 hp (75 kW)
Performance
Maximum speed: 68 mph (109 km/h, 59 kn)
See also
Eric Gordon England
Gordon England (coachbuilder)
Gordon England glider
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bristol Gordon England biplanes.
Citations
^ Barnes 1988, p. 66.
^ Lewis 1962, p. 145.
^ Flight
^ Flight November p988
^ Bruce 1982, pp. 13–14, 200.
^ Barnes 1988, p. 72.
^ Barnes 1988, p. 68.
^ a b c Barnes 1988, p. 69.
Bibliography
Barnes, C. H. (1988). Bristol Aircraft since 1910 (3rd ed.). London: Putnam. ISBN 0-851778-232.
Bruce, J.M. (1982). The Aeroplanes of the Royal Flying Corps (Military Wing). London: Putnam. ISBN 978-0-370-30084-9.
Lewis, Peter (1962). British Aircraft 1809–1914. London: Putnam.
Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions. p. 204.
External links
The Transport Archive
vteBristol aircraftPre-numbering scheme
Boxkite
Glider
Bristol Racing Biplane
Bristol Monoplane
Type T
Bristol Prier monoplanes
Bristol Coanda monoplanes
Bristol Gordon England biplanes
B.R.7
T.B.8
P.B.8
X.2
X.3
Manufacturer designations
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
36
37
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
52
53
55
57
62
71
72
73
75
76
77
79
81
83
84
86
88
89
90
91
92
93
95
96
99
101
105
107
109
110A
118
120
123
124
130
133
135
137
138
142/142M
143
144
146
148
149
152
156
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
182
188
191
192
193
198
200
213
223
By roleFighters
Scout A-D
Scout E
Scout F
Bristol S.2A
M.1 Monoplane
F.2 Fighter
Badger
Jupiter Fighter
Bagshot
Bulldog
Bullfinch
Type 123
Type 133
Blenheim IF
Type 146
Beaufighter
Passenger Transports
Tourer
Ten-Seater
Taxiplane
Pullman
Type 142 Britain First
Brabazon
Britannia
Reconnaissance
Bloodhound
Bolingbroke
Trainer
Bristol Boxkite
Bristol Coanda Monoplanes
T.B.8
P.B.8
Primary Trainer
Bolingbroke IVT/IVTT
Buckmaster
Transports
Bombay
Brandon
Buckingham
Freighter
Superfreighter
Experimental
X.2
X.3
Bullet
Racer
Type 92
Type 138
Type 188
Type 221
Bombers
Braemar
Berkeley
Bombay
Blenheim
Bisley
Beaufort
Buckingham
Brigand
Sporting
Babe
Brownie
Helicopters
Sycamore
Type 173
Belvedere
Designers
Frank Barnwell
George Henry Challenger
Henri Coandă
Eric Gordon England
Leslie Frise
Archibald Russell
|
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Designed for easy ground transport, the aircraft could be quickly disassembled.","title":"Bristol Gordon England biplanes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"two-bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interplane_struts"},{"link_name":"tractor configuration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"chain drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_chain"},{"link_name":"cockpit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockpit"},{"link_name":"empennage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empennage"},{"link_name":"elevators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Bristol Werke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halberst%C3%A4dter_Flugzeugwerke"},{"link_name":"Filton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"fairing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairing_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gnome double Omega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnome_Omega"},{"link_name":"rotary engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_engine"},{"link_name":"British military aeroplane trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_British_Military_Aeroplane_Competition"},{"link_name":"Howard Pixton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Pixton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cody V biplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cody_V_biplane"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brucerfc_p13-4,200-5"},{"link_name":"monoplane design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Coanda_Monoplanes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Gnome Lambda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnome_Lambda"},{"link_name":"longerons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longerons"},{"link_name":"cabane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabane_struts"},{"link_name":"spars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spar_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"kingpost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingpost#Aviation"},{"link_name":"blockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The first Gordon England design, the G.E.1, was a two-bay equal-span tractor configuration biplane powered by a 50 hp (37 kW) Clerget four-cylinder water-cooled engine, driving the two-bladed propeller via a chain drive giving a 2:1 speed reduction. The crew of two were accommodated side-by-side in a single cockpit, fitted with dual controls. The empennage consisted of a small triangular tailplane and elevators mounted on top of the rectangular-section fuselage and elongated triangular fins above and below the fuselage with the unbalanced rudder mounted on the trailing edge.After testing during May and June 1912 the fins were removed, and an enlarged aerodynamically balanced rudder fitted. The aircraft was sold to the Deutsche Bristol Werke. However it was found to be unsuitable for use as a trainer, and was returned to the Bristol works at Filton in September 1912 and scrapped.[1]The G.E.2 was an enlargement and refinement of the previous design. The fuselage was carried on the innermost pairs of interplane struts, so that there was a gap between the fuselage and the lower wing, and a shallow curved fairing was added to the top and bottom of the fuselage.[2] The tailplane was enlarged and mounted in a mid-fuselage position. Two examples were built, one powered by a 100 hp (75 kW) Gnome double Omega twin-row rotary engine and the other with a 70 hp (53 kW) four-cylinder inline water-cooled Daimler. Both were entered in the British military aeroplane trials held in August 1912, the first to be flown by Gordon England and the other by Howard Pixton[3][4] but were unsuccessful, completing only the quick-assembly tests. The Daimler-engined version proved underpowered, and the other aircraft was damaged in an accident early in the competition, which was won by the Cody V biplane .[5] Bristol did have some success, however: their monoplane design being placed equal third.[6]The design was further refined in the G.E.3, of which two were built for the Turkish government. This had a fuselage faired to a circular cross-section with the crew in two tandem cockpits, with fuel and oil tanks sufficient for three hours flight between them, and was powered by an 80 hp (60 kW) Gnome Lambda single-row rotary engine threequarters enclosed in a circular cowling. The continuous inmost interplane struts were replaced by short struts between the lower longerons and the lower wing and a cabane consisting of two sets of inverted V struts supplemented by a single strut between the centre of the upper wing and the nose of the aircraft. Trials of the aircraft revealed that the wing spars were too flexible, and although an attempt was made to address this problem by adding short kingpost-bracing to the rear spar, by this time the Italian blockade of Turkey made delivery difficult, and no further development was carried out.[7]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clerget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerget"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes_1988,_p.69-8"},{"link_name":"Gnome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnome_et_Rh%C3%B4ne"},{"link_name":"engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_engine"},{"link_name":"Gnome Lambda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnome_Lambda"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes_1988,_p.69-8"}],"text":"G.E.1\nOne built. Powered by 50 hp (40 kW) Clerget inline engine: length 29 ft (8.84 m), wingspan 33 ft 8 in (10.26 m).[8]\nG.E.2\nTwo built — one with a 100 hp (80 kW) Gnome engine, the other with a 70 hp (53 kW) Daimler\nG.E.3\nTwo built. Powered by an 80 hp (60 kW) Gnome Lambda engine, length 28 ft 5 in, (8.63 m), wingspan 39 ft (12 m).[8]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes_1988,_p.69-8"},{"link_name":"pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviator"},{"link_name":"observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_gunner"},{"link_name":"Gnome double Omega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnome_Omega"},{"link_name":"rotary engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_engine"}],"text":"Data from [8]General characteristicsCrew: two, pilot and observer\nLength: 31 ft 0 in (9.45 m)\nWingspan: 40 ft 0 in (12.20 m)\nWing area: 400 sq ft (37.2 m2)\nEmpty weight: 1,080 lb (480 kg)\nGross weight: 2,000 lb (907 kg)\nPowerplant: 1 × Gnome double Omega 14-cylinder twin-row rotary engine , 100 hp (75 kW)PerformanceMaximum speed: 68 mph (109 km/h, 59 kn)","title":"Specifications (G.E.2, Gnome engine)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1912/1912%20-%200699.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Flight November p988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1912/1912%20-%200988.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Brucerfc_p13-4,200_5-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Barnes_1988,_p.69_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Barnes_1988,_p.69_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Barnes_1988,_p.69_8-2"}],"text":"^ Barnes 1988, p. 66.\n\n^ Lewis 1962, p. 145.\n\n^ Flight\n\n^ Flight November p988\n\n^ Bruce 1982, pp. 13–14, 200.\n\n^ Barnes 1988, p. 72.\n\n^ Barnes 1988, p. 68.\n\n^ a b c Barnes 1988, p. 69.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-851778-232","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-851778-232"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-370-30084-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-370-30084-9"}],"text":"Barnes, C. H. (1988). Bristol Aircraft since 1910 (3rd ed.). London: Putnam. ISBN 0-851778-232.\nBruce, J.M. (1982). The Aeroplanes of the Royal Flying Corps (Military Wing). London: Putnam. ISBN 978-0-370-30084-9.\nLewis, Peter (1962). British Aircraft 1809–1914. London: Putnam.\nTaylor, Michael J. H. (1989). Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions. p. 204.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Barnes, C. H. (1988). Bristol Aircraft since 1910 (3rd ed.). London: Putnam. ISBN 0-851778-232.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-851778-232","url_text":"0-851778-232"}]},{"reference":"Bruce, J.M. (1982). The Aeroplanes of the Royal Flying Corps (Military Wing). London: Putnam. ISBN 978-0-370-30084-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-370-30084-9","url_text":"978-0-370-30084-9"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Peter (1962). British Aircraft 1809–1914. London: Putnam.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions. p. 204.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thomson_(Ohio_politician)
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John Thomson (Ohio politician)
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["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Notes","5 References","6 Sources"]
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American politician (1780–1852)
John ThomsonMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom OhioIn officeMarch 4, 1829 – March 3, 1837Preceded byJohn SloaneSucceeded byAndrew W. LoomisConstituency12th district (1829–1833)17th district (1833–1837)In officeMarch 4, 1825 – March 3, 1827Preceded byDuncan McArthurSucceeded byWilliam Creighton, Jr.Constituency6th districtMember of the Ohio Senatefrom the Columbiana County districtIn office1817–1821Preceded byJohn G. YoungSucceeded byGideon HughesMember of the Ohio House of Representativesfrom the Columbiana County districtIn office1816–1817Serving with Jacob RollerPreceded byThomas RigdonRobert StevensonSucceeded byLewis KinneyJoseph RichardsonJacob RollerMember of the Ohio Senatefrom the Columbiana, Stark and Wayne counties districtIn office1814–1816Serving with Lewis KinneyJoseph RichardsonJohn G. YoungPreceded byLewis KinneyJoseph RichardsonSucceeded byDistrict eliminated
Personal detailsBorn(1780-11-20)November 20, 1780Kingdom of IrelandDiedDecember 2, 1852(1852-12-02) (aged 72)New Lisbon, Ohio, U.S.Resting placeLisbon CemeteryPolitical partyJacksonianOccupationPoliticianphysician
John Thomson (November 20, 1780 – December 2, 1852), also known as John Thompson, was a United States Representative from Ohio from 1825 to 1827 and from 1829 to 1837. He served as a member of the Ohio Senate from 1814 to 1815 and from 1817 to 1820. He also served in the Ohio House of Representatives in 1816.
Early life
John Thomson was born on November 20, 1780, in the northern part of the Kingdom of Ireland. He immigrated with his parents to the United States in 1787. They moved to Butler County, Pennsylvania. He studied medicine in Butler County.
Career
In 1806 or 1807, he moved to New Lisbon, Ohio, and practiced medicine. During the War of 1812, Thomson was part of a militia and was promoted to the rank of major general.
Thomson served in the Ohio Senate from 1814 to 1816 and from 1817 to 1820 and in the Ohio House of Representatives in 1816. In 1820, he was appointed by President James Monroe to serve as a judge of the Superior Court of the Arkansas Territory, but he declined the appointment. Thomson was elected to the Nineteenth Congress (March 4, 1825 – March 3, 1827). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1826 to the Twentieth Congress. Thomson was elected as a Jacksonian to the Twenty-first and to the three succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1829 – March 3, 1837). He was not a candidate for renomination in 1836.
After his political career, Thomson resumed the practice of medicine.
Personal life
He was a member of the Presbyterian church.
Thomson died on December 2, 1852, in New Lisbon (now Lisbon), Columbiana County, Ohio. He was interred in New Lisbon Cemetery.
Notes
^ His name was often spelled as John Thompson by contemporary sources.
References
^ a b c d e f "Thomson, John". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved August 24, 2023.
^ a b c John Danner, ed. (1904). Old Landmarks of Canton and Stark County, Ohio. pp. 250–251. Retrieved August 24, 2023 – via Archive.org.
^ History of Columbiana County, Ohio. D. W. Ensign & Co. 1879. p. 44. Retrieved August 24, 2023 – via Archive.org.
^ Jones, William B. Jr. (August 23, 2023). "Supreme Court of Arkansas". Encyclopedia of Arkansas.
^ Taylor, W. A. (1892). Ohio Statesmen and Hundred Year Book. The Westbote Co., State Printers. pp. 181–182, 304–311. Retrieved August 22, 2023 – via Archive.org.
^ "Dr. John Thompson..." Gallipolis Journal. December 23, 1852. p. 2. Retrieved August 24, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
Sources
United States Congress. "John Thomson (id: T000230)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
Offices and distinctions
Ohio Senate
Preceded byLewis KinneyJoseph Richardson
Senator from Columbiana, Stark, and Wayne Counties 1814–1816 Served alongside: Lewis Kinney (1814–1815), Joseph Richardson (1814–1815), John G. Young (1815–1816)
District eliminated
Preceded byJohn G. Young
Senator from Columbiana County 1817–1821
Succeeded byGideon Hughes
Ohio House of Representatives
Preceded byThomas RigdonRobert Stevenson
Representative from Columbiana County 1816–1817 Served alongside: David Hanna, Jacob Roller
Succeeded byLewis KinneyJoseph RichardsonJacob Roller
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded byDuncan McArthur
United States Representative from Ohio's 6th congressional district 1825-03-04 – 1827-03-03
Succeeded byWilliam Creighton, Jr.
Preceded byJohn Sloane
United States Representative from Ohio's 12th congressional district 1829-03-04 – 1833
Succeeded byRobert Mitchell
New district
United States Representative from Ohio's 17th congressional district 1833–1837-03-03
Succeeded byAndrew W. Loomis
Articles and topics related to John Thomson (Ohio politician)
vteMembers of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio's 6th congressional district
Beall
Clendenin
Hitchcock
Sloane
McArthur
Thomson
Creighton
Muhlenberg
Creighton
Vinton
Morris
St. John
Dickinson
Wood
Bell
Green
Ellison
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Cockerill
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White
Clarke
Smith
Sherwood
Hurd
Cox
Hill
Ritchie
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Boothman
Donovan
Hulick
Brown
Hildebrant
Scroggy
Denver
Fess
Kearns
Polk
Davis
McCowen
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Miller
Harsha
McEwen
Strickland
Cremeans
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Wilson
Johnson
vteMembers of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio's 12th congressional district
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Thomson
Mitchell
Howell
Harper
J. Taylor
Mathiot
Vinton
Welch
Olds
Galloway
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vteMembers of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio's 17th congressional district
Thomson
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Coffin
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"United States Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ohio Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Senate"},{"link_name":"Ohio House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_House_of_Representatives"}],"text":"John Thomson (November 20, 1780 – December 2, 1852), also known as John Thompson,[a] was a United States Representative from Ohio from 1825 to 1827 and from 1829 to 1837. He served as a member of the Ohio Senate from 1814 to 1815 and from 1817 to 1820. He also served in the Ohio House of Representatives in 1816.","title":"John Thomson (Ohio politician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingdom of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Butler County, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-landmark-3"}],"text":"John Thomson was born on November 20, 1780, in the northern part of the Kingdom of Ireland. He immigrated with his parents to the United States in 1787. They moved to Butler County, Pennsylvania. He studied medicine in Butler County.[1][2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Lisbon, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Lisbon,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-landmark-3"},{"link_name":"Ohio Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Senate"},{"link_name":"Ohio House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"James Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Superior Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_Court_of_the_Arkansas_Territory"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Territory"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Nineteenth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Twentieth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Twenty-first","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"}],"text":"In 1806 or 1807, he moved to New Lisbon, Ohio, and practiced medicine.[1][3] During the War of 1812, Thomson was part of a militia and was promoted to the rank of major general.[2]Thomson served in the Ohio Senate from 1814 to 1816 and from 1817 to 1820 and in the Ohio House of Representatives in 1816.[1] In 1820, he was appointed by President James Monroe to serve as a judge of the Superior Court of the Arkansas Territory, but he declined the appointment.[4] Thomson was elected to the Nineteenth Congress (March 4, 1825 – March 3, 1827). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1826 to the Twentieth Congress. Thomson was elected as a Jacksonian to the Twenty-first and to the three succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1829 – March 3, 1837). He was not a candidate for renomination in 1836.[1][5]After his political career, Thomson resumed the practice of medicine.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-landmark-3"},{"link_name":"Columbiana County, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbiana_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"He was a member of the Presbyterian church.[2]Thomson died on December 2, 1852, in New Lisbon (now Lisbon), Columbiana County, Ohio. He was interred in New Lisbon Cemetery.[1][6]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ His name was often spelled as John Thompson by contemporary sources.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"John Thomson (id: T000230)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=T000230"},{"link_name":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"public domain material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bioguide.congress.gov"},{"link_name":"Ohio Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Senate"},{"link_name":"Columbiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbiana_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Stark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stark_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Columbiana County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbiana_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ohio House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Columbiana County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbiana_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"U.S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Duncan McArthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_McArthur"},{"link_name":"United States Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Representative"},{"link_name":"Ohio's 6th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%27s_6th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"William Creighton, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Creighton,_Jr."},{"link_name":"John Sloane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sloane_(Ohio_politician)"},{"link_name":"United States Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Representative"},{"link_name":"Ohio's 12th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%27s_12th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Robert Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mitchell_(congressman)"},{"link_name":"United States Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Representative"},{"link_name":"Ohio's 17th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%27s_17th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Andrew W. Loomis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_W._Loomis"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:OhioRepresentatives06"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:OhioRepresentatives06"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OhioRepresentatives06"},{"link_name":"Ohio's 6th congressional 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12th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%27s_12th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Sloane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sloane_(Ohio_politician)"},{"link_name":"Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mitchell_(congressman)"},{"link_name":"Howell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Howell"},{"link_name":"Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Harper_(Ohio_politician)"},{"link_name":"J. Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Taylor_(congressman)"},{"link_name":"Mathiot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Mathiot"},{"link_name":"Vinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Finley_Vinton"},{"link_name":"Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Welch_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Olds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edson_B._Olds"},{"link_name":"Galloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Galloway"},{"link_name":"Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_S._Cox"},{"link_name":"Finck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Finck"},{"link_name":"Van Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelph_Van_Trump"},{"link_name":"Jewett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_J._Jewett"},{"link_name":"Finck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Finck"},{"link_name":"Walling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansel_T._Walling"},{"link_name":"Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Ewing_Jr."},{"link_name":"Neal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_S._Neal"},{"link_name":"Converse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_L._Converse"},{"link_name":"Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonso_Hart"},{"link_name":"Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_C._Thompson"},{"link_name":"Pugsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_J._Pugsley"},{"link_name":"Enochs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Enochs"},{"link_name":"Outhwaite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_H._Outhwaite"},{"link_name":"Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_K._Watson"},{"link_name":"Lentz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Lentz"},{"link_name":"Tompkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmett_Tompkins"},{"link_name":"Badger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Witt_C._Badger"},{"link_name":"E. Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_L._Taylor_Jr."},{"link_name":"Brumbaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Laird_Brumbaugh"},{"link_name":"Speaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Speaks"},{"link_name":"Lamneck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_P._Lamneck"},{"link_name":"Vorys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Martin_Vorys"},{"link_name":"Devine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_L._Devine"},{"link_name":"Shamansky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Shamansky"},{"link_name":"Kasich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kasich"},{"link_name":"Tiberi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Tiberi"},{"link_name":"Balderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Balderson"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:OhioRepresentatives17"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:OhioRepresentatives17"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OhioRepresentatives17"},{"link_name":"Ohio's 17th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%27s_17th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Loomis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_W._Loomis"},{"link_name":"Coffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_D._Coffin"},{"link_name":"Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hastings_(Ohio_politician)"},{"link_name":"McCauslen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._McCauslen"},{"link_name":"Fries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fries"},{"link_name":"Cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cable"},{"link_name":"Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Shannon"},{"link_name":"Albright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_J._Albright"},{"link_name":"Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lawrence_(Ohio_Democrat)"},{"link_name":"Theaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Clarke_Theaker"},{"link_name":"Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Morris"},{"link_name":"Eckley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephraim_R._Eckley"},{"link_name":"Ambler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_A._Ambler"},{"link_name":"Woodworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurin_D._Woodworth"},{"link_name":"McKinley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McKinley"},{"link_name":"Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe_(Ohio_politician)"},{"link_name":"McKinley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McKinley"},{"link_name":"Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_D._Taylor"},{"link_name":"Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoniram_J._Warner"},{"link_name":"Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_D._Taylor"},{"link_name":"Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_J._Pearson"},{"link_name":"Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._D._Richards"},{"link_name":"McClure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison_S._McClure"},{"link_name":"McDowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._McDowell"},{"link_name":"Cassingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Cassingham"},{"link_name":"Smyser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_L._Smyser"},{"link_name":"W. Ashbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Ashbrook"},{"link_name":"Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Morgan_(congressman)"},{"link_name":"West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_F._West_(politician)"},{"link_name":"W. Ashbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Ashbrook"},{"link_name":"McGregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Harry_McGregor"},{"link_name":"Levering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Levering"},{"link_name":"J. M. Ashbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Ashbrook"},{"link_name":"J. S. Ashbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Spencer_Ashbrook"},{"link_name":"Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyle_Williams"},{"link_name":"Traficant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Traficant"},{"link_name":"Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Ryan_(Ohio_politician)"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1701932#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1520201/"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/34343219"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmXP6CxbHRxMFYWd3Tyh3"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/nr95001221"},{"link_name":"US Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=T000230"}],"text":"United States Congress. \"John Thomson (id: T000230)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States CongressOffices and distinctions\n\n\n\n\nOhio Senate\n\n\nPreceded byLewis KinneyJoseph Richardson\n\n Senator from Columbiana, Stark, and Wayne Counties 1814–1816 Served alongside: Lewis Kinney (1814–1815), Joseph Richardson (1814–1815), John G. Young (1815–1816)\n\nDistrict eliminated \n\n\nPreceded byJohn G. Young\n\n Senator from Columbiana County 1817–1821\n\nSucceeded byGideon Hughes\n\n\n\nOhio House of Representatives\n\n\nPreceded byThomas RigdonRobert Stevenson\n\n Representative from Columbiana County 1816–1817 Served alongside: David Hanna, Jacob Roller\n\nSucceeded byLewis KinneyJoseph RichardsonJacob Roller\n\n\n\nU.S. House of Representatives\n\n\nPreceded byDuncan McArthur\n\n United States Representative from Ohio's 6th congressional district 1825-03-04 – 1827-03-03\n\nSucceeded byWilliam Creighton, Jr.\n\n\n\nPreceded byJohn Sloane\n\n United States Representative from Ohio's 12th congressional district 1829-03-04 – 1833\n\nSucceeded byRobert Mitchell\n\n\n\nNew district\n\n United States Representative from Ohio's 17th congressional district 1833–1837-03-03\n\nSucceeded byAndrew W. LoomisArticles and topics related to John Thomson (Ohio politician)\nvteMembers of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio's 6th congressional district\nBeall\nClendenin\nHitchcock\nSloane\nMcArthur\nThomson\nCreighton\nMuhlenberg\nCreighton\nVinton\nMorris\nSt. John\nDickinson\nWood\nBell\nGreen\nEllison\nEmrie\nCockerill\nHoward\nWhite\nClarke\nSmith\nSherwood\nHurd\nCox\nHill\nRitchie\nHill\nBoothman\nDonovan\nHulick\nBrown\nHildebrant\nScroggy\nDenver\nFess\nKearns\nPolk\nDavis\nMcCowen\nPolk\nMiller\nHarsha\nMcEwen\nStrickland\nCremeans\nStrickland\nWilson\nJohnson\n\nvteMembers of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio's 12th congressional district\nSloane\nThomson\nMitchell\nHowell\nHarper\nJ. Taylor\nMathiot\nVinton\nWelch\nOlds\nGalloway\nCox\nFinck\nVan Trump\nJewett\nFinck\nWalling\nEwing\nNeal\nConverse\nHart\nThompson\nPugsley\nEnochs\nOuthwaite\nWatson\nLentz\nTompkins\nBadger\nE. Taylor\nBrumbaugh\nSpeaks\nLamneck\nVorys\nDevine\nShamansky\nKasich\nTiberi\nBalderson\n\nvteMembers of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio's 17th congressional district\nThomson\nLoomis\nCoffin\nHastings\nMcCauslen\nFries\nCable\nShannon\nAlbright\nLawrence\nTheaker\nMorris\nEckley\nAmbler\nWoodworth\nMcKinley\nMonroe\nMcKinley\nTaylor\nWarner\nTaylor\nPearson\nRichards\nMcClure\nMcDowell\nCassingham\nSmyser\nW. Ashbrook\nMorgan\nWest\nW. Ashbrook\nMcGregor\nLevering\nJ. M. Ashbrook\nJ. S. Ashbrook\nWilliams\nTraficant\nRyanAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nUnited States\nPeople\nUS Congress","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Thomson, John\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved August 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/T000230","url_text":"\"Thomson, John\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"John Danner, ed. (1904). Old Landmarks of Canton and Stark County, Ohio. pp. 250–251. Retrieved August 24, 2023 – via Archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/oldlandmarksofca00dann/page/250/mode/2up","url_text":"Old Landmarks of Canton and Stark County, Ohio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.org","url_text":"Archive.org"}]},{"reference":"History of Columbiana County, Ohio. D. W. Ensign & Co. 1879. p. 44. Retrieved August 24, 2023 – via Archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofcolumbi00unse_1/page/n53/mode/2up","url_text":"History of Columbiana County, Ohio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.org","url_text":"Archive.org"}]},{"reference":"Jones, William B. Jr. (August 23, 2023). \"Supreme Court of Arkansas\". Encyclopedia of Arkansas.","urls":[{"url":"https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/supreme-court-of-arkansas-2242/","url_text":"\"Supreme Court of Arkansas\""}]},{"reference":"Taylor, W. A. (1892). Ohio Statesmen and Hundred Year Book. The Westbote Co., State Printers. pp. 181–182, 304–311. Retrieved August 22, 2023 – via Archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/OhioStatesmenAndHundredYearBookFrom1788To1892/page/n185/mode/2up","url_text":"Ohio Statesmen and Hundred Year Book"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.org","url_text":"Archive.org"}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. John Thompson...\" Gallipolis Journal. December 23, 1852. p. 2. Retrieved August 24, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/gallipolis-journal-dr-john-thompson/130562358/","url_text":"\"Dr. John Thompson...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"John Thomson (id: T000230)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=T000230","url_text":"\"John Thomson (id: T000230)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Harris_(diplomat)
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Thomas Harris (diplomat)
|
["1 Career","2 References"]
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British banker and diplomat (1945–2021)
For other people with the same name, see Thomas Harris.
Sir Thomas George Harris KBE CMG (born 6 February 1945, died 12 October 2021) was a British banker and former diplomat who served as the British ambassador to South Korea.
Career
From 2004 Harris served as the Vice Chairman of the financial services and banking company Standard Chartered and a non-executive director of Standard Chartered Korea. Harris was also a non-executive director of the chemicals and technology company Johnson Matthey and the medical technology company Biocompatibles. He was also Chairman of the Trade Policy Panel of the British Bankers Association.
As a member of the British Diplomatic Service Harris was the British Ambassador to South Korea from 1993 to 1997 and held diplomatic posts at the British embassies in Lagos, Tokyo, and Washington, D.C. In the United States Harris was the British Consul General in New York City from 1999 to 2004 and the United Kingdom's Director General for Trade and Investment. In his interview with Emily Maitlis, Prince Andrew, Duke of York, claimed that he stayed with Harris when he was in New York in April 2001. Harris has said that he did not recall this visit, but did remember meeting the Duke in October of that year. He was appointed CMG in the 1995 Birthday Honours. Harris was the Director General for Export Promotion for the United Kingdom between 1997 and 1999.
Harris was a Director of the UK India Business Council and Asia House. Harris was the Chairman of the Pakistan Britain Trade and Investment Forum and the Taiwan British Business Council. In the British Civil Service Harris held several appointments in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, the Cabinet Office and the Department of Trade and Industry.
Harris was knighted in the 2002 New Year Honours.
References
^ Who's Who: HARRIS, Sir Thomas (George)
^ a b c d e f g "Sir Thomas Harris KBE CMG". Gresham College. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
^ Ben Ellery (22 November 2019). "Prince Andrew: I don't remember duke staying over, says consul‑general". The Times. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
^ The London Gazette, 16 June 1995 (issue 54066), p. 3
^ "New Year Honours: Diplomatic Service and overseas". BBC News. 31 December 2001. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
Diplomatic posts
Preceded byDavid Wright
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Republic of South Korea 1994–1997
Succeeded bySir Stephen Brown
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Harris_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"KBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"CMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gresham-2"}],"text":"For other people with the same name, see Thomas Harris.Sir Thomas George Harris KBE CMG (born 6 February 1945, died 12 October 2021)[1] was a British banker and former diplomat who served as the British ambassador to South Korea.[2]","title":"Thomas Harris (diplomat)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Standard Chartered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chartered"},{"link_name":"Standard Chartered Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chartered_Korea"},{"link_name":"Johnson Matthey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Matthey"},{"link_name":"Biocompatibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocompatibles"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gresham-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gresham-2"},{"link_name":"Diplomatic Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Diplomatic_Service"},{"link_name":"British Ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gresham-2"},{"link_name":"his interview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Andrew_%26_the_Epstein_Scandal"},{"link_name":"Emily Maitlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Maitlis"},{"link_name":"Prince Andrew, Duke of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times21-3"},{"link_name":"CMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"1995 Birthday Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Birthday_Honours"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gresham-2"},{"link_name":"UK India Business Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_India_Business_Council"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gresham-2"},{"link_name":"Civil Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Foreign and Commonwealth Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office"},{"link_name":"Cabinet Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Office"},{"link_name":"Department of Trade and Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Trade_and_Industry_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gresham-2"},{"link_name":"2002 New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC01-5"}],"text":"From 2004 Harris served as the Vice Chairman of the financial services and banking company Standard Chartered and a non-executive director of Standard Chartered Korea. Harris was also a non-executive director of the chemicals and technology company Johnson Matthey and the medical technology company Biocompatibles.[2] He was also Chairman of the Trade Policy Panel of the British Bankers Association.[2]As a member of the British Diplomatic Service Harris was the British Ambassador to South Korea from 1993 to 1997 and held diplomatic posts at the British embassies in Lagos, Tokyo, and Washington, D.C. In the United States Harris was the British Consul General in New York City from 1999 to 2004 and the United Kingdom's Director General for Trade and Investment.[2] In his interview with Emily Maitlis, Prince Andrew, Duke of York, claimed that he stayed with Harris when he was in New York in April 2001. Harris has said that he did not recall this visit, but did remember meeting the Duke in October of that year.[3] He was appointed CMG in the 1995 Birthday Honours.[4] Harris was the Director General for Export Promotion for the United Kingdom between 1997 and 1999.[2]Harris was a Director of the UK India Business Council and Asia House. Harris was the Chairman of the Pakistan Britain Trade and Investment Forum and the Taiwan British Business Council.[2] In the British Civil Service Harris held several appointments in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, the Cabinet Office and the Department of Trade and Industry.[2]Harris was knighted in the 2002 New Year Honours.[5]","title":"Career"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Sir Thomas Harris KBE CMG\". Gresham College. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201128015036/https://www.gresham.ac.uk/professors-and-speakers/sir-thomas-harris-kbe-cmg/","url_text":"\"Sir Thomas Harris KBE CMG\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresham_College","url_text":"Gresham College"},{"url":"https://www.gresham.ac.uk/professors-and-speakers/sir-thomas-harris-kbe-cmg/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ben Ellery (22 November 2019). \"Prince Andrew: I don't remember duke staying over, says consul‑general\". The Times. Retrieved 11 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/prince-andrew-i-dont-remember-duke-staying-over-says-consul-general-0nlbtzm3c","url_text":"\"Prince Andrew: I don't remember duke staying over, says consul‑general\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"\"New Year Honours: Diplomatic Service and overseas\". BBC News. 31 December 2001. Retrieved 11 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/uk/2002/new_year_honours/1730288.stm","url_text":"\"New Year Honours: Diplomatic Service and overseas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-19221?rskey=WbBGlW&result=4","external_links_name":"Who's Who: HARRIS, Sir Thomas (George)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201128015036/https://www.gresham.ac.uk/professors-and-speakers/sir-thomas-harris-kbe-cmg/","external_links_name":"\"Sir Thomas Harris KBE CMG\""},{"Link":"https://www.gresham.ac.uk/professors-and-speakers/sir-thomas-harris-kbe-cmg/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/prince-andrew-i-dont-remember-duke-staying-over-says-consul-general-0nlbtzm3c","external_links_name":"\"Prince Andrew: I don't remember duke staying over, says consul‑general\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/54066/supplement/3","external_links_name":"The London Gazette"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/uk/2002/new_year_honours/1730288.stm","external_links_name":"\"New Year Honours: Diplomatic Service and overseas\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollel_Bet_Mordechai
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Kollel Bet Mordechai
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["1 See also"]
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Kollel Bet Mordechai (The Beit Mordechai Campus Kollel) is a Kollel and Bet Midrash in Johannesburg, South Africa. It is associated with Mizrachi and is based at the Yeshiva College of South Africa.
The Kollel facilitates advanced, as well as community Torah learning on a daily basis.
Advanced yeshiva studies in its kollel include daily shiurim in Talmud with Rishonim, and in halacha.
Several Kollel members have so far received Semicha; the examination by Rabbi Yaacov Warhaftig of Machon Ariel in Jerusalem.
Community focused activities range from individualised chavruta-based study to public shiurim. Daf yomi is offered three times daily, with a weekly "overview" for Women; Mishnah Berurah Yomit and Tzurba M’Rabanan are also offered.
The Kollel is headed jointly by Rabbi Nechemya Taylor and Rabbi Levy Wineberg (previously Rosh Yeshiva of the Rabbinical College of Pretoria); previously Rabbi Dr. Shlomo Glicksberg jointly headed the Kollel, assuming the role from Rabbi Avraham Amitai in September 2014. It was originally led by Rabbi Doron Podlashuk, with Rabbi Simcha Krauss as acting Rosh Kollel.
This yeshiva or kollel article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
See also
Jewish education in South Africa under History of the Jews in South Africa
Orthodox yeshivas in South Africa
Yeshiva of Cape Town
vteGreater JohannesburgNatural environment
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South Africa’s Children’s Book Fair
Transforming Stories International Christian Film Festival
Ultra South Africa
Museums and artgalleries
Apartheid Museum
Constitution Hill Museum
Fietas Museum
Gold Reef City
Goodman Gallery
Hector Pieterson Museum
James Hall Transport Museum
Johannesburg Art Gallery
South African Airways Museum
Mandela House
Market Photo Workshop
Maropeng
Military History Museum
Museum Africa
Photo:
Satyagraha House
Workers' Museum
Defunct
SAB World of Beer
South African National Railway And Steam Museum
Clubs and societies
Afrikaanse Taal- en Kultuurvereniging
Automobile Association
Nippon Club
Rand Club
SAA Museum Society
South African Radio League
Southern African Vexillological Association
Religion
SACC
Anglican
Diocese of Johannesburg
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Diocese of Christ the King
Catholic
Archdiocese of Johannesburg
Knights of Da Gama
Protestant
Baptist Union
Presbytery of Egoli
Jewish
Union of Orthodox Synagogues
Johannesburg Beth Din
Ohr Somayach
SAUPJ
Islamic
Jamiatul Ulama
Places ofworshipChurchesAnglican
Cathedral Church of Saint Mary the Virgin
Cathedral Church of Saint Dunstan
St Aidan's Anglican Church
St Boniface Church
St Mary's Anglican Church
St Michael and All Angels' Anglican Church
Baptist
Troyeville Baptist Church
Calvinist
Brixton Reformed Church
Fordsburg Reformed Church
Johanesburg East Reformed Church
Johannesburg North Reformed Church
Johannesburg Reformed Church
Johannesburg Reformed Church (GKSA)
Langlaagte Reformed Church
Linden Reformed Church
Parkhurst Reformed Church
Turffontein Reformed Church
Catholic
Cathedral of Christ the King
Holy Trinity Catholic Church
Regina Mundi Catholic Church
Maronite
Shrine of Our Lady of the Cedars
GreekOrthodox
Cathedral of Saints Constantine and Helen
Latter-daySaints
Johannesburg South Africa Temple
Lutheran
Friedenskirche
SynagoguesOrthodox
Chassidim Shul
Doornfontein Synagogue
Great Synagogue
Oxford Shul
Historical
President Street Synagogue
Progressive
Beit Emanuel Progressive Synagogue
Temple Israel
Mosques
Jumah Mosque
Nizamiye Mosque
Hindu temples
Madhya Kailash Shiva Temple
Scientology centres
Castle Kyalami
Media
South African National Editors' Forum
Southern African Music Rights Organisation
AmaBhungane
Mass mediaMagazines
African Communist
Drum
Financial Mail
Mining Weekly
Music Industry Online
Nomad Africa Magazine
SA Flyer
Defunct
Die Arbeider en Arm Boer
Style
Top 40 Music Magazine
Newspapers
Caxton local newspapers (various)
Beeld
Business Day
The Citizen
City Press
Daily Maverick
Daily Sun
Jewish Report
Mail & Guardian
Mayihlome News
Rapport
The South African
The Sowetan
The Star
The Sunday Independent
Sunday Times
TimesLIVE
Wits Vuvuzela
Defunct
New Age
The New Age
The World
Radio stations
5FM
702
947
ArrowLine Chinese Radio
Boervolk Radio
ChaiFM
Channel Africa
Ekurhuleni FM
Hot 1027
Jozi FM
Kasie FM
Kaya FM
Metro FM
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Power FM
Radio 2000
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Rock FM 91.9
SAfm
UJFM
YFM
Television channels
CNBC Africa
eNCA
M-Net
Me
SABC 1
SABC 2
SABC 3
SABC Children
SABC Education
SABC News
SABC Sport
Soweto TV
Defunct
M-Net Series
Film studios
Film Resource Unit
Quizzical Pictures
Defunct
Killarney Film Studios
Record labels
Ambitiouz Entertainment
CCP Records
Family Tree Records
Gallo Records
Kalawa Jazmee Records
Game studios
Celestial Games
Cultural references
District 9
Egoli: Place of Gold
"Gimme Hope Jo'anna"
Johannesburg Festival Overture
The Real Housewives of Johannesburg
Sarafina!
"Soweto Blues"
Welcome to Our Hillbrow
Zoo City
Economy
Johannesburg Stock Exchange
AltX
Safex
companies traded
A2X Markets
Brenthurst Foundation
CompaniesvteCompanies based in Greater JohannesburgDiversifiedconglomerates
Aveng
Barloworld
Bidvest
Chancellor House
Famous Brands
Airlines
Aerolift
Airlink
Cargo
CemAir
Egoli Air
Federal Air
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SAA
Safair
FlySafair
Solenta Aviation
Defunct
1time
African International Airways
AirQuarius Aviation
Avia
Comair
Command Airways
Executive Aerospace
Fly Blue Crane
Imperial Air Cargo
Interair South Africa
Interlink Airlines
kulula.com
Mango
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Rossair Executive Air Charter
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Skywise
South African Express
Constructionand engineering
Concor
Murray & Roberts
Energy
DLO Energy Resources
Total South Africa
Financial
Absa Group
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Alexforbes
Discovery
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Investec
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MiWay Insurance
Lesaka Technologies
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Riovic Capital Group
RMB Holdings
RMI Holdings
STANLIB
Venmyn Rand
Banks
Absa Bank
Access Bank South Africa
African Alliance Investment Bank
African Bank
Bank Zero
Bidvest Bank
DBSA
First National Bank
FirstRand Bank
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Nedbank
Rand Merchant Bank
Sasfin Bank
Stanchart South Africa
Standard Bank
TymeBank
Ubank
Wizzit
Defunct
VBS Mutual Bank
Hospitality
Southern Sun Hotels
Sun International
Tsogo Sun
ICT
Afrihost
BCX
Cell C
Cybatar
Datatec
Dimension Data
EOH Holdings
iVeri Payment Technologies
MTN
Neotel
OTEL Telecoms
Rain
Sybrin
Teraco Data Environments
Vodacom
Defunct
Internet Solutions
Luma Arcade
Vision Software
Legal
Bowman Gilfillan
ENSafrica
Webber Wentzel
Werksmans
Defunct
Deneys Reitz
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Manufacturing
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AECI
African Explosives
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Bakers
Clover Industries
FEW
IWC
Isuzu Trucks South Africa
Land Systems OMC
Nampak
Paramount Group
PPC
Premier FMCG
Rand Refinery
Rembrandt Group
Sappi
Simba
SkyReach Aircraft
Sling Aircraft
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Union Carriage & Wagon
Defunct
Basil Green Motors
New PowerChutes
Media
Arena Holdings
Caxton and CTP Publishers and Printers
MultiChoice
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Primedia
SABC
StarSat
Ster-Kinekor
Mining
Alexkor
Asa Resources
African Rainbow Minerals
AngloGold Ashanti
DRDGOLD
ERPM
Gold Fields
Harmony Gold
Impala Platinum
JCI
Metorex
Northam Platinum
Sibanye-Stillwater
Defunct
Simmer and Jack
Retail andmarketing
AutoTrader
Bidorbuy
Cadac
CNA
The Creative Counsel
Dis-Chem
Exclusive Books
Hyundai South Africa
Incredible Connection
Massmart
Wantitall
Defunct
Edcon
OK Bazaars
Restaurantfranchises
Chicken Licken
Debonairs Pizza
Mugg & Bean
Nando's
Roman's Pizza
Steers
Wimpy
Services
Netcare
SA Waste Holdings
Defunct
Bosasa
Transport
Avis Southern Africa
Comazar
PUTCO
Surtees Rail Group
State-ownedenterprises
Airports Company South Africa
Denel Aeronautics
Development Bank of Southern Africa
Eskom
Rand Water
South African Broadcasting Corporation
Sasol
Sentech
South African Airways
Transnet
Freightdynamics
Defunct
Lema
Companies based in Ekurhuleni
Companies based in Johannesburg
Professionalassociations
Gauteng Institute for Architecture
South African Institute of Chartered Accountants
South African Institute of Electrical Engineers
South African Institute of Professional Accountants
Mining
Minerals Council South Africa
Rand Refinery
Mines
Blyvooruitzicht
Driefontein
ERPM
KDC
Kopanang
Kusasalethu
Mintails
Mponeng
Old Randfontein
Randfontein
South Deep
TauTona
West Wits
Shopping centres
Carlton Centre
Cresta Mall
Dobsonville Mall
Eastgate
Fourways Mall
Hyde Park Corner
Mall of Africa
Maponya Mall
Nelson Mandela Square
Northgate
Northmead Square
Oriental City
Oriental Plaza
Protea Glen Mall
Sandton City
Southgate
Hotels and resorts
The Leonardo
Michelangelo Towers
Montecasino
Venues
The Bassline
Ellis Park Arena
Gallagher Convention Centre
Restaurants,bars and cafés
The Radium
Tourism
Gold Reef City
Cultural villages
Ke-Ditselana Cultural Village
Kwa-Khaya Lendaba Cultural Village
Lesedi Cultural Village
TransportCivil aviation
South African Civil Aviation Authority
Airports
Grand Central Airport
Lanseria International Airport
O. R. Tambo International Airport
Rand Airport
Defunct
Palmietfontein Airport
Road transport
Gauteng Department of Roads and Transport
Johannesburg Roads Agency
Roads
Freeways
e-tolling
Buses and taxis
PUTCO
Trolleybuses
Rail transport
Gautrain
Metrorail Gauteng
Johannesburg–Durban high speed rail (proposed)
Trams
Train stations
Johannesburg Park Station
Marlboro Station
Midrand Station
Rhodesfield Station
Rosebank Station
Sandton Station
SportsSports governingbodies based inGreater Johannesburg
SASCOC
Athletics South Africa
Basketball South Africa
Bowls South Africa
Cricket South Africa
Mind Sports South Africa
South African Baseball Union
South African Confederation of Cue Sport
South African Equestrian Federation
South African Football Association
South African Handball Federation
South African Hockey Association
South African National Climbing Federation
South African Sailing
Squash South Africa
Volleyball South Africa
TeamsSoccer
Atlie
Bidvest Wits
Jomo Cosmos
JVW
Kaizer Chiefs
Lusitano
Mahlangu Tigers
Moroka Swallows
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UJ Ladies
Wits University
Yebo Yes United
Former
Germiston Callies
Giant Blackpool
Rugby
Golden Lions
Lions
Falcons
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Cricket
Central Gauteng Lions
Easterns
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Highveld Lions
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Joburg Super Kings
Titans
Basketball
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UJ men's basketball team
Equestrian sports
National Horseracing Authority
South African Lipizzaners
Sports events
1992 Return Test
1995 Rugby World Cup
Final
2003 Cricket World Cup
Final
2010 FIFA World Cup
Final
Joburg Open
Joburg Ladies Open
South African Derby
South African PGA Championship
Soweto Derby
Sports venuesStadia andarenas
Alexandra Stadium
Arthur Block Park Stadium
Barnard Stadium
Bidvest Stadium
Bosman Stadium
Cecil Payne Stadium
Dobsonville Stadium
Ellis Park Arena
Ellis Park Stadium
Germiston Stadium
Huntersfield Stadium
Johannesburg Stadium
KwaThema Stadium
Lenasia Stadium
Makhulong Stadium
Mehlareng Stadium
Modderfontein Stadium
Mohlakeng Stadium
Orlando Stadium
Potgietersrus Rugby Stadium
Rabie Ridge Stadium
Rand Stadium
Randburg Hockey Stadium
Ruimsig Stadium
Sinaba Stadium
Soccer City
Soweto Cricket Oval
UJ Stadium
Union Stadium
Wanderers Stadium
Willowmoore Park Stadium
Defunct
Old Wanderers
PAM Brink Stadium
WeBuyCars Dome
Golf courses
Glendower Golf Club
Randpark Golf Club
Royal Johannesburg & Kensington Golf Club
Equestrianvenues
Turffontein Racecourse
Motorsportsvenues
Kyalami Grand Prix Circuit
Education and research
GDE
CIDA
FOTIM
Geological Society of South Africa
Mandela Institute for Development Studies
SAARF
South African Institute for Heritage Science and Conservation
Student Sponsorship Programme South Africa
Libraries
Brenthurst Library
Buckland Library
Johannesburg Public Library
Orlando East Public Library
UJ Libraries
University of the Witwatersrand Libraries
UniversitiesUniversity of Johannesburg
Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study
UJFM
Campuses
APB Campus
APK Campus
Doornfontein Campus
Soweto Campus
Faculties
Art, Design and Architecture
Business and Economics
Education
Engineering and the Built Environment
Health Sciences
Humanities
Law
Science
University of the Witwatersrand
Campuses
Evolutionary Studies Institute
Global Change Institute
Industrial and Mining Water Research Unit
Johannesburg Planetarium
Philosophical Papers
Wits Theatre Complex
Wits Vuvuzela
Faculties
Commerce, Law and Management
Engineering and the Built Environment
School of Architecture and Planning
School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Health Sciences
Humanities
Science
CIDA City Campus
IIE MSAOther tertiaryinstitutions
AFDA
Central Johannesburg College
CityVarsity
Damelin
Damelin Correspondence College
Inscape Design College
Lyceum College
Midrand Graduate Institute
Business schools
Gordon Institute of Business Science
IMM Graduate School
Independent Institute of Education
Milpark Business School
Regenesys Business School
Religious institutions
Auckland Park Theological Seminary
Baptist Theological College of Southern Africa
Kollel Bet Mordechai
Kollel Yad Shaul
Lubavitch Yeshiva Gedolah
St Augustine College
South African Theological Seminary
Yeshiva Gedolah
State schools
Hoërskool Alberton
Allen Glen High School
Athlone Boys' High School
Barnato Park High School
Boksburg High School
Bopasenatla Secondary School
Bryanston High School
Hoërskool Dinamika
Hoërskool Florida
The Glen High School
Germiston High School
Greenside High School
Hyde Park High School
Jeppe High School for Boys
Jeppe High School for Girls
King Edward VII School
Hoërskool Marais Viljoen
Meadowlands Secondary School
Moletsane High School
Hoërskool Monument
Morris Isaacson High School
Naledi High School
Northcliff High School
Orchards Primary School
Parktown Boys' High School
Parkview Senior Primary School
Sandown High School
Sandringham High School
Sir John Adamson High School
Springs Boys' High School
Thutolore Secondary School
Hoërskool Voortrekker
Waverley Girls' High School
Westbury Secondary School
Private schools
Ashton International College
Auckland Park Academy of Excellence
Aurora Private School
Charter College
Christian Brothers' College
Crawford College, Lonehill
Crawford College, Sandton
Helpmekaar Kollege
Holy Family College
Japari School
Johannesburg Muslim School
King David Schools
Kingsmead College
Lenasia Muslim School
Marist Brothers College
Redhill School
The Ridge School
Roedean School
Sacred Heart College
St Andrew's School for Girls
St Barnabas College
St Benedict's College
St Catherine's School
St David's Marist College
St Dominic's Catholic School for Girls
St Dunstan's College
St John's College
St Martin's School
St Mary's School
St Peter's College
St Stithians College
Torah Academy School
Yeshiva College of South Africa
Yeshiva Maharsha Beis Aharon
Alternative schools
African Leadership Academy
Branson School of Entrepreneurship
Khanya College
Michael Mount Waldorf School
International schools
American International School
Deutsche Internationale Schule
Japanese School
Lycée Jules Verne
Services
Johannesburg City Parks
Hospitals
Charlotte Maxeke Hospital
Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital
Helen Joseph Hospital
Leratong Hospital
Milpark Hospital
Nelson Mandela Children's Hospital
Pholosong Hospital
Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital
Tambo Memorial Hospital
Historical
Imperial Military Hospital, Baragwanath
Queen Victoria Hospital
Transvaal Memorial Hospital for Children
Water supplyand sanitation
Rand Water
Lesotho Highlands Water Project
Dams
Vaal Dam
Vaal Barrage
Water towers
Grand Central Water Tower
Yeoville Water Tower
Electricity supply
Eskom
City Power
Kelvin Power Station
Kibo Gauteng Thermal Power Station (planned)
Defunct power stations
Orlando Power Station
President Street Power Station
Law enforcement andemergency services
Johannesburg Central Police Station
Metro Police departments
Johannesburg Emergency Services
Berea Fire Station
Ekurhuleni Disaster & Emergency Management Services
Charities and NGOs
ActionAid
Africa's Young Entrepreneurs
African Parks
Bigshoes Foundation
Camp Sizanani
Children of Fire International
Global Water Foundation
LoveLife South Africa
Nelson Mandela Children's Fund
Never Ending Gardens
Nkosi's Haven
POLAF
Woman Against Rape
Military units and formationsArmy unitsRegular
46 South African Brigade
21 South African Infantry Battalion
35 Engineer Support Regiment
Sekhukhune Anti-Aircraft Regiment
Reserve
Andrew Mlangeni Regiment
Bambatha Rifles
Johannesburg Light Horse Regiment
Johannesburg Regiment
Lenong Regiment
OR Tambo Regiment
Rand Light Infantry
Sandfontein Artillery Regiment
Solomon Mahlangu Regiment
iWombe Anti-Aircraft Regiment
SAMHS units
6 Medical Battalion Group
Disbanded unitsArmy
Witwatersrand Command
SA Army Troop Information Unit
2 Locating Regiment
3 Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron
7 South African Infantry Division
15 Reception Depot
72 Motorised Brigade
73 Motorised Brigade
Regiment University of the Witwatersrand
Commandos
Alberton
Atlas
Benoni
Boksburg
Brakpan
Edenvale
East Park
Germiston
Johannesburg East
Johannesburg West
Kempton Park
Krugersdorp
Modderfontein
Nigel
Randburg
Roodepoort
Sandton
Springs
Wemmerpan
West Park
West Rand
Special Forces
Hunter Group
SAAF
4 Squadron SAAF
10 Squadron SAAF
Category
Johannesburg
|
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[]
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Marist College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_David%27s_Marist,_Inanda"},{"title":"St Dominic's Catholic School for Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Dominic%27s_Catholic_School_for_Girls,_Boksburg"},{"title":"St Dunstan's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Dunstan%27s_College_(South_Africa)"},{"title":"St John's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College_(Johannesburg)"},{"title":"St Martin's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin%27s_School_(Rosettenville)"},{"title":"St Mary's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_School,_Waverley"},{"title":"St Peter's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_College,_Johannesburg"},{"title":"St Stithians College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Stithians_College"},{"title":"Torah Academy School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah_Academy_School,_Johannesburg"},{"title":"Yeshiva College of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiva_College_of_South_Africa"},{"title":"Yeshiva Maharsha Beis Aharon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiva_Maharsha_Beis_Aharon"},{"title":"African Leadership Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Leadership_Academy"},{"title":"Branson School of Entrepreneurship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branson_School_of_Entrepreneurship"},{"title":"Khanya College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanya_College"},{"title":"Michael Mount Waldorf School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Mount_Waldorf_School"},{"title":"American International School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_School_of_Johannesburg"},{"title":"Deutsche Internationale Schule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Internationale_Schule_Johannesburg"},{"title":"Japanese School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_School_of_Johannesburg"},{"title":"Lycée Jules Verne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Jules_Verne_(South_Africa)"},{"title":"Johannesburg City Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg_City_Parks"},{"title":"Charlotte Maxeke Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Maxeke_Johannesburg_Academic_Hospital"},{"title":"Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hani_Baragwanath_Hospital"},{"title":"Helen Joseph Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Joseph_Hospital"},{"title":"Leratong Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leratong_Hospital"},{"title":"Milpark Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milpark_Hospital"},{"title":"Nelson Mandela Children's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela_Children%27s_Hospital"},{"title":"Pholosong Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholosong_Hospital"},{"title":"Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahima_Moosa_Mother_and_Child_Hospital"},{"title":"Tambo Memorial Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambo_Memorial_Hospital"},{"title":"Imperial Military Hospital, Baragwanath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Military_Hospital,_Baragwanath"},{"title":"Queen Victoria Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Hospital_(Johannesburg)"},{"title":"Transvaal Memorial Hospital for Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transvaal_Memorial_Hospital_for_Children"},{"title":"Rand Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rand_Water"},{"title":"Lesotho Highlands Water Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho_Highlands_Water_Project"},{"title":"Vaal Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaal_Dam"},{"title":"Vaal Barrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaal_Barrage"},{"title":"Grand Central Water Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Central_Water_Tower_Midrand"},{"title":"Yeoville Water Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeoville_Water_Tower"},{"title":"Eskom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskom"},{"title":"City Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Power"},{"title":"Kelvin Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin_Power_Station"},{"title":"Kibo Gauteng Thermal Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibo_Gauteng_Thermal_Power_Station"},{"title":"Orlando Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Power_Station"},{"title":"President Street Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_Street_Power_Station,_Johannesburg"},{"title":"Johannesburg Central Police Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg_Central_Police_Station"},{"title":"Metro Police departments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Police_(South_Africa)"},{"title":"Johannesburg Emergency Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City_of_Johannesburg_Emergency_Services&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Berea Fire Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berea_Fire_Station"},{"title":"Ekurhuleni Disaster & Emergency Management Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City_of_Ekurhuleni_Disaster_and_Emergency_Management_Services&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"ActionAid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActionAid"},{"title":"Africa's Young Entrepreneurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa%27s_Young_Entrepreneurs"},{"title":"African Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Parks"},{"title":"Bigshoes Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigshoes_Foundation"},{"title":"Camp Sizanani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Sizanani"},{"title":"Children of Fire International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Fire_International"},{"title":"Global Water Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Water_Foundation"},{"title":"LoveLife South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoveLife_South_Africa"},{"title":"Nelson Mandela Children's Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela_Children%27s_Fund"},{"title":"Never Ending Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Ending_Gardens"},{"title":"Nkosi's Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkosi%27s_Haven"},{"title":"POLAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POLAF"},{"title":"Woman Against Rape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_Against_Rape"},{"title":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Army"},{"title":"46 South African Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/46_South_African_Brigade"},{"title":"21 South African Infantry Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_South_African_Infantry_Battalion"},{"title":"35 Engineer Support Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35_Engineer_Support_Regiment"},{"title":"Sekhukhune Anti-Aircraft Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekhukhune_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment"},{"title":"Andrew Mlangeni Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Mlangeni_Regiment"},{"title":"Bambatha Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambatha_Rifles"},{"title":"Johannesburg Light Horse Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg_Light_Horse_Regiment"},{"title":"Johannesburg Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg_Regiment"},{"title":"Lenong Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenong_Regiment"},{"title":"OR Tambo Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OR_Tambo_Regiment"},{"title":"Rand Light Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rand_Light_Infantry"},{"title":"Sandfontein Artillery Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandfontein_Artillery_Regiment"},{"title":"Solomon Mahlangu Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Mahlangu_Regiment"},{"title":"iWombe Anti-Aircraft Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWombe_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment"},{"title":"SAMHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Military_Health_Service"},{"title":"6 Medical Battalion Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_Medical_Battalion_Group"},{"title":"Witwatersrand Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witwatersrand_Command"},{"title":"SA Army Troop Information Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA_Army_Troop_Information_Unit"},{"title":"2 Locating Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Locating_Regiment"},{"title":"3 Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Armoured_Personnel_Carrier_Squadron"},{"title":"7 South African Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_South_African_Infantry_Division"},{"title":"15 Reception Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_Reception_Depot"},{"title":"72 Motorised Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/72_Motorised_Brigade_(South_Africa)"},{"title":"73 Motorised Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/73_Motorised_Brigade_(South_Africa)"},{"title":"Regiment University of the Witwatersrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiment_University_of_the_Witwatersrand"},{"title":"Commandos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commando_System_(South_Africa)"},{"title":"Alberton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberton_Commando"},{"title":"Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Commando"},{"title":"Benoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benoni_Commando"},{"title":"Boksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boksburg_Commando"},{"title":"Brakpan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brakpan_Commando"},{"title":"Edenvale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edenvale_Commando"},{"title":"East Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Park_Commando"},{"title":"Germiston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germiston_Commando"},{"title":"Johannesburg East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg_East_Commando"},{"title":"Johannesburg West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg_West_Commando"},{"title":"Kempton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempton_Park_Commando"},{"title":"Krugersdorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krugersdorp_Commando"},{"title":"Modderfontein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modderfontein_Commando"},{"title":"Nigel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Commando"},{"title":"Randburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randburg_Commando"},{"title":"Roodepoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roodepoort_Commando"},{"title":"Sandton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandton_Commando"},{"title":"Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springs_Commando"},{"title":"Wemmerpan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wemmerpan_Commando"},{"title":"West Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Park_Commando"},{"title":"West Rand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Rand_Commando"},{"title":"Special Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Special_Forces"},{"title":"Hunter Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Group"},{"title":"SAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Air_Force"},{"title":"4 Squadron SAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_Squadron_SAAF"},{"title":"10 Squadron SAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Squadron_SAAF"},{"title":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Greater_Johannesburg"},{"title":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Johannesburg"}]
|
[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.yeshivacollege.co.za/index.php/about/76","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://mizrachi.org/speaker/rabbi-nechemya-taylor/","external_links_name":"Nechemya Taylor"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120413055041/http://theyeshiva.net/Teacher/View/7","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://www.dat.gov.il/religion/console/show/rabbi.aspx?current_posting={64C9C922-D71B-44FA-8317-284C55AB4702}&rabbi_id=16","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"http://www.torahmitzion.org/johannesburg/section.asp?id=232","external_links_name":"[4]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kollel_Bet_Mordechai&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Iberoamericana
|
Copa Iberoamericana
|
["1 Qualified teams","2 Venues","3 Match details","3.1 First leg","3.2 Second leg","4 References"]
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Football tournamentCopa IberoamericanaThe trophy awarded to championsOrganising bodyCONMEBOL RFEFFounded1994Abolished1994; 30 years ago (1994)RegionSouth America SpainNumber of teams2Related competitionsCopa Oro N. Leoz Copa del ReyMost successful club(s) Real Madrid (1 title)
The Copa Iberoamericana (English: Ibero-American Cup) or Copa Iberia was a one-off international football competition. It was created to face the champions of the Copa de Oro Nicolás Leoz and the Copa del Rey, as a result of an agreement signed between CONMEBOL and the Royal Spanish Football Federation.
It was disputed only once between Boca Juniors and Real Madrid in 1994, with the Spanish club prevailing 4–3 on aggregate. In 2015, CONMEBOL included Copa Iberoamericana in the list of its official competitions.
Qualified teams
Team
Qualification
Boca Juniors
1993 Copa de Oro winners
Real Madrid
1992–93 Copa del Rey winners
Venues
The Santiago Bernabéu and La Bombonera, venues for the series
Match details
First leg
1994 Copa Iberoamericana19 March 199421:00 CETFirst leg
Real Madrid 3–1 Boca Juniors
Hierro 34'Morales 70', 79'
Report
MacAllister 85'
Santiago Bernabéu, MadridAttendance: 10,000Referee: Piero Ceccarini (Italy)
Real Madrid
Boca Juniors
GK
1
Francisco Buyo
DF
2
Chendo
DF
6
Fernando Hierro
DF
Rafael Alkorta
DF
3
Mikel Lasa
75'
MF
8
Míchel
MF
5
Luis Milla
86'
MF
10
Robert Prosinečki
46'
FW
Dani
67'
FW
11
Rafael Martín Vázquez
FW
9
Iván Zamorano
Substitutes:
DF
Nando
75'
MF
Sandro
46'
FW
17
José Luis Morales
67'
Manager:
Vicente del Bosque
GK
1
Navarro Montoya
2'
DF
4
Diego Soñora
DF
2
Juan Simón
DF
6
Carlos Moya
DF
3
Carlos MacAllister
33'
MF
8
Julio Saldaña
MF
5
Leonardo Peralta
MF
10
Alberto Márcico
FW
7
Sergio Martínez
2'
FW
9
Rubén da Silva
67'
FW
11
Ivo Basay
70'
Substitutes:
GK
12
Esteban Pogany
2'
FW
16
Luis Alberto Carranza
67'
MF
15
Carlos Tapia
70'
Manager:
César Luis Menotti
Second leg
25 March 199417:00 UTC−3Second leg
Boca Juniors 2–1 Real Madrid
da Silva 40'Naveda 73'
Report
Milla 74'
La Bombonera, Buenos AiresAttendance: 35,000Referee: Jorge Nieves (Uruguay)
Boca Juniors
Real Madrid
GK
1
Esteban Pogany
DF
4
Julio Saldaña
26'
DF
2
Luis Adrián Medero
DF
6
Raúl Noriega
DF
3
Rodolfo Arruabarrena
MF
8
Alejandro Farías
MF
5
Alberto Naveda
MF
7
Marcelo Tejera
MF
10
Carlos Daniel Tapia
FW
9
Rubén da Silva
FW
11
Luis Alberto Carranza
Substitutes:
DF
13
Carlos Moya
26'
Manager:
César Luis Menotti
GK
1
Francisco Buyo
DF
2
Chendo
DF
3
Marcos
DF
4
Nando
DF
5
Luis Milla
MF
6
Mikel Antía
MF
7
Velasco
87'
MF
8
Míchel
FW
9
Dani
80'
FW
10
Robert Prosinečki
FW
11
Martín Vázquez
Substitutes:
DF
Luis Miguel Ramis
87'
FW
José Luis Morales
80'
Manager:
Vicente del Bosque
Real Madrid won 4–3 on aggregate
References
^ El título que le 'robaron' al Real Madrid ante el Boca de Menotti Archived 2020-05-17 at the Wayback Machine by Tomás Roncero on AS.com, 16 April 2020
^ Copa Iberoamericana 1994 Archived 2021-09-12 at the Wayback Machine on Historia de Boca website
^ RSSSF – Copa Iberoamericana Archived 2023-02-02 at the Wayback Machine on the RSSSF
^ "Las competiciones oficiales de la CONMEBOL". Archived from the original on 2015-08-22. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
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1964 Mohammed V Cup final
Copa Iberoamericana (1994)
MLS All-Star Game (2017)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Copa de Oro Nicolás Leoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_de_Oro"},{"link_name":"Copa del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"CONMEBOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONMEBOL"},{"link_name":"Royal Spanish Football Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Boca Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Juniors"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Copa Iberoamericana (English: Ibero-American Cup) or Copa Iberia was a one-off international football competition. It was created to face the champions of the Copa de Oro Nicolás Leoz and the Copa del Rey, as a result of an agreement signed between CONMEBOL and the Royal Spanish Football Federation.[1][2]It was disputed only once between Boca Juniors and Real Madrid in 1994, with the Spanish club prevailing 4–3 on aggregate.[3] In 2015, CONMEBOL included Copa Iberoamericana in the list of its official competitions.[4]","title":"Copa Iberoamericana"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Qualified teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Campo_del_Santiago_Bernabeu.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LaBomboneraViewOfInterior.jpg"}],"text":"The Santiago Bernabéu and La Bombonera, venues for the series","title":"Venues"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Match details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Time"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Boca Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Juniors"},{"link_name":"Hierro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Hierro"},{"link_name":"Morales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Morales_Mart%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//historiadeboca.com.ar/partido/real-madrid-esp-3-boca-1-copa-iberoamericana-1994/3120/1994/475/1.html"},{"link_name":"MacAllister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_MacAllister"},{"link_name":"Santiago Bernabéu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Bernab%C3%A9u_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Piero Ceccarini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_Ceccarini"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Francisco Buyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Buyo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Chendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chendo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Fernando Hierro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Hierro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Rafael Alkorta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Alkorta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Mikel Lasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikel_Lasa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Míchel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADchel_(footballer,_born_1963)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Luis Milla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Milla_(footballer,_born_1966)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Robert Prosinečki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Prosine%C4%8Dki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Dani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dani_Garc%C3%ADa_(footballer,_born_1974)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Rafael Martín Vázquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Mart%C3%ADn_V%C3%A1zquez"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Iván Zamorano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Zamorano"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Nando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nando_Mu%C3%B1oz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Sandro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_(footballer,_born_1974)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"José Luis Morales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Morales_Mart%C3%ADn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Vicente del Bosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_del_Bosque"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Navarro Montoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Fernando_Navarro_Montoya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Diego Soñora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_So%C3%B1ora"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Juan Simón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Sim%C3%B3n"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Carlos Moya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Moya_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Carlos MacAllister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_MacAllister"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Julio Saldaña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Salda%C3%B1a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Alberto Márcico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_M%C3%A1rcico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Sergio Martínez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Daniel_Mart%C3%ADnez"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Rubén da Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_da_Silva"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Ivo Basay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_Basay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Luis Alberto Carranza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Alberto_Carranza"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Carlos Tapia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Daniel_Tapia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"César Luis Menotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Luis_Menotti"}],"sub_title":"First leg","text":"1994 Copa Iberoamericana19 March 199421:00 CETFirst leg\nReal Madrid 3–1 Boca Juniors\nHierro 34'Morales 70', 79'\nReport\nMacAllister 85'\nSantiago Bernabéu, MadridAttendance: 10,000Referee: Piero Ceccarini (Italy)GK\n1\n Francisco Buyo\n\n\nDF\n2\n Chendo\n\n\nDF\n6\n Fernando Hierro\n\n\nDF\n \n Rafael Alkorta\n\n\nDF\n3\n Mikel Lasa\n\n 75'\n\n\nMF\n8\n Míchel\n\n\nMF\n5\n Luis Milla\n 86'\n\n\nMF\n10\n Robert Prosinečki\n\n 46'\n\n\nFW\n\n Dani\n\n 67'\n\n\nFW\n11\n Rafael Martín Vázquez\n\n\nFW\n9\n Iván Zamorano\n\n\nSubstitutes:\n\n\nDF\n\n Nando\n\n 75'\n\n\nMF\n\n Sandro\n\n 46'\n\n\nFW\n17\n José Luis Morales\n\n 67'\n\n\nManager:\n\n\n Vicente del Bosque\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGK\n1\n Navarro Montoya\n 2'\n\n\nDF\n4\n Diego Soñora\n\n\nDF\n2\n Juan Simón\n\n\nDF\n6\n Carlos Moya\n\n\nDF\n3\n Carlos MacAllister\n 33'\n\n\nMF\n8\n Julio Saldaña\n\n\nMF\n5\n Leonardo Peralta\n\n\nMF\n10\n Alberto Márcico\n\n\nFW\n7\n Sergio Martínez\n\n 2'\n\n\nFW\n9\n Rubén da Silva\n\n 67'\n\n\nFW\n11\n Ivo Basay\n\n 70'\n\n\nSubstitutes:\n\n\nGK\n12\n Esteban Pogany\n\n 2'\n\n\nFW\n16\n Luis Alberto Carranza\n\n 67'\n\n\nMF\n15\n Carlos Tapia\n\n 70'\n\n\nManager:\n\n\n César Luis Menotti","title":"Match details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UTC−3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9203:00"},{"link_name":"Boca Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Juniors"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF"},{"link_name":"da Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_da_Silva"},{"link_name":"Naveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beto_Naveda"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//historiadeboca.com.ar/partido/boca-2-real-madrid-esp-1-copa-iberoamericana-1994/3121/1994/475/2.html"},{"link_name":"Milla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Milla_(footballer,_born_1966)"},{"link_name":"La Bombonera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Bombonera"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Jorge Nieves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Nieves"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Julio Saldaña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Salda%C3%B1a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Luis Adrián Medero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Adri%C3%A1n_Medero"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Raúl Noriega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Noriega"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Rodolfo Arruabarrena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolfo_Arruabarrena"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Farías","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Far%C3%ADas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Alberto Naveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Naveda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Marcelo Tejera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Tejera"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Carlos Daniel Tapia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Daniel_Tapia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Rubén da Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_da_Silva"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Luis Alberto Carranza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Alberto_Carranza"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"César Luis Menotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Luis_Menotti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Francisco Buyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Buyo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Chendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chendo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Marcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Marcos_Rey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Nando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nando_Mu%C3%B1oz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Luis Milla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Milla_(footballer,_born_1966)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Mikel Antía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikel_Ant%C3%ADa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Velasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Enrique_Velasco"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Míchel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADchel_(footballer,_born_1963)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Dani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Garc%C3%ADa_Lara"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Robert Prosinečki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Prosine%C4%8Dki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Martín Vázquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Mart%C3%ADn_V%C3%A1zquez"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Luis Miguel Ramis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Miguel_Ramis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"José Luis Morales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Morales_Mart%C3%ADn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Vicente del Bosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_del_Bosque"}],"sub_title":"Second leg","text":"25 March 199417:00 UTC−3Second leg\nBoca Juniors 2–1 Real Madrid\nda Silva 40'Naveda 73'\nReport\nMilla 74'\nLa Bombonera, Buenos AiresAttendance: 35,000Referee: Jorge Nieves (Uruguay)GK\n1\n Esteban Pogany\n\n\n\nDF\n4\n Julio Saldaña\n\n 26'\n\n\nDF\n2\n Luis Adrián Medero\n\n\nDF\n6\n Raúl Noriega\n\n\nDF\n3\n Rodolfo Arruabarrena\n\n\nMF\n8\n Alejandro Farías\n\n\nMF\n5\n Alberto Naveda\n\n\nMF\n7\n Marcelo Tejera\n\n\nMF\n10\n Carlos Daniel Tapia\n\n\nFW\n9\n Rubén da Silva\n\n\nFW\n11\n Luis Alberto Carranza\n\n\nSubstitutes:\n\n\nDF\n13\n Carlos Moya\n\n 26'\n\n\nManager:\n\n\n César Luis Menotti\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGK\n1\n Francisco Buyo\n\n\nDF\n2\n Chendo\n\n\nDF\n3\n Marcos\n\n\nDF\n4\n Nando\n\n\nDF\n5\n Luis Milla\n\n\nMF\n6\n Mikel Antía\n\n\nMF\n7\n Velasco\n\n 87'\n\n\nMF\n8\n Míchel\n\n\nFW\n9\n Dani\n\n 80'\n\n\nFW\n10\n Robert Prosinečki\n\n\nFW\n11\n Martín Vázquez\n\n\nSubstitutes:\n\n\nDF\n\n Luis Miguel Ramis\n\n 87'\n\n\nFW\n\n José Luis Morales\n\n 80'\n\n\nManager:\n\n\n Vicente del BosqueReal Madrid won 4–3 on aggregate","title":"Match details"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1276_in_Ireland
|
1276 in Ireland
|
["1 Incumbent","2 Events","3 Births","4 Deaths","5 References"]
|
List of events in the year 1276
←
1275
1274
1273
1272
1271
1276 in Ireland
→
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
Centuries:
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
Decades:
1250s
1260s
1270s
1280s
1290s
See also:Other events of 1276 List of years in Ireland
Events from the year 1276 in Ireland.
Incumbent
Lord: Edward I
Events
Hereditary lordship of all Thomond is granted to Thomas de Clare.
Births
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2010)
Deaths
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2010)
References
^ The Oxford Illustrated History of Ireland. Foster, RF. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 1989
vteYears in Ireland (1101–present)12th century
Pre-1101
1101
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1103
1104
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13th century
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vte1276 in EuropeSovereign states
Andorra
Aragon
Bulgaria
Byzantine Empire
Castile
Denmark
England
France
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Holy Roman Empire
Hungary
Ireland
Mongol Empire
Navarre
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Dependencies, coloniesand other territories
Guernsey
Jersey
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Events from the year 1276 in Ireland.","title":"1276 in Ireland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Edward I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"}],"text":"Lord: Edward I","title":"Incumbent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lordship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord"},{"link_name":"Thomond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomond"},{"link_name":"Thomas de Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_de_Clare"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Hereditary lordship of all Thomond is granted to Thomas de Clare.[1]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Deaths"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Blank_Ireland.svg/80px-Blank_Ireland.svg.png"}]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1276_in_Ireland&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1276_in_Ireland&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Viewmont_Viking
|
User talk:Viewmont Viking
|
["1 Welcome!","2 Speedy deletion contested: Cougars (band)","3 GCLS Updates Deleted","4 Elm information security","5 Article Name","6 Maturity Model","7 InsideBlue","8 Hello Viewmont Viking","9 Draft:SEICA (company) - deleted speedy notice","10 Speedy deletion contested: User:Aronss123","11 Longmeadow High School Field Hockey","12 Lighthouse page edit help please","13 Concerning your deletion of my Cash Converters edit","14 Notice of Conflict of interest noticeboard discussion","15 Spam link?","16 CS1 error on Jay Prabha Medanta Super Specialty Hospital","17 ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message","18 Hong Kong Education Commission","19 Edit cancelled","20 Education Commission of Hong Kong","21 Editing MK-84 article","22 Fabric","23 Comparison of antivirus software","24 Edit to pyroluria section of the Orthomolecular Psychiatry page","25 Amar Singh (art dealer)","26 Chocolate Truffle","27 Removal of crucial information.","28 Sat Jan 27: Utah Wikipedia Day!","29 COI comment","30 Irvingship building","31 Trego, Montana","32 JD Irving","33 Anti-communist crusader","34 Why","35 have this","36 User:BlueRubberDuckie/sandbox","37 Discussion of disruptive editing by User:A.Viki Wiki7 at ANI","38 Thanks for removing the spam from the Kids from Wisconsin article :)","39 Hacker group","40 Conti","41 Apology","42 Universal Processing Draft","43 Besins Healthcare","44 Happy first edit day!","45 Min. Flack's wiki page","46 Oriental"]
|
Welcome!
Hello Viewmont Viking, welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Our intro page contains a lot of helpful material for new users—please check it out! If you need help, visit Wikipedia:Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place {{helpme}} on this page, followed by your question, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. McDoobAU93 23:30, 10 June 2012
Speedy deletion contested: Cougars (band)
Hello Viewmont Viking. I am just letting you know that I contested the speedy deletion of Cougars (band), a page you tagged for speedy deletion, because of the following concern: "embarked on several extensive US and European tours" is enough for A7 not to apply. Thank you. BangJan1999 14:39, 11 August 2023 (UTC)
GCLS Updates Deleted
I’m writing to ask that my recent edits to the Wikipedia page of the Golden Crown Literary Society, a nonprofit organization, be restored. I want to assure you that GCLS is an all volunteer organization in which I have no financial interest and benefit financially from in no way. GCLS recently received a restricted grant from a charitable organization for its Goldie Awards and, as I am not an author and am nearly 75-years-old, I can again assure you that I will not benefit financially for this grant.
Rather, I’m working with a volunteer committee to revise the seriously outdated GCLS Wikipedia page to reflect recent changes in the organization’s mission, goals and objectives, and Goldie Awards. Time is of the essence because we expect widespread publicity after the new cash prizes are announced on August 21. We expect newcomers to turn to Wikipedia for information and we want that information to be complete, accurate and up to date.
To accomplish this, I created a personal Wikipedia account last week and began making updates little by little as I learned how to do so. Then I turned to more extensive updating as I became more efficient, finally learning how to use footnotes and references. I was very careful to indicate either “a minor change” or a “watch this page” for all revisions. I was so happy with my progress through yesterday but now all my edits have been reversed. As stated above, I’m appealing to you to restore my updates at your earliest convenience so I can complete the process prior to August 21.
Given that I have a Ph.D. in Mass Communications from Indiana University and spent 27 years as director of research for a major newspaper company, I understand the importance of accurate reporting and thorough source documentation. Please note that the source for most of the needed updates is, in fact, GCLS’s website, which fulfills Wikipedia requirements that information be accessible to others. There is a dearth of information from such sources as journals, books and newspaper, given the nature of the information.
Thank you for your kind attention and I look forward to a speedy resolution of this matter.
V.F. Dodge V.F. Dodge (talk) 11:25, 15 August 2023 (UTC)
Elm information security
hi,
I hope you are healthy,
Why did you cancel my modifications? You can check them through the web or through the company's website. أحمد بن مساعد (talk) 13:27, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
Article Name
hello,
can you changing the name of the company from Elm Information Security to Elm Company, according to the company's website "https://elm.sa/en/Pages/default.aspx", The name was changed in 2020. أحمد بن مساعد (talk) 07:18, 18 August 2023 (UTC)
Maturity Model
Hello Viewmont Viking,
I recently added a maturity model (PEMM - Process and Enterprise Maturity Model) to the Maturity Model page. You removed it for being advertisement, which really surprised me. The reason I added the model is due to my process management study program at the University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria where I learned about the model. Right now I am writing a thesis about maturity models and I simply wanted to add that one to the page (just for completeness). What was the reason for classifying it as advertisement?
Currently I am researching and writing about maturity models in general and I would alter the description of maturity model according to my findings (as it even has already been mentioned in the article talk and I already know that the description is not accurate). What do I have to consider so my correction would stick?
Thanks in advance!
AloisMan (talk) 07:22, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
Response: You may have noticed I removed all model's that did not have a bluelink. If you create an article on your preferred model(s) and submit it for review, if the article is approved you can add that model back into the article. Wikipedia requires notability, not just some random person's thoughts. --VVikingTalkEdits 14:23, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
I added the creators homepage with details about it (compared to the other models that had no reference whatsoever). There is even an article about the model in Harvard Business Review (a bit outdated, but still). I currently don't prefer this model above any other model. I knew about the model and saw that the article lacked the mention of it, so I wanted to add it. I don't know if "some random person's thoughts" is sufficient to describe my addition.
Yet I do understand the bluelink-approach and thank you for your response and information. AloisMan (talk) 14:47, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
InsideBlue
Hello Viewmont Viking, would be interested why my addition of InsideBlue to the Lazarus IDE page has been rejected. It's an open-source tool done with Lazarus IDE much like the other tools in the section "Examples of applications produced with Lazarus". Thanks.
LinsErik (talk) 10:31, 24 August 2023 (UTC)
Hello Viewmont Viking
You recently reverted my first use of a hashtag in twitter. Saying it was poorly sourced.
Could you help me improve it instead of removing it? I am kind of new in Wikipedia and I can use the help of someone more experienced.
I didn't quote my first tweet with hashtag since it is in spanish, so I picked one in english that is also previous to the messina one.
Thanks in advance Htmllife (talk) 14:59, 25 August 2023 (UTC)
Draft:SEICA (company) - deleted speedy notice
I deleted the speedy tag. Let's give the guy some time. It's in draft space so it's doing no harm.
This company is a player in its niche so an article in main space should go to AfD to be deleted.
Thanks for caring about our content.
--A. B. (talk • contribs • global count) 16:57, 28 August 2023 (UTC)
Speedy deletion contested: User:Aronss123
Hello Viewmont Viking. I am just letting you know that I contested the speedy deletion of User:Aronss123, a page you tagged for speedy deletion, because of the following concern: A11 is only used for mainspace articles. Thank you. BangJan1999 16:08, 11 September 2023 (UTC)
My apologies, then what about Webhost?
Longmeadow High School Field Hockey
Why did you undo the Field Hockey addition? All factual information has been obtained from http://nebula.wsimg.com/4914942d5fe7ce3688638a31736f9c78?AccessKeyId=32611F8B0EAAD3ED7D41&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 and http://miaa.ezstream.com/index.cfm?ChnID=320&SubID=-1&chncd=320,-1&Org=MIAA&CFID=13695738&CFTOKEN=ab538653a472da3-990BAF2F-D445-A1F6-783C674A4EB6F49B Adriatic20 (talk) 15:28, 18 September 2023 (UTC)
Lighthouse page edit help please
Hi Viewmont Viking,
As a rookie Wikipaedian, I’d like to ask for your help!
You reverted my edit to the Lighthouse page over the weekend quoting the ‘Manual of Style’ and I would like to know what specifically I did wrong so I can improve my edit. Any help you can share would be appreciated.
(Link to Lighthouse revision history edit page: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lighthouse_(British_organisation)&action=history )
I’ve also had another go at writing a more encyclopaedic entry and would like your feedback on it please, before making another edit:
“Following allegations about Lighthouse made in the UK based newspaper, The Daily Mail in April 2022, the south african newspaper the Saturday Star interviewed chairman Paul Waugh who stated he was taking legal action against the Daily Mail.”
(And then link to this article as before)
https://www.iol.co.za/saturday-star/news/life-coaching-group-run-by-south-africans-in-the-uk-accused-of-abusing-exploiting-and-fleecing-victims-9a70af39-9b03-4db0-a5dd-eb8bd69b341f
Many thanks for your help!
TCH TCHasker (talk) 15:58, 21 September 2023 (UTC)
Bear in mind that Hasker features in the BBC documentary. The BBC documentary claims Hasker would loiter outside members' bedrooms such that one had to escape and get help from the local Police. Charming fella this Hasker! Nofoolie (talk) 10:36, 29 September 2023 (UTC)
Concerning your deletion of my Cash Converters edit
Hello, Viewmont Viking. I don't see why you deleted my edit on the page for 'Cash Converters' about DankPods. I don't see any problem, I didn't write a lot about it, and I made sure to use proper language. Similarly, I stuck to the truth and I don't understand what I got wrong.
And looking around your page, it appears you've deleted quite a bit about sports. Why were you drawn to Cash Converters? And why do you think this was necessary? Have you watched these? Do you have a problem with DankPods' work? Or- this is a long shot- do you find pleasure in deleting and undoing Wikipedia changes?
I'm not mad, just curious. What'd I do? LiVano LaCole (talk) 11:40, 13 October 2023 (UTC)
Okay, so it appears that you consider it advertisement. But I didn't intend it to be advertising. After all, I have no relations to this YouTuber, and anyway from what I've gathered, he's made it popular. I am a student, so there isn't a good reason for me to advertise him. If you look up 'cash converters' on Google-
You see that I was a bit biased to the term 'Cashies'. However, I was innocently incorrect. Sorry LiVano LaCole (talk) 12:13, 13 October 2023 (UTC)
Notice of Conflict of interest noticeboard discussion
There is currently a discussion at Wikipedia:Conflict of interest/Noticeboard regarding a possible conflict of interest incident with which you may be involved. Thank you. 87.200.229.168 (talk) 17:33, 15 October 2023 (UTC)
Spam link?
Explain to me how a link to Amazon for two books I want to cite is a spam link? What sort of link would you find acceptable? Kolonahskapee (talk) 19:20, 20 October 2023 (UTC)
CS1 error on Jay Prabha Medanta Super Specialty Hospital
Hello, I'm Qwerfjkl (bot). I have automatically detected that this edit performed by you, on the page Jay Prabha Medanta Super Specialty Hospital, may have introduced referencing errors. They are as follows:
A "bare URL and missing title" error. References show this error when they do not have a title. Please edit the article to add the appropriate title parameter to the reference. (Fix | Ask for help)
Please check this page and fix the errors highlighted. If you think this is a false positive, you can report it to my operator.
Thanks, Qwerfjkl (bot) (talk) 13:50, 31 October 2023 (UTC)
ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message
Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 11 December 2023. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.
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Hong Kong Education Commission
Hello there,
I see you have deleted my submission for the Education Commission in Hong Kong. I want to know why you deleted this. This entry was created by 3 other students (plus myself) as part of our university studies (HKU) in which we were tasked to create and upload a wikipedia page. Since the previous entry on the Education Commission was lacking content, we thought to add to this.
Please let me know what concerns you have and if you would like to add anything to our submission. ArdaVeysi (talk) 03:06, 14 December 2023 (UTC)
Edit cancelled
Hello,
Could you assist me in updating the Stop TB Partnership page? The information is quite incomplete and outdated. I don't think the edit I have made are self promoting but if they are kindly suggest a better way to present it? I also find it peculiar that the article states that the information is outdated, yet whenever it is edited by people it is consistently struck down.
Any help would be greatly appreciated... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 105.161.225.252 (talk) 19:39, 18 December 2023 (UTC)
Hello, @Viewmont Viking can you help me update the outdated info of the page on wikipedia? If I create language versions of the page will they also be removed? GeGki (talk) 10:09, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
All the information has been provided to you on your talk page already. --VVikingTalkEdits 15:01, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
@Viewmont Viking Thanks for the reply. I am new to Wikipedia so I am not sure I understand the info given correctly. Do I need to submit a draft to you for review? If yes, would mind pointing me to some info on how to do this? GeGki (talk) 15:16, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
There are many individuals who have the patience and desire to adopt new users. I have neither the patience nor the desire to help people promote their organization. For a faster answer you can always ask at the Teahouse. --VVikingTalkEdits 15:23, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
@Viewmont Viking got ya! However, I believe it's important to prioritize the most current and accurate information, especially on critical topics like disease prevention, in this case tuberculosis. This ensures that the public encyclopedia remains a reliable and up-to-date resource for everyone. GeGki (talk) 16:15, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
Education Commission of Hong Kong
Hello. I am a professor at the University of Hong Kong whose students wrote the Education Commission update that you deleted. I checked their original entry and found that the biographies of the Commission leadership could be considered promotional. The summaries of the Commission publications, without proper contextualisation referencing public and industry reactions, could also be considered promotional. We will resubmit after revising these parts of the entry. Feel free to respond to the student posting on your talk page if there are other outstanding issues. 119.237.167.185 (talk) 00:08, 20 December 2023 (UTC)
Editing MK-84 article
Hi Viewmont Viking. Thanks for your comment on the MK-84 talk page. I tried to reply but not sure i tagged you properly so leaving a note here. Fyi more evidence on the bombs use in Gaza was published yesterday in the NYT. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/21/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-bomb-investigation.html?unlocked_article_code=1.H00.DkyY.tLf6R8Fylful&smid=nytcore-ios-share&referringSource=articleShare Thanks for your attention and engagement. Greg S Gregsmith14 (talk) 17:40, 22 December 2023 (UTC)
Fabric
I am not sure why you keep reverting my edits. Please discuss any issues with me. The sentence I moved was better under the closure section and the sentence that I removed was redundant, because obviously there is already info there about the drug issues.Chromozine (talk) 18:54, 26 December 2023 (UTC)
My biggest issue was your initial edit summary and you trying to whitewash the article. Your initial edit summary only stated you moved a sentence not that you also removed a sentence that portrayed the article in a negative light. This to me showed an attempt to hide that portion of the edit. In addition you should follow BRD and also , probably also 3RR.--VVikingTalkEdits 18:57, 26 December 2023 (UTC)
Please check now, I moved it again. Whoever initially posted that sentence obviously didn't see that there is a whole section about the Closure and placed it out of context.
I think my latest edits will clarify that the removed sentence was redundant. Chromozine (talk) 19:01, 26 December 2023 (UTC)
At this point I am not going to make any additional edits to that article at this time. Please do review the information I shared as it will help prevent additional conflicts with other editors, Thank you for your contributions. --VVikingTalkEdits 19:03, 26 December 2023 (UTC)
Comparison of antivirus software
Hi Viewmont Viking,
Could you please clarify the reason you have removed my editing to this list of Antivirus software - I've included 2 links from GeekWire and StorageReview magazines with the references to this DriveSecurity Antivirus.
Please clarify. Alexledit (talk) 19:47, 29 December 2023 (UTC)
Edit to pyroluria section of the Orthomolecular Psychiatry page
Hello Viewmont Viking,
I recently made an edit to the pyroluria section of the Orthomolecular Psychiatry page on Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthomolecular_psychiatry). My edit was intended to update the section with recent research findings, supported by two articles from recognized scientific journals and a comprehensive post citing a range of further scholarly articles.
I understand the importance of maintaining the integrity and accuracy of Wikipedia content and appreciate the role of experienced editors in this process.
I would be grateful if you could provide specific feedback or reasons for the reversion of my edit. My intention was to contribute valuable and credible information, with a focus on the most recent research findings, adhering to Wikipedia's guidelines for verifiability and neutrality. If there were any issues with the content or sources of my edit, I would welcome your guidance to improve my contribution.
Thank you very much.
Best regards,
BingBing88 BingBing88 (talk) 01:48, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
Hello Viewmont Viking,
I'm following up on my previous message regarding the edit I made to the Pyroluria section of the Orthomolecular Psychiatry page. I haven't received a response yet and would greatly appreciate your feedback or reasons for reverting the edit. BingBing88 (talk) 22:15, 4 January 2024 (UTC)
@BingBing88: I mostly write on Swedish‑language Wikipedia; I hope it is acceptable on English‑language Wikipedia’s discussion pages to reply to a question that was addressed to somebody else.
I shall give you an answer, BingBing88. Your edit in Orthomolecular psychiatry will always be reverted, because it is not “credible information”. It is easy to show that your motivation (posted 01:48, 3 January 2024 UTC) for your edit is wrong. One of your references is the paper ”Pyrroles as a Potential Biomarker for Oxidative Stress Disorders”. The first author is Brett Lambert. His affiliation is Applied Analytical Laboratories, Logandowns Dr, Meadowbrook, QLD 4131, Australia. If one reads Applied Analytical Laboratories’ own presentation, one quickly realises that they are doing pseudoscience.
There’s no point discussing this with you. Please don’t continue the discussion. I shall only state what all knowledgeable, scientifically minded people think: Orthomolecular psychiatry is pseudoscience; you apparently believe in pseudoscience; all your past and future edits that make pseudoscientific claims, as if they had any merit, should and will be deleted without discussion (I write this single discussion post out of courtesy). Your beliefs will probably not change, but I kindly inform you that you will never be able to get this kind of edits accepted in Wikipedia, so you might as well give up now. Jan Arvid Götesson (talk) 22:43, 17 January 2024 (UTC)
Amar Singh (art dealer)
Hi @Viewmont Viking: How are you? I removed the airmail reference from the article, which you strangely reverted without any knowledge of the previous state of this spam BLP article. You don't need to a take a reference to a reliable sources noticeboard to know that it is junk. It looks and reads like a clickbait site. I've worked at Afc, NPP and coin for years and know how to check a news site for validity. It may be hybrid right enough, doing that to ensure it survives but still doesn't read or look right. That reference was used to prove build an attack section with no collaborating references to ensure that WP:NPOV was being followed. The thing is completely unbalanced. You should have taken it to the reliable sources noticeboard at the time instead of leaving that junk in. I'll kick it off today and if its good it go in. I've taken it out in the meantime. scope_creepTalk 09:53, 7 January 2024 (UTC)
I am stepping out of that article, however I vehemently disagree with many of your points and more so the points of the SPA editor. Airmail was taken the the RSN and no decision was made, however at least one editor, who appears not to be involved, stated it was reliable, it is also ran by the same editors who used to run vanity fair. Second I reverted it back to where you left. The SPA then came in and removed additional information. I did not include the attack section I left that out. Just because an reference is negative does not mean it is junk, again that was not determined and while I respect all seasoned editors I believe your "I know it is junk so it is junk" attitude does not help the argument. Again I will not edit the article again I believe the current SPA editor is a sock of previous editors, I believe the article is being whitewashed by someone close to the subject of the article and it doesn't sit well with me. --VVikingTalkEdits 14:39, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
Hi @Viewmont Viking, thanks for trying to prevent the whitewashing of the Amar Singh page seemingly by SPAs. Air mail is a real, award-winning publication - see its win in the Deadline Club's 2023 awards (awarded by the Society of Professional Journalists) NYhttps://www.deadlineclub.org/2023-award-winners/ .
The Vanity Fair articles that are quoted in the article praising Amar Singh's work are no longer live, suggesting they have been pulled in the wake of Airmail's article about Amar Singh - https://airmail.news/issues/2023-10-14/the-grift-the-prince-and-the-twist 2600:1003:B002:2349:7010:2E11:27A3:24C0 (talk) 16:21, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
Chocolate Truffle
Hi @Viewmont Viking, I saw you reverted my edit in this article. What do you mean by "possible spam"? Gemdira (talk) 15:24, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
Removal of crucial information.
You keep on deleting important information on Khyber Medical College and labelling it as promotional. How is it promotional? Is stating facts promotional? I even provided suitable sources. And this is the kind of information everyone looks for in a medical school (in our country at least). What you deem promotional may be extremely important information to someone else. ExoField (talk) 21:12, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
And I know it's important because it is the same information me and my friends were looking for before finding it on this Wikipedia page. Now all of it is gone. ExoField (talk) 21:15, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
Wikipedia is not a webhost...yes it is gone because it is not encyclopedic, the information I removed is find for the schools website, but not for an encyclopedia. Now I ask you to please stay off my talk page as I don't appreciate being called an idiot, especially from someone who does not know the processes and policies of Wikipedia. In addition you may wish to review WP:3RR since you are close to violating it.--VVikingTalkEdits 21:45, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
Okay, but why have you removed it now? Why not years before? And yes a lot of information is still on the school's website, only the key points have been written on the wiki page, and accomodation is definitely a key point.
Besides information of accomodation is present on many universities, colleges and schools' Wikipedia pages. ExoField (talk) 21:55, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
I asked you nice to stay off of my talk page. I am now telling you, unless you have a need to add something to my talk page, i.e., a notice board notification or something similar do not come to my talk page again. --VVikingTalkEdits 21:58, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
Sat Jan 27: Utah Wikipedia Day!
Interested in celebrating Wikipedia Day in Park City during Sundance?
If you are interested in our Utah Wikipedia Day celebration on Saturday, January 27, 2024, please visit Wikipedia:Meetup/Utah/Wikipedia Day 2024 to add your response.Not in the Utah area? Check the Wikipedia Day page for an event near you! ~~~~
Pharos (talk) 19:32, 24 January 2024 (UTC)
COI comment
Dear @Viewmont Viking,
Recently you commented that my edit of the ILASS entry might be under conflict of interests.
I replied in the talk tab of the ILASS entry, but since I'm not sure that you got my reply (I'm a new contributor tot he Wikipedia), I'd like to reply here too.
I'd like to explain that ILASS is an academic, non-profit, organization, and I'm a scholar performing research in the research areas related to spraying systems, and an old member, but in no-way a paid member, and in no way am I paid to edit this entry.
Additionally, my edits primarily focused on providing factual information and historical context.
Following your comment I've stated that in the talk tab of the entry.
Thus, I think this should not be considered as a COI .
I'd appreciate your reply and advice.
Kindly,
PeacEng
PeacEng (talk) 11:53, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
Thank you for adding in the talk page that you do have a COI. Individuals who have a COI whether they are being paid or not, whether the organization is for profit or not for profit, often have a difficult time writing about the organization in a neutral fashion. Your edits had that issue. Please recommend your edits on the talk page utilizing the tools I shared with you on your talk page. In addition Wikipedia is not concerned with what the organization says about itself. We look at what 3rd party Reliable Sources say about the organization.--VVikingTalkEdits 15:52, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
Ok, so just to make sure that I understood you correctly, your advice is to place my edits, not in the article tab, but rather in the talk tab? PeacEng (talk) 17:15, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
Irvingship building
can you explain in a little more detail than "Multiple manual of style issues, external links in body of article etc" as to why you deleted a whole weeks worth of work? Kabiblehopper (talk) 23:16, 26 February 2024 (UTC)
He’s done this multiple times on a page I’ve worked on, also hours of work and research just deleted with zero explanation Above48degrees (talk) 03:45, 7 March 2024 (UTC)
Trego, Montana
What is the fixation with deleting massive swaths of info on this page? You’ve done this previously and I don’t understand what the issue is this time except you deleted hours of work and research.
do tell… Above48degrees (talk) 03:44, 7 March 2024 (UTC)
Large amounts of unsourced, narrative, information does not belong on an encyclopedia please review WP:BRD--VVikingTalkEdits 14:15, 7 March 2024 (UTC)
Where is the unsourced narrative? All of the things listed have actual, verifiable sources, found either in hardcopy text or readily on the internet... Above48degrees (talk) 14:15, 8 March 2024 (UTC)
JD Irving
Once again you have baselessly accused me of COI, and refused to engage in conversation on the talk page. As your own talk page shows you seem to consistently engaging in edit warring/disruptive editing on other article without engaging in consensus.
Unless you can prove the irving group of companies is indeed a real company, and address the evidence stated within the talk page of the article, that illustrates it indeed is not a real company, Im going to have to ask you to stop disruptively editing the page with false information. Kabiblehopper (talk) 11:42, 7 March 2024 (UTC)
Last time I accused you of a COI was before I read that you stated you didn't have one. I have nearly 50,000 edits I have only been blocked from editing one time and that was in error so do not state that I am consistently engaging in disruptive editing, as the facts do not show that is the case. Now I as you to stay off my talk page as you have been uncivil to me on my talk page by baselessly claiming I am a consistently engaging in edit warring/disruptive editing. --VVikingTalkEdits 14:19, 7 March 2024 (UTC)
Anti-communist crusader
Just wanted to point out that I get that you are a anti-communist crusader, but I don't get why do you give opinions and undo my edits on local landmarks from Iasi, when it does not seem that you know anything about the city except that it has a communism memorial. Aciduzzo (talk) 11:21, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
Why
Why did you remove my links to the Gossinator? He is notable. — Preceding unsigned comment added by KingQuacksyTheGreat (talk • contribs) 15:05, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
have this
I remain mature and respectful despite my qualms with you regarding your removal of important figures from this website. KingQuacksyTheGreat (talk) 14:57, 5 April 2024 (UTC)
User:BlueRubberDuckie/sandbox
Hi Viewmont Viking, I am training @BlueRubberDuckie to translate an article from the francophone wikipedia. I do not understand why you added a banner for speedy deletion ? Natacha LSP (talk) 15:09, 26 April 2024 (UTC)
If you disagree with the reason of using Wikipedia as a webhost you can remove the speedy deletion banner. To me it reads more like the organizations website or blog. Which is why I nominated it for speedy deletion--VVikingTalkEdits 15:12, 26 April 2024 (UTC)
Well it has been deleted and it was not a webhost. We started another sandbox paying attention to have no French. Please do not name it for deletion. Natacha LSP (talk) 15:23, 26 April 2024 (UTC)
Discussion of disruptive editing by User:A.Viki Wiki7 at ANI
Good day, I have started a discussion at ANI on disruptive editing by a user you have interacted with, A.Viki Wiki7. If you'd like to take part, the discussion can be found here. Thanks! nf utvol (talk) 15:16, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
Thanks for removing the spam from the Kids from Wisconsin article :)
This user invites you to join WikiProject Wisconsin. Cmarsch (talk) 04:24, 23 May 2024 (UTC)
Hacker group
Hacker group HiderSec Artarium (talk) 21:41, 31 May 2024 (UTC)
Conti
Good evening,
Looking into why my changes to the Conti(ransomware) article were so hastily reverted. The comment you left was 'Poorly Sourced promotional, madeup etc' which is... strange?
The sources I added included MITRE ATTACK which is considered a very credible source of information on topics like Conti in the Information Security field. As to promotional and made up? Please explain what exactly my changes 'promoted' and 'made up'.
Thank you
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conti_(ransomware)&action=history AnaisCarver (talk) 22:29, 31 May 2024 (UTC)
P.S. see my reply in the talk section of the Conti article. I explain in more detail some of the sources I added. AnaisCarver (talk) 23:27, 31 May 2024 (UTC)
Apology
Apologies for reverting your correction to Python (programming language). I was doing the same correction at the same time and the edits clashed. I’ve undone my reversion. --Northernhenge (talk) 16:01, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
No worries it happens--VVikingTalkEdits 16:01, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
Universal Processing Draft
Hi Viewmont. I have revised the page, and could you now take a moment to see whether it is appropriate and delete the nomination. If any changes should I do, I would change that. Thank you! Selina Lyu (talk) 18:53, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
Besins Healthcare
Hey, Viewmont Viking! I saw that earlier you were undoing promotional edits on the Besins Healthcare page. It seems to me that they are now being continued. I have already posted about my concerns (not sure I did it right, you can see in the page history). No one has responded, and the user continues to make his questionable edits without proper sources. Please check this page. I am not a Wikipedia editor, it's just that in my work with colleagues we often refer to Wikipedia. I would like to see only information confirmed by independent sources. Thank you in advance! 95.63.195.6 (talk) 21:13, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
Happy first edit day!
Happy First Edit Day!Hi Viewmont Viking! On behalf of the Birthday Committee, I'd like to wish you a very happy anniversary of the day you made your first edit and became a Wikipedian! GuapMachine (talk) 01:47, 5 June 2024 (UTC) GuapMachine (talk) 01:47, 5 June 2024 (UTC)
Min. Flack's wiki page
Would you please stop repeatedly deleting the additions we've made to the Minister's page? 204.40.194.132 (talk) 15:36, 10 June 2024 (UTC)
As long as you continue to add unsourced promotional junk it does not belong on Wikipedia. Who are we? Also it is not the Minister's page it is an encyclopedic article based on information found in reliable 3rd party sources. --VVikingTalkEdits 16:52, 10 June 2024 (UTC)
Oriental
I noticed you deleted my edits again and was confused why the individual I quoted was so special. If you noticed they are Asian in the uk and a professor so respectable individual. They are clearly saying it is racist. If you didn’t like my reference that’s fine I did say it wasn’t the best. You could have given me a little help and done a quick google search would have given you ones perhaps more preferable. Many in the talk section of the page have asked for it to be recognised as derogatory for many years certain editors continue to be ignorant and do not research the claims. As an editor you have a duty to research things and provide accurate information to those reading the page. Unfortunately thus far this has not be achieved.
Here are some more references for you and I really hope now we can come to an agreement and change it on the page, together.
https://www.weareresonate.com/2016/07/oriental-racist-term/
https://www.jstor.org/stable/26749972
Reality star Dorothy Wang: Don't call me oriental https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/newsbeat-40714775
I really hope you can help me with this as it is really important for me and the rest of the Asian community this gets sorted soon.
-Bigbotnot2 Bigbotnot2 (talk) 16:48, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
CrowdedMusic (talk) 18:28, 18 June 2024 (UTC) Speedy Viking how are you? Thank you for doing your job to keep Wikipedia a safe place for reliable resources
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Viewmont Viking, welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Our intro page contains a lot of helpful material for new users—please check it out! If you need help, visit Wikipedia:Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place {{helpme}} on this page, followed by your question, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. McDoobAU93 23:30, 10 June 2012Speedy deletion contested: Cougars (band)[edit]Hello Viewmont Viking. I am just letting you know that I contested the speedy deletion of Cougars (band), a page you tagged for speedy deletion, because of the following concern: \"embarked on several extensive US and European tours\" is enough for A7 not to apply. Thank you. BangJan1999 14:39, 11 August 2023 (UTC)[reply]GCLS Updates Deleted[edit]I’m writing to ask that my recent edits to the Wikipedia page of the Golden Crown Literary Society, a nonprofit organization, be restored. I want to assure you that GCLS is an all volunteer organization in which I have no financial interest and benefit financially from in no way. GCLS recently received a restricted grant from a charitable organization for its Goldie Awards and, as I am not an author and am nearly 75-years-old, I can again assure you that I will not benefit financially for this grant.Rather, I’m working with a volunteer committee to revise the seriously outdated GCLS Wikipedia page to reflect recent changes in the organization’s mission, goals and objectives, and Goldie Awards. Time is of the essence because we expect widespread publicity after the new cash prizes are announced on August 21. We expect newcomers to turn to Wikipedia for information and we want that information to be complete, accurate and up to date.To accomplish this, I created a personal Wikipedia account last week and began making updates little by little as I learned how to do so. Then I turned to more extensive updating as I became more efficient, finally learning how to use footnotes and references. I was very careful to indicate either “a minor change” or a “watch this page” for all revisions. I was so happy with my progress through yesterday but now all my edits have been reversed. As stated above, I’m appealing to you to restore my updates at your earliest convenience so I can complete the process prior to August 21.Given that I have a Ph.D. in Mass Communications from Indiana University and spent 27 years as director of research for a major newspaper company, I understand the importance of accurate reporting and thorough source documentation. Please note that the source for most of the needed updates is, in fact, GCLS’s website, which fulfills Wikipedia requirements that information be accessible to others. There is a dearth of information from such sources as journals, books and newspaper, given the nature of the information.Thank you for your kind attention and I look forward to a speedy resolution of this matter.V.F. Dodge V.F. Dodge (talk) 11:25, 15 August 2023 (UTC)[reply]Elm information security[edit]hi,I hope you are healthy,Why did you cancel my modifications? You can check them through the web or through the company's website. أحمد بن مساعد (talk) 13:27, 17 August 2023 (UTC)[reply]Article Name[edit]hello,can you changing the name of the company from Elm Information Security to Elm Company, according to the company's website \"https://elm.sa/en/Pages/default.aspx\", The name was changed in 2020. أحمد بن مساعد (talk) 07:18, 18 August 2023 (UTC)[reply]Maturity Model[edit]Hello Viewmont Viking,I recently added a maturity model (PEMM - Process and Enterprise Maturity Model) to the Maturity Model page. You removed it for being advertisement, which really surprised me. The reason I added the model is due to my process management study program at the University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria where I learned about the model. Right now I am writing a thesis about maturity models and I simply wanted to add that one to the page (just for completeness). What was the reason for classifying it as advertisement?Currently I am researching and writing about maturity models in general and I would alter the description of maturity model according to my findings (as it even has already been mentioned in the article talk and I already know that the description is not accurate). What do I have to consider so my correction would stick?Thanks in advance!AloisMan (talk) 07:22, 21 August 2023 (UTC)[reply]Response: You may have noticed I removed all model's that did not have a bluelink. If you create an article on your preferred model(s) and submit it for review, if the article is approved you can add that model back into the article. Wikipedia requires notability, not just some random person's thoughts. --VVikingTalkEdits 14:23, 21 August 2023 (UTC)[reply]\nI added the creators homepage with details about it (compared to the other models that had no reference whatsoever). There is even an article about the model in Harvard Business Review (a bit outdated, but still). I currently don't prefer this model above any other model. I knew about the model and saw that the article lacked the mention of it, so I wanted to add it. I don't know if \"some random person's thoughts\" is sufficient to describe my addition.\nYet I do understand the bluelink-approach and thank you for your response and information. AloisMan (talk) 14:47, 21 August 2023 (UTC)[reply]InsideBlue[edit]Hello Viewmont Viking, would be interested why my addition of InsideBlue to the Lazarus IDE page has been rejected. It's an open-source tool done with Lazarus IDE much like the other tools in the section \"Examples of applications produced with Lazarus\". Thanks.\nLinsErik (talk) 10:31, 24 August 2023 (UTC)[reply]Hello Viewmont Viking[edit]You recently reverted my first use of a hashtag in twitter. Saying it was poorly sourced.\nCould you help me improve it instead of removing it? I am kind of new in Wikipedia and I can use the help of someone more experienced.\nI didn't quote my first tweet with hashtag since it is in spanish, so I picked one in english that is also previous to the messina one.\nThanks in advance Htmllife (talk) 14:59, 25 August 2023 (UTC)[reply]Draft:SEICA (company) - deleted speedy notice[edit]I deleted the speedy tag. Let's give the guy some time. It's in draft space so it's doing no harm.This company is a player in its niche so an article in main space should go to AfD to be deleted.Thanks for caring about our content.--A. B. (talk • contribs • global count) 16:57, 28 August 2023 (UTC)[reply]Speedy deletion contested: User:Aronss123[edit]Hello Viewmont Viking. I am just letting you know that I contested the speedy deletion of User:Aronss123, a page you tagged for speedy deletion, because of the following concern: A11 is only used for mainspace articles. Thank you. BangJan1999 16:08, 11 September 2023 (UTC)[reply]My apologies, then what about Webhost?Longmeadow High School Field Hockey[edit]Why did you undo the Field Hockey addition? All factual information has been obtained from http://nebula.wsimg.com/4914942d5fe7ce3688638a31736f9c78?AccessKeyId=32611F8B0EAAD3ED7D41&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 and http://miaa.ezstream.com/index.cfm?ChnID=320&SubID=-1&chncd=320,-1&Org=MIAA&CFID=13695738&CFTOKEN=ab538653a472da3-990BAF2F-D445-A1F6-783C674A4EB6F49B Adriatic20 (talk) 15:28, 18 September 2023 (UTC)[reply]Lighthouse page edit help please[edit]Hi Viewmont Viking,As a rookie Wikipaedian, I’d like to ask for your help!You reverted my edit to the Lighthouse page over the weekend quoting the ‘Manual of Style’ and I would like to know what specifically I did wrong so I can improve my edit. Any help you can share would be appreciated.(Link to Lighthouse revision history edit page: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lighthouse_(British_organisation)&action=history )I’ve also had another go at writing a more encyclopaedic entry and would like your feedback on it please, before making another edit:“Following allegations about Lighthouse made in the UK based newspaper, The Daily Mail in April 2022, the south african newspaper the Saturday Star interviewed chairman Paul Waugh who stated he was taking legal action against the Daily Mail.”(And then link to this article as before)https://www.iol.co.za/saturday-star/news/life-coaching-group-run-by-south-africans-in-the-uk-accused-of-abusing-exploiting-and-fleecing-victims-9a70af39-9b03-4db0-a5dd-eb8bd69b341fMany thanks for your help!TCH TCHasker (talk) 15:58, 21 September 2023 (UTC)[reply]Bear in mind that Hasker features in the BBC documentary. The BBC documentary claims Hasker would loiter outside members' bedrooms such that one had to escape and get help from the local Police. Charming fella this Hasker! Nofoolie (talk) 10:36, 29 September 2023 (UTC)[reply]Concerning your deletion of my Cash Converters edit[edit]Hello, Viewmont Viking. I don't see why you deleted my edit on the page for 'Cash Converters' about DankPods. I don't see any problem, I didn't write a lot about it, and I made sure to use proper language. Similarly, I stuck to the truth and I don't understand what I got wrong.And looking around your page, it appears you've deleted quite a bit about sports. Why were you drawn to Cash Converters? And why do you think this was necessary? Have you watched these? Do you have a problem with DankPods' work? Or- this is a long shot- do you find pleasure in deleting and undoing Wikipedia changes?I'm not mad, just curious. What'd I do? LiVano LaCole (talk) 11:40, 13 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]Okay, so it appears that you consider it advertisement. But I didn't intend it to be advertising. After all, I have no relations to this YouTuber, and anyway from what I've gathered, he's made it popular. I am a student, so there isn't a good reason for me to advertise him. If you look up 'cash converters' on Google-\nYou see that I was a bit biased to the term 'Cashies'. However, I was innocently incorrect. Sorry LiVano LaCole (talk) 12:13, 13 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]Notice of Conflict of interest noticeboard discussion[edit]There is currently a discussion at Wikipedia:Conflict of interest/Noticeboard regarding a possible conflict of interest incident with which you may be involved. Thank you. 87.200.229.168 (talk) 17:33, 15 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]Spam link?[edit]Explain to me how a link to Amazon for two books I want to cite is a spam link? What sort of link would you find acceptable? Kolonahskapee (talk) 19:20, 20 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]CS1 error on Jay Prabha Medanta Super Specialty Hospital[edit]Hello, I'm Qwerfjkl (bot). I have automatically detected that this edit performed by you, on the page Jay Prabha Medanta Super Specialty Hospital, may have introduced referencing errors. They are as follows:A \"bare URL and missing title\" error. References show this error when they do not have a title. Please edit the article to add the appropriate title parameter to the reference. (Fix | Ask for help)Please check this page and fix the errors highlighted. If you think this is a false positive, you can report it to my operator.\nThanks, Qwerfjkl (bot) (talk) 13:50, 31 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message[edit]Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 11 December 2023. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.\nIf you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:41, 28 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]Hong Kong Education Commission[edit]Hello there,\nI see you have deleted my submission for the Education Commission in Hong Kong. I want to know why you deleted this. This entry was created by 3 other students (plus myself) as part of our university studies (HKU) in which we were tasked to create and upload a wikipedia page. Since the previous entry on the Education Commission was lacking content, we thought to add to this. \nPlease let me know what concerns you have and if you would like to add anything to our submission. ArdaVeysi (talk) 03:06, 14 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]Edit cancelled[edit]Hello,Could you assist me in updating the Stop TB Partnership page? The information is quite incomplete and outdated. I don't think the edit I have made are self promoting but if they are kindly suggest a better way to present it? I also find it peculiar that the article states that the information is outdated, yet whenever it is edited by people it is consistently struck down.Any help would be greatly appreciated... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 105.161.225.252 (talk) 19:39, 18 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]Hello, @Viewmont Viking can you help me update the outdated info of the page on wikipedia? If I create language versions of the page will they also be removed? GeGki (talk) 10:09, 19 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]All the information has been provided to you on your talk page already. --VVikingTalkEdits 15:01, 19 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]\n@Viewmont Viking Thanks for the reply. I am new to Wikipedia so I am not sure I understand the info given correctly. Do I need to submit a draft to you for review? If yes, would mind pointing me to some info on how to do this? GeGki (talk) 15:16, 19 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]There are many individuals who have the patience and desire to adopt new users. I have neither the patience nor the desire to help people promote their organization. For a faster answer you can always ask at the Teahouse. --VVikingTalkEdits 15:23, 19 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]\n@Viewmont Viking got ya! However, I believe it's important to prioritize the most current and accurate information, especially on critical topics like disease prevention, in this case tuberculosis. This ensures that the public encyclopedia remains a reliable and up-to-date resource for everyone. GeGki (talk) 16:15, 19 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]Education Commission of Hong Kong[edit]Hello. I am a professor at the University of Hong Kong whose students wrote the Education Commission update that you deleted. I checked their original entry and found that the biographies of the Commission leadership could be considered promotional. The summaries of the Commission publications, without proper contextualisation referencing public and industry reactions, could also be considered promotional. We will resubmit after revising these parts of the entry. Feel free to respond to the student posting on your talk page if there are other outstanding issues. 119.237.167.185 (talk) 00:08, 20 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]Editing MK-84 article[edit]Hi Viewmont Viking. Thanks for your comment on the MK-84 talk page. I tried to reply but not sure i tagged you properly so leaving a note here. Fyi more evidence on the bombs use in Gaza was published yesterday in the NYT. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/21/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-bomb-investigation.html?unlocked_article_code=1.H00.DkyY.tLf6R8Fylful&smid=nytcore-ios-share&referringSource=articleShare Thanks for your attention and engagement. Greg S Gregsmith14 (talk) 17:40, 22 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]Fabric[edit]I am not sure why you keep reverting my edits. Please discuss any issues with me. The sentence I moved was better under the closure section and the sentence that I removed was redundant, because obviously there is already info there about the drug issues.Chromozine (talk) 18:54, 26 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]My biggest issue was your initial edit summary and you trying to whitewash the article. Your initial edit summary only stated you moved a sentence not that you also removed a sentence that portrayed the article in a negative light. This to me showed an attempt to hide that portion of the edit. In addition you should follow BRD and also [[WP:OWN|own], probably also 3RR.--VVikingTalkEdits 18:57, 26 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]\nPlease check now, I moved it again. Whoever initially posted that sentence obviously didn't see that there is a whole section about the Closure and placed it out of context.\nI think my latest edits will clarify that the removed sentence was redundant. Chromozine (talk) 19:01, 26 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]\nAt this point I am not going to make any additional edits to that article at this time. Please do review the information I shared as it will help prevent additional conflicts with other editors, Thank you for your contributions. --VVikingTalkEdits 19:03, 26 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]Comparison of antivirus software[edit]Hi Viewmont Viking,Could you please clarify the reason you have removed my editing to this list of Antivirus software - I've included 2 links from GeekWire and StorageReview magazines with the references to this DriveSecurity Antivirus.Please clarify. Alexledit (talk) 19:47, 29 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]Edit to pyroluria section of the Orthomolecular Psychiatry page[edit]Hello Viewmont Viking,I recently made an edit to the pyroluria section of the Orthomolecular Psychiatry page on Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthomolecular_psychiatry). My edit was intended to update the section with recent research findings, supported by two articles from recognized scientific journals and a comprehensive post citing a range of further scholarly articles.I understand the importance of maintaining the integrity and accuracy of Wikipedia content and appreciate the role of experienced editors in this process.I would be grateful if you could provide specific feedback or reasons for the reversion of my edit. My intention was to contribute valuable and credible information, with a focus on the most recent research findings, adhering to Wikipedia's guidelines for verifiability and neutrality. If there were any issues with the content or sources of my edit, I would welcome your guidance to improve my contribution.Thank you very much.Best regards,BingBing88 BingBing88 (talk) 01:48, 3 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]Hello Viewmont Viking,\nI'm following up on my previous message regarding the edit I made to the Pyroluria section of the Orthomolecular Psychiatry page. I haven't received a response yet and would greatly appreciate your feedback or reasons for reverting the edit. BingBing88 (talk) 22:15, 4 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]\n@BingBing88: I mostly write on Swedish‑language Wikipedia; I hope it is acceptable on English‑language Wikipedia’s discussion pages to reply to a question that was addressed to somebody else.\nI shall give you an answer, BingBing88. Your edit in Orthomolecular psychiatry will always be reverted, because it is not “credible information”. It is easy to show that your motivation (posted 01:48, 3 January 2024 UTC) for your edit is wrong. One of your references is the paper ”Pyrroles as a Potential Biomarker for Oxidative Stress Disorders”. The first author is Brett Lambert. His affiliation is Applied Analytical Laboratories, Logandowns Dr, Meadowbrook, QLD 4131, Australia. If one reads Applied Analytical Laboratories’ own presentation, one quickly realises that they are doing pseudoscience.\nThere’s no point discussing this with you. Please don’t continue the discussion. I shall only state what all knowledgeable, scientifically minded people think: Orthomolecular psychiatry is pseudoscience; you apparently believe in pseudoscience; all your past and future edits that make pseudoscientific claims, as if they had any merit, should and will be deleted without discussion (I write this single discussion post out of courtesy). Your beliefs will probably not change, but I kindly inform you that you will never be able to get this kind of edits accepted in Wikipedia, so you might as well give up now. Jan Arvid Götesson (talk) 22:43, 17 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]Amar Singh (art dealer)[edit]Hi @Viewmont Viking: How are you? I removed the airmail reference from the article, which you strangely reverted without any knowledge of the previous state of this spam BLP article. You don't need to a take a reference to a reliable sources noticeboard to know that it is junk. It looks and reads like a clickbait site. I've worked at Afc, NPP and coin for years and know how to check a news site for validity. It may be hybrid right enough, doing that to ensure it survives but still doesn't read or look right. That reference was used to prove build an attack section with no collaborating references to ensure that WP:NPOV was being followed. The thing is completely unbalanced. You should have taken it to the reliable sources noticeboard at the time instead of leaving that junk in. I'll kick it off today and if its good it go in. I've taken it out in the meantime. scope_creepTalk 09:53, 7 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]I am stepping out of that article, however I vehemently disagree with many of your points and more so the points of the SPA editor. Airmail was taken the the RSN and no decision was made, however at least one editor, who appears not to be involved, stated it was reliable, it is also ran by the same editors who used to run vanity fair. Second I reverted it back to where you left. The SPA then came in and removed additional information. I did not include the attack section I left that out. Just because an reference is negative does not mean it is junk, again that was not determined and while I respect all seasoned editors I believe your \"I know it is junk so it is junk\" attitude does not help the argument. Again I will not edit the article again I believe the current SPA editor is a sock of previous editors, I believe the article is being whitewashed by someone close to the subject of the article and it doesn't sit well with me. --VVikingTalkEdits 14:39, 9 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]\nHi @Viewmont Viking, thanks for trying to prevent the whitewashing of the Amar Singh page seemingly by SPAs. Air mail is a real, award-winning publication - see its win in the Deadline Club's 2023 awards (awarded by the Society of Professional Journalists) NYhttps://www.deadlineclub.org/2023-award-winners/ .\n\nThe Vanity Fair articles that are quoted in the article praising Amar Singh's work are no longer live, suggesting they have been pulled in the wake of Airmail's article about Amar Singh - https://airmail.news/issues/2023-10-14/the-grift-the-prince-and-the-twist 2600:1003:B002:2349:7010:2E11:27A3:24C0 (talk) 16:21, 16 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]Chocolate Truffle[edit]Hi @Viewmont Viking, I saw you reverted my edit in this article. What do you mean by \"possible spam\"? Gemdira (talk) 15:24, 9 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]Removal of crucial information.[edit]You keep on deleting important information on Khyber Medical College and labelling it as promotional. How is it promotional? Is stating facts promotional? I even provided suitable sources. And this is the kind of information everyone looks for in a medical school (in our country at least). What you deem promotional may be extremely important information to someone else. ExoField (talk) 21:12, 9 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]And I know it's important because it is the same information me and my friends were looking for before finding it on this Wikipedia page. Now all of it is gone. ExoField (talk) 21:15, 9 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]Wikipedia is not a webhost...yes it is gone because it is not encyclopedic, the information I removed is find for the schools website, but not for an encyclopedia. Now I ask you to please stay off my talk page as I don't appreciate being called an idiot, especially from someone who does not know the processes and policies of Wikipedia. In addition you may wish to review WP:3RR since you are close to violating it.--VVikingTalkEdits 21:45, 9 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]\nOkay, but why have you removed it now? Why not years before? And yes a lot of information is still on the school's website, only the key points have been written on the wiki page, and accomodation is definitely a key point.\nBesides information of accomodation is present on many universities, colleges and schools' Wikipedia pages. ExoField (talk) 21:55, 9 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]I asked you nice to stay off of my talk page. I am now telling you, unless you have a need to add something to my talk page, i.e., a notice board notification or something similar do not come to my talk page again. --VVikingTalkEdits 21:58, 9 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]Sat Jan 27: Utah Wikipedia Day![edit]Pharos (talk) 19:32, 24 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]COI comment[edit]Dear @Viewmont Viking,\n\nRecently you commented that my edit of the ILASS entry might be under conflict of interests.\nI replied in the talk tab of the ILASS entry, but since I'm not sure that you got my reply (I'm a new contributor tot he Wikipedia), I'd like to reply here too.\n\nI'd like to explain that ILASS is an academic, non-profit, organization, and I'm a scholar performing research in the research areas related to spraying systems, and an old member, but in no-way a paid member, and in no way am I paid to edit this entry.Additionally, my edits primarily focused on providing factual information and historical context.Following your comment I've stated that in the talk tab of the entry.\nThus, I think this should not be considered as a COI .\nI'd appreciate your reply and advice.\n\nKindly,\nPeacEngPeacEng (talk) 11:53, 6 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]Thank you for adding in the talk page that you do have a COI. Individuals who have a COI whether they are being paid or not, whether the organization is for profit or not for profit, often have a difficult time writing about the organization in a neutral fashion. Your edits had that issue. Please recommend your edits on the talk page utilizing the tools I shared with you on your talk page. In addition Wikipedia is not concerned with what the organization says about itself. We look at what 3rd party Reliable Sources say about the organization.--VVikingTalkEdits 15:52, 6 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]Ok, so just to make sure that I understood you correctly, your advice is to place my edits, not in the article tab, but rather in the talk tab? PeacEng (talk) 17:15, 6 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]Irvingship building[edit]can you explain in a little more detail than \"Multiple manual of style issues, external links in body of article etc\" as to why you deleted a whole weeks worth of work? Kabiblehopper (talk) 23:16, 26 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]He’s done this multiple times on a page I’ve worked on, also hours of work and research just deleted with zero explanation Above48degrees (talk) 03:45, 7 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]Trego, Montana[edit]What is the fixation with deleting massive swaths of info on this page? You’ve done this previously and I don’t understand what the issue is this time except you deleted hours of work and research.do tell… Above48degrees (talk) 03:44, 7 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]Large amounts of unsourced, narrative, information does not belong on an encyclopedia please review WP:BRD--VVikingTalkEdits 14:15, 7 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]\nWhere is the unsourced narrative? All of the things listed have actual, verifiable sources, found either in hardcopy text or readily on the internet... Above48degrees (talk) 14:15, 8 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]JD Irving[edit]Once again you have baselessly accused me of COI, and refused to engage in conversation on the talk page. As your own talk page shows you seem to consistently engaging in edit warring/disruptive editing on other article without engaging in consensus.Unless you can prove the irving group of companies is indeed a real company, and address the evidence stated within the talk page of the article, that illustrates it indeed is not a real company, Im going to have to ask you to stop disruptively editing the page with false information. Kabiblehopper (talk) 11:42, 7 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]Last time I accused you of a COI was before I read that you stated you didn't have one. I have nearly 50,000 edits I have only been blocked from editing one time and that was in error so do not state that I am consistently engaging in disruptive editing, as the facts do not show that is the case. Now I as you to stay off my talk page as you have been uncivil to me on my talk page by baselessly claiming I am a consistently engaging in edit warring/disruptive editing. --VVikingTalkEdits 14:19, 7 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]Anti-communist crusader[edit]Just wanted to point out that I get that you are a anti-communist crusader, but I don't get why do you give opinions and undo my edits on local landmarks from Iasi, when it does not seem that you know anything about the city except that it has a communism memorial. Aciduzzo (talk) 11:21, 1 April 2024 (UTC)[reply]Why[edit]Why did you remove my links to the Gossinator? He is notable. — Preceding unsigned comment added by KingQuacksyTheGreat (talk • contribs) 15:05, 2 April 2024 (UTC)[reply]have this[edit]User:BlueRubberDuckie/sandbox[edit]Hi Viewmont Viking, I am training @BlueRubberDuckie to translate an article from the francophone wikipedia. I do not understand why you added a banner for speedy deletion ? Natacha LSP (talk) 15:09, 26 April 2024 (UTC)[reply]If you disagree with the reason of using Wikipedia as a webhost you can remove the speedy deletion banner. To me it reads more like the organizations website or blog. Which is why I nominated it for speedy deletion--VVikingTalkEdits 15:12, 26 April 2024 (UTC)[reply]\nWell it has been deleted and it was not a webhost. We started another sandbox paying attention to have no French. Please do not name it for deletion. Natacha LSP (talk) 15:23, 26 April 2024 (UTC)[reply]Discussion of disruptive editing by User:A.Viki Wiki7 at ANI[edit]Good day, I have started a discussion at ANI on disruptive editing by a user you have interacted with, A.Viki Wiki7. If you'd like to take part, the discussion can be found here. Thanks! nf utvol (talk) 15:16, 22 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]Thanks for removing the spam from the Kids from Wisconsin article :)[edit]This user invites you to join WikiProject Wisconsin.Cmarsch (talk) 04:24, 23 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]Hacker group[edit]Hacker group HiderSec Artarium (talk) 21:41, 31 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]Conti[edit]Good evening,Looking into why my changes to the Conti(ransomware) article were so hastily reverted. The comment you left was 'Poorly Sourced promotional, madeup etc' which is... strange?The sources I added included MITRE ATTACK which is considered a very credible source of information on topics like Conti in the Information Security field. As to promotional and made up? Please explain what exactly my changes 'promoted' and 'made up'.Thank youhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conti_(ransomware)&action=history AnaisCarver (talk) 22:29, 31 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]P.S. see my reply in the talk section of the Conti article. I explain in more detail some of the sources I added. AnaisCarver (talk) 23:27, 31 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]Apology[edit]Apologies for reverting your correction to Python (programming language). I was doing the same correction at the same time and the edits clashed. I’ve undone my reversion. --Northernhenge (talk) 16:01, 3 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]No worries it happens--VVikingTalkEdits 16:01, 3 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]Universal Processing Draft[edit]Hi Viewmont. I have revised the page, and could you now take a moment to see whether it is appropriate and delete the nomination. If any changes should I do, I would change that. Thank you! Selina Lyu (talk) 18:53, 3 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]Besins Healthcare[edit]Hey, Viewmont Viking! I saw that earlier you were undoing promotional edits on the Besins Healthcare page. It seems to me that they are now being continued. I have already posted about my concerns (not sure I did it right, you can see in the page history). No one has responded, and the user continues to make his questionable edits without proper sources. Please check this page. I am not a Wikipedia editor, it's just that in my work with colleagues we often refer to Wikipedia. I would like to see only information confirmed by independent sources. Thank you in advance! 95.63.195.6 (talk) 21:13, 4 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]Happy first edit day![edit]GuapMachine (talk) 01:47, 5 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]Min. Flack's wiki page[edit]Would you please stop repeatedly deleting the additions we've made to the Minister's page? 204.40.194.132 (talk) 15:36, 10 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]As long as you continue to add unsourced promotional junk it does not belong on Wikipedia. Who are we? Also it is not the Minister's page it is an encyclopedic article based on information found in reliable 3rd party sources. --VVikingTalkEdits 16:52, 10 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]Oriental[edit]I noticed you deleted my edits again and was confused why the individual I quoted was so special. If you noticed they are Asian in the uk and a professor so respectable individual. They are clearly saying it is racist. If you didn’t like my reference that’s fine I did say it wasn’t the best. You could have given me a little help and done a quick google search would have given you ones perhaps more preferable. Many in the talk section of the page have asked for it to be recognised as derogatory for many years certain editors continue to be ignorant and do not research the claims. As an editor you have a duty to research things and provide accurate information to those reading the page. Unfortunately thus far this has not be achieved.\nHere are some more references for you and I really hope now we can come to an agreement and change it on the page, together.\nhttps://www.weareresonate.com/2016/07/oriental-racist-term/\nhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/26749972\nReality star Dorothy Wang: Don't call me oriental https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/newsbeat-40714775\nI really hope you can help me with this as it is really important for me and the rest of the Asian community this gets sorted soon.\n-Bigbotnot2 Bigbotnot2 (talk) 16:48, 14 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]CrowdedMusic (talk) 18:28, 18 June 2024 (UTC) Speedy Viking how are you? Thank you for doing your job to keep Wikipedia a safe place for reliable resources[reply]","title":"User talk:Viewmont Viking"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphne_Gail_Fautin
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Daphne Gail Fautin
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["1 Education","2 Notes","3 External links"]
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American zoologist (1946–2021)
Daphne Gail FautinBorn(1946-05-25)25 May 1946Died12 March 2021(2021-03-12) (aged 74)NationalityAmericanAlma materBeloit CollegeOccupationProfessor of invertebrate zoologyKnown forExtensive work and publications studying and classifying sea anemones and related genera
A sea anemone
Daphne Gail Fautin (25 May 1946 – 12 March 2021) was an American professor of invertebrate zoology at the University of Kansas, specializing in sea anemones and symbiosis. She is world-renowned for her extensive work studying and classifying sea anemones and related species. A large sea anemone-like cnidarian species has been named in her honor, originally called Boloceroides daphneae, but recently renamed to Relicanthus daphneae, after it was discovered (using DNA-based identification techniques) to belong to a previously unknown cnidarian order. Fautin has published numerous scientific articles and texts—including co-authoring Encyclopædia Britannica's entry on cnidarians—and her publications have been widely cited by other researchers in the field. Among her current positions, she is the curator of the University of Kansas Natural History Museum and serves as vice president and commissioner of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, overseeing the naming of new species.
Fautin has been called "the world authority on anemones", by Prof. J. Frederick Grassle of Rutgers University, who led the international Census of Marine Life which was completed in 2010. She has personally identified at least 19 new species and has co-created with her husband, Prof. R. W. Buddemeier of the Kansas Geological Survey, an extensive database of hexacorals and related species as part of the census.
Although she lived and worked in landlocked Lawrence, Kansas, she felt that working from dry land was not a serious impediment, stating that "you only need to be near an airport, not the ocean."
Education
She received her B.S. in biology (magna cum laude) in 1966 from Beloit College, Beloit, Wisconsin, and her Ph.D. in zoology in 1972 from the University of California, Berkeley. Her Ph.D. dissertation was "Natural History of the Sea Anemone Epiactis prolifera Verrill, 1869, with Special Reference to Its Reproductive Biology". She has served as the editor of the scientific journal Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics (1992-2001).
She died on March 12, 2021.
Notes
^ a b c d Rombeck, Terry (March 22, 2004). "KU marine life expert works from dry land". Lawrence Journal-World.
^ Daly, Marymegan (December 2005). "Boloceroides Daphneae, a new species of giant sea anemone". Marine Biology. 148 (6): 1241–1247. doi:10.1007/s00227-005-0170-7. S2CID 85396602.
^ Howell, Elizabeth (May 18, 2014). "'Sea Anemone' Reclassified as New Kind of Animal". NBC News.
^ Rodriguez, Estefania; et al. (May 7, 2014). "Hidden among Sea Anemones: The First Comprehensive Phylogenetic Reconstruction of the Order Actiniaria (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) Reveals a Novel Group of Hexacorals". PLOS ONE. 9 (5): e96998. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...996998R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096998. PMC 4013120. PMID 24806477.
^ Lynch, Brendan M. (December 5, 2013). "Reinventing the high court of organism names". phys.org.
^ Fautin, Daphne Gail (July 2005). "Three Species of Intertidal Sea Anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniidae) from the Tropical Pacific: Description of Anthopleura buddemeieri, n. sp., with Remarks on Anthopleura asiatica and Gyractis sesere" (PDF). Pacific Science Center. 59 (3): 379–391. doi:10.1353/psc.2005.0035. hdl:10125/24184. S2CID 33694961.
^ "Dr. Daphne Fautin Curriculum Vitae". University of Kansas Natural History Museum. Archived from the original on July 17, 2014. Retrieved May 20, 2014.
^ Futuyma, Douglas J. (2 November 2019). "AREES at 50: A Semicentennial Celebration". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 50 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-024647.
^ "Daphne Gail Fautin".
External links
ICZN page
Daphne Gail Fautin publications indexed by Google Scholar
University of Kansas page
"Cnidarians" (Encyclopædia Britannica)
Hexacoral site at University of Kansas
Field Guide to Anemone Fishes and their Host Sea Anemones
Relicanthus daphneae (Boloceroides daphnae)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
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WorldCat
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National
Norway
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Germany
Israel
United States
Netherlands
Vatican
Academics
CiNii
Google Scholar
People
Trove
Other
IdRef
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Buddemeier of the Kansas Geological Survey, an extensive database of hexacorals and related species as part of the census.[1][6]Although she lived and worked in landlocked Lawrence, Kansas, she felt that working from dry land was not a serious impediment, stating that \"you only need to be near an airport, not the ocean.\"[1]","title":"Daphne Gail Fautin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"B.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology"},{"link_name":"magna cum laude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_cum_laude"},{"link_name":"Beloit College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beloit_College"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"zoology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoology"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"scientific journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_journal"},{"link_name":"Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Ecology_and_Systematics"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AREES-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"She received her B.S. in biology (magna cum laude) in 1966 from Beloit College, Beloit, Wisconsin, and her Ph.D. in zoology in 1972 from the University of California, Berkeley. 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Lawrence Journal-World.\n\n^ Daly, Marymegan (December 2005). \"Boloceroides Daphneae, a new species of giant sea anemone\". Marine Biology. 148 (6): 1241–1247. doi:10.1007/s00227-005-0170-7. S2CID 85396602.\n\n^ Howell, Elizabeth (May 18, 2014). \"'Sea Anemone' Reclassified as New Kind of Animal\". NBC News.\n\n^ Rodriguez, Estefania; et al. (May 7, 2014). \"Hidden among Sea Anemones: The First Comprehensive Phylogenetic Reconstruction of the Order Actiniaria (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) Reveals a Novel Group of Hexacorals\". PLOS ONE. 9 (5): e96998. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...996998R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096998. PMC 4013120. PMID 24806477.\n\n^ Lynch, Brendan M. (December 5, 2013). \"Reinventing the high court of organism names\". phys.org.\n\n^ Fautin, Daphne Gail (July 2005). \"Three Species of Intertidal Sea Anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniidae) from the Tropical Pacific: Description of Anthopleura buddemeieri, n. sp., with Remarks on Anthopleura asiatica and Gyractis sesere\" (PDF). Pacific Science Center. 59 (3): 379–391. doi:10.1353/psc.2005.0035. hdl:10125/24184. S2CID 33694961.\n\n^ \"Dr. Daphne Fautin Curriculum Vitae\". University of Kansas Natural History Museum. Archived from the original on July 17, 2014. Retrieved May 20, 2014.\n\n^ Futuyma, Douglas J. (2 November 2019). \"AREES at 50: A Semicentennial Celebration\". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 50 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-024647.\n\n^ \"Daphne Gail Fautin\".","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"A sea anemone","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/R%C5%AF%C5%BEov%C3%A1_sasanka.jpg/220px-R%C5%AF%C5%BEov%C3%A1_sasanka.jpg"}]
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PMID 24806477.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4013120","url_text":"\"Hidden among Sea Anemones: The First Comprehensive Phylogenetic Reconstruction of the Order Actiniaria (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) Reveals a Novel Group of Hexacorals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...996998R","url_text":"2014PLoSO...996998R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0096998","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0096998"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4013120","url_text":"4013120"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24806477","url_text":"24806477"}]},{"reference":"Lynch, Brendan M. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_Irene
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The Girl Irene
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["1 Synopsis","2 Cast","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]
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1936 film
The Girl IreneDirected byReinhold SchünzelWritten byEva LeidmannReinhold SchünzelBased onplay Sixteenby Aimée StuartPhilip StuartProduced byErich von NeusserStarringLil DagoverSabine PetersGeraldine KattHedwig BleibtreuCinematographyRobert BaberskeEdited byArnfried HeyneMusic byAlois MelicharProductioncompanyUFADistributed byUFARelease date
9 October 1936 (1936-10-09)
Running time95 minutesCountryGermanyLanguageGerman
The Girl Irene (German: Das Mädchen Irene) is a 1936 German drama film directed by Reinhold Schünzel and starring Lil Dagover, Sabine Peters and Geraldine Katt. It is based on the British play Sixteen by Aimée Stuart about the widowed mother of a middle class family who falls in love, provoking the jealousy of her daughter. It was shot at the Babelsberg and Tempelhof Studios of AG|UFA in Berlin with location shooting taking place in London, Monte Carlo and Paris as well as around the German capital. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Ludwig Reiber and Walter Reimann.
Synopsis
In London, Jennifer Lawrence wishes to marry Sir John Corbett and first discusses it with her daughters Baba and Irene. Irene, who idealized her own father, is greatly opposed, but her mother decides to marry anyway. Irene runs away and tries to drown herself, but is saved by Philip and Baba, who, sobbing in tears hugging Irene laying in the boat, repeats, in her way and attitude to express love and affection, she to be "…anyway a stupid goat!" who would be death if they didn't find her in time. Irene, in her arms, whispers cheek to cheek that mom should never know what she was going to do. Baba promises it and turns her head, still sobbing but not losing her humour, to tell Philip he has to give up his medal of valor for saving a life, which Philip, in love with Irene, agrees while drying his drenched trousers and, cool, replies: "Obviously: I mine, you your one!". "Are you happy to not be died?" Asks Baba to Irene, who replies: "I'm ashamed!". Baba, back: "You have not to do it at all, not so, Philip? She has not to do it!". "I had to be sick" says Irene, "Nonsense: you were jealous!" replies Baba, "He's such a proper person; think about what he's taking: me so naughty, you so hysterical! And even if she marries him, she stays anyway OUR MOMMY!" (kiss on mouth and:) "You're right, Baba… I'm truly a goat!" "You're right… but a SWEET goat!" and, cheek to cheek, movie ends.
Cast
Lil Dagover as Jennifer Lawrence
Sabine Peters as Irene Lawrence, ihre Tochter
Geraldine Katt as Baba Lawrence, ihre Tochter
Hedwig Bleibtreu as Großmutter
Elsa Wagner as Frau König
Karl Schönböck as Sir John Corbett
Hans Richter as Philip
Roma Bahn as Die Baronin
Alice Treff as Lady Taylor
Erich Fiedler as Bobby Cut
Olga Limburg as Die Herzogin
Gertrud Wolle as Die Lehrerin
Georges Boulanger as Der Geiger
Hilde Scheppan as Die Sängerin
References
^ Kreimeier p. 237
Bibliography
Kreimeier, Klaus (1999). The Ufa Story: A History of Germany's Greatest Film Company, 1918–1945. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22069-0.
External links
The Girl Irene at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Reinhold Schünzel
Der Graf von Cagliostro (1920)
Catherine the Great (1920)
Mary Magdalene (1920)
The Girl from Acker Street (1920)
Deceiver of the People (1921)
The Story of a Maid (1921)
Money in the Streets (1922)
Adam and Eve (1923)
All for Money (1923)
The Slipper Hero (1923)
The Three Marys (1923)
Strong Winds (1924)
A Woman for 24 Hours (1925)
We'll Meet Again in the Heimat (1926)
Hello Caesar! (1927)
Heaven on Earth (1927)
You Walk So Softly (1927)
Always Be True and Faithful (1927)
Don Juan in a Girls' School (1928)
Phantoms of Happiness (1929)
Peter the Mariner (1929)
Column X (1929)
Love in the Ring (1930)
Ronny (1931, German)
Ronny (1931, French)
The Little Escapade (1931)
How Shall I Tell My Husband? (1932)
The Beautiful Adventure (1932, German)
The Beautiful Adventure (1932, French)
Season in Cairo (1933)
Idylle au Caire (1933)
Victor and Victoria (1933)
George and Georgette (1934)
The English Marriage (1934)
Amphitryon (1935)
Donogoo (1936)
Donogoo Tonka (1936)
The Girl Irene (1936)
Land of Love (1937)
Rich Man, Poor Girl (1938)
Balalaika (1939)
The Ice Follies of 1939 (1939)
The Great Awakening (1941)
The Dubarry (1951)
This article related to a German film of the 1930s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Reinhold Schünzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Sch%C3%BCnzel"},{"link_name":"Lil Dagover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Dagover"},{"link_name":"Sabine Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_Peters"},{"link_name":"Geraldine Katt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Katt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Aimée Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aim%C3%A9e_Stuart"},{"link_name":"middle class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_class"},{"link_name":"Babelsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babelsberg_Studios"},{"link_name":"Tempelhof Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempelhof_Studios"},{"link_name":"AG|UFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"location shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_shooting"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Monte Carlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"art directors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_director"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Reiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Reiber"},{"link_name":"Walter Reimann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Reimann"}],"text":"The Girl Irene (German: Das Mädchen Irene) is a 1936 German drama film directed by Reinhold Schünzel and starring Lil Dagover, Sabine Peters and Geraldine Katt.[1] It is based on the British play Sixteen by Aimée Stuart about the widowed mother of a middle class family who falls in love, provoking the jealousy of her daughter. It was shot at the Babelsberg and Tempelhof Studios of AG|UFA in Berlin with location shooting taking place in London, Monte Carlo and Paris as well as around the German capital. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Ludwig Reiber and Walter Reimann.","title":"The Girl Irene"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"}],"text":"In London, Jennifer Lawrence wishes to marry Sir John Corbett and first discusses it with her daughters Baba and Irene. Irene, who idealized her own father, is greatly opposed, but her mother decides to marry anyway. Irene runs away and tries to drown herself, but is saved by Philip and Baba, who, sobbing in tears hugging Irene laying in the boat, repeats, in her way and attitude to express love and affection, she to be \"…anyway a stupid goat!\" who would be death if they didn't find her in time. Irene, in her arms, whispers cheek to cheek that mom should never know what she was going to do. Baba promises it and turns her head, still sobbing but not losing her humour, to tell Philip he has to give up his medal of valor for saving a life, which Philip, in love with Irene, agrees while drying his drenched trousers and, cool, replies: \"Obviously: I mine, you your one!\". \"Are you happy to not be died?\" Asks Baba to Irene, who replies: \"I'm ashamed!\". Baba, back: \"You have not to do it at all, not so, Philip? She has not to do it!\". \"I had to be sick\" says Irene, \"Nonsense: you were jealous!\" replies Baba, \"He's such a proper person; think about what he's taking: me so naughty, you so hysterical! And even if she marries him, she stays anyway OUR MOMMY!\" (kiss on mouth and:) \"You're right, Baba… I'm truly a goat!\" \"You're right… but a SWEET goat!\" and, cheek to cheek, movie ends.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lil Dagover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Dagover"},{"link_name":"Sabine Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_Peters"},{"link_name":"Geraldine Katt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Katt"},{"link_name":"Hedwig Bleibtreu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedwig_Bleibtreu"},{"link_name":"Elsa Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsa_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Karl Schönböck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Sch%C3%B6nb%C3%B6ck"},{"link_name":"Hans Richter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Richter_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Roma Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_Bahn"},{"link_name":"Alice Treff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Treff"},{"link_name":"Erich Fiedler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Fiedler"},{"link_name":"Olga Limburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Limburg"},{"link_name":"Gertrud Wolle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrud_Wolle"},{"link_name":"Georges Boulanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georges_Boulanger_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hilde Scheppan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilde_Scheppan"}],"text":"Lil Dagover as Jennifer Lawrence\nSabine Peters as Irene Lawrence, ihre Tochter\nGeraldine Katt as Baba Lawrence, ihre Tochter\nHedwig Bleibtreu as Großmutter\nElsa Wagner as Frau König\nKarl Schönböck as Sir John Corbett\nHans Richter as Philip\nRoma Bahn as Die Baronin\nAlice Treff as Lady Taylor\nErich Fiedler as Bobby Cut\nOlga Limburg as Die Herzogin\nGertrud Wolle as Die Lehrerin\nGeorges Boulanger as Der Geiger\nHilde Scheppan as Die Sängerin","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-520-22069-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22069-0"}],"text":"Kreimeier, Klaus (1999). The Ufa Story: A History of Germany's Greatest Film Company, 1918–1945. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22069-0.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Kreimeier, Klaus (1999). The Ufa Story: A History of Germany's Greatest Film Company, 1918–1945. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22069-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22069-0","url_text":"978-0-520-22069-0"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0028015/","external_links_name":"The Girl Irene"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Girl_Irene&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCm%C3%BCshtekin
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Gümüshtekin
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["1 References","2 Sources"]
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Not to be confused with Gazi Gümüshtigin or Al-Taj Gümüshtegin.
Gümüshtekin, also known as Gumushtekin (died September 1177), was an eunuch who held high offices in the Zengids' empire. Nur ad-Din, atabeg of Aleppo, appointed him to be his lieutenant in Mosul in Iraq. After Nur ad-Din died in 1174, Gümüshtekin assumed the guardianship for Nur ad-Din's underage son, as-Salih Ismail al-Malik and took his ward from Damascus to Aleppo. He made an alliance with as-Salih's cousin Sayf al-Din Ghazi II of Mosul against Ibn al-Muqaddam who had taken control of Damascus. Ibn al-Muqaddam sought assistance from the Ayubbid ruler of Egypt, Saladin, and surrendered the city to him. As-Salih granted Harem in iqta' to him.
Gümüshtekin who was the governor of Aleppo and neighboring lands, had an agreement with Bohemond III of Antioch to release Raynald of Châtillon, along with Joscelin III of Courtenay and all other Christians prisoners in 1176. After Gümüshtekin had as-Salih's vizier assassinated in a play for influence over the boy, he was tortured and executed at the walls of Harem for his alleged negotiations with the Franks, or crusaders, in September 1177.
References
^ Barber 2012, p. 415 (note 6).
^ Holt 1986, p. 53.
^ Köhler 2013, p. 213.
^ Köhler 2013, pp. 216–217.
^ a b Köhler 2013, p. 223.
^ Runciman 1952, p. 408.
^ Lyons & Jackson 1982, p. 126.
Sources
Barber, Malcolm (2012). The Crusader States. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11312-9. JSTOR j.ctt32bvs5.
Holt, Peter Malcolm (1986). The Age Of The Crusades-The Near East from the eleventh century to 1517. Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-0-58249-302-5.
Köhler, Michael A. (2013). Alliances and Treaties between Frankish and Muslim Rulers in the Middle East: Cross-Cultural Diplomacy in the Period of the Crusades. Translated by Peter M. Holt. Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-24857-1.
Lyons, M. C.; Jackson, D. E. P. (1982). Saladin: the Politics of the Holy War. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-31739-9.
Runciman, Steven (1952) . A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
This Iraqi history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Syria history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gazi Gümüshtigin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazi_G%C3%BCm%C3%BCshtigin"},{"link_name":"Al-Taj Gümüshtegin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Taj_G%C3%BCm%C3%BCshtegin"},{"link_name":"eunuch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunuch"},{"link_name":"Zengids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zengids"},{"link_name":"Nur ad-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_(died_1174)"},{"link_name":"atabeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atabeg"},{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"},{"link_name":"Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber2012415_(note_6)-1"},{"link_name":"as-Salih Ismail al-Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As-Salih_Ismail_al-Malik"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt198653-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6hler2013213-3"},{"link_name":"Sayf al-Din Ghazi II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_Ghazi_II"},{"link_name":"Ibn al-Muqaddam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shams_al-Din_Muhammad_ibn_al-Muqaddam"},{"link_name":"Ayubbid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Saladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6hler2013216%E2%80%93217-4"},{"link_name":"Harem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem,_Syria"},{"link_name":"iqta'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqta%27"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6hler2013223-5"},{"link_name":"Bohemond III of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemond_III_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Raynald of Châtillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raynald_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon"},{"link_name":"Joscelin III of Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joscelin_III,_Count_of_Edessa"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1952408-6"},{"link_name":"crusaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusaders"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6hler2013223-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982126-7"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Gazi Gümüshtigin or Al-Taj Gümüshtegin.Gümüshtekin, also known as Gumushtekin (died September 1177), was an eunuch who held high offices in the Zengids' empire. Nur ad-Din, atabeg of Aleppo, appointed him to be his lieutenant in Mosul in Iraq.[1] After Nur ad-Din died in 1174, Gümüshtekin assumed the guardianship for Nur ad-Din's underage son, as-Salih Ismail al-Malik and took his ward from Damascus to Aleppo.[2][3] He made an alliance with as-Salih's cousin Sayf al-Din Ghazi II of Mosul against Ibn al-Muqaddam who had taken control of Damascus. Ibn al-Muqaddam sought assistance from the Ayubbid ruler of Egypt, Saladin, and surrendered the city to him.[4] As-Salih granted Harem in iqta' to him.[5]Gümüshtekin who was the governor of Aleppo and neighboring lands, had an agreement with Bohemond III of Antioch to release Raynald of Châtillon, along with Joscelin III of Courtenay and all other Christians prisoners in 1176.[6] After Gümüshtekin had as-Salih's vizier assassinated in a play for influence over the boy, he was tortured and executed at the walls of Harem for his alleged negotiations with the Franks, or crusaders, in September 1177.[5][7]","title":"Gümüshtekin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barber, Malcolm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Barber"},{"link_name":"The Crusader States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt32bvs5"},{"link_name":"Yale University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-300-11312-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11312-9"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"j.ctt32bvs5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt32bvs5"},{"link_name":"Holt, Peter Malcolm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Holt_(historian)"},{"link_name":"The Age Of The Crusades-The Near East from the eleventh century to 1517","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=jSesAgAAQBAJ&q=The+Age+Of+The+Crusades-The+Near+East+from+the+eleventh+century+to+1517"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-58249-302-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-58249-302-5"},{"link_name":"Brill Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-24857-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24857-1"},{"link_name":"Saladin: the Politics of the Holy War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=hGR5M0druJIC"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-31739-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31739-9"},{"link_name":"Runciman, Steven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman"},{"link_name":"A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historyofcrusade02runc"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hourglass_drawing.svg"},{"link_name":"Iraqi history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCm%C3%BCshtekin&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Iraq-hist-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Iraq-hist-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iraq-hist-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Syria.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hourglass_drawing.svg"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCm%C3%BCshtekin&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Syria-hist-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Syria-hist-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syria-hist-stub"}],"text":"Barber, Malcolm (2012). The Crusader States. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11312-9. JSTOR j.ctt32bvs5.\nHolt, Peter Malcolm (1986). The Age Of The Crusades-The Near East from the eleventh century to 1517. Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-0-58249-302-5.\nKöhler, Michael A. (2013). Alliances and Treaties between Frankish and Muslim Rulers in the Middle East: Cross-Cultural Diplomacy in the Period of the Crusades. Translated by Peter M. Holt. Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-24857-1.\nLyons, M. C.; Jackson, D. E. P. (1982). Saladin: the Politics of the Holy War. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-31739-9.\nRunciman, Steven (1952) [1952]. A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.This Iraqi history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis Syria history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Barber, Malcolm (2012). The Crusader States. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11312-9. JSTOR j.ctt32bvs5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Barber","url_text":"Barber, Malcolm"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt32bvs5","url_text":"The Crusader States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press","url_text":"Yale University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11312-9","url_text":"978-0-300-11312-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt32bvs5","url_text":"j.ctt32bvs5"}]},{"reference":"Holt, Peter Malcolm (1986). The Age Of The Crusades-The Near East from the eleventh century to 1517. Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-0-58249-302-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Holt_(historian)","url_text":"Holt, Peter Malcolm"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jSesAgAAQBAJ&q=The+Age+Of+The+Crusades-The+Near+East+from+the+eleventh+century+to+1517","url_text":"The Age Of The Crusades-The Near East from the eleventh century to 1517"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-58249-302-5","url_text":"978-0-58249-302-5"}]},{"reference":"Köhler, Michael A. (2013). Alliances and Treaties between Frankish and Muslim Rulers in the Middle East: Cross-Cultural Diplomacy in the Period of the Crusades. Translated by Peter M. Holt. Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-24857-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers","url_text":"Brill Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24857-1","url_text":"978-90-04-24857-1"}]},{"reference":"Lyons, M. C.; Jackson, D. E. P. (1982). Saladin: the Politics of the Holy War. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-31739-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hGR5M0druJIC","url_text":"Saladin: the Politics of the Holy War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31739-9","url_text":"978-0-521-31739-9"}]},{"reference":"Runciman, Steven (1952) [1952]. A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman","url_text":"Runciman, Steven"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofcrusade02runc","url_text":"A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soltindan
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Soltindan
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 69°53′22″N 19°20′01″E / 69.8895°N 19.3336°E / 69.8895; 19.3336SoltindanPanorama of SoltindanHighest pointElevation1,049 m (3,442 ft)Prominence1,049 m (3,442 ft)Isolation16 km (9.9 mi)Coordinates69°53′22″N 19°20′01″E / 69.8895°N 19.3336°E / 69.8895; 19.3336GeographySoltindanLocation of the mountainShow map of TromsSoltindanSoltindan (Norway)Show map of Norway
LocationTroms, Norway
Soltindan is the highest mountain on the island of Ringvassøya which is located in Karlsøy Municipality in Troms county, Norway. It is located just north of the border with Tromsø Municipality, about 14 km (8.7 mi) southwest of the village of Hansnes. The 1,051-metre (3,448 ft) mountain has a topographic prominence of 1,051 metres (3,448 ft) and a topographic isolation of 16 kilometres (9.9 mi). Just to the north of the peak is the small glacial lake, Brevatnet.
References
^ "Soltindan, Karlsøy (Troms)" (in Norwegian). yr.no. Retrieved 2018-08-09.
^ "Soltindan, Norway". PeakBagger.com. Retrieved 2018-08-09.
This article about a mountain, mountain range, or peak in Troms is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ringvassøya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringvass%C3%B8ya"},{"link_name":"Karlsøy Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karls%C3%B8y_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Troms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troms"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Tromsø Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Hansnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansnes"},{"link_name":"topographic prominence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographic_prominence"},{"link_name":"topographic isolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographic_isolation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Soltindan is the highest mountain on the island of Ringvassøya which is located in Karlsøy Municipality in Troms county, Norway. It is located just north of the border with Tromsø Municipality, about 14 km (8.7 mi) southwest of the village of Hansnes. The 1,051-metre (3,448 ft) mountain has a topographic prominence of 1,051 metres (3,448 ft) and a topographic isolation of 16 kilometres (9.9 mi).[2] Just to the north of the peak is the small glacial lake, Brevatnet.","title":"Soltindan"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_2006/54/EC
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Equal Treatment Directive 2006/54/EC
|
["1 Background","2 See also","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]
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Directive 2006/54/ECEuropean Union directiveTitleDirective on the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of men and women in matters of employment and occupationMade byEuropean Parliament and CouncilMade underArt. 13 TECJournal referenceL204Current legislation
Equal Treatment Directive 2006 (2006/54/EC) is a legal act of European Union law, which implements the principle of equal treatment between men and women in EU labour law.
Background
Since the Treaty of Amsterdam came into force in 1999, new EU laws, or Directives, have been enacted in the area of anti-discrimination. The Equal Treatment Directive 2006/54/EC is a consolidation of previous Directives in this area, notably, the Directive 76/207/EEC, which was amended by Directive 2002/73/EC.
See also
vteDirect discrimination casesEquality Act 2010 ss 13 and 136Stefanko v Doherty and Maritime Hotel Ltd IRLR 322Horsey v Dyfed County Council ICR 755R (EOC) v Birmingham City Council AC 1155James v Eastleigh BC UKHL 6Webb v EMO Air Cargo (UK) Ltd (No 2) UKHL 13Smith v Safeway plc ICR 868Grant v South-West Trains Ltd ICR 449 (C-249/96)Chief Constable of Yorkshire Police v Khan UKHL 48Shamoon v Royal Ulster Constabulary UKHL 11Roma Rights Centre v Prague Immigration UKHL 55Homer v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire UKSC 15Coleman v Attridge Law (2008) C-303/06English v Sanderson Blinds Ltd EWCA Civ 1421Grainger plc v Nicholson IRLR 4 (EAT)see UK labour and equality law
vteIndirect discrimination casesEquality Act 2010 ss 14 and 19Griggs v Duke Power Co, 401 US 424 (1971)Kücükdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co KG (2010) C-555/07Mandla v Dowell-Lee UKHL 7Rutherford v SS for Trade and Industry UKHL 19Redfearn v Serco Ltd EWCA Civ 659Eweida v United Kingdom EWCA Civ 80Ladele v London Borough of Islington EWCA Civ 1357Hampson v Dept of Education and Science ICR 179London Underground Ltd v Edwards (No 2) IRLR 157Jones v University of Manchester ICR 474Bilka-Kaufhaus GmbH v Weber von Hartz (1986) C-170/84Rinner-Kühn v FWW Gebäudereinigung KG (1989) C-171/88Kutz-Bauer v Hansestadt Hamburg (2003) C-187/00Allonby v Accrington & Rossendale College (2004) C-256/01Seldon v Clarkson Wright & Jakes UKSC 16EA 2010 s 14Ministry of Defence v DeBique IRLR 471see UK labour and equality law
vteSources on justifying discriminationEquality Act 2010 Sch 9Etam plc v Rowan IRLR 150Johnston v Royal Ulster Constabulary (1986) C-222/84R (Amicus) v SS for Trade and Industry EWHC 860Sirdar v The Army Board (1999) C-273/97Kreil v Germany (2000) C-285/98Lambeth LBC v Commission for Racial Equality ICR 768Tottenham Green Nursery v Marshall (No 2) ICR 320Equality Act 2010 s 19(2)(d)Bilka-Kaufhaus GmbH v Weber von Hartz (1984) C-170/84Kontofunktionaerernes Forbund v Danfoss (1989) C-109/88Rinner-Kühn v FWW Gebäudereinigung KG (1989) C-171/88Nimz v Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg (1991) C-184/89Kutz-Bauer v Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg (2003) C-187/00Allonby v Accrington & Rossendale College (2004) C-256/01see UK labour law
Anti-discrimination law
Directive 76/207/EEC
EU labour law
List of European Union directives
UK labour law
Notes
References
External links
Text of the Directive
European Commission Combatting Discrimination
This article about the European Union is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2006/54/EC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32006L0054"},{"link_name":"European Union law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_law"},{"link_name":"equal treatment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_treatment"},{"link_name":"EU labour law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_labour_law"}],"text":"Equal Treatment Directive 2006 (2006/54/EC) is a legal act of European Union law, which implements the principle of equal treatment between men and women in EU labour law.","title":"Equal Treatment Directive 2006/54/EC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treaty of Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Directives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_Directive"},{"link_name":"Directive 76/207/EEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_76/207/EEC"},{"link_name":"Directive 2002/73/EC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Directive_2002/73/EC&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Since the Treaty of Amsterdam came into force in 1999, new EU laws, or Directives, have been enacted in the area of anti-discrimination. The Equal Treatment Directive 2006/54/EC is a consolidation of previous Directives in this area, notably, the Directive 76/207/EEC, which was amended by Directive 2002/73/EC.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}]
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[]
|
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Jackson_(character)
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List of Diff'rent Strokes characters
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["1 Main characters table","2 Phillip Drummond","3 Kimberly Drummond","4 Arnold Jackson","5 Willis Jackson","6 Edna Garrett","7 Maggie McKinney-Drummond","8 References"]
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This is a list of characters from the NBC and ABC sitcom Diff'rent Strokes.
Main characters table
Character
Portrayed by
Seasons
Ep
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Phillip Drummond
Conrad Bain
Main
All
Arnold Jackson
Gary Coleman
Main
184
Willis Jackson
Todd Bridges
Main
169
Kimberly Drummond
Dana Plato
Main
Recurring
140
Edna Garrett
Charlotte Rae
Main
Guest
31
Pearl Gallagher
Mary Jo Catlett
Recurring
Main
56
Sam McKinney
Danny Cooksey
Recurring
Main
48
Maggie McKinney-Drummond
Dixie Carter
Recurring
Main
26
Mary Ann Mobley
Main
11
Phillip Drummond
Fictional character
Phillip DrummondFirst appearance"Movin' In"Last appearance"I, Done" (Part 2) (Fresh Prince of Bel-Air)Portrayed byConrad BainIn-universe informationGenderMaleOccupationInvestorSpouseLydia Drummond (died)Maggie McKinney Drummond (1984–)ChildrenKimberly Drummond (daughter)Willis Jackson (adopted son)Arnold Jackson (adopted son)Sam McKinney (stepson)RelativesMrs. Drummond (mother)Mr. Drummond (father)Sophia Drummond (sister)Anna Van Drummond (cousin)Hans Van Drummond (nephew/Anna's son)NationalityAmerican
Phillip Drummond was portrayed by Conrad Bain. He is a friendly, wealthy white widower, who runs Trans-Allied, Incorporated. He was born December 3, 1931, in Manhattan, New York. (This made him Conrad Bain's junior by eight years.)
Phillip has a daughter, Kimberly, and two adopted African American sons, Willis and his younger brother Arnold Jackson. He also has an eccentric elder sister named Sophia (played by Dody Goodman). Arnold and Willis' mother, Lucy Jackson (portrayed by Todd Bridges' real-life mother), worked as a housekeeper for the Drummonds years ago; her death-bed wish was that Phillip would take care of her two sons. In the series pilot, Phillip welcomes Arnold and Willis into his home.
Phillip had dated several women, and would later get remarried to Maggie McKinney, a television aerobics instructor (played by Dixie Carter from 1983 to 1985 and Mary Ann Mobley from 1985 to 1986). Maggie subsequently introduced Sam McKinney (Danny Cooksey), her son from a previous marriage, to the family.
Phillip Drummond is the only character to appear in every episode of the series.
Phillip, along with Arnold Jackson, made a cameo in the Fresh Prince of Bel-Air series finale "I, Done," as a potential buyer of the Banks' mansion.
On The Facts of Life, Philip appears in Rough Housing.
Kimberly Drummond
Fictional character
Kimberly DrummondFirst appearanceMovin' InLast appearanceBulimiaPortrayed byDana PlatoIn-universe informationAliasKim DrummondGenderFemaleFamilyPhillip Drummond (father)Lydia Drummond (mother; deceased)Arnold Jackson (adopted brother)Willis Jackson (adopted brother)Sam McKinney (stepbrother)Maggie McKinney Drummond (stepmother)NationalityAmerican
Kimberly Drummond was portrayed by Dana Plato. She was the only biological child and daughter of wealthy widower, Phillip Drummond (Conrad Bain). She was born on Park Avenue in New York City on October 22, 1964. Kimberly was shown as a caring, loving big sister to both Willis and Arnold, but as a wealthy, coming of age teenager, she suffered from various problems. Several such instances took place in season 6, one of which involved a two-part "very special" episode on the dangers of hitchhiking, where she was nearly a victim of sexual assault by a deranged man named Bill (Woody Eney). In another episode, no one in the family knew that she was suffering from bulimia, though she later admitted to having a problem and agreed to seek help.
Kimberly wasn't in the opening credits in the 7th season nor the 8th season, however, in the 8th season, there were clips of her and she is shown in the last frame of the opening credits for the 8th season.
On The Facts of Life, Kimberly appears in Rough Housing.
Arnold Jackson
Fictional character
Arnold JacksonFirst appearance"Movin' In"Last appearance"I, Done" (The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air)Portrayed byGary ColemanIn-universe informationGenderMaleFamilyLucy Mae Jackson (mother) (1938–1977)Henry Jackson (father) (d. 1975)Phillip Drummond (adopted father)Kimberly Drummond (adopted sister)Willis Jackson (older brother)Sam McKinney (stepbrother)Maggie McKinney Drummond (stepmother)Myrtle Waters (distant cousin)NationalityAmerican
Arnold Jackson was portrayed by Gary Coleman. He was the younger brother of Willis Jackson (Todd Bridges), and was born in Harlem, New York City on July 19, 1971. Arnold is a "precocious moppet," who was practically known for his catch phrase, "Whatchoo talkin' 'bout, Willis?", which became a part of popular culture and in 2006 was included in TV Land's "The 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catch Phrases" special.
Arnold's father died in 1975, and his mother died in 1977. His mother worked as a housekeeper for a wealthy white widower, named Philip Drummond (Conrad Bain). Before her death, his mother expressed her wish for her two boys to be cared for by Mr. Drummond. He agreed, and in 1979, he officially adopted Willis and Arnold.
Arnold is the main character in the series. In many episodes, he is shown as being a selfish younger brother, or coming up with or being suckered into some scheme to keep out of trouble or obtain his desire of the episode. When the boys first move in with Mr. Drummond, Willis wants to move back to Harlem, while Arnold is satisfied with their new surroundings. Willis eventually changes his mind, and they decide to stay with "Mr. D.," as the boys initially refer to him.
In another episode, Arnold has to fight a school bully named "The Gooch," so that he will not pick on him anymore. However, Mr. Drummond does not want Arnold fighting the bully, and ultimately decides that Arnold must make peace with "The Gooch." Arnold, however, listens to his brother, Willis, who tells him to fight back. This ended with Arnold getting a black eye, and both boys getting in trouble.
Arnold's best friend is Dudley Johnson (played by TV actor Shavar Ross), who, like Arnold, was adopted. Dudley appears in many episodes, and both are involved in various schemes throughout the series. Steven Mond played Robbie Jayson, Arnold's other best friend, who once pressured him to try drugs. In one episode, Arnold has to have an appendectomy, but is too scared to see the doctor.
Arnold, along with Phillip Drummond, made a cameo in the Fresh Prince of Bel-Air series finale, as potential buyers of the Banks' mansion.
On The Facts of Life, Arnold appears in Rough Housing and in The New Girl: Part 1.
Willis Jackson
Fictional character
Willis JacksonFirst appearance"Movin In"Last appearance"The Big Bribe"Portrayed byTodd BridgesIn-universe informationGenderMaleOccupationHigh school/college studentFamilyLucy Mae Jackson (mother, 1938–1977)Henry Jackson (father, d. 1975)Arnold Jackson (younger brother)Kimberly Drummond (adopted sister) Phillip Drummond (adopted father) Sam McKinney (stepbrother) Maggie McKinney Drummond (stepmother)Myrtle Waters (distant cousin)NationalityAmerican
Willis Jackson was portrayed by Todd Bridges. He was the older brother of Arnold. He was born in Harlem on April 27, 1965. The boys' late mother, Lucy, was a housekeeper for a wealthy White man, named Phillip Drummond, and her deathbed wish was that he would take care of her two kids, and Philip Drummond officially adopted them in 1979. Willis's catch phrase is "Say what?"
Willis was portrayed alternately as rebellious and responsible. In one episode, Willis joins a gang named "The Tarantulas."
Willis also had a girlfriend, named Charlene DuPrey, portrayed by Janet Jackson of both the television shows Good Times and Fame. Jackson appeared from the show's third season (1980–1981) until 1984, through the show's sixth season.
Bridges' role as Willis Jackson started to fade, because of casting changes in the 1984–1985 season, when Danny Cooksey was added as Sam McKinney, his and Arnold's new younger stepbrother. Bridges did not appear as often in the show's final season, though his name remained in the opening credits.
On The Facts of Life, Willis appears in Rough Housing and in Bought and Sold.
Edna Garrett
See also: List of The Facts of Life characters § Edna Garrett
Edna Garrett was portrayed by Charlotte Rae. She was Mr. Drummond's housekeeper from 1978 to 1979. She left the show midway through the second season to take a job as housemother and dietitian at Eastland School, the school Kimberly attends in Peekskill, New York. She returned as a guest star in the wedding episode.
Maggie McKinney-Drummond
Maggie McKinney-Drummond was portrayed by Dixie Carter for seasons 6-7, and when the show moved from NBC to ABC for season 8, Mary Ann Mobley took over the role. Carter and Mobley would star opposite each other in the season 5 premiere of Designing Women, "A Blast From The Past."
References
^ The Star Ledger, December 11, 2006
^ Ronald L. Jackson; Jamie E. Moshin (2013). Communicating Marginalized Masculinities: Identity Politics in TV, Film, and ... p. 180. ISBN 9780415623070. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
^ TV.com. "Diff'rent Strokes – Season 1, Episode 1: Movin' In". TV.com. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
^ "Jet". Johnson Publishing Company. March 8, 1982. p. 59. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of Diff'rent Strokes characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Main characters table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conrad Bain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Bain"},{"link_name":"widower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widow"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Kimberly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Kimberly_Drummond"},{"link_name":"Willis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Willis_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Arnold Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Arnold_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Dody Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dody_Goodman"},{"link_name":"Dixie Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Carter"},{"link_name":"Mary Ann Mobley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Ann_Mobley"},{"link_name":"Danny Cooksey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Cooksey"},{"link_name":"Fresh Prince of Bel-Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_Prince_of_Bel-Air"}],"text":"Fictional characterPhillip Drummond was portrayed by Conrad Bain. He is a friendly, wealthy white widower, who runs Trans-Allied, Incorporated. He was born December 3, 1931, in Manhattan, New York. (This made him Conrad Bain's junior by eight years.)Phillip has a daughter, Kimberly, and two adopted African American sons, Willis and his younger brother Arnold Jackson. He also has an eccentric elder sister named Sophia (played by Dody Goodman). Arnold and Willis' mother, Lucy Jackson (portrayed by Todd Bridges' real-life mother), worked as a housekeeper for the Drummonds years ago; her death-bed wish was that Phillip would take care of her two sons. In the series pilot, Phillip welcomes Arnold and Willis into his home.Phillip had dated several women, and would later get remarried to Maggie McKinney, a television aerobics instructor (played by Dixie Carter from 1983 to 1985 and Mary Ann Mobley from 1985 to 1986). Maggie subsequently introduced Sam McKinney (Danny Cooksey), her son from a previous marriage, to the family.Phillip Drummond is the only character to appear in every episode of the series.Phillip, along with Arnold Jackson, made a cameo in the Fresh Prince of Bel-Air series finale \"I, Done,\" as a potential buyer of the Banks' mansion.On The Facts of Life, Philip appears in Rough Housing.","title":"Phillip Drummond"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dana Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Plato"},{"link_name":"widower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widow"},{"link_name":"Conrad Bain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Bain"},{"link_name":"Park Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Avenue_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Willis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Willis_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Arnold_Jackson"},{"link_name":"coming of age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_of_age"},{"link_name":"hitchhiking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitchhiking"},{"link_name":"sexual assault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_assault"},{"link_name":"bulimia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulimia"}],"text":"Fictional characterKimberly Drummond was portrayed by Dana Plato. She was the only biological child and daughter of wealthy widower, Phillip Drummond (Conrad Bain). She was born on Park Avenue in New York City on October 22, 1964. Kimberly was shown as a caring, loving big sister to both Willis and Arnold, but as a wealthy, coming of age teenager, she suffered from various problems. Several such instances took place in season 6, one of which involved a two-part \"very special\" episode on the dangers of hitchhiking, where she was nearly a victim of sexual assault by a deranged man named Bill (Woody Eney). In another episode, no one in the family knew that she was suffering from bulimia, though she later admitted to having a problem and agreed to seek help.Kimberly wasn't in the opening credits in the 7th season nor the 8th season, however, in the 8th season, there were clips of her and she is shown in the last frame of the opening credits for the 8th season.On The Facts of Life, Kimberly appears in Rough Housing.","title":"Kimberly Drummond"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gary Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Coleman"},{"link_name":"Todd Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Bridges"},{"link_name":"Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem"},{"link_name":"catch phrase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_phrase"},{"link_name":"TV Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Land"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_American"},{"link_name":"Conrad Bain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Bain"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"black eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_eye"},{"link_name":"Shavar Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavar_Ross"},{"link_name":"Steven Mond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Mond"},{"link_name":"appendectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendectomy"}],"text":"Fictional characterArnold Jackson was portrayed by Gary Coleman. He was the younger brother of Willis Jackson (Todd Bridges), and was born in Harlem, New York City on July 19, 1971. Arnold is a \"precocious moppet,\" who was practically known for his catch phrase, \"Whatchoo talkin' 'bout, Willis?\", which became a part of popular culture and in 2006 was included in TV Land's \"The 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catch Phrases\" special.[1]Arnold's father died in 1975, and his mother died in 1977. His mother worked as a housekeeper for a wealthy white widower, named Philip Drummond (Conrad Bain). Before her death, his mother expressed her wish for her two boys to be cared for by Mr. Drummond. He agreed, and in 1979, he officially adopted Willis and Arnold.[2]Arnold is the main character in the series. In many episodes, he is shown as being a selfish younger brother, or coming up with or being suckered into some scheme to keep out of trouble or obtain his desire of the episode. When the boys first move in with Mr. Drummond, Willis wants to move back to Harlem, while Arnold is satisfied with their new surroundings. Willis eventually changes his mind, and they decide to stay with \"Mr. D.,\" as the boys initially refer to him.[3]In another episode, Arnold has to fight a school bully named \"The Gooch,\" so that he will not pick on him anymore. However, Mr. Drummond does not want Arnold fighting the bully, and ultimately decides that Arnold must make peace with \"The Gooch.\" Arnold, however, listens to his brother, Willis, who tells him to fight back. This ended with Arnold getting a black eye, and both boys getting in trouble.Arnold's best friend is Dudley Johnson (played by TV actor Shavar Ross), who, like Arnold, was adopted. Dudley appears in many episodes, and both are involved in various schemes throughout the series. Steven Mond played Robbie Jayson, Arnold's other best friend, who once pressured him to try drugs. In one episode, Arnold has to have an appendectomy, but is too scared to see the doctor.Arnold, along with Phillip Drummond, made a cameo in the Fresh Prince of Bel-Air series finale, as potential buyers of the Banks' mansion.On The Facts of Life, Arnold appears in Rough Housing and in The New Girl: Part 1.","title":"Arnold Jackson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Todd Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Bridges"},{"link_name":"Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Arnold_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem"},{"link_name":"housekeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housekeeper_(domestic_worker)"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_American"},{"link_name":"catch phrase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_phrase"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Janet Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Good Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Times"},{"link_name":"Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fame_(1982_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Danny Cooksey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Cooksey"}],"text":"Fictional characterWillis Jackson was portrayed by Todd Bridges. He was the older brother of Arnold. He was born in Harlem on April 27, 1965. The boys' late mother, Lucy, was a housekeeper for a wealthy White man, named Phillip Drummond, and her deathbed wish was that he would take care of her two kids, and Philip Drummond officially adopted them in 1979. Willis's catch phrase is \"Say what?\"Willis was portrayed alternately as rebellious and responsible.[4] In one episode, Willis joins a gang named \"The Tarantulas.\"Willis also had a girlfriend, named Charlene DuPrey, portrayed by Janet Jackson of both the television shows Good Times and Fame. Jackson appeared from the show's third season (1980–1981) until 1984, through the show's sixth season.Bridges' role as Willis Jackson started to fade, because of casting changes in the 1984–1985 season, when Danny Cooksey was added as Sam McKinney, his and Arnold's new younger stepbrother. Bridges did not appear as often in the show's final season, though his name remained in the opening credits.On The Facts of Life, Willis appears in Rough Housing and in Bought and Sold.","title":"Willis Jackson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of The Facts of Life characters § Edna Garrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Facts_of_Life_characters#Edna_Garrett"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Rae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Rae"},{"link_name":"Peekskill, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peekskill,_New_York"}],"text":"See also: List of The Facts of Life characters § Edna GarrettEdna Garrett was portrayed by Charlotte Rae. She was Mr. Drummond's housekeeper from 1978 to 1979. She left the show midway through the second season to take a job as housemother and dietitian at Eastland School, the school Kimberly attends in Peekskill, New York. She returned as a guest star in the wedding episode.","title":"Edna Garrett"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Designing Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designing_Women"}],"text":"Maggie McKinney-Drummond was portrayed by Dixie Carter for seasons 6-7, and when the show moved from NBC to ABC for season 8, Mary Ann Mobley took over the role. Carter and Mobley would star opposite each other in the season 5 premiere of Designing Women, \"A Blast From The Past.\"","title":"Maggie McKinney-Drummond"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertha_Swirles
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Bertha Swirles
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["1 Biography","2 Recognition","3 Bibliography","3.1 Book","3.2 Some biographical sketches by Bertha Swirles","4 See also","5 References","6 Sources","7 External links"]
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British physicist
Bertha SwirlesBertha Swirles in 1962Born(1903-05-22)22 May 1903Northampton, EnglandDied18 December 1999 (1999-12-19) (aged 96)Alma materGirton College, University of CambridgeSpouseHarold JeffreysScientific careerFieldsQuantum physicsMathematics educationInstitutionsGirton College, University of CambridgeDoctoral advisorMax BornRalph Howard Fowler
Bertha Swirles, Lady Jeffreys (22 May 1903 – 18 December 1999) was an English physicist, academic and scientific author who carried out research on quantum theory in its early days. She was associated with Girton College, University of Cambridge, as student and Fellow, for over 70 years.
Biography
Bertha Swirles was born in Northampton in 1903 to Harriett née Blaxley (born around 1873), a primary school teacher, and William Alexander Swirles (b. 1878), a leather salesman. She went to Northampton School for Girls. In 1921, Swirles matriculated at Girton College to read mathematics, taking a first. She became a research student of quantum theory partly under Ralph Fowler at the University of Cambridge, one of a distinguished company of his students that included Paul Dirac and Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. She also carried out research at the University of Göttingen under Max Born and Werner Heisenberg.
In 1929, Swirles gained her PhD. By this time, Swirles was an Assistant Lecturer at the University of Manchester. She followed with similar teaching posts at the University of Bristol and then at Imperial College (then the Royal College of Science), London in the 1930s. She returned to Girton College in 1938 as a mathematics lecturer and Fellow of the College. She continued her research into quantum theory, but also expanded her work to include seismology. In 1949 she became Director of Studies for Mathematics at Girton, a position she held until 1969. In this role she supported and developed the teaching of mathematics to women. She held a variety of positions at the College including Vice-Mistress from 1966 to 1969.
In 1940, Swirles married fellow mathematician Harold Jeffreys becoming Lady Jeffreys when he was knighted in 1953.
She enjoyed music and was an accomplished pianist and cellist.
She died in Cambridge on 18 December 1999 of a stroke.
Recognition
She was president of the Mathematical Association for 1969.
She received honorary degrees from the Open University and the University of Saskatchewan.
In 2016 the Council of the University of Cambridge approved the use of Swirles's name to mark Swirles Court, which consists of 325 graduate student rooms, leased by Girton College, within the North West Cambridge Development.
Bibliography
Book
Sir Harold Jeffreys and Bertha Swirles (Lady Jeffreys), Methods of Mathematical Physics, third revised edition (Cambridge University Press, 1956 — reprinted 1999). This book, first published in 1946, is commonly referred to as Jeffreys & Jeffreys. ISBN 0-521-66402-0, ISBN 978-0-521-66402-8.
Some biographical sketches by Bertha Swirles
Bertha Swirles, John Arthur Gaunt (1904-1944), Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 73–79 (1990).
Bertha Swirles, Reminiscences and Discoveries: Harold Jeffreys from 1891 to 1940, Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 301–308 (1992).
See also
Relativistic quantum chemistry
References
^ Ruth M. Williams, Bertha Swirles Jeffreys (1903-1999), pp. 178–190, in Out of the Shadows: Contributions of Twentieth-Century Women to Physics, edited by Nina Byers and Gary Williams, 498 p. (Cambridge University Press, 2006). ISBN 0-521-82197-5
^ a b c "Jeffreys, Sir Harold (1891–1989), geophysicist". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 1 (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 23 September 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/40027. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ a b Administrator (29 January 2015). "Street Naming". www.nwcambridge.co.uk. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
^ a b c d e Williams, R. M. (22 December 1999). "Obituary: Bertha Jeffreys". The Independent. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
^ Field, John (12 December 2008). "David Tabor. 23 October 1913 - 26 November 2005". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 54: 425–459. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2007.0031. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
^ "Presidents of the Association". Mathematical Association. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
Sources
Obituaries
R. M. Williams, Obituary: Bertha Jeffreys, The Independent (London), Wednesday, 22 December 1999.
Mary Walmsley, Lady Jeffreys 1903-1999, The Mathematical Gazette, Vol. 84, No. 500, pp. 321–323 (2000).
J. A. Hudson, Lady Bertha Swirles, 1903-1999, Astronomy & Geophysics, Vol. 41, No. 3. 36-37 (2000).
External links
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Bertha Swirles Jeffreys", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
CWP at UCLA: Bertha Swirles, Lady Jeffreys
Portrait by Julia Hedgecoe, 19 March 1998, National Portrait Gallery, London.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Academics
MathSciNet
Mathematics Genealogy Project
zbMATH
Other
SNAC
IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"quantum theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics"},{"link_name":"Girton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girton_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Bertha Swirles, Lady Jeffreys (22 May 1903 – 18 December 1999) was an English physicist, academic and scientific author who carried out research on quantum theory in its early days. She was associated with Girton College, University of Cambridge, as student and Fellow, for over 70 years.[1]","title":"Bertha Swirles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton,_England"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Northampton School for Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_School_For_Girls"},{"link_name":"matriculated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriculation"},{"link_name":"Girton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girton_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"first","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_class_honours"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"Ralph Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Fowler"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Paul Dirac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac"},{"link_name":"Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar"},{"link_name":"University of Göttingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen"},{"link_name":"Max Born","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Born"},{"link_name":"Werner Heisenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD"},{"link_name":"Assistant Lecturer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Lecturer"},{"link_name":"University of Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Manchester"},{"link_name":"University of Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bristol"},{"link_name":"Imperial College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_London"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"seismology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismology"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"Harold Jeffreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Jeffreys"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"}],"text":"Bertha Swirles was born in Northampton in 1903 to Harriett née Blaxley (born around 1873), a primary school teacher, and William Alexander Swirles (b. 1878), a leather salesman.[2][3] She went to Northampton School for Girls. In 1921, Swirles matriculated at Girton College to read mathematics, taking a first.[4] She became a research student of quantum theory partly under Ralph Fowler at the University of Cambridge, one of a distinguished company of his students that included Paul Dirac and Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. She also carried out research at the University of Göttingen under Max Born and Werner Heisenberg.[2]In 1929, Swirles gained her PhD. By this time, Swirles was an Assistant Lecturer at the University of Manchester. She followed with similar teaching posts at the University of Bristol and then at Imperial College (then the Royal College of Science), London in the 1930s.[4][5] She returned to Girton College in 1938 as a mathematics lecturer and Fellow of the College. She continued her research into quantum theory, but also expanded her work to include seismology. In 1949 she became Director of Studies for Mathematics at Girton, a position she held until 1969.[4] In this role she supported and developed the teaching of mathematics to women. She held a variety of positions at the College including Vice-Mistress from 1966 to 1969.In 1940, Swirles married fellow mathematician Harold Jeffreys becoming Lady Jeffreys when he was knighted in 1953.She enjoyed music and was an accomplished pianist and cellist.[2][4]She died in Cambridge on 18 December 1999 of a stroke.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mathematical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Association"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Open University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_University"},{"link_name":"University of Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"North West Cambridge Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_Cambridge_Development"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"text":"She was president of the Mathematical Association for 1969.[6]She received honorary degrees from the Open University and the University of Saskatchewan.[4]In 2016 the Council of the University of Cambridge approved the use of Swirles's name to mark Swirles Court, which consists of 325 graduate student rooms, leased by Girton College, within the North West Cambridge Development.[3]","title":"Recognition"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-66402-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-66402-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-66402-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66402-8"}],"sub_title":"Book","text":"Sir Harold Jeffreys and Bertha Swirles (Lady Jeffreys), Methods of Mathematical Physics, third revised edition (Cambridge University Press, 1956 — reprinted 1999). This book, first published in 1946, is commonly referred to as Jeffreys & Jeffreys. ISBN 0-521-66402-0, ISBN 978-0-521-66402-8.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Arthur Gaunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Arthur_Gaunt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/view/00359149/ap020075/02a00050/0"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/view/00359149/ap020080/02a00080/0"}],"sub_title":"Some biographical sketches by Bertha Swirles","text":"Bertha Swirles, John Arthur Gaunt (1904-1944), Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 73–79 (1990). [1]\nBertha Swirles, Reminiscences and Discoveries: Harold Jeffreys from 1891 to 1940, Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 301–308 (1992). [2]","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060902155227/http://www.physics.ucla.edu/~cwp/articles/jeffreys/jeffreys-obituary.html"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.independent.co.uk/"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3621681"},{"link_name":"Astronomy & Geophysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_%26_Geophysics"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/aag/2000/00000041/00000003/art00020"}],"text":"ObituariesR. M. Williams, Obituary: Bertha Jeffreys, The Independent (London), Wednesday, 22 December 1999. [3][4]\nMary Walmsley, Lady Jeffreys 1903-1999, The Mathematical Gazette, Vol. 84, No. 500, pp. 321–323 (2000). [5]\nJ. A. Hudson, Lady Bertha Swirles, 1903-1999, Astronomy & Geophysics, Vol. 41, No. 3. 36-37 (2000). [6]","title":"Sources"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Relativistic quantum chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_quantum_chemistry"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Jeffreys, Sir Harold (1891–1989), geophysicist\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 1 (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 23 September 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/40027.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-40027","url_text":"\"Jeffreys, Sir Harold (1891–1989), geophysicist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F40027","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/40027"}]},{"reference":"Administrator (29 January 2015). \"Street Naming\". www.nwcambridge.co.uk. Retrieved 8 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nwcambridge.co.uk/building-north-west/consultation/street-naming","url_text":"\"Street Naming\""}]},{"reference":"Williams, R. M. (22 December 1999). \"Obituary: Bertha Jeffreys\". The Independent. Retrieved 26 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-bertha-jeffreys-1134045.html","url_text":"\"Obituary: Bertha Jeffreys\""}]},{"reference":"Field, John (12 December 2008). \"David Tabor. 23 October 1913 - 26 November 2005\". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 54: 425–459. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2007.0031. Retrieved 26 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://rsbm.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/54/425.full.pdf+html?sid=41959c71-dad0-4b04-b27d-e5e721f90568","url_text":"\"David Tabor. 23 October 1913 - 26 November 2005\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.2007.0031","url_text":"10.1098/rsbm.2007.0031"}]},{"reference":"\"Presidents of the Association\". Mathematical Association. Retrieved 6 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.m-a.org.uk/presidents","url_text":"\"Presidents of the Association\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Association","url_text":"Mathematical Association"}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., \"Bertha Swirles Jeffreys\", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson","url_text":"Robertson, Edmund F."},{"url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Jeffreys_Bertha.html","url_text":"\"Bertha Swirles Jeffreys\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive","url_text":"MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews","url_text":"University of St Andrews"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkha
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Arkha
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["1 History","2 Hospital","3 Transport","3.1 Road","3.2 Railways","4 External links","5 References"]
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Coordinates: 26°07′44″N 81°02′03″E / 26.129°N 81.03425°E / 26.129; 81.03425For the village development committee, see Arkha, Nepal.
Place in Uttar Pradesh, IndiaArkhaArkhaLocation in Uttar Pradesh, IndiaCoordinates: 26°07′44″N 81°02′03″E / 26.129°N 81.03425°E / 26.129; 81.03425Country IndiaStateUttar PradeshDistrictRae BareliGovernment • Member Of ParliamentSonia Gandhi • Gram PradhanSangeeta PasiElevation112 m (367 ft)Population (2011 Census) • Total10,337Languages • OfficialAwadhi, HindiTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN229404Telephone code0535Vehicle registrationUP 33Websiteraebareli.nic.in
Arkha is a Gram Sabha in Unchahar Tehsil of Raebareli District in Uttar Pradesh State, India. It is 40.15 km away from its district capital Rae Bareli. It is 114 km away from its state capital Lucknow. Its pin code is 229404.
History
Arkha (Hindi: अरखा) was a zamindari whose leader RamGulam Singh at the time of British held a title of a Taluqdar which was given by the British Administration. However, Arkha joined Rana Beni Madho Singh of Shankarpur in the struggle against the British Raj in United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. In October 1920, Baba Ram Chandra came to Raebareli and established a Kisan Sabha in Arkha and Rasoolpur (Salon). Kissan Andolan of 1920-21 is written in golden letters in the history of Indian National Movement. In Non-Cooperation Movement of 1930, Raebareli was the first in U.P to give a lead to Namak Satyagrah and the people of Arkha were involved in the movement.
Hospital
Primary Health Centre (PHC).
Transport
Arkha is connected by Road and Railways.
Road
NH24B passes through Arkha which connects it to Lucknow and Allahabad. Its 120 km away from Lucknow (2+1⁄2 hours) and 80 km away from Allahabad (1+1⁄2 hours). Uttar Pradesh State Highway 38 connects Arkha to Kanpur via Unnao.
Railways
Arkha Station is connected to Unchahar Junction which is 4.5 km away from Arkha. One can take The Unchahar Express which starts it journey from Chandigarh Junction and goes till Prayag Junction. Other than Unchahar Express, there are a lot of other trains like Nauchandi Express, Triveni Express, Ganga Gomti Express, etc. which stop at these stations.
External links
Map of Arkha
References
vtePopulated places in Raebareli districtCities and towns
Bachhrawan
Dalmau
Lalganj
Maharajganj
Parsadepur
Raebareli
Salon
Unchahar
VillagesMaharajganj tehsilBachhrawan block
Ashan Jagatpur
Bahadurnagar
Churwa
Deopuri
Dostpur
Dundgarh
Gujarpur
Ichauli
Jalalpur
Kalui Khera
Karanpur
Kasrawan
Kundauli
Mahraura
Mainahar Katra
Malpur
Pahnasa
Pastaur
Rain
Rajamau
Rampur Sudauli
Rani Khera
Rasulpur
Saidpur Behta
Sheikhpur Samodha
Tamanpur
Thulendi
Tilenda
Umarpur
Shivgarh block
Achhai
Bhausi
Kasna
Kumhrawan
Masapur
Narayanpur
Pipri
Rajapur
Rani Khera
Riwan
Sarai Chhatardhari
Shergarh
Shivgarh
Siwan
Maharajganj block
Alipur
Asni
Atrehta
Balipur
Bhatsara
Chandapur
Domapur
Hardoi
Hasanpur
Janai
Mon
Muraini
Narayanpur
Pali
Para Kalan
Para Khurd
Purasi
Rajapur Kanspur
Ramgaon
Salethu
Tiloi tehsilSinghpur block
Anguri
Ashrafpur
Chilauli
Chilauli
Fatehpur
Hasanpur
Inhauna
Jijauli
Karangaon
Khara
Konchi
Kotwa
Lauli
Mirzagarh
Naukhera
Panhauna
Phula
Rajapur
Rastamau
Sarai Madho
Singhpur
Tiloi block
Ahuri
Asni
Belwa Hasanpur
Bhadmar
Bhadsana
Chingahi
Pakargaon
Pure Manga
Pure Mani Manohar
Rajamau
Ramnagar
Satwa
Shahmau
Simrauta
Tiloi
Bahadurpur block
Bahadurpur
Brahmani
Chak Dahiramau
Chak Mamha
Khalispur
Pidhi
Sarwan
Tarauna
Tahirpur
Raebareli tehsilHarchandpur block
Aghaura
Alipur Khalsa
Ambahar
Anguri
Bala
Baldupur
Bargadha
Chak Sunda
Datauli
Daudpur
Faridpur
Ghunsari
Harchandpur
Harni
Johwa Hisar
Johwa Sharki
Kandaura
Kanhat
Kankhara
Kathwara
Lalupur Khas
Lohanipur
Mubarakpur
Nanda Khera
Padera
Paharpur Kasho
Paltu Tanda
Para
Pasi Tusi
Rahwan
Ruknapur
Sarai Umar
Seri
Sirsa
Tanda
Tera Baraula
Amawan block
Adampur
Amawan
Bawan Buzurg
Chak Pira Shah
Chaupura
Didauli
Dusauti
Gokulpur
Haibatmau
Hardaspur
Hilgi
Jalalpur
Jamalpur Karaundi
Kachaunda Nankari
Khaira
Khaspari
Kondras Buzurg
Kondras Khurd
Lodhwamau
Mardanpur
Oya
Paharpur Mardanpur
Pahremau
Pindari Kalan
Pindari Khurd
Rampur
Rasehta
Rasulpur
Rupamau
Sidhauna
Tajpur
Sataon block
Alipur Aima
Ataura Buzurg
Ataura Khurd
Bans
Bardar
Chandai Raghunathpur
Chandauli
Chandwal
Didaur
Garhi Dularai
Kilauli
Konsa
Korihar
Malikmau Chaubara
Nakphulha
Narauka
Paharpur Khera
Purai
Salarpur
Sarai Dugosha
Sataon
Sultanpur Khera
Rahi block
Anti Naugawan
Bakwara
Bandramau
Bani
Bela Bhela
Bela Gusisi
Bela Khara
Bela Tekai
Bhadokhar
Bhakarwara
Bhaon
Chak Bhadokhar
Chak Lodipur
Chak Nizam
Chak Rar
Fakhrul Hasan Khera
Jamalpur Nankari
Jhakrasi
Kasehti
Kasimpur Baghel
Khagipur Sandwa
Kola Haibatpur
Lodhwari
Paintemau
Paraura
Raghunathpur
Rahi
Raipur Maheri
Rampur Baghel
Rustampur
Saidanpur
Sarai Muhammad Sharif
Sikandarpur
Sultanpur Aima
Suraj Kunda
Tala Gopalpur
Umra
Lalganj tehsilKhiron block
Aindhi
Ajitpur
Akhaupur
Atarhar
Bakuliha
Baraula
Baraundi
Bari
Basgawan
Behta Satanpur
Bhitargaon
Chak Gajraj
Chandemau
Dahirapur
Dandanpur
Deogaon
Dhurai
Dokanha
Dondepur
Dumtahar
Ekauni
Gaunha
Gonamau
Hardi
Husainabad
Jamkoriapur
Jasaumau
Kamalpur
Ketanpur
Khajuha
Khanpur Khusti
Khargapur
Khiron
Kursandi
Lalpur
Lodipur
Majhgawan
Malpur
Manpur
Mendauli
Miramau
Mirzapur
Mohanpur
Nunera
Paho
Raipur
Ramwapur Dubai
Sadullahpur
Sarai Mahmud
Tarwa Barwa
Tikwamau
Sareni block
Bahupur
Bhawanipur
Bhita
Bhojpur
Bithuli
Birnawan
Chhatauna
Deopur
Dhanpalpur
Dudhwan
Gajpati Khera
Gonda
Gopali Khera
Hamirgaon
Hullapur
Jhampur
Kahinjar
Kanjas
Kasba Badlu
Kashi Khera
Lakhai Khera
Lakhangaon
Madai Khera
Malkegaon
Mangadpur
Murarmau
Musapur
Nibi
Nisgar
Pahuri
Palti Khera
Parbat Khera
Pasan Khera
Pithupur
Rahim Khera
Raipur
Ram Khera
Ramaipur Kalan
Ramaipur Khurd
Rampur Khurd
Rani Khera
Ranjitpur
Rasigaon
Rasulpur
Sagar Khera
Sareni
Singhaur Tara
Tejgaon
Lalganj block
Ambara Pachhim
Bahai
Bannamau
Behta Kalan
Champatpur
Chanda
Chanda Tikar
Chilaula
Dhanabhad
Dhannipur
Dostpur
Fakhruddinpur
Gaura Rupai Pir Alipur
Golhamau
Haripur
Kankapur
Khajurgaon
Lalumau
Maha Khera
Maidemau
Mubarakpur
Narsinghpur
Pratappur
Rajauli
Sadipur Bargadha
Sandi
Sarai
Sarai Kurmi
Saraila
Shahpur
Shaistabad Urf Bhurkushpur
Simarpaha
Taudhakpur
Tila
Udwamau
Ugabhad
Utra Gauri
Dalmau tehsilDalmau block
Adilabad
Aftabnagar
Aihar
Baheria
Balipur
Barara Buzurg
Baras
Bharsana
Dakauli
Dinganj
Ghorwara
Hingamau
Jagatpur Kotaha
Kandharpur
Karanmau
Kashipur
Kharagpur Kurmiana
Kundwal
Madudpur
Mansukhmau
Mirmiranpur
Narsawan
Pakhrauli
Pilkha
Purauli
Radha Balampur
Rampur Barara
Ranmau
Sanhemau
Santpur
Sarai Lakhmi
Sultanpur Jala
Sursana
Tikran
Tonk
Umramau
Deenshah Gaura block
Ambara Mathai
Chhichhaura
Dhamdhama
Gaura Hardo
Gaura Khaspari
Jalalpur Dhai
Murethi
Sai
Thulrai
Tikaria
Unchahar tehsilJagatpur block
Bhikh
Chandauli
Chichauli
Gaura Lakhmi
Jagatpur
Khajuri
Sarai Sri Bakhsh
Sikandarpur
Sudamanpur
Unchahar block
Arkha
Bhagipur
Chandrai
Hatwa
Kandrawan
Khaliqpur Kalan
Kotiya Chitra
Matrauli
Newada
Paindapur
Najanpur
Narayanpur
Sarai Hardo
Rohaniya block
Aihari Buzurg
Bachhaiyapur
Chak Bhira
Dhaurahra
Gaura
Itaili
Itaura Buzurg
Kalyani
Kamalpur
Marhamau
Matrampur
Mawai
Mirzapur Aihari
Parsipur
Raipur
Rasulpur
Rohaniya
Sarai Akhtiar
Umran
Usraina
Salon tehsilDih block
Ahal
Atawan
Bikapur
Birnawan
Dela
Dih
Dilawalpur
Garwa
Ghatampur
Goera
Gopalpur
Hajipur
Hamiri Patti
Jagdishpur
Kachnawan
Kamalpur Baraila
Kiya
Kol
Lodipur
Mau
Narayanpur
Nigohi
Pirhi
Pure Bansi
Pure Thamman
Rashidpur
Rokha
Sadipur Kotwa
Sarai Manik
Satanpur
Sirsi
Thauri
Chhatoh block
Abdu Mau
Ashrafpur
Bani
Bara
Barawan
Barkhurdarpur
Basupur
Bedhauna
Bewal
Birpur
Chaturpur
Chhatoh
Digha
Gopalipur
Hajipur
Itraura
Kanta
Kapurpur
Kukha
Kunwarmau
Kurha
Lakhapur
Nasirabad
Ninawan
Paraiya Namaksar
Sandaha
Tarapur
Salon block
Aliganj
Ataganj Usri
Aunanis
Bairampur
Bara Dih
Bisaiya
Chak Neknampur
Dharai
Fatehabad
Gaddipur
Garhi Islamnagar
Ghuranpur
Ghurhat
Harkishanpur Tikra
Inchhan Gonda
Jairampur Pande
Kakraha
Kalu Jalalpur
Kamaluddinpur
Kapuripur
Kateha
Kemupur
Khanpur Urf Birbhanpur
Khwajapur
Madhopur Ninaiya
Madhopur Pathak
Matka
Nain
Nuruddinpur
Paksarawan
Parhari
Pari
Qazipur Gosain
Raipur Mahewa
Ratanpur
Ratason
Reoli
Runipur
Sanda Saidan
Satwa
Sirsira
Sonbarsa
Suchi
Taragarh
Tikaria Bhat
This Raebareli district location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arkha, Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkha,_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Unchahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unchahar"},{"link_name":"Raebareli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raebareli"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_India"},{"link_name":"Lucknow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknow"},{"link_name":"pin code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_Index_Number"}],"text":"For the village development committee, see Arkha, Nepal.Place in Uttar Pradesh, IndiaArkha is a Gram Sabha in Unchahar Tehsil of Raebareli District in Uttar Pradesh State, India. It is 40.15 km away from its district capital Rae Bareli. It is 114 km away from its state capital Lucknow. Its pin code is 229404.","title":"Arkha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_language"},{"link_name":"Taluqdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taluqdar"},{"link_name":"Rana Beni Madho Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana_Beni_Madho"},{"link_name":"British Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"United Provinces of Agra and Oudh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh"},{"link_name":"Baba Ram Chandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Ram_Chandra"},{"link_name":"Kisan Sabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisan_Sabha_(1919-1922)"},{"link_name":"Indian National Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Movement"},{"link_name":"Non-Cooperation Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Cooperation_Movement"}],"text":"Arkha (Hindi: अरखा) was a zamindari whose leader RamGulam Singh at the time of British held a title of a Taluqdar which was given by the British Administration. However, Arkha joined Rana Beni Madho Singh of Shankarpur in the struggle against the British Raj in United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. In October 1920, Baba Ram Chandra came to Raebareli and established a Kisan Sabha in Arkha and Rasoolpur (Salon). Kissan Andolan of 1920-21 is written in golden letters in the history of Indian National Movement. In Non-Cooperation Movement of 1930, Raebareli was the first in U.P to give a lead to Namak Satyagrah and the people of Arkha were involved in the movement.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Primary Health Centre (PHC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_Health_Centre_(India)"}],"text":"Primary Health Centre (PHC).","title":"Hospital"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Arkha is connected by Road and Railways.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NH24B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_24B_(India)"}],"sub_title":"Road","text":"NH24B passes through Arkha which connects it to Lucknow and Allahabad. Its 120 km away from Lucknow (2+1⁄2 hours) and 80 km away from Allahabad (1+1⁄2 hours). Uttar Pradesh State Highway 38 connects Arkha to Kanpur via Unnao.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Unchahar Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unchahar_Express"},{"link_name":"Chandigarh Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarh_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Prayag Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabad_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Nauchandi Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauchandi_Express"},{"link_name":"Triveni Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triveni_Express"},{"link_name":"Ganga Gomti Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga_Gomti_Express"}],"sub_title":"Railways","text":"Arkha Station is connected to Unchahar Junction which is 4.5 km away from Arkha. One can take The Unchahar Express which starts it journey from Chandigarh Junction and goes till Prayag Junction. Other than Unchahar Express, there are a lot of other trains like Nauchandi Express, Triveni Express, Ganga Gomti Express, etc. which stop at these stations.","title":"Transport"}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arkha¶ms=26.129_N_81.03425_E_type:city(10337)_region:IN-UP","external_links_name":"26°07′44″N 81°02′03″E / 26.129°N 81.03425°E / 26.129; 81.03425"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arkha¶ms=26.129_N_81.03425_E_type:city(10337)_region:IN-UP","external_links_name":"26°07′44″N 81°02′03″E / 26.129°N 81.03425°E / 26.129; 81.03425"},{"Link":"http://raebareli.nic.in/","external_links_name":"raebareli.nic.in"},{"Link":"http://www.indiamapia.com/RaeBareli/Arkha.html","external_links_name":"Map of Arkha"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arkha&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lough_Rea
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Lough Rea
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["1 Wildlife","2 In folklore","3 See also","4 References"]
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Coordinates: 53°11′23″N 8°34′35″W / 53.189684°N 8.576302°W / 53.189684; -8.576302Lake in County Galway, Ireland
Not to be confused with Lough Ree.
Lough ReaLoch Riach (Irish)Aerial view over Loughrea town towards the lake.Lough ReaLocation in IrelandLocationCounty Galway, IrelandCoordinates53°11′23″N 8°34′35″W / 53.189684°N 8.576302°W / 53.189684; -8.576302Lake typenatural freshwater loughPrimary outflowsLoughrea River
Town MoatBasin countriesIrelandMax. length2.61 km (1.62 mi)Max. width1.68 km (1.04 mi)Surface area3.01 km2 (1.16 sq mi)Surface elevation81 m (266 ft)IslandsAsh Island, Shore Island, Blake's Island, Barrack Island, Middle Island, Long Island, Switch Island, Stone Island North, Stone Islands South, Island McCooSettlementsLoughreaReferences
Lough Rea (Irish: Loch Riach), also Loughrea Lake, is a lake in Ireland, located south of Loughrea, County Galway.
Wildlife
Lough Rea is stocked with three-spined stickleback, ninespine stickleback, eel, perch, brown trout, rudd and pike.
In folklore
In the tradition of other Dindsenchas myths, according to Irish tradition, Lough Rea was formed after a battle fought between pre-Christian deities, who took the form of deer. The force of their battle causing a well to burst and the lake to form.
Another popular piece of folklore says that there was once a town where the lake is today, but the town was submerged underneath the water.
See also
List of loughs in Ireland
References
^ "A Reference Based Typology and Ecological Assessment System for Irish Lakes" (PDF). Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland). 2006. p. 19. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
^ "Lough Rea/Loch Riach". Placenames Database of Ireland (logainm.ie). Government of Ireland - Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht and Dublin City University. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
^ "Out and About". Slieve Aughty Centre.
^ Kelly, F.L.; Connor, L.; Morrissey, E.; Coyne, J.; Matson, R.; Feeney, R.; Rocks, K. (2014). "Water Framework Directive Fish Stock Survey of Lough Rea, July 2013" (PDF). Dublin: Inland Fisheries Ireland.
^ James MacKillop, A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology, 68.
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[]
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[{"title":"List of loughs in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_loughs_in_Ireland"}]
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[{"reference":"\"A Reference Based Typology and Ecological Assessment System for Irish Lakes\" (PDF). Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland). 2006. p. 19. Retrieved 7 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.epa.ie/pubs/reports/research/water/Final%20Report%20(2000-FS1-M1).pdf#page=16","url_text":"\"A Reference Based Typology and Ecological Assessment System for Irish Lakes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency_(Ireland)","url_text":"Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland)"}]},{"reference":"\"Lough Rea/Loch Riach\". Placenames Database of Ireland (logainm.ie). Government of Ireland - Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht and Dublin City University. Retrieved 7 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.logainm.ie/en/1166404","url_text":"\"Lough Rea/Loch Riach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Arts,_Heritage_and_the_Gaeltacht","url_text":"Government of Ireland - Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_City_University","url_text":"Dublin City University"}]},{"reference":"\"Out and About\". Slieve Aughty Centre.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slieveaughtycentre.com/other-activities/","url_text":"\"Out and About\""}]},{"reference":"Kelly, F.L.; Connor, L.; Morrissey, E.; Coyne, J.; Matson, R.; Feeney, R.; Rocks, K. (2014). \"Water Framework Directive Fish Stock Survey of Lough Rea, July 2013\" (PDF). Dublin: Inland Fisheries Ireland.","urls":[{"url":"http://wfdfish.ie/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Rea_report_2013.pdf","url_text":"\"Water Framework Directive Fish Stock Survey of Lough Rea, July 2013\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_Fisheries_Ireland","url_text":"Inland Fisheries Ireland"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lough_Rea¶ms=53.189684_N_8.576302_W_region:IE_type:waterbody","external_links_name":"53°11′23″N 8°34′35″W / 53.189684°N 8.576302°W / 53.189684; -8.576302"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lough_Rea¶ms=53.189684_N_8.576302_W_region:IE_type:waterbody","external_links_name":"53°11′23″N 8°34′35″W / 53.189684°N 8.576302°W / 53.189684; -8.576302"},{"Link":"http://www.epa.ie/pubs/reports/research/water/Final%20Report%20(2000-FS1-M1).pdf#page=16","external_links_name":"\"A Reference Based Typology and Ecological Assessment System for Irish Lakes\""},{"Link":"https://www.logainm.ie/en/1166404","external_links_name":"\"Lough Rea/Loch Riach\""},{"Link":"http://www.slieveaughtycentre.com/other-activities/","external_links_name":"\"Out and About\""},{"Link":"http://wfdfish.ie/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Rea_report_2013.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Water Framework Directive Fish Stock Survey of Lough Rea, July 2013\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfreda_Barnett_Duster
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Alfreda Duster
|
["1 Biography","2 Further reading","3 References","4 External links"]
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Alfreda DusterBornAlfreda Barnett(1904-09-03)September 3, 1904Chicago, IllinoisDiedApril 2, 1983(1983-04-02) (aged 78)Billings Hospital, ChicagoNotable workCrusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells (1970)SpouseBenjamin C. Duster Jr.Children5, including Troy DusterParent(s)Ida B. Wells (mother) Ferdinand L. Barnett (father)
Alfreda M. Duster (née Barnett; September 3, 1904 – April 2, 1983) was an American social worker and civic leader in Chicago. She is best known as the youngest daughter of civil rights activist Ida B. Wells and as the editor of her mother's posthumously published autobiography, Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells (1970).
Biography
Alfreda Barnett was born in 1904, the youngest daughter of civil rights activists Ida B. Wells and Ferdinand L. Barnett. She graduated from the University of Chicago in 1924 with a bachelor of philosophy degree. She married Benjamin C. Duster Jr., who was a clerk in her father's law firm, and worked as a homemaker and mother to her five children until she was widowed at the age of 40 and went back to school for social work.
Duster served as a juvenile delinquency prevention coordinator for the state of Illinois and the administrator of the girls' program for underprivileged city children at Camp Illini. She was also secretary to Democrat Charles Jenkins, a black member of the Illinois legislature. She was awarded "Mother of the Year" in 1950 and 1970; the Bootstrap Award from the Opportunity Centers of Chicago; Citation for Public Service from the University of Chicago Alumni Association; and honorary doctorate of humane letters from Chicago State University.
Duster edited and in 1970 published Ida B. Wells' autobiography, Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells, which she worked on for 25 years after her mother's death. For this book, Duster won the National Council of Negro Women Award for Literary Excellence and Outstanding Humanitarian Contributions.
The Alfreda Barnett Duster Apartments, public housing in Chicago, Illinois, are named after Duster.
Alfreda Duster died from a brain hemorrhage at the age of 78, on April 2, 1983.
Further reading
Schultz, Rima Lunin and Adele Hast, "Women Building Chicago 1790-1990: A Biographical Dictionary", Indiana University Press, 2001.
References
^ "Alfreda M. Duster". press.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
^ a b c d e f g "Black Women Oral History Project Interviews, 1976–1981: Biographies". Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America Research Guides. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
^ a b c d e f g h i Derr, Mary Krane. "Duster, Alfreda Barnett". African American National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
^ a b c "Alfreda Barnett Duster Apartments". Chicago Housing Authority. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
^ a b c "Obituaries: Rites for civic leader Alfreda Duster, 78". Chicago Tribune. April 4, 1984. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
^ Black, Patti Carr (February 2001). "Ida B. Wells: A Courageous Voice for Civil Rights". Mississippi History Now. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
^ "Alfreda Wells discusses her mother, Ida B. Wells-Barnett and her book 'Crusade for Justice'". The WFMT Studs Terkel Radio Archive. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
External links
Alfreda Duster Interview Transcript, 1976–1981, OH-31. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Black_Women_Oral_History_Project-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AANB_entry-3"},{"link_name":"Ida B. Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_B._Wells"}],"text":"Alfreda M. Duster[1] (née Barnett; September 3, 1904 – April 2, 1983) was an American social worker and civic leader in Chicago.[2][3] She is best known as the youngest daughter of civil rights activist Ida B. Wells and as the editor of her mother's posthumously published autobiography, Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells (1970).","title":"Alfreda Duster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHA-4"},{"link_name":"Ida B. Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_B._Wells"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand L. Barnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Lee_Barnett_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Black_Women_Oral_History_Project-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AANB_entry-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obituary-5"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Black_Women_Oral_History_Project-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AANB_entry-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obituary-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Black_Women_Oral_History_Project-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AANB_entry-3"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Black_Women_Oral_History_Project-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AANB_entry-3"},{"link_name":"Charles Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_J._Jenkins_(Illinois_politician)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AANB_entry-3"},{"link_name":"Chicago State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_State_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Black_Women_Oral_History_Project-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AANB_entry-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obituary-5"},{"link_name":"Ida B. Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_B._Wells"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Black_Women_Oral_History_Project-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHA-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miss_History-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Radio_Interview-7"},{"link_name":"National Council of Negro Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AANB_entry-3"},{"link_name":"Chicago, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHA-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AANB_entry-3"}],"text":"Alfreda Barnett was born in 1904, the youngest daughter[4] of civil rights activists Ida B. Wells and Ferdinand L. Barnett.[2][3][5] She graduated from the University of Chicago in 1924 with a bachelor of philosophy degree.[2][3][5] She married Benjamin C. Duster Jr., who was a clerk in her father's law firm, and worked as a homemaker and mother to her five children until she was widowed at the age of 40 and went back to school for social work.[2][3]Duster served as a juvenile delinquency prevention coordinator for the state of Illinois and the administrator of the girls' program for underprivileged city children at Camp Illini.[2][3] She was also secretary to Democrat Charles Jenkins, a black member of the Illinois legislature.[3] She was awarded \"Mother of the Year\" in 1950 and 1970; the Bootstrap Award from the Opportunity Centers of Chicago; Citation for Public Service from the University of Chicago Alumni Association; and honorary doctorate of humane letters from Chicago State University.[2][3][5]Duster edited and in 1970 published Ida B. Wells' autobiography, Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells, which she worked on for 25 years after her mother's death.[2][4][6][7] For this book, Duster won the National Council of Negro Women Award for Literary Excellence and Outstanding Humanitarian Contributions.[3]The Alfreda Barnett Duster Apartments, public housing in Chicago, Illinois, are named after Duster.[4]Alfreda Duster died from a brain hemorrhage at the age of 78, on April 2, 1983.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Women Building Chicago 1790-1990: A Biographical Dictionary\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books/about/Women_Building_Chicago_1790_1990.html?id=iz8qAAAAYAAJ&source=kp_book_description"}],"text":"Schultz, Rima Lunin and Adele Hast, \"Women Building Chicago 1790-1990: A Biographical Dictionary\", Indiana University Press, 2001.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadwicz_coat_of_arms
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Wadwicz coat of arms
|
["1 History","2 Blazon","3 Notable bearers","4 See also","5 References"]
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Polish coat of arms
WadwiczDetailsAlternative namesWadwicEarliest mention1404FamiliesAdamkiewicz, Adamkowicz, Ancewicz, Anglicki, Borejsza, Boski, Łodziata, Łojba, Matyaszewicz, Mężyk, Mondigird, Mondigirdowicz, Mondygiert, Mongird, Monkierski, Montygerd, Montygerdowicz, Montygierd, Nadarzyński, Naruszewicz, Okuszkowicz, Roska, Roski, Roszkiewicz, Stankiewicz, Stankowski, Stańkowski, Stańczyk, Wadwicz, Wandałowicz, Węcławowicz, Węcławski, Węsławowicz, Węsławski, Wirułowicz, Wołczek
Wadwicz is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
History
Wawdicz coat of arms in Baranow-Sandomierski castle
A knight called Wadwicz was dispatched twice in a delegation by King Boleslaw Krywousty or "Wrymouth," 1102-1138. While returning the second time this knight was plunged into the depths during a storm at sea, and he drowned. In reward for his services King Boleslaw bestowed this shield upon his successors.
Blazon
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2010)
Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:
Jan Mężyk z Dąbrowy
Pietrasz Montygerdowicz
Adam Naruszewicz
See also
Polish heraldry
Heraldry
Coat of arms
References
^ Alfred Znamierowski: Herbarz rodowy. Warszawa: Świat Książki, 2004, s. 174. ISBN 83-7391-166-9.
This Polish heraldry-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_heraldry"},{"link_name":"szlachta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlachta"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Wadwicz is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.[1]","title":"Wadwicz coat of arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herb_Wawdicz,_Baranow_Sandomierski.PNG"},{"link_name":"King Boleslaw Krywousty or \"Wrymouth,\" 1102-1138","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_III_Wrymouth"}],"text":"Wawdicz coat of arms in Baranow-Sandomierski castleA knight called Wadwicz was dispatched twice in a delegation by King Boleslaw Krywousty or \"Wrymouth,\" 1102-1138. While returning the second time this knight was plunged into the depths during a storm at sea, and he drowned. In reward for his services King Boleslaw bestowed this shield upon his successors.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Blazon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jan Mężyk z Dąbrowy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_M%C4%99%C5%BCyk_z_D%C4%85browy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pietrasz Montygerdowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pietrasz_Montygerdowicz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Adam Naruszewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Naruszewicz"}],"text":"Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:Jan Mężyk z Dąbrowy\nPietrasz Montygerdowicz\nAdam Naruszewicz","title":"Notable bearers"}]
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[{"image_text":"Wawdicz coat of arms in Baranow-Sandomierski castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Herb_Wawdicz%2C_Baranow_Sandomierski.PNG/150px-Herb_Wawdicz%2C_Baranow_Sandomierski.PNG"}]
|
[{"title":"Polish heraldry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_heraldry"},{"title":"Heraldry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldry"},{"title":"Coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wadwicz_coat_of_arms&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wadwicz_coat_of_arms&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_at_the_Summer_Olympics
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Ghana at the Olympics
|
["1 Medal tables","1.1 Medals by Summer Games","1.2 Medals by Winter Games","1.3 Medals by sport","2 List of medalists","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Sporting event delegationGhana at theOlympicsIOC codeGHANOCGhana Olympic CommitteeWebsiteghanaolympic.orgMedalsRanked 125th
Gold
0
Silver
1
Bronze
4
Total
5
Summer appearances1952195619601964196819721976–198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024Winter appearances2010201420182022
Ghana first participated at the Olympic Games in 1952, when it was known by the colonial name of Gold Coast. The nation has sent athletes to compete in most Summer Olympic Games since then, missing the 1956 Games, boycotting the 1976 Games in protest of the participation of New Zealand (who still had sporting links with apartheid South Africa), and joining the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics. Ghana participated in the Winter Olympic Games for the first time in Vancouver in 2010.
Ghanaian athletes have won a total of five Olympics medals, four (three bronze and one silver) in boxing, and a bronze medal by the under-23 Ghana national football team in 1992.
The National Olympic Committee for Ghana was created in 1951 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee the upcoming year.
Medal tables
See also: All-time Olympic Games medal table
Medals by Summer Games
Games
Athletes
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Rank
1952 Helsinki
7
0
0
0
0
–
1956 Melbourne
did not participate
1960 Rome
15
0
1
0
1
32
1964 Tokyo
42
0
0
1
1
35
1968 Mexico City
31
0
0
0
0
–
1972 Munich
35
0
0
1
1
43
1976 Montreal
did not participate
1980 Moscow
1984 Los Angeles
23
0
0
0
0
–
1988 Seoul
18
0
0
0
0
–
1992 Barcelona
37
0
0
1
1
54
1996 Atlanta
35
0
0
0
0
–
2000 Sydney
22
0
0
0
0
–
2004 Athens
29
0
0
0
0
–
2008 Beijing
9
0
0
0
0
–
2012 London
9
0
0
0
0
–
2016 Rio de Janeiro
14
0
0
0
0
–
2020 Tokyo
14
0
0
1
1
86
2024 Paris
future event
2028 Los Angeles
2032 Brisbane
Total
0
1
4
5
123
Medals by Winter Games
Games
Athletes
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Rank
2010 Vancouver
1
0
0
0
0
–
2014 Sochi
did not participate
2018 Pyeongchang
1
0
0
0
0
–
2022 Beijing
1
0
0
0
0
–
2026 Milan–Cortina
future event
Total
0
0
0
0
–
Medals by sport
SportGoldSilverBronzeTotal Boxing0134 Football0011Totals (2 entries)0145
List of medalists
Medal
Name
Games
Sport
Event
Silver
Clement Quartey
1960 Rome
Boxing
Men's light welterweight
Bronze
Eddie Blay
1964 Tokyo
Boxing
Men's light welterweight
Bronze
Prince Amartey
1972 Munich
Boxing
Men's middleweight
Bronze
Football team
Joachin Yaw AcheampongSimon AddoSammi AdjeiFrank AmankwahBernard AryeeIsaac AsareKwame AyewIbrahim DosseyMohammed GargoSamuel KumahNii LampteyYaw PrekoShamo Quaye
1992 Barcelona
Football
Men's competition
Bronze
Samuel Takyi
2020 Tokyo
Boxing
Men's featherweight
See also
List of flag bearers for Ghana at the Olympics
Category:Olympic competitors for Ghana
Ghana at the Paralympics
Tropical nations at the Winter Olympics
References
^ "Ghana's 'Snow Leopard' qualifies to ski in 2010 Winter Olympics". CBC News. Toronto, Canada. 12 March 2009. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
External links
"Ghana". International Olympic Committee.
"Ghana". Olympedia.com.
"Olympic Analytics/GHA". olympanalyt.com.
vte National sports teams of Ghana
Badminton
Baseball
Basketball
M
M-U18
W
Beach soccer
Cricket
M
W
Football
M
M-Local team
M-U23
M-U20
M-U17
W
W-U20
W-U17
Field hockey
M
W
Futsal
Handball
M
W
Rugby league
Rugby union
Tennis
Volleyball
Olympics
Paralympics
Commonwealth Games
vteNational Olympic Committees that have competed at the Olympic Games
Nations at the Summer Olympics
Nations at the Winter Olympics
tropical nations
Africa
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
DR Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Eswatini
Ethiopia
Gabon
The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Americas
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Aruba
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bermuda
Bolivia
Brazil
British Virgin Islands
Canada
Summer
Winter
Cayman Islands
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Puerto Rico
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Summer
Winter
Uruguay
Venezuela
Virgin Islands
Asia
Afghanistan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Chinese Taipei
East Timor
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Korea
North
South
Unified
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Palestine
Philippines
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
Europe
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Summer
Winter
Great Britain
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Kosovo
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
North Macedonia
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
Oceania
American Samoa
Australia
Winter
Cook Islands
Fiji
Guam
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia
Nauru
New Zealand
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Other
Independent Olympians
Refugee Olympic Team
Historical
Australasia
Bohemia
British West Indies
Republic of China
Czechoslovakia
Germany
East
West
United
Mixed teams
Netherlands Antilles
North Borneo
Rhodesia
Russia
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Unified Team
Olympic Athletes from Russia
Russian Olympic Committee
Saar
Serbia and Montenegro
Yemen
North
South
Yugoslavia
Olympic Games portal
|
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Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"–","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"2008 Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"–","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"2012 London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"–","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"2016 Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"–","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"2020 Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"2024 Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2028 Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2028_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2032 Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2032_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghana_at_the_Olympics&action=edit§ion=3"},{"link_name":"2010 Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"–","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"2014 Sochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2018 Pyeongchang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"–","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"2022 Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"–","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"2026 Milan–Cortina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"–","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table"}],"text":"See also: All-time Olympic Games medal tableMedals by Summer Games[edit]\n\n\n\nGames\n\nAthletes\n\nGold\n\nSilver\n\nBronze\n\nTotal\n\nRank\n\n\n1952 Helsinki\n7\n0\n0\n0\n0\n–\n\n\n1956 Melbourne\ndid not participate\n\n\n1960 Rome\n15\n0\n1\n0\n1\n32\n\n\n1964 Tokyo\n42\n0\n0\n1\n1\n35\n\n\n1968 Mexico City\n31\n0\n0\n0\n0\n–\n\n\n1972 Munich\n35\n0\n0\n1\n1\n43\n\n\n1976 Montreal\ndid not participate\n\n\n1980 Moscow\n\n\n1984 Los Angeles\n23\n0\n0\n0\n0\n–\n\n\n1988 Seoul\n18\n0\n0\n0\n0\n–\n\n\n1992 Barcelona\n37\n0\n0\n1\n1\n54\n\n\n1996 Atlanta\n35\n0\n0\n0\n0\n–\n\n\n2000 Sydney\n22\n0\n0\n0\n0\n–\n\n\n2004 Athens\n29\n0\n0\n0\n0\n–\n\n\n2008 Beijing\n9\n0\n0\n0\n0\n–\n\n\n2012 London\n9\n0\n0\n0\n0\n–\n\n\n2016 Rio de Janeiro\n14\n0\n0\n0\n0\n–\n\n\n2020 Tokyo\n14\n0\n0\n1\n1\n86\n\n\n2024 Paris\nfuture event\n\n\n2028 Los Angeles\n\n\n2032 Brisbane\n\n\nTotal\n0\n1\n4\n5\n123\n\n\n\nMedals by Winter Games[edit]\n\n\n\nGames\n\nAthletes\n\nGold\n\nSilver\n\nBronze\n\nTotal\n\nRank\n\n\n2010 Vancouver\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n–\n\n\n2014 Sochi\ndid not participate\n\n\n2018 Pyeongchang\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n–\n\n\n2022 Beijing\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n–\n\n\n2026 Milan–Cortina\nfuture event\n\n\nTotal\n0\n0\n0\n0\n–","title":"Medal tables"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Medals by sport","title":"Medal tables"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of medalists"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of flag bearers for Ghana at the Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flag_bearers_for_Ghana_at_the_Olympics"},{"title":"Category:Olympic competitors for Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Olympic_competitors_for_Ghana"},{"title":"Ghana at the Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_at_the_Paralympics"},{"title":"Tropical nations at the Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_nations_at_the_Winter_Olympics"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Ghana's 'Snow Leopard' qualifies to ski in 2010 Winter Olympics\". CBC News. Toronto, Canada. 12 March 2009. Retrieved 22 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/ghana-s-snow-leopard-qualifies-to-ski-in-2010-winter-olympics-1.813334","url_text":"\"Ghana's 'Snow Leopard' qualifies to ski in 2010 Winter Olympics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_News","url_text":"CBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Ghana\". International Olympic Committee.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olympic.org/ghana","url_text":"\"Ghana\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ghana\". Olympedia.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.olympedia.org/countries/GHA","url_text":"\"Ghana\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olympic Analytics/GHA\". olympanalyt.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://olympanalyt.com/OlympAnalytics.php?param_pagetype=MedalsByGames¶m_country=GHA","url_text":"\"Olympic Analytics/GHA\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://ghanaolympic.org/","external_links_name":"ghanaolympic.org"},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/ghana-s-snow-leopard-qualifies-to-ski-in-2010-winter-olympics-1.813334","external_links_name":"\"Ghana's 'Snow Leopard' qualifies to ski in 2010 Winter Olympics\""},{"Link":"https://www.olympic.org/ghana","external_links_name":"\"Ghana\""},{"Link":"http://www.olympedia.org/countries/GHA","external_links_name":"\"Ghana\""},{"Link":"http://olympanalyt.com/OlympAnalytics.php?param_pagetype=MedalsByGames¶m_country=GHA","external_links_name":"\"Olympic Analytics/GHA\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadogenes
|
Hadogenes
|
["1 Members","2 References"]
|
Genus of scorpions
Hadogenes
Hadogenes troglodytes in Soutpansberg, South Africa
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Subphylum:
Chelicerata
Class:
Arachnida
Order:
Scorpiones
Family:
Hormuridae
Genus:
HadogenesKraepelin, 1894
Diversity
18 species (see text)
Hadogenes is a genus of African scorpions (including the world's longest, Hadogenes troglodytes). This genus is distinguished by its members which have an unusually flat overall appearance that allows them to quickly get in and out of the cracks and cervices that are generally abundant in their rocky habitats. Occurring in South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Mozambique. Members of the genus also have special claws on their tarsus which allows them specialized maneuverability in their environments. The members of this genus have demonstrated an inability to travel across the sand and will perish in the heat when unable to find shelter for extended periods of time. The members of this genus are threatened by habitat loss due to mining as well and by poaching for the exotic pet trade.
Members
Hadogenes bicolor Purcell, 1899
Hadogenes gracilis Hewitt, 1909
Hadogenes granulatus Purcell, 1901
Hadogenes gunningi Purcell, 1899
Hadogenes hahni Peters, 1862
Hadogenes lawrencei Newlands, 1972
Hadogenes longimanus Prendini, 2001
Hadogenes minor Purcell, 1899
Hadogenes newlandsi Prendini, 2001
Hadogenes paucidens Pocock, 1896
Hadogenes phyllodes Thorell, 1876
Hadogenes polytrichobothrius Prendini, 2006
Hadogenes soutpansbergensis Prendini, 2006
Hadogenes tityrus Simon, 1888
Hadogenes trichiurus Gervais, 1843
Hadogenes troglodytes Peters, 1861
Hadogenes zuluanus Lawrence, 1937
Hadogenes zumpti Newlands & Cantrell, 1985
References
^ Jonathan Leeming (2003). "Southern African species". Scorpions of Southern Africa. Struik. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-86872-804-6.
^ "Hadogenes (flat rock scorpions)". www.biodiversityexplorer.info. Retrieved 2022-06-05.
^ Prendini, Lorenzo (1997). "Redescription of Hadogenes zumpti Newlands & Cantrell 1985: An unusual rock scorpion (Scorpiones, Ischnuridae) from the Richtersveld, South Africa". South African Journal of Zoology. 32 (3): 76–81. doi:10.1080/02541858.1997.11448434.
^ Prendini, L. 2005a. Scorpion diversity and distribution in southern Africa: pattern and process. In B.A. Huber, B.J. Sinclair, and K.H. Lampe (editors), African biodiversity: molecules, organisms, ecosystems: 25–68. New York: Springer.
Taxon identifiersHadogenes
Wikidata: Q3125569
Wikispecies: Hadogenes
BioLib: 132686
BOLD: 348855
CoL: 4SBM
EoL: 3195654
GBIF: 2123715
iNaturalist: 482443
IRMNG: 1340360
NCBI: 259464
uBio: 4184018
This scorpion-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"scorpions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpion"},{"link_name":"Hadogenes troglodytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadogenes_troglodytes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"tarsus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod_tarsus"},{"link_name":"exotic pet trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_trade"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Hadogenes is a genus of African scorpions (including the world's longest, Hadogenes troglodytes).[1] This genus is distinguished by its members which have an unusually flat overall appearance that allows them to quickly get in and out of the cracks and cervices that are generally abundant in their rocky habitats. Occurring in South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Mozambique. Members of the genus also have special claws on their tarsus which allows them specialized maneuverability in their environments. The members of this genus have demonstrated an inability to travel across the sand and will perish in the heat when unable to find shelter for extended periods of time. The members of this genus are threatened by habitat loss due to mining as well and by poaching for the exotic pet trade.[2]","title":"Hadogenes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hadogenes bicolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadogenes_bicolor"},{"link_name":"Hadogenes gracilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadogenes_gracilis"},{"link_name":"Hadogenes granulatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadogenes_granulatus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hadogenes gunningi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadogenes_gunningi"},{"link_name":"Hadogenes hahni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadogenes_hahni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hadogenes lawrencei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadogenes_lawrencei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hadogenes longimanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadogenes_longimanus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hadogenes minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadogenes_minor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hadogenes newlandsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadogenes_newlandsi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hadogenes paucidens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadogenes_paucidens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hadogenes phyllodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadogenes_phyllodes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hadogenes polytrichobothrius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadogenes_polytrichobothrius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hadogenes soutpansbergensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadogenes_soutpansbergensis"},{"link_name":"Hadogenes tityrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadogenes_tityrus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hadogenes trichiurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadogenes_trichiurus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hadogenes troglodytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadogenes_troglodytes"},{"link_name":"Hadogenes zuluanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadogenes_zuluanus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hadogenes zumpti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadogenes_zumpti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Hadogenes bicolor Purcell, 1899\nHadogenes gracilis Hewitt, 1909\nHadogenes granulatus Purcell, 1901\nHadogenes gunningi Purcell, 1899\nHadogenes hahni Peters, 1862\nHadogenes lawrencei Newlands, 1972\nHadogenes longimanus Prendini, 2001\nHadogenes minor Purcell, 1899\nHadogenes newlandsi Prendini, 2001\nHadogenes paucidens Pocock, 1896\nHadogenes phyllodes Thorell, 1876\nHadogenes polytrichobothrius Prendini, 2006\nHadogenes soutpansbergensis Prendini, 2006\nHadogenes tityrus Simon, 1888\nHadogenes trichiurus Gervais, 1843\nHadogenes troglodytes Peters, 1861\nHadogenes zuluanus Lawrence, 1937\nHadogenes zumpti Newlands & Cantrell, 1985[3][4]","title":"Members"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Jonathan Leeming (2003). \"Southern African species\". Scorpions of Southern Africa. Struik. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-86872-804-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86872-804-6","url_text":"978-1-86872-804-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Hadogenes (flat rock scorpions)\". www.biodiversityexplorer.info. Retrieved 2022-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biodiversityexplorer.info/arachnids/scorpions/liochelidae/hadogenes.htm","url_text":"\"Hadogenes (flat rock scorpions)\""}]},{"reference":"Prendini, Lorenzo (1997). \"Redescription of Hadogenes zumpti Newlands & Cantrell 1985: An unusual rock scorpion (Scorpiones, Ischnuridae) from the Richtersveld, South Africa\". South African Journal of Zoology. 32 (3): 76–81. doi:10.1080/02541858.1997.11448434.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02541858.1997.11448434","url_text":"\"Redescription of Hadogenes zumpti Newlands & Cantrell 1985: An unusual rock scorpion (Scorpiones, Ischnuridae) from the Richtersveld, South Africa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02541858.1997.11448434","url_text":"10.1080/02541858.1997.11448434"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.biodiversityexplorer.info/arachnids/scorpions/liochelidae/hadogenes.htm","external_links_name":"\"Hadogenes (flat rock scorpions)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02541858.1997.11448434","external_links_name":"\"Redescription of Hadogenes zumpti Newlands & Cantrell 1985: An unusual rock scorpion (Scorpiones, Ischnuridae) from the Richtersveld, South Africa\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02541858.1997.11448434","external_links_name":"10.1080/02541858.1997.11448434"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id132686","external_links_name":"132686"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=348855","external_links_name":"348855"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4SBM","external_links_name":"4SBM"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/3195654","external_links_name":"3195654"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2123715","external_links_name":"2123715"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/482443","external_links_name":"482443"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1340360","external_links_name":"1340360"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=259464","external_links_name":"259464"},{"Link":"http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=4184018","external_links_name":"4184018"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadogenes&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottobiano
|
Ottobiano
|
["1 Demographic evolution","2 Notable people","3 References"]
|
Coordinates: 45°9′N 8°50′E / 45.150°N 8.833°E / 45.150; 8.833Comune in Lombardy, ItalyOttobianoComuneComune di OttobianoLocation of Ottobiano
OttobianoLocation of Ottobiano in ItalyShow map of ItalyOttobianoOttobiano (Lombardy)Show map of LombardyCoordinates: 45°9′N 8°50′E / 45.150°N 8.833°E / 45.150; 8.833CountryItalyRegionLombardyProvinceProvince of Pavia (PV)Area • Total24.5 km2 (9.5 sq mi)Population (Dec. 2004) • Total1,168 • Density48/km2 (120/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code27030Dialing code0384
Ottobiano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 45 km (28 mi) southwest of Milan and about 25 km (16 mi) west of Pavia. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,168 and an area of 24.5 km2 (9.5 sq mi).
Ottobiano borders the following municipalities: Ferrera Erbognone, Lomello, San Giorgio di Lomellina, Tromello, Valeggio.
Demographic evolution
Notable people
Victorio Codovilla (1894–1970), communist politician
References
^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^ All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute Istat.
vteLombardy · Comuni of the Province of Pavia
Alagna
Albonese
Albuzzano
Arena Po
Badia Pavese
Bagnaria
Barbianello
Bascapè
Bastida Pancarana
Battuda
Belgioioso
Bereguardo
Borgarello
Borgo Priolo
Borgo San Siro
Borgoratto Mormorolo
Bornasco
Bosnasco
Brallo di Pregola
Breme
Bressana Bottarone
Broni
Calvignano
Campospinoso Albaredo
Candia Lomellina
Canneto Pavese
Carbonara al Ticino
Casanova Lonati
Casatisma
Casei Gerola
Casorate Primo
Cassolnovo
Castana
Casteggio
Castelletto di Branduzzo
Castello d'Agogna
Castelnovetto
Cava Manara
Cecima
Ceranova
Ceretto Lomellina
Cergnago
Certosa di Pavia
Cervesina
Chignolo Po
Cigognola
Cilavegna
Codevilla
Colli Verdi
Confienza
Copiano
Corana
Cornale e Bastida
Corteolona e Genzone
Corvino San Quirico
Costa de' Nobili
Cozzo
Cura Carpignano
Dorno
Ferrera Erbognone
Filighera
Fortunago
Frascarolo
Galliavola
Gambarana
Gambolò
Garlasco
Gerenzago
Giussago
Godiasco
Golferenzo
Gravellona Lomellina
Gropello Cairoli
Inverno e Monteleone
Landriano
Langosco
Lardirago
Linarolo
Lirio
Lomello
Lungavilla
Magherno
Marcignago
Marzano
Mede
Menconico
Mezzana Bigli
Mezzana Rabattone
Mezzanino
Miradolo Terme
Montalto Pavese
Montebello della Battaglia
Montecalvo Versiggia
Montescano
Montesegale
Monticelli Pavese
Montù Beccaria
Mornico Losana
Mortara
Nicorvo
Olevano di Lomellina
Oliva Gessi
Ottobiano
Palestro
Pancarana
Parona
Pavia
Pietra de' Giorgi
Pieve Albignola
Pieve Porto Morone
Pieve del Cairo
Pinarolo Po
Pizzale
Ponte Nizza
Portalbera
Rea
Redavalle
Retorbido
Rivanazzano Terme
Robbio
Robecco Pavese
Rocca Susella
Rocca de' Giorgi
Rognano
Romagnese
Roncaro
Rosasco
Rovescala
San Cipriano Po
San Damiano al Colle
San Genesio ed Uniti
San Giorgio di Lomellina
San Martino Siccomario
San Zenone al Po
Sannazzaro de' Burgondi
Sant'Alessio con Vialone
Sant'Angelo Lomellina
Santa Cristina e Bissone
Santa Giuletta
Santa Margherita di Staffora
Santa Maria della Versa
Sartirana Lomellina
Scaldasole
Semiana
Silvano Pietra
Siziano
Sommo
Spessa
Stradella
Suardi
Torrazza Coste
Torre Beretti e Castellaro
Torre d'Arese
Torre d'Isola
Torre de' Negri
Torrevecchia Pia
Torricella Verzate
Travacò Siccomario
Trivolzio
Tromello
Trovo
Val di Nizza
Valeggio
Valle Lomellina
Valle Salimbene
Varzi
Velezzo Lomellina
Vellezzo Bellini
Verretto
Verrua Po
Vidigulfo
Vigevano
Villa Biscossi
Villanova d'Ardenghi
Villanterio
Vistarino
Voghera
Volpara
Zavattarello
Zeccone
Zeme
Zenevredo
Zerbo
Zerbolò
Zinasco
This article on a location in the Province of Pavia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Province of Pavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Pavia"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Pavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-istat-3"},{"link_name":"Ferrera Erbognone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrera_Erbognone"},{"link_name":"Lomello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomello"},{"link_name":"San Giorgio di Lomellina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Giorgio_di_Lomellina"},{"link_name":"Tromello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tromello"},{"link_name":"Valeggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeggio,_Lombardy"}],"text":"Comune in Lombardy, ItalyOttobiano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 45 km (28 mi) southwest of Milan and about 25 km (16 mi) west of Pavia. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,168 and an area of 24.5 km2 (9.5 sq mi).[3]Ottobiano borders the following municipalities: Ferrera Erbognone, Lomello, San Giorgio di Lomellina, Tromello, Valeggio.","title":"Ottobiano"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographic evolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victorio Codovilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorio_Codovilla"}],"text":"Victorio Codovilla (1894–1970), communist politician","title":"Notable people"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craft_beers
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Craft beer
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["1 Producer definitions","1.1 Microbrewery","1.2 Nanobrewery","1.3 Craft brewery","1.4 Farm brewery","1.5 Brewpub","2 Developments in the 21st century","2.1 Marketing strategy","2.2 Canned beer","2.3 Barrel-aged beer","2.4 Non-alcoholic craft beers","3 Craft beer in Asia","3.1 Cambodia","3.2 China","3.3 India","3.4 Japan","3.5 Sri Lanka","3.6 Taiwan","3.7 Thailand","3.8 Vietnam","4 Craft beer in Europe","4.1 Czech Republic","4.2 Denmark","4.3 Estonia","4.4 Finland","4.5 France","4.6 Germany","4.7 Ireland","4.8 Italy","4.9 Norway","4.10 Russia","4.11 Spain","4.12 Sweden","4.13 United Kingdom","5 Craft beer in the Middle East","5.1 Jordan","5.2 Turkey","6 Craft beer in North America","6.1 Canada","6.2 Mexico","6.3 United States","7 Craft beer in Oceania","7.1 Australia","7.2 New Zealand","8 See also","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"]
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Brewery that produces small amounts of beer
Bergenhus microbrewery, Bergen, Norway
Craft brewing at Allagash in Portland, Maine
Craft beer is a beer that has been made by craft breweries, which typically produce smaller amounts of beer, than larger "macro" breweries, and are often independently owned. Such breweries are generally perceived and marketed as emphasising enthusiasm, new flavours, and varied brewing techniques.
The microbrewery movement began in both the United States and United Kingdom in the 1970s, although traditional artisanal brewing existed in Europe for centuries and subsequently spread to other countries. As the movement grew, and some breweries expanded their production and distribution, the more encompassing concept of craft brewing emerged. A brewpub is a pub that brews its own beer for sale on the premises.
Producer definitions
Microbrewery
Although the term "microbrewery" was originally used in relation to the size of breweries, it gradually came to reflect an alternative attitude and approach to brewing flexibility, adaptability, experimentation and customer service. The term and trend spread from the UK to the US in the 1980s, and was eventually used as a designation for breweries that produce fewer than 15,000 U.S. beer barrels (1,800,000 liters; 460,000 U.S. gallons) annually. In 1995, there were 205 microbreweries nationwide. In 2000, that number more than doubled to 420 microbreweries.
Nanobrewery
A growler of beer from Flounder Brewing, a nanobrewery in New Jersey, US
The website The Food Section defines a "nanobrewery" as, "a scaled-down microbrewery, often run by a solo entrepreneur, that produces beer in small batches." Nanobrewers often work out of garages or small industrial spaces. Small batches are then sold to local bars or directly to customers. The U.S. Department of the Treasury defines nanobreweries as "very small brewery operations" that produce beer for sale. These small operations still must meet state and federal licensing requirements. In 2013, there were more than 200 "nanos" in the United States. With lower startup costs than a craft brewery, nanobreweries have become popular among home brewers looking to expand and practice their beer brewing skills.
Craft brewery
"Craft brewing" is a more encompassing term for developments in the industry succeeding the microbrewing movement of the late 20th century. The definition is not entirely consistent but typically applies to relatively small, independently owned commercial breweries that employ traditional brewing methods and emphasize flavor and quality. The term is usually reserved for breweries established since the 1970s but may be used for older breweries with a similar focus. A United States trade group, the Brewers Association, interested in brand transparency, offers a definition of craft breweries as "small, independent and traditional". The craft brewing process takes time and can be considered an art by the brewmasters. In the United Kingdom, the Assured Independent British Craft Brewer initiative is run by the Society of Independent Brewers (SIBA), who ensure that any breweries using the Independent Craft Brewer logo are relatively small, independent and brewing quality beer.
Farm brewery
The term "farm brewery" or "farmhouse brewery" has been around for centuries. Several beer styles are considered "farmhouse," originally stemming from farmers brewing low ABV beer as an incentive for field workers. Farm breweries were not large scale; they had smaller, more unique, methods of brewing and fermenting in comparison to the larger breweries of the time. This had different effects on the overall product, creating unconventional beer flavors.
The term "farm brewery" has more recently found its way into several local and state laws in order to give farm breweries certain, often agriculturally related, privileges not normally found under standard brewery laws. These privileges usually come at a price: some portion of the ingredients (such as grains, hops, or fruit) used in the beer must be grown on the given licensed farm brewery.
Brewpub
It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Brewpub. (Discuss) (February 2023)
Smoked beer from the Schlenkerla brewpub in Bamberg, Germany
Brewpub is an abbreviated term combining the ideas of a brewery and a pub or public-house. A brewpub can be a pub or restaurant that brews beer on the premises. In the United States a brewpub is defined as selling 25 percent or more of its beer on-site and operating significant food services. A taproom brewery is a professional brewery that sells 25 percent or more of its beer on-site and does not operate significant food services. The beer is brewed primarily for sale in the taproom, and is often dispensed directly from the brewery's storage tanks.
In the European Union, brewpubs in some countries are favoured by a system of progressive beer duty, which originated in Bavaria. In the United Kingdom brewpubs brewing up to 5,000 hectolitres a year (about 880,000 pints) pay just half of ordinary beer duty rates.
Developments in the 21st century
Marketing strategy
Craft beer has adopted a marketing strategy that differs from those of the large, mass-market breweries, offering products that compete on the basis of quality and diversity instead of low price and advertising. Their influence has been much greater than their market share, which amounts to only 2% in the UK, indicated by the introduction by large commercial breweries of new brands for the craft beer market. However, when the strategy failed, the corporate breweries invested in microbreweries or, in many cases, acquired them outright.
Canned beer
A can of Juicy Ass IPA from Flying Monkeys Craft Brewery in Barrie, Ontario, Canada
The American Can Company developed the first beer can in 1933 after years of researching how to create a can that would hold a pressurized carbonated beverage. They also created a special coating on the inside of a can to prevent a metallic taste from affecting the beer. The first can of beer was sold on January 24, 1935, when the American Can Company partnered with New Jersey-based Gottfried Krueger Brewing Company, delivering two thousand cans of Krueger's Finest Beer and Krueger's Cream Ale to people in Richmond, Virginia. By the end of the year, 37 breweries were canning their beer.
In the United Kingdom, the Felinfoel Brewery sold the first canned beer in Europe in January 1936.
In 1962, a brewing company in Pittsburg introduced the first self-opening can, which later became a pull ring tab, eliminating the need for a separate opening device.
The use of cans by craft brewers doubled between 2012 and 2014, with over 500 companies in the United States using cans to package their beverages. Previously associated with the major brewing corporations, cans are now favored by craft brewers for numerous reasons: cans are impervious to oxygen, beer-degrading light does not affect canned beer, canned beer is more portable since less room is required for storage or transportation, canned beer cools more quickly, and cans have a greater surface area for wraparound designs and decorations.
The perception that bottles lead to a taste that is superior to canned beer has been called "just kind of dated," as most aluminum cans are lined with a polymer coating that protects the beer from the problematic metal. However, since drinking directly from a can may still result in a metallic taste, most craft brewers recommend pouring beer into a glass prior to consumption. In June 2014, the BA estimated 3% of craft beer is sold in cans, 60% is sold in bottles, and kegs represent the remainder of the market.
Between 2015 and 2020, the proportion of craft beer packaged in cans in the UK increased nearly tenfold to 4.9 percent.
Barrel-aged beer
A beer sommelier tapping a barrel for a taste at Nebraska Brewing Company
Main article: Barrel-aged beer
Goose Island first produced its Bourbon County Stout in 1992, but it was not regularly available until 2005. Other breweries began following Goose Island's lead, typically aging rich imperial stouts such as Founders KBS and The Bruery's Black Tuesday. In 2018, Food and Drink wrote: "A process that was once niche has become not just mainstream, but ubiquitous." Barrel-aged sour beers are a newer trend, inspired by the Belgian tradition of lambics and Flanders red ale.
Non-alcoholic craft beers
The market for non-alcoholic beer and wine in North America is predicted to quadruple from a base of about $20 million in 2018. Brooklyn Brewery are among the early craft breweries prepared to release a non-alcoholic craft beer, with their "Special Effects." Examples in Europe include Mikkeller's "Drink'in The Sun" and Nirvana's gluten-free "Kosmic Stout".
Craft beer in Asia
Cambodia
Cambodia's first microbrewery, Kingdom Breweries, opened in 2009 and brews dark, pilsener, and lager beers.
China
Great Leap Brewing operates a chain of brewpubs in China
China, the world's largest beer consumer as of July 2013, is home to a growing craft beer market, with brands such as Slowboat Brewery, Jing-A Brewery, and Boxing Cat Brewery. By July 2013, the number of brewpubs in Shanghai, China had doubled since 2010. General beer consumption reached 50 million L (13 million US gal) in early 2013 and an increasing interest in craft beers developed accordingly. The Great Leap Brewing Company is one example of numerous microbreweries that have been recently established, with a localization strategy leading to the use of traditional Chinese ingredients and spices in the Beijing brand's beer production process. China's largest brewpub is located in Suzhou and is managed by the Taiwanese brewing company Le Ble D'or, while craft beer consumers are both ex-pats and native Chinese.
India
India's first microbrewery, Doolally, was opened in Pune in 2009. In 2019, Bangalore had over 60 microbreweries.
Japan
Main article: Beer in Japan
Dogo Beer from Minakuchi-shuzō microbrewery in Matsuyama, Japan
An early boom in small regional microbreweries followed Japan's 1994 revision of tax laws allowing the establishment of smaller breweries producing 60,000 litres (13,000 imp gal; 16,000 US gal) per year. Before this change, breweries could not get a license without producing at least 2,000,000 litres (440,000 imp gal; 530,000 US gal) per year. Beer produced by microbreweries in the early 1990s was commonly referred to as Ji Bīru (地ビール), or "local beer." In the late 2000s, more established microbreweries in Japan chose to emphasize the term Craft Beer (クラフトビア) to mark a break with the short-lived Ji Bīru boom and to emphasize the traditional brewing skills and reverence for ingredients that characterize their products.
Sri Lanka
In Sri Lanka, over-strict laws made it almost impossible for any craft beer to be brewed. On the remote East Coast, however, "Arugam Bay Surfer's Beer" managed to maintain a small, but popular brewpub. Established in 1977, the Siam View Hotel escaped regulations due to the long civil war and its remoteness. For two years running, the Daily Telegraph "Best of British" awarded the Siam View Hotel the "Best Pub in Sri Lanka" medal.
Taiwan
A yard of ale at Jolly Brewery, Taiwan
In Taiwan, where a single beer company dominates the market, the craft beer market has grown with brewers such as Redpoint Brewing Company gaining increasing market exposure through local bars and restaurants. This market trend has been accompanied by craft beer festivals where expat and Taiwanese brewers showcase their beer.
Thailand
Following the introduction of American microbrews in 2012, the popularity of craft beer bars in Thailand—primarily Bangkok—increased fairly rapidly and in January 2014, the fourth global location of Danish microbrewery Mikkeller was launched in Bangkok. The brand partnered with an already established beer distribution company and seeks to capitalize on the higher earning capacity of Thai people in the second decade of the 21st century, as well as tourists. At the opening, one of the owners explained: "... and we thought it was about time to elevate the level of craft beer available in Thailand and, hopefully, expand throughout Southeast Asia." A total of 30 beers are served at the venue, including two microbrews exclusive to Thailand.
Vietnam
Pasteur Street Brewing, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Vietnam is the largest producer of craft beer in Southeast Asia, with microbreweries producing 31,000 hectolitres in 2018.
With a beer culture that emerged during French colonisation and further influenced by Vietnamese students returning from overseas studies, as of 2018, there were 31 microbreweries in Vietnam. Established microbreweries include Heart of Darkness Craft Brewery, BiaCraft, Platinum Beers, Fuzzy Logic and Pasteur Street Brewing Company.
Craft beer in Europe
Czech Republic
Main article: Beer in the Czech Republic
There has been a boom of craft beer breweries. Despite strong tradition of drinking Czech beer there is a growing craft beer scene in the Czech Republic focused on non-traditional beer styles. Notable breweries include Matuška, Clock and Zichovec. What makes Czech craft beer unique is the common use of decoction instead of just infusion even for top fermented beers.
Denmark
Main article: Beer in Denmark
In Denmark microbreweries have occurred throughout the country in increasing numbers. Small microbreweries often relate to restaurants and pubs, but local microbrewed craft beers are also sold in stores.
Estonia
Main article: Beer in Estonia
Põhjala Brewery, Estonia
Estonia has a tradition of home-brewed farm beers which are often flavoured with juniper. Craft beer came late to Estonia, but that began to change in 2012 when Mikkeller brewed a custom beer for the Estonian market, called Baltic Frontier. Then one local brewer in particular, Põhjala, led the way for other Estonian microbrewers such as Lehe, Koeru and Õllenaut. By 2017 there were nearly 30 microbreweries on the Estonian market, in a country with a population of only 1.2 million. Since 2015 Põhjala Brewery has organised an annual craft beer festival called "Tallinn Craft Beer Weekend".
Finland
Main article: Beer in Finland
The legislation in Finland allows craft breweries to sell their products directly to consumers.
France
Main article: Beer in France
A selection of French craft beers
France may be more commonly associated with wine, but its craft beer scene is also popular, ranging from classic farmhouse ales to experimental styles infused with local ingredients like lavender or foie gras.
Today, there are hundreds of craft breweries across France. Many draw inspiration from traditional European styles like Belgian saisons and German pilsners, while others experiment with unique ingredients like chestnuts or wildflowers.
Germany
Main article: Beer in Germany
Zoigl beers from the communal brewhouses of Oberpfalz in Germany
Some microbreweries, such as those in Germany, have been brewing traditionally for hundreds of years. In Germany, there were 901 small breweries in 2010. The Federal Statistical Office defines a small brewery as a brewery with a production of less than 5,000 hectoliters (132,086 US gallons) beer p.a. Small breweries pay a reduced beer tax.
The total market share of the small breweries is less than 1%. 638 of them have a production even less than 1,000 hl (26,417.2 US gal.) p.a. and can be considered as microbreweries in a narrow sense. The figures apply to commercial breweries only and do not include hobby brewing.
About one third of the small breweries have a tradition going back up to 500 years, most of them in Franconia. About two thirds were founded in the last 25 years. The vast majority of small breweries operate in combination with a brewpub.
Whereas in other countries, microbreweries and brewpubs have risen in reaction to the mass production and marketing of beer, in Germany, the traditional brewpub or Brauhaus remains a major source of beer. This is mainly true for the South of Germany, especially the state of Bavaria. Upper Franconia, a district in the Region Franconia in the north of Bavaria, has the highest density of breweries in the world. Upper Franconia has about one million inhabitants and about 200 breweries. Many of them are microbreweries or brewpubs.
Ireland
Main article: Beer in Ireland
Irish Craft Beer Festival, 2015
Ireland has a long history of brewing and in the past two decades, there has been a resurgence in craft breweries. Although the Irish market remains dominated by three multinational brewing concerns (Diageo, Heineken and C&C), there have been four so-called waves of growth in the Irish craft beer market. The number of microbreweries in Ireland had risen from 15 in 2012 to over 72 by 2017. Macro breweries have pursued a policy of forcing craft taps out of pubs, through the use of incentives such as free or discounted kegs offered to publicans to replace craft brewery taps with their own.
Italy
Main article: Beer in Italy
In recent years, many microbreweries have opened in Italy, due to increasing beer popularity among young people. According to Coldiretti, microbreweries have grown in ten years by 1900%. There are more than 900 microbreweries active in Italy.
Norway
Main article: Beer in Norway
Robohop, a session IPA from Cervisiam in Oslo, Norway
After Oslo Microbrewery was established in 1989, the number of microbreweries in Norway has expanded rapidly and sharply in the recent decades. Interest and expertise among Norwegians about craft brewed beer has risen sharply in a short time, and the old brewery traditions of this country are revived and the traditional brewing yeast kveik rediscovered. However, most craft beers are brewed by imported recipes. Local microbreweries are scattered across Norway, from Lindesnes in the very south, and to the northernmost microbrewery in the world, Svalbard Bryggeri at Svalbard.
Russia
Craft brewing gained popularity in Russia in the mid-2010s. Local craft brews typically sell for between 200 and 300 roubles ($3–4) a pint. At least two dozen craft bars have opened in Moscow since the summer of 2014, serving Russian and foreign microbrews. As of 2021 there are about 250 independent craft breweries in Russia, but the share of craft beer in sales was only 1.5%.
Spain
Castaña, a smoked beer with chestnuts from Cerex in Extremadura, Spain
In Spain in 2011, the newspaper El País reported a "revolution is occurring in craft beer" (cervezas artesanales) and more recently that by 2013 the trend had extended to the autonomous communities of Catalonia, Valencia, Basque Country, Navarre and Madrid.
Sweden
Main article: Beer in Sweden
In Sweden, microbreweries have existed since around 1995. Today, the market is flourishing with many of the nation's regions and cities having their own breweries, such as Gotlands Bryggeri, Jämtlands Bryggeri, Helsingborgs Bryggeri and Wermlands Brygghus. Stefan Persson, the CEO of Swedish clothing chain H&M, has his own microbrewery on his estate in England.
United Kingdom
Main articles: Beer in England, Beer in Wales, Beer in Scotland, and Beer in Northern Ireland
Bill Urquhart at Litchborough Brewery
The term "microbrewery" originated in the UK in the late 1970s to describe the new generation of small breweries that focused on producing traditional cask ale independently of major brewers or pub chains. In 1972, Martin Sykes established Selby Brewery as the first new independent brewing company for 50 years. "I foresaw the revival in real ale, and got in early", he said. Another early example was the Litchborough Brewery founded by Bill Urquhart in 1974. Alongside commercial brewing, training courses and apprenticeships were offered by Litchborough, with many of the UK movement's early pioneers passing through its courses prior to setting up their own breweries.
Before the development of large commercial breweries in the UK, beer would have been brewed on the premises from which it was sold. Alewives would put out a sign—a hop pole or ale-wand—to show when their beer was ready. The medieval authorities were more interested in ensuring adequate quality and strength of the beer than discouraging drinking. Gradually men became involved in brewing and organized themselves into guilds such as the Brewers Guild in London of 1342 and the Edinburgh Society of Brewers in 1598; as brewing became more organized and reliable many inns and taverns ceased brewing for themselves and bought beer from these early commercial breweries.
Casks of real ale from British microbreweries at a beer festival
However, there were some brewpubs which continued to brew their own beer, such as the Blue Anchor in Helston, Cornwall, which was established in 1400 and is regarded as the oldest brewpub in the UK. In the UK during the 20th century, most of the traditional pubs which brewed their own beer in the brewhouse round the back of the pub, were bought out by larger breweries and ceased brewing on the premises. By the mid-1970s, only four remained: All Nations (Madeley, Shropshire), The Old Swan (Netherton, West Midlands), the Three Tuns (Bishop's Castle, Shropshire) and the Blue Anchor pub (Helston, Cornwall).
The trend toward larger brewing companies started to change during the 1970s, when the popularity of the Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA)'s campaign for traditional brewing methods, and the success of Michael Jackson's World Guide to Beer encouraged brewers in the UK, such as Peter Austin, to form their own small breweries or brewpubs. In 1979, a chain of UK brewpubs, known as the "Firkin" pubs, started, running to over one hundred at the chain's peak; however, the chain was sold and eventually its pubs ceased brewing their own beer.
Some British brewpubs specialize in ale, while others brew continental lagers and wheat beers. The Ministry of Ales, Burnley; The Masons Arms in Headington, Oxford; The Brunswick Inn, Derby (in 2010, half of the beers sold by the establishment were brewed on-site); The Watermill pub, Ings Cumbria; and the Old Cannon Brewery, Bury St Edmunds are some examples of small independent brewpubs in the UK.
The city of Bristol was identified by The Guardian in May 2014 as an area where the microbrewery industry had flourished. Ten brewpubs, such as Zerodegrees, The Tobacco Factory, Copper Jacks Crafthouse and The Urban Standard, were identified as thriving Bristol craft beer establishments.
The East End of London has also been a place for speciality craft beers and unique independent pubs and breweries. Again The Guardian has a list of Craft Beer pubs in East London with local East End tour companies also showing the distinct food and craft beer pubs to London visitors with Craft Beer Tours.
In the UK there are no firm criteria for what defines a "craft beer". In 2019 CAMRA allowed craft keg beers to be sold at its Great British Beer Festival for the first time. Festival organiser Catherine Tonry said: "People coming to the festival love beer in all forms and types of dispense."
Craft beer in the Middle East
Jordan
Main article: Beer in Jordan
Jordan has several companies producing beer, the oldest being the Jordan Brewery Company, which built the first Amstel beer factory outside the Netherlands in 1958 in Zarqa, and which also produces Petra, the oldest local brew of Jordan. Jordan's first microbrewery, Carakale Brewery, was established in 2010 in Fuheis.
Turkey
Main article: Beer in Turkey
In Turkey, craft beers became popular in present-day; Gara Guzu, Feliz Kulpa, Antiochs, Pablo and Graf are some Turkish craft beer brands.
Craft beer in North America
Canada
Main article: Beer in Canada
Steamworks Brewing, Vancouver
By the early 1980s, 97% of Canadian beer was produced by Labatt and Molson. The first microbrewery was the short-lived Horseshoe Bay Brewery, which was opened in 1981 by Frank Appleton and John Mitchell next to the Troller Pub in North Vancouver. It closed after a year, but Mitchell and Appleton, along with Paul Hadfield, opened the Spinnaker Brewpub in Victoria in 1984. A number of other microbreweries subsequently opened between 1984 and 1987, including Granville Island (Vancouver), Big Rock (Calgary), Brick (Waterloo, Ontario), Upper Canada (Toronto), and Wellington County (Guelph, Ontario).
Over the next twenty years there was steady if not spectacular growth, and by 2006 there were 88 small breweries across Canada, most of them in British Columbia, Québec and Ontario. In the second decade of the century, breweries began to appear in every province at an exponential rate, and by 2018, there were over 700 breweries across Canada producing more than 20 million hectolitres. Several provinces have associations representing craft brewers, including the Ontario Craft Brewers (OCB), and the BC Craft Brewers Guild.
Since it is a provincial, not a federal, responsibility to regulate the sale of alcohol, the exact definition of small brewery, microbrewery, macrobrewery and nanobrewery, which is defined by the number of hectolitres produced, varies from province to province.
Several of the more successful microbreweries have been bought by MolsonCoors, AB InBev, and Sapporo, including Granville Island (Vancouver), Mill Street (Toronto), and Creemore Springs (Creemore, Ontario); although the new owners often claim that these operations are still craft breweries, their membership in the relevant provincial craft brewers' association is immediately terminated due to rules requiring independent ownership.
Mexico
Mexican craft beer from Tequixquiac in Zumpango Region
In the 1990s craft beer began being produced and consumed in central Mexico, with the trend spreading throughout the country. The main producers are in Baja California, Jalisco and Mexico City. Most beer produced is exported to the United States, and the development of the craft beer industry was not aided by the presence of two large beer consortia in the country. In 2009, craft beer accounted for only 0.05% of total production. The National Association of Craft Beer Producers (Asociación Nacional de Creadores de Cerveza Artesanal) was established to support and promote the industry in Mexico.
United States
Main article: Beer in the United States
In the US, the craft beer movement was revived in 1965—subsequent to an earlier American era—when Fritz Maytag acquired the Anchor Brewing Company in San Francisco, thereby saving it from closure. American craft beer drinkers tend to have higher average incomes and demographically skew white, male, and generation X; however trends show an increasingly racially and ethnically diverse, female, and millennial demographic profile.
In a June 2014 interview, the owner of an Oregon-based microbrewery explained: "You've got to do more than just make great beer. It's really about innovation, creativity—stepping outside the box of traditional beer marketing", while an employee explained that "heart and soul" is the essence of the operation.
The turnaround of the Anchor Brewing Company in 1965, after it was acquired by Maytag, is considered a turning point for American beer, due to the revival of craft beer in the US, where microbrewing boomed after then-president Jimmy Carter de-regulated the beer market in 1979. During the same period, others turned to homebrewing and eventually a few of these brewers started to produce on a slightly larger scale. For inspiration, they turned to the centuries-old tradition of artisan beer and cask ale production that was continuing in the UK, Germany and Belgium.
The New Albion Brewing Company was founded in 1976 and served as a blueprint for American brewers to build small-scale commercial breweries. The popularity of these products was such that the trend quickly spread and a large number of small breweries were founded, often attached to a bar (known as a "brewpub") where the product could be sold directly. As microbreweries proliferated, some became more than microbreweries, necessitating the creation of the broader category of craft beer.
Microbreweries, regional breweries, and brew pubs per capita
American microbreweries typically distribute through a wholesaler in a traditional three-tier system, others act as their own distributor (wholesaler) and sell to retailers or directly to the consumer through a tap room, attached restaurant, or off-premises sales. Because alcohol control is left up to the states, there are many state-to-state differences in the laws. Following the federal US government shutdown on October 1, 2013, craft beer producers were forced into an activity lull due to the closure of the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB), an arm of the Treasury Department. The TTB is responsible for granting approval for new breweries, recipes, and labels. Interest spread to the US, and in 1982, Grant's Brewery Pub in Yakima, Washington was opened, reviving the US "brewery taverns" of well-known early Americans as William Penn, Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry. Growth was initially slow—the fifth US brewpub (BridgePort Brewing Company in Portland, Oregon) opened in 1984, and Dock Street Brewing Company was founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1985 by Rosemarie Certo and Jeffrey Ware, and continues to operate today with multiple locations in Philadelphia, then Triple Rock in 1986, but the growth since then has been considerable: the Brewers Association reports that in 2012 there were 2,075 regional craft breweries, microbreweries and brewpubs in the US
Craft brewing is most established in the US, where changes to US law laid the foundations for the expansion of craft brewing. The 1978 Carter homebrewing law allowed for small amounts of beer and wine, and, in 1979, Carter signed a bill to deregulate the brewing industry, making it easier to start new breweries, although states could still enact local restrictions. As a result of deregulation, homebrewing became a popular hobby in the 1980s and 1990s, and, in the mid-1990s, homebrewers launched business ventures based on home-based hobby brewing.
D. G. Yuengling & Son is the oldest operating brewing company in the US, established in 1829. It is also the largest craft brewer, and the 6th largest brewing company overall.
In 1979, 89 breweries existed in the US—the Brewers Association reports that in March 2013 a total of 2,416 US breweries were in operation, with 2,360 considered craft breweries (98 percent—1,124 brewpubs, 1,139 microbreweries, and 97 regional craft breweries). By 2015, the number of US craft breweries had grown to over 4,000. Additionally, craft brewers sold more than 15,600,000 US beer barrels (1.83×109 L; 480,000,000 US gal) of beer, which represented approximately 7.8% of the US market by volume. In 2007 the largest American craft brewery was the Boston Beer Company, makers of Samuel Adams. The West Coast has the most craft breweries and the Deep South has the fewest.
The Brewers Association defines American craft brewers as "small, independent and traditional": "small" is defined as an "annual production of 6 million barrels of beer or less"; "independent" is defined as at least 75% owned or controlled by a craft brewer; and "traditional" is defined as brewing in which at least 50% of the beer's volume consists of "traditional or innovative" ingredients. This definition includes older microbreweries, which traditionally produce small quantities of beer, as well as other breweries of various sizes and specialties.
The Brewers Association defines four markets within American craft brewing: microbreweries, with an annual production less than 15,000 US beer barrels (1,800,000 L; 460,000 US gal); brewpubs, which sell 25% or more of their beer on site; regional craft breweries, which make between 15,000 US beer barrels (1,800,000 L; 460,000 US gal) and 6,000,000 US beer barrels (700,000,000 L; 190,000,000 US gal), of which at least 50% is all malt or contains adjuncts that are used only to enhance flavor; and contract brewing companies, which hire other breweries to make their beer.
In March 2014, the Brewer's Association (B.A.) updated the definition of craft beer to remove any references to the use of adjuncts in the brewing process. The change allows long-established breweries, such as Yuengling, to be defined as craft beer. The B.A. statement read:
The idea that brewers who had been in business for generations didn't qualify as "traditional" simply did not cohere for many members. Brewers have long brewed with what has been available to them. (Since the Brewers Association doesn't define craft beer—that idea remains up to the beer drinker—the definition doesn't differentiate on what type of beer craft brewers brew, as long as the majority of what they make is beer.) The revised definition also provides room for the innovative capabilities of craft brewers to develop new beer styles and be creative within existing beer styles. The revised definition removes the subjective assessment by Brewers Association staff of whether adjuncts "enhance" or "lighten" flavor in a particular beer.
The B.A. decision also included an updated mission statement and market share goals for the industry. Association members committed to strive for a goal of 20 percent market share by 2020 and Gary Fish, owner of Deschutes Brewery and 2014 chair of the BA Board, explained:
The 20-by-20 objective is an aspirational goal for our craft community, with an inspiring symmetry. I'm convinced this goal is within our reach if we, as an industry, continue to focus on our strengths and passions—making and delivering high-quality, innovative, full-flavored beer to craft beer enthusiasts. ... Additionally, by noting a commitment to quality and clarifying the place of homebrewers and brewing enthusiasts, we further acknowledge the critical role each plays in the health and growth of the craft brewing industry.
The Brewers Association reported the production of craft beer has doubled between 2011 and 2016, with the number of breweries growing from 2,000 in 2011 to 5,200 in 2016. The craft breweries are also seeing an increase in beer tourism, seasonal brews, and a marketing effort to get more women involved in beer production.
Craft beer in Oceania
Australia
Main article: Beer in Australia
New Zealand
Main article: Beer in New Zealand
See also
Beer portalDrink portalCompanies portal
Microdistillery
List of microbreweries
Craft beer tourism
Craft beer in South Korea
Craft soda
Vienna microbreweries
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Further reading
Small Is Bountiful (January 2015), The New Yorker. "American craft breweries collectively now sell more than 16.1 million barrels of beer annually, outpacing, for the first time, Budweiser."
Untapped: Exploring the Cultural Dimensions of Craft Beer edited by Nathaniel G. Chapman, J. Slade Lellock, and Cameron D. Lippard, 2017, West Virginia University Press
Comparative analysis of mycotoxin, pesticide, and elemental content of Canarian craft and Spanish mainstream beer by Eva Pablo Alonso González, Eva Parga Dans, Iván de las Heras Tranche, Andrea Carolina Acosta-Dacal, Ángel Rodríguez Hernández, Ana Macías Montes, Manuel Zumbado Peña, Octavio Pérez Luzardo
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Microbreweries.
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Such breweries are generally perceived and marketed as emphasising enthusiasm, new flavours, and varied brewing techniques.[2][3][4]The microbrewery movement began in both the United States and United Kingdom in the 1970s,[5][6] although traditional artisanal brewing existed in Europe for centuries and subsequently spread to other countries. As the movement grew, and some breweries expanded their production and distribution, the more encompassing concept of craft brewing emerged. A brewpub is a pub that brews its own beer for sale on the premises.[7]","title":"Craft beer"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Producer definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Microbrewery","text":"Although the term \"microbrewery\" was originally used in relation to the size of breweries, it gradually came to reflect an alternative attitude and approach to brewing flexibility, adaptability, experimentation and customer service. The term and trend spread from the UK to the US in the 1980s,[8] and was eventually used as a designation for breweries that produce fewer than 15,000 U.S. beer barrels (1,800,000 liters; 460,000 U.S. gallons) annually.[9] In 1995, there were 205 microbreweries nationwide.[10] In 2000, that number more than doubled to 420 microbreweries.[11]","title":"Producer definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flounder_growler.jpg"},{"link_name":"growler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growler_(jug)"},{"link_name":"Flounder Brewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flounder_Brewing"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foodsectionnano-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nanobreweryttb-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"}],"sub_title":"Nanobrewery","text":"A growler of beer from Flounder Brewing, a nanobrewery in New Jersey, USThe website The Food Section defines a \"nanobrewery\" as, \"a scaled-down microbrewery, often run by a solo entrepreneur, that produces beer in small batches.\"[12] Nanobrewers often work out of garages or small industrial spaces.[13] Small batches are then sold to local bars or directly to customers.[13] The U.S. Department of the Treasury defines nanobreweries as \"very small brewery operations\" that produce beer for sale.[14] These small operations still must meet state and federal licensing requirements.[13] In 2013, there were more than 200 \"nanos\" in the United States.[13] With lower startup costs than a craft brewery, nanobreweries have become popular among home brewers looking to expand and practice their beer brewing skills.[13]","title":"Producer definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oliver_2011_270%E2%80%93271-7"},{"link_name":"Brewers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewers_Association"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Craft_Brewer_Defined-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-What_qualifies_as_craft_beer?-16"},{"link_name":"Society of Independent Brewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Independent_Brewers"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Craft brewery","text":"\"Craft brewing\" is a more encompassing term for developments in the industry succeeding the microbrewing movement of the late 20th century. The definition is not entirely consistent but typically applies to relatively small, independently owned commercial breweries that employ traditional brewing methods and emphasize flavor and quality. The term is usually reserved for breweries established since the 1970s but may be used for older breweries with a similar focus.[7] A United States trade group, the Brewers Association, interested in brand transparency, offers a definition of craft breweries as \"small, independent and traditional\". The craft brewing process takes time and can be considered an art by the brewmasters.[15][16] In the United Kingdom, the Assured Independent British Craft Brewer initiative is run by the Society of Independent Brewers (SIBA), who ensure that any breweries using the Independent Craft Brewer logo are relatively small, independent and brewing quality beer.[17]","title":"Producer definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"farm brewery\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmhouse_ale"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"hops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hops"}],"sub_title":"Farm brewery","text":"The term \"farm brewery\" or \"farmhouse brewery\" has been around for centuries. Several beer styles are considered \"farmhouse,\" originally stemming from farmers brewing low ABV beer as an incentive for field workers. Farm breweries were not large scale; they had smaller, more unique, methods of brewing and fermenting in comparison to the larger breweries of the time.[18] This had different effects on the overall product, creating unconventional beer flavors.The term \"farm brewery\" has more recently found its way into several local and state laws[19][20] in order to give farm breweries certain, often agriculturally related, privileges not normally found under standard brewery laws. These privileges usually come at a price: some portion of the ingredients (such as grains, hops, or fruit) used in the beer must be grown on the given licensed farm brewery.","title":"Producer definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20190423_172521_Aecht_Schlenkerla_Rauchbier_in_Bamberg_anagoria.jpg"},{"link_name":"Smoked beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoked_beer"},{"link_name":"Schlenkerla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlenkerla"},{"link_name":"Bamberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamberg"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"progressive beer duty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_beer_duty"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Brewpub","text":"Smoked beer from the Schlenkerla brewpub in Bamberg, GermanyBrewpub is an abbreviated term combining the ideas of a brewery and a pub or public-house. A brewpub can be a pub or restaurant that brews beer on the premises.[21] In the United States a brewpub is defined as selling 25 percent or more of its beer on-site and operating significant food services. A taproom brewery is a professional brewery that sells 25 percent or more of its beer on-site and does not operate significant food services. The beer is brewed primarily for sale in the taproom, and is often dispensed directly from the brewery's storage tanks.[22]In the European Union, brewpubs in some countries are favoured by a system of progressive beer duty, which originated in Bavaria. In the United Kingdom brewpubs brewing up to 5,000 hectolitres a year (about 880,000 pints) pay just half of ordinary beer duty rates.[23]","title":"Producer definitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Developments in the 21st century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"marketing strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_strategy"},{"link_name":"market share","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_share"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Marketing strategy","text":"Craft beer has adopted a marketing strategy that differs from those of the large, mass-market breweries, offering products that compete on the basis of quality and diversity instead of low price and advertising. Their influence has been much greater than their market share, which amounts to only 2% in the UK,[24] indicated by the introduction by large commercial breweries of new brands for the craft beer market. However, when the strategy failed, the corporate breweries invested in microbreweries or, in many cases, acquired them outright.[25]","title":"Developments in the 21st century"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flying_Monkeys_Juicy_Ass_IPA_(36608320890).jpg"},{"link_name":"Barrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrie"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"American Can Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Can_Company"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-27"},{"link_name":"Gottfried Krueger Brewing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Krueger_Brewing_Company"},{"link_name":"Richmond, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-26"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-27"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-27"},{"link_name":"cans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drink_can"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lew-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lew-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lew-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Canned beer","text":"A can of Juicy Ass IPA from Flying Monkeys Craft Brewery in Barrie, Ontario, CanadaThe American Can Company developed the first beer can in 1933 after years of researching how to create a can that would hold a pressurized carbonated beverage.[26][27] They also created a special coating on the inside of a can to prevent a metallic taste from affecting the beer.[26][27] The first can of beer was sold on January 24, 1935, when the American Can Company partnered with New Jersey-based Gottfried Krueger Brewing Company, delivering two thousand cans of Krueger's Finest Beer and Krueger's Cream Ale to people in Richmond, Virginia.[26][28][27] By the end of the year, 37 breweries were canning their beer.[29]In the United Kingdom, the Felinfoel Brewery sold the first canned beer in Europe in January 1936.[30]In 1962, a brewing company in Pittsburg introduced the first self-opening can, which later became a pull ring tab, eliminating the need for a separate opening device.[27]The use of cans by craft brewers doubled between 2012 and 2014, with over 500 companies in the United States using cans to package their beverages. Previously associated with the major brewing corporations, cans are now favored by craft brewers for numerous reasons: cans are impervious to oxygen, beer-degrading light does not affect canned beer, canned beer is more portable since less room is required for storage or transportation, canned beer cools more quickly, and cans have a greater surface area for wraparound designs and decorations.[31]The perception that bottles lead to a taste that is superior to canned beer has been called \"just kind of dated,\"[31] as most aluminum cans are lined with a polymer coating that protects the beer from the problematic metal. However, since drinking directly from a can may still result in a metallic taste, most craft brewers recommend pouring beer into a glass prior to consumption. In June 2014, the BA estimated 3% of craft beer is sold in cans, 60% is sold in bottles, and kegs represent the remainder of the market.[31]Between 2015 and 2020, the proportion of craft beer packaged in cans in the UK increased nearly tenfold to 4.9 percent.[32]","title":"Developments in the 21st century"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beer_sommelier_at_work.jpg"},{"link_name":"Goose Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose_Island_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Founders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founders_Brewing_Company"},{"link_name":"The Bruery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bruery"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"sour beers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sour_beer"},{"link_name":"lambics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambic"},{"link_name":"Flanders red ale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders_red_ale"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Barrel-aged beer","text":"A beer sommelier tapping a barrel for a taste at Nebraska Brewing CompanyGoose Island first produced its Bourbon County Stout in 1992, but it was not regularly available until 2005. Other breweries began following Goose Island's lead, typically aging rich imperial stouts such as Founders KBS and The Bruery's Black Tuesday.[33] In 2018, Food and Drink wrote: \"A process that was once niche has become not just mainstream, but ubiquitous.\"[34] Barrel-aged sour beers are a newer trend, inspired by the Belgian tradition of lambics and Flanders red ale.[35]","title":"Developments in the 21st century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brooklyn Brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Brewery"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Mikkeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikkeller"},{"link_name":"gluten-free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluten-free_beer"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Non-alcoholic craft beers","text":"The market for non-alcoholic beer and wine in North America is predicted to quadruple from a base of about $20 million in 2018. Brooklyn Brewery are among the early craft breweries prepared to release a non-alcoholic craft beer, with their \"Special Effects.\"[36] Examples in Europe include Mikkeller's \"Drink'in The Sun\" and Nirvana's gluten-free \"Kosmic Stout\".[37]","title":"Developments in the 21st century"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Craft beer in Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingdom Breweries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_Breweries"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Cambodia","text":"Cambodia's first microbrewery, Kingdom Breweries,[38] opened in 2009 and brews dark, pilsener, and lager beers.","title":"Craft beer in Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Leap_Brewing_sign.jpg"},{"link_name":"Great Leap Brewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Brewing"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Justin-39"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Justin-39"},{"link_name":"localization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_localisation"},{"link_name":"Suzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzhou"},{"link_name":"ex-pats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex-pat"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Justin-39"}],"sub_title":"China","text":"Great Leap Brewing operates a chain of brewpubs in ChinaChina, the world's largest beer consumer as of July 2013, is home to a growing craft beer market, with brands such as Slowboat Brewery, Jing-A Brewery, and Boxing Cat Brewery.[39] By July 2013, the number of brewpubs in Shanghai, China had doubled since 2010.[39] General beer consumption reached 50 million L (13 million US gal) in early 2013 and an increasing interest in craft beers developed accordingly. The Great Leap Brewing Company is one example of numerous microbreweries that have been recently established, with a localization strategy leading to the use of traditional Chinese ingredients and spices in the Beijing brand's beer production process. China's largest brewpub is located in Suzhou and is managed by the Taiwanese brewing company Le Ble D'or, while craft beer consumers are both ex-pats and native Chinese.[39]","title":"Craft beer in Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Bangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"India","text":"India's first microbrewery, Doolally, was opened in Pune in 2009.[40] In 2019, Bangalore had over 60 microbreweries.[41]","title":"Craft beer in Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dogo_Beer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dogo Beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogo_Beer"},{"link_name":"Matsuyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsuyama"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Japan","text":"Dogo Beer from Minakuchi-shuzō microbrewery in Matsuyama, JapanAn early boom in small regional microbreweries followed Japan's 1994 revision of tax laws allowing the establishment of smaller breweries producing 60,000 litres (13,000 imp gal; 16,000 US gal) per year. Before this change, breweries could not get a license without producing at least 2,000,000 litres (440,000 imp gal; 530,000 US gal) per year.[42] Beer produced by microbreweries in the early 1990s was commonly referred to as Ji Bīru (地ビール), or \"local beer.\" In the late 2000s, more established microbreweries in Japan chose to emphasize the term Craft Beer (クラフトビア) to mark a break with the short-lived Ji Bīru boom and to emphasize the traditional brewing skills and reverence for ingredients that characterize their products.","title":"Craft beer in Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Sri Lanka","text":"In Sri Lanka, over-strict laws made it almost impossible for any craft beer to be brewed. On the remote East Coast, however, \"Arugam Bay Surfer's Beer\" managed to maintain a small, but popular brewpub. Established in 1977, the Siam View Hotel escaped regulations due to the long civil war and its remoteness. For two years running, the Daily Telegraph[43] \"Best of British\" awarded the Siam View Hotel the \"Best Pub in Sri Lanka\" medal.[44]","title":"Craft beer in Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yard_of_ale_at_the_Jolly_Brewery_%26_Restaurant,_Taipei_City,_Taiwan.jpg"},{"link_name":"yard of ale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yard_of_ale"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Taiwan","text":"A yard of ale at Jolly Brewery, TaiwanIn Taiwan, where a single beer company dominates the market, the craft beer market has grown with brewers such as Redpoint Brewing Company gaining increasing market exposure through local bars and restaurants. This market trend has been accompanied by craft beer festivals where expat and Taiwanese brewers showcase their beer.[45]","title":"Craft beer in Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mikkeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikkeller"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Thailand","text":"Following the introduction of American microbrews in 2012, the popularity of craft beer bars in Thailand—primarily Bangkok—increased fairly rapidly and in January 2014, the fourth global location of Danish microbrewery Mikkeller was launched in Bangkok. The brand partnered with an already established beer distribution company and seeks to capitalize on the higher earning capacity of Thai people in the second decade of the 21st century, as well as tourists. At the opening, one of the owners explained: \"... and we thought it was about time to elevate the level of craft beer available in Thailand and, hopefully, expand throughout Southeast Asia.\" A total of 30 beers are served at the venue, including two microbrews exclusive to Thailand.[46][47][48]","title":"Craft beer in Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tour_of_Pasteur_Street_Brewing_Company,_Vietnam.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ho Chi Minh City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"beer culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia_h%C6%A1i"},{"link_name":"French colonisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Indochina"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Craft_beer&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Heart of Darkness Craft Brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Darkness_(brewery)"}],"sub_title":"Vietnam","text":"Pasteur Street Brewing, Ho Chi Minh City, VietnamVietnam is the largest producer of craft beer in Southeast Asia, with microbreweries producing 31,000 hectolitres in 2018.[49]With a beer culture that emerged during French colonisation and further influenced by Vietnamese students returning from overseas studies,[50] as of 2018[update], there were 31 microbreweries in Vietnam. Established microbreweries include Heart of Darkness Craft Brewery, BiaCraft, Platinum Beers, Fuzzy Logic and Pasteur Street Brewing Company.","title":"Craft beer in Asia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Craft beer in Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czech beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_beer"},{"link_name":"decoction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoction"},{"link_name":"infusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infusion"}],"sub_title":"Czech Republic","text":"There has been a boom of craft beer breweries. Despite strong tradition of drinking Czech beer there is a growing craft beer scene in the Czech Republic focused on non-traditional beer styles. Notable breweries include Matuška, Clock and Zichovec. What makes Czech craft beer unique is the common use of decoction instead of just infusion even for top fermented beers.","title":"Craft beer in Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Denmark","text":"In Denmark microbreweries have occurred throughout the country in increasing numbers. Small microbreweries often relate to restaurants and pubs, but local microbrewed craft beers are also sold in stores.[51]","title":"Craft beer in Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P%C3%B5hjala_Brewery_5_-_Samu_Heino.jpg"},{"link_name":"Põhjala Brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5hjala_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Mikkeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikkeller"},{"link_name":"Põhjala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5hjala_Brewery"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Estonia","text":"Põhjala Brewery, EstoniaEstonia has a tradition of home-brewed farm beers which are often flavoured with juniper. Craft beer came late to Estonia, but that began to change in 2012 when Mikkeller brewed a custom beer for the Estonian market, called Baltic Frontier. Then one local brewer in particular, Põhjala, led the way for other Estonian microbrewers such as Lehe, Koeru and Õllenaut.[52] By 2017 there were nearly 30 microbreweries on the Estonian market, in a country with a population of only 1.2 million. Since 2015 Põhjala Brewery has organised an annual craft beer festival called \"Tallinn Craft Beer Weekend\".[53]","title":"Craft beer in Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Finland","text":"The legislation in Finland allows craft breweries to sell their products directly to consumers.[54]","title":"Craft beer in Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bi%C3%A8res_artisanales_fran%C3%A7aises.jpg"},{"link_name":"craft beer scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//discoverfrancebeyondparis.com/popular-craft-beers-in-france-a-guide/"},{"link_name":"craft breweries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//discoverfrancebeyondparis.com/uncovering-the-delicious-world-of-french-craft-beer-a-bucket-list-for-craft-beer-lovers/"}],"sub_title":"France","text":"A selection of French craft beersFrance may be more commonly associated with wine, but its craft beer scene is also popular, ranging from classic farmhouse ales to experimental styles infused with local ingredients like lavender or foie gras.Today, there are hundreds of craft breweries across France. Many draw inspiration from traditional European styles like Belgian saisons and German pilsners, while others experiment with unique ingredients like chestnuts or wildflowers.","title":"Craft beer in Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zoigl-Biere.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zoigl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoigl"},{"link_name":"Oberpfalz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberpfalz"},{"link_name":"Federal Statistical Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Statistical_Office_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"beer tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Beer_Duty"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-55"},{"link_name":"Franconia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franconia"},{"link_name":"Upper Franconia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Franconia"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Germany","text":"Zoigl beers from the communal brewhouses of Oberpfalz in GermanySome microbreweries, such as those in Germany, have been brewing traditionally for hundreds of years. In Germany, there were 901 small breweries in 2010. The Federal Statistical Office defines a small brewery as a brewery with a production of less than 5,000 hectoliters (132,086 US gallons) beer p.a. Small breweries pay a reduced beer tax.The total market share of the small breweries is less than 1%.[55] 638 of them have a production even less than 1,000 hl (26,417.2 US gal.) p.a. and can be considered as microbreweries in a narrow sense. The figures apply to commercial breweries only and do not include hobby brewing.About one third of the small breweries have a tradition going back up to 500 years, most of them in Franconia. About two thirds were founded in the last 25 years. The vast majority of small breweries operate in combination with a brewpub.Whereas in other countries, microbreweries and brewpubs have risen in reaction to the mass production and marketing of beer, in Germany, the traditional brewpub or Brauhaus remains a major source of beer. This is mainly true for the South of Germany, especially the state of Bavaria. Upper Franconia, a district in the Region Franconia in the north of Bavaria, has the highest density of breweries in the world. Upper Franconia has about one million inhabitants and about 200 breweries. Many of them are microbreweries or brewpubs.[56]","title":"Craft beer in Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IRISH_CRAFT_BEER_FESTIVAL_IN_THE_RDS_LAST_WEEKEND_IN_AUGUST_2015_(SONY_A7R_MkII)_REF-107250_(20931409896).jpg"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Ireland","text":"Irish Craft Beer Festival, 2015Ireland has a long history of brewing and in the past two decades, there has been a resurgence in craft breweries. Although the Irish market remains dominated by three multinational brewing concerns (Diageo, Heineken and C&C),[57] there have been four so-called waves of growth in the Irish craft beer market. The number of microbreweries in Ireland had risen from 15 in 2012 to over 72 by 2017.[58] Macro breweries have pursued a policy of forcing craft taps out of pubs, through the use of incentives such as free or discounted kegs offered to publicans to replace craft brewery taps with their own.","title":"Craft beer in Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"sub_title":"Italy","text":"In recent years, many microbreweries have opened in Italy, due to increasing beer popularity among young people. According to Coldiretti, microbreweries have grown in ten years by 1900%. There are more than 900 microbreweries active in Italy.[59]","title":"Craft beer in Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robohop.jpg"},{"link_name":"brewing yeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewing_yeast"},{"link_name":"kveik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kveik"},{"link_name":"Lindesnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindesnes"},{"link_name":"Svalbard Bryggeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard_Bryggeri"},{"link_name":"Svalbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Norway","text":"Robohop, a session IPA from Cervisiam in Oslo, NorwayAfter Oslo Microbrewery was established in 1989, the number of microbreweries in Norway has expanded rapidly and sharply in the recent decades. Interest and expertise among Norwegians about craft brewed beer has risen sharply in a short time, and the old brewery traditions of this country are revived and the traditional brewing yeast kveik rediscovered. However, most craft beers are brewed by imported recipes. Local microbreweries are scattered across Norway, from Lindesnes in the very south, and to the northernmost microbrewery in the world, Svalbard Bryggeri at Svalbard.[60]","title":"Craft beer in Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"roubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruble"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"Russia","text":"Craft brewing gained popularity in Russia in the mid-2010s. Local craft brews typically sell for between 200 and 300 roubles ($3–4) a pint. At least two dozen craft bars have opened in Moscow since the summer of 2014, serving Russian and foreign microbrews.[61] As of 2021 there are about 250 independent craft breweries in Russia, but the share of craft beer in sales was only 1.5%.[62]","title":"Craft beer in Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cerex_Casta%C3%B1a.png"},{"link_name":"Cerex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerex"},{"link_name":"Extremadura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremadura"},{"link_name":"El País","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"autonomous communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian_Community"},{"link_name":"Basque Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)"},{"link_name":"Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarre"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_Madrid"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"sub_title":"Spain","text":"Castaña, a smoked beer with chestnuts from Cerex in Extremadura, SpainIn Spain in 2011, the newspaper El País reported a \"revolution is occurring in craft beer\" (cervezas artesanales)[63] and more recently that by 2013 the trend had extended to the autonomous communities of Catalonia, Valencia, Basque Country, Navarre and Madrid.[64]","title":"Craft beer in Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gotlands Bryggeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spendrups"},{"link_name":"Jämtlands Bryggeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtlands_Bryggeri"},{"link_name":"Helsingborgs Bryggeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsingborgs_Bryggeri"},{"link_name":"Wermlands Brygghus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wermlands_Brygghus"},{"link_name":"Stefan Persson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Persson_(magnate)"},{"link_name":"H&M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%26M"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Sweden","text":"In Sweden, microbreweries have existed since around 1995. Today, the market is flourishing with many of the nation's regions and cities having their own breweries, such as Gotlands Bryggeri, Jämtlands Bryggeri, Helsingborgs Bryggeri and Wermlands Brygghus. Stefan Persson, the CEO of Swedish clothing chain H&M, has his own microbrewery on his estate in England.[65]","title":"Craft beer in Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bill_Urquhart_at_Litchborough.jpg"},{"link_name":"cask ale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cask_ale"},{"link_name":"Selby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selby"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Litchborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litchborough"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-North-67"},{"link_name":"guilds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild"},{"link_name":"inns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inn"},{"link_name":"taverns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavern"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Didsbury_Beer_Festival_2013_-_On_a_Whim_(10861199193).jpg"},{"link_name":"real ale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_ale"},{"link_name":"Blue Anchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spingo"},{"link_name":"Helston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helston"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Three Tuns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Tuns_Brewery"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Campaign for Real Ale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Real_Ale"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Peter Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringwood_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Firkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firkin_Brewery"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"wheat beers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat_beer"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Great British Beer Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_British_Beer_Festival"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"Bill Urquhart at Litchborough BreweryThe term \"microbrewery\" originated in the UK in the late 1970s to describe the new generation of small breweries that focused on producing traditional cask ale independently of major brewers or pub chains. In 1972, Martin Sykes established Selby Brewery as the first new independent brewing company for 50 years. \"I foresaw the revival in real ale, and got in early\", he said.[66] Another early example was the Litchborough Brewery founded by Bill Urquhart in 1974. Alongside commercial brewing, training courses and apprenticeships were offered by Litchborough, with many of the UK movement's early pioneers passing through its courses prior to setting up their own breweries.[67]Before the development of large commercial breweries in the UK, beer would have been brewed on the premises from which it was sold. Alewives would put out a sign—a hop pole or ale-wand—to show when their beer was ready. The medieval authorities were more interested in ensuring adequate quality and strength of the beer than discouraging drinking. Gradually men became involved in brewing and organized themselves into guilds such as the Brewers Guild in London of 1342 and the Edinburgh Society of Brewers in 1598; as brewing became more organized and reliable many inns and taverns ceased brewing for themselves and bought beer from these early commercial breweries.[68]Casks of real ale from British microbreweries at a beer festivalHowever, there were some brewpubs which continued to brew their own beer, such as the Blue Anchor in Helston, Cornwall, which was established in 1400 and is regarded as the oldest brewpub in the UK.[69][70] In the UK during the 20th century, most of the traditional pubs which brewed their own beer in the brewhouse round the back of the pub, were bought out by larger breweries and ceased brewing on the premises. By the mid-1970s, only four remained: All Nations (Madeley, Shropshire), The Old Swan (Netherton, West Midlands), the Three Tuns (Bishop's Castle, Shropshire) and the Blue Anchor pub (Helston, Cornwall).[71]The trend toward larger brewing companies started to change during the 1970s, when the popularity of the Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA)'s campaign for traditional brewing methods, and the success of Michael Jackson's World Guide to Beer encouraged brewers in the UK, such as Peter Austin, to form their own small breweries or brewpubs. In 1979, a chain of UK brewpubs, known as the \"Firkin\" pubs, started,[72] running to over one hundred at the chain's peak; however, the chain was sold and eventually its pubs ceased brewing their own beer.Some British brewpubs specialize in ale, while others brew continental lagers and wheat beers. The Ministry of Ales, Burnley;[73] The Masons Arms in Headington, Oxford;[74] The Brunswick Inn, Derby (in 2010, half of the beers sold by the establishment were brewed on-site);[75] The Watermill pub, Ings Cumbria;[76] and the Old Cannon Brewery, Bury St Edmunds[77] are some examples of small independent brewpubs in the UK.The city of Bristol was identified by The Guardian in May 2014 as an area where the microbrewery industry had flourished. Ten brewpubs, such as Zerodegrees, The Tobacco Factory, Copper Jacks Crafthouse and The Urban Standard, were identified as thriving Bristol craft beer establishments.[78]The East End of London has also been a place for speciality craft beers and unique independent pubs and breweries. Again The Guardian has a list of Craft Beer pubs in East London[79] with local East End tour companies also showing the distinct food and craft beer pubs to London visitors with Craft Beer Tours.[80]In the UK there are no firm criteria for what defines a \"craft beer\".[81] In 2019 CAMRA allowed craft keg beers to be sold at its Great British Beer Festival for the first time. Festival organiser Catherine Tonry said: \"People coming to the festival love beer in all forms and types of dispense.\"[82]","title":"Craft beer in Europe"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Craft beer in the Middle East"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aljazeera-83"},{"link_name":"Amstel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstel_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Zarqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarqa"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-84"},{"link_name":"Carakale Brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carakale_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Fuheis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuheis"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"sub_title":"Jordan","text":"Jordan has several companies producing beer,[83] the oldest being the Jordan Brewery Company, which built the first Amstel beer factory outside the Netherlands in 1958 in Zarqa, and which also produces Petra, the oldest local brew of Jordan.[84] Jordan's first microbrewery, Carakale Brewery, was established in 2010 in Fuheis.[85]","title":"Craft beer in the Middle East"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pablo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo"},{"link_name":"Graf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf"}],"sub_title":"Turkey","text":"In Turkey, craft beers became popular in present-day; Gara Guzu, Feliz Kulpa, Antiochs, Pablo and Graf are some Turkish craft beer brands.","title":"Craft beer in the Middle East"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Craft beer in North America"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steamworks_Brewery,_Vancouver.jpg"},{"link_name":"Steamworks Brewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamworks_Brewing_Company"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Labatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labatt"},{"link_name":"Molson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molson"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coutts-86"},{"link_name":"North Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vancouver_(city)"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coutts-86"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coutts-86"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Québec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Ontario Craft Brewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Craft_Brewers"},{"link_name":"hectolitres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectolitres"},{"link_name":"MolsonCoors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MolsonCoors"},{"link_name":"AB InBev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB_InBev"},{"link_name":"Sapporo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapporo_Breweries"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"}],"sub_title":"Canada","text":"Steamworks Brewing, VancouverBy the early 1980s, 97% of Canadian beer was produced by Labatt and Molson.[86] The first microbrewery was the short-lived Horseshoe Bay Brewery, which was opened in 1981 by Frank Appleton and John Mitchell next to the Troller Pub in North Vancouver.[86] It closed after a year, but Mitchell and Appleton, along with Paul Hadfield, opened the Spinnaker Brewpub in Victoria in 1984.[86] A number of other microbreweries subsequently opened between 1984 and 1987, including Granville Island (Vancouver), Big Rock (Calgary), Brick (Waterloo, Ontario), Upper Canada (Toronto), and Wellington County (Guelph, Ontario).Over the next twenty years there was steady if not spectacular growth, and by 2006 there were 88 small breweries across Canada, most of them in British Columbia, Québec and Ontario. In the second decade of the century, breweries began to appear in every province at an exponential rate, and by 2018, there were over 700 breweries across Canada producing more than 20 million hectolitres.[87] Several provinces have associations representing craft brewers, including the Ontario Craft Brewers (OCB), and the BC Craft Brewers Guild.Since it is a provincial, not a federal, responsibility to regulate the sale of alcohol, the exact definition of small brewery, microbrewery, macrobrewery and nanobrewery, which is defined by the number of hectolitres produced, varies from province to province.Several of the more successful microbreweries have been bought by MolsonCoors, AB InBev, and Sapporo, including Granville Island (Vancouver),[88] Mill Street (Toronto),[89] and Creemore Springs (Creemore, Ontario);[90] although the new owners often claim that these operations are still craft breweries, their membership in the relevant provincial craft brewers' association is immediately terminated due to rules requiring independent ownership.[91]","title":"Craft beer in North America"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cerveza_artesanal_de_Tequixquiac_(3).JPG"},{"link_name":"Tequixquiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tequixquiac"},{"link_name":"Zumpango Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zumpango_Region"},{"link_name":"Baja California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California"},{"link_name":"Jalisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalisco"},{"link_name":"consortia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consortium"}],"sub_title":"Mexico","text":"Mexican craft beer from Tequixquiac in Zumpango RegionIn the 1990s craft beer began being produced and consumed in central Mexico, with the trend spreading throughout the country. The main producers are in Baja California, Jalisco and Mexico City. Most beer produced is exported to the United States, and the development of the craft beer industry was not aided by the presence of two large beer consortia in the country. In 2009, craft beer accounted for only 0.05% of total production. The National Association of Craft Beer Producers (Asociación Nacional de Creadores de Cerveza Artesanal) was established to support and promote the industry in Mexico.","title":"Craft beer in North America"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anchor Brewing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor_Brewing_Company"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klemp-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barajas2017Untapped-93"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klemp-92"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jimmy-95"},{"link_name":"homebrewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homebrewing"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"New Albion Brewing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Albion_Brewing_Company"},{"link_name":"blueprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueprint"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Acitelli-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ogle-98"},{"link_name":"bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(establishment)"},{"link_name":"brewpub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbrewery#Brewpub"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Craft_Breweries_Per_Capita_(US).svg"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"wholesaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wholesaler"},{"link_name":"three-tier system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-tier_(alcohol_distribution)"},{"link_name":"distributor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributor"},{"link_name":"retailers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retailer"},{"link_name":"left up to the states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#State_and_local_control"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_and_Tobacco_Tax_and_Trade_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Grant's Brewery Pub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant%27s_Brewery_Pub"},{"link_name":"Yakima, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakima,_Washington"},{"link_name":"William Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Penn"},{"link_name":"Samuel Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Adams"},{"link_name":"Patrick Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Henry"},{"link_name":"BridgePort Brewing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BridgePort_Brewing_Company"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Dock Street Brewing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dock_Street_Brewing_Company"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Triple Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Rock_Brewery_and_Alehouse"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-105"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jimmy-95"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yuengling_Brewery.jpg"},{"link_name":"D. G. Yuengling & Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuengling"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-105"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brewersassociation_a-108"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barajas2017Untapped-93"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Boston Beer Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Beer_Company"},{"link_name":"Samuel Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Adams_(beer)"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barajas2017Untapped-93"},{"link_name":"Brewers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewers_Association"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Craft_Brewer_Defined-15"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oliver271-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brewersassociation-112"},{"link_name":"Yuengling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuengling"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chris-113"},{"link_name":"Deschutes Brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deschutes_Brewery"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chris-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"In the US, the craft beer movement was revived in 1965—subsequent to an earlier American era—when Fritz Maytag acquired the Anchor Brewing Company in San Francisco, thereby saving it from closure.[92] American craft beer drinkers tend to have higher average incomes and demographically skew white, male, and generation X; however trends show an increasingly racially and ethnically diverse, female, and millennial demographic profile.[93]In a June 2014 interview, the owner of an Oregon-based microbrewery explained: \"You've got to do more than just make great beer. It's really about innovation, creativity—stepping outside the box of traditional beer marketing\", while an employee explained that \"heart and soul\" is the essence of the operation.[94]The turnaround of the Anchor Brewing Company in 1965, after it was acquired by Maytag, is considered a turning point for American beer, due to the revival of craft beer in the US, where microbrewing boomed after then-president Jimmy Carter de-regulated the beer market in 1979.[92][95] During the same period, others turned to homebrewing and eventually a few of these brewers started to produce on a slightly larger scale. For inspiration, they turned to the centuries-old tradition of artisan beer and cask ale production that was continuing in the UK, Germany and Belgium.[96]The New Albion Brewing Company was founded in 1976 and served as a blueprint for American brewers to build small-scale commercial breweries.[97][98] The popularity of these products was such that the trend quickly spread and a large number of small breweries were founded, often attached to a bar (known as a \"brewpub\") where the product could be sold directly. As microbreweries proliferated, some became more than microbreweries, necessitating the creation of the broader category of craft beer.[citation needed]Microbreweries, regional breweries, and brew pubs per capita[99]American microbreweries typically distribute through a wholesaler in a traditional three-tier system, others act as their own distributor (wholesaler) and sell to retailers or directly to the consumer through a tap room, attached restaurant, or off-premises sales. Because alcohol control is left up to the states, there are many state-to-state differences in the laws.[100] Following the federal US government shutdown on October 1, 2013, craft beer producers were forced into an activity lull due to the closure of the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB), an arm of the Treasury Department. The TTB is responsible for granting approval for new breweries, recipes, and labels.[101] Interest spread to the US, and in 1982, Grant's Brewery Pub in Yakima, Washington was opened, reviving the US \"brewery taverns\" of well-known early Americans as William Penn, Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry. Growth was initially slow—the fifth US brewpub (BridgePort Brewing Company in Portland, Oregon) opened in 1984,[102] and Dock Street Brewing Company was founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1985 [103] by Rosemarie Certo and Jeffrey Ware, and continues to operate today with multiple locations in Philadelphia, then Triple Rock in 1986,[104] but the growth since then has been considerable: the Brewers Association reports that in 2012 there were 2,075 regional craft breweries, microbreweries and brewpubs in the US[105]Craft brewing is most established in the US, where changes to US law laid the foundations for the expansion of craft brewing. The 1978 Carter homebrewing law allowed for small amounts of beer and wine, and, in 1979, Carter signed a bill to deregulate the brewing industry, making it easier to start new breweries,[95] although states could still enact local restrictions. As a result of deregulation, homebrewing became a popular hobby in the 1980s and 1990s, and, in the mid-1990s, homebrewers launched business ventures based on home-based hobby brewing.D. G. Yuengling & Son is the oldest operating brewing company in the US, established in 1829. It is also the largest craft brewer, and the 6th largest brewing company overall.[106][107]In 1979, 89 breweries existed in the US—the Brewers Association reports that in March 2013 a total of 2,416 US breweries were in operation, with 2,360 considered craft breweries (98 percent—1,124 brewpubs, 1,139 microbreweries, and 97 regional craft breweries).[105][108] By 2015, the number of US craft breweries had grown to over 4,000.[93] Additionally, craft brewers sold more than 15,600,000 US beer barrels (1.83×109 L; 480,000,000 US gal) of beer, which represented approximately 7.8% of the US market by volume.[109] In 2007 the largest American craft brewery was the Boston Beer Company, makers of Samuel Adams.[110] The West Coast has the most craft breweries and the Deep South has the fewest.[93]The Brewers Association defines American craft brewers as \"small, independent and traditional\": \"small\" is defined as an \"annual production of 6 million barrels of beer or less\"; \"independent\" is defined as at least 75% owned or controlled by a craft brewer; and \"traditional\" is defined as brewing in which at least 50% of the beer's volume consists of \"traditional or innovative\" ingredients.[15] This definition includes older microbreweries, which traditionally produce small quantities of beer, as well as other breweries of various sizes and specialties.[111]The Brewers Association defines four markets within American craft brewing: microbreweries, with an annual production less than 15,000 US beer barrels (1,800,000 L; 460,000 US gal); brewpubs, which sell 25% or more of their beer on site; regional craft breweries, which make between 15,000 US beer barrels (1,800,000 L; 460,000 US gal) and 6,000,000 US beer barrels (700,000,000 L; 190,000,000 US gal), of which at least 50% is all malt or contains adjuncts that are used only to enhance flavor; and contract brewing companies, which hire other breweries to make their beer.[112]In March 2014, the Brewer's Association (B.A.) updated the definition of craft beer to remove any references to the use of adjuncts in the brewing process. The change allows long-established breweries, such as Yuengling, to be defined as craft beer. The B.A. statement read:The idea that brewers who had been in business for generations didn't qualify as \"traditional\" simply did not cohere for many members. Brewers have long brewed with what has been available to them. (Since the Brewers Association doesn't define craft beer—that idea remains up to the beer drinker—the definition doesn't differentiate on what type of beer craft brewers brew, as long as the majority of what they make is beer.) The revised definition also provides room for the innovative capabilities of craft brewers to develop new beer styles and be creative within existing beer styles. The revised definition removes the subjective assessment by Brewers Association staff of whether adjuncts \"enhance\" or \"lighten\" flavor in a particular beer.[113]The B.A. decision also included an updated mission statement and market share goals for the industry. Association members committed to strive for a goal of 20 percent market share by 2020 and Gary Fish, owner of Deschutes Brewery and 2014 chair of the BA Board, explained:The 20-by-20 objective is an aspirational goal for our craft community, with an inspiring symmetry. I'm convinced this goal is within our reach if we, as an industry, continue to focus on our strengths and passions—making and delivering high-quality, innovative, full-flavored beer to craft beer enthusiasts. ... Additionally, by noting a commitment to quality and clarifying the place of homebrewers and brewing enthusiasts, we further acknowledge the critical role each plays in the health and growth of the craft brewing industry.[113]The Brewers Association reported the production of craft beer has doubled between 2011 and 2016, with the number of breweries growing from 2,000 in 2011 to 5,200 in 2016. The craft breweries are also seeing an increase in beer tourism, seasonal brews, and a marketing effort to get more women involved in beer production.[114]","title":"Craft beer in North America"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Craft beer in Oceania"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Australia","title":"Craft beer in Oceania"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"New Zealand","title":"Craft beer in Oceania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Small Is Bountiful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newyorker.com/business/currency/small-bountiful-small-business-craft-beer"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214750023000331?via%3Dihub"}],"text":"Small Is Bountiful (January 2015), The New Yorker. \"American craft breweries collectively now sell more than 16.1 million barrels of beer annually, outpacing, for the first time, Budweiser.\"\nUntapped: Exploring the Cultural Dimensions of Craft Beer edited by Nathaniel G. Chapman, J. Slade Lellock, and Cameron D. Lippard, 2017, West Virginia University Press\nComparative analysis of mycotoxin, pesticide, and elemental content of Canarian craft and Spanish mainstream beer by Eva Pablo Alonso González, Eva Parga Dans, Iván de las Heras Tranche, Andrea Carolina Acosta-Dacal, Ángel Rodríguez Hernández, Ana Macías Montes, Manuel Zumbado Peña, Octavio Pérez Luzardo [1]","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Bergenhus microbrewery, Bergen, Norway[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Zachariasbryggen_Microbrewery.jpg/220px-Zachariasbryggen_Microbrewery.jpg"},{"image_text":"Craft brewing at Allagash in Portland, Maine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Oxbow_Collaboration_Part_1_%2833338778230%29.jpg/220px-Oxbow_Collaboration_Part_1_%2833338778230%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A growler of beer from Flounder Brewing, a nanobrewery in New Jersey, US","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flounder_growler.jpg/220px-Flounder_growler.jpg"},{"image_text":"Smoked beer from the Schlenkerla brewpub in Bamberg, Germany","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/20190423_172521_Aecht_Schlenkerla_Rauchbier_in_Bamberg_anagoria.jpg/170px-20190423_172521_Aecht_Schlenkerla_Rauchbier_in_Bamberg_anagoria.jpg"},{"image_text":"A can of Juicy Ass IPA from Flying Monkeys Craft Brewery in Barrie, Ontario, Canada","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flying_Monkeys_Juicy_Ass_IPA_%2836608320890%29.jpg/170px-Flying_Monkeys_Juicy_Ass_IPA_%2836608320890%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A beer sommelier tapping a barrel for a taste at Nebraska Brewing Company","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Beer_sommelier_at_work.jpg/220px-Beer_sommelier_at_work.jpg"},{"image_text":"Great Leap Brewing operates a chain of brewpubs in China","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Great_Leap_Brewing_sign.jpg/220px-Great_Leap_Brewing_sign.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dogo Beer from Minakuchi-shuzō microbrewery in Matsuyama, Japan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dogo_Beer.jpg/220px-Dogo_Beer.jpg"},{"image_text":"A yard of ale at Jolly Brewery, Taiwan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Yard_of_ale_at_the_Jolly_Brewery_%26_Restaurant%2C_Taipei_City%2C_Taiwan.jpg/170px-Yard_of_ale_at_the_Jolly_Brewery_%26_Restaurant%2C_Taipei_City%2C_Taiwan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pasteur Street Brewing, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Tour_of_Pasteur_Street_Brewing_Company%2C_Vietnam.jpg/170px-Tour_of_Pasteur_Street_Brewing_Company%2C_Vietnam.jpg"},{"image_text":"Põhjala Brewery, Estonia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/P%C3%B5hjala_Brewery_5_-_Samu_Heino.jpg/170px-P%C3%B5hjala_Brewery_5_-_Samu_Heino.jpg"},{"image_text":"A selection of French craft beers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bi%C3%A8res_artisanales_fran%C3%A7aises.jpg/220px-Bi%C3%A8res_artisanales_fran%C3%A7aises.jpg"},{"image_text":"Zoigl beers from the communal brewhouses of Oberpfalz in Germany","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Zoigl-Biere.jpg/220px-Zoigl-Biere.jpg"},{"image_text":"Irish Craft Beer Festival, 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/IRISH_CRAFT_BEER_FESTIVAL_IN_THE_RDS_LAST_WEEKEND_IN_AUGUST_2015_%28SONY_A7R_MkII%29_REF-107250_%2820931409896%29.jpg/220px-IRISH_CRAFT_BEER_FESTIVAL_IN_THE_RDS_LAST_WEEKEND_IN_AUGUST_2015_%28SONY_A7R_MkII%29_REF-107250_%2820931409896%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Robohop, a session IPA from Cervisiam in Oslo, Norway","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Robohop.jpg/220px-Robohop.jpg"},{"image_text":"Castaña, a smoked beer with chestnuts from Cerex in Extremadura, Spain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Cerex_Casta%C3%B1a.png/170px-Cerex_Casta%C3%B1a.png"},{"image_text":"Bill Urquhart at Litchborough Brewery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bill_Urquhart_at_Litchborough.jpg/170px-Bill_Urquhart_at_Litchborough.jpg"},{"image_text":"Casks of real ale from British microbreweries at a beer festival","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Didsbury_Beer_Festival_2013_-_On_a_Whim_%2810861199193%29.jpg/220px-Didsbury_Beer_Festival_2013_-_On_a_Whim_%2810861199193%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Steamworks Brewing, Vancouver","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Steamworks_Brewery%2C_Vancouver.jpg/220px-Steamworks_Brewery%2C_Vancouver.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mexican craft beer from Tequixquiac in Zumpango Region","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Cerveza_artesanal_de_Tequixquiac_%283%29.JPG/220px-Cerveza_artesanal_de_Tequixquiac_%283%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Microbreweries, regional breweries, and brew pubs per capita[99]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Craft_Breweries_Per_Capita_%28US%29.svg/260px-Craft_Breweries_Per_Capita_%28US%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"D. G. Yuengling & Son is the oldest operating brewing company in the US, established in 1829. It is also the largest craft brewer, and the 6th largest brewing company overall.[106][107]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Yuengling_Brewery.jpg/220px-Yuengling_Brewery.jpg"}]
|
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png"},{"title":"Beer portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Beer"},{"title":"Drink portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Drink"},{"title":"Companies portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies"},{"title":"Microdistillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microdistillery"},{"title":"List of microbreweries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_microbreweries"},{"title":"Craft beer tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craft_beer_tourism"},{"title":"Craft beer in South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craft_beer_in_South_Korea"},{"title":"Craft soda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craft_soda"},{"title":"Vienna microbreweries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_microbreweries"}]
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[{"reference":"Maria Karampela (November 7, 2019). \"Craft beer is having an identity crisis, as big breweries muscle in on the market\". The Conversation. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://theconversation.com/craft-beer-is-having-an-identity-crisis-as-big-breweries-muscle-in-on-the-market-124923","url_text":"\"Craft beer is having an identity crisis, as big breweries muscle in on the market\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)","url_text":"The Conversation"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211211212836/https://theconversation.com/craft-beer-is-having-an-identity-crisis-as-big-breweries-muscle-in-on-the-market-124923","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Alison Boteler (2009). The Gourmet's Guide to Cooking with Beer. Quarry Books. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-59253-486-9. Retrieved 21 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gourmetsguidetoc0000bote","url_text":"The Gourmet's Guide to Cooking with Beer"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gourmetsguidetoc0000bote/page/15","url_text":"15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59253-486-9","url_text":"978-1-59253-486-9"}]},{"reference":"Oliver, Garrett (2011). \"Craft brewing\". In Oliver, Garrett (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Beer. Oxford University Press. pp. 270–271, 585. ISBN 978-0-19-536713-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536713-3","url_text":"978-0-19-536713-3"}]},{"reference":"Glover, Brian (1988). \"New Beer Guide\". A Guide to Britain's Small Brewery Revolution. David & Charles. pp. 5–19. ISBN 0-7153-9147-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-9147-X","url_text":"0-7153-9147-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Craft Beer is the Strangest, Happiest Economic Story in America\". The Atlantic. 19 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2018/01/craft-beer-industry/550850/","url_text":"\"Craft Beer is the Strangest, Happiest Economic Story in America\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic","url_text":"The Atlantic"}]},{"reference":"Oliver, Garrett (2011). \"Craft brewing\". In Oliver, Garrett (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Beer. Oxford University Press. pp. 270–271. 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Association\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130511000550/http://www.brewersassociation.org/pages/media/press-releases/show?title=brewers-association-reports-2012-mid-year-growth-for-u-s-craft-brewers","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.brewersassociation.org/press-releases/brewers-association-releases-top-50-breweries-of-2016/","external_links_name":"\"Brewers Association Releases Top 50 Breweries of 2016\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201111233009/https://www.brewersassociation.org/press-releases/brewers-association-releases-top-50-breweries-of-2016/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://nepascene.com/2019/03/yuengling-no-1-craft-brewing-company-us-6th-overall-brewery-nationwide-sales/","external_links_name":"\"Yuengling is still No. 1 craft brewing company in U.S. and 6th overall brewery in nationwide 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Beer"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1094884189","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007566025105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh94002010","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_in_hip_hop_music
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1997 in hip hop music
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["1 Released albums","2 Highest-charting singles","3 Highest first-week sales","4 See also","5 References"]
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1997 in music
By location
United Kingdom
Norway
South Korea
By genre
country
heavy metal
hip hop
jazz
Latin
By topic
List of albums released
Overview of the events of 1997 in hip hop music
List of years in hip hop music
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This article summarizes the events, album releases, and album release dates in hip hop music for the year 1997.
LL Cool J released Phenomenon , his seventh album in 1997, which earned an RIAA platinum certification.
Released albums
Release Date
Artist
Album
Notes
January 14
Various Artists
Rhyme & Reason: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Debuted at no. 16 on the Billboard 200
Certified Gold
January 28
Camp Lo
Uptown Saturday Night
Various Artists
West Coast Bad Boyz II
Debuted at no. 16 on the Billboard 200
Certified Gold
February 4
Kool Keith
Sex Style
C-Bo
One Life 2 Live
February 11
Frankie Cutlass
Politics & Bullshit
Funkmaster Flex
The Mix Tape, Vol. II
Debuted at no. 19 on the Billboard 200
Certified Gold
February 18
Luniz
Bootlegs & B-Sides
TRU
Tru 2 da Game
Debuted at no. 8 on the Billboard 200
Certified 2 x Platinum
March 4
Soul Assassins
The Soul Assassins, Chapter I
Debuted at No. 20 on the Billboard 200
March 11
Ghetto Mafia
Straight from the Dec
Scarface
The Untouchable
Debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200
Certified Platinum
March 25
The Notorious B.I.G.
Life After Death
Debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200
Certified Diamond
Warren G
Take a Look Over Your Shoulder
Debuted at No. 11 on the Billboard 200
Certified Gold
Tracey Lee
Many Facez
April 8
3X Crazy
Stackin' Chips
Big Mike
Still Serious
Crime Boss
Conflicts & Confusion
Us3
Broadway & 52nd
April 15
Artifacts
That's Them
Debuted at no. 134 on the Billboard 200
April 22
Ill Al Skratch
Keep It Movin'
May 6
Steady Mobb'n
Pre-Meditated Drama
May 13
Juvenile
Solja Rags
May 20
Boot Camp Clik
For the People
KRS-One
I Got Next
Debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard 200
Certified Gold
Various Artists
I'm Bout It
Debuted at No. 4 on the Billboard 200
June
Esham
Bruce Wayne: Gothom City 1987
June 1
Down Ta Erf
Down Ta Erf
June 3
Wu-Tang Clan
Wu-Tang Forever
Debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200
Certified 4 x Platinum
Jungle Brothers
Raw Deluxe
World-famous Beat Junkies
The World Famous Beat Junkies Volume 1
Teflon
My Will
June 10
Mike Ladd
Easy Listening 4 Armageddon
June 17
Capone-N-Noreaga
The War Report
Debuted at No. 21 on the Billboard 200
Lil' Keke
Don't Mess wit Texas
The Lost Boyz
Love, Peace & Nappiness
Boogiemonsters
God Sound
June 24
The Beatnuts
Stone Crazy
Craig Mack
Operation: Get Down
Cru
Da Dirty 30
Insane Clown Posse
The Great Milenko
Twista
Adrenaline Rush
Debuted at No. 77 on the Billboard 200
Certified Gold
Mia X
Unlady Like
The Lady of Rage
Necessary Roughness
Wyclef Jean
Wyclef Jean Presents The Carnival
Debuted at No. 16 on the Billboard 200
Certified 2 x Platinum
July 1
B.G.
It's All on U, Vol. 1
Ghetto Twiinz
In That Water
July 11
Slum Village
Fan-Tas-Tic (Vol. 1)
July 15
DJ Pooh
Bad Newz Travels Fast
Missy Elliott
Supa Dupa Fly
Debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard 200
Certified Platinum
July 22
Company Flow
Funcrusher Plus
Puff Daddy & the Family
No Way Out
Debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200
Certified 7 x Platinum
July 29
Bone Thugs-n-Harmony
The Art of War
Debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200
Certified 4 x Platinum
D-Shot
Six Figures
Rampage
Scout's Honor... By Way of Blood
Trick Daddy
Based On A True Story
August 5
Atmosphere
Overcast!
Killarmy
Silent Weapons for Quiet Wars
Mr. Serv-On
Life Insurance
Various Artists
How to Be a Player
August 12
Hed PE
Hed PE
August 15
Aesop Rock
Music for Earthworms
August 19
O.C.
Jewelz
Royal Flush
Ghetto Millionaire
August 26
Coolio
My Soul
Debuted at No. 39 on the Billboard 200
Certified Platinum
Diamond D
Hatred, Passions and Infidelity
Latryx
The Album
The Mossie
Have Heart Have Money
Tha Alkaholiks
Likwidation
September 2
Master P
Ghetto D
Debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200
Certified 3 x Platinum
September 16
Gravediggaz
The Pick, the Sickle and the Shovel
Debuted at No. 7 on the Billboard 200
Certified Platinum
Mack 10
Based on a True Story
Debuted at No. 14 on the Billboard 200
Certified Gold
Busta Rhymes
When Disaster Strikes...
Debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard 200
Certified Platinum
September 23
EPMD
Back in Business
Debuted at No. 16 on the Billboard 200
Certified Gold
MC Breed
Flatline
Organized Konfusion
The Equinox
The X-Ecutioners
X-Pressions
No I.D.
Accept Your Own and Be Yourself (The Black Album)
September 30
Common
One Day It'll All Make Sense
Debuted at No. 61 on the Billboard 200
RBL Posse
An Eye for an Eye
Debuted at No. 70 at the Billboard 200
October
Natas
Multikillionaire: The Devil's Contract
October 14
Kinfusion
Da Unhatched Breed
Jurassic 5
Jurassic 5
LL Cool J
Phenomenon
Debuted at No. 7 on the Billboard 200
Certified Platinum
Rawkus Records
Soundbombing
October 21
The Firm
The Album
Lil Jon & the East Side Boyz
Get Crunk, Who U Wit: Da Album
Salt-n-Pepa
Brand New
October 28
Hot Boys
Get It How U Live!
Luniz
Lunitik Muzik
Mase
Harlem World
Mood
Doom
Psycho Realm
The Psycho Realm
Spice 1
The Black Bossalini
November 4
Jay-Z
In My Lifetime, Vol. 1
Debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard 200
Certified Platinum
Jedi Mind Tricks
The Psycho-Social, Chemical, Biological & Electro-Magnetic Manipulation of Human Consciousness
Mic Geronimo
Vendetta
Rakim
The 18th Letter
Certified Gold
Three 6 Mafia
Chapter 2: World Domination
November 10
MC Lyte
Badder Than B-Fore
November 11
B.G.
It's All on U, Vol. 2
Luniz
Lunitik Muzik
Certified Gold
Luke
Changin' the Game
MC Eiht
Last Man Standing
Mystikal
Unpredictable
Debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard 200
Certified Platinum
Timbaland & Magoo
Welcome to Our World
November 18
5th Ward Boyz
Usual Suspects
Del the Funky Homosapien
Future Development
MJG
No More Glory
November 25
DFC
The Whole World's Rotten
Twiztid
Mostasteless
Will Smith
Big Willie Style
2Pac
R U Still Down? (Remember Me)
Debuted at No. 2 on the Billboard 200
Certified 4 x Platinum
December 16
Eminem
Slim Shady EP
Ice Cube
Featuring...Ice Cube
Queen Pen
My Melody
Debuted at No. 78 on the Billboard 200
December 23
8Ball & MJG
Lyrics of a Pimp
Highest-charting singles
Hip hop singles which charted in the Top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100
Title
Artist
Peak position
"Can't Nobody Hold Me Down"
P. Diddy feat. Mase
1
"I'll Be Missing You"
P. Diddy feat. Faith Evans & 112
"Hypnotize"
The Notorious B.I.G.
"Mo Money Mo Problems"
The Notorious B.I.G. featuring Puff Daddy & Mase
"It's All About the Benjamins"
P. Diddy feat. Lil' Kim, The Lox & The Notorious B.I.G.
2
"Look into My Eyes"
Bone Thugs-n-Harmony
4
"Feel So Good"
Mase
5
"Dangerous"
Busta Rhymes
9
"C U When U Get There"
Coolio featuring 40 Thevz
12
"Smile"
Scarface featuring 2Pac & Johnny P.
"Ghetto Love"
Da Brat ft. T-Boz
"Up Jumps da Boogie"
Timbaland & Magoo featuring Aaliyah & Missy Elliott
"I Shot The Sheriff"
Warren G
20
"Street Dreams"
Nas
22
"I Miss My Homies"
Master P ft. Silkk the Shocker, Pimp C & Sons of Funk
25
"Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See"
Busta Rhymes
27
"If I Could Teach the World"
Bone Thugs-n-Harmony
"What They Do"
The Roots
34
"Smokin' Me Out"
Warren G ft. Ronald Isley
35
"ATLiens"
OutKast
"Backyard Boogie"
Mack 10
38
"Gangstas Make the World Go Round"
Westside Connection
40
Highest first-week sales
List of top ten albums with the highest first-week home market sales
Number
Album
Artist
1st-week sales
1st-week position
Genre
1
Life After Death
The Notorious B.I.G.
690,000
1
East Coast Hip Hop
2
Wu-Tang Forever
Wu-Tang Clan
612,000
1
East Coast Hip Hop
3
No Way Out
Puff Daddy & the Bad Boy Family
561,000
1
East Coast Hip Hop
4
R U Still Down? (Remember Me)
2Pac
549,000
2
West Coast Hip Hop
5
The Art Of War
Bone Thugs-n-Harmony
394,000
1
Midwest Hip Hop
6
Harlem World
Mase
270,000
1
East Coast Hip Hop
7
Ghetto D
Master P
260,000
1
Southern Hip Hop
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1997 hip hop records.
Last article: 1996 in hip hop music
Next article: 1998 in hip hop music
References
^ "The Top 100 Hip-Hop Albums of 1997".
^ "Funcrusher Plus - Company Flow | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
^ "Lunitik Muzik - The Luniz | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
vteList of years in hip hop music
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Sturge
|
Mary Sturge
|
["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]
|
British medical doctor
Dr.Mary Darby SturgeBorn16 October 1862Yardley, Birmingham, EnglandDied14 March 1925(1925-03-14) (aged 62)Edgbaston, Birmingham, EnglandNationalityBritishEducationLondon School of Medicine for WomenOccupationPhysician
Mary Darby Sturge (16 October 1865 – 14 March 1925) was a British medical doctor, known for her pioneering work with alcoholism and championing the importance of preventative medical care. She is credited as being the second woman doctor in Birmingham and was President of the Medical Women's Federation from 1920 to 1922.
Biography
Sturge was born in Yardley, Birmingham, on 16 October 1862. Her parents were Sara and Wilson Sturge. She was known as Maida in her family where she was the eldest of ten children in prominent Quaker family in the city. Her grandfather, Charles Sturge, was mayor of Birmingham when she was born.
In 1877, Sturge was in the opening class at Edgbaston High School for Girls, the first secondary school for girls in Birmingham. She was educated at the new Mason Science College, the forerunner of Birmingham University, when it opened in 1880, where she was one of the first four women students. She left to study medicine in 1886 at London University, which had opened to women in 1878. She qualified as a doctor at the London School of Medicine for Women in 1891.
Sturge returned to Birmingham in 1895 to take up general practice. In 1896, she began work in anaesthetics at the Birmingham and Midland Hospital for Women. Established in 1871, the hospital was unusual in that constitutionally 50 per cent its committee of management was female. She cared for her aunt, women's rights activist Eliza Sturge, who died at her house in 1905. Sturge inherited her aunt's entire estate.
Sturge became acting honorary surgeon in 1905. She worked at the hospital until 1924, when she retired but remained a consulting surgeon. In 1908, Sturge published, with Sir Victor Horsley and Sir Arthur Newsholme, Alcohol and the Human Body. The book became a popular reference book on alcoholism, selling 85,000 copies in Britain and the USA.
Sturge was an active member of the Birmingham Society for Women's Suffrage.
While president of the Medical Women's Federation from 1920 to 1922 she campaigned for equal pay and the removal of the marriage bar for women in medicine.
She died in Birmingham on 14 March 1925, having suffered from Bell's palsy.
References
^ a b c d e Ruth Watts (2004). "Sturge, Mary Darby (1865–1925)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/56586. ISBN 978-0-19-861411-1. Retrieved 13 April 2017. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ "The history behind the names of Aston's accommodation". The Tab Aston. 5 March 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
^ Reynolds, K. D. (2004). "Sturge, Eliza Mary (1842–1905), women's activist". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/56273. Retrieved 12 September 2020. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Sir Victor Horsley; Mary Darby Sturge; Sir Arthur Newsholme (1908). Alcohol and the Human Body: An Introduction to the Study of the Subject, and a Contribution to National Health. London: Macmillan.
^ Stigler, Stephen M. (2002). Statistics on the Table: The History of Statistical Concepts and Methods. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674009790.
^ Crawford, Elizabeth (2017). "Sturge, Eliza Mary (1843-1905)". The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 1866-1928. Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415239264.
^ "#UoBwomen 2015". University of Birmingham. 6 March 2015. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
External links
Alcohol and the human body (1908) at the Internet Archive
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Israel
United States
Netherlands
Other
IdRef
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nic_Stirzaker
|
Nic Stirzaker
|
["1 Early life","2 Club career","3 International career","4 Super Rugby statistics","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Australia international rugby union player
Rugby playerNic StirzakerStirzaker with Melbourne RisingBirth nameNic StirzakerDate of birth (1991-03-08) 8 March 1991 (age 33)Place of birthLondon, EnglandHeight1.79 m (5 ft 10+1⁄2 in)Weight80 kg (12 st 8 lb; 176 lb)SchoolKnox Grammar School, SydneyUniversitySydney UniversityRugby union careerPosition(s)
Scrum-halfSenior careerYears
Team
Apps
(Points)2014–2017 2018 2018–20202020–2022
Melbourne RisingSaracens BristolMontauban
17 2 18 24
(35) (0) (0) (15)
Correct as of 6 November 2017Provincial / State sidesYears
Team
Apps
(Points)2013
Manawatu
10
(15)
Correct as of 22 October 2013Super RugbyYears
Team
Apps
(Points)2012–2017
Rebels
60
(30)
Correct as of 6 November 2017International careerYears
Team
Apps
(Points)2016
Australia XV
1
0
Nic Stirzaker (born 8 March 1991) is a former Australian rugby union footballer. His regular playing position is scrum-half and most recently played for the Montauban in the Pro D2. Prior to that he represented the Rebels in Super Rugby and Melbourne Rising in the National Rugby Championship and Bristol Bears in Premiership Rugby.
Early life
Stirzaker was born in England to South African parents, but was raised in Australia from the age of two. He is one of three brothers and developed his love of Rugby at Knox Grammar School in Sydney.
Club career
Playing rugby at both Knox Grammar School and Sydney University, Stirzaker was signed to be a part of the Rebels extended playing squad during the 2012 season only playing a total of three games all coming off the bench. After his debut season as an extended player, Stirzaker played eleven games for the Rebels throughout 2013, starting twice and coming off the bench on nine occasions. On 25 June 2013, Stirzaker come off the bench in the 55th minute to play for the Rebels against the British & Irish Lions during their 2013 tour in a 0–35 defeat at AAMI Park, Melbourne.
In March 2014, Stirzaker re-signed with the Rebels until the succession of the 2015 season. Stirzaker was subsequently released to Palmerston North-based ITM Cup team Manawatu Rugby Club for the 2013 season. Finishing the season fifth in the Championship division, Stirzaker scored a total of three tries before returning to the Rebels in 2014.
Sustaining an injury before the 2014 season, Stirzaker only played eight of the sixteen games, starting in just four. After a fairly successful 2015 season for Stirzaker – playing fifteen games, scoring three tries, and helped lead the Rebels to a mid-table finish – he was among rumours of a possible call up to the Wallabies squad. Stirzaker is eligible to represent three countries internationally. Australia, England, and South Africa.
In early 2016, Stirzaker was announced as captain of the Rebels ahead of the season. He had undergone off-season shoulder surgery causing him to miss the season-opening match of the 2016 season against the Force in Perth. Stirzaker returned to full fitness to play the Waratahs in 17–21 victory in round 6 at Allianz Stadium, Sydney. He played a total of eleven games scoring two tries.
In January 2018, Stirzaker signed a short, three-month term contract for Saracens in the Aviva Premiership for the 2017–18 season.
In late January 2018 Bristol Rugby announced that Stirzaker would join them for the upcoming 2018-19 Premiership Rugby season.
After leaving Bristol, Stirzaker moves to France to join Pro D2 outfit Montauban for the 2020–21 season.
International career
Stirzaker was selected and played for Australia XV that played the French Barbarians in late 2016 losing 19–11 in Bordeaux.
Super Rugby statistics
As of 6 November 2017
Season
Team
Games
Starts
Sub
Mins
Tries
Cons
Pens
Drops
Points
Yel
Red
2012
Rebels
4
0
4
30
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2013
Rebels
11
2
9
242
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2014
Rebels
8
4
4
315
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2015
Rebels
15
14
1
1039
3
0
0
0
15
1
0
2016
Rebels
11
9
2
577
2
0
0
0
10
0
0
2017
Rebels
11
11
0
708
1
0
0
0
5
1
1
Total
60
40
19
2911
6
0
0
0
30
2
1
References
^ "Player Profile: Nic Stirzaker". Melbourne Rebels. 4 July 2014. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014.
^ "Lions 2013: Melbourne Rebels 0–35 British and Irish Lions". BBC Sport. 25 June 2013.
^ "Rebels 0–35 British & Irish Lions". espn.co.uk. 25 June 2013.
^ "Five try boost ahead of second test". lionsrugby.com. 29 June 2013. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013.
^ "Stirzaker extends Rebels contract". Melbourne Rebels. 25 March 2014. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014.
^ "Stirzaker released for Manawatu". stuff.co.nz. 3 July 2013.
^ "Fresh wind to lift Turbos". stuff.co.nz. 31 August 2013.
^ "The contenders – Scrum-half". Melbourne Rebels. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014.
^ "Rebels halfback Nick Stirzaker battles Waratahs rival in Wallaby audition". The Daily Telegraph. 24 April 2015.
^ "Super Rugby 2016: Nic Stirzaker named new Melbourne Rebels captain". Fox Sports Australia. 19 February 2016.
^ "Rebels outlast Force". Sanzar. 27 February 2016.
^ "Melbourne Rebels lose captain Nic Stirzaker for Super Rugby season-opener against Western Force". The Herald Sun. 25 February 2016.
^ "Rebels lose captain for rugby season opener". SBS. 25 February 2016.
^ "Melbourne Rebels captain Nic Stirzaker back starting for NSW Waratahs showdown". Sydney Morning Herald. 1 April 2016.
^ "Stirzaker signs with Saracens". rugby.com.au. 4 January 2018.
^ "Saracens sign Australian scrum-half Nic Stirzaker on three-month deal". Sky Sports. 3 January 2018.
^ "Saracens signs Nic Stirzaker". Saracens. 3 January 2018.
^ "Saracens: Scrum-half Nic Stirzaker joins on three-month contract". BBC Sport. 3 January 2018.
^ "Stirzaker to depart for Montauban". Bristol Rugby. 23 March 2020.
^ "REPLAY: Wallaby XV vs French Barbarians". rugby.com.au. 25 November 2016.
^ "Wallaby XV stumble against French Barbarians". rugby.com.au. 25 November 2016.
^ "Player Statistics". its rugby. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
External links
Rebels profile
vteMontauban – current squadForwards
Nicolas Agnesi
Simon Augry
Yassin Boutemanni
Mirian Burduli
Pierre Commenge
Ciryl Deligny
Arnaud Feltrin
Kevin Firmin
Dan Malafosse
Alexandre Manukula
Stéphane Munoz
Maselino Paulino
Quentin Pueyo
Fred Quercy
Simon Renaud
Jean Sousa
Luke Stringer
Paul Tailhades
Kamaliele Tufele
Tjiuee Uanivi
Christopher Vaotoa
Dimitri Vaotoa
Louis Vincent
Backs
Stéphane Ahmed
Paul Bonnefond
Jérôme Bosviel
Quentin Delord
Louis Druart
Dan Goggin
Hugo Le Gall
Nikola Matawalu
Maxime Mathy
Anthony Meric
Epeli Momo
Franck Pourteau
Benjamin Puntous
Tom Richard
Semesa Rokoduguni
Dylan Sage
Maxime Salles
Raphael Sanchez
Nic Stirzaker
Segundo Tuculet
Taleta Tupuola
Coach
David Gérard
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"scrum-half","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_positions#9._scrum_half"},{"link_name":"Montauban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Montauban"},{"link_name":"Pro D2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Pro_D2"},{"link_name":"Rebels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Rebels"},{"link_name":"Super Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Rugby"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Rising"},{"link_name":"National Rugby Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rugby_Championship"},{"link_name":"Bristol Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Bears"},{"link_name":"Premiership Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiership_Rugby"}],"text":"Rugby playerNic Stirzaker (born 8 March 1991) is a former Australian rugby union footballer. His regular playing position is scrum-half and most recently played for the Montauban in the Pro D2. Prior to that he represented the Rebels in Super Rugby and Melbourne Rising in the National Rugby Championship and Bristol Bears in Premiership Rugby.","title":"Nic Stirzaker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"South African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_people"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Knox Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knox_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Stirzaker was born in England to South African parents, but was raised in Australia from the age of two. He is one of three brothers and developed his love of Rugby at Knox Grammar School in Sydney.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knox Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knox_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"Sydney University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_University"},{"link_name":"2012 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Super_Rugby_season"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Super_Rugby_season"},{"link_name":"British & Irish Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_%26_Irish_Lions"},{"link_name":"2013 tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_British_%26_Irish_Lions_tour_to_Australia"},{"link_name":"AAMI Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Rectangular_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2015 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Super_Rugby_season"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Palmerston North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmerston_North"},{"link_name":"ITM Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitre_10_Cup"},{"link_name":"Manawatu Rugby Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manawatu_Rugby_Union"},{"link_name":"2013 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_ITM_Cup"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Super_Rugby_season"},{"link_name":"2014 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Super_Rugby_season"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2015 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Super_Rugby_season"},{"link_name":"Wallabies squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"2016 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Super_Rugby_season"},{"link_name":"Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Force"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nib_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Waratahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Waratahs"},{"link_name":"round 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Super_Rugby_season#Round_6"},{"link_name":"Allianz Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Football_Stadium_(1988)"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Saracens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracens_F.C."},{"link_name":"Aviva Premiership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiership_Rugby"},{"link_name":"2017–18 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_English_Premiership"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Bristol Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Rugby"},{"link_name":"Pro D2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_D2"},{"link_name":"Montauban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Montauban"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Playing rugby at both Knox Grammar School and Sydney University, Stirzaker was signed to be a part of the Rebels extended playing squad during the 2012 season only playing a total of three games all coming off the bench. After his debut season as an extended player, Stirzaker played eleven games for the Rebels throughout 2013, starting twice and coming off the bench on nine occasions. On 25 June 2013, Stirzaker come off the bench in the 55th minute to play for the Rebels against the British & Irish Lions during their 2013 tour in a 0–35 defeat at AAMI Park, Melbourne.[2][3][4]In March 2014, Stirzaker re-signed with the Rebels until the succession of the 2015 season.[5] Stirzaker was subsequently released to Palmerston North-based ITM Cup team Manawatu Rugby Club for the 2013 season.[6][7] Finishing the season fifth in the Championship division, Stirzaker scored a total of three tries before returning to the Rebels in 2014.Sustaining an injury before the 2014 season, Stirzaker only played eight of the sixteen games, starting in just four.[8] After a fairly successful 2015 season for Stirzaker – playing fifteen games, scoring three tries, and helped lead the Rebels to a mid-table finish – he was among rumours of a possible call up to the Wallabies squad.[9] Stirzaker is eligible to represent three countries internationally. Australia, England, and South Africa.In early 2016, Stirzaker was announced as captain of the Rebels ahead of the season.[10] He had undergone off-season shoulder surgery causing him to miss the season-opening match of the 2016 season against the Force in Perth.[11][12][13] Stirzaker returned to full fitness to play the Waratahs in 17–21 victory in round 6 at Allianz Stadium, Sydney.[14] He played a total of eleven games scoring two tries.In January 2018, Stirzaker signed a short, three-month term contract for Saracens in the Aviva Premiership for the 2017–18 season.[15][16][17][18]In late January 2018 Bristol Rugby announced that Stirzaker would join them for the upcoming 2018-19 Premiership Rugby season.After leaving Bristol, Stirzaker moves to France to join Pro D2 outfit Montauban for the 2020–21 season.[19]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australia XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"French Barbarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarian_Rugby_Club"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Stirzaker was selected and played for Australia XV that played the French Barbarians in late 2016 losing 19–11 in Bordeaux.[20][21]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Player_Statistics-22"}],"text":"As of 6 November 2017[22]","title":"Super Rugby statistics"}]
|
[]
| null |
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BBC Sport. 25 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/23042831","url_text":"\"Lions 2013: Melbourne Rebels 0–35 British and Irish Lions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Rebels 0–35 British & Irish Lions\". espn.co.uk. 25 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.espn.co.uk/lions-tour-2013/rugby/match/164084.html","url_text":"\"Rebels 0–35 British & Irish Lions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"espn.co.uk"}]},{"reference":"\"Five try boost ahead of second test\". lionsrugby.com. 29 June 2013. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130629001403/http://www.lionsrugby.com/2013tour/12284.php","url_text":"\"Five try boost ahead of second test\""},{"url":"http://www.lionsrugby.com/2013tour/12284.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Stirzaker extends Rebels contract\". Melbourne Rebels. 25 March 2014. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140325101406/http://www.melbournerebels.com.au/news/article/stirzaker-extends-rabodirect-rebels-contract","url_text":"\"Stirzaker extends Rebels contract\""},{"url":"http://www.melbournerebels.com.au/news/article/stirzaker-extends-rabodirect-rebels-contract","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Stirzaker released for Manawatu\". stuff.co.nz. 3 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatu-standard/sport/8873617/Stirzaker-released-for-Manawatu","url_text":"\"Stirzaker released for Manawatu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fresh wind to lift Turbos\". stuff.co.nz. 31 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatu-standard/sport/rugby-union/9109917/Fresh-wind-to-lift-Turbos","url_text":"\"Fresh wind to lift Turbos\""}]},{"reference":"\"The contenders – Scrum-half\". Melbourne Rebels. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140224013736/http://www.melbournerebels.com.au/news/article/the-contenders-scrumhalf","url_text":"\"The contenders – Scrum-half\""},{"url":"http://www.melbournerebels.com.au/news/article/the-contenders-scrumhalf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rebels halfback Nick Stirzaker battles Waratahs rival in Wallaby audition\". The Daily Telegraph. 24 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/sport/rugby/melbourne-rebels/rebels-halfback-nick-stirzaker-battles-waratahs-rival-in-wallaby-audition/news-story/e2aa94b4a27e4b649ab7db513e456173","url_text":"\"Rebels halfback Nick Stirzaker battles Waratahs rival in Wallaby audition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph_(Sydney)","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"\"Super Rugby 2016: Nic Stirzaker named new Melbourne Rebels captain\". Fox Sports Australia. 19 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foxsports.com.au/rugby/super-rugby-2016-nic-stirzaker-named-new-melbourne-rebels-captain/news-story/8f5f6c29c733267163099dc869fe38e7","url_text":"\"Super Rugby 2016: Nic Stirzaker named new Melbourne Rebels captain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Sports_(Australia)","url_text":"Fox Sports Australia"}]},{"reference":"\"Rebels outlast Force\". Sanzar. 27 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://sanzarrugby.com/superrugby/news/rebels-outlast-force/","url_text":"\"Rebels outlast Force\""}]},{"reference":"\"Melbourne Rebels lose captain Nic Stirzaker for Super Rugby season-opener against Western Force\". The Herald Sun. 25 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/rugby/melbourne-rebels-lose-captain-nic-stirzaker-for-super-rugby-seasonopener-against-western-force/news-story/71ea76743c7fb77f97af661bd5a656ea","url_text":"\"Melbourne Rebels lose captain Nic Stirzaker for Super Rugby season-opener against Western Force\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Herald_Sun","url_text":"The Herald Sun"}]},{"reference":"\"Rebels lose captain for rugby season opener\". SBS. 25 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sbs.com.au/news/rebels-lose-capt-for-rugby-season-opener","url_text":"\"Rebels lose captain for rugby season opener\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service","url_text":"SBS"}]},{"reference":"\"Melbourne Rebels captain Nic Stirzaker back starting for NSW Waratahs showdown\". Sydney Morning Herald. 1 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/sport/rugby-union/melbourne-rebels-captain-nic-stirzaker-back-starting-for-nsw-waratahs-showdown-20160401-gnw0u9.html","url_text":"\"Melbourne Rebels captain Nic Stirzaker back starting for NSW Waratahs showdown\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Stirzaker signs with Saracens\". rugby.com.au. 4 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rugby.com.au/news/2018/01/03/stirzaker-saracens-contract","url_text":"\"Stirzaker signs with Saracens\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saracens sign Australian scrum-half Nic Stirzaker on three-month deal\". Sky Sports. 3 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/rugby-union/news/12572/11194248/saracens-sign-australian-scrum-half-nic-stirzaker-on-three-month-deal","url_text":"\"Saracens sign Australian scrum-half Nic Stirzaker on three-month deal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Sports","url_text":"Sky Sports"}]},{"reference":"\"Saracens signs Nic Stirzaker\". Saracens. 3 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saracens.com/news-article/saracens-sign-nic-stirzaker","url_text":"\"Saracens signs Nic Stirzaker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saracens: Scrum-half Nic Stirzaker joins on three-month contract\". BBC Sport. 3 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/42553314","url_text":"\"Saracens: Scrum-half Nic Stirzaker joins on three-month contract\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Stirzaker to depart for Montauban\". 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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Schumann_Heink
|
Ernestine Schumann-Heink
|
["1 Early life","2 First marriage","3 Second marriage","4 International career","5 Third marriage","6 Charitable work and community support","7 Later years","8 Death and legacy","9 Operatic roles, with notable performances","10 References","11 External links"]
|
Austrian-American singer (1861–1936)
Ernestine Schumann-HeinkBornErnestine Amalie Pauline Rössler(1861-06-15)15 June 1861Libeň, Kingdom of Bohemia, Austrian EmpireDied17 November 1936(1936-11-17) (aged 75)Hollywood, California, United StatesOther namesTina RösslerSpouses
Johann Georg Ernst August Heink
(m. 1882–1893)
Curt Paul Schumann, c.
(m. 1895–1905)
William Rapp, Jr.
(m. 1905–1915)
ChildrenAugust (1883–1918)Charlotte (1884–?)Henry (1886–1951)Hans Hugo Herman (1887–1916)Ferdinand (1893–1958)Marie (1896–?)George Washington (1898–1979)Walter SchumannParent(s)Hans RösslerCharlotte GoldmanSignature
Ernestine Schumann-Heink (15 June 1861 – 17 November 1936) was a Bohemian-born Austrian-American operatic dramatic contralto of German Bohemian descent. She was noted for the flexibility and wide range of her voice. Heink and Schumann were her two husbands' surnames.
Early life
She was born Ernestine Amalie Pauline Rössler on 15 June 1861 to a German-speaking family at Libeň (German: Lieben), Bohemia, Austrian Empire, which is now part of the city of Prague, Czech Republic. She was baptized in her father's Roman Catholic faith five days later. Her father, who called his daughter "Tini", was Johann "Hans" Rössler. Before working as a shoe maker, he served as an Austrian cavalry officer. He had been stationed in northern Italy (then an Austrian protectorate), where he met and married Charlotte Josepha Goldman, who was Jewish and with whom he returned to Libeň. Her maternal grandmother, Leah Kohn, was of Hungarian Jewish descent and first prophesied Ernestine's successful career.
When Ernestine was three years old, the family moved to Verona. In 1866, at the outbreak of the Austro-Prussian War, the family moved to Prague, where she was schooled at the Ursuline Convent. At war's end, the Roesslers moved to Podgórze, now part of Kraków, where she attended convent school. The family moved again to Graz when Ernestine was thirteen. Here she met Marietta von LeClair, a retired opera singer, who agreed to give her voice lessons.
In 1876, Ernestine gave her first professional performance (at age 15) as alto soloist in Beethoven's Ninth Symphony in Graz. Her operatic debut was on 15 October 1878 at the Dresden Royal Opera House, where for four seasons she played the role of Azucena in Il trovatore,and served as principal contralto when she was 17.
First marriage
In 1882 she married Johann Georg Ernst Albert Heink (1854–1933), secretary of the Semperoper, the Saxon State Opera Dresden; this violated the terms of their contracts, and both had their employment abruptly terminated. Heink took a job at the local customs house and was soon transferred to Hamburg. Ernestine remained in Dresden to pursue her career, and eventually rejoined her husband when she secured a position at the Hamburg Opera. She went on to have four children with Heink: August, Charlotte, Henry and Hans.
Ernest Heink was again thrown out of work when Saxons were banned from government positions, and departed to Saxony to find work. Ernestine, pregnant, did not follow him; they were divorced in 1892 when Ernestine was thirty-one years old. She came to the United States to make a brief foray into Broadway theatre, playing in Julian Edwards' operetta Love's Lottery, in which her performance was noted for the fact that she often broke off to ask the audience whether her English was good enough. She left the production after 50 performances and soon returned to opera.
Her breakthrough to leading roles came after an argument between prima donna Marie Goetze and the director of the Hamburg opera, when he asked Ernestine to sing the title role of Carmeninstead, and without rehearsal, which she did to great acclaim. Goetze angrily quit the role of Fidès in Le prophète, to be performed the following night, and was again replaced by Schumann-Heink who for a third time replaced Goetze as Ortrud in Lohengrin the following evening, one more time without rehearsal, and was offered a ten-year contract.
In 1887, Schumann-Heink sang Johannes Brahms' Alto Rhapsody under the direction of Hans von Bülow in a concert in Hamburg, with Brahms in attendance. She was then engaged by Bülow to sing in a cycle of Mozart performances later that year. However, she had to withdraw from these performances due to the birth of her fourth child, Hans, in November 1887. This withdrawal angered Bülow, and their relationship did not continue.
Second marriage
After the divorce from her first husband, she married Paul Schumann, an actor and director of the Thalia Theater in Hamburg in 1892. She acquired a stepson, Walter, and had three more children with Paul: Ferdinand Schumann, Marie Theresa Schumann, and George Washington Schumann. This last boy was born in New York City, named by his good-humored mother with suggestion of the doctor who delivered the baby. One of their children, Ferdinand (1893–1958) was a prolific, though mostly unbilled, Hollywood character actor.
Paul Schumann died in Germany on 28 November 1904. While fighting a legal battle in Germany over her husband's estate, she filed her United States naturalization papers on 10 February 1905, and became a U.S. citizen on 3 March 1908.
International career
Schumann-Heink in 1916
"Erlkönig"
Schumann-Heink sings Schubert's "Erlkönig" in 1913, accompanied by a string ensemble
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Schumann-Heink performed with Gustav Mahler at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, during the Hamburg company's London season in 1892, and became well known for her performances of the works of Richard Wagner, forging "a long and fruitful relationship with Bayreuth " that "lasted from 1896 to 1914".
Schumann-Heink's first appearance at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City was in 1899, and she performed regularly there until 1932. She recorded the first of her many musical gramophone performances in 1900. Several of these early sound recordings originally released on 78 RPM discs have been reissued on CD format. Although there are some imperfections in her singing, her musical technique still leave a deep impression on the audience.
Third marriage
On 11 February 1905, Schumann-Heink became an American citizen. On 27 May 1905, aged 43, she married her manager William Rapp Jr., son of Wilhelm Rapp, in Chicago, Illinois. They lived lived on Grandview Avenue, North Caldwell, New Jersey in her Villa Fides from April 1906 to December 1911. They then moved to 500 acres (2.0 km2) of farm land located just outside San Diego, California, purchased by her in January 1910, where she would live for most of the rest of her life.
In 1909, she created the role of Klytaemnestra in the debut of Richard Strauss's Elektra, of which she said she had no high opinion, calling it "a fearful din". Strauss was not entirely captivated by Schumann-Heink either; according to one story, during rehearsals he admonished the orchestra, "Louder! I can still hear Madame Schumann-Heink!"
She separated from her husband on 10 December 1911. She filed for divorce in 1913. They divorced in 1914 and the appeals court upheld the lower court decision in 1915. In 1915, she appeared as herself in the early documentary film Mabel and Fatty Viewing the World's Fair at San Francisco directed by Fatty Arbuckle, who appears as himself in the film.
Charitable work and community support
Concert program from 1912
While living at North Caldwell, Schumann-Heink became interested in efforts to honor President Grover Cleveland. The future president was born in 1837 in nearby Caldwell, New Jersey, where his father, Rev. Richard Cleveland was minister of the First Presbyterian Church. On 10 September 1912, Schumann-Heink performed a benefit concert at the church to raise money to purchase the adjacent Presbyterian manse, Cleveland's birthplace. In 1913, the Grover Cleveland Birthplace Memorial Association (GCBMA) purchased the manse and opened it to the public as a museum.
During World War I, she supported the United States and its armed forces. She entertained the troops and raised money for Liberty Bonds, as well as "the Red Cross, knights of Columbus, Young Men's Christian Association, and Jewish War Relief, and to entertaining soldiers Throughout the United States" in order to help wounded veterans. She toured the United States raising money for the war effort, although she had relatives fighting on both sides of the war – including her sons August Heink, a merchant sailor who had been impressed into the German submarine service, Walter Schumann, Henry Heink and George Washington Schumann, all in the United States Navy.
Later years
In 1926, she first sang "Stille Nacht" ("Silent Night") (in both German and English) over the radio for Christmas. This became a Christmas tradition with US radio listeners through Christmas of 1935. In 1927, she performed in an early Vitaphone sound short film, possibly the only surviving footage of her singing other than a brief performance she gave during the filming of a voice lesson she was giving to a group of aspiring young American mezzo-sopranos. She lost most of her assets in the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and was forced to sing again at age 69.
Schumann-Heink: "Stille Nacht"
In 1926, then 65, she had begun a weekly radio program, in addition to announcing her plans to "teach forty American girls"; Schumann "spent considerable time advising women to forgo politics, smoking and unchaperoned dancing, and to devote themselves to bringing up children". In 1929, she taught tenor Arnold Blackner. Her last performance at the Metropolitan Opera was in 1932, performing Erda in Der Ring des Nibelungen, aged 71.
In January 1927, the American Tobacco Company (ATC) launched a print advertisement campaign for their Lucky Strikes brand featuring Schumann-Heink's photo and endorsement, the first campaign of its kind in the United States that featured a woman. The advertisement included the statement signed by Schumann-Heink "I recommend Lucky Strikes because they are kind to my throat." The copy also included ATC's statement "When smoking, she prefers Lucky Strikes because they give the greatest enjoyment and throat protection." Later that year, Schumann-Heink refuted the endorsement as fraudulent, and by the end of 1927 ATC reran the same campaign but with Nina Morgana's endorsement instead.
Death and legacy
Veterans' farewell to famous singer, Hollywood, 20 November 1936
Memorial plaque, Balboa Park, San-Diego
Schumann-Heink died of leukemia on 17 November 1936 in Hollywood, California, aged 75. Her funeral was conducted by the American Legion at the Hollywood Post Auditorium, and she was interred at Greenwood Memorial Park in San Diego. Her archive was donated to the Smithsonian Institution.
On Memorial Day, 30 May 1938, a bronze tablet honouring Schumann-Heink was unveiled by her granddaughter, Barbara Heink, at the Organ Pavilion in Balboa Park, San Diego. The tablet featured a star that reads:In loving Memory of Mme. Ernestine Schumann-Heink. A Gold Star Mother. A Star of the World
Operatic roles, with notable performances
Role
Opera
Composer
Stage
Year
Azucena
Il trovatore
Verdi
Dresden Opera, operatic debut
1878
Brangäne
Tristan und Isolde
Wagner
Carmen
Carmen
Bizet
Hamburg Opera, first major role at the Hamburg opera
1886
Fidès
Le prophète
Meyerbeer
Hamburg Opera
1886
Ortrud
Lohengrin
Wagner
1886
Adriana
Rienzi
Wagner
Amneris
Aida
Verdi
Leonora
La favorita
Donizetti
Katisha
The Mikado
Gilbert and Sullivan
Marthe
Faust
Gounod
Mary
Der fliegende Holländer
Wagner
Witch
Hansel and Gretel
Humperdinck
Erda
Siegfried
Wagner
Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, London, English debut
1892
Prince Orlofsky
Die Fledermaus
J. Strauss II
1894
Waltraute
Götterdämmerung
Wagner
Bayreuth, first performance at the Bayreuth Festival
1896
Ortrud
Lohengrin
Wagner
Chicago Opera, US debut
1898
Ortrud
Lohengrin
Wagner
New York, Metropolitan Opera debut
1899
Klytaemnestra
Elektra
R. Strauss
Dresden, world premiere
1909
Erda
Das Rheingold
Wagner
Metropolitan Opera, New York, final operatic performance
1932
References
^ a b c "Schumann-Heink, Great Singer, Dead. Native of Bohemia, She Won World-Wide Acclaim in Opera and Concerts". The New York Times. Associated Press. 18 November 1936.
^ a b c "Schumann-Heink, Ernestine". The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography. Vol. XIV. New York: J. T. White Company. 1910. pp. 488–489 – via Internet Archive.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Lawton, Mary (1928). Schumann-Heink, the Last of the Titans. New York: The Macmillan Company. hdl:2027/mdp.39015029549139.
^ Ernestine Amalie Pauline Rössler, in the Dresden, Germany, Marriages, 1876-1927, ancestry.com. Accessed 22 January 2024.
^ Biography of Ernestine Schumann-Heink, jwa.org. Accessed January 22, 2024.
^ "The Catalogue". katalog.ahmp.cz. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
^ Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary, vol. 3, Harvard University Press (1971), p. 242
^ a b c Shawe-Taylor, Desmond (2001). "Schumann-Heink, Ernestine". Grove Music Online (8th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.25158. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription required)
^ "Ernestine Schumann-Heink". The Musical Times. 77 (1126): 1138. 1936. ISSN 0027-4666. JSTOR 919782.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Amero, Richard W. (1991). "Madame Schumann-Heink: San Diego's Diva". Southern California Quarterly. 73 (2): 157–182. doi:10.2307/41171570. ISSN 0038-3929. JSTOR 41171570.
^ "Sues Schumann-Heink's Son. Young Woman Asks $25,000 Because He Won't Marry Her". The New York Times. 7 March 1912.
^ Gerald Martin Bordman, American Musical Theatre: A Chronicle, Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 235.
^ Hinrichsen, Hans-Joachim (1999). Musikalische Interpretation: Hans von Bülow. Stuttgart: Steiner. p. 492.
^ "Opera Singer's Husband Dead; Schumann-Heink Postpones Opening of Boston Engagement". The New York Times. 29 November 1904.
^ "National Treasure". Opera News.
^ "Famous Songstress Praises California Home Ernestine Schumann-Heink Tells Why She Lives in California—and Coronado". cdnc.ucr.edu.
^ a b Warrack, John and West, Ewan (1992), The Oxford Dictionary of Opera
^ "Schumann-Heink Sues for Divorce. Grand Opera Star Files an Action in Chicago Charging Wm. Rapp, Jr., With Desertion". The New York Times. 23 December 1913.
^ "Singer Gets Her Decree. Schumann-Heink Cleared and Costs Put on Husband". The New York Times. 1 July 1914.
^ "Confirms Schumann-Heink Divorce". The New York Times. 6 October 1915.
^ Schumann-Heink sings thee songs (1927) on YouTube
^ "Madame Shumann-Heink, the diva of Grossmont". San Diego Reader. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
^ C. Höslinger. "Schumann-Heink, Ernestine". Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon ab 1815 (online) (in German). Vol. 11. Austrian Academy of Sciences. pp. 368–369.
^ "Blackner Becomes Protege of Mme. Schumann-Heink". The Beaver Press. Beaver County, Utah. 3 May 1929. p. 1. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
^ "Business: Precedent Broken". Time. 7 February 1927. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
^ "Our Busy World" (PDF). The Youth's Instructor. Vol. 75, no. 15. 12 April 1927. p. 16.
^ "Nina Morgana". Altoona Mirror. 11 November 1927. p. 6.
^ "Eulogized at Rites. American Legion Holds Service for Singer in Auditorium of Hollywood Post". The New York Times. 21 November 1936.
^ "Children Get Estate of Schumann-Heink. Will Gives Her Medals, Degrees, Diplomas and Music to the Smithsonian Institution". The New York Times. Associated Press. 25 November 1936.
^ "Veterans see plaque unveiled honoring Mme. Schumann Heink". San Diego Union. 31 May 1938. p. 3.
^ "Ernestine Schumann-Heink". The Musical Times. 77 (1126): 1138. December 1936. JSTOR 919782.
^ Murray, David (1992). "Elektra (opera)". Grove Music Online (8th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O901419. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ernestine Schumann-Heink.
Works by or about Ernestine Schumann-Heink at Internet Archive
Schumann-Heink on cantabile-subito.de Biography with photos and audio samples
Ernestine Schumann-Heink and actress Bette Davis 1930s
Schumann-Heink in Popular Science Dec. 1956 (p.248) – Savings Bond advertisement
Ernestine Schumann-Heink music collection digitized by Claremont College
Recordings
Ernestine Schumann-Heink recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.
Ernestine Schumann-Heink: streaming audio at the Library of Congress.
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Heink and Schumann were her two husbands' surnames.","title":"Ernestine Schumann-Heink"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Libeň","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libe%C5%88"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cyclopaedia-2"},{"link_name":"Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Austrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mary_Lawton-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"shoe maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoemaking"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mary_Lawton-3"},{"link_name":"Hungarian Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Jewish"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harvard_1971-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mary_Lawton-3"},{"link_name":"Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verona"},{"link_name":"Austro-Prussian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Ursuline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursulines"},{"link_name":"Podgórze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podg%C3%B3rze"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mary_Lawton-3"},{"link_name":"Graz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graz"},{"link_name":"alto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto"},{"link_name":"Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven"},{"link_name":"Ninth Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mary_Lawton-3"},{"link_name":"Dresden Royal Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden_Royal_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"Il trovatore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_trovatore"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grove_Dictionary-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"She was born Ernestine Amalie Pauline Rössler on 15 June 1861 to a German-speaking family at Libeň (German: Lieben),[2] Bohemia, Austrian Empire, which is now part of the city of Prague, Czech Republic.[1] She was baptized in her father's Roman Catholic faith five days later. Her father, who called his daughter \"Tini\",[3] was Johann \"Hans\" Rössler.[4] Before working as a shoe maker, he served as an Austrian cavalry officer. He had been stationed in northern Italy (then an Austrian protectorate), where he met and married Charlotte Josepha Goldman, who was Jewish and with whom he returned to Libeň.[5][6] Her maternal grandmother, Leah Kohn,[3] was of Hungarian Jewish[7] descent and first prophesied Ernestine's successful career.[3]When Ernestine was three years old, the family moved to Verona. In 1866, at the outbreak of the Austro-Prussian War, the family moved to Prague, where she was schooled at the Ursuline Convent. At war's end, the Roesslers moved to Podgórze, now part of Kraków, where she attended convent school.[3] The family moved again to Graz when Ernestine was thirteen. Here she met Marietta von LeClair, a retired opera singer, who agreed to give her voice lessons.In 1876, Ernestine gave her first professional performance (at age 15) as alto soloist in Beethoven's Ninth Symphony in Graz.[3] Her operatic debut was on 15 October 1878 at the Dresden Royal Opera House, where for four seasons she played the role of Azucena in Il trovatore,[8]and served as principal contralto when she was 17.[9]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Semperoper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semperoper"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amero-10"},{"link_name":"Hamburg Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_State_Opera"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amero-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amero-10"},{"link_name":"Broadway theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Julian Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Edwards"},{"link_name":"operetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operetta"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Marie Goetze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie_Goetze&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Goetze"},{"link_name":"Carmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen"},{"link_name":"Le prophète","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_proph%C3%A8te"},{"link_name":"Lohengrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Alto Rhapsody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_Rhapsody"},{"link_name":"Hans von Bülow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_von_B%C3%BClow"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mary_Lawton-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mary_Lawton-3"}],"text":"In 1882 she married Johann Georg Ernst Albert Heink (1854–1933), secretary of the Semperoper, the Saxon State Opera Dresden; this violated the terms of their contracts, and both had their employment abruptly terminated.[10] Heink took a job at the local customs house and was soon transferred to Hamburg. Ernestine remained in Dresden to pursue her career, and eventually rejoined her husband when she secured a position at the Hamburg Opera. She went on to have four children with Heink: August, Charlotte, Henry and Hans.[10][11]Ernest Heink was again thrown out of work when Saxons were banned from government positions, and departed to Saxony to find work. Ernestine, pregnant, did not follow him; they were divorced in 1892 when Ernestine was thirty-one years old.[10] She came to the United States to make a brief foray into Broadway theatre, playing in Julian Edwards' operetta Love's Lottery, in which her performance was noted for the fact that she often broke off to ask the audience whether her English was good enough. She left the production after 50 performances and soon returned to opera.[12]Her breakthrough to leading roles came after an argument between prima donna Marie Goetze [de] and the director of the Hamburg opera, when he asked Ernestine to sing the title role of Carmeninstead, and without rehearsal, which she did to great acclaim. Goetze angrily quit the role of Fidès in Le prophète, to be performed the following night, and was again replaced by Schumann-Heink who for a third time replaced Goetze as Ortrud in Lohengrin the following evening, one more time without rehearsal, and was offered a ten-year contract.In 1887, Schumann-Heink sang Johannes Brahms' Alto Rhapsody under the direction of Hans von Bülow in a concert in Hamburg, with Brahms in attendance.[3][13] She was then engaged by Bülow to sing in a cycle of Mozart performances later that year. However, she had to withdraw from these performances due to the birth of her fourth child, Hans, in November 1887. This withdrawal angered Bülow, and their relationship did not continue.[3]","title":"First marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thalia Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalia_Theater_(Hamburg)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amero-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mary_Lawton-3"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Schumann-Heink"},{"link_name":"character actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_actor"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"After the divorce from her first husband, she married Paul Schumann, an actor and director of the Thalia Theater in Hamburg in 1892.[10] She acquired a stepson, Walter, and had three more children with Paul: Ferdinand Schumann, Marie Theresa Schumann, and George Washington Schumann. This last boy was born in New York City, named by his good-humored mother with suggestion of the doctor who delivered the baby.[3] One of their children, Ferdinand (1893–1958) was a prolific, though mostly unbilled, Hollywood character actor.Paul Schumann died in Germany on 28 November 1904.[14] While fighting a legal battle in Germany over her husband's estate, she filed her United States naturalization papers on 10 February 1905, and became a U.S. citizen on 3 March 1908.","title":"Second marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ernestine_Schumann-Heink_1916.jpg"},{"link_name":"\"Erlkönig\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schubert_-_Schumann-Heink_-_Erlk%C3%B6nig.ogg"},{"link_name":"Erlkönig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlk%C3%B6nig"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"Gustav Mahler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Mahler"},{"link_name":"Royal Opera House, Covent Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"Richard Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Bayreuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grove_Dictionary-8"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Schumann-Heink in 1916\"Erlkönig\"\n\nSchumann-Heink sings Schubert's \"Erlkönig\" in 1913, accompanied by a string ensemble\nProblems playing this file? See media help.Schumann-Heink performed with Gustav Mahler at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, during the Hamburg company's London season in 1892, and became well known for her performances of the works of Richard Wagner, forging \"a long and fruitful relationship with [the Annual] Bayreuth [Wagnerian music Festival]\" that \"lasted from 1896 to 1914\".[8]Schumann-Heink's first appearance at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City was in 1899, and she performed regularly there until 1932. She recorded the first of her many musical gramophone performances in 1900. Several of these early sound recordings originally released on 78 RPM discs have been reissued on CD format. Although there are some imperfections in her singing, her musical technique still leave a deep impression on the audience.[citation needed]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Rapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Rapp"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amero-10"},{"link_name":"North Caldwell, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caldwell,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"San Diego, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Richard Strauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss"},{"link_name":"Elektra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektra_(opera)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WarrackWest-17"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-divorce-18"},{"link_name":"appeals court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeals_court"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"documentary film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film"},{"link_name":"Mabel and Fatty Viewing the World's Fair at San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel_and_Fatty_Viewing_the_World%27s_Fair_at_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Fatty Arbuckle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe_Arbuckle"}],"text":"On 11 February 1905, Schumann-Heink became an American citizen.[15] On 27 May 1905, aged 43, she married her manager William Rapp Jr., son of Wilhelm Rapp, in Chicago, Illinois.[10] They lived lived on Grandview Avenue, North Caldwell, New Jersey in her Villa Fides from April 1906 to December 1911. They then moved to 500 acres (2.0 km2) of farm land located just outside San Diego, California,[16] purchased by her in January 1910, where she would live for most of the rest of her life.In 1909, she created the role of Klytaemnestra in the debut of Richard Strauss's Elektra, of which she said she had no high opinion, calling it \"a fearful din\".[17] Strauss was not entirely captivated by Schumann-Heink either; according to one story, during rehearsals he admonished the orchestra, \"Louder! I can still hear Madame Schumann-Heink!\"[citation needed]She separated from her husband on 10 December 1911. She filed for divorce in 1913.[18] They divorced in 1914 and the appeals court upheld the lower court decision in 1915.[19][20] In 1915, she appeared as herself in the early documentary film Mabel and Fatty Viewing the World's Fair at San Francisco directed by Fatty Arbuckle, who appears as himself in the film.","title":"Third marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schumann-Heink_Program_1912.tif"},{"link_name":"Grover Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Caldwell, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldwell,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Richard Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Falley_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism"},{"link_name":"manse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manse"},{"link_name":"Cleveland's birthplace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_Birthplace"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Liberty Bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Bonds"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amero-10"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Concert program from 1912While living at North Caldwell, Schumann-Heink became interested in efforts to honor President Grover Cleveland. The future president was born in 1837 in nearby Caldwell, New Jersey, where his father, Rev. Richard Cleveland was minister of the First Presbyterian Church. On 10 September 1912, Schumann-Heink performed a benefit concert at the church to raise money to purchase the adjacent Presbyterian manse, Cleveland's birthplace. In 1913, the Grover Cleveland Birthplace Memorial Association (GCBMA) purchased the manse and opened it to the public as a museum.[citation needed]During World War I, she supported the United States and its armed forces. She entertained the troops and raised money for Liberty Bonds, as well as \"the Red Cross, knights of Columbus, Young Men's Christian Association, and Jewish War Relief, and to entertaining soldiers Throughout the United States\"[10] in order to help wounded veterans. She toured the United States raising money for the war effort, although she had relatives fighting on both sides of the war – including her sons August Heink, a merchant sailor who had been impressed into the German submarine service, Walter Schumann, Henry Heink and George Washington Schumann, all in the United States Navy.[citation needed]","title":"Charitable work and community support"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Stille Nacht\" (\"Silent Night\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Night"},{"link_name":"Vitaphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaphone"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"mezzo-sopranos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzo-soprano"},{"link_name":"Wall Street Crash of 1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"chaperoned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaperone_(social)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amero-10"},{"link_name":"Arnold Blackner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Blackner"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Der Ring des Nibelungen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen"},{"link_name":"American Tobacco Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Tobacco_Company"},{"link_name":"Lucky Strikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Strike"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Nina Morgana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Morgana"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"In 1926, she first sang \"Stille Nacht\" (\"Silent Night\") (in both German and English) over the radio for Christmas. This became a Christmas tradition with US radio listeners through Christmas of 1935. In 1927, she performed in an early Vitaphone sound short film,[21] possibly the only surviving footage of her singing other than a brief performance she gave during the filming of a voice lesson she was giving to a group of aspiring young American mezzo-sopranos. She lost most of her assets in the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and was forced to sing again at age 69.[22][23]Schumann-Heink: \"Stille Nacht\"In 1926, then 65, she had begun a weekly radio program, in addition to announcing her plans to \"teach forty American girls\"; Schumann \"spent considerable time advising women to forgo politics, smoking and unchaperoned dancing, and to devote themselves to bringing up children\".[10] In 1929, she taught tenor Arnold Blackner.[24] Her last performance at the Metropolitan Opera was in 1932, performing Erda in Der Ring des Nibelungen, aged 71.In January 1927, the American Tobacco Company (ATC) launched a print advertisement campaign for their Lucky Strikes brand featuring Schumann-Heink's photo and endorsement, the first campaign of its kind in the United States that featured a woman. The advertisement included the statement signed by Schumann-Heink \"I recommend Lucky Strikes because they are kind to my throat.\"[25] The copy also included ATC's statement \"When smoking, she prefers Lucky Strikes because they give the greatest enjoyment and throat protection.\" Later that year, Schumann-Heink refuted the endorsement as fraudulent, and by the end of 1927 ATC reran the same campaign but with Nina Morgana's endorsement instead.[26][27]","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Veterans%27_Farewell_to_Famous_Singer_(cr).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schumann-Heink-Memorial-Balboa-Park-San-Diego.jpg"},{"link_name":"leukemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia"},{"link_name":"Hollywood, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WarrackWest-17"},{"link_name":"American Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Legion"},{"link_name":"Greenwood Memorial Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Memorial_Park_(San_Diego)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Memorial Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Day"},{"link_name":"Balboa Park, San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balboa_Park_(San_Diego)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Veterans' farewell to famous singer, Hollywood, 20 November 1936Memorial plaque, Balboa Park, San-DiegoSchumann-Heink died of leukemia on 17 November 1936 in Hollywood, California, aged 75.[1][17] Her funeral was conducted by the American Legion at the Hollywood Post Auditorium, and she was interred at Greenwood Memorial Park in San Diego.[28] Her archive was donated to the Smithsonian Institution.[29]On Memorial Day, 30 May 1938, a bronze tablet honouring Schumann-Heink was unveiled by her granddaughter, Barbara Heink, at the Organ Pavilion in Balboa Park, San Diego.[30] The tablet featured a star that reads:In loving Memory of Mme. Ernestine Schumann-Heink. A Gold Star Mother. A Star of the World","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operatic roles, with notable performances"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Schumann-Heink in 1916","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ernestine_Schumann-Heink_1916.jpg/170px-Ernestine_Schumann-Heink_1916.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Concert program from 1912","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Schumann-Heink_Program_1912.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Schumann-Heink_Program_1912.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Schumann-Heink: \"Stille Nacht\""},{"image_text":"Veterans' farewell to famous singer, Hollywood, 20 November 1936","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Veterans%27_Farewell_to_Famous_Singer_%28cr%29.jpg/220px-Veterans%27_Farewell_to_Famous_Singer_%28cr%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Memorial plaque, Balboa Park, San-Diego","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Schumann-Heink-Memorial-Balboa-Park-San-Diego.jpg/220px-Schumann-Heink-Memorial-Balboa-Park-San-Diego.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Schumann-Heink, Great Singer, Dead. Native of Bohemia, She Won World-Wide Acclaim in Opera and Concerts\". The New York Times. Associated Press. 18 November 1936.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1936/11/18/archives/schumannheink-great-singer-dead-native-of-bohemia-she-won-worldwide.html","url_text":"\"Schumann-Heink, Great Singer, Dead. Native of Bohemia, She Won World-Wide Acclaim in Opera and Concerts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Schumann-Heink, Ernestine\". The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography. Vol. XIV. New York: J. T. White Company. 1910. pp. 488–489 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nationalcyclopae00newy/page/n617/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Schumann-Heink, Ernestine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Cyclopaedia_of_American_Biography","url_text":"The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"Lawton, Mary (1928). Schumann-Heink, the Last of the Titans. New York: The Macmillan Company. hdl:2027/mdp.39015029549139.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Macmillan_Company","url_text":"The Macmillan Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015029549139","url_text":"2027/mdp.39015029549139"}]},{"reference":"\"The Catalogue\". katalog.ahmp.cz. Retrieved 20 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://katalog.ahmp.cz/pragapublica/permalink?xid=83B353906D00455E8360362F821D8977&scan=38#scan38","url_text":"\"The Catalogue\""}]},{"reference":"Shawe-Taylor, Desmond (2001). \"Schumann-Heink, Ernestine\". Grove Music Online (8th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.25158. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Shawe-Taylor_(music_critic)","url_text":"Shawe-Taylor, Desmond"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians#Grove_Music_Online_and_Oxford_Music_Online","url_text":"Grove Music Online"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.25158","url_text":"10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.25158"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0","url_text":"978-1-56159-263-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Ernestine Schumann-Heink\". The Musical Times. 77 (1126): 1138. 1936. ISSN 0027-4666. JSTOR 919782.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Musical_Times","url_text":"The Musical Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-4666","url_text":"0027-4666"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/919782","url_text":"919782"}]},{"reference":"Amero, Richard W. (1991). \"Madame Schumann-Heink: San Diego's Diva\". Southern California Quarterly. 73 (2): 157–182. doi:10.2307/41171570. ISSN 0038-3929. JSTOR 41171570.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F41171570","url_text":"10.2307/41171570"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0038-3929","url_text":"0038-3929"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41171570","url_text":"41171570"}]},{"reference":"\"Sues Schumann-Heink's Son. Young Woman Asks $25,000 Because He Won't Marry Her\". The New York Times. 7 March 1912.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1912/03/07/archives/sues-schumannheinks-son-young-woman-asks-25000-because-he-wont.html","url_text":"\"Sues Schumann-Heink's Son. Young Woman Asks $25,000 Because He Won't Marry Her\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Hinrichsen, Hans-Joachim (1999). Musikalische Interpretation: Hans von Bülow. Stuttgart: Steiner. p. 492.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Opera Singer's Husband Dead; Schumann-Heink Postpones Opening of Boston Engagement\". The New York Times. 29 November 1904.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1904/11/29/archives/opera-singers-husband-dead-schumannheink-postpones-opening-of.html","url_text":"\"Opera Singer's Husband Dead; Schumann-Heink Postpones Opening of Boston Engagement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"National Treasure\". Opera News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.operanews.com/Opera_News_Magazine/2016/11/Features/National_Treasure.html","url_text":"\"National Treasure\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_News","url_text":"Opera News"}]},{"reference":"\"Famous Songstress Praises California Home Ernestine Schumann-Heink Tells Why She Lives in California—and Coronado\". cdnc.ucr.edu.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=CJ19281107.2.9&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1","url_text":"\"Famous Songstress Praises California Home Ernestine Schumann-Heink Tells Why She Lives in California—and Coronado\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schumann-Heink Sues for Divorce. Grand Opera Star Files an Action in Chicago Charging Wm. Rapp, Jr., With Desertion\". The New York Times. 23 December 1913.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1913/12/23/archives/schumannheink-sues-for-divorce-grand-opera-star-files-an-action-in.html","url_text":"\"Schumann-Heink Sues for Divorce. Grand Opera Star Files an Action in Chicago Charging Wm. Rapp, Jr., With Desertion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Singer Gets Her Decree. Schumann-Heink Cleared and Costs Put on Husband\". The New York Times. 1 July 1914.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1914/07/01/archives/singer-gets-her-decree-schumannheink-cleared-and-costs-put-on.html","url_text":"\"Singer Gets Her Decree. Schumann-Heink Cleared and Costs Put on Husband\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Confirms Schumann-Heink Divorce\". The New York Times. 6 October 1915.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1915/10/06/archives/confirms-schumannheink-divorce.html","url_text":"\"Confirms Schumann-Heink Divorce\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Madame Shumann-Heink, the diva of Grossmont\". San Diego Reader. Retrieved 4 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/1991/nov/07/cover-the-diva-of-grossmont/","url_text":"\"Madame Shumann-Heink, the diva of Grossmont\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Reader","url_text":"San Diego Reader"}]},{"reference":"C. Höslinger. \"Schumann-Heink, Ernestine\". Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon ab 1815 (online) (in German). Vol. 11. Austrian Academy of Sciences. pp. 368–369.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biographien.ac.at/oebl/oebl_S/Schumann-Heink_Ernestine_1861_1936.xml","url_text":"\"Schumann-Heink, Ernestine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sterreichisches_Biographisches_Lexikon_1815%E2%80%931950","url_text":"Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon ab 1815"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Academy_of_Sciences","url_text":"Austrian Academy of Sciences"}]},{"reference":"\"Blackner Becomes Protege of Mme. Schumann-Heink\". The Beaver Press. Beaver County, Utah. 3 May 1929. p. 1. Retrieved 18 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspapers.lib.utah.edu/details?id=23244377&q=%22Arnold+E.+Blackner%22","url_text":"\"Blackner Becomes Protege of Mme. Schumann-Heink\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_County,_Utah","url_text":"Beaver County, Utah"}]},{"reference":"\"Business: Precedent Broken\". Time. 7 February 1927. Retrieved 18 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,729971,00.html","url_text":"\"Business: Precedent Broken\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"}]},{"reference":"\"Our Busy World\" (PDF). The Youth's Instructor. Vol. 75, no. 15. 12 April 1927. p. 16.","urls":[{"url":"https://documents.adventistarchives.org/Periodicals/YI/YI19270412-V75-15.pdf","url_text":"\"Our Busy World\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Youth%27s_Instructor","url_text":"The Youth's Instructor"}]},{"reference":"\"Nina Morgana\". Altoona Mirror. 11 November 1927. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspaperarchive.com/altoona-mirror-nov-11-1927-p-6/","url_text":"\"Nina Morgana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altoona_Mirror","url_text":"Altoona Mirror"}]},{"reference":"\"Eulogized at Rites. American Legion Holds Service for Singer in Auditorium of Hollywood Post\". The New York Times. 21 November 1936.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1936/11/21/archives/eijlo6ized-at-rites-american-legion-holds-service-for-singer-in.html","url_text":"\"Eulogized at Rites. American Legion Holds Service for Singer in Auditorium of Hollywood Post\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Children Get Estate of Schumann-Heink. Will Gives Her Medals, Degrees, Diplomas and Music to the Smithsonian Institution\". The New York Times. Associated Press. 25 November 1936.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1936/11/25/archives/children-get-estate-of-schumannheink-will-gives-her-medals-degrees.html","url_text":"\"Children Get Estate of Schumann-Heink. Will Gives Her Medals, Degrees, Diplomas and Music to the Smithsonian Institution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Veterans see plaque unveiled honoring Mme. Schumann Heink\". San Diego Union. 31 May 1938. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Union","url_text":"San Diego Union"}]},{"reference":"\"Ernestine Schumann-Heink\". The Musical Times. 77 (1126): 1138. December 1936. JSTOR 919782.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Musical_Times","url_text":"The Musical Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/919782","url_text":"919782"}]},{"reference":"Murray, David (1992). \"Elektra (opera)\". Grove Music Online (8th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O901419. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians#Grove_Music_Online_and_Oxford_Music_Online","url_text":"Grove Music Online"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.O901419","url_text":"10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O901419"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0","url_text":"978-1-56159-263-0"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1936/11/18/archives/schumannheink-great-singer-dead-native-of-bohemia-she-won-worldwide.html","external_links_name":"\"Schumann-Heink, Great Singer, Dead. Native of Bohemia, She Won World-Wide Acclaim in Opera and Concerts\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/nationalcyclopae00newy/page/n617/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Schumann-Heink, Ernestine\""},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015029549139","external_links_name":"2027/mdp.39015029549139"},{"Link":"https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/discoveryui-content/view/3053822:9152","external_links_name":"Ernestine Amalie Pauline Rössler, in the Dresden, Germany, Marriages, 1876-1927"},{"Link":"https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/schumann-heink-ernestine","external_links_name":"Biography of Ernestine Schumann-Heink"},{"Link":"http://katalog.ahmp.cz/pragapublica/permalink?xid=83B353906D00455E8360362F821D8977&scan=38#scan38","external_links_name":"\"The Catalogue\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.25158","external_links_name":"10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.25158"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-4666","external_links_name":"0027-4666"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/919782","external_links_name":"919782"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F41171570","external_links_name":"10.2307/41171570"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0038-3929","external_links_name":"0038-3929"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41171570","external_links_name":"41171570"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1912/03/07/archives/sues-schumannheinks-son-young-woman-asks-25000-because-he-wont.html","external_links_name":"\"Sues Schumann-Heink's Son. Young Woman Asks $25,000 Because He Won't Marry Her\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1904/11/29/archives/opera-singers-husband-dead-schumannheink-postpones-opening-of.html","external_links_name":"\"Opera Singer's Husband Dead; Schumann-Heink Postpones Opening of Boston Engagement\""},{"Link":"https://www.operanews.com/Opera_News_Magazine/2016/11/Features/National_Treasure.html","external_links_name":"\"National Treasure\""},{"Link":"https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=CJ19281107.2.9&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1","external_links_name":"\"Famous Songstress Praises California Home Ernestine Schumann-Heink Tells Why She Lives in California—and Coronado\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1913/12/23/archives/schumannheink-sues-for-divorce-grand-opera-star-files-an-action-in.html","external_links_name":"\"Schumann-Heink Sues for Divorce. Grand Opera Star Files an Action in Chicago Charging Wm. Rapp, Jr., With Desertion\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1914/07/01/archives/singer-gets-her-decree-schumannheink-cleared-and-costs-put-on.html","external_links_name":"\"Singer Gets Her Decree. Schumann-Heink Cleared and Costs Put on Husband\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1915/10/06/archives/confirms-schumannheink-divorce.html","external_links_name":"\"Confirms Schumann-Heink Divorce\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GrVOtJgxsW8","external_links_name":"Schumann-Heink sings thee songs (1927)"},{"Link":"https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/1991/nov/07/cover-the-diva-of-grossmont/","external_links_name":"\"Madame Shumann-Heink, the diva of Grossmont\""},{"Link":"https://www.biographien.ac.at/oebl/oebl_S/Schumann-Heink_Ernestine_1861_1936.xml","external_links_name":"\"Schumann-Heink, Ernestine\""},{"Link":"https://newspapers.lib.utah.edu/details?id=23244377&q=%22Arnold+E.+Blackner%22","external_links_name":"\"Blackner Becomes Protege of Mme. Schumann-Heink\""},{"Link":"https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,729971,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Business: Precedent Broken\""},{"Link":"https://documents.adventistarchives.org/Periodicals/YI/YI19270412-V75-15.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Our Busy World\""},{"Link":"https://newspaperarchive.com/altoona-mirror-nov-11-1927-p-6/","external_links_name":"\"Nina Morgana\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1936/11/21/archives/eijlo6ized-at-rites-american-legion-holds-service-for-singer-in.html","external_links_name":"\"Eulogized at Rites. American Legion Holds Service for Singer in Auditorium of Hollywood Post\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1936/11/25/archives/children-get-estate-of-schumannheink-will-gives-her-medals-degrees.html","external_links_name":"\"Children Get Estate of Schumann-Heink. Will Gives Her Medals, Degrees, Diplomas and Music to the Smithsonian Institution\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/919782","external_links_name":"919782"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.O901419","external_links_name":"10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O901419"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Schumann-Heink%2C%20Ernestine%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ernestine%20Schumann-Heink%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Schumann-Heink%2C%20Ernestine%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ernestine%20Schumann-Heink%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Ernestine%20Schumann-Heink%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Schumann-Heink%2C%20Ernestine%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ernestine%20Schumann-Heink%22%29%20OR%20%28%221861-1936%22%20AND%20Schumann-Heink%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29","external_links_name":"Works by or about Ernestine Schumann-Heink"},{"Link":"http://www.cantabile-subito.de/Contraltos/Schumann-Heink__Ernestine/hauptteil_schumann-heink__ernestine.html","external_links_name":"Schumann-Heink on cantabile-subito.de"},{"Link":"http://www.gettyimages.com/license/517216744","external_links_name":"Ernestine Schumann-Heink and actress Bette Davis 1930s"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6CkDAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22don%27t+worry,+I%27m+not+going+to+sing%22&pg=RA1-PA248","external_links_name":"Schumann-Heink in Popular Science Dec. 1956 (p.248) – Savings Bond advertisement"},{"Link":"http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15831coll6","external_links_name":"Ernestine Schumann-Heink music collection"},{"Link":"https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/105329","external_links_name":"Ernestine Schumann-Heink recordings"},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/jukebox/artists/detail/id/1141","external_links_name":"Ernestine Schumann-Heink:"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/204762/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000117358242","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000368609376","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/225411","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgd78Qyfw6xFymk68XmVC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4808085","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb144100536","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb144100536","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/117303704","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/DDSV182623","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007267752805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000208642","external_links_name":"Finland"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14627550","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86075640","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2009544723&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069982848","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810607211205606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/d6cf3628-6396-45d6-8e81-89ba6a2af1e0","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://bmlo.de/s1056","external_links_name":"BMLO"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd117303704.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://rism.online/people/131241","external_links_name":"RISM"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w62b8zrc","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kihei_Tomioka
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Kihei Tomioka
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["1 References"]
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Japanese cyclist
Kihei TomiokaTomioka at the 1951 Asian GamesPersonal informationBorn(1932-01-06)6 January 1932Hachinohe, Aomori, JapanDied14 August 2007(2007-08-14) (aged 75)
Kihei Tomioka (富岡 喜平, Tomioka Kihei, 6 January 1932 – 14 August 2007) was a Japanese cyclist. He competed in five events at the 1952 Summer Olympics. He won the gold medal in the team pursuit and in the road race at the 1951 Asian Games.
References
^ "Kihei Tomioka Olympic Results". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
This biographical article relating to Japanese cycling is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1952 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sports-reference-1"},{"link_name":"1951 Asian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_Asian_Games"}],"text":"Kihei Tomioka (富岡 喜平, Tomioka Kihei, 6 January 1932 – 14 August 2007) was a Japanese cyclist. He competed in five events at the 1952 Summer Olympics.[1] He won the gold medal in the team pursuit and in the road race at the 1951 Asian Games.","title":"Kihei Tomioka"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Kihei Tomioka Olympic Results\". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417211032/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/to/kihei-tomioka-1.html","url_text":"\"Kihei Tomioka Olympic Results\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/to/kihei-tomioka-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Sowell
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Anthony Sowell
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["1 Early life","2 Military service","3 1989 attack, incarceration, and release","4 Discovery of bodies and arrest","5 Conviction, sentencing, appeals, and death","6 Victims","6.1 List","7 Aftermath","8 See also","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"]
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American serial killer (1959–2021)
Anthony SowellSowell in the wanted flyer issued by the Cuyahoga County Sheriff's Office, October 2009BornAnthony Edward Sowell(1959-08-19)August 19, 1959East Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.DiedFebruary 8, 2021(2021-02-08) (aged 61)Franklin Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.Criminal statusDeceasedConviction(s)Sexually motivated aggravated murder (11 counts)Attempted murder (4 counts)Kidnapping (2 counts)Rape (5 counts)Attempted rape (5 counts)Abuse of a corpse (11 counts)Tampering with evidence (11 counts)Criminal penaltyDeathDetailsVictims11–14Span of crimesMay 2007 – September 2009CountryUnited StatesState(s)OhioDate apprehendedOctober 31, 2009
Anthony Edward Sowell (August 19, 1959 – February 8, 2021) was an American serial killer and rapist known as The Cleveland Strangler. He was convicted in 2011 of murdering 11 women whose bodies were discovered at his Cleveland, Ohio, home in 2009. After being sentenced to death for the murders, Sowell died in prison from a terminal illness.
Early life
Anthony Edward Sowell was born and raised in East Cleveland, Ohio, one of seven children born to single parent Claudia "Gertrude" Garrison. Seven other children belonging to Sowell's sister also lived in the household, having moved in after her death following a chronic illness. Sowell had an extremely abusive and traumatic upbringing thanks largely to Garrison; according to Sowell's niece, Leona Davis, Garrison subjected them to physical abuse while her own children watched from adjacent rooms. In one incident, Garrison forced Davis to strip naked in front of the other children, then whipped her with electrical cords until she bled. Sowell himself began raping his niece on an almost daily basis for two years, starting when she was 10. It was reported by Davis that the other males in the household also committed the rapes.
Military service
On January 24, 1978, at the age of 18, Sowell entered the United States Marine Corps. He attended recruit training at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island in South Carolina, then was further trained as an electrician at Camp Lejeune in North Carolina. On July 13, 1978, he was assigned to the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing at Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point, also in North Carolina. In 1980, he spent a year overseas in Japan with the 3rd Force Service Support Group, then returned to Cherry Point.
Sowell was ordered to Marine Corps Base Camp Butler in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan on January 20, 1984. A year later, he transferred to Camp Pendleton in California for three days until his discharge on January 18, 1985. During his seven-year Marine Corps career, he received a Good Conduct Medal with one service star, a Sea Service Deployment Ribbon, a Certificate of Commendation, a Meritorious Mast, and two Letters of Appreciation.
1989 attack, incarceration, and release
In 1989, a woman who was three months pregnant attempted to leave Sowell's home. He bound her hands and feet with a tie and belt, then gagged her with a rag. She told police: "He choked me real hard because my body started tingling. I thought I was going to die." In 1990 he was charged with kidnapping, rape and attempted rape. He pled guilty to attempted rape, and served 15 years in prison. He was released in 2005.
Sowell worked in a factory until 2007 when he began collecting unemployment benefits. Neighbors said he earned a living selling scrap metal. They complained to the health department of a foul smell in the neighborhood. He was a member of an online dating service, where he said he was a "master" looking for a submissive person to train.
Lori Frazier, a niece of Cleveland Mayor Frank G. Jackson, began a relationship with Sowell shortly after his release from prison and resided in his home. She said she smelled decaying bodies and was told the smell was coming from Sowell's stepmother. When she moved out, she said the smell was from Ray's Sausage Shop, located next door. In a video interview she mentions moving out in 2007, but in a published article she is said to have been living there until 2008. A friend said Frazier stopped spending time at the home in 2008.
Discovery of bodies and arrest
In September 2009, Sowell invited Latundra Billups to his home for a drink. On September 22, she told police that after a few drinks, he became angry and hit, choked, and raped her as she passed out. On October 29, police arrived at his home with an arrest warrant. He was not there, but he was located and arrested two days later.
The bodies of two women were buried in a shallow grave in the basement and four other women were found on the third floor of the home, and in crawlspaces. After digging in the backyard, investigators found three more bodies and partial remains of a fourth. A human skull in a bucket inside the house brought the body count to 11. Most of the victims were killed by manual strangulation and others were gagged or had ligatures on their bodies when they were discovered.
Sowell also raped three women, luring them to his property with an invitation to smoke crack cocaine with him.
At the time of his arrest, Sowell was 50 years old. He had been living at that location for four years. He was held on $5 million bond. His trial was originally supposed to start on June 2, 2010 but was repeatedly delayed: first to September 7 to give his attorneys more time to prepare, then to February 14, 2011, then to May 2 at the request of his attorneys who needed more time to examine thousands of records and hours of surveillance video footage shot from the property next door to Sowell's, and later to June 6 at the request of the prosecution due to scheduling conflicts. The trial began on June 6, 2011.
Conviction, sentencing, appeals, and death
Sowell was charged with 11 counts of aggravated murder and 74 counts of rape, kidnapping, tampering with evidence, and abuse of a corpse. He pled not guilty by reason of insanity but later changed his plea to simply "not guilty." On July 22, 2011, he was convicted on all but two counts, including the murders of the eleven women whose bodies were found in his house in 2009. On August 10, jurors recommended the death penalty. On August 12, Judge Dick Ambrose upheld the jury's recommendation. On September 14, he was placed on death row and imprisoned at Chillicothe Correctional Institution.
That November, Sowell's lawyers, Jeffry F. Kelleher and Thomas Rein, filed a Notice of Appeal with the Supreme Court of Ohio. Sowell's execution was set for October 29, 2012, but that March, a Motion for Stay of Execution was filed; the motion was granted in April, pending final disposition of the appeal. In October, his new lawyers, Jeffrey M. Gamso and Erika Cunliffe of the Cuyahoga County Public Defender's office, appealed to have his conviction and death sentence overturned on 21 points, with the main three being:
that he did not receive a fair trial because of the extensive media coverage. The "media attention was overwhelming, generating thousands of news stories, and…local coverage was 'both frenzied and sustained.'"
that the courtroom had been closed to the public "during an evidentiary hearing and while a jury was picked."
and that he had received "lousy legal representation." "Sowell's trial attorneys should have had their client plead guilty to killing the women and then focus their efforts on preventing Sowell from getting the death penalty."
In September 2014, the court asked both parties to address three issues.
On April 5, 2016, the Ohio Supreme Court heard arguments from Sowell's appellant attorneys and the Cuyahoga County D.A. representing the State of Ohio regarding the merits of the closed pre-trial Suppression Hearing prior to trial, and the defendant's right to a fair and public trial. His lawyers argued that his Sixth Amendment right was violated by closing the Suppression Hearing to the press, and that the Court should commute his death sentence to life imprisonment as a remedy to the structural error that resulted in the violation. They also argued that counsel had made errors, and "urged the Ohio Supreme Court to send the case back to Cuyahoga County for a retrial. 'Frankly we blew it,' attorney Jeffrey Gamso told the Ohio Supreme Court."
The State argued that if Sowell's Sixth Amendment right was violated via the closed pre-trial suppression hearing, it would not have affected the outcome of the trial, as the evidence was overwhelming, and that "Sowell's attorneys were the ones who asked multiple times in his presence for the jury selection to be done privately, without cameras in the courtroom." The State also asserted that Sowell has never denied his guilt, and that the heinous nature of his crimes—coupled with little mitigating evidence to deny imposing the death penalty—warrants affirming the death sentence.
On December 8, 2016, the Ohio Supreme Court rejected an appeal from Sowell, affirming his aggravated murder convictions and death sentence. In May 2017, he appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. In October, it chose to not hear him. In February 2018, the Ohio Supreme Court denied his request to reopen his appeal. In May 2020, the State of Ohio's 8th District Appellate court denied his appeal.
On February 8, 2021, Anthony Sowell died at an Ohio prison hospital of an unspecified terminal illness.
Victims
On November 5, 2009, two of the eleven victims were identified. All of Sowell's known victims were African-American women of an either slender or morbidly obese build (none in between), and were all (except one) mothers. Of these victims, seven of them ranged in age from 44 to 53, three were in their 30s, and one- the youngest was 25. Sowell's 4th to 11th victims (except one, the 10th) were all the previously described age range of 44 to 53.
Kim Yvette Smith, a 44-year-old, was the first victim tied to Sowell to be reported missing in 2009. She was reported missing by her family. Her body was discovered in Sowell's back yard.
Leshanda Long, a 25-year-old, went missing in August 2008, she was the youngest out of Sowells victims. Her skull was found wrapped inside a bucket in Sowells basement.
Tonia Carmichael, a 53-year-old, had disappeared more than a year earlier. Her body was found buried in his backyard. She appeared to have been strangled and was identified through the use of DNA evidence. Her mother had reported her missing in December 2008.
Telacia Fortson, a 31-year-old, had disappeared five months earlier. Although she had been missing since June, her mother did not report her missing until she heard the news coverage regarding the dead bodies discovered in Sowell's home.
On November 8, 2009, three more bodies were identified. Crystal Dozier was a 38-year-old who went missing in May 2007. The mother of seven children, she lived in the area where her body was discovered. Her family reported her missing to the Cleveland Police Department. This was not the first time she had gone missing, and the family accused the police of failing to investigate. The family took it upon themselves to post fliers and call hospitals.
Amelda "Amy" Hunter was 47. A beautician and mother of three, she did not live in the area where her body was found, but she did visit frequently. A previous injury left her unable to use one of her arms. Her family did not report her missing until after police began removing bodies from Sowell's house.
Michelle Mason, 45, was last seen in October 2008. She lived in the area where her body was found. According to records, the police conducted a full investigation when her family reported her missing.
Records of missing people going back to Sowell's June 2005 release from prison were searched and DNA testing was conducted on the bodies found at Sowell's house. Protesters holding posters of missing loved ones gathered outside his home at the time.
East Cleveland police also reopened several cold cases from the late 1980s. The murders by strangulation used a similar modus operandi and had stopped around 1989, the same time that Sowell was arrested. The FBI at the time was gathering information to see if Sowell may have been linked to unsolved cases in cities where he once lived.
List
Victim
Name
Age
Disappearance
1
Crystal Dozier
38
May 17, 2007
2
Tishana Culver
31
June 2008
3
Leshanda Long
25
August 2008
4
Michelle Mason
45
October 8, 2008
5
Tonia Carmichael
53
November 10, 2008
6
Kim Yvette Smith
44
January 17, 2009
7
Amelda Hunter
47
April 2009
8
Nancy Cobbs
45
April 24, 2009
9
Telacia Fortson
33
June 3, 2009
10
Janice Webb
48
June 2009
11
Diane Turner
48
Late September 2009
Aftermath
After Sowell's conviction, in December 2011, his former residence on 12205 Imperial Avenue was demolished by order of the city's leaders. He was incarcerated in the Chillicothe Correctional Institution. And for nearly 10 years, this was where Sowell remained. On January 21, 2021, Sowell was transferred to The Franklin Medical Center in Columbus, so he could begin to receive end-of-life care for an unspecified terminal illness. Sowell remained in The Franklin Medical Center until his death on February 8, 2021.
The case was profiled on the series premiere of the Investigation Discovery show Killer Instinct.
Unseen, a documentary film about the victims and survivors of Sowell's crimes, was produced and released in 2016 by Laura Paglin.
In November 2012, Sowell released a letter through the website Serial Killers Ink. The letter was to the people of Cleveland. He railed against former trial judge and newly elected Cuyahoga County prosecutor Tim McGinty and addressed the issue of artwork which he had recently sent to the owner of the website.
On July 16, 2021, ground was broken for the Garden of 11 Angels memorial on the former Sowell property; it was dedicated November 6, 2021.
On July 24, 2021, five women who survived kidnappings by Sowell told their stories on Oxygen's Snapped episode "Notorious The Cleveland Strangler".
See also
Biography portal
List of serial killers in the United States
List of serial killers by number of victims
References
^ a b Ph.D Chermak, Steven; Bailey, Frankie Y. (2016). Crimes of the Centuries: Notorious Crimes, Criminals, and Criminal Trials in American History : Notorious Crimes, Criminals, and Criminal Trials in American History. Santa Barbara, California, US: ABC-Clio. p. 745. ISBN 9781610695947.
^ a b "Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction Offender Search Detail". Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction. Archived from the original on September 25, 2020. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
^ Palmer, Kim (August 2, 2011). "Serial killer Sowell's family testify he was abused". Reuters. Archived from the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
^ Atassi, Leila (August 2, 2011). "Serial killer Anthony Sowell began raping niece when both were children, witness testifies". The Plain Dealer. Archived from the original on October 14, 2017.
^ Amato, Laura (August 17, 2015). "Anthony Sowell, 'Killer Instinct': 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know". Heavy.com. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
^ a b c d Wilson, Drew C. (November 5, 2009). "Marine Corps says accused serial killer stationed twice at Cherry Point and once at Camp Lejeune". Havelock News. Archived from the original on November 9, 2009. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
^ a b c d e Boneand, James (November 5, 2009). "Skull in a basket as police search Anthony Sowell's home for more bodies". The Times. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
^ Baird, Gabriel (November 5, 2009). "Anthony Sowell was considered unlikely to attack again in 2005 evaluation". The Plain Dealer. Archived from the original on August 25, 2011. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
^ a b "Six bodies at US rapist's house". BBC News. October 31, 2009. Archived from the original on August 5, 2017. Retrieved November 1, 2009.
^ Martinez, Edecio (November 4, 2009). "Anthony Sowell Cruised Sex Fetish Site While Dead Bodies Rotted in His Cleveland Home". CBS News. Archived from the original on November 4, 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
^ Smith, Ryan (November 12, 2009). "Mayor's Niece Lived With Alleged "Cleveland Strangler" Anthony Sowell and Rotting Bodies". CBS News. Archived from the original on January 5, 2010. Retrieved December 17, 2009.
^ Morris, Phillip (November 24, 2009). "Why didn't the serial killer kill her, she wonders?". The Plain Dealer. Archived from the original on December 28, 2009.
^ Puente, Mark (November 3, 2009). "Police discover 10 victims at Anthony Sowell's home". Cleveland Metro. Archived from the original on March 7, 2012. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
^ a b Chuck, Crow (June 30, 2011). "Pleasant conversations with Anthony Sowell turned violent without warning, 3 women testify". The Plain Dealer. Archived from the original on September 2, 2011. Retrieved November 23, 2012.
^ a b c d e Baird, Gabriel (November 8, 2009). "Names put to three more victims in Anthony Sowell case". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Live. Archived from the original on September 10, 2012. Retrieved November 9, 2009.
^ a b Farkas, Karen (May 6, 2010). "Anthony Sowell, accused of killing 11 women, to go on trial Sept. 7". The Plain Dealer. Archived from the original on January 14, 2012. Retrieved May 29, 2010.
^ a b c Atassi, Leila (January 11, 2011). "Trial for suspected serial-killer postponed a fourth time, now set for June". The Plain Dealer. Archived from the original on January 30, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2011.
^ "'House of horrors' suspect due in court". CNN. March 24, 2010. Archived from the original on November 7, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
^ Scott, Michael (August 10, 2011). "Cleveland serial killer Anthony Sowell's sentence: jury recommends death". The Plain Dealer. Archived from the original on May 30, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
^ "Anthony Sowell to die for murders of 11 women; judge accepts jury's advice". The Plain Dealer. August 12, 2011. Archived from the original on October 31, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
^ "Case No. 2011-1921 Entry" (PDF). Supreme Court of Ohio. April 2, 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 25, 2020. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
^ "APPELLANT'S REPLY BRIEF AND ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR" (PDF). Supreme Court of Ohio. April 25, 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 21, 2013. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
^ a b Krouse, Peter (April 26, 2013). "Anthony Sowell's attorneys dispute prosecutors' claims that serial killer got fair trial". The Plain Dealer. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
^ a b Dissell, Rachel (October 3, 2014). "Ohio Supreme Court asks whether Anthony Sowell's right to a public trial was violated, attorneys respond". The Plain Dealer. Archived from the original on May 31, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
^ Krouse, Peter (March 12, 2013). "Serial killer Anthony Sowell was given a fair trial, Cuyahoga County prosecutors claim in court filing". The Plain Dealer. Archived from the original on September 16, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
^ "Case No. 2011-1921 Entry" (PDF). Supreme Court of Ohio. September 3, 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 25, 2020. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
^ a b Borchardt, Jackie (April 5, 2016). "Anthony Sowell's lawyer asks Ohio Supreme Court to save his life". The Plain Dealer. Archived from the original on May 9, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
^ Higgs, Robert (December 8, 2016). "Ohio Supreme Court upholds convictions of mass murderer Anthony Sowell". The Plain Dealer. Archived from the original on December 8, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
^ Shaffer, Cory (May 25, 2017). "Anthony Sowell appeals case to U.S. Supreme Court". The Plain Dealer. Archived from the original on May 31, 2017. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
^ "Anthony Sowell, notorious Cleveland serial killer, appeals case to Supreme Court". CBS News. May 23, 2017. Archived from the original on May 30, 2017. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
^ Heisig, Eric (October 2, 2017). "U.S. Supreme Court will not hear Cleveland mass murderer Anthony Sowell's appeal". The Plain Dealer. Archived from the original on October 4, 2017. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
^ Shaffer, Cory (February 14, 2018). "Ohio Supreme Court won't reopen Anthony Sowell appeal". The Plain Dealer. Archived from the original on February 14, 2018. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
^ Dakota, Michael (May 14, 2020). "Serial killer Anthony Sowell denied appeal". cleveland19.com. Archived from the original on May 21, 2020. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
^ "Cleveland serial killer Anthony Sowell dies of terminal illness in prison hospital". February 9, 2021.
^ Kates, Brian (November 5, 2009). "Police ID first of 11 victims found decomposing in Anthony Sowell's Ohio home as Tonia Carmichael". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on November 8, 2009. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
^ "2nd Victim: Cuyahoga County Coroner ID's Second Imperial Body". WIOO Action News. November 5, 2009. Archived from the original on November 8, 2009. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
^ "East Cleveland: Did suspected serial killer also strike in 1989?" , WKYC-TV, November 7, 2009.
^ Roberts, Soraya (November 9, 2009). "Anthony Sowell rape and murder case goes international". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on November 12, 2009. Retrieved January 17, 2010.
^ Pinckard, Cliff (February 9, 2021). "Anthony Sowell: Read The Plain Dealer's original coverage of the Imperial Avenue murders, profiles of his victims". Retrieved February 10, 2021.
^
Cleveland to demolish serial killer's home Archived June 29, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, CNN.com, December 5, 2011
^ Sowell's Imperial Avenue Home to be Demolished Tuesday Archived December 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, WJW-TV, December 5, 2011
^ Seis, April (February 9, 2021). "Anthony Sowell, serial killer known as the "Cleveland Strangler," has died at 61 from a terminal illness". CBS News. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
^ Heisig, Eric (February 9, 2021). "Cleveland serial killer Anthony Sowell dies of terminal illness in prison hospital". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
^ Hughes, Mike (August 17, 2015). "MSU grad Chris Hansen returns with 'Killer Instinct'". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on September 20, 2015.
^ "Unseen (2016)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
^ Russ, Dick (November 12, 2010). "Anthony Sowell's 'artwork' for sale online". WKYC. Archived from the original on February 9, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
^ Krouse, Peter (November 12, 2010). "Serial killer Anthony Sowell's artwork back on 'murderabilia' website". The Plain Dealer. Archived from the original on April 3, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
^ Freeman, Kevin (November 12, 2010). "Death Row Drawings: Sowell's Controversial Artwork is Selling". Fox8.com. Archived from the original on November 15, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
^ Russ, Dick (November 12, 2010). "Anthony Sowell 'artwork' buyer defends purchase". WKYC. Archived from the original on February 9, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
^ Scofield, Drew; LePard, Clay (July 16, 2021). "Victims of Anthony Sowell memorialized during groundbreaking of 'Garden of 11 Angels'". WEWS-TV. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
^ Remington, Kaylee (November 6, 2021). "Garden of Eleven Angels honors 11 women killed by Anthony Sowell". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
Further reading
Miller, Steve (2012). Nobody's Women: The Crimes and Victims of Anthony Sowell, the Cleveland Serial Killer. New York City: Penguin Publishing. ISBN 9780425250518. Archived from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved November 23, 2012 – via Google Books.
External links
Anthony Sowell's entry at Ohio's Electronic Sex Offender Registration and Notification
Anthony Sowell – The Plain Dealer special section
Unseen 2016 documentary about the case and the victims.
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drc-2"},{"link_name":"serial killer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_killer"},{"link_name":"rapist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapist"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"sentenced to death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment"}],"text":"Anthony Edward Sowell (August 19, 1959 – February 8, 2021)[2] was an American serial killer and rapist known as The Cleveland Strangler. He was convicted in 2011 of murdering 11 women whose bodies were discovered at his Cleveland, Ohio, home in 2009. After being sentenced to death for the murders, Sowell died in prison from a terminal illness.","title":"Anthony Sowell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Cleveland, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Cleveland,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birthplace-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Anthony Edward Sowell was born and raised in East Cleveland, Ohio,[1] one of seven children born to single parent Claudia \"Gertrude\" Garrison. Seven other children belonging to Sowell's sister also lived in the household, having moved in after her death following a chronic illness. Sowell had an extremely abusive and traumatic upbringing thanks largely to Garrison; according to Sowell's niece, Leona Davis, Garrison subjected them to physical abuse while her own children watched from adjacent rooms. In one incident, Garrison forced Davis to strip naked in front of the other children, then whipped her with electrical cords until she bled. Sowell himself began raping his niece on an almost daily basis for two years, starting when she was 10. It was reported by Davis that the other males in the household also committed the rapes.[3][4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Recruit_Depot_Parris_Island"},{"link_name":"Camp Lejeune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Camp_Lejeune"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2nd Marine Aircraft Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Marine_Aircraft_Wing"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Cherry_Point"},{"link_name":"3rd Force Service Support Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Marine_Logistics_Group"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marine-6"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps Base Camp Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Camp_Butler"},{"link_name":"Okinawa Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Camp Pendleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Camp_Pendleton"},{"link_name":"Good Conduct Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Conduct_Medal_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"service star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_star"},{"link_name":"Sea Service Deployment Ribbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Service_Ribbon"},{"link_name":"Meritorious Mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_(naval)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marine-6"}],"text":"On January 24, 1978, at the age of 18, Sowell entered the United States Marine Corps. He attended recruit training at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island in South Carolina, then was further trained as an electrician at Camp Lejeune in North Carolina.[5] On July 13, 1978, he was assigned to the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing at Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point, also in North Carolina. In 1980, he spent a year overseas in Japan with the 3rd Force Service Support Group, then returned to Cherry Point.[6]Sowell was ordered to Marine Corps Base Camp Butler in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan on January 20, 1984. A year later, he transferred to Camp Pendleton in California for three days until his discharge on January 18, 1985. During his seven-year Marine Corps career, he received a Good Conduct Medal with one service star, a Sea Service Deployment Ribbon, a Certificate of Commendation, a Meritorious Mast, and two Letters of Appreciation.[6]","title":"Military service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skull-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skull-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bodies-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skull-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-evenMoreBodies-10"},{"link_name":"Frank G. Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_G._Jackson"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In 1989, a woman who was three months pregnant attempted to leave Sowell's home. He bound her hands and feet with a tie and belt, then gagged her with a rag. She told police: \"He choked me real hard because my body started tingling. I thought I was going to die.\"[7] In 1990 he was charged with kidnapping, rape and attempted rape. He pled guilty to attempted rape, and served 15 years in prison. He was released in 2005.[8]Sowell worked in a factory until 2007 when he began collecting unemployment benefits.[7] Neighbors said he earned a living selling scrap metal.[9] They complained to the health department of a foul smell in the neighborhood.[7] He was a member of an online dating service, where he said he was a \"master\" looking for a submissive person to train.[10]Lori Frazier, a niece of Cleveland Mayor Frank G. Jackson, began a relationship with Sowell shortly after his release from prison and resided in his home. She said she smelled decaying bodies and was told the smell was coming from Sowell's stepmother. When she moved out, she said the smell was from Ray's Sausage Shop, located next door. In a video interview she mentions moving out in 2007, but in a published article she is said to have been living there until 2008.[11] A friend said Frazier stopped spending time at the home in 2008.[12]","title":"1989 attack, incarceration, and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marine-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marine-6"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moreBodies-13"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skull-7"},{"link_name":"crack cocaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack_cocaine"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-convo-14"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skull-7"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThreeMore-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anthony_Sowell_accused_of_killing-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anthony_Sowell_accused_of_killing-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trial_for_serial_killing_suspended-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trial_for_serial_killing_suspended-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trial_for_serial_killing_suspended-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-convo-14"}],"text":"In September 2009,[6] Sowell invited Latundra Billups to his home for a drink. On September 22, she told police that after a few drinks, he became angry and hit, choked, and raped her as she passed out. On October 29, police arrived at his home with an arrest warrant. He was not there, but he was located and arrested two days later.[6]The bodies of two women were buried in a shallow grave in the basement and four other women were found on the third floor of the home, and in crawlspaces.[13] After digging in the backyard, investigators found three more bodies and partial remains of a fourth. A human skull in a bucket inside the house brought the body count to 11. Most of the victims were killed by manual strangulation and others were gagged or had ligatures on their bodies when they were discovered.[7]Sowell also raped three women, luring them to his property with an invitation to smoke crack cocaine with him.[14]At the time of his arrest, Sowell was 50 years old. He had been living at that location for four years.[7] He was held on $5 million bond.[15] His trial was originally supposed to start on June 2, 2010[16] but was repeatedly delayed: first to September 7 to give his attorneys more time to prepare,[16] then to February 14, 2011,[17] then to May 2 at the request of his attorneys who needed more time to examine thousands of records and hours of surveillance video footage shot from the property next door to Sowell's,[17] and later to June 6 at the request of the prosecution due to scheduling conflicts.[17] The trial began on June 6, 2011.[14]","title":"Discovery of bodies and arrest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aggravated murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggravated_murder"},{"link_name":"tampering with evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampering_with_evidence"},{"link_name":"not guilty by reason of insanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_guilty_by_reason_of_insanity"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"death penalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_penalty"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Dick Ambrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Ambrose"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"death row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_row"},{"link_name":"Chillicothe Correctional Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chillicothe_Correctional_Institution"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drc-2"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Cuyahoga County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krouse2013-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dissell-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krouse2013-23"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Sixth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Borchardt-27"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dissell-24"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Borchardt-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"U.S. Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Sowell was charged with 11 counts of aggravated murder and 74 counts of rape, kidnapping, tampering with evidence, and abuse of a corpse. He pled not guilty by reason of insanity but later changed his plea to simply \"not guilty.\"[18] On July 22, 2011, he was convicted on all but two counts, including the murders of the eleven women whose bodies were found in his house in 2009. On August 10, jurors recommended the death penalty.[19] On August 12, Judge Dick Ambrose upheld the jury's recommendation.[20] On September 14, he was placed on death row and imprisoned at Chillicothe Correctional Institution.[2]That November, Sowell's lawyers, Jeffry F. Kelleher and Thomas Rein, filed a Notice of Appeal with the Supreme Court of Ohio. Sowell's execution was set for October 29, 2012, but that March, a Motion for Stay of Execution was filed; the motion was granted in April, pending final disposition of the appeal.[21] In October, his new lawyers, Jeffrey M. Gamso and Erika Cunliffe of the Cuyahoga County Public Defender's office, appealed to have his conviction and death sentence overturned on 21 points,[22] with the main three being:that he did not receive a fair trial because of the extensive media coverage. The \"media attention was overwhelming, generating thousands of news stories, and…local coverage was 'both frenzied and sustained.'\"[23]\nthat the courtroom had been closed to the public \"during an evidentiary hearing and while a jury was picked.\"[24]\nand that he had received \"lousy legal representation.\"[25] \"Sowell's trial attorneys should have had their client plead guilty to killing the women and then focus their efforts on preventing Sowell from getting the death penalty.\"[23]In September 2014, the court asked both parties to address three issues.[26]On April 5, 2016, the Ohio Supreme Court heard arguments from Sowell's appellant attorneys and the Cuyahoga County D.A. representing the State of Ohio regarding the merits of the closed pre-trial Suppression Hearing prior to trial, and the defendant's right to a fair and public trial. His lawyers argued that his Sixth Amendment right was violated by closing the Suppression Hearing to the press, and that the Court should commute his death sentence to life imprisonment as a remedy to the structural error that resulted in the violation. They also argued that counsel had made errors, and \"urged the Ohio Supreme Court to send the case back to Cuyahoga County for a retrial. 'Frankly we blew it,' attorney Jeffrey Gamso told the Ohio Supreme Court.\"[27]The State argued that if Sowell's Sixth Amendment right was violated via the closed pre-trial suppression hearing, it would not have affected the outcome of the trial, as the evidence was overwhelming, and that \"Sowell's attorneys were the ones who asked multiple times in his presence for the jury selection to be done privately, without cameras in the courtroom.\"[24] The State also asserted that Sowell has never denied his guilt, and that the heinous nature of his crimes—coupled with little mitigating evidence to deny imposing the death penalty—warrants affirming the death sentence.[27]On December 8, 2016, the Ohio Supreme Court rejected an appeal from Sowell, affirming his aggravated murder convictions and death sentence.[28] In May 2017, he appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court.[29][30] In October, it chose to not hear him.[31] In February 2018, the Ohio Supreme Court denied his request to reopen his appeal.[32] In May 2020, the State of Ohio's 8th District Appellate court denied his appeal.[33]On February 8, 2021, Anthony Sowell died at an Ohio prison hospital of an unspecified terminal illness.[34]","title":"Conviction, sentencing, appeals, and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-firstID-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2ndVic-36"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThreeMore-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThreeMore-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThreeMore-15"},{"link_name":"DNA testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_testing"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bodies-9"},{"link_name":"cold cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_case_(criminology)"},{"link_name":"modus operandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_operandi"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThreeMore-15"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"On November 5, 2009, two of the eleven victims were identified. All of Sowell's known victims were African-American women of an either slender or morbidly obese build (none in between), and were all (except one) mothers. Of these victims, seven of them ranged in age from 44 to 53, three were in their 30s, and one- the youngest was 25. Sowell's 4th to 11th victims (except one, the 10th) were all the previously described age range of 44 to 53.Kim Yvette Smith, a 44-year-old, was the first victim tied to Sowell to be reported missing in 2009. She was reported missing by her family. Her body was discovered in Sowell's back yard.Leshanda Long, a 25-year-old, went missing in August 2008, she was the youngest out of Sowells victims. Her skull was found wrapped inside a bucket in Sowells basement.Tonia Carmichael, a 53-year-old, had disappeared more than a year earlier. Her body was found buried in his backyard. She appeared to have been strangled and was identified through the use of DNA evidence. Her mother had reported her missing in December 2008.[35]Telacia Fortson, a 31-year-old, had disappeared five months earlier. Although she had been missing since June, her mother did not report her missing until she heard the news coverage regarding the dead bodies discovered in Sowell's home.[36]On November 8, 2009, three more bodies were identified. Crystal Dozier was a 38-year-old who went missing in May 2007. The mother of seven children, she lived in the area where her body was discovered. Her family reported her missing to the Cleveland Police Department. This was not the first time she had gone missing, and the family accused the police of failing to investigate. The family took it upon themselves to post fliers and call hospitals.[15]Amelda \"Amy\" Hunter was 47. A beautician and mother of three, she did not live in the area where her body was found, but she did visit frequently. A previous injury left her unable to use one of her arms. Her family did not report her missing until after police began removing bodies from Sowell's house.[15]Michelle Mason, 45, was last seen in October 2008. She lived in the area where her body was found. According to records, the police conducted a full investigation when her family reported her missing.[15]Records of missing people going back to Sowell's June 2005 release from prison were searched and DNA testing was conducted on the bodies found at Sowell's house. Protesters holding posters of missing loved ones gathered outside his home at the time.[9]East Cleveland police also reopened several cold cases from the late 1980s. The murders by strangulation used a similar modus operandi and had stopped around 1989, the same time that Sowell was arrested.[37] The FBI at the time was gathering information to see if Sowell may have been linked to unsolved cases in cities where he once lived.[15][38]","title":"Victims"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"List","title":"Victims"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Chillicothe Correctional Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chillicothe_Correctional_Institution"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Investigation Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigation_Discovery"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Serial Killers Ink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Killers_Ink"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Oxygen's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Snapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapped"}],"text":"After Sowell's conviction, in December 2011, his former residence on 12205 Imperial Avenue was demolished by order of the city's leaders.[40][41] He was incarcerated in the Chillicothe Correctional Institution. And for nearly 10 years, this was where Sowell remained. On January 21, 2021, Sowell was transferred to The Franklin Medical Center in Columbus, so he could begin to receive end-of-life care for an unspecified terminal illness. Sowell remained in The Franklin Medical Center until his death on February 8, 2021.[42][43]The case was profiled on the series premiere of the Investigation Discovery show Killer Instinct.[44]Unseen, a documentary film about the victims and survivors of Sowell's crimes, was produced and released in 2016 by Laura Paglin.[45]In November 2012, Sowell released a letter through the website Serial Killers Ink.[46] The letter was to the people of Cleveland. He railed against former trial judge and newly elected Cuyahoga County prosecutor Tim McGinty and addressed the issue of artwork which he had recently sent to the owner of the website.[47][48][49]On July 16, 2021, ground was broken for the Garden of 11 Angels memorial on the former Sowell property;[50] it was dedicated November 6, 2021.[51]On July 24, 2021, five women who survived kidnappings by Sowell told their stories on Oxygen's Snapped episode \"Notorious The Cleveland Strangler\".","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miller, Steve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Miller_(author)"},{"link_name":"Nobody's Women: The Crimes and Victims of Anthony Sowell, the Cleveland Serial Killer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=PZ-FtgAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"Penguin Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780425250518","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780425250518"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20201022164616/https://books.google.com/books?id=PZ-FtgAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"}],"text":"Miller, Steve (2012). Nobody's Women: The Crimes and Victims of Anthony Sowell, the Cleveland Serial Killer. New York City: Penguin Publishing. ISBN 9780425250518. Archived from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved November 23, 2012 – via Google Books.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"List of serial killers in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_serial_killers_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of serial killers by number of victims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_serial_killers_by_number_of_victims"}]
|
[{"reference":"Ph.D Chermak, Steven; Bailey, Frankie Y. (2016). Crimes of the Centuries: Notorious Crimes, Criminals, and Criminal Trials in American History [3 volumes]: Notorious Crimes, Criminals, and Criminal Trials in American History. Santa Barbara, California, US: ABC-Clio. p. 745. ISBN 9781610695947.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California","url_text":"Santa Barbara, California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC-Clio","url_text":"ABC-Clio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610695947","url_text":"9781610695947"}]},{"reference":"\"Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction Offender Search Detail\". Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction. Archived from the original on September 25, 2020. 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|
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Know\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091109105933/http://www.enctoday.com/news/serial-6305-havelock-killer-sowell.html","external_links_name":"\"Marine Corps says accused serial killer stationed twice at Cherry Point and once at Camp Lejeune\""},{"Link":"http://www.enctoday.com/news/serial-6305-havelock-killer-sowell.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6903700.ece","external_links_name":"\"Skull in a basket as police search Anthony Sowell's home for more bodies\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201205001722/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://blog.cleveland.com/metro/2009/11/anthony_sowell_was_considered.html","external_links_name":"\"Anthony Sowell was considered unlikely to attack again in 2005 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case\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120910202744/http://blog.cleveland.com/metro/2009/11/names_put_to_three_more_victim.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://blog.cleveland.com/metro/2010/05/anthony_sowell_accused_of_kill.html","external_links_name":"\"Anthony Sowell, accused of killing 11 women, to go on trial Sept. 7\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120114050141/http://blog.cleveland.com/metro/2010/05/anthony_sowell_accused_of_kill.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://blog.cleveland.com/metro/2011/01/trial_for_serial-killing_suspe.html","external_links_name":"\"Trial for suspected serial-killer postponed a fourth time, now set for 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in Anthony Sowell's Ohio home as Tonia Carmichael\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091108104212/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/2009/11/05/2009-11-05_police_id_first_of_11_victims_found_decomposing_in_anthony_sowells_cleveland_hom.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091108134441/http://www.woio.com/Global/story.asp?S=11452010","external_links_name":"\"2nd Victim: Cuyahoga County Coroner ID's Second Imperial Body\""},{"Link":"http://www.woio.com/Global/story.asp?S=11452010","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.wkyc.com/news/local/news_article.aspx?storyid=124851&catid=45","external_links_name":"\"East Cleveland: Did suspected serial killer also strike in 1989?\""},{"Link":"http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2009/11/09/2009-11-09_anthony_sowell_murder_case_goes_worldwide.html#ixzz0ctHtIHZ5","external_links_name":"\"Anthony Sowell rape and murder case goes international\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091112131754/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2009/11/09/2009-11-09_anthony_sowell_murder_case_goes_worldwide.html#ixzz0ctHtIHZ5","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cleveland.com/crime/2021/02/anthony-sowell-read-the-plain-dealers-original-coverage-of-the-imperial-avenue-murders-profiles-of-his-victims.html#:~:text=Eleven%20women%20were%20abducted%20and,profiled%20each%20of%20the%20women","external_links_name":"\"Anthony Sowell: Read The Plain Dealer's original coverage of the Imperial Avenue murders, profiles of his victims\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2011/12/05/us/ohio-murder-house/index.html?hpt=hp_t3","external_links_name":"Cleveland to demolish serial killer's home"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150629205953/http://www.cnn.com/2011/12/05/us/ohio-murder-house/index.html?hpt=hp_t3","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.fox8.com/news/wjw-news-city-tearing-down-imperial-avenue-home,0,7063446.story","external_links_name":"Sowell's Imperial Avenue Home to be Demolished Tuesday"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111206124103/http://www.fox8.com/news/wjw-news-city-tearing-down-imperial-avenue-home%2C0%2C7063446.story","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cleveland-serial-killer-anthony-sowell-dead-at-61-cause-of-death-terminal-illness-2020-02-08/","external_links_name":"\"Anthony Sowell, serial killer known as the \"Cleveland Strangler,\" has died at 61 from a terminal illness\""},{"Link":"https://www.cleveland.com/crime/2021/02/cleveland-serial-killer-anthony-sowell-dies-of-terminal-illness-in-prison-hospital.html","external_links_name":"\"Cleveland serial killer Anthony Sowell dies of terminal illness in prison hospital\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150920031521/http://www.freep.com/story/entertainment/television/2015/08/17/chris-hansen-killer-instinct/31843037/","external_links_name":"\"MSU grad Chris Hansen returns with 'Killer Instinct'\""},{"Link":"http://www.freep.com/story/entertainment/television/2015/08/17/chris-hansen-killer-instinct/31843037/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/unseen_2016","external_links_name":"\"Unseen (2016)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130209091137/http://www.wkyc.com/news/article/269097/45/Anthony-Sowells-artwork-for-sale-online","external_links_name":"\"Anthony Sowell's 'artwork' for sale online\""},{"Link":"http://www.wkyc.com/news/article/269097/45/Anthony-Sowells-artwork-for-sale-online","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2012/11/serial_killer_anthony_sowells.html","external_links_name":"\"Serial killer Anthony Sowell's artwork back on 'murderabilia' website\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130403102955/http://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2012/11/serial_killer_anthony_sowells.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://fox8.com/2012/11/13/death-row-drawings-sowells-controversial-artwork-is-selling/","external_links_name":"\"Death Row Drawings: Sowell's Controversial Artwork is Selling\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121115231239/http://fox8.com/2012/11/13/death-row-drawings-sowells-controversial-artwork-is-selling/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130209074921/http://www.wkyc.com/news/article/269171/45/Anthony-Sowell-artwork-buyer-defends-purchase","external_links_name":"\"Anthony Sowell 'artwork' buyer defends purchase\""},{"Link":"http://www.wkyc.com/news/article/269171/45/Anthony-Sowell-artwork-buyer-defends-purchase","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/local-news/10-am-victims-of-anthony-sowell-memorialized-during-groundbreaking-of-garden-of-11-angels","external_links_name":"\"Victims of Anthony Sowell memorialized during groundbreaking of 'Garden of 11 Angels'\""},{"Link":"https://www.cleveland.com/crime/2021/11/garden-of-eleven-angels-honors-11-women-killed-by-anthony-sowell.html","external_links_name":"\"Garden of Eleven Angels honors 11 women killed by Anthony Sowell\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PZ-FtgAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Nobody's Women: The Crimes and Victims of Anthony Sowell, the Cleveland Serial Killer"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201022164616/https://books.google.com/books?id=PZ-FtgAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.esorn.ag.state.oh.us/Secured/p23.aspx?oid=APnissHMVtg=","external_links_name":"Anthony Sowell's entry"},{"Link":"http://www.cleveland.com/anthony-sowell/","external_links_name":"Anthony Sowell"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5147042/","external_links_name":"Unseen"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1929218/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/283612320","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvtf3GwQyBMRVW7bpyjmd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2012072600","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Lorusso
|
Francesco Lorusso
|
["1 Death","2 References"]
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You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Italian. Click for important translation instructions.
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Francesco LorussoBornPierfrancesco Lorusso(1952-10-07)October 7, 1952BolognaDiedMarch 11, 1977(1977-03-11) (aged 24)BolognaCause of deathshot dead by carabinieriNationalityItalianOrganisationLotta ContinuaKnown forfar-left militancyOpponentCommunion and Liberation
Pierfrancesco Lorusso (Bologna, 7 October 1952 – Bologna, 11 March 1977), generally known as Francesco Lorusso, was an Italian militant of the far-left organization Lotta Continua who was shot dead by carabinieri in Bologna on 11 March 1977 during the riots of that year.
Death
Lorusso was killed when police intervened during a confrontation between left-wing militants and Communion and Liberation, a right-wing militant Catholic group. The then Prime Minister of Italy Giulio Andreotti remarked on TV, that this killing was "normal and inevitable". The Italian Communist Party (PCI), the dominant political party in Bologna, did not participate. The only historical left-wing organization that took part in the funeral of Lorusso was the Youth Socialist Federation, with its secretary Emilio Lonardo.
References
^ "Italy 1977-8: Living with an earthquake - Red Notes". Red Notes. c. 1970s. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_people"},{"link_name":"far-left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-left"},{"link_name":"Lotta Continua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotta_Continua"},{"link_name":"carabinieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabinieri"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"riots of that year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_of_1977#The_riots"}],"text":"Pierfrancesco Lorusso (Bologna, 7 October 1952 – Bologna, 11 March 1977), generally known as Francesco Lorusso, was an Italian militant of the far-left organization Lotta Continua who was shot dead by carabinieri in Bologna on 11 March 1977 during the riots of that year.","title":"Francesco Lorusso"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Communion and Liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Giulio Andreotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Italian Communist Party (PCI)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Youth Socialist Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Youth_Socialist_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Lorusso was killed when police intervened during a confrontation between left-wing militants and Communion and Liberation, a right-wing militant Catholic group. The then Prime Minister of Italy Giulio Andreotti remarked on TV, that this killing was \"normal and inevitable\".[1] The Italian Communist Party (PCI), the dominant political party in Bologna, did not participate. The only historical left-wing organization that took part in the funeral of Lorusso was the Youth Socialist Federation, with its secretary Emilio Lonardo.","title":"Death"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Italy 1977-8: Living with an earthquake - Red Notes\". Red Notes. c. 1970s. Retrieved 1 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://libcom.org/book/export/html/19956","url_text":"\"Italy 1977-8: Living with an earthquake - Red Notes\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOmicidio_di_Francesco_Lorusso&sl=it&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://libcom.org/book/export/html/19956","external_links_name":"\"Italy 1977-8: Living with an earthquake - Red Notes\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratchbox2
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Scratchbox 2
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["1 Functional description","2 Projects using Scratchbox 2","3 Historic Git repositories of Scratchbox 2","4 References","5 External links"]
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Scratchbox 2Original author(s)NokiaDeveloper(s)JollaInitial release2009-04-01Stable release(s)2.2.4
/ 2012-04-01Preview release(s)2.3.90
/ 2012-09-05
Written inCOperating systemLinuxPlatformCross-platformTypeBuild automationLicenseLGPL 2.1Websitegithub.com/sailfishos/scratchbox2
Scratchbox 2 (often abbreviated to "sb2" or "sbox2") is a cross-compilation toolkit designed to make embedded Linux application development easier. It also provides a full set of tools to integrate and cross-compile an entire Linux distribution.
Functional description
In the Linux world, when building software, many parameters are auto-detected on the host system (like installed libraries and system configuration), for example through Autotools' ./configure scripts. When one wants to build software for an embedded target by cross-compilation, most auto-detected parameters are incorrect: I.e. host configuration is not the same as the embedded target's configuration, hence the name cross-compilation.
Without Scratchbox 2, one has to manually set many parameters and "hack" the "configure process" to generate working executable code for the embedded target.
Scratchbox 2 allows one to set up a "virtual" environment that will trick Autotools and other executables into thinking that they are directly running on the embedded target with its configuration.
Moreover, Scratchbox 2 provides a technology called CPU-transparency that goes further: With CPU-transparency, executables built for the host CPU or for the target CPU could be executed directly on the host with sb2 handling the task to emulate a different CPU-architecture if necessary to run software components compiled for the target CPU. Hence a build process can mix using programs built for different CPU-architectures. That is especially useful when a build process requires to build a software component first as a build dependency for building another software component: For example, a "Lexer" must be built first in order to generate code for / of another software component with it.
Projects using Scratchbox 2
Tizen
Maemo
MeeGo / Mer
Sailfish OS
WIDK − WebOS Internals Development Kit
Raspberry Pi (used to build binaries for the Raspberry Pi alpha board)
Historic Git repositories of Scratchbox 2
BinChengfei/scratchbox2 at GitHub provides an unaltered mirror of the former Scratchbox 2 Git repository at Gitorious with its latest Git tag being 2.3.90 on 2012-09-05.
lbt/scratchbox2 (up to tag pkg-mer-2.3.90-4 on 2013-04-25) and mer-packages/scratchbox2 (up to tag 2.3.90-git2 on 2014-03-05), both at GitHub, show intermediate states before the Nemo / Mer merger, when Scratchbox 2's active source tree was moved to the now dissolved git.merproject.org.
The continuation of the former source code repository git.merproject.org/mer-core/scratchbox2 is sailfishos/scratchbox2 at GitHub, which contains all commit history and Git tags of all aforementioned Git repositories.
References
^ "Scratchbox 2.2.4". Scratchbox 2 (sb2). 2012-04-01. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
^ "Scratchbox 2.3.90". Scratchbox 2 (sb2). 2012-09-05. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
^ "LGPL-2.1 license". Scratchbox 2. 2013-09-05. Retrieved 2024-02-26.
External links
Scratchbox 2 documentation
Archive of the original Scratchbox 2 website
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|
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It also provides a full set of tools to integrate and cross-compile an entire Linux distribution.","title":"Scratchbox 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"building software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_build"},{"link_name":"Autotools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Autotools"},{"link_name":"./configure scripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Configure_script"},{"link_name":"embedded target","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system"},{"link_name":"\"hack\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hack_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"\"virtual\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualization"},{"link_name":"CPU-architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture"},{"link_name":"build process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Build_automation"},{"link_name":"build dependency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_(computing)"},{"link_name":"\"Lexer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_analysis"}],"text":"In the Linux world, when building software, many parameters are auto-detected on the host system (like installed libraries and system configuration), for example through Autotools' ./configure scripts. When one wants to build software for an embedded target by cross-compilation, most auto-detected parameters are incorrect: I.e. host configuration is not the same as the embedded target's configuration, hence the name cross-compilation.Without Scratchbox 2, one has to manually set many parameters and \"hack\" the \"configure process\" to generate working executable code for the embedded target.Scratchbox 2 allows one to set up a \"virtual\" environment that will trick Autotools and other executables into thinking that they are directly running on the embedded target with its configuration.Moreover, Scratchbox 2 provides a technology called CPU-transparency that goes further: With CPU-transparency, executables built for the host CPU or for the target CPU could be executed directly on the host with sb2 handling the task to emulate a different CPU-architecture if necessary to run software components compiled for the target CPU. Hence a build process can mix using programs built for different CPU-architectures. That is especially useful when a build process requires to build a software component first as a build dependency for building another software component: For example, a \"Lexer\" must be built first in order to generate code for / of another software component with it.","title":"Functional description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tizen"},{"link_name":"Maemo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maemo"},{"link_name":"MeeGo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeeGo"},{"link_name":"Mer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"Sailfish OS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailfish_OS"},{"link_name":"WebOS Internals Development Kit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.webos-internals.org/wiki/WebOS_Internals_PDK"},{"link_name":"Raspberry Pi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi"},{"link_name":"Raspberry Pi alpha board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi#Pre-launch"}],"text":"Tizen\nMaemo\nMeeGo / Mer\nSailfish OS\nWIDK − WebOS Internals Development Kit\nRaspberry Pi (used to build binaries for the Raspberry Pi alpha board)","title":"Projects using Scratchbox 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BinChengfei/scratchbox2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//github.com/BinChengfei/scratchbox2"},{"link_name":"GitHub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub"},{"link_name":"Git","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git"},{"link_name":"Gitorious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitorious"},{"link_name":"lbt/scratchbox2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//github.com/lbt/scratchbox2/tags"},{"link_name":"mer-packages/scratchbox2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//github.com/mer-packages/scratchbox2/tags"},{"link_name":"Nemo / Mer merger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer_(software_distribution)#Revival_with_%22MeeGo_Reconstructed%22"},{"link_name":"sailfishos/scratchbox2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//github.com/sailfishos/scratchbox2"}],"text":"BinChengfei/scratchbox2 at GitHub provides an unaltered mirror of the former Scratchbox 2 Git repository at Gitorious with its latest Git tag being 2.3.90 on 2012-09-05.\nlbt/scratchbox2 (up to tag pkg-mer-2.3.90-4 on 2013-04-25) and mer-packages/scratchbox2 (up to tag 2.3.90-git2 on 2014-03-05), both at GitHub, show intermediate states before the Nemo / Mer merger, when Scratchbox 2's active source tree was moved to the now dissolved git.merproject.org.\nThe continuation of the former source code repository git.merproject.org/mer-core/scratchbox2 is sailfishos/scratchbox2 at GitHub, which contains all commit history and Git tags of all aforementioned Git repositories.","title":"Historic Git repositories of Scratchbox 2"}]
|
[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligrammes
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Calligrammes
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["1 Notes","2 References","3 External links"]
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Poetry collection by Guillaume Apollinaire
For the type of artwork, see Calligram.
A calligram from Calligrammes
A calligram from Calligrammes
A calligram from Calligrammes
Calligrammes: Poems of Peace and War 1913-1916, is a collection of poems by Guillaume Apollinaire which was first published in 1918. Calligrammes is noted for how the typeface and spatial arrangement of the words on a page plays just as much of a role in the meaning of each poem as the words themselves – a form called a calligram. In this sense, the collection can be seen as either concrete poetry or visual poetry. Apollinaire described his work as follows:
The Calligrammes are an idealisation of free verse poetry and typographical precision in an era when typography is reaching a brilliant end to its career, at the dawn of the new means of reproduction that are the cinema and the phonograph. (Guillaume Apollinaire, in a letter to André Billy)
Notes
^ Action: Cahiers Individualistes De Philosophie Et D’art, October 1920, Blue Mountain Project, Princeton University
^ Apollinaire, Guillaume, quoted in the preface by Michel Butor. Calligrammes, p. 7 (Éditions Gallimard, preface copyright 1966).
References
Apollinaire, Guillaume. Calligrammes. Preface by Michel Butor. (Éditions Gallimard, 1995) ISBN 2-07-030008-0
External links
Calligrammes; poèmes de la paix et da la guerre, 1913-1916 digitized original at the Internet Archive
Calligrammes (full text)
Calligrammes, for piano trio
vteGuillaume ApollinaireNovels
Les Onze Mille Verges (1907)
L'Enchanteur pourrissant (1909)
Le Poète assassiné (1916)
Plays
The Breasts of Tiresias (1903)
Poetry collections
Le Bestiaire ou Cortège d'Orphée (1911)
Alcools (1913)
Calligrammes (1918)
Other
The Cubist Painters, Aesthetic Meditations, 1913
Portrayals
The Muse Inspiring the Poet (1909 painting)
Related
Orphism
Marie Laurencin
Bateau-Lavoir
Apolinère Enameled
Prix Guillaume Apollinaire
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
This article about a collection of written poetry is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin_botanique_de_Sannois_des_Plantes_M%C3%A9dicinales
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Jardin botanique de Sannois des Plantes Médicinales
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["1 See also","2 References"]
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Coordinates: 48°58′20″N 2°15′28″E / 48.97222°N 2.25778°E / 48.97222; 2.25778The Jardin botanique de Sannois des Plantes Médicinales is a botanical garden of medicinal plants located at 23, rue Alphonse Duchesne, Sannois, Val-d'Oise, Île-de-France, France. The garden was begun in 1985 by a group calling itself Découverte et Connaissance de la Nature 95, founded 1978 by amateur naturalists, and was inaugurated in 1986. It contains an herb collection including angelica, marjoram, oregano, and so forth, and is open Saturday mornings without charge.
Jardin botanique de Sannois des Plantes Médicinales
See also
List of botanical gardens in France
References
Découverte et Connaissance de la Nature 95: Jardin botanique de Sannois des Plantes Médicinales
Parcs et Jardins entry (French)
Valdoise entry (French)
Gralon entry (French)
48°58′20″N 2°15′28″E / 48.97222°N 2.25778°E / 48.97222; 2.25778
This Val-d'Oise geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to a garden in France is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"title":"List of botanical gardens in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_France"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boumedi%C3%A8ne
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Houari Boumédiène
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["1 Early life and War of Independence","2 After independence","3 Domestic policy","4 Foreign policy","5 Death and funeral","6 Awards and honors","7 See also","8 Explanatory notes","9 Citations","10 General bibliography","11 External links"]
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President of Algeria from 1976 to 1978
Houari Boumédièneهواري بومدينBoumédiène in 19782nd President of AlgeriaIn office10 December 1976 – 27 December 1978Preceded byHimself (as Chairman of the Revolutionary Council)Succeeded byChadli BendjedidChairman of the Revolutionary CouncilIn office19 June 1965 – 10 December 1976Preceded byAhmed Ben Bella (as President)Succeeded byHimself (as President)4th Secretary General of Non-Aligned MovementIn office5 September 1973 – 16 August 1976Preceded byKenneth KaundaSucceeded byWilliam Gopallawa6th Chairperson of the Organisation of African UnityIn office13 September 1968 – 6 September 1969Preceded byMobutu Sese SekoSucceeded byAhmadou AhidjoHead of State of AlgeriaIn office19 June 1965 – 10 December 1976Chief of StaffIn office1960–1962Chief of Staff in the WestIn office1958–1960Chief of the Wilaya 5In office1957–1958Preceded byAbdelhafid BoussoufSucceeded byBenali Boudghène
Personal detailsBornMohamed ben Brahim Boukherouba(1932-08-23)23 August 1932Guelma, AlgeriaDied27 December 1978(1978-12-27) (aged 46)Algiers, AlgeriaPolitical partyNational Liberation FrontSpouseAnissa al-MansaliNicknameHouari BoumédièneMilitary serviceAllegianceAlgeriaBranch/serviceNational Liberation ArmyPeople's National ArmyYears of service1955–1962 (ALN)1962–1976 (PNP)RankColonel
Brigadier General
Major General
Lieutenant General
General of the ArmyBattles/warsAlgerian WarSand War
This article is part of a series aboutHouari Boumédiène
Early life
Algerian War
1962 Algerian crisis
Sand War
Death and funeral
President of Algeria
Chairman of the Revolutionary Council (1965–1976)
Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement (1973–1976)
Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity (1968–1969)
Presidency
1965 Algerian coup d'état
1967 Algerian coup d'état attempt
Year of Arabization
Yom Kippur War
Algerian involvement
1973 oil embargo
Western Sahara War
Amgala I
Amgala II
Elections and referendums
1976 Algerian National Charter referendum
1976 Algerian constitutional referendum
1976 Algerian presidential election
vte
Houari Boumédiène (Arabic: هواري بومدين, romanized: Hawwārī Būmadyan; born Mohammed ben Brahim Boukherouba; 23 August 1932 – 27 December 1978) was an Algerian military officer and politician who served as Chairman of the Revolutionary Council of Algeria from 19 June 1965 until 12 December 1976 and thereafter as the second president of Algeria until his death in 1978.
Born in Guelma, he was educated at the Islamic Institute in Constantine. He joined the National Liberation Front in 1955 and adopted the nom de guerre Houari Boumediene. He received the rank of colonel and in 1960 became the commander of the military wing of the FLN.
President Ahmed Ben Bella appointed him Minister of Defense in 1961. He did not agree with Ben Bella's reforms, and later overthrew him in a bloodless coup in June 1965 and put him under house arrest. He abolished the constitution and the parliament, and he himself was the chairman of the 27-member Revolutionary Council, the new institution that governed the state. The members of the council were mostly from the army. Initially he did not have much influence, but after a group of military officers attempted a coup and tried to overthrow him in 1967, he consolidated his power. The oil industry was nationalized in 1971. From the 1970s, a gradual restoration of parliamentarism and civil institutions in Algeria was initiated. This process ended with the adoption of the new constitution in 1976. The position of president was reinstated, and Boumediene took over after winning an election with 99.46 per cent of the votes. He pursued Arab socialist and Pan-Arabist policies. He was strongly opposed to Israel and offered logistic assistance to anti-colonial movements and freedom fighters across the Arab world and Africa.
From the beginning of 1978, Boumediene appeared less and less in public. He died on December 27, 1978, after unsuccessful treatment for a rare form of blood cancer, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. His funeral was attended by two million mourners. He was succeeded as president by Chadli Bendjedid.
Early life and War of Independence
The house where Boumediene was born in Douar Beni Aadi
Boumediène during the Algerian War of Independence
Not much is known about Boumédiène's early life. His place of birth variously appear as Guelma, the village of Clauzel near Guelma, or Héliopolis, and his date of birth as 16 August 1925, 23 August 1927, or in most sources as 1932. His father said in a 1965 interview that his date of birth was 23 August 1932. His birth name was Mohammed ben Brahim Boukherouba, and his father was a penniless wheat-farmer and a strict Muslim who did not speak French. According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, his family is Arabic-speaking and of Berber origins. He was educated at a Quranic school in Guelma until he was 14, then an Arabic secondary school in Constantine.
In 1952, when France was recruiting Algerians to fight in the Indochina War, Boumédiène went to Cairo, where he studied at the Al-Azhar University. It was there he first met Ahmed Ben Bella. He joined the National Liberation Front (FLN) in the Algerian War of Independence in 1955, adopting Houari Boumédiène as his nom-de-guerre (from Sidi Boumediène, the name of the patron saint of the city of Tlemcen in western Algeria, where he served as an officer during the war, and Sidi El Houari, the patron saint of nearby Oran). He reached the rank of colonel, then the highest rank in the FLN forces, and from 1960 he was chief of staff of the ALN, the FLN's military wing.
He was married to Anissa al-Mansali.
After independence
Boumediene with Ahmed Ben Bella in 1962.
In 1962, after a referendum, Algeria declared its independence, a move affirmed by the French government. Boumédiène and Ahmed Ben Bella overthrew the provisional government of Benyoucef Benkhedda with support from the ALN in 1962. Boumédiène headed a powerful military faction within the government and was made defence minister by the Algerian president Ahmed Ben Bella, whose ascent to power he had assisted as chief of staff. Boumédiène was also appointed as Vice President of Algeria in September 1963. He grew increasingly distrustful of Ben Bella's erratic style of government and ideological puritanism, and in June 1965, Boumédiène seized power in a bloodless coup.
The country's constitution and political institutions were abolished, and he ruled through a Revolutionary Council of his own mostly military supporters. Many of them had been his companions during the war years, when he was based around the Moroccan border town of Oujda, which caused analysts to speak of the "Oujda Group". One prominent member of this circle was Boumédiène's long-time foreign minister, Abdelaziz Bouteflika, who served as Algeria's president from 1999 until 2019.
Initially, he was seen as potentially a weak leader, with no significant power base except inside the army, and it was not known to what extent he commanded the officer corps. He remained Algeria's undisputed leader until his death in 1978. No significant internal challenges emerged from inside the government after the 1967 coup attempt. After the coup, he insisted on collective rule.
Houari Boumediene standing in a row with the other politicians, 1965.
Domestic policy
1972 newsreel about Algeria under Boumédiène
Economically, Boumédiène turned away from Ben Bella's focus on rural Algeria and experiments in socialist cooperative businesses (l'autogestion). Instead, he opted for a more systematic and planned programme of state-driven industrialization. Algeria had virtually no advanced production at the time, but in 1971 Boumédiène nationalized the Algerian oil industry, increasing government revenue tremendously (and sparking intense protest from the French government). He then put the soaring oil and gas resources—enhanced by the oil price shock of 1973—into building heavy industry, hoping to make Algeria the Maghreb's industrial centre. His years in power were in fact marked by a reliable and consistent economic growth, but after his death, in the 1980s, the drop in oil prices and increasingly evident inefficiency of the country's state-run industries, prompted a change in policy towards gradual economical liberalization. Boumédiène imposed Arab socialism as the state ideology and declared Islam the state religion. He was a strong supporter of Arabization and was more assertive than Ben Bella in Arabizing Algeria, especially between 1970 and 1977, and declared 1971 the year of Arabization.
In the 1970s, along with the expansion of state industry and oil nationalization, Boumédiène declared a series of socialist revolutions, and strengthened the leftist aspect of his administration. A side-effect of this was the rapprochement with the hitherto suppressed remnants of the Algerian Communist Party (the PAGS), whose members were now co-opted into the government, where it gained some limited intellectual influence, although without formal legalization of their party. Algeria formally remained a single-party state under the FLN.
Political stability reigned, however, as attempts at challenging the state were generally nipped in the bud. As chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council, Boumédiène and his associates ruled by decree. During the 1970s, constitutional rule was gradually reinstated and civilian political institutions were restored and reorganized. Efforts were made to revive activity within the FLN, and state institutions were reestablished systematically, starting with local assemblies and moving up through regional assemblies to the national level, with the election of a parliament. The process culminated with the adoption of a constitution (1976) that laid down Algeria's political structure. This was preceded by a period of relatively open debate on the merits of the government-backed proposal, although the constitution itself was then adopted in a state-controlled referendum with no major changes. The constitution reintroduced the office of president, which Boumédiène entered after a single-candidate referendum in 1978.
Boumediene with Cuban communist leader Fidel Castro in 1972.
At the time of his death, later that year, the political and constitutional order in Algeria was virtually entirely of FLN design. This structure remained largely unchanged until the late 1980s, when political pluralism was introduced and the FLN lost its role as dominant single party. (Many basic aspects of this system and the Boumédiène-era constitution are still in place.) However, throughout Boumédiène's era, the military remained the dominant force in the country's politics, and military influence permeated civilian institutions such as the FLN, parliament and government, undercutting the constitutionalization of the country's politics. Intense financial or political rivalries between military and political factions persisted, and was kept in check and prevented from destabilizing the government mainly by Boumédiène's overwhelming personal dominance of both the civilian and military sphere.
Algeria experienced significant economic and social development under his government. Between 1962 and 1982, the Algerian population increased from 10 to 20 million people and, massively rural before independence, 45% of the population was urbanized. Annual per capita income, which did not exceed 2,000 francs in 1962, exceeds 11,000 francs twenty years later, while the enrolment rate varies from 75 to 95% depending on the region, far from the 10% of French Algeria. However, Boumédiène’s regime prioritized industrial development, which led it neglecting agriculture.
Foreign policy
Boumédiène pursued a policy of non-alignment, maintaining good relations with both the communist bloc and the capitalist nations, and promoting third-world cooperation. In the United Nations, he called for a unity built on equal status for western and ex-colonial nations, and brought about by a socialist-style change in political and trade relations. He sought to build a powerful third world bloc through the Non-Aligned Movement, in which he became a prominent figure. He unconditionally supported freedom fighters, justice and equality seekers. He offered logistic assistance to anti-colonial movements and other militant groups across Africa and the Arab world, including the PLO, ANC, SWAPO and other nations.
Algeria remained strongly opposed to Israel and a strong supporter of the Palestinian cause. In the early 1970s, Boumédiène famously said: "We are with Palestinians, whether they are the oppressed or the oppressor”. Algeria reinforced the Arab coalition with air forces against Israel in the Six-Day War in 1967, and sent an armored brigade of 150 tanks in the Yom Kippur War in 1973, where Algerian fighter jets participated in attacks together with Egyptians and Iraqis. It also deposited $200 million with the Soviet Union to finance arms purchases for Egypt and Syria. In response to the US support for Israel in the Six-Day War, Algeria severed diplomatic ties with USA. It participated in the 1973 oil embargo after the US supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War. In response to Egypt's normalization of ties with Israel, Algeria along with other Arab countries condemned Anwar Sadat and severed ties with Egypt in 1977.
Algeria bought the majority of arms from the Soviet Union.
A significant regional event was his 1975 pledge of support for Western Saharan self-determination, admitting Sahrawi refugees and the Polisario Front national liberation movement to Algerian territory, after Morocco and Mauritania claimed control over the territory. This ended the possibility of mending relations with Morocco, already sour after the 1963 Sand War, although there had been a modest thaw in relations during his first time in power. The heightened Moroccan-Algerian rivalry and the still unsolved Western Sahara question became a defining feature of Algerian foreign policy ever since and remains so today.
Arab heads of state in Cairo to discuss previous talks with Soviet leaders. From left to right: Iraqi president Abdul Rahman Arif, Boumediene, Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser, Syrian president Nureddin al-Atassi and Sudanese president Ismail al-Azhari, July 1967
Boumédiène in 1972
The 1975 Algiers Agreement was signed by (left to right) the Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Boumédiène, and the Iraqi vice-president Saddam Hussein
Libyan Leader Muammar Gaddafi, Boumediene and Syrian President Hafez al-Assad in Tripoli, 1977
Death and funeral
In 1978, his appearances became increasingly rare. After lingering in a coma for 39 days, he died in Algiers of a rare blood disease, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, following unsuccessful treatment in Moscow. Rumors about his being assassinated or poisoned have surfaced occasionally in Algerian politics, especially after two other participants of the 1975 Algiers Agreement events — the Shah (d. 1980) and his Minister of Court Asadollah Alam (d. 1978) — also died of cancers around the same time. The death of Boumédiène left a power vacuum in Algeria which could not easily be filled; a series of military conclaves eventually agreed to sidestep the competing left- and right-wing contenders, and designate the highest-ranking military officer, Colonel Chadli Bendjedid, as a compromise selection.
Boumédiène's state funeral took place in Algiers on 29 December 1978. A crowd of two million mourners attended, breaking through police cordons and blocking the routes. The Algerian government promised to continue his socialist revolution and declared 90 days of official mourning. Despite their differences over the Camp David Accords, Egyptian president Anwar Sadat paid tribute to Boumédiène and said he received the news of his death "with sorrow and sadness" and sent a delegation to attend the funeral. PLO leader Yasser Arafat attended the funeral with the second in command of his Fatah guerrilla organization, Abu Iyad, who had built close relations with Boumédiène. US President Jimmy Carter expressed deep regret and said that Boumédiène "played an outstanding role in Algeria's long struggle for independence. His devotion to duty and his contributions as an international statesman are well known. But it is for his efforts to help create and strengthen an independent, self-sufficient Algerian nation that he will be most remembered". A large United States delegation attended, which included Muhammad Ali. The Soviet press praised Boumédiène as "a great friend of the Soviet Union" and that he had "made a great contribution to Algeria's social and economic progress."
Awards and honors
Algeria:
National Order of Merit
Cuba:
Order of José Martí (1974)
Morocco:
Grand Cordon of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite
See also
Biography portalPolitics portal
Houari Boumediene Airport, an airport near Algiers named after him.
Houari Boumédienne District, a district in his native Guelma Province named after him.
El Mouradia Palace
Explanatory notes
^ Also transcribed Boumediene and Boumedienne
^ Arabic: محمد بن إبراهيم بوخروبة
Citations
^ a b c d "Algerians Mourn Death of Boumediene". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
^ Thomas M. Leonard (18 October 2013). Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Taylor & Francis. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-135-20515-7.
^ a b c Smith, J. Y. (28 December 1978). "Houari Boumediene: Ideologue and Pragmatist". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
^ Alistair Horne (9 August 2012). A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962. Pan Macmillan. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-4472-3343-5.
^ Martin Evans; John Phillips (2007). Algeria: Anger of the Dispossessed. Yale University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-300-10881-1.
^ Bozzo, Anna (June 2013). "Boumedienne, Houari". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Publishers. Archived from the original on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2019-11-30.
^ Ottaway, Professor Marina; Ottaway, David; Ottaway, Marina (December 15, 1970). "Algeria: The Politics of a Socialist Revolution". University of California Press. Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved December 15, 2019 – via Google Books.
^ John, Peter St. (1968). "Independent Algeria from Ben Bella to Boumédienne: I. The Counter-Revolution and Its Consequences". The World Today. 24 (7). Royal Institute of International Affairs: 290–296. JSTOR 40394141.
^ Salih, M. (2009-09-28). Interpreting Islamic Political Parties. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-10077-0. Archived from the original on 2023-02-23. Retrieved 2022-11-24.
^ Ennaji, Moha (2014-04-16). Multiculturalism and Democracy in North Africa: Aftermath of the Arab Spring. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-81362-0. Archived from the original on 2023-04-06. Retrieved 2022-11-24.
^ L'Algérie, Claudine Rulleau and Paul Balta, 2000
^ Linah Alsaafin, Ramy Allahoum (20 Dec 2021). "What is behind Algeria and Palestine's footballing love affair?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023. Retrieved 23 Nov 2023.
^ Shazly, Saad (2003). The crossing of the Suez (Revised ed.). San Francisco: American Mideast Research. p. 278. ISBN 0-9604562-0-1. OCLC 54538606. Archived from the original on 2024-05-21. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
^ Assessment, United States Congress Office of Technology (1977). Transportation of Liquefied Natural Gas. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Archived from the original on 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2022-11-24.
^ Howe, Marvine (1977-12-06). "Hard‐Line Arab Bloc Is Formed at Tripoli". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2020-09-19. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
^ "New Leader". Time. 1979-02-12. Archived from the original on 2008-05-06.
^ "ALGERIA: ABOUT ONE MILLION MOURNERS DISRUPT FUNERAL OF LATE PRESIDENT HOUARI BOUMEDIENNE". British Pathé. Archived from the original on 2023-02-28. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
^ a b Times, James M. Markham Special to The New York (1978-12-29). "Algerians Mourn at Boumediene's Bier". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2023-03-28. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
^ Chilcote, Ronald H. (1986). Cuba, 1953-1978: A Bibliographic Guide to the Literature. Kraus International Publications. p. 910. ISBN 9780527168247.
^ "لمَّا اعترف "هواري بومدين" بفضل المغرب في انتصار الجزائر على الاستعمار". assafir24.ma (in Arabic). 2020. Archived from the original on 2024-03-25. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
General bibliography
Balta, Paul, and Claudine Roulleau, La Stratégie de Boumédiène, Simbad, 1978
Francos, Ania, and Jean-Pierre Séréni, Un Algérien nommé Boumédiène, Stock, coll. Les Grands Leaders, 1976
Minces, Juliette, L'Algérie de Boumediène, Presses de la Cité, 1978
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Houari Boumediene.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Houari Boumédiène.
(In French) Le règne de Houari Boumediène, El Watan, 27 décembre 2008
(In Arabic) Video clip of a speech by Houari Boumédiène
Political offices
Preceded byAhmed Ben Bella
President of Algeria 1965–1978
Succeeded byRabah BitatInterim
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Deys ofthe Deylik of Algiers(1710–1830)
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Governors of French Algeria(1830–1962)
Louis-Auguste-Victor
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Bertrand Clauzel
Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont
Sylvain Charles Valée
Thomas Robert Bugeaud
Louis Juchault de Lamoricière
Marie Alphonse Bedeau
Henri d'Orleans
Louis-Eugène Cavaignac
Nicolas Théodule Changarnier
Viala Charon
Alphonse Henri d'Hautpoul
Aimable Pélissier
Jacques Louis Randon
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Patrice de MacMahon
François Louis Alfred Durrieu
Jean Walsin-Esterhazy
Henri-Gabriel Didier
Charles de Bouzet
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Antoine Chanzy
Albert Grévy
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Jules Cambon
Auguste Loze
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Charles Jonnart
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Charles Lutaud
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Jacques Soustelle
Georges Catroux
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Presidents of the Republic of Algeria(1962–present)
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Ferhat Abbas
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Houari Boumédiène
Rabah Bitat
Chadli Bendjedid
Abdelmalek Benhabyles
Mohamed Boudiaf
Ali Kafi
Liamine Zéroual
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Abdelkader Bensalah
Abdelmadjid Tebboune
vtePresidents of Algeria (list)
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Ferhat Abbas
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Houari Boumédiène†
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Chadli Bendjedid
Abdelmalek Benhabyles*
Mohamed Boudiaf
Ali Kafi
Liamine Zéroual
Abdelaziz Bouteflika
Abdelkader Bensalah*
Abdelmadjid Tebboune
*interim †military
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Council_(Algeria)"},{"link_name":"second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Algeria"},{"link_name":"president of Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Guelma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guelma"},{"link_name":"National Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)"},{"link_name":"nom de guerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Ben Bella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella"},{"link_name":"bloodless coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_Algerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Council_(Algeria)"},{"link_name":"new constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Algerian_constitutional_referendum"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Algeria"},{"link_name":"election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Algerian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Arab socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_socialism"},{"link_name":"Pan-Arabist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Arabism"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Arab world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world"},{"link_name":"Waldenström's macroglobulinemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldenstr%C3%B6m_macroglobulinemia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Chadli Bendjedid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadli_Bendjedid"}],"text":"Houari Boumédiène[a] (Arabic: هواري بومدين, romanized: Hawwārī Būmadyan; born Mohammed ben Brahim Boukherouba;[b] 23 August 1932 – 27 December 1978) was an Algerian military officer and politician who served as Chairman of the Revolutionary Council of Algeria from 19 June 1965 until 12 December 1976 and thereafter as the second president of Algeria until his death in 1978.Born in Guelma, he was educated at the Islamic Institute in Constantine. He joined the National Liberation Front in 1955 and adopted the nom de guerre Houari Boumediene. He received the rank of colonel and in 1960 became the commander of the military wing of the FLN.President Ahmed Ben Bella appointed him Minister of Defense in 1961. He did not agree with Ben Bella's reforms, and later overthrew him in a bloodless coup in June 1965 and put him under house arrest. He abolished the constitution and the parliament, and he himself was the chairman of the 27-member Revolutionary Council, the new institution that governed the state. The members of the council were mostly from the army. Initially he did not have much influence, but after a group of military officers attempted a coup and tried to overthrow him in 1967, he consolidated his power. The oil industry was nationalized in 1971. From the 1970s, a gradual restoration of parliamentarism and civil institutions in Algeria was initiated. This process ended with the adoption of the new constitution in 1976. The position of president was reinstated, and Boumediene took over after winning an election with 99.46 per cent of the votes. He pursued Arab socialist and Pan-Arabist policies. He was strongly opposed to Israel and offered logistic assistance to anti-colonial movements and freedom fighters across the Arab world and Africa.From the beginning of 1978, Boumediene appeared less and less in public. He died on December 27, 1978, after unsuccessful treatment for a rare form of blood cancer, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. His funeral was attended by two million mourners.[1] He was succeeded as president by Chadli Bendjedid.","title":"Houari Boumédiène"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_house_where_the_late_Algerian_President_Houari_Boumediene_was_born_(Guelma_peovince).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Houari_Boumedi%C3%A8ne_-_War_of_Independence.jpg"},{"link_name":"Algerian War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Guelma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guelma"},{"link_name":"Héliopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9liopolis,_Algeria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leonard2013-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Horne2012-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EvansPhillips2007-7"},{"link_name":"Encyclopaedia of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam"},{"link_name":"Berber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Constantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-5"},{"link_name":"Indochina War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Indochina_War"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Al-Azhar University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Azhar_University"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Ben Bella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-5"},{"link_name":"National Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)"},{"link_name":"Algerian War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_War"},{"link_name":"nom-de-guerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym"},{"link_name":"Sidi Boumediène","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Madyan"},{"link_name":"Tlemcen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen"},{"link_name":"Sidi El Houari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidi_El_Houari"},{"link_name":"Oran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"ALN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_de_Lib%C3%A9ration_Nationale"}],"text":"The house where Boumediene was born in Douar Beni AadiBoumediène during the Algerian War of IndependenceNot much is known about Boumédiène's early life. His place of birth variously appear as Guelma, the village of Clauzel near Guelma, or Héliopolis, and his date of birth as 16 August 1925, 23 August 1927, or in most sources as 1932.[2] His father said in a 1965 interview that his date of birth was 23 August 1932.[3] His birth name was Mohammed ben Brahim Boukherouba, and his father was a penniless wheat-farmer and a strict Muslim who did not speak French.[4][5] According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, his family is Arabic-speaking and of Berber origins.[6] He was educated at a Quranic school in Guelma until he was 14, then an Arabic secondary school in Constantine.[3]In 1952, when France was recruiting Algerians to fight in the Indochina War, Boumédiène went to Cairo, where he studied at the Al-Azhar University. It was there he first met Ahmed Ben Bella.[3] He joined the National Liberation Front (FLN) in the Algerian War of Independence in 1955, adopting Houari Boumédiène as his nom-de-guerre (from Sidi Boumediène, the name of the patron saint of the city of Tlemcen in western Algeria, where he served as an officer during the war, and Sidi El Houari, the patron saint of nearby Oran). He reached the rank of colonel, then the highest rank in the FLN forces, and from 1960 he was chief of staff of the ALN, the FLN's military wing.He was married to Anissa al-Mansali.","title":"Early life and War of Independence"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ben_bella_and_Boumediene.jpg"},{"link_name":"a referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Algerian_independence_referendum"},{"link_name":"declared its independence, a move affirmed by the French government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_(Algeria)"},{"link_name":"provisional government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Algerian_Republic"},{"link_name":"Benyoucef Benkhedda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benyoucef_Benkhedda"},{"link_name":"ALN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Algeria)"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Ben Bella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella"},{"link_name":"Vice President of Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Algeria"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-algeriancabinets-9"},{"link_name":"coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_Algerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Moroccan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Oujda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oujda"},{"link_name":"Oujda Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oujda_Group"},{"link_name":"Abdelaziz Bouteflika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Houari-Boumediene-standing-in-a-row-with-the-other-politicians-391852507172.jpg"}],"text":"Boumediene with Ahmed Ben Bella in 1962.In 1962, after a referendum, Algeria declared its independence, a move affirmed by the French government. Boumédiène and Ahmed Ben Bella overthrew the provisional government of Benyoucef Benkhedda with support from the ALN in 1962. Boumédiène headed a powerful military faction within the government and was made defence minister by the Algerian president Ahmed Ben Bella, whose ascent to power he had assisted as chief of staff. Boumédiène was also appointed as Vice President of Algeria in September 1963.[7] He grew increasingly distrustful of Ben Bella's erratic style of government and ideological puritanism, and in June 1965, Boumédiène seized power in a bloodless coup.The country's constitution and political institutions were abolished, and he ruled through a Revolutionary Council of his own mostly military supporters. Many of them had been his companions during the war years, when he was based around the Moroccan border town of Oujda, which caused analysts to speak of the \"Oujda Group\". One prominent member of this circle was Boumédiène's long-time foreign minister, Abdelaziz Bouteflika, who served as Algeria's president from 1999 until 2019.Initially, he was seen as potentially a weak leader, with no significant power base except inside the army, and it was not known to what extent he commanded the officer corps. He remained Algeria's undisputed leader until his death in 1978. No significant internal challenges emerged from inside the government after the 1967 coup attempt. After the coup, he insisted on collective rule.[8]Houari Boumediene standing in a row with the other politicians, 1965.","title":"After independence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"autogestion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_self-management"},{"link_name":"Maghreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghreb"},{"link_name":"liberalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalization"},{"link_name":"Arab socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_socialism"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Arabization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabization"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Algerian Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"PAGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_and_Social_Movement_(Algeria)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BENZAZA_BOUMEDIENE_CASTRO.jpg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"1972 newsreel about Algeria under BoumédièneEconomically, Boumédiène turned away from Ben Bella's focus on rural Algeria and experiments in socialist cooperative businesses (l'autogestion). Instead, he opted for a more systematic and planned programme of state-driven industrialization. Algeria had virtually no advanced production at the time, but in 1971 Boumédiène nationalized the Algerian oil industry, increasing government revenue tremendously (and sparking intense protest from the French government). He then put the soaring oil and gas resources—enhanced by the oil price shock of 1973—into building heavy industry, hoping to make Algeria the Maghreb's industrial centre. His years in power were in fact marked by a reliable and consistent economic growth, but after his death, in the 1980s, the drop in oil prices and increasingly evident inefficiency of the country's state-run industries, prompted a change in policy towards gradual economical liberalization. Boumédiène imposed Arab socialism as the state ideology and declared Islam the state religion.[9] He was a strong supporter of Arabization and was more assertive than Ben Bella in Arabizing Algeria, especially between 1970 and 1977, and declared 1971 the year of Arabization.[10]In the 1970s, along with the expansion of state industry and oil nationalization, Boumédiène declared a series of socialist revolutions, and strengthened the leftist aspect of his administration. A side-effect of this was the rapprochement with the hitherto suppressed remnants of the Algerian Communist Party (the PAGS), whose members were now co-opted into the government, where it gained some limited intellectual influence, although without formal legalization of their party. Algeria formally remained a single-party state under the FLN.Political stability reigned, however, as attempts at challenging the state were generally nipped in the bud. As chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council, Boumédiène and his associates ruled by decree. During the 1970s, constitutional rule was gradually reinstated and civilian political institutions were restored and reorganized. Efforts were made to revive activity within the FLN, and state institutions were reestablished systematically, starting with local assemblies and moving up through regional assemblies to the national level, with the election of a parliament. The process culminated with the adoption of a constitution (1976) that laid down Algeria's political structure. This was preceded by a period of relatively open debate on the merits of the government-backed proposal, although the constitution itself was then adopted in a state-controlled referendum with no major changes. The constitution reintroduced the office of president, which Boumédiène entered after a single-candidate referendum in 1978.Boumediene with Cuban communist leader Fidel Castro in 1972.At the time of his death, later that year, the political and constitutional order in Algeria was virtually entirely of FLN design. This structure remained largely unchanged until the late 1980s, when political pluralism was introduced and the FLN lost its role as dominant single party. (Many basic aspects of this system and the Boumédiène-era constitution are still in place.) However, throughout Boumédiène's era, the military remained the dominant force in the country's politics, and military influence permeated civilian institutions such as the FLN, parliament and government, undercutting the constitutionalization of the country's politics. Intense financial or political rivalries between military and political factions persisted, and was kept in check and prevented from destabilizing the government mainly by Boumédiène's overwhelming personal dominance of both the civilian and military sphere.Algeria experienced significant economic and social development under his government. Between 1962 and 1982, the Algerian population increased from 10 to 20 million people and, massively rural before independence, 45% of the population was urbanized. Annual per capita income, which did not exceed 2,000 francs in 1962, exceeds 11,000 francs twenty years later, while the enrolment rate varies from 75 to 95% depending on the region, far from the 10% of French Algeria. However, Boumédiène’s regime prioritized industrial development, which led it neglecting agriculture.[11]","title":"Domestic policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"},{"link_name":"Non-Aligned Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement"},{"link_name":"PLO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organisation"},{"link_name":"ANC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"SWAPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWAPO"},{"link_name":"Palestinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinians"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Linah_Alsaafin_2021_l251-14"},{"link_name":"Six-Day War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War"},{"link_name":"Yom Kippur War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Six-Day War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War"},{"link_name":"1973 oil embargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_embargo"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Anwar Sadat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Sadat"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Western Saharan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara"},{"link_name":"self-determination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-determination"},{"link_name":"Sahrawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahrawi_people"},{"link_name":"Polisario Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisario_Front"},{"link_name":"liberation movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_movement"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania"},{"link_name":"Sand War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nasser,_Aref,_Boumieddin,_Atassi,_Azhari.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Abdul Rahman Arif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Arif"},{"link_name":"Gamal Abdel Nasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser"},{"link_name":"Nureddin al-Atassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi"},{"link_name":"Ismail al-Azhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_al-Azhari"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Houari_Boumediene.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1975_Algiers_Agreement.jpg"},{"link_name":"1975 Algiers Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Algiers_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Shah of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Reza Pahlavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi"},{"link_name":"Saddam Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gaddafi-Boumedienne-Assad-1977-Tripolis.jpg"},{"link_name":"Muammar Gaddafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"Hafez al-Assad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad"},{"link_name":"Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya"}],"text":"Boumédiène pursued a policy of non-alignment, maintaining good relations with both the communist bloc and the capitalist nations, and promoting third-world cooperation. In the United Nations, he called for a unity built on equal status for western and ex-colonial nations, and brought about by a socialist-style change in political and trade relations. He sought to build a powerful third world bloc through the Non-Aligned Movement, in which he became a prominent figure. He unconditionally supported freedom fighters, justice and equality seekers. He offered logistic assistance to anti-colonial movements and other militant groups across Africa and the Arab world, including the PLO, ANC, SWAPO and other nations.Algeria remained strongly opposed to Israel and a strong supporter of the Palestinian cause. In the early 1970s, Boumédiène famously said: \"We are with Palestinians, whether they are the oppressed or the oppressor”.[12] Algeria reinforced the Arab coalition with air forces against Israel in the Six-Day War in 1967, and sent an armored brigade of 150 tanks in the Yom Kippur War in 1973, where Algerian fighter jets participated in attacks together with Egyptians and Iraqis. It also deposited $200 million with the Soviet Union to finance arms purchases for Egypt and Syria.[13] In response to the US support for Israel in the Six-Day War, Algeria severed diplomatic ties with USA. It participated in the 1973 oil embargo after the US supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War.[14] In response to Egypt's normalization of ties with Israel, Algeria along with other Arab countries condemned Anwar Sadat and severed ties with Egypt in 1977.[15]Algeria bought the majority of arms from the Soviet Union.A significant regional event was his 1975 pledge of support for Western Saharan self-determination, admitting Sahrawi refugees and the Polisario Front national liberation movement to Algerian territory, after Morocco and Mauritania claimed control over the territory. This ended the possibility of mending relations with Morocco, already sour after the 1963 Sand War, although there had been a modest thaw in relations during his first time in power. The heightened Moroccan-Algerian rivalry and the still unsolved Western Sahara question became a defining feature of Algerian foreign policy ever since and remains so today.Arab heads of state in Cairo to discuss previous talks with Soviet leaders. From left to right: Iraqi president Abdul Rahman Arif, Boumediene, Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser, Syrian president Nureddin al-Atassi and Sudanese president Ismail al-Azhari, July 1967\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBoumédiène in 1972\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe 1975 Algiers Agreement was signed by (left to right) the Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Boumédiène, and the Iraqi vice-president Saddam Hussein\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLibyan Leader Muammar Gaddafi, Boumediene and Syrian President Hafez al-Assad in Tripoli, 1977","title":"Foreign policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waldenström's macroglobulinemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldenstr%C3%B6m%27s_macroglobulinemia"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"1975 Algiers Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Algiers_Agreement"},{"link_name":"the Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi"},{"link_name":"Asadollah Alam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asadollah_Alam"},{"link_name":"cancers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"Chadli Bendjedid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadli_Bendjedid"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Camp David Accords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_David_Accords"},{"link_name":"Anwar Sadat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Sadat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Yasser Arafat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat"},{"link_name":"Fatah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatah"},{"link_name":"Abu Iyad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salah_Khalaf"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-20"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-20"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"In 1978, his appearances became increasingly rare. After lingering in a coma for 39 days, he died in Algiers of a rare blood disease, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, following unsuccessful treatment in Moscow. Rumors about his being assassinated or poisoned have surfaced occasionally in Algerian politics,[citation needed] especially after two other participants of the 1975 Algiers Agreement events — the Shah (d. 1980) and his Minister of Court Asadollah Alam (d. 1978) — also died of cancers around the same time. The death of Boumédiène left a power vacuum in Algeria which could not easily be filled; a series of military conclaves eventually agreed to sidestep the competing left- and right-wing contenders, and designate the highest-ranking military officer, Colonel Chadli Bendjedid, as a compromise selection.[16]Boumédiène's state funeral took place in Algiers on 29 December 1978. A crowd of two million mourners attended, breaking through police cordons and blocking the routes.[17] The Algerian government promised to continue his socialist revolution and declared 90 days of official mourning. Despite their differences over the Camp David Accords, Egyptian president Anwar Sadat paid tribute to Boumédiène and said he received the news of his death \"with sorrow and sadness\" and sent a delegation to attend the funeral.[1] PLO leader Yasser Arafat attended the funeral with the second in command of his Fatah guerrilla organization, Abu Iyad, who had built close relations with Boumédiène.[18] US President Jimmy Carter expressed deep regret and said that Boumédiène \"played an outstanding role in Algeria's long struggle for independence. His devotion to duty and his contributions as an international statesman are well known. But it is for his efforts to help create and strengthen an independent, self-sufficient Algerian nation that he will be most remembered\".[1] A large United States delegation attended, which included Muhammad Ali.[18] The Soviet press praised Boumédiène as \"a great friend of the Soviet Union\" and that he had \"made a great contribution to Algeria's social and economic progress.\"[1]","title":"Death and funeral"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Order_of_Merit_-_Athir_v.1_(Algeria)_-_ribbon_bar.gif"},{"link_name":"National Order of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Order_of_Merit_(Algeria)"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbon_jose_marti.png"},{"link_name":"Order of José Martí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ordre_de_l%27Ouissam_Alaouite_GC_ribbon_(Maroc).svg"},{"link_name":"Order of Ouissam Alaouite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Ouissam_Alaouite"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Algeria:\n National Order of MeritCuba:\n Order of José Martí (1974)[19]Morocco:\n Grand Cordon of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite[20]","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"}],"text":"^ Also transcribed Boumediene and Boumedienne\n\n^ Arabic: محمد بن إبراهيم بوخروبة","title":"Explanatory notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_3-3"},{"link_name":"\"Algerians Mourn Death of Boumediene\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/12/28/algerians-mourn-death-of-boumediene/8dde9acb-74af-4b47-a862-08f5569062ae/"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0190-8286","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Leonard2013_4-0"},{"link_name":"Encyclopedia of the Developing World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=We-OAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA191"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-135-20515-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-20515-7"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Smith_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Smith_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Smith_5-2"},{"link_name":"\"Houari Boumediene: Ideologue and Pragmatist\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1978/12/28/houari-boumediene-ideologue-and-pragmatist/9a4d7b8c-b241-4a9f-a691-94278062ce68/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220108184653/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1978/12/28/houari-boumediene-ideologue-and-pragmatist/9a4d7b8c-b241-4a9f-a691-94278062ce68/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Horne2012_6-0"},{"link_name":"A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=f4-UHiZTlpMC&pg=PR29"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4472-3343-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4472-3343-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EvansPhillips2007_7-0"},{"link_name":"Algeria: Anger of the Dispossessed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=o6J5WNbL9e4C&pg=PA65"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-300-10881-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10881-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Boumedienne, Houari\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/boumedienne-houari-COM_24353"},{"link_name":"Krämer, Gudrun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer"},{"link_name":"Encyclopaedia of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200801174613/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/boumedienne-houari-COM_24353"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-algeriancabinets_9-0"},{"link_name":"\"Algeria: The Politics of a Socialist 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Leader\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080506091059/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920107,00.html"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920107,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"ALGERIA: ABOUT ONE MILLION MOURNERS DISRUPT FUNERAL OF LATE PRESIDENT HOUARI BOUMEDIENNE\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britishpathe.com/asset/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230228134836/https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_20-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_20-1"},{"link_name":"\"Algerians Mourn at Boumediene's Bier\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1978/12/29/archives/algerians-mourn-at-boumedienes-bier-arafat-and-alde-attend-muhammad.html"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0362-4331","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230328120921/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/12/29/archives/algerians-mourn-at-boumedienes-bier-arafat-and-alde-attend-muhammad.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780527168247","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780527168247"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"لمَّا اعترف \"هواري بومدين\" بفضل المغرب في انتصار الجزائر على الاستعمار\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//assafir24.ma/100627/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20240325111613/https://assafir24.ma/100627/"}],"text":"^ a b c d \"Algerians Mourn Death of Boumediene\". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-03-28.\n\n^ Thomas M. Leonard (18 October 2013). Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Taylor & Francis. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-135-20515-7.\n\n^ a b c Smith, J. Y. (28 December 1978). \"Houari Boumediene: Ideologue and Pragmatist\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2021.\n\n^ Alistair Horne (9 August 2012). A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962. Pan Macmillan. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-4472-3343-5.\n\n^ Martin Evans; John Phillips (2007). Algeria: Anger of the Dispossessed. Yale University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-300-10881-1.\n\n^ Bozzo, Anna (June 2013). \"Boumedienne, Houari\". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Publishers. Archived from the original on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2019-11-30.\n\n^ Ottaway, Professor Marina; Ottaway, David; Ottaway, Marina (December 15, 1970). \"Algeria: The Politics of a Socialist Revolution\". University of California Press. Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved December 15, 2019 – via Google Books.\n\n^ John, Peter St. (1968). \"Independent Algeria from Ben Bella to Boumédienne: I. The Counter-Revolution and Its Consequences\". The World Today. 24 (7). Royal Institute of International Affairs: 290–296. JSTOR 40394141.\n\n^ Salih, M. (2009-09-28). Interpreting Islamic Political Parties. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-10077-0. Archived from the original on 2023-02-23. Retrieved 2022-11-24.\n\n^ Ennaji, Moha (2014-04-16). Multiculturalism and Democracy in North Africa: Aftermath of the Arab Spring. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-81362-0. Archived from the original on 2023-04-06. Retrieved 2022-11-24.\n\n^ L'Algérie, Claudine Rulleau and Paul Balta, 2000\n\n^ Linah Alsaafin, Ramy Allahoum (20 Dec 2021). \"What is behind Algeria and Palestine's footballing love affair?\". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023. Retrieved 23 Nov 2023.\n\n^ Shazly, Saad (2003). The crossing of the Suez (Revised ed.). San Francisco: American Mideast Research. p. 278. ISBN 0-9604562-0-1. OCLC 54538606. Archived from the original on 2024-05-21. Retrieved 2023-03-28.\n\n^ Assessment, United States Congress Office of Technology (1977). Transportation of Liquefied Natural Gas. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Archived from the original on 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2022-11-24.\n\n^ Howe, Marvine (1977-12-06). \"Hard‐Line Arab Bloc Is Formed at Tripoli\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2020-09-19. Retrieved 2020-09-15.\n\n^ \"New Leader\". Time. 1979-02-12. Archived from the original on 2008-05-06.\n\n^ \"ALGERIA: ABOUT ONE MILLION MOURNERS DISRUPT FUNERAL OF LATE PRESIDENT HOUARI BOUMEDIENNE\". British Pathé. Archived from the original on 2023-02-28. Retrieved 2023-03-28.\n\n^ a b Times, James M. Markham Special to The New York (1978-12-29). \"Algerians Mourn at Boumediene's Bier\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2023-03-28. Retrieved 2023-03-28.\n\n^ Chilcote, Ronald H. (1986). Cuba, 1953-1978: A Bibliographic Guide to the Literature. Kraus International Publications. p. 910. ISBN 9780527168247.\n\n^ \"لمَّا اعترف \"هواري بومدين\" بفضل المغرب في انتصار الجزائر على الاستعمار\". assafir24.ma (in Arabic). 2020. Archived from the original on 2024-03-25. Retrieved 2024-03-25.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Balta, Paul, and Claudine Roulleau, La Stratégie de Boumédiène, Simbad, 1978\nFrancos, Ania, and Jean-Pierre Séréni, Un Algérien nommé Boumédiène, Stock, coll. Les Grands Leaders, 1976\nMinces, Juliette, L'Algérie de Boumediène, Presses de la Cité, 1978","title":"General bibliography"}]
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[{"image_text":"The house where Boumediene was born in Douar Beni Aadi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_house_where_the_late_Algerian_President_Houari_Boumediene_was_born_%28Guelma_peovince%29.jpg/220px-The_house_where_the_late_Algerian_President_Houari_Boumediene_was_born_%28Guelma_peovince%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Boumediène during the Algerian War of Independence","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Houari_Boumedi%C3%A8ne_-_War_of_Independence.jpg/220px-Houari_Boumedi%C3%A8ne_-_War_of_Independence.jpg"},{"image_text":"Boumediene with Ahmed Ben Bella in 1962.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ben_bella_and_Boumediene.jpg/230px-Ben_bella_and_Boumediene.jpg"},{"image_text":"Houari Boumediene standing in a row with the other politicians, 1965.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Houari-Boumediene-standing-in-a-row-with-the-other-politicians-391852507172.jpg/220px-Houari-Boumediene-standing-in-a-row-with-the-other-politicians-391852507172.jpg"},{"image_text":"1972 newsreel about Algeria under Boumédiène"},{"image_text":"Boumediene with Cuban communist leader Fidel Castro in 1972.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/BENZAZA_BOUMEDIENE_CASTRO.jpg/160px-BENZAZA_BOUMEDIENE_CASTRO.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg"},{"title":"Politics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"},{"title":"Houari Boumediene Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boumediene_Airport"},{"title":"Houari Boumédienne District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9dienne_District"},{"title":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Algeria"},{"title":"Guelma Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guelma_Province"},{"title":"El Mouradia Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Mouradia_Palace"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Algerians Mourn Death of Boumediene\". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/12/28/algerians-mourn-death-of-boumediene/8dde9acb-74af-4b47-a862-08f5569062ae/","url_text":"\"Algerians Mourn Death of Boumediene\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"}]},{"reference":"Thomas M. Leonard (18 October 2013). Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Taylor & Francis. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-135-20515-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=We-OAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA191","url_text":"Encyclopedia of the Developing World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-20515-7","url_text":"978-1-135-20515-7"}]},{"reference":"Smith, J. Y. (28 December 1978). \"Houari Boumediene: Ideologue and Pragmatist\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1978/12/28/houari-boumediene-ideologue-and-pragmatist/9a4d7b8c-b241-4a9f-a691-94278062ce68/","url_text":"\"Houari Boumediene: Ideologue and Pragmatist\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220108184653/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1978/12/28/houari-boumediene-ideologue-and-pragmatist/9a4d7b8c-b241-4a9f-a691-94278062ce68/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Alistair Horne (9 August 2012). A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962. Pan Macmillan. p. 29. 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Archived from the original on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2019-11-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/boumedienne-houari-COM_24353","url_text":"\"Boumedienne, Houari\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer","url_text":"Krämer, Gudrun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam","url_text":"Encyclopaedia of Islam"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200801174613/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/boumedienne-houari-COM_24353","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ottaway, Professor Marina; Ottaway, David; Ottaway, Marina (December 15, 1970). \"Algeria: The Politics of a Socialist Revolution\". University of California Press. Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved December 15, 2019 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Bp8IfVxOcEQC&pg=PA294","url_text":"\"Algeria: The Politics of a Socialist Revolution\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240521144545/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bp8IfVxOcEQC&pg=PA294#v=onepage&q&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"John, Peter St. (1968). \"Independent Algeria from Ben Bella to Boumédienne: I. The Counter-Revolution and Its Consequences\". The World Today. 24 (7). Royal Institute of International Affairs: 290–296. JSTOR 40394141.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40394141","url_text":"40394141"}]},{"reference":"Salih, M. (2009-09-28). Interpreting Islamic Political Parties. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-10077-0. Archived from the original on 2023-02-23. Retrieved 2022-11-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dY-_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7","url_text":"Interpreting Islamic Political Parties"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10077-0","url_text":"978-0-230-10077-0"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230223113621/https://books.google.com/books?id=dY-_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ennaji, Moha (2014-04-16). Multiculturalism and Democracy in North Africa: Aftermath of the Arab Spring. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-81362-0. Archived from the original on 2023-04-06. Retrieved 2022-11-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MRJgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67","url_text":"Multiculturalism and Democracy in North Africa: Aftermath of the Arab Spring"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-81362-0","url_text":"978-1-317-81362-0"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230406154210/https://books.google.com/books?id=MRJgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Linah Alsaafin, Ramy Allahoum (20 Dec 2021). \"What is behind Algeria and Palestine's footballing love affair?\". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023. Retrieved 23 Nov 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/20/algeria-palestine-football-arab-cup-2021","url_text":"\"What is behind Algeria and Palestine's footballing love affair?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231123165350/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/20/algeria-palestine-football-arab-cup-2021","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Shazly, Saad (2003). The crossing of the Suez (Revised ed.). San Francisco: American Mideast Research. p. 278. ISBN 0-9604562-0-1. OCLC 54538606. Archived from the original on 2024-05-21. Retrieved 2023-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54538606","url_text":"The crossing of the Suez"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9604562-0-1","url_text":"0-9604562-0-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54538606","url_text":"54538606"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240521144656/https://search.worldcat.org/title/54538606","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Assessment, United States Congress Office of Technology (1977). Transportation of Liquefied Natural Gas. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Archived from the original on 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2022-11-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qiEdAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA71","url_text":"Transportation of Liquefied Natural Gas"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230404191417/https://books.google.com/books?id=qiEdAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA71","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Howe, Marvine (1977-12-06). \"Hard‐Line Arab Bloc Is Formed at Tripoli\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2020-09-19. Retrieved 2020-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1977/12/06/archives/hardline-arab-bloc-is-formed-at-tripoli-apparently-at-syrias-behest.html","url_text":"\"Hard‐Line Arab Bloc Is Formed at Tripoli\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200919165352/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/12/06/archives/hardline-arab-bloc-is-formed-at-tripoli-apparently-at-syrias-behest.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New Leader\". Time. 1979-02-12. Archived from the original on 2008-05-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080506091059/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920107,00.html","url_text":"\"New Leader\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920107,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ALGERIA: ABOUT ONE MILLION MOURNERS DISRUPT FUNERAL OF LATE PRESIDENT HOUARI BOUMEDIENNE\". British Pathé. Archived from the original on 2023-02-28. Retrieved 2023-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/","url_text":"\"ALGERIA: ABOUT ONE MILLION MOURNERS DISRUPT FUNERAL OF LATE PRESIDENT HOUARI BOUMEDIENNE\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230228134836/https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Times, James M. Markham Special to The New York (1978-12-29). \"Algerians Mourn at Boumediene's Bier\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2023-03-28. Retrieved 2023-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1978/12/29/archives/algerians-mourn-at-boumedienes-bier-arafat-and-alde-attend-muhammad.html","url_text":"\"Algerians Mourn at Boumediene's Bier\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230328120921/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/12/29/archives/algerians-mourn-at-boumedienes-bier-arafat-and-alde-attend-muhammad.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chilcote, Ronald H. (1986). Cuba, 1953-1978: A Bibliographic Guide to the Literature. Kraus International Publications. p. 910. ISBN 9780527168247.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780527168247","url_text":"9780527168247"}]},{"reference":"\"لمَّا اعترف \"هواري بومدين\" بفضل المغرب في انتصار الجزائر على الاستعمار\". assafir24.ma (in Arabic). 2020. Archived from the original on 2024-03-25. Retrieved 2024-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://assafir24.ma/100627/","url_text":"\"لمَّا اعترف \"هواري بومدين\" بفضل المغرب في انتصار الجزائر على الاستعمار\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240325111613/https://assafir24.ma/100627/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Polytechnic
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Chelsea College of Arts
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["1 History","1.1 Polytechnic","1.2 Chelsea School of Art","1.3 London Institute","2 Exhibition spaces","3 Research","4 Affiliations","5 Other","5.1 CLIP CETL","6 Notable alumni","7 Notable staff","8 References","9 External links"]
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Coordinates: 51°29′25″N 0°07′44″W / 51.49039°N 0.12892°W / 51.49039; -0.12892College of the University of the Arts London
For the 17th-century Chelsea College, see Chelsea College (17th century).
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Chelsea College of ArtsEstablished1895 – South-Western Polytechnic1908 – Chelsea School of Art1989 – Chelsea College of Art and Design2013 – Chelsea College of ArtsLocationLondon, United KingdomCampusMillbankAffiliationsUniversity of the Arts LondonWebsitearts.ac.uk/chelsea
The Chelsea College of Arts is a constituent college of the University of the Arts London, a public art university in London, England.
It offers further and higher education courses in fine art, graphic design, interior design, spatial design, and textile design up to PhD level.
History
Polytechnic
Chelsea College of Arts was originally an integral school of the South-Western Polytechnic, which opened at Manresa Road, Chelsea, in 1895 to provide scientific and technical education to Londoners. Day and evening classes for men and women were held in the domestic economy, mathematics, engineering, natural science, art, and music. Art was taught from the beginning of the Polytechnic and included design, weaving, embroidery, and electrodeposition. The South-Western Polytechnic became the Chelsea Polytechnic in 1922 and taught a growing number of registered students at the University of London.
At the beginning of the 1930s, the School of Art began to widen, including courses in craft training and commercial design from 1931. H.S Williamson, the school's appointed headmaster from 1930 to 1958, introduced sculpture shortly after World War II. Notable artists from this period were employed as teachers such as Henry Moore and Graham Sutherland. Alumni from this period included Elisabeth Frink, Edward Burra, Patrick Caulfield, Ethel Walker, Dirk Bogarde, Robert Clatworthy, John Latham, and John Berger.
The School of Science separated and became known as the Chelsea College of Science and Technology in 1957, and was later admitted as a constituent College of the University of London in 1966. The Chelsea College of Science and Technology was granted its royal charter in 1971 and merged with King's College London and Queen Elizabeth College in 1985.
Chelsea School of Art
The School of Art merged with the Hammersmith School of Art, founded by Francis Hawke, to form the Chelsea School of Art in 1908. The newly formed school was taken over by the London County Council and a new building was erected at Lime Grove, which opened with an extended curriculum. A trade school for girls was erected on the same site in 1914.
Chelsea College of Art and Design (South Block)
The school acquired premises at Great Titchfield Street, and was jointly accommodated with Quintin Hogg's Polytechnic in Regent Street (a forerunner of the University of Westminster). The campus at Manresa Road introduced painting and graphic design in 1963, with both disciplines being particularly successful.
Lawrence Gowing, painter and art historian, was appointed as the first principal of the Chelsea School of Art. He was responsible for the integration of history and theory with practice, employing artists rather than art historians to teach art history and theory. This approach remains intrinsic to Chelsea's teaching philosophy today.
Under Gowing, an option program was introduced, which encompassed workshops in experimental music, poetry, psychoanalysis, philosophy, and anthropology. A basic design course, pioneered by Victor Pasmore and Richard Hamilton, was also developed during the same period, becoming the basis of the college's current foundation course in art and design.
Professor William Callaway (Head of the School from 1989 to 1992), Colin Cina (appointed Dean of School of Art), and Bridget Jackson (Dean of the School of Design) reformed the school and ensured the redevelopment of the entire academic program, introducing courses at multiple levels from HND to accredited honors and postgraduate degrees. Initially, these were validated by the UK Council for National Academic Awards; i.e. in the short period before the London Institute gained degree-awarding powers. Bridget Jackson was appointed Head of the College in 1993, retiring in 1997 to be succeeded by Professor Colin Cina who led the college until his retirement in 2003.
London Institute
The Chelsea School of Art became a constituent College of the London Institute in 1986, formed by the Inner London Education Authority to associate London's art, design, fashion, and media schools into a collegiate structure. The school was renamed Chelsea College of Art and Design in 1989. The London Institute was granted University status and was renamed University of the Arts London in 2004. In 2013, the college was renamed Chelsea College of Arts.
In 2002–2003, Professor Roger Wilson was appointed as the Head of College until his retirement in 2006. He led the relocation to the listed Royal Army Medical College, renovated as a purpose-built art college by the architects Allies and Morrison in 2005. With this move, the Chelsea College of Arts presently resides next to Tate Britain at Millbank, returning to one standalone campus.
Exhibition spaces
Sarah Smith's 'I Kissed the Blood on Those Soles of Yours' visible from The Parade Ground
The college comprises three notable on-site exhibition spaces:
Chelsea Space is an international and interdisciplinary platform for professional practitioners to exhibit experimental curatorial projects. The gallery also releases regular publications from participating authors, artists, and designers.
The Parade Ground, situated within the college, has been transformed into London's largest open-air gallery hosting events from film screenings to large-scale installations in the spring of 2008. The exhibition ground had previously been used for students and professionals as an open area platform, notably for artist Chris Burden's 'A Flying Steamroller' in 2006. Recent exhibitions include Cildo Meireles's 'Occasion', held in association with his exhibition at Tate Modern in 2008.
The Triangle Space, about its name, has been designed as a modern angular-shaped space for students to show their work throughout the year.
Research
The college organises its research activities in partnership with Camberwell College of Arts and Wimbledon College of Art hosts a variety of research centres, groups and clusters:
International Centre for Fine Art Research (ICFAR)
Transnational Art, Identity and Nation (TrAIN)
Critical Practice Chelsea
FADE (Fine Art Digital Environment)
Textiles, Environment, Design (TED)
Affiliations
Chelsea is a constituent college of the University of the Arts London, with Camberwell College of Arts, Central Saint Martins, London College of Communication, London College of Fashion and Wimbledon College of Art. The college also has exchange links with the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City, US.
Other
CLIP CETL
Chelsea and the London College of Fashion share the 'Creative Learning in Practice Centre for Excellence in Teaching and Learning' (CLIP CETL). The centre is funded by the British government in recognition of the two colleges' excellent results in developing student learning.
Notable alumni
Valerie Adler (painter)
Anthea Alley (sculptor)
Rita Angus (painter)
Sophie Aston (painter)
Franko B (artist)
Gwen Barnard (painter, printmaker)
Celia Frances Bedford (painter, printmaker)
John Berger (art critic, novelist, painter and author)
Quentin Blake (children's illustrator)
Flavia Blois (painter)
Delphine Boël, (papier-mâché sculptor)
Dirk Bogarde (actor and author)
Frank Bowling (painter and sculptor)
Irene Mary Browne (sculptor, potter)
Kathleen Browne (painter)
Edward Burra (painter, draughtsman and printmaker)
Stephen J. Bury (author, art critic, curator and librarian)
Jane Campion (film director and 1993 Palme d'Or winner)
Seth Cardew (Studio potter)
Anthony Caro (abstract sculptor)
Leonora Carrington (painter)
Patrick Caulfield (painter and printmaker)
Helen Chadwick (1987 Turner Prize nominee)
Georgina Chapman (actress, model and designer)
Alex Chinneck (artist)
Alexa Chung (model, presenter)
Robert Clatworthy (sculptor)
Michal Cole (artist)
Andrew Collins (broadcaster and journalist)
Keith Coventry (painter, sculptor, curator)
John Craxton (Neo-Romantic artist)
Michael Cummings (cartoonist)
Richard Deacon (sculptor, 1987 Turner Prize winner)
Andy Denzler (painter)
Tom Dixon (industrial designer)
Mary Dobson (painter, illustrator)
Peter Doig (painter)
Mojeb al-Dousari (Kuwaiti artist)
Guy Hendrix Dyas (designer)
Cathie Felstead (illustrator)
Nicholas Ferguson (television director and artist)
Ralph Fiennes (actor)
Rose Finn-Kelcey (artist)
Jacky Fleming (cartoonist)
Emily Forbes (entrepreneur)
Laura Ford (sculptor)
Elisabeth Frink (sculptor and printmaker)
Nick Gammon (artist)
Grace Golden (painter)
Flavia Irwin (artist)
Nicky Hoberman (painter)
David Hockney (artist)
Bob Holmes (artist and designer)
Nancy Horrocks (painter)
Tom Jenkinson (musician)
Vivien John (painter)
Anish Kapoor (1991 Turner Prize winner)
Danica Karađorđević (graphic designer, Hereditary Princess of Serbia and Yugoslavia)
John Latham (conceptual artist)
Elizabeth Jane Lloyd (painter, teacher)
Maria Marshall (artist)
Ryuson Chuzo Matsuyama (painter)
Paul McDowell (vocalist with The Temperance Seven, actor)
Ian McKay (writer)
Steve McQueen (1999 Turner Prize winner, Academy Award-winning director, producer, screenwriter)
Haroon Mirza (artist)
Otonella Mocellin (artist)
Christopher Monger (writer, film director)
Nicholas Monro (pop art sculptor; also returned as a teacher at Chelsea)
Mariko Mori (artist)
Jill Mulleady (painter)
David Nash (sculptor)
Paul Nash (war artist)
Mike Nelson (2001 and 2007 Turner Prize nominee)
Karen Newman (sculptor)
Lucia Nogueira (artist)
Rupert Norfolk (sculptor)
Diarmuid Byron O'Connor (sculptor and art director)
Chris Ofili (1998 Turner Prize winner)
John O'Neill (video game designer)
Alex Randall (lighting designer)
Nick Raynsford (Member of Parliament)
James Richards (2014 Turner Prize nominee)
Alan Rickman (actor)
Robin Richmond (artist and author)
Barbara Robb (campaigner)
Trevor Robinson (creative director)
Anthony Rossiter (artist)
Andrew Sabin (artist, sculptor)
Alexei Sayle (comedian and actor)
Conrad Shawcross (artist)
Clare Shenstone (portrait painter)
Jake Tilson (artist)
Winston Tong (ceramics)
Suzanne Treister (artist)
Gavin Turk (artist)
Rosemary Vercoe (costume designer)
Ethel Walker (painter)
Mark Wallinger (2007 Turner Prize winner)
Rebecca Warren (2006 Turner Prize nominee)
Richard Wathen (painter)
Gillian Wearing (1997 Turner Prize winner)
Chris Welsby (experimental filmmaker)
Claudia Williams (painter)
Fred Williams (Australian painter)
Emily Young (stone sculptor)
Ossip Zadkine (artist, sculptor)
Notable staff
Robert Buhler (1916–1989)
Leon Vilaincour (1923-2016)
References
^ "Chelsea College of Arts, University of the Arts London". hotcourses.com. Archived from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
^ "Chelsea College of Arts – University of the Arts London". Arts.ac.uk. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
^ "History (Official)". Chelsea.arts.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 3 August 2007. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
^ "History (AIM25)". Aim25.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
^ "Back to art school: Grayson Perry and Gillian Wearing meet tomorrow's stars".
^ "The University of the Arts London Research Centre for Transnational Art". transnational.org.uk. Archived from the original on 25 July 2009. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
^ "Critical Practice Chelsea Wiki". criticalpracticechelsea.org. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
^ "Textiles, Environment, Design". tedresearch.net. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
^ McClean, Sarah (29 May 2019). "An interview with Frank Bowling". Chelsea College of Arts. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
^ "Artists Information". st-ives-ceramics.co.uk. 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
^ "Mocellin-Pellegrini".
^ "Nicholas MONRO (British, b.1936)". Alanwheatleyart.com. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
^ Forman, Tracie. "Inside Gaming – John O'Neill: The Dali of Computer Gaming." Electronic Games. Vol.2, No.13. pp. 64–65. July 1984. ISSN 0730-6687.
^ "James Richards". Covepark.org. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
^ Baker, Anne Pimlott (1 January 2017). "Vercoe, Rosemary Joyce (1917–2013), costume designer". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/109235. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ ARTIST: ROBERT BUHLER R.A., blondesfineart.com, accessed 26 November 2021.
^ Artist: Leon Vilaincour, vilaincour.org, accessed 15 January 2023.
External links
Official website
Chelsea Space
vteUniversity of the Arts LondonColleges andsubdivisions
Camberwell College of Arts
Central Saint Martins
Chelsea College of Art and Design
London College of Communication
London College of Fashion
Stanley Kubrick Archive
Wimbledon College of Art
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Kings Cross
Hackney
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People
Academics
Alumni
Chairman: Grayson Perry
Vice-chancellor: Nigel Carrington
Other
History
Affiliates
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Universities UK
Category
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Art school
List of art schools
EnglandLondon
City and Guilds of London Art School
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Goldsmiths, University of London
Heatherley School of Fine Art
Putney School of Art and Design
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Royal Academy Schools
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UCL Slade School of Fine Art
University of the Arts London
Camberwell College of Arts
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Arts University Bournemouth
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Norwich University of the Arts
Nottingham Trent University, School of Art and Design
Open College of the Arts
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vteUniversity of LondonInstitutions
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Chancellor: The Princess Royal
Vice-Chancellor: Wendy Thomson
Visitor: The Lord President of the Council (Penny Mordaunt)
Academics
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Places andbuildings
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HistoryInstitutions
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Buildings
6 Burlington Gardens
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Halls of residence
Commonwealth Hall
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General Examination for Women
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Academic dress
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51°29′25″N 0°07′44″W / 51.49039°N 0.12892°W / 51.49039; -0.12892
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chelsea College (17th century)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_College_(17th_century)"},{"link_name":"constituent college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleges_of_the_University_of_the_Arts_London"},{"link_name":"University of the Arts London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Arts_London"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"further","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Further_education"},{"link_name":"fine art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_art"},{"link_name":"graphic design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_design"},{"link_name":"interior design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_design"},{"link_name":"spatial design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_design"},{"link_name":"textile design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_design"}],"text":"College of the University of the Arts LondonFor the 17th-century Chelsea College, see Chelsea College (17th century).The Chelsea College of Arts is a constituent college of the University of the Arts London, a public art university in London, England.It offers further and higher education courses in fine art, graphic design, interior design, spatial design, and textile design up to PhD level.","title":"Chelsea College of Arts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manresa Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manresa_Road"},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_London"},{"link_name":"domestic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_worker"},{"link_name":"natural science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_science"},{"link_name":"Polytechnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytechnic_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"weaving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaving"},{"link_name":"embroidery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embroidery"},{"link_name":"electrodeposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophoretic_deposition"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"},{"link_name":"craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craft"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Henry Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Moore"},{"link_name":"Graham Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Sutherland"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Frink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Frink"},{"link_name":"Edward Burra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burra"},{"link_name":"Patrick Caulfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Caulfield"},{"link_name":"Ethel Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Walker"},{"link_name":"Dirk Bogarde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Bogarde"},{"link_name":"Robert Clatworthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Clatworthy_(sculptor)"},{"link_name":"John Latham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Latham_(artist)"},{"link_name":"John Berger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Berger"},{"link_name":"Chelsea College of Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_College_of_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"},{"link_name":"royal charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_charter"},{"link_name":"King's College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_College"}],"sub_title":"Polytechnic","text":"Chelsea College of Arts was originally an integral school of the South-Western Polytechnic, which opened at Manresa Road, Chelsea, in 1895 to provide scientific and technical education to Londoners. Day and evening classes for men and women were held in the domestic economy, mathematics, engineering, natural science, art, and music. Art was taught from the beginning of the Polytechnic and included design, weaving, embroidery, and electrodeposition. The South-Western Polytechnic became the Chelsea Polytechnic in 1922 and taught a growing number of registered students at the University of London.At the beginning of the 1930s, the School of Art began to widen, including courses in craft training and commercial design from 1931. H.S Williamson, the school's appointed headmaster from 1930 to 1958, introduced sculpture shortly after World War II. Notable artists from this period were employed as teachers such as Henry Moore and Graham Sutherland. Alumni from this period included Elisabeth Frink, Edward Burra, Patrick Caulfield, Ethel Walker, Dirk Bogarde, Robert Clatworthy, John Latham, and John Berger.The School of Science separated and became known as the Chelsea College of Science and Technology in 1957, and was later admitted as a constituent College of the University of London in 1966. The Chelsea College of Science and Technology was granted its royal charter in 1971 and merged with King's College London and Queen Elizabeth College in 1985.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hammersmith School of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_London_College"},{"link_name":"London County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_County_Council"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chelsea_College_of_Art_and_Design_-_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Great Titchfield Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Titchfield_Street"},{"link_name":"Quintin Hogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintin_Hogg_(merchant)"},{"link_name":"Polytechnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytechnic_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Regent Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent_Street"},{"link_name":"University of Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"graphic design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_design"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Gowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Gowing"},{"link_name":"art historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_historian"},{"link_name":"psychoanalysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysis"},{"link_name":"anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology"},{"link_name":"Victor Pasmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Pasmore"},{"link_name":"Richard Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hamilton_(artist)"},{"link_name":"foundation course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_degree"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"HND","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_National_Diploma"}],"sub_title":"Chelsea School of Art","text":"The School of Art merged with the Hammersmith School of Art, founded by Francis Hawke, to form the Chelsea School of Art in 1908. The newly formed school was taken over by the London County Council and a new building was erected at Lime Grove, which opened with an extended curriculum. A trade school for girls was erected on the same site in 1914.Chelsea College of Art and Design (South Block)The school acquired premises at Great Titchfield Street, and was jointly accommodated with Quintin Hogg's Polytechnic in Regent Street (a forerunner of the University of Westminster). The campus at Manresa Road introduced painting and graphic design in 1963, with both disciplines being particularly successful.Lawrence Gowing, painter and art historian, was appointed as the first principal of the Chelsea School of Art. He was responsible for the integration of history and theory with practice, employing artists rather than art historians to teach art history and theory. This approach remains intrinsic to Chelsea's teaching philosophy today.Under Gowing, an option program was introduced, which encompassed workshops in experimental music, poetry, psychoanalysis, philosophy, and anthropology. A basic design course, pioneered by Victor Pasmore and Richard Hamilton, was also developed during the same period, becoming the basis of the college's current foundation course in art and design.[1]Professor William Callaway (Head of the School from 1989 to 1992), Colin Cina (appointed Dean of School of Art), and Bridget Jackson (Dean of the School of Design) reformed the school and ensured the redevelopment of the entire academic program, introducing courses at multiple levels from HND to accredited honors and postgraduate degrees. Initially, these were validated by the UK Council for National Academic Awards; i.e. in the short period before the London Institute gained degree-awarding powers. Bridget Jackson was appointed Head of the College in 1993, retiring in 1997 to be succeeded by Professor Colin Cina who led the college until his retirement in 2003.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Arts_London"},{"link_name":"Inner London Education Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_London_Education_Authority"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"Royal Army Medical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Army_Medical_College"},{"link_name":"Allies and Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_and_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Tate Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_Britain"},{"link_name":"Millbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millbank"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_(Official)-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_(AIM25)-4"}],"sub_title":"London Institute","text":"The Chelsea School of Art became a constituent College of the London Institute in 1986, formed by the Inner London Education Authority to associate London's art, design, fashion, and media schools into a collegiate structure. The school was renamed Chelsea College of Art and Design in 1989. The London Institute was granted University status and was renamed University of the Arts London in 2004. In 2013, the college was renamed Chelsea College of Arts.[2]In 2002–2003, Professor Roger Wilson was appointed as the Head of College until his retirement in 2006. He led the relocation to the listed Royal Army Medical College, renovated as a purpose-built art college by the architects Allies and Morrison in 2005. With this move, the Chelsea College of Arts presently resides next to Tate Britain at Millbank, returning to one standalone campus.[3][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22Kneel_before_me%22_banners_at_Chelsea_School_of_Art,_London,_England.png"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"authors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authors"},{"link_name":"Chris Burden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Burden"},{"link_name":"Cildo Meireles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cildo_Meireles"},{"link_name":"Tate Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_Modern"}],"text":"Sarah Smith's 'I Kissed the Blood on Those Soles of Yours' visible from The Parade Ground[5]The college comprises three notable on-site exhibition spaces:Chelsea Space is an international and interdisciplinary platform for professional practitioners to exhibit experimental curatorial projects. The gallery also releases regular publications from participating authors, artists, and designers.\nThe Parade Ground, situated within the college, has been transformed into London's largest open-air gallery hosting events from film screenings to large-scale installations in the spring of 2008. The exhibition ground had previously been used for students and professionals as an open area platform, notably for artist Chris Burden's 'A Flying Steamroller' in 2006. Recent exhibitions include Cildo Meireles's 'Occasion', held in association with his exhibition at Tate Modern in 2008.\nThe Triangle Space, about its name, has been designed as a modern angular-shaped space for students to show their work throughout the year.","title":"Exhibition spaces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Camberwell College of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camberwell_College_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon College of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbledon_College_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The college organises its research activities in partnership with Camberwell College of Arts and Wimbledon College of Art hosts a variety of research centres, groups and clusters:International Centre for Fine Art Research (ICFAR)\nTransnational Art, Identity and Nation (TrAIN)[6]\nCritical Practice Chelsea[7]\nFADE (Fine Art Digital Environment)\nTextiles, Environment, Design (TED)[8]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of the Arts London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Arts_London"},{"link_name":"Camberwell College of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camberwell_College_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Central Saint Martins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins"},{"link_name":"London College of Communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_College_of_Communication"},{"link_name":"London College of Fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_College_of_Fashion"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon College of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbledon_College_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Fashion Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology"}],"text":"Chelsea is a constituent college of the University of the Arts London, with Camberwell College of Arts, Central Saint Martins, London College of Communication, London College of Fashion and Wimbledon College of Art. The college also has exchange links with the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City, US.","title":"Affiliations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London College of Fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_College_of_Fashion"}],"sub_title":"CLIP CETL","text":"Chelsea and the London College of Fashion share the 'Creative Learning in Practice Centre for Excellence in Teaching and Learning' (CLIP CETL). The centre is funded by the British government in recognition of the two colleges' excellent results in developing student learning.","title":"Other"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valerie Adler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Adler"},{"link_name":"Anthea Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthea_Alley"},{"link_name":"Rita Angus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Angus"},{"link_name":"Sophie Aston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Aston"},{"link_name":"Franko B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franko_B"},{"link_name":"Gwen Barnard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwen_Barnard"},{"link_name":"Celia Frances Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celia_Frances_Bedford"},{"link_name":"John Berger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Berger"},{"link_name":"Quentin Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Blake"},{"link_name":"Flavia Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavia_Blois"},{"link_name":"Delphine Boël","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphine_Bo%C3%ABl"},{"link_name":"Dirk Bogarde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Bogarde"},{"link_name":"Frank Bowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Bowling"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McClean-9"},{"link_name":"Irene Mary Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Mary_Browne"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Browne_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Edward Burra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burra"},{"link_name":"Stephen J. Bury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_J._Bury"},{"link_name":"Jane Campion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Campion"},{"link_name":"Palme d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palme_d%27Or"},{"link_name":"Seth Cardew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Cardew"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Anthony Caro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Caro"},{"link_name":"Leonora Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonora_Carrington"},{"link_name":"Patrick Caulfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Caulfield"},{"link_name":"Helen Chadwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Chadwick"},{"link_name":"Turner Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Prize"},{"link_name":"Georgina Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgina_Chapman"},{"link_name":"Alex Chinneck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Chinneck"},{"link_name":"Alexa Chung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Chung"},{"link_name":"Robert Clatworthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Clatworthy_(sculptor)"},{"link_name":"Michal Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michal_Cole"},{"link_name":"Andrew Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Collins_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"Keith Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Coventry"},{"link_name":"John Craxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Craxton"},{"link_name":"Michael Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Richard Deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Deacon_(sculptor)"},{"link_name":"Turner Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Prize"},{"link_name":"Andy Denzler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Denzler"},{"link_name":"Tom Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Dixon_(industrial_designer)"},{"link_name":"Mary Dobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Dobson"},{"link_name":"Peter Doig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Doig"},{"link_name":"Mojeb al-Dousari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojeb_al-Dousari"},{"link_name":"Guy Hendrix Dyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Hendrix_Dyas"},{"link_name":"Cathie Felstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathie_Felstead"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"Ralph Fiennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Fiennes"},{"link_name":"Rose Finn-Kelcey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Finn-Kelcey"},{"link_name":"Jacky Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacky_Fleming"},{"link_name":"Emily Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Forbes"},{"link_name":"Laura Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Ford"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Frink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Frink"},{"link_name":"Nick Gammon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Gammon"},{"link_name":"Grace Golden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Golden"},{"link_name":"Flavia Irwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavia_Irwin"},{"link_name":"Nicky Hoberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky_Hoberman"},{"link_name":"David Hockney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hockney"},{"link_name":"Bob Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Holmes_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Nancy Horrocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Horrocks"},{"link_name":"Tom Jenkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squarepusher"},{"link_name":"Vivien John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivien_John"},{"link_name":"Anish Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anish_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Turner Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Prize"},{"link_name":"Danica Karađorđević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danica_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"John Latham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Latham_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Jane Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Jane_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"Maria Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Marshall"},{"link_name":"Ryuson Chuzo Matsuyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryuson_Chuzo_Matsuyama"},{"link_name":"Paul McDowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McDowell_(actor)"},{"link_name":"The Temperance Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Temperance_Seven"},{"link_name":"Ian McKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McKay_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Steve McQueen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_McQueen_(director)"},{"link_name":"Turner Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Prize"},{"link_name":"Haroon Mirza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haroon_Mirza"},{"link_name":"Otonella Mocellin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otonella_Mocellin"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Christopher Monger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Monger"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Monro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Monro"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wheatley-12"},{"link_name":"Mariko Mori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariko_Mori"},{"link_name":"Jill Mulleady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Mulleady"},{"link_name":"David Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Nash_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Paul Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nash_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Mike Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Nelson_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Turner Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Prize"},{"link_name":"Karen Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Newman_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Lucia Nogueira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucia_Nogueira"},{"link_name":"Rupert Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Diarmuid Byron O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarmuid_Byron_O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"Chris Ofili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Ofili"},{"link_name":"John O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_O%27Neill_(video_game_designer)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Alex Randall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Randall"},{"link_name":"Nick Raynsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Raynsford"},{"link_name":"James Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Richards_(artist)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CovePark-14"},{"link_name":"Alan Rickman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Rickman"},{"link_name":"Robin Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Richmond_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Barbara Robb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Robb"},{"link_name":"Trevor Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Robinson_(advertising)"},{"link_name":"Anthony Rossiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Rossiter"},{"link_name":"Andrew Sabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Sabin"},{"link_name":"Alexei Sayle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Sayle"},{"link_name":"Conrad Shawcross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Shawcross"},{"link_name":"Clare Shenstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Shenstone"},{"link_name":"Jake Tilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Tilson"},{"link_name":"Winston Tong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Tong"},{"link_name":"Suzanne Treister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Treister"},{"link_name":"Gavin Turk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Turk"},{"link_name":"Rosemary Vercoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Vercoe"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ethel Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Walker"},{"link_name":"Mark Wallinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Wallinger"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Warren"},{"link_name":"Richard Wathen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wathen"},{"link_name":"Gillian Wearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillian_Wearing"},{"link_name":"Chris Welsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Welsby"},{"link_name":"Claudia Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Williams_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Fred Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Williams_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Emily Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Young"},{"link_name":"Ossip Zadkine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossip_Zadkine"}],"text":"Valerie Adler (painter)\nAnthea Alley (sculptor)\nRita Angus (painter)\nSophie Aston (painter)\nFranko B (artist)\nGwen Barnard (painter, printmaker)\nCelia Frances Bedford (painter, printmaker)\nJohn Berger (art critic, novelist, painter and author)\nQuentin Blake (children's illustrator)\nFlavia Blois (painter)\nDelphine Boël, (papier-mâché sculptor)\nDirk Bogarde (actor and author)\nFrank Bowling (painter and sculptor)[9]\nIrene Mary Browne (sculptor, potter)\nKathleen Browne (painter)\nEdward Burra (painter, draughtsman and printmaker)\nStephen J. Bury (author, art critic, curator and librarian)\nJane Campion (film director and 1993 Palme d'Or winner)\nSeth Cardew (Studio potter)[10]\nAnthony Caro (abstract sculptor)\nLeonora Carrington (painter)\nPatrick Caulfield (painter and printmaker)\nHelen Chadwick (1987 Turner Prize nominee)\nGeorgina Chapman (actress, model and designer)\nAlex Chinneck (artist)\nAlexa Chung (model, presenter)\nRobert Clatworthy (sculptor)\nMichal Cole (artist)\nAndrew Collins (broadcaster and journalist)\nKeith Coventry (painter, sculptor, curator)\nJohn Craxton (Neo-Romantic artist)\nMichael Cummings (cartoonist)\nRichard Deacon (sculptor, 1987 Turner Prize winner)\nAndy Denzler (painter)\nTom Dixon (industrial designer)\nMary Dobson (painter, illustrator)\nPeter Doig (painter)\nMojeb al-Dousari (Kuwaiti artist)\nGuy Hendrix Dyas (designer)\nCathie Felstead (illustrator)\nNicholas Ferguson (television director and artist)\nRalph Fiennes (actor)\nRose Finn-Kelcey (artist)\nJacky Fleming (cartoonist)\nEmily Forbes (entrepreneur)\nLaura Ford (sculptor)\nElisabeth Frink (sculptor and printmaker)\nNick Gammon (artist)\nGrace Golden (painter)\nFlavia Irwin (artist)\nNicky Hoberman (painter)\nDavid Hockney (artist)\nBob Holmes (artist and designer)\nNancy Horrocks (painter)\nTom Jenkinson (musician)\nVivien John (painter)\nAnish Kapoor (1991 Turner Prize winner)\nDanica Karađorđević (graphic designer, Hereditary Princess of Serbia and Yugoslavia)\nJohn Latham (conceptual artist)\nElizabeth Jane Lloyd (painter, teacher)\nMaria Marshall (artist)\nRyuson Chuzo Matsuyama (painter)\nPaul McDowell (vocalist with The Temperance Seven, actor)\nIan McKay (writer)\nSteve McQueen (1999 Turner Prize winner, Academy Award-winning director, producer, screenwriter)\nHaroon Mirza (artist)\nOtonella Mocellin (artist)[11]\nChristopher Monger (writer, film director)\nNicholas Monro (pop art sculptor; also returned as a teacher at Chelsea)[12]\nMariko Mori (artist)\nJill Mulleady (painter)\nDavid Nash (sculptor)\nPaul Nash (war artist)\nMike Nelson (2001 and 2007 Turner Prize nominee)\nKaren Newman (sculptor)\nLucia Nogueira (artist)\nRupert Norfolk (sculptor)\nDiarmuid Byron O'Connor (sculptor and art director)\nChris Ofili (1998 Turner Prize winner)\nJohn O'Neill (video game designer)[13]\nAlex Randall (lighting designer)\nNick Raynsford (Member of Parliament)\nJames Richards (2014 Turner Prize nominee)[14]\nAlan Rickman (actor)\nRobin Richmond (artist and author)\nBarbara Robb (campaigner)\nTrevor Robinson (creative director)\nAnthony Rossiter (artist)\nAndrew Sabin (artist, sculptor)\nAlexei Sayle (comedian and actor)\nConrad Shawcross (artist)\nClare Shenstone (portrait painter)\nJake Tilson (artist)\nWinston Tong (ceramics)\nSuzanne Treister (artist)\nGavin Turk (artist)\nRosemary Vercoe (costume designer)[15]\nEthel Walker (painter)\nMark Wallinger (2007 Turner Prize winner)\nRebecca Warren (2006 Turner Prize nominee)\nRichard Wathen (painter)\nGillian Wearing (1997 Turner Prize winner)\nChris Welsby (experimental filmmaker)\nClaudia Williams (painter)\nFred Williams (Australian painter)\nEmily Young (stone sculptor)\nOssip Zadkine (artist, sculptor)","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Buhler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Buhler"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Leon Vilaincour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Vilaincour"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Robert Buhler (1916–1989)[16]\nLeon Vilaincour (1923-2016)[17]","title":"Notable staff"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Chelsea College of Art and Design (South Block)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Chelsea_College_of_Art_and_Design_-_2.jpg/300px-Chelsea_College_of_Art_and_Design_-_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sarah Smith's 'I Kissed the Blood on Those Soles of Yours' visible from The Parade Ground[5]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/%22Kneel_before_me%22_banners_at_Chelsea_School_of_Art%2C_London%2C_England.png/220px-%22Kneel_before_me%22_banners_at_Chelsea_School_of_Art%2C_London%2C_England.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Chelsea College of Arts, University of the Arts London\". hotcourses.com. Archived from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160421042517/http://www.hotcourses.com/course-provider/chelsea-college-of-art-and-design-university-of-the-arts-london/66536/","url_text":"\"Chelsea College of Arts, University of the Arts London\""},{"url":"http://www.hotcourses.com/course-provider/chelsea-college-of-art-and-design-university-of-the-arts-london/66536/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chelsea College of Arts – University of the Arts London\". Arts.ac.uk. Retrieved 26 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arts.ac.uk/chelsea/","url_text":"\"Chelsea College of Arts – University of the Arts London\""}]},{"reference":"\"History (Official)\". Chelsea.arts.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 3 August 2007. Retrieved 21 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070803230056/http://www.chelsea.arts.ac.uk/history.htm","url_text":"\"History (Official)\""},{"url":"http://www.chelsea.arts.ac.uk/history.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History (AIM25)\". Aim25.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606125853/http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/vcdf/detail?coll_id=6043&inst_id=55&nv1=search&nv2=basic","url_text":"\"History (AIM25)\""},{"url":"http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/vcdf/detail?coll_id=6043&inst_id=55&nv1=search&nv2=basic","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Back to art school: Grayson Perry and Gillian Wearing meet tomorrow's stars\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/aug/08/back-to-art-school-grayson-perry-and-gillian-wearing-visit-degree-shows","url_text":"\"Back to art school: Grayson Perry and Gillian Wearing meet tomorrow's stars\""}]},{"reference":"\"The University of the Arts London Research Centre for Transnational Art\". transnational.org.uk. Archived from the original on 25 July 2009. Retrieved 30 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090725071600/http://transnational.org.uk/","url_text":"\"The University of the Arts London Research Centre for Transnational Art\""},{"url":"http://www.transnational.org.uk/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Critical Practice Chelsea Wiki\". criticalpracticechelsea.org. Retrieved 30 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.criticalpracticechelsea.org/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page","url_text":"\"Critical Practice Chelsea Wiki\""}]},{"reference":"\"Textiles, Environment, Design\". tedresearch.net. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190331161348/http://www.tedresearch.net/","url_text":"\"Textiles, Environment, Design\""},{"url":"http://www.tedresearch.net/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McClean, Sarah (29 May 2019). \"An interview with Frank Bowling\". Chelsea College of Arts. Retrieved 12 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arts.ac.uk/colleges/chelsea-college-of-arts/stories/frank-bowling","url_text":"\"An interview with Frank Bowling\""}]},{"reference":"\"Artists Information\". st-ives-ceramics.co.uk. 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.st-ives-ceramics.co.uk/seth%20cardew%20ir.html","url_text":"\"Artists Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mocellin-Pellegrini\".","urls":[{"url":"https://liarumma.com/artists/mocellin-pellegrini","url_text":"\"Mocellin-Pellegrini\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nicholas MONRO (British, b.1936)\". Alanwheatleyart.com. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120317165800/http://www.alanwheatleyart.com/awa_artists_bio.php?id=156&catid=0","url_text":"\"Nicholas MONRO (British, b.1936)\""},{"url":"http://www.alanwheatleyart.com/awa_artists_bio.php?id=156&catid=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"James Richards\". Covepark.org. Retrieved 8 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://covepark.org/artists/james-richards","url_text":"\"James Richards\""}]},{"reference":"Baker, Anne Pimlott (1 January 2017). \"Vercoe, Rosemary Joyce (1917–2013), costume designer\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/109235.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/109235","url_text":"\"Vercoe, Rosemary Joyce (1917–2013), costume designer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F109235","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/109235"}]}]
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London\""},{"Link":"http://www.hotcourses.com/course-provider/chelsea-college-of-art-and-design-university-of-the-arts-london/66536/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.arts.ac.uk/chelsea/","external_links_name":"\"Chelsea College of Arts – University of the Arts London\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070803230056/http://www.chelsea.arts.ac.uk/history.htm","external_links_name":"\"History (Official)\""},{"Link":"http://www.chelsea.arts.ac.uk/history.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606125853/http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/vcdf/detail?coll_id=6043&inst_id=55&nv1=search&nv2=basic","external_links_name":"\"History (AIM25)\""},{"Link":"http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/vcdf/detail?coll_id=6043&inst_id=55&nv1=search&nv2=basic","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/aug/08/back-to-art-school-grayson-perry-and-gillian-wearing-visit-degree-shows","external_links_name":"\"Back to art school: Grayson Perry and Gillian Wearing meet tomorrow's stars\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090725071600/http://transnational.org.uk/","external_links_name":"\"The University of the Arts London Research Centre for Transnational Art\""},{"Link":"http://www.transnational.org.uk/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.criticalpracticechelsea.org/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page","external_links_name":"\"Critical Practice Chelsea Wiki\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190331161348/http://www.tedresearch.net/","external_links_name":"\"Textiles, Environment, Design\""},{"Link":"http://www.tedresearch.net/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.arts.ac.uk/colleges/chelsea-college-of-arts/stories/frank-bowling","external_links_name":"\"An interview 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membership"},{"Link":"https://www.blondesfineart.com/robert-buhler-artist","external_links_name":"ARTIST: ROBERT BUHLER R.A."},{"Link":"https://www.vilaincour.org/leonvilaincour","external_links_name":"Artist: Leon Vilaincour"},{"Link":"http://www.arts.ac.uk/chelsea","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.chelseaspace.org/","external_links_name":"Chelsea Space"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000119410665","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/143372486","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131823430","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131823430","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no96064399","external_links_name":"United 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_(Five_Dynasties)
|
Zhao (Five Dynasties period)
|
["1 See also","2 References"]
|
Historical Chinese state
Zhao趙910–921CapitalZhendingGovernmentPrincipalityPrince • 910–921 Wang Rong
Historical eraFive Dynasties• Wang Rong created the Prince of Zhao 907• Established 910• Disestablished 921• Li Cunxu's conquest of Zhao lands 922
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Later Liang (Five Dynasties)
Jin (Later Tang precursor)
Today part ofChina
Zhao (趙, ~910–~921) was a state early in the Five Dynasties period of the history of China in what is now central Hebei. The ancestors of Zhao's only prince, Wang Rong, had long governed the region as military governors (Jiedushi) of the Tang dynasty's Chengde Circuit (Chinese: 成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei), and after the collapse of the Tang in 907, the succeeding Later Liang's founding emperor ("Taizu"), Zhu Wen made Wang, then his vassal, the Prince of Zhao. In 910, when the Emperor tried to directly take over the territory of Zhao and its neighboring Yiwu Circuit (Chinese: 義武, headquartered in modern Baoding, Hebei), Wang Rong and Yiwu's military governor Wang Chuzhi turned against the Later Liang, aligning themselves with Later Liang's archenemy, Jin's prince, Li Cunxu, instead. In 921, Wang Rong's soldiers assassinated him, slaughtered the Wang clan, and supported his adoptive son Zhang Wenli (known as Wang Deming while under Wang Rong's adoption) to succeed him instead. Li Cunxu soon defeated Zhang Wenli's son and successor Zhang Chujin and incorporated Zhao into Jin territory.
See also
Later Zhou
References
Old Book of Tang, vol. 142.
New Book of Tang, vol. 211.
History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 54.
New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 39.
Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 266, 267, 268, 269, 271.
vteFive Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (Timeline)Five Dynasties
Later Liang
(Jin) / Later Tang
Later Jin
Later Han
Later Zhou
Ten Kingdoms (Ten States)
Wu
Former Shu
Chu
Wuyue
Min / (Yin)
Southern Han
Jingnan
Later Shu
Southern Tang
Northern Han
Other states
Qi
Zhao
Yan
De facto independent entities
Yiwu Circuit
Dingnan Circuit
Qingyuan Circuit
Jinghai Circuit
Wuping Circuit
Guiyi Circuit
Neighboring states
Balhae
Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
Liao dynasty
Tibetan kingdoms
Dali
Đại Việt
Histories
Old History of the Five Dynasties
Historical Records of the Five Dynasties
Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms
Wudai Huiyao
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Five Dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Dynasties"},{"link_name":"history of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China"},{"link_name":"Hebei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebei"},{"link_name":"Wang Rong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Rong_(warlord)"},{"link_name":"Jiedushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiedushi"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Shijiazhuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shijiazhuang"},{"link_name":"Later Liang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_Liang_(Five_Dynasties)"},{"link_name":"Zhu Wen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Wen"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Baoding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baoding"},{"link_name":"Wang Chuzhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Chuzhi"},{"link_name":"Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_(Later_Tang_precursor)"},{"link_name":"Li Cunxu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Cunxu"},{"link_name":"Zhang Wenli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Wenli"},{"link_name":"Zhang Chujin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Chujin"}],"text":"Zhao (趙, ~910–~921) was a state early in the Five Dynasties period of the history of China in what is now central Hebei. The ancestors of Zhao's only prince, Wang Rong, had long governed the region as military governors (Jiedushi) of the Tang dynasty's Chengde Circuit (Chinese: 成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei), and after the collapse of the Tang in 907, the succeeding Later Liang's founding emperor (\"Taizu\"), Zhu Wen made Wang, then his vassal, the Prince of Zhao. In 910, when the Emperor tried to directly take over the territory of Zhao and its neighboring Yiwu Circuit (Chinese: 義武, headquartered in modern Baoding, Hebei), Wang Rong and Yiwu's military governor Wang Chuzhi turned against the Later Liang, aligning themselves with Later Liang's archenemy, Jin's prince, Li Cunxu, instead. In 921, Wang Rong's soldiers assassinated him, slaughtered the Wang clan, and supported his adoptive son Zhang Wenli (known as Wang Deming while under Wang Rong's adoption) to succeed him instead. Li Cunxu soon defeated Zhang Wenli's son and successor Zhang Chujin and incorporated Zhao into Jin territory.","title":"Zhao (Five Dynasties period)"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Later Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_Zhou"}]
|
[]
|
[]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road_tube_station
|
Tottenham Court Road station
|
["1 History","1.1 Central London Railway","1.2 Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway","1.3 Early improvements","1.4 Initial plans for station expansion","1.5 Expansion as part of Crossrail","2 Artworks","3 Services","4 Future developments","4.1 Crossrail 2","5 In popular culture","6 Connections","7 References","8 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 51°30′58″N 0°07′51″W / 51.5162°N 0.1309°W / 51.5162; -0.1309National rail and London Underground station
Tottenham Court Road Main entrance to the eastern ticket hall seen in March 2022Tottenham Court RoadLocation of Tottenham Court Road in Central LondonLocationSt GilesLocal authorityLondon Borough of CamdenManaged byLondon UndergroundOwnerTransport for LondonStation codeTCRNumber of platforms6Fare zone1London Underground annual entry and exit2018 38.73 million2019 41.99 million2020 6.05 million2021 16.04 million2022 48.95 millionNational Rail annual entry and exit2022–23 34.878 millionKey dates30 July 1900Opened (CLR)22 June 1907Opened (CCE&HR)24 May 2022Opened (Elizabeth line)Other informationExternal links
TfL station info page
Departures
Layout
Facilities
Buses
Coordinates51°30′58″N 0°07′51″W / 51.5162°N 0.1309°W / 51.5162; -0.1309 London transport portal
Tottenham Court Road is an interchange station in the West End of London for London Underground and Elizabeth line services.
The London Underground station is served by the Central and Northern lines. On the Central line it is between Oxford Circus and Holborn stations, and on the Charing Cross branch of the Northern line it is between Goodge Street and Leicester Square stations. The Elizabeth line station is between Bond Street and Farringdon stations.
The station is located at St Giles Circus, the junction of Tottenham Court Road, Oxford Street, New Oxford Street and Charing Cross Road and is in Travelcard Zone 1, with a second entrance at Dean Street.
History
Central London Railway
The station opened as part of the Central London Railway (CLR) on 30 July 1900. From that date until 24 September 1933, the next station eastbound on the Central line was the now-defunct British Museum; the next stop in that direction is now Holborn. The platforms are under Oxford Street west of St Giles' Circus and were originally connected to the ticket hall via lifts at the east end of the platforms. The original station building was on the south side of Oxford Street and was designed in common with other CLR stations by Harry Bell Measures. The building and its neighbours were demolished in 2009.
Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway
The Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway (CCE&HR, now part of the Northern line) arrived here on 22 June 1907 but used the name Oxford Street until an interchange (linking the eastbound Central line with the southbound Northern line via the ends of the platform) was opened on 3 September 1908 from when the present name was used for both lines. The next station north on the Northern line was originally called Tottenham Court Road, but was renamed to Goodge Street at this time.
The original ticket office was directly beneath St Giles circus and was accessed from stairs on three street corners around the Circus. Its original lift shafts and emergency stairs are still extant. A set of emergency stairs can be used as access down to the ends of the Northern line platform. The lift shafts are used for offices and station facilities.
Early improvements
Like a number of other central area stations, Tottenham Court Road underwent improvements during the 1920s to replace the original sets of lifts with escalators. Works commenced in 1923; a new subsurface ticket hall, under St Giles Circus, was constructed and the escalators came into service on 28 September 1926 (upper set) and 1 February 1926 (lower set). A shaft for three escalators was driven from the ticket hall under the junction down to the east end of the Central line platforms ending at an intermediate circulation space. A further pair of escalators descend from this level to the north end of the Northern line platforms. The lifts were removed and the redundant shafts were used as ventilation ducts. In 1938 a chiller plant began operating at the station. This was decommissioned in 1949.
Passenger congestion entering and leaving the Northern line platforms was partially eased by the addition of a short single escalator at the centre of the platform leading up to a passageway linking to the intermediate circulation area. However, this was in itself a cause of congestion, as traffic trying to leave the station from the Northern line found itself in the path of traffic entering and travelling to the Central line.
In the early 1980s, the entire station was redecorated, losing the distinctive Leslie Green-designed platform tiling pattern of the Yerkes tube lines (which included the CCE&HR), and the plain white platform tiles of the CLR. It was replaced by distinctive mosaics by Eduardo Paolozzi, located on platforms, passages and escalator entrances.
Initial plans for station expansion
The station had four entrances to the sub-surface ticket hall from the north-east, south-west and north-west corners of the junction and from a subway beneath the Centre Point building which starts on Andrew Borde Street. The entrances were frequently congested leading to occasions during peak periods of the day when they were briefly closed to prevent overcrowding in the station.
In the aftermath of the King's Cross fire in 1987, London Underground was recommended to investigate "passenger flow and congestion in stations and take remedial action". A Parliamentary bill was tabled in 1991 to permit London Underground to improve and expand the frequently congested station, however this was not proceeded with. In 2000, London Underground consulted on a station upgrade including a new larger ticket hall, new escalators and step free access, which would have taken 4 years to construct.
Expansion as part of Crossrail
Construction of the station expansion work in 2011
Tottenham Court Road Eastern Ticket Hall after expansion, with Daniel Buren's artwork.
The station was eventually reconstructed and upgraded in the mid 2010s as part of the Crossrail project to construct the Elizabeth line, with the £500 million station upgrade taking eight years. To enable the station expansion work to occur, both the Astoria theatres and the original Central line entrance were demolished. During construction, the Central and Northern lines were alternately closed for several months to allow for upgrade works to take place.
Upon completion in 2017, the project delivered:
A new ticket hall six times larger than previous, located below St Giles Circus and the forecourt of Centre Point
New public plaza outside Centre Point, with station entrances designed by Hawkins\Brown
New dedicated set of escalators to access the Northern line
New and expanded passageways underground
Escalators down to the eastern end of the future Elizabeth line station.
Step-free access throughout the station
Restoration of existing artwork by Eduardo Paolozzi, and a new artwork in the ticket hall by Daniel Buren
On Dean Street, a dedicated western entrance and ticket hall was built to access the new Elizabeth line platforms. These platforms stretch for 230 m (750 ft) between the two ticket halls, underneath Soho Square. The completed western entrance and Crossrail platforms were handed over to TfL in early 2021. Crossrail links Tottenham Court Road to Canary Wharf, Abbey Wood, Stratford, and Shenfield in the east with Paddington, Heathrow and Reading in the west. The central section of the Elizabeth line opened on 24 May 2022 between Paddington and Abbey Wood. Direct service to Reading, Heathrow, Stratford and Shenfield commenced on 6 November 2022.
As part of a plan to raise £500 million from development above new Crossrail stations, a residential development of 92 homes as well as retail units will be built above the western ticket hall by developer Galliard Homes and a new West End theatre as well as retail and office space will be built above the eastern ticket hall by developer Derwent London. The new theatre will be the first West End theatre to open in over 50 years.
Artworks
Eduardo Paolozzi mosaics (1982) on the Central line platform
In the mid 1980s, Eduardo Paolozzi was commissioned to create an artwork for the station. The design includes panels of tessellated and hand-cut smalti mural mosaic, and is a distinct and noticeable feature of the station. The frenetic design was intended to reflect the station's position adjacent to Tottenham Court Road's large concentration of hi-fi and electronics shops. During the expansion of the station for Crossrail, sections of the mosaic were restored, moved or replaced while other section were destroyed, some sections of which have been removed to be conserved at the University of Edinburgh.
As part of the expansion of the Eastern ticket hall, Art on the Underground commissioned an artwork by Daniel Buren, a French conceptual artist. This work, 'Diamonds and Circles', works 'in situ', was Buren's first permanent public commission in the UK. It comprises colourful diamond and circle shapes, which contrast with Buren's trademark stripes in black and white, fixed to internal glass walls throughout the ticket hall. The artwork was completed in 2017.
As part of the Crossrail project, two artworks were commissioned by Turner Prize–winning artists, one for each ticket hall. At the eastern ticket hall, Richard Wright created a mural of geometric patterns in gold leaf on the concrete ceiling above the Crossrail escalators. At the western ticket hall, Douglas Gordon installed a video artwork above the escalators, involving Gordon's giant blinking eye with names of Soho establishments that no longer exist reflected in it.
Services
Services at Tottenham Court Road are operated by the Elizabeth line, and London Underground's Central and Northern lines.
The typical off-peak service in trains per hour (tph) is:
Operator/line
Frequency to destination
London Underground Central line
Westbound 3 tph to White City 9 tph to Ealing Broadway 3 tph to Northolt 9 tph to West Ruislip
Eastbound 3 tph to Newbury Park 9 tph to Hainault 3 tph to Loughton 9 tph to Epping
London Underground Northern line
Northbound 10 tph to Edgware 8 tph to High Barnet 2 tph to Mill Hill East
Southbound 10 tph to Kennington 10 tph to Battersea Power Station
Elizabeth line
Westbound 6 tph to London Paddington 4 tph to Heathrow Terminal 4 2 tph to Heathrow Terminal 5 2 tph to Maidenhead 2 tph to Reading
Eastbound 8 tph to Abbey Wood 8 tph to Shenfield
The station also served by a night service on Friday and Saturday nights as part of the Night Tube. The station is served by Central line trains every 10 minutes in each direction and Northern line trains every 7-8 minutes in each direction.
Preceding station
London Underground
Following station
Oxford Circustowards Ealing Broadway or West Ruislip
Central line
Holborntowards Epping, Hainault or Woodford via Newbury Park
Goodge Streettowards Edgware, Mill Hill East or High Barnet
Northern lineCharing Cross Branch
Leicester Squaretowards Battersea Power Station, Morden or Kennington
Preceding station
Elizabeth line
Following station
Bond Streettowards Reading or Heathrow Airport Terminal 4 or Terminal 5
Elizabeth line
Farringdontowards Abbey Wood or Shenfield
Former services
Preceding station
London Underground
Following station
Oxford Circustowards Ealing Broadway
Central line
British Museumtowards Liverpool Street
Future developments
Crossrail 2
The Crossrail 2 project proposed a station at Tottenham Court Road, the only planned interchange between the Elizabeth line and Crossrail 2. The expanded station built as part of the Crossrail project took the future demands of Crossrail 2 into account, which will allow for less construction disruption if the line is built. The proposals involve a new Crossrail 2 ticket hall on the site of Curzon Soho on Shaftesbury Avenue. This has been criticised by campaigners. The station and ticket hall site were first safeguarded as part of the route during the development of the Chelsea-Hackney line in 1991. In November 2020, plans for Crossrail 2 were shelved.
In popular culture
The station was used for a sequence in the 1981 film An American Werewolf in London.
A scene in the 2008 film The Bank Job is set in the station, though it was shot at Aldwych tube station.
A scene in the musical We Will Rock You is set in the station; the musical played across the street at the Dominion Theatre from 2002 to 2014.
Connections
London Buses day and night routes serve the station.
References
^ "Station Usage Data" (CSV). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2018. Transport for London. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
^ "Station Usage Data" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2019. Transport for London. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
^ "Station Usage Data" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2020. Transport for London. 16 April 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
^ "Station Usage Data" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2021. Transport for London. 12 July 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
^ "Station Usage Data" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2022. Transport for London. 4 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
^ "Estimates of station usage". Rail statistics. Office of Rail Regulation. Please note: Some methodology may vary year on year.
^ a b c d e "Tottenham Court Road Station". Crossrail. Archived from the original on 28 October 2010. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
^ "Tottenham Court Road" (PDF). Crossrail. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
^ a b Clive's Underground Line Guides – Central Line, Dates
^ Clive's Underground Line Guides – Northern Line, Dates
^ a b Rose, Douglas (1999). The London Underground, A Diagrammatic History. Douglas Rose. ISBN 1-85414-219-4.
^ Railways Through The Clay; Croome & Jackson; London; 1993; p169
^ Fennell, Desmond (1988). Investigation into the King's Cross underground fire. Great Britain. Department of Transport. London: Department of Transport H.M.S.O. ISBN 0101049927. OCLC 19271585.
^ "London Underground (Safety Measures) Act 1991". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
^ "Improvements to Tottenham Court Road station". London Transport. 28 February 2000. Archived from the original on 20 June 2000. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
^ a b Dick Murray (10 February 2017). "Tottenham Court Road station's £500 million revamp completed as entrances open". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
^ Crossrail – Proposal for eastern ticket hall Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ Al-Othman, Hannah (9 December 2015). "The Central line has returned to Tottenham Court Road". Evening Standard. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
^ a b Pritchard, James (12 February 2021). "Tottenham Court Road Elizabeth line station enters final commissioning phase". Crossrail. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
^ "Elizabeth line: Delayed £18bn Crossrail finally opens". BBC News. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
^ Aplin, Lucy (24 May 2022). "Why you need to switch Crossrail trains and when Elizabeth line opens in full". inews.co.uk. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
^ "Property development above Elizabeth line stations to create jobs, growth and revenue". Transport for London. 26 March 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
^ Morby, Aaron (March 2021). "Galliard to start £55m London Soho resi job". Construction Enquirer. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
^ London, Derwent. "Soho Place". Derwent London. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
^ Wood, Alex (24 August 2020). "New and refurbished theatre venues set to open soon | WhatsOnStage". www.whatsonstage.com. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
^ Aicha Zaa, Will Hurst (2 February 2015). "Campaigners 'disgusted' as builders dismantle Paolozzi murals at Tottenham Court Road". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
^ "Recreating Paolozzi's great Tottenham Court Road Mosaics". Gary Drostle. 2 December 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
^ "Tube station mosaics to be seen in new light in artist's home city". Edinburgh College of Art. University of Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
^ Daniel Buren (3 July 2017). "Diamonds and Circles, works in situ". Art on the Underground. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
^ Alice Morby (12 July 2017). "Daniel Buren completes installation at Tottenham Court Road tube station". Dezeen.com. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
^ a b c "Artwork at Tottenham Court Road". Crossrail. Archived from the original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
^ "Central Line Timetable". Transport for London. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
^ "Northern Line Timetable". Transport for London. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
^ "Elizabeth Line Timetable: December 2023" (PDF). Transport for London. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
^ a b "Tottenham Court Road". Crossrail 2. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
^ "Celebrities join fight to save Soho's Curzon cinema from Crossrail 2". The Guardian. 22 September 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
^ Aron, Isabelle (26 November 2015). "Everyone's angry about... Crossrail 2". Time Out London. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
^ Archived 28 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Crossrail 2 plans shelved as part of £1.8bn TfL funding deal". The Guardian. 2 November 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
^ "An American Werewolf in London ". www.nickcooper.org.uk. 14 April 2004. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
^ "The London Underground in Films & TV". www.nickcooper.org.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
^ Martland, John (16 January 2004). "We Will Rock You". The Stage Newspaper Limited. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
^ We Will Rock You to close after an astonishing 12 years – bestoftheatre.co.uk
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tottenham Court Road station.
London Transport Museum Photographic Archive
Central line station building in 1914
City of Westminster, Draft Planning Brief – Crossrail: Tottenham Court Road Station (Eastern Ticket Hall), May 2005, Retrieved 31 January 2008
Photos of Paolozzi's mosaics in the station
Conservation of the TCR Station Mosaics
Images from An American Werewolf in London prior to installation of Paolozzi mosaics
Rebuilding work and schedule (Transport for London)
Restoration and rebuild of Central Line Paolozzi mosaics by mosaic artist Gary Drostle
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The Elizabeth line station is between Bond Street and Farringdon stations.The station is located at St Giles Circus, the junction of Tottenham Court Road, Oxford Street, New Oxford Street and Charing Cross Road and is in Travelcard Zone 1, with a second entrance at Dean Street.[8]","title":"Tottenham Court Road station"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central London Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_London_Railway"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-9"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Holborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holborn_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Harry Bell Measures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Bell_Measures"}],"sub_title":"Central London Railway","text":"The station opened as part of the Central London Railway (CLR) on 30 July 1900.[9] From that date until 24 September 1933,[9] the next station eastbound on the Central line was the now-defunct British Museum; the next stop in that direction is now Holborn. The platforms are under Oxford Street west of St Giles' Circus and were originally connected to the ticket hall via lifts at the east end of the platforms. The original station building was on the south side of Oxford Street and was designed in common with other CLR stations by Harry Bell Measures. The building and its neighbours were demolished in 2009.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing_Cross,_Euston_%26_Hampstead_Railway"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CULG_02-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-11"},{"link_name":"Goodge Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodge_Street_tube_station"}],"sub_title":"Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway","text":"The Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway (CCE&HR, now part of the Northern line) arrived here on 22 June 1907[10] but used the name Oxford Street until an interchange (linking the eastbound Central line with the southbound Northern line via the ends of the platform) was opened on 3 September 1908[11] from when the present name was used for both lines. The next station north on the Northern line was originally called Tottenham Court Road,[11] but was renamed to Goodge Street at this time.The original ticket office was directly beneath St Giles circus and was accessed from stairs on three street corners around the Circus. Its original lift shafts and emergency stairs are still extant. A set of emergency stairs can be used as access down to the ends of the Northern line platform. The lift shafts are used for offices and station facilities.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"chiller plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road_chiller"},{"link_name":"Leslie Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Green"},{"link_name":"Yerkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Yerkes"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Paolozzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Paolozzi"}],"sub_title":"Early improvements","text":"Like a number of other central area stations, Tottenham Court Road underwent improvements during the 1920s to replace the original sets of lifts with escalators. Works commenced in 1923; a new subsurface ticket hall, under St Giles Circus, was constructed and the escalators came into service on 28 September 1926 (upper set) and 1 February 1926 (lower set).[12] A shaft for three escalators was driven from the ticket hall under the junction down to the east end of the Central line platforms ending at an intermediate circulation space. A further pair of escalators descend from this level to the north end of the Northern line platforms. The lifts were removed and the redundant shafts were used as ventilation ducts. In 1938 a chiller plant began operating at the station. This was decommissioned in 1949.Passenger congestion entering and leaving the Northern line platforms was partially eased by the addition of a short single escalator at the centre of the platform leading up to a passageway linking to the intermediate circulation area. However, this was in itself a cause of congestion, as traffic trying to leave the station from the Northern line found itself in the path of traffic entering and travelling to the Central line.In the early 1980s, the entire station was redecorated, losing the distinctive Leslie Green-designed platform tiling pattern of the Yerkes tube lines (which included the CCE&HR), and the plain white platform tiles of the CLR. It was replaced by distinctive mosaics by Eduardo Paolozzi, located on platforms, passages and escalator entrances.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King's Cross fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Cross_fire"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Initial plans for station expansion","text":"The station had four entrances to the sub-surface ticket hall from the north-east, south-west and north-west corners of the junction and from a subway beneath the Centre Point building which starts on Andrew Borde Street. The entrances were frequently congested leading to occasions during peak periods of the day when they were briefly closed to prevent overcrowding in the station.In the aftermath of the King's Cross fire in 1987, London Underground was recommended to investigate \"passenger flow and congestion in stations and take remedial action\".[13] A Parliamentary bill was tabled in 1991 to permit London Underground to improve and expand the frequently congested station, however this was not proceeded with.[14] In 2000, London Underground consulted on a station upgrade including a new larger ticket hall, new escalators and step free access, which would have taken 4 years to construct.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tottenham_Court_Road_underground_station_July_2011.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daniel_Buren,_%27Diamonds_and_Circles,_works_in_situ%27,_Tottenham_Court_Road,_2016._Photo-_Thierry_Bal,_2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Daniel Buren's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Buren"},{"link_name":"Crossrail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossrail"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-16"},{"link_name":"Astoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Astoria"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-16"},{"link_name":"Centre Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Point"},{"link_name":"Hawkins\\Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawkins/Brown&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Daniel Buren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Buren"},{"link_name":"Dean Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Street"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Soho Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soho_Square"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-19"},{"link_name":"Canary Wharf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Wharf_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Abbey Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Wood_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Stratford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford_station"},{"link_name":"Shenfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenfield_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Paddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Paddington_station"},{"link_name":"Heathrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathrow_Terminal_5_station"},{"link_name":"Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Galliard Homes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galliard_Homes"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"West End theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_theatre"},{"link_name":"Derwent London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derwent_London"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Expansion as part of Crossrail","text":"Construction of the station expansion work in 2011Tottenham Court Road Eastern Ticket Hall after expansion, with Daniel Buren's artwork.The station was eventually reconstructed and upgraded in the mid 2010s as part of the Crossrail project to construct the Elizabeth line,[7] with the £500 million station upgrade taking eight years.[16] To enable the station expansion work to occur, both the Astoria theatres and the original Central line entrance were demolished.[17] During construction, the Central and Northern lines were alternately closed for several months to allow for upgrade works to take place.[18]Upon completion in 2017, the project delivered:[16]A new ticket hall six times larger than previous, located below St Giles Circus and the forecourt of Centre Point\nNew public plaza outside Centre Point, with station entrances designed by Hawkins\\Brown\nNew dedicated set of escalators to access the Northern line\nNew and expanded passageways underground\nEscalators down to the eastern end of the future Elizabeth line station.[7]\nStep-free access throughout the station\nRestoration of existing artwork by Eduardo Paolozzi, and a new artwork in the ticket hall by Daniel BurenOn Dean Street, a dedicated western entrance and ticket hall was built to access the new Elizabeth line platforms.[7] These platforms stretch for 230 m (750 ft) between the two ticket halls, underneath Soho Square.[19] The completed western entrance and Crossrail platforms were handed over to TfL in early 2021.[19] Crossrail links Tottenham Court Road to Canary Wharf, Abbey Wood, Stratford, and Shenfield in the east with Paddington, Heathrow and Reading in the west.[7] The central section of the Elizabeth line opened on 24 May 2022 between Paddington and Abbey Wood.[20] Direct service to Reading, Heathrow, Stratford and Shenfield commenced on 6 November 2022.[21]As part of a plan to raise £500 million from development above new Crossrail stations,[22] a residential development of 92 homes as well as retail units will be built above the western ticket hall by developer Galliard Homes[23] and a new West End theatre as well as retail and office space will be built above the eastern ticket hall by developer Derwent London.[24] The new theatre will be the first West End theatre to open in over 50 years.[25]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tottenham_Court_Road_stn_Central_line_mosaic.JPG"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Paolozzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Paolozzi"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Paolozzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Paolozzi"},{"link_name":"mosaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic"},{"link_name":"hi-fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-fi"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Art on the Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_on_the_Underground"},{"link_name":"Daniel Buren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Buren"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Turner Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Prize"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-31"},{"link_name":"Richard Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wright_(artist)"},{"link_name":"gold leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_leaf"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-31"},{"link_name":"Douglas Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Gordon"},{"link_name":"video artwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_art"},{"link_name":"Soho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soho"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-31"}],"text":"Eduardo Paolozzi mosaics (1982) on the Central line platformIn the mid 1980s, Eduardo Paolozzi was commissioned to create an artwork for the station. The design includes panels of tessellated and hand-cut smalti mural mosaic, and is a distinct and noticeable feature of the station. The frenetic design was intended to reflect the station's position adjacent to Tottenham Court Road's large concentration of hi-fi and electronics shops. During the expansion of the station for Crossrail,[26] sections of the mosaic were restored, moved or replaced[27] while other section were destroyed, some sections of which have been removed to be conserved at the University of Edinburgh.[28]As part of the expansion of the Eastern ticket hall, Art on the Underground commissioned an artwork by Daniel Buren, a French conceptual artist. This work, 'Diamonds and Circles', works 'in situ', was Buren's first permanent public commission in the UK.[29] It comprises colourful diamond and circle shapes, which contrast with Buren's trademark stripes in black and white, fixed to internal glass walls throughout the ticket hall. The artwork was completed in 2017.[30]As part of the Crossrail project, two artworks were commissioned by Turner Prize–winning artists, one for each ticket hall.[31] At the eastern ticket hall, Richard Wright created a mural of geometric patterns in gold leaf on the concrete ceiling above the Crossrail escalators.[31] At the western ticket hall, Douglas Gordon installed a video artwork above the escalators, involving Gordon's giant blinking eye with names of Soho establishments that no longer exist reflected in it.[31]","title":"Artworks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elizabeth line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"link_name":"London Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_line_(London_Underground)"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_line"},{"link_name":"Night Tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Tube"}],"text":"Services at Tottenham Court Road are operated by the Elizabeth line, and London Underground's Central and Northern lines.The typical off-peak service in trains per hour (tph) is:The station also served by a night service on Friday and Saturday nights as part of the Night Tube. The station is served by Central line trains every 10 minutes in each direction and Northern line trains every 7-8 minutes in each direction.","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Future developments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crossrail 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossrail_2"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-35"},{"link_name":"Shaftesbury Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaftesbury_Avenue"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Chelsea-Hackney line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea-Hackney_line"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Crossrail 2","text":"The Crossrail 2 project proposed a station at Tottenham Court Road, the only planned interchange between the Elizabeth line and Crossrail 2.[35] The expanded station built as part of the Crossrail project took the future demands of Crossrail 2 into account, which will allow for less construction disruption if the line is built.[35] The proposals involve a new Crossrail 2 ticket hall on the site of Curzon Soho on Shaftesbury Avenue. This has been criticised by campaigners.[36][37] The station and ticket hall site were first safeguarded as part of the route during the development of the Chelsea-Hackney line in 1991.[38] In November 2020, plans for Crossrail 2 were shelved.[39]","title":"Future developments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"An American Werewolf in London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_American_Werewolf_in_London"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"The Bank Job","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bank_Job"},{"link_name":"Aldwych tube station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldwych_tube_station"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"We Will Rock You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Will_Rock_You_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Dominion Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stage-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"The station was used for a sequence in the 1981 film An American Werewolf in London.[40]\nA scene in the 2008 film The Bank Job is set in the station, though it was shot at Aldwych tube station.[41]\nA scene in the musical We Will Rock You is set in the station; the musical played across the street at the Dominion Theatre from 2002 to 2014.[42][43]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"}],"text":"London Buses day and night routes serve the station.","title":"Connections"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Construction of the station expansion work in 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tottenham_Court_Road_underground_station_July_2011.jpg/220px-Tottenham_Court_Road_underground_station_July_2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tottenham Court Road Eastern Ticket Hall after expansion, with Daniel Buren's artwork.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Daniel_Buren%2C_%27Diamonds_and_Circles%2C_works_in_situ%27%2C_Tottenham_Court_Road%2C_2016._Photo-_Thierry_Bal%2C_2016.jpg/220px-Daniel_Buren%2C_%27Diamonds_and_Circles%2C_works_in_situ%27%2C_Tottenham_Court_Road%2C_2016._Photo-_Thierry_Bal%2C_2016.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eduardo Paolozzi mosaics (1982) on the Central line platform","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tottenham_Court_Road_stn_Central_line_mosaic.JPG/220px-Tottenham_Court_Road_stn_Central_line_mosaic.JPG"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (CSV). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2018. Transport for London. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2018/AnnualisedEntryExit_2018.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230114012549/http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2018/AnnualisedEntryExit_2018.xlsx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2019. Transport for London. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2019/AnnualisedEntryExit_2019.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201109221122/http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2019/AnnualisedEntryExit_2019.xlsx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2020. Transport for London. 16 April 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2020/AC2020_AnnualisedEntryExit.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2021. Transport for London. 12 July 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2021/AC2021_AnnualisedEntryExit.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2022. Transport for London. 4 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2022/AC2022_AnnualisedEntryExit.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"}]},{"reference":"\"Estimates of station usage\". Rail statistics. Office of Rail Regulation.","urls":[{"url":"https://dataportal.orr.gov.uk/statistics/usage/estimates-of-station-usage","url_text":"\"Estimates of station usage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Rail_Regulation","url_text":"Office of Rail Regulation"}]},{"reference":"\"Tottenham Court Road Station\". Crossrail. Archived from the original on 28 October 2010. Retrieved 11 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101028022414/http://www.crossrail.co.uk/route/stations/tottenham-court-road/","url_text":"\"Tottenham Court Road Station\""},{"url":"http://www.crossrail.co.uk/route/stations/tottenham-court-road/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tottenham Court Road\" (PDF). Crossrail. Retrieved 24 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://2577f60fe192df40d16a-ab656259048fb93837ecc0ecbcf0c557.ssl.cf3.rackcdn.com/assets/library/document/t/original/tottenham_court_road_station_profile_2022r1.pdf","url_text":"\"Tottenham Court Road\""}]},{"reference":"Rose, Douglas (1999). The London Underground, A Diagrammatic History. Douglas Rose. ISBN 1-85414-219-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85414-219-4","url_text":"1-85414-219-4"}]},{"reference":"Fennell, Desmond (1988). Investigation into the King's Cross underground fire. Great Britain. Department of Transport. London: [For] Department of Transport [by] H.M.S.O. ISBN 0101049927. OCLC 19271585.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0101049927","url_text":"0101049927"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19271585","url_text":"19271585"}]},{"reference":"\"London Underground (Safety Measures) Act 1991\". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 19 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/1991/18/enacted","url_text":"\"London Underground (Safety Measures) Act 1991\""}]},{"reference":"\"Improvements to Tottenham Court Road station\". London Transport. 28 February 2000. Archived from the original on 20 June 2000. Retrieved 10 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000620024919/http://www.londontransport.co.uk/underground/pn1458.htm","url_text":"\"Improvements to Tottenham Court Road station\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Regional_Transport","url_text":"London Transport"},{"url":"http://www.londontransport.co.uk/underground/pn1458.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dick Murray (10 February 2017). \"Tottenham Court Road station's £500 million revamp completed as entrances open\". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 21 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/news/transport/tottenham-court-road-station-fully-reopens-after-500-million-revamp-a3463261.html","url_text":"\"Tottenham Court Road station's £500 million revamp completed as entrances open\""}]},{"reference":"Al-Othman, Hannah (9 December 2015). \"The Central line has returned to Tottenham Court Road\". Evening Standard. Retrieved 11 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/news/transport/londoners-delight-as-tottenham-court-road-station-reopens-a3131131.html","url_text":"\"The Central line has returned to Tottenham Court Road\""}]},{"reference":"Pritchard, James (12 February 2021). \"Tottenham Court Road Elizabeth line station enters final commissioning phase\". Crossrail. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210212104810/https://www.crossrail.co.uk/news/articles/tottenham-court-road-elizabeth-line-station-enters-final-commissioning-phase","url_text":"\"Tottenham Court Road Elizabeth line station enters final commissioning phase\""},{"url":"http://www.crossrail.co.uk/news/articles/tottenham-court-road-elizabeth-line-station-enters-final-commissioning-phase","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Elizabeth line: Delayed £18bn Crossrail finally opens\". BBC News. Retrieved 24 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-england-london-61507125","url_text":"\"Elizabeth line: Delayed £18bn Crossrail finally opens\""}]},{"reference":"Aplin, Lucy (24 May 2022). \"Why you need to switch Crossrail trains and when Elizabeth line opens in full\". inews.co.uk. Retrieved 26 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://inews.co.uk/inews-lifestyle/travel/where-change-elizabeth-line-why-switch-crossrail-trains-when-opens-paddington-liverpool-street-1647738","url_text":"\"Why you need to switch Crossrail trains and when Elizabeth line opens in full\""}]},{"reference":"\"Property development above Elizabeth line stations to create jobs, growth and revenue\". Transport for London. 26 March 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2018/march/property-development-above-elizabeth-line-stations-to-create-jobs-growth-and-revenue","url_text":"\"Property development above Elizabeth line stations to create jobs, growth and revenue\""}]},{"reference":"Morby, Aaron (March 2021). \"Galliard to start £55m London Soho resi job\". Construction Enquirer. Retrieved 11 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.constructionenquirer.com/2021/02/17/galliard-to-start-55m-london-soho-resi-job/","url_text":"\"Galliard to start £55m London Soho resi job\""}]},{"reference":"London, Derwent. \"Soho Place\". Derwent London. Retrieved 11 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.derwentlondon.com/properties/1-oxford-street","url_text":"\"Soho Place\""}]},{"reference":"Wood, Alex (24 August 2020). \"New and refurbished theatre venues set to open soon | WhatsOnStage\". www.whatsonstage.com. 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Retrieved 8 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.drostle.com/recreating-paolozzis-great-mosaics-for-tottenham-court-road/","url_text":"\"Recreating Paolozzi's great Tottenham Court Road Mosaics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tube station mosaics to be seen in new light in artist's home city\". Edinburgh College of Art. University of Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150915042153/http://www.eca.ed.ac.uk/school-of-art/news-events/tube-station-mosaics-to-be-seen-in-new-light-in-artist%E2%80%99s-home-city","url_text":"\"Tube station mosaics to be seen in new light in artist's home city\""},{"url":"http://www.eca.ed.ac.uk/school-of-art/news-events/tube-station-mosaics-to-be-seen-in-new-light-in-artist%E2%80%99s-home-city","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Daniel Buren (3 July 2017). \"Diamonds and Circles, works in situ\". Art on the Underground. Retrieved 21 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://art.tfl.gov.uk/projects/permanent-commission-by-daniel-buren","url_text":"\"Diamonds and Circles, works in situ\""}]},{"reference":"Alice Morby (12 July 2017). \"Daniel Buren completes installation at Tottenham Court Road tube station\". Dezeen.com. Retrieved 21 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dezeen.com/2017/07/12/daniel-buren-diamonds-circles-installation-tottenham-court-road-underground-tube-station-london-uk/","url_text":"\"Daniel Buren completes installation at Tottenham Court Road tube station\""}]},{"reference":"\"Artwork at Tottenham Court Road\". Crossrail. Archived from the original on 25 October 2020. 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Retrieved 11 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeout.com/london/blog/everyones-angry-about-crossrail-2-112615","url_text":"\"Everyone's angry about... Crossrail 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crossrail 2 plans shelved as part of £1.8bn TfL funding deal\". The Guardian. 2 November 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/nov/02/crossrail-2-plans-shelved-transport-for-london-funding-deal","url_text":"\"Crossrail 2 plans shelved as part of £1.8bn TfL funding deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"An American Werewolf in London [1981 feature film]\". www.nickcooper.org.uk. 14 April 2004. Retrieved 21 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nickcooper.org.uk/subterra/lu/lufilmtv/aawinlon.htm","url_text":"\"An American Werewolf in London [1981 feature film]\""}]},{"reference":"\"The London Underground in Films & TV\". www.nickcooper.org.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nickcooper.org.uk/subterra/lu/lufilmtv/lufandtv.htm","url_text":"\"The London Underground in Films & TV\""}]},{"reference":"Martland, John (16 January 2004). \"We Will Rock You\". The Stage Newspaper Limited. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 1 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930153627/http://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/review.php/155/we-will-rock-you","url_text":"\"We Will Rock You\""},{"url":"http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/media/newscentre/19733.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallippad
|
Pallippad
|
["1 History","2 Sites","3 Art","4 Demographics","5 Notable Personalities","6 References"]
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Grama Panchayath in Kerala, IndiaPallippadGrama PanchayathCountry IndiaStateKeralaRegionCentral TravancoreDistrictAlappuzhaPopulation • Total24,648Languages • OfficialMalayalam,Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN690511, 690512Vehicle registrationKL-29Literacy92%Lok Sabha constituencyAlappuzhaVidhan Sabha constituencyHaripad
Pallippad is a village near Haripad in Alappuzha district in the Indian state of Kerala.
The name Pallippad is believed to be derived from Buddhist terminology.The famous River Achankovil Aar passes by Pallippad before it reaches Veeyapuram. The village has abundant water resources, small lakes, and water paths that connect to Alappuzha.
Pallipad is surrounded by temples all around and is famous for its religious harmony. The traditions, culture, and rituals of Pallippad are extensions of the nearby town Haripad. Traditionally, Pallipad was considered the rice bowl of the Kingdom of Travancore.
History
Temple elephant
Pallippad is believed to have been a dense forest before human habitation. Fossil remains were found in the paddy field which justifies this argument. Pallippad was the border of Odanad state, whose capital was Kayamkulam and Odanad Ruler Raman Kothavarma is a topic of discussion in many historical documents.
In 1746, the princely state was defeated by Travancore and its king, Marthanda Varma, on their search for rich paddy fields. The Vettuvelil Yajaman, then Chief Minister of Odanad, settled in Pallippad. After the defeat to Travancore, control of Pallippad went to the Aluva-based Brahmin family Akavoor Mana. Even now, many of the temples in Pallippad are headed by the same Brahmin family and its successors.
Sites
This section is in list format but may read better as prose. You can help by converting this section, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (February 2021)
Mullavakulangara Padanilam: This place is considered one of the most prominent places in Pallippad, where the legendary war between the Chembakashery king and Odanand king of Kayamakulam is said to have taken place.
Karimpalil Koickal Palace: King Marthanda Varma's guest house (1748) was in Pallippad.
Gandhiji Smaraka Library: The building was constructed in 1948 after flowers from Gandhiji's Holy remains were put. The Golden Jubilee Memorial building was constructed with the assistance of Raja Rammohun Roy Library Foundation Kolkota, functioning as an A grade Library under The State Library Council.
Art
The murals in the Arayakulangara Sri Krishna Swami temple are believed to have historical importance.
Demographics
As of the 2001 India census, Pallippad had a population of 24,902 with 11,733 males and 13,169 females.
Pallippad Village is part of the Karthikappally Taluk, whose headquarters are situated at Harippad. The Taluk Hospital is also situated in the Pallippad Panchayat limit, where high-quality paddy fields, coconut trees, and river sceneries (Achankovil River) can be spotted. Major schools like Nadevalel school (Naduvattom LPS) and Naduvattam High School are located near the Erattakkulangara temple. Other local schools include [
Konginiyethu L.P. School, Palliyara L.P. School, Anjilimoottil L.P. School (formerly known as Perkattu Pallikudam) and LPS Mullakkara. One of the main college is TKMM Arts College.
Pallippad is the home village of several Hindu temples such as Manakkattu Devi Temple, Neendoor Sreekrishnaswamy Temple, Erattakulangara Devi Temple, Thalathotta Siva temple, Shivamoorthi Temple, Vembolil Shree Bhadrakali Temple, Vazhuthanam Vishnu Temple, Pullambada Devi Temple, Mullakulangara Devi Temple, Arayakulangara Sree Krishnaswami Temple, Chempakasseril Sri Bhagavathy and Nagaraja Swami Temple, and Thalikkal Shiva Temple. Bhagavatha Sapthaham is held yearly in most of the temples. The purpose of Sapthaham is to provide positive energy to the believers by reading the Bhagavatham in seven days. Kuchela Jayanthi and Rukmini Swayamvaram are the most important parts of Sapthaham. Navaho Yagnam is performed in most of the Devi temples every year. Shivarathri Maholsavam is celebrated in Thalikkal Temple and Shivamoorthi Temple. Every year, during Thaipooya, Maholsavam Kavadiyattom goes to Haripad Subramanya Swamy temple from most of the listed temples. These holy temples exist here as a cultural representation of a community. These temples provide believers with complete freedom of belief and worship. They focus on considering the whole world as a single-family and spreading the value of love and life.
Notable Personalities
Madhu Muttam - screen writer,
References
^ a b "Census of India:Villages with population 5000 & above". Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pallippad.
vteAlappuzha districtCities and towns
Alappuzha
Ambalappuzha
Arookutty
Aroor
Chengannur
Cherthala
Chettikulangara
Edathua
Haripad
Kanjikkuzhi
Kayamkulam
Kokkothamangalam
Komalapuram
Mankombu
Mannar
Mararikulam
Mavelikkara
Muhamma
Pulinkunnu
Poochakkal
Padanilam
Takazhi
Vallikunnam
Blocks and PanchayatsAmbalappuzha
Ambalappuzha (North)
Ambalappuzha (South)
Punnapra (North)
Punnapra (South)
Purakkad
Aryad
Aryad
Mannanchery
Mararikkulam South
Muhamma
Bharanicavu
Bharanikkavu
Chunakkara
Mavelikkara Thamarakkulam
Nooranad
Palamel
Vallikunnam
Champakulam
Champakkulam
Edathua
Kainakary
Nedumudi
Thakazhy
Thalavadi
Chengannur
Ala
Budhannoor
Cheriyanad
Mulakkuzha
Pandanad
Puliyoor
Thiruvanvandur
Venmony
Harippad
Cheruthana
Harippad
Karthikappally
Karuvatta
Kumarapuram
Pallippad
Thrikkunnapuzha
Veeyapuram
Kanjikkuzhy
Cherthala South
Kadakkarappally
Kanjikuzhi
Mararikkulam North
Thanneermukkam
Mavelikkara
Chennithala Thriperumthara
Chettikulangara
Mannar
Mavelikkara Thekkekara
Thazhakkara
Muthukulam
Arattupuzha
Cheppad
Chingoli
Devikulangara
Kandalloor
Krishnapuram
Muthukulam
Pathiyoor
Pattanakkad
Aroor
Ezhupunna
Kodamthuruthu
Kuthiathodu
Pattanakkad
Thuravoor
Vayalar
Thycattussery
Arookutty
Chennampalippuram
Panavally
Perumbalam
Thaikattussery
Veliyanad
Kavalam
Muttar
Neelamperoor
Pulinkunnu
Ramankari
Veliyanad
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haripad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haripad"},{"link_name":"Alappuzha district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alappuzha_district"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-censusindia-1"},{"link_name":"Achankovil Aar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achankovil"},{"link_name":"Veeyapuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veeyapuram"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Travancore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancore"}],"text":"Grama Panchayath in Kerala, IndiaPallippad is a village near Haripad in Alappuzha district in the Indian state of Kerala.[1]\nThe name Pallippad is believed to be derived from Buddhist terminology.The famous River Achankovil Aar passes by Pallippad before it reaches Veeyapuram. The village has abundant water resources, small lakes, and water paths that connect to Alappuzha.Pallipad is surrounded by temples all around and is famous for its religious harmony. The traditions, culture, and rituals of Pallippad are extensions of the nearby town Haripad. Traditionally, Pallipad was considered the rice bowl of the Kingdom of Travancore.","title":"Pallippad"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thalikkal06.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Odanad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odanad"},{"link_name":"Kayamkulam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayamkulam"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Travancore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancore"},{"link_name":"Marthanda Varma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marthanda_Varma"},{"link_name":"Aluva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluva"},{"link_name":"Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin"}],"text":"Temple elephantPallippad is believed to have been a dense forest before human habitation. Fossil remains were found in the paddy field which justifies this argument.[citation needed] Pallippad was the border of Odanad state, whose capital was Kayamkulam and Odanad Ruler Raman Kothavarma is a topic of discussion in many historical documents.[citation needed]In 1746, the princely state was defeated by Travancore and its king, Marthanda Varma, on their search for rich paddy fields. The Vettuvelil Yajaman, then Chief Minister of Odanad, settled in Pallippad. After the defeat to Travancore, control of Pallippad went to the Aluva-based Brahmin family Akavoor Mana. Even now, many of the temples in Pallippad are headed by the same Brahmin family and its successors.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja"}],"text":"Mullavakulangara Padanilam: This place is considered one of the most prominent places in Pallippad, where the legendary war between the Chembakashery king and Odanand king of Kayamakulam is said to have taken place.Karimpalil Koickal Palace: King Marthanda Varma's guest house (1748) was in Pallippad.Gandhiji Smaraka Library: The building was constructed in 1948 after flowers from Gandhiji's Holy remains were put. The Golden Jubilee Memorial building was constructed with the assistance of Raja Rammohun Roy Library Foundation Kolkota, functioning as an A grade Library under The State Library Council.","title":"Sites"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The murals in the Arayakulangara Sri Krishna Swami temple are believed to have historical importance.","title":"Art"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-censusindia-1"},{"link_name":"Karthikappally Taluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karthikappally"},{"link_name":"Harippad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harippad"},{"link_name":"Achankovil River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achankovil_River"},{"link_name":"Naduvattom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naduvattom,_Malappuram"},{"link_name":"Manakkattu Devi Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manakkattu_Devi_Temple"}],"text":"As of the 2001 India census, Pallippad had a population of 24,902 with 11,733 males and 13,169 females.[1]Pallippad Village is part of the Karthikappally Taluk, whose headquarters are situated at Harippad. The Taluk Hospital is also situated in the Pallippad Panchayat limit, where high-quality paddy fields, coconut trees, and river sceneries (Achankovil River) can be spotted. Major schools like Nadevalel school (Naduvattom LPS) and Naduvattam High School are located near the Erattakkulangara temple. Other local schools include [\nKonginiyethu L.P. School, Palliyara L.P. School, Anjilimoottil L.P. School (formerly known as Perkattu Pallikudam) and LPS Mullakkara. One of the main college is TKMM Arts College.Pallippad is the home village of several Hindu temples such as Manakkattu Devi Temple, Neendoor Sreekrishnaswamy Temple, Erattakulangara Devi Temple, Thalathotta Siva temple, Shivamoorthi Temple, Vembolil Shree Bhadrakali Temple, Vazhuthanam Vishnu Temple, Pullambada Devi Temple, Mullakulangara Devi Temple, Arayakulangara Sree Krishnaswami Temple, Chempakasseril Sri Bhagavathy and Nagaraja Swami Temple, and Thalikkal Shiva Temple. Bhagavatha Sapthaham is held yearly in most of the temples. The purpose of Sapthaham is to provide positive energy to the believers by reading the Bhagavatham in seven days. Kuchela Jayanthi and Rukmini Swayamvaram are the most important parts of Sapthaham. Navaho Yagnam is performed in most of the Devi temples every year. Shivarathri Maholsavam is celebrated in Thalikkal Temple and Shivamoorthi Temple. Every year, during Thaipooya, Maholsavam Kavadiyattom goes to Haripad Subramanya Swamy temple from most of the listed temples. These holy temples exist here as a cultural representation of a community. These temples provide believers with complete freedom of belief and worship. They focus on considering the whole world as a single-family and spreading the value of love and life.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madhu Muttam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhu_Muttam"}],"text":"Madhu Muttam - screen writer,","title":"Notable Personalities"}]
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[{"image_text":"Temple elephant","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Thalikkal06.jpg/220px-Thalikkal06.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Census of India:Villages with population 5000 & above\". Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 10 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx","url_text":"\"Census of India:Villages with population 5000 & above\""},{"url":"http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/P","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pallippad&action=edit","external_links_name":"converting this section"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Census of India:Villages with population 5000 & above\""},{"Link":"http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/P","external_links_name":"the original"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiterek_Tower
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Baiterek (monument)
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["1 Design","2 Symbolism","3 Photo gallery","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Coordinates: 51°07′42″N 71°25′50″E / 51.12833°N 71.43056°E / 51.12833; 71.43056Landmark observation tower in Astana, Kazakhstan
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Baiterek towerKazakh: Бәйтерек, BäiterekRussian: БайтерекBaiterek TowerAlternative namesBayterekGeneral informationStatusCompletedTypeMonument,observation towerLocationAstana,KazakhstanCoordinates51°07′42″N 71°25′50″E / 51.12833°N 71.43056°E / 51.12833; 71.43056Construction startedOctober 25, 1996CompletedAugust 30, 2002Renovated2017HeightAntenna spire105 m (344 ft)Top floor97 m (318 ft)
Baiterek (Kazakh: Бәйтерек, romanized: Bäiterek; "tall poplar tree") is a monument and observation tower in Astana, the capital city of Kazakhstan. A tourist attraction popular with foreign visitors and Kazakhs, it is emblematic of the city, which became capital of the country in 1997. The tower is located on Nurjol Boulevard, and is considered a symbol of post-independence Kazakhstan.
Design
The project was launched on the initiative of the first President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev; the architect of the project is Akmurza Rustembekov.
The 105 meters tall structure rises from a wide flat base within a raised plaza. It consists of a narrow cylindrical shaft, surrounded by white branch-like girders that flare out near the top, supporting a gold-mirrored 22 meter diameter sphere. The base contains a ticket booth and exhibition space, with two lifts rising within the shaft to the observation deck within the 'egg'. Entrances to the monument are sunk below eye level, reached by stairs from the surrounding plaza.
The observation deck is 97 meters above ground level. It consists of two levels, one with 360 degree views of Astana and beyond, with a second, higher level, reached by a flight of stairs. The top level features a gilded hand print of the right hand of Nursultan Nazarbayev, the first President of independent Kazakhstan, mounted in an ornate pedestal. A plaque invites visitors to place a hand in the imprint and make a wish. Alongside the handprint, and also oriented in the direction of the presidential palace, is a wooden sculpture of a globe and 16 radiating segments, commemorating the Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions, held several times in Astana, previously known as "Nur-sultan"
Symbolism
The monument was built as a symbol of the transfer of the capital from Alma Ata to Astana in 1997.
The monument is meant to embody a folktale about a mythical tree of life and a magic bird of happiness: the bird, named Simurgh, laid her egg in the crevice between two branches of the tree.
The significance of "Baiterek" as a symbol of a new stage in the life of the Kazakh people is emphasized by the artistic composition "Ayaly alakan" (Kazakh: Аялы алақан - "caring hands") with an imprint of the president's right hand, located at a height of 97 meters, which symbolizes 1997 - the year of the proclamation Astana as the new capital of the state and, accordingly, a new starting point in the history of the country.
Photo gallery
The 10,000 Kazakhstani tenge note showing the image of the Bayterek tower
See also
History of Kazakhstan
References
^ Paul Brummell (7 September 2018). Kazakhstan. Bradt Travel Guides; Third edition. p. 92. ISBN 978-1784770921.
^ "Information on Kazakhstan". Archived from the original on 2022-07-04. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
^ "Baiterek Monument, Astana". Archived from the original on 2022-04-25. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
^ "Baiterek is the most recognizable brand of Kazakhstan". Archived from the original on 2022-04-12. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
^ "How giant tree legend turned into reality in Astana". Archived from the original on 2021-01-24. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
^ "Bayterek Tower". Archived from the original on 2022-05-26. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bayterek.
Bayterek Tower from "Abasayyoh"
Authority control databases: Geographic
Structurae
This Kazakhstan location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kazakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_language"},{"link_name":"poplar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populus"},{"link_name":"Astana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astana"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Nurjol Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurjol_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Landmark observation tower in Astana, KazakhstanBaiterek (Kazakh: Бәйтерек, romanized: Bäiterek; \"tall poplar tree\") is a monument and observation tower in Astana, the capital city of Kazakhstan. A tourist attraction popular with foreign visitors and Kazakhs, it is emblematic of the city, which became capital of the country in 1997. The tower is located on Nurjol Boulevard, and is considered a symbol of post-independence Kazakhstan.[1]","title":"Baiterek (monument)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nursultan Nazarbayev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Leaders_of_World_and_Traditional_Religions"},{"link_name":"Astana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astana"}],"text":"The project was launched on the initiative of the first President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev;[2] the architect of the project is Akmurza Rustembekov.[3]The 105 meters tall structure rises from a wide flat base within a raised plaza. It consists of a narrow cylindrical shaft, surrounded by white branch-like girders that flare out near the top, supporting a gold-mirrored 22 meter diameter sphere. The base contains a ticket booth and exhibition space, with two lifts rising within the shaft to the observation deck within the 'egg'. Entrances to the monument are sunk below eye level, reached by stairs from the surrounding plaza.The observation deck is 97 meters above ground level. It consists of two levels, one with 360 degree views of Astana and beyond, with a second, higher level, reached by a flight of stairs. The top level features a gilded hand print of the right hand of Nursultan Nazarbayev, the first President of independent Kazakhstan, mounted in an ornate pedestal.[4] A plaque invites visitors to place a hand in the imprint and make a wish. Alongside the handprint, and also oriented in the direction of the presidential palace, is a wooden sculpture of a globe and 16 radiating segments, commemorating the Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions, held several times in Astana, previously known as \"Nur-sultan\"","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alma Ata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Ata"},{"link_name":"Astana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astana"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Simurgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simurgh"},{"link_name":"Kazakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_language"}],"text":"The monument was built as a symbol of the transfer of the capital from Alma Ata to Astana in 1997.[5]The monument is meant to embody a folktale about a mythical tree of life and a magic bird[6] of happiness: the bird, named Simurgh, laid her egg in the crevice between two branches of the tree.The significance of \"Baiterek\" as a symbol of a new stage in the life of the Kazakh people is emphasized by the artistic composition \"Ayaly alakan\" (Kazakh: Аялы алақан - \"caring hands\") with an imprint of the president's right hand, located at a height of 97 meters, which symbolizes 1997 - the year of the proclamation Astana as the new capital of the state and, accordingly, a new starting point in the history of the country.","title":"Symbolism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kazakhstani_tenge_10000_(2006).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_from_Bayterek_tower.jpg"}],"text":"The 10,000 Kazakhstani tenge note showing the image of the Bayterek tower","title":"Photo gallery"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"History of Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan"}]
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[{"reference":"Paul Brummell (7 September 2018). Kazakhstan. Bradt Travel Guides; Third edition. p. 92. ISBN 978-1784770921.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1784770921","url_text":"978-1784770921"}]},{"reference":"\"Information on Kazakhstan\". Archived from the original on 2022-07-04. Retrieved 2022-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.centralasia-travel.com/en/countries/kazakhstan","url_text":"\"Information on Kazakhstan\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220704090117/https://www.centralasia-travel.com/en/countries/kazakhstan","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Baiterek Monument, Astana\". Archived from the original on 2022-04-25. Retrieved 2022-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.advantour.com/kazakhstan/nur-sultan/bayterek.htm","url_text":"\"Baiterek Monument, Astana\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220425192658/https://www.advantour.com/kazakhstan/nur-sultan/bayterek.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Baiterek is the most recognizable brand of Kazakhstan\". Archived from the original on 2022-04-12. Retrieved 2022-04-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://khabar.kz/ru/news/obshchestvo/item/136357-bajterek-samyj-uznavaemyj-brend-kazakhstana","url_text":"\"Baiterek is the most recognizable brand of Kazakhstan\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220412180726/https://khabar.kz/ru/news/obshchestvo/item/136357-bajterek-samyj-uznavaemyj-brend-kazakhstana","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"How giant tree legend turned into reality in Astana\". Archived from the original on 2021-01-24. Retrieved 2022-04-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://lenta.inform.kz/en/how-giant-tree-legend-turned-into-reality-in-astana_a3286232","url_text":"\"How giant tree legend turned into reality in Astana\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210124124713/https://lenta.inform.kz/en/how-giant-tree-legend-turned-into-reality-in-astana_a3286232","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bayterek Tower\". Archived from the original on 2022-05-26. Retrieved 2022-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://kazakhstan.travel/tourist-spot/en/175/bayterek-tower","url_text":"\"Bayterek Tower\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220526231205/https://kazakhstan.travel/tourist-spot/en/175/bayterek-tower","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitz_(Portuguese_magazine)
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Blitz (Portuguese magazine)
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["1 History and profile","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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Portuguese popular culture website/magazine
For the British magazine, see BLITZ.
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese. (February 2023) Click for important translation instructions.
Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
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BlitzCategoriesMusic website/magazineFounded1 November 1984; 39 years ago (1984-11-01)CompanyImpresa GroupCountryPortugalBased inPaço de ArcosLanguagePortugueseWebsitehttps://expresso.pt/blitz
Blitz is a Portuguese media brand that focus on popular music and pop culture, based in Paço de Arcos. Since February 2018, the brand is present only on digital media and sporadic, special printed editions. Between November 1984 and April 2006, Blitz took the form of a weekly newspaper. Later, between June 2006 and January 2018, Blitz was issued as monthly magazine. It was one of the early music publications in Portugal.
History and profile
Blitz was founded in November 1984. The magazine is based in Lisbon and is published by Medipress.
In July 1992, it was acquired by Impresa, which gave the magazine access to more advanced technology, like color treatment. In June 2006, Blitz began to be published on a monthly basis.
The 2004 circulation of Blitz was about 20,000 copies. Its circulation was 16,000 copies in 2007. The magazine had a circulation of 16,344 copies in 2010 and 14,008 in 2011. The circulation of the magazine was 10,648 copies in 2012.
In late 2017, Impresa announced that the regular (i.e., monthly) publication of Blitz would cease to exist and that the Blitz brand would still be present in the form of its website and special, non-monthly editions of the magazine. It is expected that there would be published at least three special editions of the magazine in 2018. Since 2018, Blitz and Expresso are the only printed publications owned by Impresa.
See also
List of magazines in Portugal
References
^ a b Rui Alexandre Novais; Hugo Ferro (2013). "Media Stratups in a Creative Destructive Scenario" (PDF). II. International Conference on Communication, Media, Technology and Design. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
^ Richard Elliott (2010). Fado and the Place of Longing: Loss, Memory and the City. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-7546-6795-7. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
^ "Blitz (Portugal)". Publicitas. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
^ "Singies". Billboard. 3 April 2004. p. 58. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
^ Anne Austin; et al. (2008). "Western Europe Market and Media Fact" (PDF). ZenithOptimedia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
^ a b "Top 50 Magazines". IFABC. 30 April 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
^ a b Miguel Cadete (18 December 2017). "BLITZ: Começar outra vez". Blitz (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
External links
Official website
vteMusic of PortugalStyles
Cante Alentejano
Classical
Desgarrada
Fado
Folk
Hip hop
Jazz
Pimba
Popular
Rock
History
Samples
Timeline
Awards
Blitz Music Awards
Charts
AFP TOP 30 Artists
AFP TOP 10 Compilations
AFP TOP 30 Music DVDs
Festivals
Boom
EDP Cool Jazz
MEO Marés Vivas
Milhões de Festa
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NOS Alive
Paredes de Coura
Rock in Rio Lisboa
Super Bock Super Rock
Sumol Summer Fest
Sudoeste
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Media
Antena 3
Blitz
M80
Mega FM
MTV Portugal
Promusica
Rádio Comercial
RFM
RUC
RUM
Bodyspace
National anthem
A Portuguesa
Regional music
Alentejo
Algarve
Azores
Beiras
Entre-Douro-e-Minho
Estremadura
Madeira
Ribatejo
Trás-os-Montes e Alto-Douro
People
List of Portuguese bands
List of Portuguese musicians
List of Portuguese singers
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BLITZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLITZ"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"Paço de Arcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%A7o_de_Arcos"}],"text":"For the British magazine, see BLITZ.Blitz is a Portuguese media brand that focus on popular music and pop culture, based in Paço de Arcos. Since February 2018, the brand is present only on digital media and sporadic, special printed editions. Between November 1984 and April 2006, Blitz took the form of a weekly newspaper. Later, between June 2006 and January 2018, Blitz was issued as monthly magazine. It was one of the early music publications in Portugal.","title":"Blitz (Portuguese magazine)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rui-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Impresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impresa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rui-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ifa-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ifa-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blitz.sapo.pt-7"},{"link_name":"Expresso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expresso_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blitz.sapo.pt-7"}],"text":"Blitz was founded in November 1984.[1][2] The magazine is based in Lisbon and is published by Medipress.[3]In July 1992, it was acquired by Impresa, which gave the magazine access to more advanced technology, like color treatment. In June 2006, Blitz began to be published on a monthly basis.[1]The 2004 circulation of Blitz was about 20,000 copies.[4] Its circulation was 16,000 copies in 2007.[5] The magazine had a circulation of 16,344 copies in 2010 and 14,008 in 2011.[6] The circulation of the magazine was 10,648 copies in 2012.[6]In late 2017, Impresa announced that the regular (i.e., monthly) publication of Blitz would cease to exist and that the Blitz brand would still be present in the form of its website and special, non-monthly editions of the magazine.[7] It is expected that there would be published at least three special editions of the magazine in 2018. Since 2018, Blitz and Expresso are the only printed publications owned by Impresa.[7]","title":"History and profile"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of magazines in Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_magazines_in_Portugal"}]
|
[{"reference":"Rui Alexandre Novais; Hugo Ferro (2013). \"Media Stratups in a Creative Destructive Scenario\" (PDF). II. International Conference on Communication, Media, Technology and Design. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141211134010/http://www.cmdconf.net/2013/makale/PDF/29.pdf","url_text":"\"Media Stratups in a Creative Destructive Scenario\""},{"url":"http://www.cmdconf.net/2013/makale/PDF/29.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Richard Elliott (2010). Fado and the Place of Longing: Loss, Memory and the City. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-7546-6795-7. Retrieved 19 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Sa-gR-P-pVEC&pg=PA143","url_text":"Fado and the Place of Longing: Loss, Memory and the City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6795-7","url_text":"978-0-7546-6795-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Blitz (Portugal)\". Publicitas. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141129041347/http://www.publicitas.com/spain/media-solutions/factsheet/mediadata/blitz-portugal/?PARAM1=AL4BL2#.VGw7_1esUX4","url_text":"\"Blitz (Portugal)\""},{"url":"http://www.publicitas.com/spain/media-solutions/factsheet/mediadata/blitz-portugal/?PARAM1=AL4BL2#.VGw7_1esUX4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Singies\". Billboard. 3 April 2004. p. 58. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved 19 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FhAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA58","url_text":"\"Singies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"Anne Austin; et al. (2008). \"Western Europe Market and Media Fact\" (PDF). ZenithOptimedia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150205131709/http://conan.lib.muohio.edu/ebooks/Western_Europe_Market_MediaFact_2008/Western%20Europe%20Market%20%26%20MediaFact%202008.pdf","url_text":"\"Western Europe Market and Media Fact\""},{"url":"http://conan.lib.muohio.edu/ebooks/Western_Europe_Market_MediaFact_2008/Western%20Europe%20Market%20&%20MediaFact%202008.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 50 Magazines\". IFABC. 30 April 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://ifabc.org/site/assets/media/Top-50-magazines-30042014.xlsx","url_text":"\"Top 50 Magazines\""}]},{"reference":"Miguel Cadete (18 December 2017). \"BLITZ: Começar outra vez\". Blitz (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180219031220/http://blitz.sapo.pt/opiniao/2017-12-18-BLITZ-Comecar-outra-vez","url_text":"\"BLITZ: Começar outra vez\""},{"url":"http://blitz.sapo.pt/opiniao/2017-12-18-BLITZ-Comecar-outra-vez","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://expresso.pt/blitz","external_links_name":"https://expresso.pt/blitz"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141211134010/http://www.cmdconf.net/2013/makale/PDF/29.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Media Stratups in a Creative Destructive Scenario\""},{"Link":"http://www.cmdconf.net/2013/makale/PDF/29.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Sa-gR-P-pVEC&pg=PA143","external_links_name":"Fado and the Place of Longing: Loss, Memory and the City"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141129041347/http://www.publicitas.com/spain/media-solutions/factsheet/mediadata/blitz-portugal/?PARAM1=AL4BL2#.VGw7_1esUX4","external_links_name":"\"Blitz (Portugal)\""},{"Link":"http://www.publicitas.com/spain/media-solutions/factsheet/mediadata/blitz-portugal/?PARAM1=AL4BL2#.VGw7_1esUX4","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FhAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA58","external_links_name":"\"Singies\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","external_links_name":"0006-2510"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150205131709/http://conan.lib.muohio.edu/ebooks/Western_Europe_Market_MediaFact_2008/Western%20Europe%20Market%20%26%20MediaFact%202008.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Western Europe Market and Media Fact\""},{"Link":"http://conan.lib.muohio.edu/ebooks/Western_Europe_Market_MediaFact_2008/Western%20Europe%20Market%20&%20MediaFact%202008.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://ifabc.org/site/assets/media/Top-50-magazines-30042014.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Top 50 Magazines\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180219031220/http://blitz.sapo.pt/opiniao/2017-12-18-BLITZ-Comecar-outra-vez","external_links_name":"\"BLITZ: Começar outra vez\""},{"Link":"http://blitz.sapo.pt/opiniao/2017-12-18-BLITZ-Comecar-outra-vez","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://expresso.pt/blitz","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Blume
|
Georg Blume
|
["1 Publications","2 References"]
|
German journalist
Georg Blume in 2015
Georg Blume (born 1963 in Hanover) is a German journalist and has been a correspondent in Beijing (China) for the German newspapers Die Zeit and taz since 1997. He has reported repeatedly on human rights issues and environmental scandals in China.
Before being posted in China he has reported from Japan and France.
He was one of the last independent reporters from Lhasa during the 2008 unrest in Tibet before being de facto expelled from the region.
Publications
“China is not an evil empire: Berlin und Beijing should cooperate despite Tibet”
References
^ Peking setzt Armee gegen Nonnen ein – NZZ am Sonntag, March 23, 2008
^ Foreign reporters forced out of Tibet – UPI March 20, 2008
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Poland
Other
IdRef
This article about a German writer or poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a German journalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[{"image_text":"Georg Blume in 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Georg_Blume_-_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Georg_Blume_-_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/ZSGQPUNRCPBDQUDMYK2GNGZAIAPXQTYS","external_links_name":"“China is not an evil empire: Berlin und Beijing should cooperate despite Tibet”"},{"Link":"http://www.nzz.ch/nachrichten/international/peking_setzt_armee_gegen_nonnen_ein_1.693952.html","external_links_name":"Peking setzt Armee gegen Nonnen ein"},{"Link":"http://www.upi.com/NewsTrack/Top_News/2008/03/20/foreign_reporters_forced_out_of_tibet/1758/","external_links_name":"Foreign reporters forced out of Tibet"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000049431101","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/52906361","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmpckj7wvrhrYX4Y83YT3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/135554721","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2003020088","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810579361405606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/077739574","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Blume&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Blume&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go!_(airline)
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Go! (airline)
|
["1 History","1.1 Lawsuits over formation","1.2 Attempted Name Change to Aloha","1.3 Name change to Go! Mokulele","1.4 2008 incident and investigation","2 Destinations","2.1 United States","3 Fleet","4 Go! Miles","5 Incidents and accidents","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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US regional airline
For other airlines, see Go Airlines (disambiguation).
Go!
IATA
ICAO
Callsign
YV
ASH
AIR SHUTTLE
Founded2005Ceased operationsApril 1, 2014HubsHonolulu International AirportFrequent-flyer programGo! MilesSubsidiariesGo!ExpressFleet size2Destinations6Parent companyMesa Air GroupHeadquartersPhoenix, ArizonaKey peopleJonathan G. Ornstein (CEO)Christopher Pappaioanou (President)Websitewww.iflygo.com
A CRJ-200 showing Go!'s original livery
go! Mokulele CRJ-200 at Honolulu International Airport
A CRJ-200 showing Go!'s simplified livery
Go! (styled as go!) was a regional brand of Arizona-based Mesa Airlines. Go! operated inter-island services within Hawaii. Its main base was Honolulu International Airport. It was a division within the Mesa Airlines subsidiary of Mesa Air Group and its flights were operated by Mesa Airlines. The airline ceased operations in Hawaii on April 1, 2014. The company slogan was Hawaii's Low Fare Airline.
History
Regional carrier Mesa Airlines started Go!'s inter-island operations on June 9, 2006, using five Bombardier CRJ-200 regional jet aircraft.
In September 2006, the airline announced that it had reached an agreement with Mokulele Airlines, whereby Mokulele would operate Cessna Grand Caravan aircraft to Kapalua, Molokai, and Lanai under the name Go!Express. Service began with flights from Kapalua to Honolulu, Kahului, and Kona on April 17, 2007. Service began for flights to Molokai on July 21, 2007 and flights to Lanai on October 6, 2007. Following Mokulele's agreement with Republic Airways Holdings to have that company operate flights in Hawaii using 70-seat jets, Mesa announced that it would be terminating the Go!Express agreement with Mokulele in April 2009. The airline later accelerated plans to terminate the agreement with Mokulele, and ended the code-share on March 24, 2009, replacing it with a new agreement with Island Air that allowed Mesa to sell existing Island Air flights with the Go!Express name.
On March 17, 2014, Mesa announced that Go! would cease service on April 1, 2014, with its aircraft re-deployed to support Mesa's operations on the U.S. mainland. The airline also stated that a long term increase in the cost of fuel had prevented the operation from being profitable.
Lawsuits over formation
In February 2006, before the airline had started flying, Hawaiian Airlines filed a complaint for injunctive relief. In its complaint, Hawaiian Airlines noted that Mesa Air Group had been a potential investor during Hawaiian's Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings and as such, had access to confidential business data that it alleged Mesa then used in developing Go!. Hawaiian claimed that the confidentiality agreement under which potential investors were given access to the data prohibited the use of that information to compete with Hawaiian for a period of two years.
In a memo explaining his decision to rule against Hawaiian's request for a preliminary injunction, U.S. Bankruptcy Judge Robert Faris wrote that e-mail made public during Hawaiian Airlines lawsuit raised "real doubts about the propriety of Mesa's conduct."
In March 2006, Mesa filed a counter suit, claiming that Hawaiian was violating antitrust law by trying to keep Mesa out of Hawaii, using legal maneuvers to prevent Mesa from offering fares below the prevailing fares offered by Hawaiian. Mesa also alleged that Hawaiian had coerced two freight forwarders into refusing parts and equipment Mesa wanted to ship to Hawaii for the new airline. Faris dismissed the counter suit on December 8, 2006, and at that time set an opening trial date on September 25, 2007.
In October 2006, Aloha Airlines parent Aloha Airgroup filed a lawsuit similar to Hawaiian's, claiming that Mesa received confidential information during Aloha's Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings and improperly used it to enter the Hawaii inter-island market with the intent of driving Aloha out of business.
On March 20, 2008, Aloha Airlines filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. Citing record high fuel prices and inter-island competition with Go!, it ceased passenger operation 11 days later.
As the trial date approached, it became known that Mesa's chief financial officer, George "Peter" Murnane III, had e-mailed an acquaintance about a week after Hawaiian filed suit, first asking for information about how to delete files in such a way that they could not be discovered, then confirming that the files in question were deleted. Mesa placed Murnane on paid administrative leave on September 22, 2007. Hawaiian contended that Murnane deleted the files maliciously in an attempt to destroy evidence that would show that Mesa improperly used confidential data. Mesa contended that Murnane accidentally deleted the files in question in an attempt to remove pornographic material from his computer.
On September 27, in a pretrial hearing, Faris preliminarily ruled that Mesa had misused confidential information in setting up Go!, and failed to return or destroy confidential data acquired during the bankruptcy proceedings. "The misuse was a substantial factor in Mesa's decision on entering the Hawaii market," said Faris. Faris, however, deferred any decision on damages pending the outcome of the trial, saying it still needed to be decided whether the information existed in the public domain. Following the hearing which lasted from September 28 to October 4, Faris ruled on October 30 that Mesa had misused the confidential information and ordered Mesa to pay Hawaiian $80 million, while rejecting Hawaiian's request to bar Go! from selling tickets for one year. Following the ruling, Mesa requested a retrial claiming it had recovered the previously lost evidence on a third hard drive. On December 13, Faris denied the request on the basis that new evidence would likely not change the outcome of the trial, and the airline planned to proceed with its appeal of the decision to US District Court. On April 30, 2008, the two airlines announced a settlement had been reached whereby Mesa would withdraw its appeal of the judgment and would pay Hawaiian $52.5 million.
Attempted Name Change to Aloha
On November 28, 2008, Go!'s parent company, Mesa Air Group, announced that it had reached an agreement with Yucaipa Cos., the former majority holder of Aloha Airlines, to settle Aloha's lawsuit. Among the terms of the agreement was that Yucaipa would license the Aloha Airlines name to Mesa, which would rebrand the Go! operation as Aloha Airlines. While Yucaipa was the successful high bidder for the rights to Aloha's name, bankruptcy judge Lloyd King temporarily blocked the deal and postponed a hearing on the deal until February 19, in order to give supporters and opponents time to respond. On March 3, 2009, bankruptcy judge Lloyd King blocked the sale of Aloha's name and brand on the grounds that the auction was not public and must be reheld. On May 14, 2009, he blocked Mesa from rebranding Go! as Aloha.
Name change to Go! Mokulele
In October 2009, Mesa Air Group and Republic Airways Holdings merged their competing subsidiaries, Go! and Mokulele Airlines, into a joint venture, go! Mokulele. Mesa's CRJ-200 aircraft continued to operate jet service, supplemented by Mokulele's Cessna 208 Grand Caravan turboprop aircraft. Embraer 170 aircraft, operated on behalf of Mokulele by Republic subsidiary Shuttle America, were removed from Hawaii service. Mesa maintained a 75% stake in the joint venture, with Republic holding the remaining 25%.
Mokulele aircraft remained on the Mokulele operating certificate, while the go! Mokulele aircraft remained on the Mesa Airlines operating certificate.
During the concluding months of 2011 it was announced the complete divestiture of the Mokulele Airlines turboprop operations from Mesa Air Group's joint venture with Republic Airways Holdings. In June 2012, Mesa began the process of dropping the "go! Mokulele" name and reverting to "go!".
2008 incident and investigation
The Federal Aviation Administration opened an investigation into whether two Go! pilots fell asleep during a 36-minute flight between Honolulu and Hilo. Flight 1002 on February 13, 2008, overshot Hilo Airport by 30 miles (26 nmi; 48 km), remaining 21,000 feet (6,401 m) in the air as it missed the destination. Air traffic controllers were unable to reach the two pilots for 25 minutes, after which contact was re-established and the aircraft returned for a safe landing in Hilo. The pilots were later fired over the incident. On September 24, 2008 the FAA announced that the licenses of both pilots had been suspended. The Captain had his suspended for 60 days, while the First Officer had his suspended for 45 days. No action was taken against Go! because sufficient rest was provided for both crew members prior to the flight. During the investigations, however, it was found that the Captain in fact suffered from a sleep disorder known as severe obstructive sleep apnea. This is a condition that causes a person to stop breathing intermittently during sleep, thus preventing a full night's rest.
Destinations
Mesa Airlines operated flights on behalf of Go! to the following destinations:
United States
Hawaii
Hilo (Hilo International Airport)
Honolulu (Honolulu International Airport) Hub
Kahului (Kahului Airport)
Kona (Kona International Airport)
Lihue (Lihue Airport)
Fleet
As of October 2012, the Go! fleet consisted of the following aircraft.
Go! Airlines Fleet
Aircraft
Total
Passengers
Routes
Bombardier CRJ200
2
50
Commuter
As of October 2012, Go!'s average fleet age was 13.2 years.
The airline had delayed plans to order eight to twelve larger aircraft, either the Bombardier CRJ900 or Embraer 195, to replace the CRJ200s.
Go! Miles
Each flight on Go! earned 500 miles in the airline's Go! Miles program. Upon accruing 5,000 miles, the participant was awarded one one-way segment on Go!.
Incidents and accidents
Go! Flight 1002 missed its airport and flew beyond for 15 minutes (26 nautical miles ) after its pilots fell asleep in the cockpit, on February 13, 2008. The Canadair CRJ-200 (tail number N651BR) was flying from Honolulu to Hilo in Hawaii.
See also
List of defunct airlines of the United States
References
^ a b "Directory: World Airlines". Flight International. 2007-04-03. p. 87.
^ a b "go! Route Information". Mesa Air Group web site. Archived from the original on 2007-05-10. Retrieved 2007-05-19.
^ a b "Go! airlines to stop Hawaii operations on April 1". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. March 17, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2014.
^ "go! and Mokulele Airlines Establish Code Share Agreement" (Press release). Mesa Air Group. 2006-09-14. Retrieved 2006-10-11.
^ "go!Express launches". American City Business Journals. April 18, 2007.
^ Segal, Dave (2009-01-13). "Go! cuts quarterly loss for third time". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Archived from the original on 2009-07-22. Retrieved 2009-01-13.
^ Segal, Dave (2009-03-23). "Mesa ends deal with Mokulele". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Archived from the original on 2009-07-22. Retrieved 2009-03-23.
^ Daysog, Rick (2006-02-14). "Hawaiian Airlines sues new competitor". The Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved 2006-06-03.
^ Faris, Robert (2006-10-05). "Memorandum of Decision on Motion for Preliminary Injunction" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-10-10.
^ Segal, Dave (2006-03-17). "Mesa countersues Hawaiian Air". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 2006-06-05.
^ "Judge throws out Mesa countersuit". American City Business Journals. December 8, 2006.
^ "Aloha Airlines Sues Mesa Air Group for Misuse of Confidential Information" (Press release). Aloha Airgroup. 2006-10-13. Retrieved 2006-10-13.
^ Rick Daysog (2007-09-23). "Deleted files at heart of Hawaiian v. Mesa trial". Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved 2007-09-28.
^ "Key Mesa figure put on leave". Honolulu Advertiser. 2007-09-22. Retrieved 2007-09-28.
^ Rick Daysog (2007-09-24). "Mesa says key Hawaii files deleted in purge". Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved 2007-09-28.
^ Rick Daysog (2007-09-28). "Judge says Hawaiian Air rival misused data". Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved 2007-09-28.
^ Dave Segal (2007-09-28). "Mesa came to isles via Hawaiian's data". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 2007-09-28.
^ Daysog, Rick (2007-10-30). "Mesa ordered to pay Hawaiian Air $80M". The Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved 2007-10-30.
^ Consillio, Kristen (2007-12-14). "Judge denies Mesa retrial". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
^ "Hawaiian settles Mesa lawsuit for $52.5M". American City Business Journals. April 30, 2008.
^ Gomes, Andrew (2008-11-29). "Aloha Airlines name may return to Hawaii skies in Mesa deal". The Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
^ Segal, David (2008-12-04). "No Aloha for go!". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
^ Segal, Dave (2009-03-03). "Judge invalidates Yucaipa purchase of Aloha name". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
^ Segal, David (2009-05-16). "No 'Aloha' for go!". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 2009-05-16.
^ "Mesa's go!, Republic's Mokulele form Hawaiian joint venture." ATW Daily News. Thursday October 15, 2009. Retrieved on October 19, 2009.
^ Segal, Dave (June 21, 2012). "Airline's parent sheds less-than-sleek name and returns to 'go!'". Honolulu Star-Advertiser.
^ "NTSB confirms pilots fell asleep - The Honolulu Advertiser - Hawaii's Newspaper". Retrieved 22 September 2016.
^ Daysog, Rick (2008-02-19). "FAA probing whether go! pilots fell asleep on flight". Honolulu Advertiser. Archived from the original on 2012-07-03. Retrieved 2008-02-20.
^ "Airline fires 2 pilots who overshot Hawaii runway". USA Today. Associated Press. 2008-04-24. Retrieved 2010-09-26.
^ "FAA suspends sleeping airline pilots". NBC News. Associated Press. 2008-09-24. Retrieved 2010-10-05.
^ "Go! Fleet of CRJ (Active)".
^ "Fleet age Go! - Airfleets aviation". Retrieved 22 September 2016.
^ Segal, Dave (2006-07-15). "Local airline battle flares anew". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
^ Segal, Dave (2007-01-26). "Mesa's delays plan to swap its fleet for larger aircraft". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 2007-01-26.
^ 'The Aviation Herald' "Report: Mesa CRJ2 near Hilo on Feb 13th 2008, veered off course 26nm, both pilots asleep" Simon Hradecky Wednesday, Dec 24th 2008 22:12Z (accessed 25 October 2009)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Go! (airline).
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Go Airlines (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Airlines_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:425bd_-_Go!_Canadair_RJ200ER;_N654BR@HNL;01.10.2006_(4949481061).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Go-Mokulele.jpg"},{"link_name":"go! Mokulele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go!_Mokulele"},{"link_name":"Honolulu International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_International_Airport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Go_CRJ-200_OGG_N87353.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mesa Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Honolulu International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI-1"},{"link_name":"Mesa Air Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa_Air_Group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-go_routes-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goend-3"}],"text":"For other airlines, see Go Airlines (disambiguation).A CRJ-200 showing Go!'s original liverygo! Mokulele CRJ-200 at Honolulu International AirportA CRJ-200 showing Go!'s simplified liveryGo! (styled as go!) was a regional brand of Arizona-based Mesa Airlines. Go! operated inter-island services within Hawaii. Its main base was Honolulu International Airport.[1] It was a division within the Mesa Airlines subsidiary of Mesa Air Group and its flights were operated by Mesa Airlines.[2] The airline ceased operations in Hawaii on April 1, 2014.[3] The company slogan was Hawaii's Low Fare Airline.","title":"Go! (airline)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI-1"},{"link_name":"Bombardier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_Canadair_Regional_Jet"},{"link_name":"CRJ-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_CRJ200"},{"link_name":"Mokulele Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokulele_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Cessna Grand Caravan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_208"},{"link_name":"Kapalua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapalua,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Molokai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molokai"},{"link_name":"Lanai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanai"},{"link_name":"Go!Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go!Express"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Molokai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molokai"},{"link_name":"Lanai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanai"},{"link_name":"Republic Airways Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Airways_Holdings"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Island Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Air_(Hawaii)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goend-3"}],"text":"Regional carrier Mesa Airlines started Go!'s inter-island operations on June 9, 2006,[1] using five Bombardier CRJ-200 regional jet aircraft.In September 2006, the airline announced that it had reached an agreement with Mokulele Airlines, whereby Mokulele would operate Cessna Grand Caravan aircraft to Kapalua, Molokai, and Lanai under the name Go!Express. Service began with flights from Kapalua to Honolulu, Kahului, and Kona on April 17, 2007.[4][5] Service began for flights to Molokai on July 21, 2007 and flights to Lanai on October 6, 2007. Following Mokulele's agreement with Republic Airways Holdings to have that company operate flights in Hawaii using 70-seat jets, Mesa announced that it would be terminating the Go!Express agreement with Mokulele in April 2009.[6] The airline later accelerated plans to terminate the agreement with Mokulele, and ended the code-share on March 24, 2009, replacing it with a new agreement with Island Air that allowed Mesa to sell existing Island Air flights with the Go!Express name.[7]On March 17, 2014, Mesa announced that Go! would cease service on April 1, 2014, with its aircraft re-deployed to support Mesa's operations on the U.S. mainland. The airline also stated that a long term increase in the cost of fuel had prevented the operation from being profitable.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hawaiian Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Chapter 11 bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_11,_Title_11,_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"preliminary injunction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preliminary_injunction"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"antitrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust"},{"link_name":"freight forwarders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freight_forwarder"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Aloha Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloha_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adv070923-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adv070922-14"},{"link_name":"pornographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornography"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adv070924-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adv070928-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sb070928-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal"},{"link_name":"US District Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_District_Court"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Lawsuits over formation","text":"In February 2006, before the airline had started flying, Hawaiian Airlines filed a complaint for injunctive relief. In its complaint, Hawaiian Airlines noted that Mesa Air Group had been a potential investor during Hawaiian's Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings and as such, had access to confidential business data that it alleged Mesa then used in developing Go!. Hawaiian claimed that the confidentiality agreement under which potential investors were given access to the data prohibited the use of that information to compete with Hawaiian for a period of two years.[8]In a memo explaining his decision to rule against Hawaiian's request for a preliminary injunction, U.S. Bankruptcy Judge Robert Faris wrote that e-mail made public during Hawaiian Airlines lawsuit raised \"real doubts about the propriety of Mesa's conduct.\"[9]In March 2006, Mesa filed a counter suit, claiming that Hawaiian was violating antitrust law by trying to keep Mesa out of Hawaii, using legal maneuvers to prevent Mesa from offering fares below the prevailing fares offered by Hawaiian. Mesa also alleged that Hawaiian had coerced two freight forwarders into refusing parts and equipment Mesa wanted to ship to Hawaii for the new airline.[10] Faris dismissed the counter suit on December 8, 2006, and at that time set an opening trial date on September 25, 2007.[11]In October 2006, Aloha Airlines parent Aloha Airgroup filed a lawsuit similar to Hawaiian's, claiming that Mesa received confidential information during Aloha's Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings and improperly used it to enter the Hawaii inter-island market with the intent of driving Aloha out of business.[12]On March 20, 2008, Aloha Airlines filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. Citing record high fuel prices and inter-island competition with Go!, it ceased passenger operation 11 days later.As the trial date approached, it became known that Mesa's chief financial officer, George \"Peter\" Murnane III, had e-mailed an acquaintance about a week after Hawaiian filed suit, first asking for information about how to delete files in such a way that they could not be discovered, then confirming that the files in question were deleted.[13] Mesa placed Murnane on paid administrative leave on September 22, 2007.[14] Hawaiian contended that Murnane deleted the files maliciously in an attempt to destroy evidence that would show that Mesa improperly used confidential data. Mesa contended that Murnane accidentally deleted the files in question in an attempt to remove pornographic material from his computer.[15]On September 27, in a pretrial hearing, Faris preliminarily ruled that Mesa had misused confidential information in setting up Go!, and failed to return or destroy confidential data acquired during the bankruptcy proceedings. \"The misuse was a substantial factor in Mesa's decision on entering the Hawaii market,\" said Faris.[16] Faris, however, deferred any decision on damages pending the outcome of the trial, saying it still needed to be decided whether the information existed in the public domain.[17] Following the hearing which lasted from September 28 to October 4, Faris ruled on October 30 that Mesa had misused the confidential information and ordered Mesa to pay Hawaiian $80 million, while rejecting Hawaiian's request to bar Go! from selling tickets for one year.[18] Following the ruling, Mesa requested a retrial claiming it had recovered the previously lost evidence on a third hard drive. On December 13, Faris denied the request on the basis that new evidence would likely not change the outcome of the trial, and the airline planned to proceed with its appeal of the decision to US District Court.[19] On April 30, 2008, the two airlines announced a settlement had been reached whereby Mesa would withdraw its appeal of the judgment and would pay Hawaiian $52.5 million.[20]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aloha Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloha_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Attempted Name Change to Aloha","text":"On November 28, 2008, Go!'s parent company, Mesa Air Group, announced that it had reached an agreement with Yucaipa Cos., the former majority holder of Aloha Airlines, to settle Aloha's lawsuit. Among the terms of the agreement was that Yucaipa would license the Aloha Airlines name to Mesa, which would rebrand the Go! operation as Aloha Airlines.[21] While Yucaipa was the successful high bidder for the rights to Aloha's name, bankruptcy judge Lloyd King temporarily blocked the deal and postponed a hearing on the deal until February 19, in order to give supporters and opponents time to respond.[22] On March 3, 2009, bankruptcy judge Lloyd King blocked the sale of Aloha's name and brand on the grounds that the auction was not public and must be reheld.[23] On May 14, 2009, he blocked Mesa from rebranding Go! as Aloha.[24]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic Airways Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Airways_Holdings"},{"link_name":"Mokulele Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokulele_Airlines"},{"link_name":"go! Mokulele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go!_Mokulele"},{"link_name":"Cessna 208","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_208"},{"link_name":"Embraer 170","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer_170"},{"link_name":"Shuttle America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle_America"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"operating certificate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_certificate"},{"link_name":"Mesa Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Name change to Go! Mokulele","text":"In October 2009, Mesa Air Group and Republic Airways Holdings merged their competing subsidiaries, Go! and Mokulele Airlines, into a joint venture, go! Mokulele. Mesa's CRJ-200 aircraft continued to operate jet service, supplemented by Mokulele's Cessna 208 Grand Caravan turboprop aircraft. Embraer 170 aircraft, operated on behalf of Mokulele by Republic subsidiary Shuttle America, were removed from Hawaii service. Mesa maintained a 75% stake in the joint venture, with Republic holding the remaining 25%.[25]\nMokulele aircraft remained on the Mokulele operating certificate, while the go! Mokulele aircraft remained on the Mesa Airlines operating certificate.During the concluding months of 2011 it was announced the complete divestiture of the Mokulele Airlines turboprop operations from Mesa Air Group's joint venture with Republic Airways Holdings. In June 2012, Mesa began the process of dropping the \"go! Mokulele\" name and reverting to \"go!\".[26]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Aviation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Hilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilo_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"obstructive sleep apnea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructive_sleep_apnea"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"2008 incident and investigation","text":"The Federal Aviation Administration opened an investigation into whether two Go! pilots fell asleep during a 36-minute flight between Honolulu and Hilo. Flight 1002 on February 13, 2008, overshot Hilo Airport by 30 miles (26 nmi; 48 km),[27] remaining 21,000 feet (6,401 m) in the air as it missed the destination. Air traffic controllers were unable to reach the two pilots for 25 minutes, after which contact was re-established and the aircraft returned for a safe landing in Hilo. The pilots were later fired over the incident.[28][29] On September 24, 2008 the FAA announced that the licenses of both pilots had been suspended. The Captain had his suspended for 60 days, while the First Officer had his suspended for 45 days. No action was taken against Go! because sufficient rest was provided for both crew members prior to the flight. During the investigations, however, it was found that the Captain in fact suffered from a sleep disorder known as severe obstructive sleep apnea. This is a condition that causes a person to stop breathing intermittently during sleep, thus preventing a full night's rest.[30]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mesa Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-go_routes-2"}],"text":"Mesa Airlines operated flights on behalf of Go! to the following destinations:[2]","title":"Destinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilo,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Hilo International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilo_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Honolulu International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Kahului","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahului,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Kahului Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahului_Airport"},{"link_name":"Kona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kailua-Kona,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Kona International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kona_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Lihue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lihue,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Lihue Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lihue_Airport"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"Hawaii\nHilo (Hilo International Airport)\nHonolulu (Honolulu International Airport) Hub\nKahului (Kahului Airport)\nKona (Kona International Airport)\nLihue (Lihue Airport)","title":"Destinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Bombardier CRJ900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_CRJ900"},{"link_name":"Embraer 195","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer_E-Jets"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sb-july15-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sb-2007-01-26-34"}],"text":"As of October 2012, the Go! fleet consisted of the following aircraft.[31]As of October 2012, Go!'s average fleet age was 13.2 years.[32]The airline had delayed plans to order eight to twelve larger aircraft, either the Bombardier CRJ900 or Embraer 195, to replace the CRJ200s.[33][34]","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Each flight on Go! earned 500 miles in the airline's Go! Miles program. Upon accruing 5,000 miles, the participant was awarded one one-way segment on Go!.","title":"Go! Miles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadair CRJ-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadair_CRJ-200"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Go! Flight 1002 missed its airport and flew beyond for 15 minutes (26 nautical miles [30 mi; 48 km]) after its pilots fell asleep in the cockpit, on February 13, 2008. The Canadair CRJ-200 (tail number N651BR) was flying from Honolulu to Hilo in Hawaii.[35]","title":"Incidents and accidents"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A CRJ-200 showing Go!'s original livery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/425bd_-_Go%21_Canadair_RJ200ER%3B_N654BR%40HNL%3B01.10.2006_%284949481061%29.jpg/255px-425bd_-_Go%21_Canadair_RJ200ER%3B_N654BR%40HNL%3B01.10.2006_%284949481061%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"go! Mokulele CRJ-200 at Honolulu International Airport","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Go-Mokulele.jpg/255px-Go-Mokulele.jpg"},{"image_text":"A CRJ-200 showing Go!'s simplified livery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Go_CRJ-200_OGG_N87353.jpg/255px-Go_CRJ-200_OGG_N87353.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of defunct airlines of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_airlines_of_the_United_States"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Directory: World Airlines\". Flight International. 2007-04-03. p. 87.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International","url_text":"Flight International"}]},{"reference":"\"go! Route Information\". Mesa Air Group web site. Archived from the original on 2007-05-10. Retrieved 2007-05-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070510000444/http://www.mesa-air.com/go.asp","url_text":"\"go! Route Information\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa_Air_Group","url_text":"Mesa Air Group"},{"url":"http://www.mesa-air.com/go.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Go! airlines to stop Hawaii operations on April 1\". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. March 17, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/breaking/250721881.html?id=250721881","url_text":"\"Go! airlines to stop Hawaii operations on April 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Star-Advertiser","url_text":"Honolulu Star-Advertiser"}]},{"reference":"\"go! and Mokulele Airlines Establish Code Share Agreement\" (Press release). Mesa Air Group. 2006-09-14. Retrieved 2006-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=78947&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=905269&highlight=","url_text":"\"go! and Mokulele Airlines Establish Code Share Agreement\""}]},{"reference":"\"go!Express launches\". American City Business Journals. April 18, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/stories/2007/04/16/daily35.html","url_text":"\"go!Express launches\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_City_Business_Journals","url_text":"American City Business Journals"}]},{"reference":"Segal, Dave (2009-01-13). \"Go! cuts quarterly loss for third time\". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Archived from the original on 2009-07-22. Retrieved 2009-01-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090722154208/http://www.starbulletin.com/news/breaking/37520244.html","url_text":"\"Go! cuts quarterly loss for third time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Star-Bulletin","url_text":"Honolulu Star-Bulletin"},{"url":"http://www.starbulletin.com/news/breaking/37520244.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Segal, Dave (2009-03-23). \"Mesa ends deal with Mokulele\". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Archived from the original on 2009-07-22. Retrieved 2009-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090722150035/http://www.starbulletin.com/news/breaking/41701947.html","url_text":"\"Mesa ends deal with Mokulele\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Star-Bulletin","url_text":"Honolulu Star-Bulletin"},{"url":"http://www.starbulletin.com/news/breaking/41701947.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Daysog, Rick (2006-02-14). \"Hawaiian Airlines sues new competitor\". The Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved 2006-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2006/Feb/14/bz/FP602140319.html","url_text":"\"Hawaiian Airlines sues new competitor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Honolulu_Advertiser","url_text":"The Honolulu Advertiser"}]},{"reference":"Faris, Robert (2006-10-05). \"Memorandum of Decision on Motion for Preliminary Injunction\" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/dailypix/2006/Oct/06/Decision.pdf","url_text":"\"Memorandum of Decision on Motion for Preliminary Injunction\""}]},{"reference":"Segal, Dave (2006-03-17). \"Mesa countersues Hawaiian Air\". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 2006-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://starbulletin.com/2006/03/17/business/story01.html","url_text":"\"Mesa countersues Hawaiian Air\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Star-Bulletin","url_text":"Honolulu Star-Bulletin"}]},{"reference":"\"Judge throws out Mesa countersuit\". American City Business Journals. December 8, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/stories/2006/12/04/daily64.html","url_text":"\"Judge throws out Mesa countersuit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_City_Business_Journals","url_text":"American City Business Journals"}]},{"reference":"\"Aloha Airlines Sues Mesa Air Group for Misuse of Confidential Information\" (Press release). Aloha Airgroup. 2006-10-13. Retrieved 2006-10-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/061013/laf061.html?.v=1","url_text":"\"Aloha Airlines Sues Mesa Air Group for Misuse of Confidential Information\""}]},{"reference":"Rick Daysog (2007-09-23). \"Deleted files at heart of Hawaiian v. Mesa trial\". Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved 2007-09-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Sep/23/bz/hawaii709230339.html","url_text":"\"Deleted files at heart of Hawaiian v. Mesa trial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Advertiser","url_text":"Honolulu Advertiser"}]},{"reference":"\"Key Mesa figure put on leave\". Honolulu Advertiser. 2007-09-22. Retrieved 2007-09-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Sep/22/bz/hawaii709220320.html","url_text":"\"Key Mesa figure put on leave\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Advertiser","url_text":"Honolulu Advertiser"}]},{"reference":"Rick Daysog (2007-09-24). \"Mesa says key Hawaii files deleted in purge\". Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved 2007-09-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.honoluluadvertiser.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2007709260410","url_text":"\"Mesa says key Hawaii files deleted in purge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Advertiser","url_text":"Honolulu Advertiser"}]},{"reference":"Rick Daysog (2007-09-28). \"Judge says Hawaiian Air rival misused data\". Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved 2007-09-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.honoluluadvertiser.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2007709280383","url_text":"\"Judge says Hawaiian Air rival misused data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Advertiser","url_text":"Honolulu Advertiser"}]},{"reference":"Dave Segal (2007-09-28). \"Mesa came to isles via Hawaiian's data\". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 2007-09-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://starbulletin.com/2007/09/28/news/story01.html","url_text":"\"Mesa came to isles via Hawaiian's data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Star-Bulletin","url_text":"Honolulu Star-Bulletin"}]},{"reference":"Daysog, Rick (2007-10-30). \"Mesa ordered to pay Hawaiian Air $80M\". The Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved 2007-10-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Oct/30/br/br1698025437.html","url_text":"\"Mesa ordered to pay Hawaiian Air $80M\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Honolulu_Advertiser","url_text":"The Honolulu Advertiser"}]},{"reference":"Consillio, Kristen (2007-12-14). \"Judge denies Mesa retrial\". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 2007-12-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://starbulletin.com/2007/12/14/business/story01.html","url_text":"\"Judge denies Mesa retrial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Star-Bulletin","url_text":"Honolulu Star-Bulletin"}]},{"reference":"\"Hawaiian settles Mesa lawsuit for $52.5M\". American City Business Journals. April 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/stories/2008/04/28/daily34.html","url_text":"\"Hawaiian settles Mesa lawsuit for $52.5M\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_City_Business_Journals","url_text":"American City Business Journals"}]},{"reference":"Gomes, Andrew (2008-11-29). \"Aloha Airlines name may return to Hawaii skies in Mesa deal\". The Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved 2008-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.honoluluadvertiser.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2008811290353","url_text":"\"Aloha Airlines name may return to Hawaii skies in Mesa deal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Honolulu_Advertiser","url_text":"The Honolulu Advertiser"}]},{"reference":"Segal, David (2008-12-04). \"No Aloha for go!\". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 2008-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.starbulletin.com/news/20081204_No_Aloha_for_go.html","url_text":"\"No Aloha for go!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Star-Bulletin","url_text":"Honolulu Star-Bulletin"}]},{"reference":"Segal, Dave (2009-03-03). \"Judge invalidates Yucaipa purchase of Aloha name\". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 2009-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.starbulletin.com/news/breaking/40667923.html","url_text":"\"Judge invalidates Yucaipa purchase of Aloha name\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Star-Bulletin","url_text":"Honolulu Star-Bulletin"}]},{"reference":"Segal, David (2009-05-16). \"No 'Aloha' for go!\". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 2009-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.starbulletin.com/business/20090516_No_Aloha_for_go.html","url_text":"\"No 'Aloha' for go!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Star-Bulletin","url_text":"Honolulu Star-Bulletin"}]},{"reference":"Segal, Dave (June 21, 2012). \"Airline's parent sheds less-than-sleek name and returns to 'go!'\". Honolulu Star-Advertiser.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.staradvertiser.com/businesspremium/20120621__Airlines_parent_sheds_lessthansleek_name_and_returns_to_go.html","url_text":"\"Airline's parent sheds less-than-sleek name and returns to 'go!'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Star-Advertiser","url_text":"Honolulu Star-Advertiser"}]},{"reference":"\"NTSB confirms pilots fell asleep - The Honolulu Advertiser - Hawaii's Newspaper\". Retrieved 22 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2009/Aug/04/ln/hawaii908040329.html","url_text":"\"NTSB confirms pilots fell asleep - The Honolulu Advertiser - Hawaii's Newspaper\""}]},{"reference":"Daysog, Rick (2008-02-19). \"FAA probing whether go! pilots fell asleep on flight\". Honolulu Advertiser. Archived from the original on 2012-07-03. Retrieved 2008-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120703022909/http://www.staradvertiser.com/?AID=/20080219/BREAKING03/80219050","url_text":"\"FAA probing whether go! pilots fell asleep on flight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Advertiser","url_text":"Honolulu Advertiser"},{"url":"http://www.honoluluadvertiser.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080219/BREAKING03/80219050","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Airline fires 2 pilots who overshot Hawaii runway\". USA Today. Associated Press. 2008-04-24. Retrieved 2010-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/travel/flights/2008-04-25-go-pilot-ap_N.htm","url_text":"\"Airline fires 2 pilots who overshot Hawaii runway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"FAA suspends sleeping airline pilots\". NBC News. Associated Press. 2008-09-24. Retrieved 2010-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbcnews.com/id/26868546","url_text":"\"FAA suspends sleeping airline pilots\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Go! Fleet of CRJ (Active)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airfleets.net/flottecie/Go!-active-crj.htm","url_text":"\"Go! Fleet of CRJ (Active)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fleet age Go! - Airfleets aviation\". Retrieved 22 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://airfleets.net/ageflotte/Go!.htm","url_text":"\"Fleet age Go! - Airfleets aviation\""}]},{"reference":"Segal, Dave (2006-07-15). \"Local airline battle flares anew\". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 2006-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://starbulletin.com/2006/07/15/news/story02.html","url_text":"\"Local airline battle flares anew\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Star-Bulletin","url_text":"Honolulu Star-Bulletin"}]},{"reference":"Segal, Dave (2007-01-26). \"Mesa's delays plan to swap its fleet for larger aircraft\". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 2007-01-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://starbulletin.com/2007/01/26/business/story02.html","url_text":"\"Mesa's delays plan to swap its fleet for larger aircraft\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Star-Bulletin","url_text":"Honolulu Star-Bulletin"}]}]
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Fleet of CRJ (Active)\""},{"Link":"http://airfleets.net/ageflotte/Go!.htm","external_links_name":"\"Fleet age Go! - Airfleets aviation\""},{"Link":"http://starbulletin.com/2006/07/15/news/story02.html","external_links_name":"\"Local airline battle flares anew\""},{"Link":"http://starbulletin.com/2007/01/26/business/story02.html","external_links_name":"\"Mesa's delays plan to swap its fleet for larger aircraft\""},{"Link":"http://www.avherald.com/h?article=4123f4ee&opt=3840","external_links_name":"\"Report: Mesa CRJ2 near Hilo on Feb 13th 2008, veered off course 26nm, both pilots asleep\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100106001439/http://iflygo.com/","external_links_name":"go!"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/129799705","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_S%C3%A9rgio_Rocha
|
Paulo Sérgio (footballer, born 1978)
|
["1 Honours","2 External links"]
|
Brazilian footballer
Paulo SérgioPersonal informationFull name
Paulo Sérgio RochaDate of birth
(1978-10-01) 1 October 1978 (age 45)Place of birth
Andradina, BrazilHeight
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)Position(s)
Right BackYouth career1996–1997
Comercial-MSSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1998
Paranaiense-PR
1999
Andradina-SP
1999
Marcílio Dias
2000
Comercial-SP
2001
Avaí
2001
Marcílio Dias
2002–2005
Figueirense
132
(5)2005–2006
→ Noroeste (loan)
2006–2007
São Caetano
2007–2008
Palmeiras
25
(1)2008
→ Grêmio (loan)
27
(1)2009
Vasco da Gama
24
(1)2010–2011
Portuguesa
35
(1)2011
Americana
21
(0)2012
Ceará
14
(0)2013–2016
CRB
54
(0)2016
Mirassol
14
(0)2016–2017
Murici
29
(3)2018
Cabofriense
3
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Paulo Sérgio Rocha (born 1 October 1978) most commonly known as Paulo Sérgio, is a Brazilian former football defender.
Honours
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B: 2009
External links
(in English) Paulo Sérgio at ZeroZero
(in Portuguese) CBF
(in English) Guardian Stats Centre
(in Portuguese) Portuguesa squad
This biographical article related to a Brazilian association football defender born in the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Ferdinand_Howaldt
|
Georg Ferdinand Howaldt
|
["1 Biography","2 Bronze castings","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
German sculptor
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Georg Ferdinand HowaldtBorn8 April 1802BraunschweigDied19 January 1883 (1883-01-20) (aged 80)BraunschweigOccupationSculptor
Georg Ferdinand Howaldt (8 April 1802 – 19 January 1883) was a German sculptor.
Biography
Howaldt was born in Braunschweig as the son of the silversmith David Ferdinand Howaldt. He learned silversmithing and went to Nuremberg, where he became friends with the sculptor Jacob Daniel Burgschmiet, who convinced him to change to modelling and sculpture. He became a teacher in modelling there and continued teaching modelling when he returned to Braunschweig in 1836. The success out of his cooperation with the famous sculptor Ernst Rietschel allowed him to start his own foundry casting sculptures for many known German sculptors of the nineteenth century. Since 1863 he was professor at the Collegium Carolinum zu Braunschweig, today TU Braunschweig. Howaldt died in Braunschweig. His son Hermann Heinrich Howaldt, also a sculptor, had joined him and continued his work and the foundry under Howaldt & Sohn until his own death.
His brother August Howaldt was in 1838 the founder of the German shipyard Howaldtswerke in Kiel.
Bronze castings
Quadriga with the Brunswick goddess Brunonia at Braunschweig castle, sculpted by Ernst Rietschel
Lessing - Memorial for Braunschweig sculpted by Rietschel
Angels for the grave of Prince Albert in the Frogmore Mausoleum sculpted by Adolf Breymann
Memorial Alexander von Humboldt sculpted by Gustav Blaeser, Central Park, Manhattan
Equestrian sculpture of Friedrich Wilhelm (Brunswick and Lüneburg) sculpted by Ernst Julius Hähnel
Equestrian sculpture of Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg for Braunschweig sculpted by Franz Pönninger, Vienna
Gallery
Freiligrath memorial and grave in Bad Cannstatt
Lessing memorial in Braunschweig
Equestrian of Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg in Braunschweig
Equestrian of Duke Friedrich Wilhelm (Brunswick and Lüneburg) in Braunschweig
See also
German inventors and discoverers
References
Meyers Konversations-Lexikon 1888
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Georg Ferdinand Howaldt.
Howaldt family (in German)
Humboldt-Memorial in New York
Angels at Frogmore Mausoleum
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
People
Deutsche Biographie
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sculptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculptor"}],"text":"Georg Ferdinand Howaldt (8 April 1802 – 19 January 1883) was a German sculptor.","title":"Georg Ferdinand Howaldt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Braunschweig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg"},{"link_name":"Ernst Rietschel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Rietschel"},{"link_name":"foundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundry"},{"link_name":"casting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casting_(metalworking)"},{"link_name":"TU Braunschweig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TU_Braunschweig"},{"link_name":"Hermann Heinrich Howaldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Heinrich_Howaldt"},{"link_name":"August Howaldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Howaldt"},{"link_name":"Howaldtswerke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howaldtswerke"},{"link_name":"Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel"}],"text":"Howaldt was born in Braunschweig as the son of the silversmith David Ferdinand Howaldt. He learned silversmithing and went to Nuremberg, where he became friends with the sculptor Jacob Daniel Burgschmiet, who convinced him to change to modelling and sculpture. He became a teacher in modelling there and continued teaching modelling when he returned to Braunschweig in 1836. The success out of his cooperation with the famous sculptor Ernst Rietschel allowed him to start his own foundry casting sculptures for many known German sculptors of the nineteenth century. Since 1863 he was professor at the Collegium Carolinum zu Braunschweig, today TU Braunschweig. Howaldt died in Braunschweig. His son Hermann Heinrich Howaldt, also a sculptor, had joined him and continued his work and the foundry under Howaldt & Sohn until his own death.His brother August Howaldt was in 1838 the founder of the German shipyard Howaldtswerke in Kiel.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quadriga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadriga"},{"link_name":"Ernst Rietschel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Friedrich_August_Rietschel"},{"link_name":"Lessing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing"},{"link_name":"Prince Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha"},{"link_name":"Frogmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frogmore"},{"link_name":"Adolf Breymann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Breymann"},{"link_name":"Alexander von Humboldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt"},{"link_name":"Central Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Equestrian sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_sculpture"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Wilhelm (Brunswick and Lüneburg)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_(Brunswick_and_L%C3%BCneburg)"},{"link_name":"Ernst Julius Hähnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Julius_H%C3%A4hnel"},{"link_name":"Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick-Luneburg"}],"text":"Quadriga with the Brunswick goddess Brunonia at Braunschweig castle, sculpted by Ernst Rietschel\nLessing - Memorial for Braunschweig sculpted by Rietschel\nAngels for the grave of Prince Albert in the Frogmore Mausoleum sculpted by Adolf Breymann\nMemorial Alexander von Humboldt sculpted by Gustav Blaeser, Central Park, Manhattan\nEquestrian sculpture of Friedrich Wilhelm (Brunswick and Lüneburg) sculpted by Ernst Julius Hähnel\nEquestrian sculpture of Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg for Braunschweig sculpted by Franz Pönninger, Vienna","title":"Bronze castings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Freiligrath-cannstatt.jpg"},{"link_name":"Freiligrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Freiligrath"},{"link_name":"Bad Cannstatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Braunschweig,_Lessingdenkmal_(Lessingplatz)_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Braunschweig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Braunschweig_Karl_Wilhelm_Ferdinand.jpg"},{"link_name":"Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick-Luneburg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Braunschweig_Schwarzer_Herzog.jpg"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Wilhelm (Brunswick and Lüneburg)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_(Brunswick_and_L%C3%BCneburg)"}],"text":"Freiligrath memorial and grave in Bad Cannstatt\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLessing memorial in Braunschweig\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEquestrian of Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg in Braunschweig\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEquestrian of Duke Friedrich Wilhelm (Brunswick and Lüneburg) in Braunschweig","title":"Gallery"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"German inventors and discoverers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_inventors_and_discoverers"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.treffpunkt-howaldt.de/web/_doku_ta_2a.htm","external_links_name":"Howaldt family (in German)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061228103443/http://www.monumentsandmemorials.com/report.php?id=1194","external_links_name":"Humboldt-Memorial in New York"},{"Link":"http://www.thamesweb.co.uk/windsor/frogmore/frogmore.html","external_links_name":"Angels at Frogmore Mausoleum"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/42604102","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/117014761","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd117014761.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Minister
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Minister of Home Affairs (India)
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["1 Cabinet Ministers","2 Ministers of State","3 Deputy Ministers","4 References","5 External links"]
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Head of the Ministry of Home Affairs of the Government of India
Minister of Home AffairsGr̥ha MantrīEmblem of IndiaFlag of IndiaIncumbentAmit Shahsince 31 May 2019 (2019-05-31)Ministry of Home AffairsAbbreviationMHAMember ofCabinet of IndiaCabinet Committee on SecurityReports toPresident of IndiaPrime Minister of IndiaParliament of IndiaAppointerPresident of Indiaon the recommendation of the Prime Minister of IndiaFormation1947 (1947)First holderVallabhbhai PatelDeputyMinister of State for Home Affairs
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vte
The Minister of Home Affairs (or simply, the Home Minister, short-form HM) is the head of the Ministry of Home Affairs of the Government of India. One of the senior-most officers in the Union Cabinet, the chief responsibility of the home minister is the maintenance of the internal security of India; the country's large police force comes under its jurisdiction. Occasionally, they are assisted by the Minister of State of Home Affairs and the lower-ranked Deputy Minister of Home Affairs.
Ever since the time of independent India's first Home Minister, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the office has been seen as second in seniority only to the Prime Minister in the union cabinet. Like Patel, several Home Ministers have since held the additional portfolio of Deputy Prime Minister. As of February 2020, three Home Ministers have gone on to become the Prime Minister: Lal Bahadur Shastri, Charan Singh and P. V. Narasimha Rao. L.K. Advani, serving from 19 March 1998 to 22 May 2004, has held the office of the Home Minister for the longest continuous period, as of February 2020.
On several occasions, the Prime Minister also held the additional portfolio of the Minister of Home Affairs. Jawaharlal Nehru briefly acted as home minister in 1950 following the demise of Vallabhbhai Patel, Indira Gandhi briefly served as home minister in 1966 following resignation of Gulzarilal Nanda, Morarji Desai held the portfolio from 1978 till 1979, Chandra Shekhar throughout his prime ministerial tenure and H. D. Deve Gowda briefly served as home minister in 1996.
P. Chidambaram who served as the home minister from 2008 till 2012 has the rare distinction of serving as both cabinet minister and minister of state in the ministry. He served as minister of state from 1986 till 1989. The current minister is Amit Shah of the Bharatiya Janata Party who has been in office since 31 May 2019 and succeeded his party colleague Rajnath Singh as the home minister.
Cabinet Ministers
No.
Portrait
Minister(birth-death)Constituency
Term of office
Political party
Ministry
Prime Minister
From
To
Period
1
Vallabhbhai Patel(1875–1950)MCA for Bombay(Deputy Prime Minister)
15 August1947
12 December1950(died in office)
1 year, 119 days
Indian National Congress
Nehru I
Jawaharlal Nehru
–
Jawaharlal Nehru(1889–1964)MP for United Provinces(Prime Minister)
12 December1950
26 December1950
14 days
2
C. Rajagopalachari(1878–1972)Unelected
26 December1950
5 November1951
314 days
3
Kailash Nath Katju(1887–1968)MP for Mandsaur
5 November1951
13 May1952
3 years, 66 days
13 May1952
10 January1955
Nehru II
4
Govind Ballabh Pant(1887–1961)Rajya Sabha MP for Uttar Pradesh
10 January1955
17 April1957
6 years, 56 days
17 April1957
7 March1961(died in office)
Nehru III
5
Lal Bahadur Shastri(1904–1966)MP for Allahabad
26 February1961
10 April1962
2 years, 187 days
2 April1962
1 September1963
Nehru IV
6
Gulzarilal Nanda(1898–1998)MP for Sabarkantha(Prime Minister from27 May – 9 June 1964; and11 – 24 January 1966)
1 September1963
27 May1964
3 years, 69 days
27 May1964
9 June1964
Nanda I
Self
9 June1964
11 January1966
Shastri
Lal Bahadur Shastri
11 January1966
24 January1966
Nanda II
Self
24 January1966
9 November1966
Indira I
Indira Gandhi
–
Indira Gandhi(1917–1984)Rajya Sabha MP for Uttar Pradesh(Prime Minister)
9 November1966
13 November1966
4 days
7
Yashwantrao Chavan(1913–1984)MP for Nashik
13 November1966
13 March1967
3 years, 226 days
13 March1967
27 June1970
Indian National Congress (R)
Indira II
–
Indira Gandhi(1917–1984)MP for Rae Bareli(Prime Minister)
27 June1970
13 March1971
2 years, 223 days
13 March1971
5 February1973
Indira III
8
Uma Shankar Dikshit(1901–1991)Rajya Sabha MP for Uttar Pradesh
5 February1973
10 October1974
1 year, 247 days
9
Kasu Brahmananda Reddy(1909–1994)Rajya Sabha MP for Andhra Pradesh
10 October1974
24 March1977
2 years, 165 days
10
Charan Singh(1902–1987)MP for Baghpat
24 March1977
1 July1978
1 year, 99 days
Janata Party
Desai
Morarji Desai
–
Morarji Desai(1896–1995)MP for Surat(Prime Minister)
1 July1978
24 January1979
207 days
11
Hirubhai M. Patel(1904–1993)MP for Sabarkantha
24 January1979
28 July1979
185 days
(7)
Yashwantrao Chavan(1913–1984)MP for Satara(Deputy Prime Minister)
28 July1979
14 January1980
170 days
Janata Party (Secular)
Charan
Charan Singh
12
Zail Singh(1916–1994)MP for Hoshiarpur
14 January1980
22 June1982
2 years, 159 days
Indian National Congress (I)
Indira IV
Indira Gandhi
13
Ramaswamy Venkataraman(1910–2009)MP for Chennai South
22 June1982
2 September1982
72 days
14
Prakash Chandra Sethi(1919–1996)MP for Indore
2 September1982
19 July1984
1 year, 321 days
15
P. V. Narasimha Rao(1921–2004)MP for Hanamkonda
19 July1984
31 October1984
165 days
31 October1984
31 December1984
Rajiv I
Rajiv Gandhi
16
Shankarrao Chavan(1920–2004)MP for Nanded
31 December1984
12 March1986
1 year, 71 days
Rajiv II
(15)
P. V. Narasimha Rao(1921–2004)MP for Hanamkonda
12 March1986
12 May1986
61 days
17
Buta Singh(1934–2021)MP for Jalore
12 May1986
2 December1989
3 years, 204 days
18
Mufti Mohammad Sayeed(1936–2016)MP for Muzaffarnagar
2 December1989
10 November1990
1 year, 8 days
Janata Dal
Vishwanath
Vishwanath Pratap Singh
–
Chandra Shekhar(1927–2007)MP for Ballia(Prime Minister)
10 November1990
21 June1991
223 days
Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)
Chandra Shekhar
Chandra Shekhar
(17)
Shankarrao Chavan(1920–2004)Rajya Sabha MP for Maharashtra
21 June1991
16 May1996
4 years, 330 days
Indian National Congress (I)
Rao
P. V. Narasimha Rao
19
Murli Manohar Joshi(born 1934)MP for Allahabad
16 May1996
1 June1996
16 days
Bharatiya Janata Party
Vajpayee I
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
–
H. D. Deve Gowda(born 1933)Unelected(Prime Minister)
1 June1996
29 June1996
28 days
Janata Dal
Deve Gowda
H. D. Deve Gowda
20
Indrajit Gupta(1919–2001)MP for Midnapore
29 June1996
21 April1997
1 year, 263 days
Communist Party of India
21 April1997
19 March1998
Gujral
Inder Kumar Gujral
21
L. K. Advani(born 1927)MP for Gandhinagar(Deputy Prime Ministerfrom 29 June 2002)
19 March1998
13 October1999
6 years, 64 days
Bharatiya Janata Party
Vajpayee II
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
13 October1999
22 May2004
Vajpayee III
22
Shivraj Patil(born 1935)Rajya Sabha MP for Maharashtra
23 May2004
30 November2008
4 years, 191 days
Indian National Congress
Manmohan I
Manmohan Singh
23
P. Chidambaram(born 1945)MP for Sivaganga
30 November2008
22 May2009
3 years, 244 days
23 May2009
31 July2012
Manmohan II
24
Sushilkumar Shinde(born 1941)MP for Solapur
31 July2012
26 May2014
1 year, 299 days
25
Rajnath Singh(born 1951)MP for Lucknow
27 May2014
30 May2019
5 years, 3 days
Bharatiya Janata Party
Modi I
Narendra Modi
26
Amit Shah(born 1964)MP for Gandhinagar
31 May2019
9 June2024
5 years, 19 days
Modi II
10 June2024
Incumbent
Modi III
Ministers of State
No.
Portrait
Minister(birth-death)Constituency
Term of office
Political party
Ministry
Prime Minister
From
To
Period
1
Rustom Khurshedji Sidhwa(1882–1957)
11 October1951
13 May1952
215 days
Indian National Congress
Nehru I
Jawaharlal Nehru
2
B. N. Datar(1894–1963)MP for Belgaum
14 February1956
17 April1957
6 years, 364 days
Nehru II
17 April1957
10 April1962
Nehru III
16 April1962
13 February1963
Nehru IV
3
Ramchandra Martand Hajarnavis(1908–1976)MP for Bhandara
22 February1963
10 March1964
1 year, 17 days
4
Jaisukhlal Hathi(1909–1982)MP for Gujarat (Rajya Sabha)
10 March1964
27 May1964
2 years, 248 days
27 May1964
9 June1964
Nanda I
Gulzarilal Nanda
9 June1964
11 January1966
Shastri
Lal Bahadur Shastri
11 January1966
24 January1966
Nanda II
Gulzarilal Nanda
24 January1966
13 November1966
Indira I
Indira Gandhi
5
Vidya Charan Shukla(1929–2013)MP for Mahasamund
13 March1967
27 June1970
3 years, 106 days
6
Ram Niwas Mirdha(1924–2010)MP for Rajasthan (Rajya Sabha)(Personnel and Administrative Reforms)
27 June1970
18 March1971
264 days
Indian National Congress (R)
7
K. C. Pant(1931–2012)MP for Nainital
27 June1970
18 March1971
3 years, 135 days
18 March1971
9 November1973
Indira II
8
Om Mehta(1927–1995)MP for Jammu and Kashmir(Personnel and Administrative Reforms)
10 October1974
24 March1977
2 years, 165 days
9
S. D. PatilMP for Erandol
14 August1977
28 July1979
1 year, 348 days
Janata Party
Desai
Morarji Desai
10
Dhanik Lal Mandal(1932–2022)MP for Jhanjharpur
14 August1977
15 July1979
2 years, 153 days
30 July1979
14 January1980
Janata Party (Secular)
Charan
Charan Singh
11
Pendekanti Venkatasubbaiah(1921–1993)MP for Nandyal
14 January1980
31 October1984
4 years, 291 days
Indian National Congress (I)
Indira III
Indira Gandhi
12
Yogendra Makwana(born 1933)MP for Gujarat (Rajya Sabha)
14 January1980
15 January1982
2 years, 1 day
13
Nihar Ranjan Laskar(born 1932)MP for Karimganj
15 January1982
7 February1984
2 years, 23 days
14
Ram Dulari Sinha(1922–1994)MP for Sheohar
7 February1984
31 October1984
267 days
(11)
Pendekanti Venkatasubbaiah(1921–1993)MP for Nandyal
4 November1984
31 December1984
57 days
Rajiv I
Rajiv Gandhi
(14)
Ram Dulari Sinha(1922–1994)MP for Sheohar
4 November1984
31 December1984
325 days
31 December1984
25 September1985
Rajiv II
15
Arif Mohammad Khan(born 1951)MP for Bahraich
12 August1985
25 September1986
44 days
16
P. A. Sangma(1947–2016)MP for Tura(States)
25 September1985
20 January1986
117 days
17
Arun Nehru(1944–2013)MP for Raebareli(Internal Security)
(6)
Ram Niwas Mirdha(1924–2010)MP for Rajasthan (Rajya Sabha)
14 March1986
14 June1986
0 days
18
Ghulam Nabi Azad(born 1949)MP for Washim(States)
12 May1986
22 October1986
163 days
19
P. Chidambaram(born 1945)MP for Sivaganga
24 June1986
2 December1989
3 years, 161 days
20
Chintamani Panigrahi(1922–2000)MP for Bhubaneswar
22 October1986
25 June1988
1 year, 247 days
21
Santosh Mohan Dev(1934–2017)MP for Silchar(Internal Security)
25 June1988
2 December1989
1 year, 160 days
22
Subodh Kant Sahay(born 1951)MP for Ranchi
23 April1990
5 November1990
196 days
Janata Dal
Vishwanath
Vishwanath Pratap Singh
21 November1990
21 June1991
228 days
Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)
Chandra Shekhar
Chandra Shekhar
23
M. M. Jacob(1926–2018)MP for Kerala (Rajya Sabha)
21 June1991
17 January1993
1 year, 210 days
Indian National Congress (I)
Rao
P. V. Narasimha Rao
24
Rajesh Pilot(1945–2000)MP for Dausa(Internal Security)
18 January1993
15 September1995
2 years, 240 days
25
P. M. Sayeed(1941–2005)MP for Lakshadweep
19 January1993
2 years, 239 days
26
Syed Sibtey Razi(1939–2022)MP for Uttar Pradesh (Rajya Sabha)
15 September1995
16 May1996
244 days
27
Ram Lal Rahi(1934–2020)MP for Misrikh
28
Meijinlung Kamson(born 1939)MP for Outer Manipur
29
Mohammed Taslimuddin(1943–2017)MP for Kishanganj
1 June1996
9 June1996
8 days
Janata Dal
Deve Gowda
H. D. Deve Gowda
30
Maqbool Dar(1943–2008)MP for Anantnag
10 July1996
21 April1997
285 days
1 May1997
19 March1998
322 days
Gujral
Inder Kumar Gujral
31
Ram Naik(born 1934)MP for Mumbai North
5 May1999
13 October1999
161 days
Bharatiya Janata Party
Vajpayee II
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
32
I. D. Swami(1929–2019)MP for Karnal
13 October1999
22 May2004
4 years, 222 days
Vajpayee III
33
C. Vidyasagar Rao(born 1941)MP for Karimnagar
13 October1999
29 January2003
3 years, 108 days
34
Harin Pathak(born 1947)MP for Ahmedabad East
29 January2003
22 May2004
1 year, 114 days
35
Chinmayanand Swami(born 1947)MP for Jaunpur
24 May2003
22 May2004
364 days
36
Manikrao Hodlya Gavit(1934–2022)MP for Nandurbar
23 May2004
6 April2007
2 years, 318 days
Indian National Congress
Manmohan I
Manmohan Singh
37
Shriprakash Jaiswal(born 1944)MP for Kanpur
23 May2004
22 May2009
4 years, 364 days
38
S. Regupathy(born 1950)MP for Pudukkottai
23 May2004
15 May2007
2 years, 357 days
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
38
V. Radhika Selvi(born 1976)MP for Tiruchendur
18 May2007
22 May2009
2 years, 4 days
39
Shakeel Ahmad(born 1956)MP for Madhubani
6 April2008
22 May2009
1 year, 46 days
Indian National Congress
40
Mullappally Ramachandran(born 1944)MP for Vatakara
28 May2009
26 May2014
4 years, 363 days
Manmohan II
41
Ajay Maken(born 1964)MP for New Delhi
28 May2009
19 January2011
1 year, 236 days
42
Gurudas Kamat(1954–2018)MP for Mumbai North West
19 January2011
12 July2011
174 days
43
Jitendra Singh(born 1971)MP for Alwar
12 July2011
28 October2012
1 year, 108 days
44
R. P. N. Singh(born 1964)MP for Kushi Nagar
28 October2012
26 May2014
1 year, 210 days
45
Kiren Rijiju(born 1971)MP for Arunachal West
26 May2014
30 May2019
5 years, 4 days
Bharatiya Janata Party
Modi I
Narendra Modi
46
Haribhai Parthibhai Chaudhary(born 1954)MP for Banaskantha
9 November2014
5 July2016
1 year, 239 days
47
Hansraj Gangaram Ahir(born 1954)MP for Chandrapur
5 July2016
30 May2019
2 years, 329 days
48
G. Kishan Reddy(born 1964)MP for Secunderabad
31 May2019
7 July2021
2 years, 37 days
Modi II
49
Nityanand Rai(born 1966)MP for Ujiarpur
31 May2019
9 June2024
5 years, 9 days
50
Ajay Mishra Teni(born 1960)MP for Kheri
7 July2021
9 June2024
2 years, 338 days
51
Nisith Pramanik(born 1986)MP for Cooch Behar
(49)
Nityanand Rai(born 1966)MP for Ujiarpur
10 June2024
Incumbent
9 days
Modi III
52
Bandi Sanjay Kumar(born 1971)MP for Karimnagar
Deputy Ministers
No.
Portrait
Minister(birth-death)Constituency
Term of office
Political party
Ministry
Prime Minister
From
To
Period
1
B. N. Datar(1894–1963)MP for Belgaum North
12 August1952
14 February1956
3 years, 186 days
Indian National Congress
Nehru II
Jawaharlal Nehru
2
Violet Alva(1909–1969)MP for Bombay (Rajya Sabha)
23 April1957
10 April1962
4 years, 352 days
Indian National Congress
Nehru III
3
Maragatham Chandrasekar(1917–2001)MP for Sriperumbudur
8 May1962
27 May1964
2 years, 19 days
Indian National Congress
Nehru IV
4
Lalit Narayan Mishra(1923–1975)MP for Bihar (Rajya Sabha)
26 February1964
27 May1964
91 days
(3)
Maragatham Chandrasekar(1917–2001)MP for Sriperumbudur
27 May1964
9 June1964
13 days
Nanda I
Gulzarilal Nanda
(4)
Lalit Narayan Mishra(1923–1975)MP for Bihar (Rajya Sabha)
27 May1964
9 June1964
1 year, 242 days
9 June1964
11 January1966
Shastri
Lal Bahadur Shastri
11 January1966
24 January1966
Nanda II
Gulzarilal Nanda
5
Purnendu Sekhar Naskar(1921–?)MP for Mathurapur
24 January1966
13 March1967
1 year, 48 days
Indira I
Indira Gandhi
6
Vidya Charan Shukla(1929–2013)MP for Mahasamund
14 February1966
13 March1967
1 year, 27 days
7
K. S. Ramaswamy(1922–2004)MP for Madras (Rajya Sabha)
18 March1967
18 March1971
4 years, 0 days
Indira II
8
Fakruddinsab Hussensab Mohsin(1923–1996)MP for Dharwad South
2 May1971
24 March1977
5 years, 326 days
Indian National Congress (R)
Indira III
Indira Gandhi
9
Ram Lal Rahi(1934–2020)MP for Misrikh
21 June1991
15 September1995
4 years, 86 days
Indian National Congress (I)
Rao
P. V. Narasimha Rao
Position not in use since 1995
References
External links
Home Ministry, Govt. of India
Amit Shah take charge of Home Ministry of India 2019
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Buta Singh
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry of Home Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(India)"},{"link_name":"Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"Union Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_India"},{"link_name":"internal security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_security"},{"link_name":"Vallabhbhai Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel"},{"link_name":"Deputy Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_India"},{"link_name":"Lal Bahadur Shastri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri"},{"link_name":"Charan Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charan_Singh"},{"link_name":"P. V. Narasimha Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao"},{"link_name":"Jawaharlal Nehru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru"},{"link_name":"Indira Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Gulzarilal Nanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda"},{"link_name":"Morarji Desai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morarji_Desai"},{"link_name":"Chandra Shekhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar"},{"link_name":"H. D. Deve Gowda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._D._Deve_Gowda"},{"link_name":"P. Chidambaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._Chidambaram"},{"link_name":"Amit Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit_Shah"},{"link_name":"Bharatiya Janata Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party"},{"link_name":"Rajnath Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajnath_Singh"}],"text":"The Minister of Home Affairs (or simply, the Home Minister, short-form HM) is the head of the Ministry of Home Affairs of the Government of India. One of the senior-most officers in the Union Cabinet, the chief responsibility of the home minister is the maintenance of the internal security of India; the country's large police force comes under its jurisdiction. Occasionally, they are assisted by the Minister of State of Home Affairs and the lower-ranked Deputy Minister of Home Affairs.Ever since the time of independent India's first Home Minister, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the office has been seen as second in seniority only to the Prime Minister in the union cabinet. Like Patel, several Home Ministers have since held the additional portfolio of Deputy Prime Minister. As of February 2020, three Home Ministers have gone on to become the Prime Minister: Lal Bahadur Shastri, Charan Singh and P. V. Narasimha Rao. L.K. Advani, serving from 19 March 1998 to 22 May 2004, has held the office of the Home Minister for the longest continuous period, as of February 2020.On several occasions, the Prime Minister also held the additional portfolio of the Minister of Home Affairs. Jawaharlal Nehru briefly acted as home minister in 1950 following the demise of Vallabhbhai Patel, Indira Gandhi briefly served as home minister in 1966 following resignation of Gulzarilal Nanda, Morarji Desai held the portfolio from 1978 till 1979, Chandra Shekhar throughout his prime ministerial tenure and H. D. Deve Gowda briefly served as home minister in 1996.P. Chidambaram who served as the home minister from 2008 till 2012 has the rare distinction of serving as both cabinet minister and minister of state in the ministry. He served as minister of state from 1986 till 1989. The current minister is Amit Shah of the Bharatiya Janata Party who has been in office since 31 May 2019 and succeeded his party colleague Rajnath Singh as the home minister.","title":"Minister of Home Affairs (India)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cabinet Ministers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ministers of State"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Deputy Ministers"}]
|
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://mha.gov.in/","external_links_name":"Home Ministry, Govt. of India"},{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/amit-shah-home-minister-rajnath-finance-minister-new-list-of-cabinet-ministers-in-modi-govt-1539264-2019-05-31","external_links_name":"Amit Shah take charge of Home Ministry of India 2019"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_69
|
Ontario Highway 69
|
["1 Route description","2 History","2.1 Four-laning","3 Future","4 Major intersections","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Route map:
Ontario provincial highway
Highway 69Trans-Canada HighwayHighway 69 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by The Ministry of Transportation of OntarioLength140.3 km (87.2 mi)ExistedAugust 5, 1936–presentMajor junctionsSouth end Highway 400 near Carling (north of exit 241)Major intersections Highway 64 at RutterNorth end Highway 17 in Sudbury
LocationCountryCanadaProvinceOntario
Highway system
Ontario provincial highways
Current
Former
400-series
← Highway 67→ Highway 71
Former provincial highways
← Highway 68
Highway 70 →
King's Highway 69, commonly referred to as Highway 69, is a provincially maintained north–south highway in the central portion of the Canadian province of Ontario. In conjunction with Highway 400, it links Toronto with the city of Greater Sudbury at Highway 17, via Parry Sound. It is part of the Trans-Canada Highway and the National Highway System. From its southern terminus of Highway 559 at Carling, Highway 69 begins as Highway 400 narrows from a four-laned freeway to a two lane highway. It travels northerly for approximately 68 kilometres (42 mi) to south of the French River before widening back to a divided four lane freeway for approximately 64 kilometres (40 mi) into Sudbury. The final 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) of the route, connecting to Highway 17, is a five lane arterial road that will be converted to freeway as the final phase of the four-laning.
Highway 69 was first designated in 1936 when the Department of Highways (DHO) assumed the Rama Road between Atherley and Washago. This short route was extended the following year when the DHO merged with the Department of Northern Development and expanded the King's Highway network north of the Severn River. By the beginning of World War II, the route reached as far north as Britt; a separate segment connected the town of Burwash with Sudbury. However, the rationing of labour and materials due to the war effort resulted in these two sections remaining separated until the mid-1950s. In 1976, several reroutings and renumbering took place in the Muskoka area. As a result, the portion of Highway 69 between Brechin and Foot's Bay was renumbered as Highway 169, while the entirety of Highway 103 between Coldwater and Foot's Bay was renumbered as Highway 69.
Between 1956 and 1979, Highway 69 extended through and north of Sudbury. Until some point between 1974 and 1977, it reached as far north as Capreol, after which it was truncated at Hanmer. By 1980, the northern terminus had shifted to the Southwest Bypass, onto which Highway 17 was rerouted in 1995. Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, Highway 400 was gradually pushed north to its current terminus by twinning Highway 69, gradually truncating its length. A commitment to complete four-laning to Sudbury has been made by all three major provincial political parties in Ontario since 1991, but as of 2022 there remains 70 kilometres (43 mi) of two lane highway still to be constructed. Various former alignments of Highway 69 remain in use as directional carriageways of Highway 400 or as local roads. The highway forms part of the Georgian Bay Route of the Trans-Canada Highway, which continues south along Highway 400.
Route description
Highway 69 looking northerly at Lovering Lake south of Highway 637
Highway 69 is a major highway serving the recreational areas surrounding Georgian Bay and the Thirty Thousand Islands, as well as providing the westernmost fixed connection between southern and northern Ontario; the highway occupies the northern portion of a corridor that connects Toronto to Sudbury, with Highway 400 occupying the southern portion. While Highway 6 is located further west, it requires the use of a ferry service between the Bruce Peninsula and Manitoulin Island.
Between Nobel and Sudbury, there are no large communities, although numerous small communities lie adjacent to the route, including the Shawanaga First Nation, Pointe au Baril, Magnetawan First Nation, Byng Inlet, Britt, Bigwood, Delamere and the Henvey Inlet First Nation.
As of 2023 the highway begins 1.0-kilometre (0.62 mi) north of Highway 559 (Exit 241) in Carling, where the divided four lane Highway 400 narrows into the two-laned Highway 69 (that will serve as the future southbound lanes).
Construction is scheduled to begin in the mid-2020s to extend Highway 400 northward by 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) from Highway 559 to Shebooshekong Road near the Shawanaga First Nation.
Highway 69 travels in a predominantly north-northeast direction, well inland of Georgian Bay. The Canadian Shield dominates the topography, resulting in numerous transverse marshes and rock outcroppings that bisect the highway, with dense forests in between;
services are limited and distant. Exiting Carling Township, the highway enters The Archipelago, where it scrapes the northeastern edge of the Shawanaga First Nation. It provides access to Pointe au Baril and Pointe au Baril Station before intersecting the southern end of Highway 529, a former alignment of the highway.
It enters Unorganized Centre Parry Sound District, a sparsely-inhabited agglomeration of townships, where it provides access to Britt and Britt Station, as well as the northern end of Highway 529.
Progressing north, Highway 69 enters Sudbury District at the community of Key River. It passes through Cranberry, intersecting Highway 522. Highway 69 widens to a four lane freeway north of Highway 522 before briefly curving northward. It crosses the French River near Wanikewin and encounters an interchange with Highway 607 near Bigwood. It remains a divided four-laned freeway the remainder of its journey into Sudbury, passing by the communities of Rutter, Burwash, Estaire, and Wanup before merging into a four-lane arterial road immediately southeast of Highway 17 at the Southeast Bypass. The highway ends at the interchange with Highway 17; past this point, the roadway continues into Sudbury as Municipal Road 46 (Regent Street).
History
The former Highway 69 bridge over the French River in 2016. Since 2021, the highway crosses the river on replacement twin structures. The bridge remains in service and now carries a local road.
Highway 69 has undergone several major changes during its existence, so much so that the first section designated has not been a King's Highway for 60 years and lay approximately 80 km (50 mi) from the current highway. In other places, a minor two-lane gravel highway has gradually been upgraded to a four-lane freeway. On August 5, 1936, the DHO assumed the Rama Road, connecting Highway 12 at Atherley with Highway 11 at Washago.
On March 31, 1937, the Department of Northern Development (DND) was merged into the DHO, allowing the latter to extend the provincial highway network north of the Severn River.
Subsequently, through August 1937, Highway 69 was extended 77.75 mi (125.13 km) north to the Naiscoot River, midway between Pointe au Baril and Britt.
This extension followed DND trunk routes to Nobel, where a munitions and aircraft factory would soon provide an instrumental role in the war effort. In the north, the road connecting Sudbury and Burwash was also assumed as Highway 69 on August 11.
It was intended to connect these two segments over the next several years; however, the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 halted all non-essential construction due to the short supply of labour and materials.
Although an extension from the Naiscoot River to Britt would open by 1940.
Once the war ended, construction resumed to bridge the 65 kilometres (40 mi) gap between the two sections of Highway 69.
French River and Alban would be linked to the provincial highway network via Britt by 1952. This allowed motorists to take a far more direct route between Severn River and Sudbury, by taking advantage of a detour via Highway 535 and Highway 64, through the small communities of Hagar and Noëlville.
That same year also saw the rerouting of the southern end of the highway; the southern end was moved east from Atherley to Brechin and the Rama Road decommissioned as a provincial highway. The new routing was longer but gave the southern end of the highway a more significant purpose than as a bypass of Highway 11. The Rama Road has since been known as Simcoe County Road 44.
The biggest gap that remained on Highway 69 was between Alban and Burwash, but this was eliminated from 1952 to 1955,
providing a third link from Southern Ontario to Northern Ontario (the other two being Highway 11 and Highway 17). Until Highway 69 was completed between Parry Sound and Sudbury, drivers travelling between Southern Ontario and Sudbury or Sault Ste. Marie had to travel along a circuitous routing via Highway 11 to North Bay, and thence along Highway 17 to Sudbury and beyond to Sault Ste. Marie.
In 1956, Highway 69 was extended north of Sudbury to Capreol, bringing its length to 292.9 kilometres (182.0 mi).
The year 1976 saw big changes for Highway 69. The portion of highway south of MacTier was shifted onto the routing of former Highway 103, completely absorbing that roadway into its length. The former routing was renamed Highway 169. It was at this time that Highway 69 was at its longest, from Highway 12 and Highway 400 at Waubaushene north to Sudbury.
Until the mid-1970s, Highway 69 continued through Sudbury along Regent Street, Paris Street and Notre Dame Avenue, and into the suburban towns of Valley East and Capreol. At some point between 1974 and 1977, it was truncated at Hanmer.
By 1980, the northern terminus had shifted to the Southwest Bypass.
While this route is no longer part of the provincial highway, and is officially designated as a series of Sudbury Municipal Roads, it is still often referred to locally as "Highway 69 North".
Four-laning
The Parry Sound bypass, which now forms part of Highway 400, opened on November 1, 2001, as part of Highway 69.
Although planning for an eventual four-lane highway started in 1969, the commitment to expand the entirety of Highway 69 to a full freeway was first made in 1991 by the New Democrat government of Bob Rae.
The first work on the southernmost portion of the highway had already begun in 1990, with the construction of the southbound structures over Matchedash Bay and the Canadian National Railway crossing north of Highway 12. Both were complete by the end of 1990. During 1991, construction began on the interchanges at Quarry Road and Port Severn Road, new service roads between those interchanges and the southbound structure over the Trent–Severn Waterway. In 1988, the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario completed a study of the Highway 69 corridor between Muskoka Road 5 in Port Severn and Tower Road southwest of MacTier, a distance of approximately 45 km (28 mi). This work was carried out through the 1990s as one large project, reaching as far as south of Go Home Lake Road (Muskoka District Roads 32/38) by mid-to-late 1997.
It was extended 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) farther to south of the Musquash River in October 1999.
The Highway 400 designation was moved north, and Highway 69 equally shortened, after each project.
Engineering was underway on the first 65 kilometres (40 mi) south of Sudbury. However, that project was shelved by the Progressive Conservative (PC) government of Mike Harris shortly after the 1995 provincial election.
Despite this, construction of the segment from Highway 141 to the Seguin River, proceeded in November 1999, and the MacTier bypass south of Highway 141 to the Moon River in February 2000. The majority of these three projects were built on a new alignment, with the former route of Highway 69 becoming Lake Joseph Road and Oastler Park Road.
Lake Joseph Road is maintained by the MTO as an unsigned highway. The portion south of Highway 141 designated as Highway 7289, and the northern portion as Highway 7290.
The Parry Sound Bypass, from Badger Road to the Seguin River, opened on November 1, 2001;
the section from Highway 141 to Badger Road opened in October 2002;
and the MacTier Bypass opened on October 7, 2003.
Map of Highway 69 expansion by date: Two lane Highway 69 ~1997 (Waubaushene–Muskoka Road 38) October 1999 (Muskoka Road 38–Musquash River) July 15, 2008 (Wahta Gap) October 7, 2003 (MacTier Bypass) October 2002 (Highway 141–Badger Road) November 1, 2001 (Parry Sound Bypass) October 26, 2010 (Noble Bypass) December 23, 2021 (Highway 522–Highway 607) August 5, 2016 (Highway 607–Highway 64) September 11, 2015 (Highway 64–Murdock River) August 3, 2012 (Murdock River–Estaire) November 12, 2009 (Estaire–Sudbury)
The Highway 400 designation was extended northward from the Musquash River to the Seguin River following the opening of the MacTier Bypass, but the Highway 69 designation remained in place as a concurrency. This was due a 7.6-kilometre (4.7 mi) two lane gap between the Musquash and Moon Rivers, passing through the Wahta Mohawks territory, that came to be known as the Wahta Gap.
The Territorial Reserve did not oppose the construction; however, the land was unobtainable due to a technicality requiring a minimum voter turnout of 65 percent.
The land claim was settled by a vote held on October 25, 2003.
Following ratification, construction began in December 2004,
and opened July 15, 2008.
Following its completion, Highway 69 was truncated at what is now the south junction of Lake Joseph Road (Exit 189) near MacTier, an overall reduction of over 40 kilometres (24.9 mi) since prior to 1989.
The City of Sudbury continued to lobby for the expansion of the highway, calling attention especially to an ongoing series of fatal car accidents at the intersection of Highway 637, where a sharp S-curve along Highway 69 rendered the approaching intersection effectively invisible to northbound traffic. Assisted by Rick Bartolucci, the Liberal MPP for Sudbury, the CRASH 69 (Community Rallying Against Substandard Highway 69) committee of Sudbury residents campaigned throughout the late 1990s and early 2000s to have the project reinstated.
Premier Harris' successor (and former MPP for Parry Sound—Muskoka), Ernie Eves, announced the resumption of construction between Parry Sound and Sudbury in 2002; however, the PCs did not commit to four-laning the entire route. The Liberal government of Dalton McGuinty came to power following the 2003 election with a promise to have a commitment in place within six months.
Construction began on a 20-kilometre (12 mi) segment south of Sudbury to Estaire in January 2005, with route planning studies now completed for the remaining two-lane sections.
In June of that year, construction began on a 16-kilometre (9.9 mi) extension of four-laning from Parry Sound to north of Nobel. Later in 2005, the provincial government announced that four-laning between Parry Sound and Sudbury would be completed by 2017.
The first project completed north of Parry Sound was the section between Sudbury and Estaire, which opened on November 12, 2009.
The section from south of the Seguin River in Parry Sound to north of Highway 559, bypassing Nobel, opened on October 26, 2010.
The former alignment in Sudbury is now known as Estaire Road,
while the former route through Nobel is now Nobel Road.
In 2008, work began to realign the S-curve at Highway 637; two lanes opened to traffic on July 27, 2010,
while the completed four-lane route, with an interchange at Highway 637, opened to traffic on August 8, 2012.
The former alignment now has the name Murdock River Road, and serves as a local road accessible only from Highway 637.
In the summer of 2012, the Highway 69 designation was shortened by 63.4 kilometres (39.4 mi), between MacTier and 1 kilometre north of Highway 559, resulting in its current length.
Highway 69 passes through significant tracts of wilderness and forested land, and consequently has seen a rate of animal collisions well above the provincial norm. Several segments of the four-laned route will include special grade-separated wildlife crossings, the first of which was completed in March 2012.
In the summer of 2012, work began to four lane a 9-kilometre (5.6 mi) segment between north of Highway 64 and the Murdock River,
as well as on a 11-kilometre (6.8 mi) segment between Highway 607 and north of Highway 64.
The first project was opened September 11, 2015,
while the segment from north of Highway 607 to north of Highway 64, including an interchange at the latter, was opened by the beginning of August 2016.
The most recently completed section as of 2023 was a 14-kilometre (8.7 mi) segment from north of Highway 522 to north of Highway 607 that opened on December 23, 2021.
Future
Although the original plan called for the four-laning of the highway to be complete by 2017, the timeline was pushed back due to delays in environmental assessments and land negotiations with First Nations bands impacted by the construction.
In the early 2010s, a widespread perception that the project appeared to be falling behind schedule was frequently discussed in Sudbury's media and by candidates in municipal and provincial elections,
but the Ministry of Transportation continued to assert that the project was on track for completion in 2017. In March 2015, the ministry officially acknowledged that the 2017 timeline would not be met, and indicated that the new target date was between 2019 and 2021. In 2017, however, although the ministry made no formal announcement, its annual Northern Highways Report listed a completion date within that period only for the section already under construction between the French River and north of Highway 522 at Grundy Lake Provincial Park.
This section opened in December 2021, several months ahead of the originally foreseen completion date of 2022.
The remaining route between Nobel and Grundy Lake is listed as "beyond 2021", as of July 2021.
A 19.3-kilometre (12.0 mi) section, from north of the Magnetawan River to Grundy Lake, is funded but has no announced construction timeline.
Major intersections
The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 69, as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario.
DivisionLocationkmmiExitDestinationsNotes
SimcoeTay – Severn boundary−100.3−62.3147 Highway 400 / Highway 12 / TCH south – Barrie, Toronto Highway 12 west – Waubaushene, Victoria Harbour County Road 16 south – OrilliaFormer Highway 69 southern terminus (1976-1997); Highway 12 formerly continued on County Road 16; Trans-Canada Highway follows Highway 12 east
−99.2−61.6Crosses Matchedash Bay
−98.0−60.9149Quarry RoadFormerly County Road 59
−94.0−58.4153Port Severn Road South – Port Severn
Severn River−93.4–−93.2−58.0–−57.9Crosses the Trent–Severn Waterway
MuskokaGeorgian Bay−91.8−57.0156 District Road 5 (Muskoka Road / Port Severn Road North) – Port Severn, Honey Harbour
−83.5−51.9162 District Road 34 east (White's Falls Road) – Severn Falls District Road 48 west (South Bay Road)
−79.0−49.1Highway 69 southern terminus from 1997-1999
−76.2−47.3168Georgian Bay Road, Crooked Bay Road
−72.8−45.2174 District Road 33 (South Gibson Lake Road)
Wahta Mohawk Territory−69.3–−70.0−43.1–−43.5177 District Road 32 (Go Home Lake Road) District Road 38 – BalaInterchange opened in 2005
−66.2−41.1Highway 69 southern terminus from 1999-2008
−63.2−39.3182Iroquois Cranberry Growers Drive
Georgian Bay−61.7−38.3185 District Road 12 (12 Mile Bay Road)
−61.2−38.0Moon River crossing
−58.2−36.2189 Highway 400 / TCH Lake Joseph Road (Highway 7289 north)Highway 69 southern terminus from 2008-2012; former Highway 69 follows Lake Joseph Road; present-day Highway 7289 southern terminus
−53.8−33.4 District Road 11 north – MacTier
Muskoka Lakes−52.1−32.4 District Road 169 east – Bala, GravenhurstFoot's Bay; formerly Highway 169 east
Parry SoundSeguin−43.0−26.7 Highway 612 south – MacTierGordon Bay
−36.3−22.6 Highway 141 west (to Highway 400)Southern end of Highway 141 concurrency (2003-2012); present-day Highway 7289 northern terminus
−32.8−20.4 Highway 141 east – RosseauNorthern end of Highway 141 concurrency (2003-2012); former Highway 141 western terminus (pre-2003); present-day Highway 7290 southern terminus
−30.2−18.8213 Highway 400 / TCH Lake Joseph Road (Highway 7290 south)Southern end of Highway 400 concurrency (2003-2012)
−27.1−16.8214Seguin Trail, Horseshoe Lake Road
−23.9−14.9217Oastler Park Drive, Badger RoadHighway 69 former alignment (pre-2003)
−20.5−12.7220 Highway 518 east (Hunter Drive) – Orrville
Parry Sound−16.9−10.5224Bowes Street, McDougall RoadFormerly Highway 69B north
−14.4−8.9229Parry Sound DriveFormer alignment of Highway 69
McDougall−11.8−7.3231 Highway 124 east – Nobel, SundridgeParry Sound Drive – Parry Sound
−1.3−0.81241 Highway 559 west – Killbear Provincial Park
Carling0.00.0 Highway 400 / TCH ends Highway 69 / TCH beginsHighway 69 southern terminus; Highway 400 northern terminus
Shawanaga First Nation17.210.7 Shebeshekong Road (Highway 7182 south)Former Highway 69 alignment
The Archipelago26.416.4South Shore RoadPointe au Baril; formerly Highway 644 west
28.317.6 Highway 529 north – Bayfield InletFormerly Highway 69 north
Magnetawan First Nation48.330.0 Highway 529 south – Byng Inlet, Bayfield InletFormerly Highway 69 south
Henvey53.533.2 Highway 526 south – Britt
Cranberry66.341.2 Highway 522 east – Trout Creek
Unorganized Centre Parry Sound70.043.5Beginning of divided freeway
French River 1372.945.3—Pickerel River Road / Settlers RoadInterchange opened December 23, 2021
French River76.047.2Crosses French River
SudburyKillarney – French River boundary80.550.0— Highway 607 north / Harley Bay RoadBigwood
90.356.1— Highway 64 north – Noelville, Sturgeon FallsRutter; interchange opened August 2016
Unorganized Sudbury District102.063.4—Crooked Lake RoadInterchange opened September 11, 2015
107.166.5— Highway 637 west – KillarneyInterchange opened August 8, 2012
119.174.0—Nelson Road – Estaire
Greater Sudbury128.179.6— Highway 537 – Wanup, Wahnapitae
134.083.3—Estaire RoadFormerly Highway 69 south
134.583.6End of divided freeway
140.387.2 Highway 17 / TCH (SW & SE Bypasses) – Sault Ste. Marie, North Bay Municipal Road 46 north (Regent Street)Interchange; Highway 69 northern terminus; continues as Municipal Road 46
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Closed/former Route transition
References
^ a b c d e Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (2016). "Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) counts". Retrieved January 1, 2021.
^ a b "Schedule 4 – Schedule of Assumptions and Reversions of Sections". Annual Report (Report). Department of Highways. February 23, 1938. p. 51. Retrieved August 31, 2021 – via Internet Archive.
^ "Background". Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. Archived from the original on June 8, 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
^ Official Ontario Road Map (PDF) (Map). Cartography by Geomatics Office. 2020–2021. §§ L20–O25. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
^ a b c d Ontario Back Road Atlas (Map). Cartography by MapArt. Peter Heiler Ltd. 2010. pp. 56, 74–75, 92. §§ D19–Q26. ISBN 978-1-55198-226-7.
^ a b BayToday Staff (July 22, 2021). "More four-laning of Hwy 69 on the books under 2021 Ontario Highways Program". Sudbury.com. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
^ a b c d e Google (August 27, 2021). "Highway 69 – Length and Route" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
^ "French River Provincial Park: A historic waterway through Canadian Shield gneiss; GeoTours Northern Ontario series" (PDF). Natural Resources Canada and Ontario Geological Survey. 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
^ Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by C.P. Robins. Ontario Department of Highways. 1960. §§ O31–32.
^ Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by C.P. Robins. Ontario Department of Highways. 1961. §§ O31–32.
^ Shragge, John; Bagnato, Sharon (1984). From Footpaths to Freeways. Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications, Historical Committee. pp. 71–73. ISBN 0-7743-9388-2.
^ a b "Appendix No. 3 - Schedule of Assumptions and Reversions of Sections of the King's Highway System for the Year Ending March 31, 1938". Annual Report (Report). Department of Highways. April 20, 1939. p. 80. Retrieved August 31, 2021 – via Internet Archive.
^ "Division No. 12 - Parry Sound". Annual Report (Report). Department of Highways. October 26, 1939. p. 34. Retrieved August 31, 2021 – via Internet Archive.
^ Shragge, John G. (2007). "Highway 401: The Story". Archived from the original on March 28, 2008. Retrieved August 31, 2021.
^ Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by D. Barclay. Department of Highways. 1939–40. §§ J3–K4. Retrieved August 31, 2021.
^ Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by D. Barclay. Department of Highways. 1940–41. §§ J3–K4. Retrieved August 31, 2021.
^ "To Complete Sudbury Road". The Windsor Star. November 14, 1947. p. 19. Retrieved August 31, 2021.
^ Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by C. P. Robins. Department of Highways. 1952. §§ N31–O32. Retrieved August 31, 2021.
^ Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by C. P. Robins. Department of Highways. 1952. § Q34. Retrieved June 8, 2021 – via Archives of Ontario.
^ a b Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by C. P. Robins. Department of Highways. 1953. § Q34. Retrieved June 8, 2021 – via Archives of Ontario.
^ Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by C. P. Robins. Department of Highways. 1954. § N31. Retrieved August 31, 2021.
^ Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by C. P. Robins. Department of Highways. 1955. § N31. Retrieved August 31, 2021.
^ Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by C. P. Robins. Department of Highways. 1956. § M30–N31. Retrieved September 1, 2021 – via Archives of Ontario.
^ a b Public and Safety Information Branch (April 14, 1976). "Toronto–Sudbury Highways to be Renumbered" (Press release). Ministry of Transportation and Communications.
^ Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by Engineering Plans Office. Ministry of Transportation and Communications. 1974. §§ O–P13. Retrieved September 1, 2021 – via Archives of Ontario.
^ Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by Cartography Section. Ministry of Transportation and Communications. 1977. Regional Municipality of Sudbury inset. Retrieved September 1, 2021 – via Archives of Ontario.
^ Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by Cartography Section, Surveys and Plans Office. Ministry of Transportation and Communications. 1978–79. Regional Municipality of Sudbury inset. Retrieved December 13, 2021 – via Archives of Ontario.
^ Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by Cartography Section, Surveys and Plans Office. Ministry of Transportation and Communications. 1980–81. Regional Municipality of Sudbury inset. Retrieved December 13, 2021 – via Archives of Ontario.
^ Keown, Mary (August 10, 2018). "Cutting noise to Maley Drive neighbours would be costly: report". Sudbury Star. Retrieved August 15, 2021. ...the construction of a cloverleaf interchange at the intersection of Highway 69 North and the Maley Drive extension.
^ a b Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (2003). "Limits of Existing Four Laning". Government of Ontario. Archived from the original on February 15, 2003. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
^ a b c Ross, Ian (July 13, 2008). "Highway 69 and 11 expansion rolling north: Northerners say safety, efficiency, new development will open up the region". Northern Ontario Business. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
^ "Highway 400 & 69: From Coldwater to Port Severn". Provincial Highways Construction Projects 1989-90 (Report). Ministry of Transportation. May 1989. p. 14. ISSN 0714-1149.
^ "Highway 400 & 69: From Coldwater to Port Severn". Provincial Highways Construction Projects 1991-92 (Report). Ministry of Transportation. May 1991. p. 10. ISSN 0714-1149.
^ Canadian Press (July 9, 1997). "2 highways to north to be widened". Toronto Star. p. A10. Highway 69 will have four lanes to 20 kilometres north of Port Severn by the end of the summer. Another 23 kilometres will be added, extending north to Parry Sound.
^ a b c d e f g Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (2005). "Status of Construction Activity". Government of Ontario. Archived from the original on November 19, 2005. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
^ a b c d e f "Provincial Highways Distance Table" (PDF). Provincial Highways Distance Table: King's Secondary Highways and Tertiary Roads. Ministry of Transportation of Ontario: 80. 1997. ISSN 0825-5350. Retrieved March 13, 2021 – via Legislative Assembly of Ontario.
^ a b c d e Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by Cartography Section. Ministry of Transportation. 1996. §§ E–F8. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
^ St. Pierre, Denis (October 3, 1999). "Four-laning is on the slow track". Sudbury Star. p. A1.
^ Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (2000). "Status of Construction Activity". Government of Ontario. Archived from the original on August 23, 2000. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
^ Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (October 7, 2003). "Notice of Opening of a New Four-Lane Highway Section of Highway 400". Government of Ontario. Archived from the original on December 27, 2003. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
^ de Souza, Raymond (December 17, 2020). "First Nations' Water Problems No Surprise". National Post. p. AS13. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
^ Moss, Peter (2010). Thriller: Ghosts of the Dark Sky Bogs and Barrens. Chapter 8: Wahta Mohawks. ISBN 978-0-557-89949-4. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
^ Ladan, Mark (February 20, 2002). "Land Claim Issues Leave Highway 400 Extension in Limbo". Government of Ontario. Archived from the original on May 12, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
^ Meeting No. PW-01-2004 - Engineering and Public Works Committee (Report). District Municipality of Muskoka. December 17, 2003. p. 30. Retrieved August 23, 2021. I am very pleased to inform you that the Wahta Mohawks have ratified the final land claim settlement agreement through a community vote on October 25, 2003. A majority of eligible voters cast votes, and approximately 79% of voters were in favour of the agreement.
^ Tynan, Jack (July 17, 2008). "Highway 400 opens near MacTier". Huntsville Forester. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
^ "Hwy 69 completion date pushed back — again". Sudbury Star. August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
^ Vaillancourt, Bob (November 4, 2004). "Work on highway starts slowly: Contract issued to widen 700 metres of Highway 69". Sudbury Star. p. A1.
^ "Contract awarded for widening of highway 69". Sault Star. December 18, 2004. p. A6.
^ Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (2006). "Status of Construction Activity". Government of Ontario. Archived from the original on December 19, 2006. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
^ St. Pierre, Denis (October 29, 2005). "Bad intersection to be fixed". Sudbury Star. p. A3. Lecoarer also provided city council with an update on the ministry's 12-year plan to complete the four-laning of Highway 69 between Sudbury and Parry Sound.
^ "New section of 69 opens to public". Sudbury.com. Northern Life. November 13, 2009. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
^ "$177-million section of highway now open". CottageCountryNow.ca. October 27, 2010. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
^ a b Google (August 15, 2021). "Estaire Road" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
^ Google (August 14, 2021). "Nobel Road" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
^ "Bad section of Highway 69 now fixed: MPP". Sudbury Star. July 28, 2010. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
^ a b Poliakov, Rita (August 4, 2012). "From tragedy to action -- more Hwy 69 4-laned". Sudbury Star. Archived from the original on August 13, 2014. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
^ Google (August 15, 2021). "Former Highway 69 S-curve – Murdock River Road at Highway 637" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
^ a b Cooper, Cody Storm (June 27, 2012). "Highway 69 Name Change". Huntsville Forester. Metroland Media.
^ a b c d Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (2012). "Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) counts". Archived from the original on September 28, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
^ "Ontario builds first bridge for animals near Sudbury". CBC News. March 20, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
^ Ministry of Energy, Northern Development and Mines (August 3, 2012). "Another Highway 69 Expansion South Of Sudbury". Ontario Newsroom. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
^ Ministry of Energy, Northern Development and Mines (July 16, 2012). "Expanding Highway 69 South Of Sudbury". Ontario Newsroom. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
^ a b "Highway 69 a bit wider today". Sudbury Star. September 11, 2015. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
^ a b "Thibeault announces completion of Highway 69 widening". Sudbury.com. July 15, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
^ a b "Ontario Opens Newly Expanded Highway 69". Government of Ontario. December 23, 2021. Retrieved December 23, 2021.
^ a b Vaillancourt, Bob (November 4, 2014). "Highway 69 to be delayed, province admits". Sudbury Star. p. A1. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
^ Leeson, Ben (January 2, 2015). "Sudbury Accent: Highway 69 by 2017' Seems unlikely". Retrieved August 17, 2021.
^ "Hwy 69 completion date pushed back — again". Sudbury Star. August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
^ "New section of road opens on Highway 69". Northern Ontario Business. December 23, 2021. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
^ BayToday Staff (July 22, 2021). "More four-laning of Hwy 69 on the books under 2021 Ontario Highways Program". Retrieved August 17, 2021.
^ Infrastructure Canada (May 21, 2019). "Major improvements to Highway 69 in Northern Ontario to support safer and more efficient travels". Canada Newswire. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
^ "Provincial Highways Distance Table". Provincial Highways Distance Table: King's Secondary Highways and Tertiary Roads. Ministry of Transportation of Ontario: 73. 1989. ISSN 0825-5350.
External links
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Ontario Highway 69KML is from Wikidata
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Ontario Highway 69/newKML is not from Wikidata
Highway 69 at OntHighways.com
Highway 69 Four-Laning Detail Design
Highway 69 Expansion - engineering and design projects
Preceded by Highway 17
Trans-Canada Highway Highway 69
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|
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In conjunction with Highway 400, it links Toronto with the city of Greater Sudbury at Highway 17, via Parry Sound. It is part of the Trans-Canada Highway and the National Highway System. From its southern terminus of Highway 559 at Carling, Highway 69 begins as Highway 400 narrows from a four-laned freeway to a two lane highway. It travels northerly for approximately 68 kilometres (42 mi) to south of the French River before widening back to a divided four lane freeway for approximately 64 kilometres (40 mi) into Sudbury. The final 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) of the route, connecting to Highway 17, is a five lane arterial road that will be converted to freeway as the final phase of the four-laning.Highway 69 was first designated in 1936 when the Department of Highways (DHO) assumed the Rama Road between Atherley and Washago. This short route was extended the following year when the DHO merged with the Department of Northern Development and expanded the King's Highway network north of the Severn River. By the beginning of World War II, the route reached as far north as Britt; a separate segment connected the town of Burwash with Sudbury. However, the rationing of labour and materials due to the war effort resulted in these two sections remaining separated until the mid-1950s. In 1976, several reroutings and renumbering took place in the Muskoka area. As a result, the portion of Highway 69 between Brechin and Foot's Bay was renumbered as Highway 169, while the entirety of Highway 103 between Coldwater and Foot's Bay was renumbered as Highway 69.Between 1956 and 1979, Highway 69 extended through and north of Sudbury. Until some point between 1974 and 1977, it reached as far north as Capreol, after which it was truncated at Hanmer. By 1980, the northern terminus had shifted to the Southwest Bypass, onto which Highway 17 was rerouted in 1995. Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, Highway 400 was gradually pushed north to its current terminus by twinning Highway 69, gradually truncating its length. A commitment to complete four-laning to Sudbury has been made by all three major provincial political parties in Ontario since 1991, but as of 2022 there remains 70 kilometres (43 mi) of two lane highway still to be constructed. Various former alignments of Highway 69 remain in use as directional carriageways of Highway 400 or as local roads. The highway forms part of the Georgian Bay Route of the Trans-Canada Highway, which continues south along Highway 400.","title":"Ontario Highway 69"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:69_Lovering-Lake-Diversion_north_September2015.jpg"},{"link_name":"Highway 637","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_637"},{"link_name":"Georgian Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Bay"},{"link_name":"Thirty Thousand Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Thousand_Islands"},{"link_name":"southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ontario"},{"link_name":"northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Highway 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Nobel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Shawanaga First Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawanaga_First_Nation"},{"link_name":"Pointe au Baril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointe_au_Baril,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Magnetawan First Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetawan_First_Nation"},{"link_name":"Byng Inlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byng_Inlet,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Bigwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigwood,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Delamere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delamere,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Henvey Inlet First Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henvey_Inlet_2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_mapart-5"},{"link_name":"Carling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carling,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"divided","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_carriageway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-km-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-more2021-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gmaps-7"},{"link_name":"Shawanaga First Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawanaga_First_Nation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-more2021-6"},{"link_name":"Canadian Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Shield"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gmaps-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_mapart-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gmaps-7"},{"link_name":"The Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Pointe au Baril Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointe_au_Baril_Station"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Unorganized Centre Parry Sound District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unorganized_Centre_Parry_Sound_District"},{"link_name":"Britt Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britt_Station"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_mapart-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gmaps-7"},{"link_name":"Sudbury District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudbury_District"},{"link_name":"Key River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_River,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Highway 522","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_522"},{"link_name":"Wanikewin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanikewin"},{"link_name":"Rutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutter,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"arterial road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_road"},{"link_name":"Southeast Bypass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_and_Southeast_Bypasses"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_mapart-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gmaps-7"}],"text":"Highway 69 looking northerly at Lovering Lake south of Highway 637Highway 69 is a major highway serving the recreational areas surrounding Georgian Bay and the Thirty Thousand Islands, as well as providing the westernmost fixed connection between southern and northern Ontario; the highway occupies the northern portion of a corridor that connects Toronto to Sudbury, with Highway 400 occupying the southern portion. While Highway 6 is located further west, it requires the use of a ferry service between the Bruce Peninsula and Manitoulin Island.[3][4]Between Nobel and Sudbury, there are no large communities, although numerous small communities lie adjacent to the route, including the Shawanaga First Nation, Pointe au Baril, Magnetawan First Nation, Byng Inlet, Britt, Bigwood, Delamere and the Henvey Inlet First Nation.[5]\nAs of 2023 the highway begins 1.0-kilometre (0.62 mi) north of Highway 559 (Exit 241) in Carling, where the divided four lane Highway 400 narrows into the two-laned Highway 69 (that will serve as the future southbound lanes).[1][6][7]\nConstruction is scheduled to begin in the mid-2020s to extend Highway 400 northward by 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) from Highway 559 to Shebooshekong Road near the Shawanaga First Nation.[6]Highway 69 travels in a predominantly north-northeast direction, well inland of Georgian Bay. The Canadian Shield dominates the topography, resulting in numerous transverse marshes and rock outcroppings that bisect the highway, with dense forests in between;[7][8]\nservices are limited and distant.[5][7] Exiting Carling Township, the highway enters The Archipelago, where it scrapes the northeastern edge of the Shawanaga First Nation. It provides access to Pointe au Baril and Pointe au Baril Station before intersecting the southern end of Highway 529, a former alignment of the highway.[9][10]\nIt enters Unorganized Centre Parry Sound District, a sparsely-inhabited agglomeration of townships, where it provides access to Britt and Britt Station, as well as the northern end of Highway 529.[5][7]Progressing north, Highway 69 enters Sudbury District at the community of Key River. It passes through Cranberry, intersecting Highway 522. Highway 69 widens to a four lane freeway north of Highway 522 before briefly curving northward. It crosses the French River near Wanikewin and encounters an interchange with Highway 607 near Bigwood. It remains a divided four-laned freeway the remainder of its journey into Sudbury, passing by the communities of Rutter, Burwash, Estaire, and Wanup before merging into a four-lane arterial road immediately southeast of Highway 17 at the Southeast Bypass. The highway ends at the interchange with Highway 17; past this point, the roadway continues into Sudbury as Municipal Road 46 (Regent Street).[5][7]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trans_Canada_over_French_River.jpg"},{"link_name":"French River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_River_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"King's Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Provincial_Highway_Network"},{"link_name":"Highway 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_12"},{"link_name":"Highway 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-established-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1937_assumptions-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1937_assumptions-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JShragge-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"French River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_River,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Alban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Highway 535","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_535"},{"link_name":"Hagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagar,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Noëlville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABlville,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1952_map-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1953_map-20"},{"link_name":"Alban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Southern Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Northern Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Sault Ste. Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"North Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Bay,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1953_map-20"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1976_swap-24"},{"link_name":"Valley East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_East,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Southwest Bypass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_and_Southeast_Bypasses"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Sudbury Municipal Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipal_roads_in_Greater_Sudbury"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"The former Highway 69 bridge over the French River in 2016. Since 2021, the highway crosses the river on replacement twin structures. The bridge remains in service and now carries a local road.Highway 69 has undergone several major changes during its existence, so much so that the first section designated has not been a King's Highway for 60 years and lay approximately 80 km (50 mi) from the current highway. In other places, a minor two-lane gravel highway has gradually been upgraded to a four-lane freeway. On August 5, 1936, the DHO assumed the Rama Road, connecting Highway 12 at Atherley with Highway 11 at Washago.[2]\nOn March 31, 1937, the Department of Northern Development (DND) was merged into the DHO, allowing the latter to extend the provincial highway network north of the Severn River.[11]\nSubsequently, through August 1937, Highway 69 was extended 77.75 mi (125.13 km) north to the Naiscoot River, midway between Pointe au Baril and Britt.[12][13]\nThis extension followed DND trunk routes to Nobel, where a munitions and aircraft factory would soon provide an instrumental role in the war effort. In the north, the road connecting Sudbury and Burwash was also assumed as Highway 69 on August 11.[12]\nIt was intended to connect these two segments over the next several years; however, the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 halted all non-essential construction due to the short supply of labour and materials.[14]\nAlthough an extension from the Naiscoot River to Britt would open by 1940.[15][16]Once the war ended, construction resumed to bridge the 65 kilometres (40 mi) gap between the two sections of Highway 69.[17]\nFrench River and Alban would be linked to the provincial highway network via Britt by 1952. This allowed motorists to take a far more direct route between Severn River and Sudbury, by taking advantage of a detour via Highway 535 and Highway 64, through the small communities of Hagar and Noëlville.[18]\nThat same year also saw the rerouting of the southern end of the highway; the southern end was moved east from Atherley to Brechin and the Rama Road decommissioned as a provincial highway. The new routing was longer but gave the southern end of the highway a more significant purpose than as a bypass of Highway 11. The Rama Road has since been known as Simcoe County Road 44.[19][20]The biggest gap that remained on Highway 69 was between Alban and Burwash, but this was eliminated from 1952 to 1955,[21][22]\nproviding a third link from Southern Ontario to Northern Ontario (the other two being Highway 11 and Highway 17). Until Highway 69 was completed between Parry Sound and Sudbury, drivers travelling between Southern Ontario and Sudbury or Sault Ste. Marie had to travel along a circuitous routing via Highway 11 to North Bay, and thence along Highway 17 to Sudbury and beyond to Sault Ste. Marie.[20]\nIn 1956, Highway 69 was extended north of Sudbury to Capreol, bringing its length to 292.9 kilometres (182.0 mi).[23]The year 1976 saw big changes for Highway 69. The portion of highway south of MacTier was shifted onto the routing of former Highway 103, completely absorbing that roadway into its length. The former routing was renamed Highway 169. It was at this time that Highway 69 was at its longest, from Highway 12 and Highway 400 at Waubaushene north to Sudbury.[24]\nUntil the mid-1970s, Highway 69 continued through Sudbury along Regent Street, Paris Street and Notre Dame Avenue, and into the suburban towns of Valley East and Capreol. At some point between 1974 and 1977, it was truncated at Hanmer.[25][26]\nBy 1980, the northern terminus had shifted to the Southwest Bypass.[27][28]\nWhile this route is no longer part of the provincial highway, and is officially designated as a series of Sudbury Municipal Roads, it is still often referred to locally as \"Highway 69 North\".[29]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Highway_400_Seguin.jpg"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSB-30"},{"link_name":"New Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_New_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"government of","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rae_Ministry"},{"link_name":"Bob Rae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Rae"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-norontbusiness-31"},{"link_name":"Canadian National Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway"},{"link_name":"Trent–Severn Waterway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent%E2%80%93Severn_Waterway"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Transportation of Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Transportation_of_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ar89-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wahta-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1997_km-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1996_map-37"},{"link_name":"Progressive Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Mike Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Harris"},{"link_name":"1995 provincial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Ontario_general_election"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slowtrack-38"},{"link_name":"Highway 141","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_141"},{"link_name":"Moon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_River_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"unsigned highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsigned_highway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-km-1"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSB-30"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wahta-35"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"concurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"Wahta Mohawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahta_Mohawks"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wahta-35"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1997_km-36"},{"link_name":"Highway 637","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_637"},{"link_name":"Rick Bartolucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Bartolucci"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Liberal_Party"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-norontbusiness-31"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Parry Sound—Muskoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parry_Sound%E2%80%94Muskoka_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Ernie Eves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Eves"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-norontbusiness-31"},{"link_name":"Dalton McGuinty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton_McGuinty"},{"link_name":"2003 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Ontario_general_election"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Estaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estaire,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Nobel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wahta-35"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Highway 559","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_559"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EstaireRd-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FromTragedy-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-km-1"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-name_change-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012_km-59"},{"link_name":"wildlife crossings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_crossing"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Highway 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_64"},{"link_name":"Murdock River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murdock_River"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Highway 607","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_607"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wider-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-murdock-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interchange_open_December_2021-65"}],"sub_title":"Four-laning","text":"The Parry Sound bypass, which now forms part of Highway 400, opened on November 1, 2001, as part of Highway 69.[30]Although planning for an eventual four-lane highway started in 1969, the commitment to expand the entirety of Highway 69 to a full freeway was first made in 1991 by the New Democrat government of Bob Rae.[31]\nThe first work on the southernmost portion of the highway had already begun in 1990, with the construction of the southbound structures over Matchedash Bay and the Canadian National Railway crossing north of Highway 12. Both were complete by the end of 1990. During 1991, construction began on the interchanges at Quarry Road and Port Severn Road, new service roads between those interchanges and the southbound structure over the Trent–Severn Waterway. In 1988, the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario completed a study of the Highway 69 corridor between Muskoka Road 5 in Port Severn and Tower Road southwest of MacTier, a distance of approximately 45 km (28 mi). This work was carried out through the 1990s as one large project, reaching as far as south of Go Home Lake Road (Muskoka District Roads 32/38) by mid-to-late 1997.[32][33][34]\nIt was extended 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) farther to south of the Musquash River in October 1999.[35]\nThe Highway 400 designation was moved north, and Highway 69 equally shortened, after each project.[36][37]Engineering was underway on the first 65 kilometres (40 mi) south of Sudbury. However, that project was shelved by the Progressive Conservative (PC) government of Mike Harris shortly after the 1995 provincial election.[38]\nDespite this, construction of the segment from Highway 141 to the Seguin River, proceeded in November 1999, and the MacTier bypass south of Highway 141 to the Moon River in February 2000. The majority of these three projects were built on a new alignment, with the former route of Highway 69 becoming Lake Joseph Road and Oastler Park Road.[39]\nLake Joseph Road is maintained by the MTO as an unsigned highway. The portion south of Highway 141 designated as Highway 7289, and the northern portion as Highway 7290.[1]\nThe Parry Sound Bypass, from Badger Road to the Seguin River, opened on November 1, 2001;[30]\nthe section from Highway 141 to Badger Road opened in October 2002;[35]\nand the MacTier Bypass opened on October 7, 2003.[40]Map of Highway 69 expansion by date: Two lane Highway 69 ~1997 (Waubaushene–Muskoka Road 38) October 1999 (Muskoka Road 38–Musquash River) July 15, 2008 (Wahta Gap) October 7, 2003 (MacTier Bypass) October 2002 (Highway 141–Badger Road) November 1, 2001 (Parry Sound Bypass) October 26, 2010 (Noble Bypass) December 23, 2021 (Highway 522–Highway 607) August 5, 2016 (Highway 607–Highway 64) September 11, 2015 (Highway 64–Murdock River) August 3, 2012 (Murdock River–Estaire) November 12, 2009 (Estaire–Sudbury)The Highway 400 designation was extended northward from the Musquash River to the Seguin River following the opening of the MacTier Bypass, but the Highway 69 designation remained in place as a concurrency. This was due a 7.6-kilometre (4.7 mi) two lane gap between the Musquash and Moon Rivers, passing through the Wahta Mohawks territory, that came to be known as the Wahta Gap.[41][42]\nThe Territorial Reserve did not oppose the construction; however, the land was unobtainable due to a technicality requiring a minimum voter turnout of 65 percent.[43]\nThe land claim was settled by a vote held on October 25, 2003.[44]\nFollowing ratification, construction began in December 2004,[35]\nand opened July 15, 2008.[45]\nFollowing its completion, Highway 69 was truncated at what is now the south junction of Lake Joseph Road (Exit 189) near MacTier, an overall reduction of over 40 kilometres (24.9 mi) since prior to 1989.[36]The City of Sudbury continued to lobby for the expansion of the highway, calling attention especially to an ongoing series of fatal car accidents at the intersection of Highway 637, where a sharp S-curve along Highway 69 rendered the approaching intersection effectively invisible to northbound traffic. Assisted by Rick Bartolucci, the Liberal MPP for Sudbury, the CRASH 69 (Community Rallying Against Substandard Highway 69) committee of Sudbury residents campaigned throughout the late 1990s and early 2000s to have the project reinstated.[31][46]Premier Harris' successor (and former MPP for Parry Sound—Muskoka), Ernie Eves, announced the resumption of construction between Parry Sound and Sudbury in 2002; however, the PCs did not commit to four-laning the entire route.[31] The Liberal government of Dalton McGuinty came to power following the 2003 election with a promise to have a commitment in place within six months.[47]\nConstruction began on a 20-kilometre (12 mi) segment south of Sudbury to Estaire in January 2005, with route planning studies now completed for the remaining two-lane sections.[48][49]\nIn June of that year, construction began on a 16-kilometre (9.9 mi) extension of four-laning from Parry Sound to north of Nobel.[35] Later in 2005, the provincial government announced that four-laning between Parry Sound and Sudbury would be completed by 2017.[50]The first project completed north of Parry Sound was the section between Sudbury and Estaire, which opened on November 12, 2009.[51]\nThe section from south of the Seguin River in Parry Sound to north of Highway 559, bypassing Nobel, opened on October 26, 2010.[52]\nThe former alignment in Sudbury is now known as Estaire Road,[53]\nwhile the former route through Nobel is now Nobel Road.[54]\nIn 2008, work began to realign the S-curve at Highway 637; two lanes opened to traffic on July 27, 2010,[55]\nwhile the completed four-lane route, with an interchange at Highway 637, opened to traffic on August 8, 2012.[56]\nThe former alignment now has the name Murdock River Road, and serves as a local road accessible only from Highway 637.[57]\nIn the summer of 2012, the Highway 69 designation was shortened by 63.4 kilometres (39.4 mi), between MacTier and 1 kilometre north of Highway 559, resulting in its current length.[1][58][59]Highway 69 passes through significant tracts of wilderness and forested land, and consequently has seen a rate of animal collisions well above the provincial norm. Several segments of the four-laned route will include special grade-separated wildlife crossings, the first of which was completed in March 2012.[60]\nIn the summer of 2012, work began to four lane a 9-kilometre (5.6 mi) segment between north of Highway 64 and the Murdock River,[61]\nas well as on a 11-kilometre (6.8 mi) segment between Highway 607 and north of Highway 64.[62]\nThe first project was opened September 11, 2015,[63]\nwhile the segment from north of Highway 607 to north of Highway 64, including an interchange at the latter, was opened by the beginning of August 2016.[64]\nThe most recently completed section as of 2023 was a 14-kilometre (8.7 mi) segment from north of Highway 522 to north of Highway 607 that opened on December 23, 2021.[65]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-delayed-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-delayed-66"},{"link_name":"French River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_River_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"Highway 522","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_522"},{"link_name":"Grundy Lake Provincial Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundy_Lake_Provincial_Park"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Magnetawan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetawan_River"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"text":"Although the original plan called for the four-laning of the highway to be complete by 2017, the timeline was pushed back due to delays in environmental assessments and land negotiations with First Nations bands impacted by the construction.[66]\nIn the early 2010s, a widespread perception that the project appeared to be falling behind schedule was frequently discussed in Sudbury's media and by candidates in municipal and provincial elections,[67]\nbut the Ministry of Transportation continued to assert that the project was on track for completion in 2017. In March 2015, the ministry officially acknowledged that the 2017 timeline would not be met, and indicated that the new target date was between 2019 and 2021.[66] In 2017, however, although the ministry made no formal announcement, its annual Northern Highways Report listed a completion date within that period only for the section already under construction between the French River and north of Highway 522 at Grundy Lake Provincial Park.[68]\nThis section opened in December 2021, several months ahead of the originally foreseen completion date of 2022.[69]The remaining route between Nobel and Grundy Lake is listed as \"beyond 2021\", as of July 2021.[70]\nA 19.3-kilometre (12.0 mi) section, from north of the Magnetawan River to Grundy Lake, is funded but has no announced construction timeline.[71]","title":"Future"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry of Transportation of Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Transportation_of_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-km-1"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1997_km-36"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1989_km-72"}],"text":"The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 69, as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario.[1][36][72]","title":"Major intersections"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Highway 69 looking northerly at Lovering Lake south of Highway 637","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/69_Lovering-Lake-Diversion_north_September2015.jpg/220px-69_Lovering-Lake-Diversion_north_September2015.jpg"},{"image_text":"The former Highway 69 bridge over the French River in 2016. Since 2021, the highway crosses the river on replacement twin structures. The bridge remains in service and now carries a local road.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Trans_Canada_over_French_River.jpg/220px-Trans_Canada_over_French_River.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Parry Sound bypass, which now forms part of Highway 400, opened on November 1, 2001, as part of Highway 69.[30]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Highway_400_Seguin.jpg/220px-Highway_400_Seguin.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (2016). \"Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) counts\". Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Transportation_of_Ontario","url_text":"Ministry of Transportation of Ontario"},{"url":"https://www.library.mto.gov.on.ca/SydneyPLUS/TechPubs/Portal/tp/tvSplash.aspx","url_text":"\"Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) counts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schedule 4 – Schedule of Assumptions and Reversions of Sections\". Annual Report (Report). Department of Highways. February 23, 1938. p. 51. Retrieved August 31, 2021 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/n05ontariosession70ontauoft/page/50/mode/2up","url_text":"Annual Report"}]},{"reference":"\"Background\". Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. Archived from the original on June 8, 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110608073855/http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/traveller/highway69/background.shtml","url_text":"\"Background\""},{"url":"http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/traveller/highway69/background.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Official Ontario Road Map (PDF) (Map). Cartography by Geomatics Office. 2020–2021. §§ L20–O25. Retrieved August 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/publications/official-road-map/pdfs/ORM_South_2020.pdf","url_text":"Official Ontario Road Map"}]},{"reference":"Ontario Back Road Atlas (Map). Cartography by MapArt. Peter Heiler Ltd. 2010. pp. 56, 74–75, 92. §§ D19–Q26. ISBN 978-1-55198-226-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MapArt","url_text":"MapArt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55198-226-7","url_text":"978-1-55198-226-7"}]},{"reference":"BayToday Staff (July 22, 2021). \"More four-laning of Hwy 69 on the books under 2021 Ontario Highways Program\". Sudbury.com. Retrieved August 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sudbury.com/local-news/more-four-laning-of-hwy-69-on-the-books-under-2021-ontario-highways-program-3976028","url_text":"\"More four-laning of Hwy 69 on the books under 2021 Ontario Highways Program\""}]},{"reference":"Google (August 27, 2021). \"Highway 69 – Length and Route\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved August 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://goo.gl/maps/V31emAC1G4QTbHmz6","url_text":"\"Highway 69 – Length and Route\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"\"French River Provincial Park: A historic waterway through Canadian Shield gneiss; GeoTours Northern Ontario series\" (PDF). Natural Resources Canada and Ontario Geological Survey. 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mndm.gov.on.ca/sites/default/files/geotour_pdf_files/geotours_french_river_e.pdf","url_text":"\"French River Provincial Park: A historic waterway through Canadian Shield gneiss; GeoTours Northern Ontario series\""}]},{"reference":"Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by C.P. Robins. Ontario Department of Highways. 1960. §§ O31–32.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by C.P. Robins. Ontario Department of Highways. 1961. §§ O31–32.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Shragge, John; Bagnato, Sharon (1984). From Footpaths to Freeways. Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications, Historical Committee. pp. 71–73. ISBN 0-7743-9388-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7743-9388-2","url_text":"0-7743-9388-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Appendix No. 3 - Schedule of Assumptions and Reversions of Sections of the King's Highway System for the Year Ending March 31, 1938\". Annual Report (Report). Department of Highways. April 20, 1939. p. 80. Retrieved August 31, 2021 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/n05ontariosession71ontauoft/page/80/mode/2up","url_text":"Annual Report"}]},{"reference":"\"Division No. 12 - Parry Sound\". Annual Report (Report). Department of Highways. October 26, 1939. p. 34. Retrieved August 31, 2021 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/n05ontariosession72ontauoft/page/n627/mode/2up","url_text":"Annual Report"}]},{"reference":"Shragge, John G. (2007). \"Highway 401: The Story\". Archived from the original on March 28, 2008. Retrieved August 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080328001341/http://www.roadscholar.on.ca/lateststory.html","url_text":"\"Highway 401: The Story\""},{"url":"http://www.roadscholar.on.ca/lateststory.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by D. Barclay. Department of Highways. 1939–40. §§ J3–K4. Retrieved August 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://ao.minisisinc.com/FS_IMAGES/I0050500.jpg","url_text":"Ontario Road Map"}]},{"reference":"Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by D. Barclay. Department of Highways. 1940–41. §§ J3–K4. Retrieved August 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://ao.minisisinc.com/FS_IMAGES/I0050502.jpg","url_text":"Ontario Road Map"}]},{"reference":"\"To Complete Sudbury Road\". The Windsor Star. November 14, 1947. p. 19. Retrieved August 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84498960/to-complete-sudbury-road/","url_text":"\"To Complete Sudbury Road\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Windsor_Star","url_text":"The Windsor Star"}]},{"reference":"Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by C. P. Robins. Department of Highways. 1952. §§ N31–O32. Retrieved August 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://ao.minisisinc.com/FS_IMAGES/I0050522.jpg","url_text":"Ontario Road Map"}]},{"reference":"Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by C. P. Robins. Department of Highways. 1952. § Q34. Retrieved June 8, 2021 – via Archives of Ontario.","urls":[{"url":"http://ao.minisisinc.com/FS_IMAGES/I0050522.jpg","url_text":"Ontario Road Map"}]},{"reference":"Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by C. P. Robins. Department of Highways. 1953. § Q34. Retrieved June 8, 2021 – via Archives of Ontario.","urls":[{"url":"http://ao.minisisinc.com/FS_IMAGES/I0050524.jpg","url_text":"Ontario Road Map"}]},{"reference":"Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by C. P. Robins. Department of Highways. 1954. § N31. Retrieved August 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://ao.minisisinc.com/FS_IMAGES/I0050526.jpg","url_text":"Ontario Road Map"}]},{"reference":"Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by C. P. Robins. Department of Highways. 1955. § N31. Retrieved August 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://ao.minisisinc.com/FS_IMAGES/I0050529.jpg","url_text":"Ontario Road Map"}]},{"reference":"Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by C. P. Robins. Department of Highways. 1956. § M30–N31. Retrieved September 1, 2021 – via Archives of Ontario.","urls":[{"url":"http://ao.minisisinc.com/FS_IMAGES/I0050530.jpg","url_text":"Ontario Road Map"}]},{"reference":"Public and Safety Information Branch (April 14, 1976). \"Toronto–Sudbury Highways to be Renumbered\" (Press release). Ministry of Transportation and Communications.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by Engineering Plans Office. Ministry of Transportation and Communications. 1974. §§ O–P13. Retrieved September 1, 2021 – via Archives of Ontario.","urls":[{"url":"http://ao.minisisinc.com/FS_IMAGES/I0050568.jpg","url_text":"Ontario Road Map"}]},{"reference":"Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by Cartography Section. Ministry of Transportation and Communications. 1977. Regional Municipality of Sudbury inset. Retrieved September 1, 2021 – via Archives of Ontario.","urls":[{"url":"http://ao.minisisinc.com/FS_IMAGES/I0050575.jpg","url_text":"Ontario Road Map"}]},{"reference":"Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by Cartography Section, Surveys and Plans Office. Ministry of Transportation and Communications. 1978–79. Regional Municipality of Sudbury inset. Retrieved December 13, 2021 – via Archives of Ontario.","urls":[{"url":"http://ao.minisisinc.com/FS_IMAGES/I0050577.jpg","url_text":"Ontario Road Map"}]},{"reference":"Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by Cartography Section, Surveys and Plans Office. Ministry of Transportation and Communications. 1980–81. Regional Municipality of Sudbury inset. Retrieved December 13, 2021 – via Archives of Ontario.","urls":[{"url":"http://ao.minisisinc.com/FS_IMAGES/I0050579.jpg","url_text":"Ontario Road Map"}]},{"reference":"Keown, Mary (August 10, 2018). \"Cutting noise to Maley Drive neighbours would be costly: report\". Sudbury Star. Retrieved August 15, 2021. ...the construction of a cloverleaf interchange at the intersection of Highway 69 North and the Maley Drive extension.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thesudburystar.com/news/local-news/cutting-noise-to-maley-drive-neighbours-would-be-costly-report","url_text":"\"Cutting noise to Maley Drive neighbours would be costly: report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudbury_Star","url_text":"Sudbury Star"}]},{"reference":"Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (2003). \"Limits of Existing Four Laning\". Government of Ontario. Archived from the original on February 15, 2003. Retrieved December 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030215104350/http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/traveller/highway69/limits.htm","url_text":"\"Limits of Existing Four Laning\""},{"url":"http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/traveller/highway69/limits.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ross, Ian (July 13, 2008). \"Highway 69 and 11 expansion rolling north: Northerners say safety, efficiency, new development will open up the region\". Northern Ontario Business. Retrieved August 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.northernontariobusiness.com/industry-news/construction/highway-69-and-11-expansion-rolling-north-364909","url_text":"\"Highway 69 and 11 expansion rolling north: Northerners say safety, efficiency, new development will open up the region\""}]},{"reference":"\"Highway 400 & 69: From Coldwater to Port Severn\". Provincial Highways Construction Projects 1989-90 (Report). Ministry of Transportation. May 1989. p. 14. ISSN 0714-1149.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0714-1149","url_text":"0714-1149"}]},{"reference":"\"Highway 400 & 69: From Coldwater to Port Severn\". Provincial Highways Construction Projects 1991-92 (Report). Ministry of Transportation. May 1991. p. 10. ISSN 0714-1149.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0714-1149","url_text":"0714-1149"}]},{"reference":"Canadian Press (July 9, 1997). \"2 highways to north to be widened\". Toronto Star. p. A10. Highway 69 will have four lanes to 20 kilometres north of Port Severn by the end of the summer. Another 23 kilometres will be added, extending north to Parry Sound.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Press","url_text":"Canadian Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star","url_text":"Toronto Star"}]},{"reference":"Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (2005). \"Status of Construction Activity\". Government of Ontario. Archived from the original on November 19, 2005. Retrieved August 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051119183545/http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/traveller/highway69/status.htm","url_text":"\"Status of Construction Activity\""},{"url":"http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/traveller/highway69/status.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Provincial Highways Distance Table\" (PDF). Provincial Highways Distance Table: King's Secondary Highways and Tertiary Roads. Ministry of Transportation of Ontario: 80. 1997. ISSN 0825-5350. Retrieved March 13, 2021 – via Legislative Assembly of Ontario.","urls":[{"url":"https://collections.ola.org/ser/5129/1997.pdf","url_text":"\"Provincial Highways Distance Table\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0825-5350","url_text":"0825-5350"}]},{"reference":"Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by Cartography Section. Ministry of Transportation. 1996. §§ E–F8. Retrieved August 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://ao.minisisinc.com/FS_IMAGES/I0050599.jpg","url_text":"Ontario Road Map"}]},{"reference":"St. Pierre, Denis (October 3, 1999). \"Four-laning is on the slow track\". Sudbury Star. p. A1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudbury_Star","url_text":"Sudbury Star"}]},{"reference":"Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (2000). \"Status of Construction Activity\". Government of Ontario. Archived from the original on August 23, 2000. Retrieved August 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000823222003/http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/traveller/highway69/status.htm","url_text":"\"Status of Construction Activity\""},{"url":"http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/traveller/highway69/status.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (October 7, 2003). \"Notice of Opening of a New Four-Lane Highway Section of Highway 400\". Government of Ontario. Archived from the original on December 27, 2003. Retrieved August 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031227132206/http://ogov.newswire.ca/ontario/GONE/2003/10/07/c8815.html?lmatch=&lang=_e.html","url_text":"\"Notice of Opening of a New Four-Lane Highway Section of Highway 400\""},{"url":"http://ogov.newswire.ca/ontario/GONE/2003/10/07/c8815.html?lmatch=&lang=_e.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"de Souza, Raymond (December 17, 2020). \"First Nations' Water Problems No Surprise\". National Post. p. AS13. Retrieved August 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83962854/first-nations-water-problems-no/","url_text":"\"First Nations' Water Problems No Surprise\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Post","url_text":"National Post"}]},{"reference":"Moss, Peter (2010). Thriller: Ghosts of the Dark Sky Bogs and Barrens. Chapter 8: Wahta Mohawks. ISBN 978-0-557-89949-4. Retrieved August 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Moss","url_text":"Moss, Peter"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VNImAgAAQBAJ&q=%22Wahta+Gap%22&pg=PT86","url_text":"Thriller: Ghosts of the Dark Sky Bogs and Barrens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-557-89949-4","url_text":"978-0-557-89949-4"}]},{"reference":"Ladan, Mark (February 20, 2002). \"Land Claim Issues Leave Highway 400 Extension in Limbo\". Government of Ontario. Archived from the original on May 12, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120512221537/http://www.northernontariobusiness.com/Around-the-North/Land-claim-issues-leave-Highway-400-extension-in-limbo-(2-02).aspx","url_text":"\"Land Claim Issues Leave Highway 400 Extension in Limbo\""},{"url":"http://www.northernontariobusiness.com/Around-the-North/Land-claim-issues-leave-Highway-400-extension-in-limbo-%282-02%29.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Meeting No. PW-01-2004 - Engineering and Public Works Committee (Report). District Municipality of Muskoka. December 17, 2003. p. 30. Retrieved August 23, 2021. I am very pleased to inform you that the Wahta Mohawks have ratified the final land claim settlement agreement through a community vote on October 25, 2003. A majority of eligible voters cast votes, and approximately 79% of voters were in favour of the agreement.","urls":[{"url":"https://muskoka.civicweb.net/document/19016","url_text":"Meeting No. PW-01-2004 - Engineering and Public Works Committee"}]},{"reference":"Tynan, Jack (July 17, 2008). \"Highway 400 opens near MacTier\". Huntsville Forester. Retrieved August 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.muskokaregion.com/news-story/3638140-highway-400-opens-near-mactier/","url_text":"\"Highway 400 opens near MacTier\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hwy 69 completion date pushed back — again\". Sudbury Star. August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thesudburystar.com/2015/01/03/sudbury-accent-highway-69-by-2017-seems-unlikely","url_text":"\"Hwy 69 completion date pushed back — again\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudbury_Star","url_text":"Sudbury Star"}]},{"reference":"Vaillancourt, Bob (November 4, 2004). \"Work on highway starts slowly: Contract issued to widen 700 metres of Highway 69\". Sudbury Star. p. A1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudbury_Star","url_text":"Sudbury Star"}]},{"reference":"\"Contract awarded for widening of highway 69\". Sault Star. December 18, 2004. p. A6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sault_Star","url_text":"Sault Star"}]},{"reference":"Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (2006). \"Status of Construction Activity\". Government of Ontario. Archived from the original on December 19, 2006. Retrieved August 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061219020533/http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/traveller/highway69/status.htm","url_text":"\"Status of Construction Activity\""},{"url":"http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/traveller/highway69/status.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"St. Pierre, Denis (October 29, 2005). \"Bad intersection to be fixed\". Sudbury Star. p. A3. [Paul] Lecoarer also provided city council with an update on the ministry's 12-year plan to complete the four-laning of Highway 69 between Sudbury and Parry Sound.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudbury_Star","url_text":"Sudbury Star"}]},{"reference":"\"New section of 69 opens to public\". Sudbury.com. Northern Life. November 13, 2009. Retrieved August 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.northernlife.ca/news/localNews/2009/nov/hwy69-131109.aspx","url_text":"\"New section of 69 opens to public\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Life_(newspaper)","url_text":"Northern Life"}]},{"reference":"\"$177-million section of highway now open\". CottageCountryNow.ca. October 27, 2010. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726150237/http://www.cottagecountrynow.ca/community/parrysound/article/893665","url_text":"\"$177-million section of highway now open\""},{"url":"http://www.cottagecountrynow.ca/community/parrysound/article/893665","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Google (August 15, 2021). \"Estaire Road\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved August 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://goo.gl/maps/kUvBScxYkKqoNPic6","url_text":"\"Estaire Road\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Google (August 14, 2021). \"Nobel Road\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved August 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://goo.gl/maps/mnnidU5tx8e7c1gR7","url_text":"\"Nobel Road\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"\"Bad section of Highway 69 now fixed: MPP\". Sudbury Star. July 28, 2010. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120306062906/http://www.thesudburystar.com/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=2689252&archive=true","url_text":"\"Bad section of Highway 69 now fixed: MPP\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudbury_Star","url_text":"Sudbury Star"},{"url":"http://www.thesudburystar.com/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=2689252","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Poliakov, Rita (August 4, 2012). \"From tragedy to action -- more Hwy 69 4-laned\". Sudbury Star. Archived from the original on August 13, 2014. Retrieved August 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140813142923/http://www.thesudburystar.com/2012/08/04/from-tragedy-to-action----more-hwy-69-4-laned","url_text":"\"From tragedy to action -- more Hwy 69 4-laned\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudbury_Star","url_text":"Sudbury Star"},{"url":"http://www.thesudburystar.com/2012/08/04/from-tragedy-to-action----more-hwy-69-4-laned","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Google (August 15, 2021). \"Former Highway 69 S-curve – Murdock River Road at Highway 637\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved August 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://goo.gl/maps/rhhM7PYhog2U81ov9","url_text":"\"Former Highway 69 S-curve – Murdock River Road at Highway 637\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Cody Storm (June 27, 2012). \"Highway 69 Name Change\". Huntsville Forester. Metroland Media.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (2012). \"Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) counts\". Archived from the original on September 28, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Transportation_of_Ontario","url_text":"Ministry of Transportation of Ontario"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160928200732/http://www.raqsb.mto.gov.on.ca:80/techpubs/TrafficVolumes.nsf/tvweb","url_text":"\"Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) counts\""},{"url":"https://www.library.mto.gov.on.ca/SydneyPLUS/TechPubs/Portal/tp/tvSplash.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ontario builds first bridge for animals near Sudbury\". CBC News. March 20, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/sudbury/ontario-builds-first-bridge-for-animals-near-sudbury-1.1148087","url_text":"\"Ontario builds first bridge for animals near Sudbury\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_News","url_text":"CBC News"}]},{"reference":"Ministry of Energy, Northern Development and Mines (August 3, 2012). \"Another Highway 69 Expansion South Of Sudbury\". Ontario Newsroom. Retrieved February 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.ontario.ca/en/bulletin/21719/another-highway-69-expansion-south-of-sudbury","url_text":"\"Another Highway 69 Expansion South Of Sudbury\""}]},{"reference":"Ministry of Energy, Northern Development and Mines (July 16, 2012). \"Expanding Highway 69 South Of Sudbury\". Ontario Newsroom. Retrieved February 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.ontario.ca/en/bulletin/21550/expanding-highway-69-south-of-sudbury","url_text":"\"Expanding Highway 69 South Of Sudbury\""}]},{"reference":"\"Highway 69 a bit wider today\". Sudbury Star. September 11, 2015. Retrieved August 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thesudburystar.com/2015/09/12/highway-69-a-bit-wider-today","url_text":"\"Highway 69 a bit wider today\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudbury_Star","url_text":"Sudbury Star"}]},{"reference":"\"Thibeault announces completion of Highway 69 widening\". Sudbury.com. July 15, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sudbury.com/local-news/thibeault-announced-completion-of-highway-69-widening-338485","url_text":"\"Thibeault announces completion of Highway 69 widening\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ontario Opens Newly Expanded Highway 69\". Government of Ontario. December 23, 2021. Retrieved December 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.ontario.ca/en/release/1001376/ontario-opens-newly-expanded-highway-69","url_text":"\"Ontario Opens Newly Expanded Highway 69\""}]},{"reference":"Vaillancourt, Bob (November 4, 2014). \"Highway 69 to be delayed, province admits\". Sudbury Star. p. A1. Retrieved August 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thesudburystar.com/2015/03/06/highway-69-to-be-delayed-province-admits","url_text":"\"Highway 69 to be delayed, province admits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudbury_Star","url_text":"Sudbury Star"}]},{"reference":"Leeson, Ben (January 2, 2015). \"Sudbury Accent: Highway 69 by 2017' Seems unlikely\". Retrieved August 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thesudburystar.com/2015/01/03/sudbury-accent-highway-69-by-2017-seems-unlikel","url_text":"\"Sudbury Accent: Highway 69 by 2017' Seems unlikely\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hwy 69 completion date pushed back — again\". Sudbury Star. August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thesudburystar.com/2017/08/17/hwy-69-completion-date-pushed-back--again","url_text":"\"Hwy 69 completion date pushed back — again\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudbury_Star","url_text":"Sudbury Star"}]},{"reference":"\"New section of road opens on Highway 69\". Northern Ontario Business. December 23, 2021. Retrieved February 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.northernontariobusiness.com/industry-news/design-build/new-section-of-road-opens-on-highway-69-4896399","url_text":"\"New section of road opens on Highway 69\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ontario_Business","url_text":"Northern Ontario Business"}]},{"reference":"BayToday Staff (July 22, 2021). \"More four-laning of Hwy 69 on the books under 2021 Ontario Highways Program\". Retrieved August 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sudbury.com/local-news/more-four-laning-of-hwy-69-on-the-books-under-2021-ontario-highways-program-3976028","url_text":"\"More four-laning of Hwy 69 on the books under 2021 Ontario Highways Program\""}]},{"reference":"Infrastructure Canada (May 21, 2019). \"Major improvements to Highway 69 in Northern Ontario to support safer and more efficient travels\". Canada Newswire. Retrieved August 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/major-improvements-to-highway-69-in-northern-ontario-to-support-safer-and-more-efficient-travels-808152820.html","url_text":"\"Major improvements to Highway 69 in Northern Ontario to support safer and more efficient travels\""}]},{"reference":"\"Provincial Highways Distance Table\". Provincial Highways Distance Table: King's Secondary Highways and Tertiary Roads. Ministry of Transportation of Ontario: 73. 1989. ISSN 0825-5350.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0825-5350","url_text":"0825-5350"}]}]
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Barrens"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120512221537/http://www.northernontariobusiness.com/Around-the-North/Land-claim-issues-leave-Highway-400-extension-in-limbo-(2-02).aspx","external_links_name":"\"Land Claim Issues Leave Highway 400 Extension in Limbo\""},{"Link":"http://www.northernontariobusiness.com/Around-the-North/Land-claim-issues-leave-Highway-400-extension-in-limbo-%282-02%29.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://muskoka.civicweb.net/document/19016","external_links_name":"Meeting No. PW-01-2004 - Engineering and Public Works Committee"},{"Link":"https://www.muskokaregion.com/news-story/3638140-highway-400-opens-near-mactier/","external_links_name":"\"Highway 400 opens near MacTier\""},{"Link":"https://www.thesudburystar.com/2015/01/03/sudbury-accent-highway-69-by-2017-seems-unlikely","external_links_name":"\"Hwy 69 completion date pushed back — 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counts\""},{"Link":"https://www.library.mto.gov.on.ca/SydneyPLUS/TechPubs/Portal/tp/tvSplash.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/sudbury/ontario-builds-first-bridge-for-animals-near-sudbury-1.1148087","external_links_name":"\"Ontario builds first bridge for animals near Sudbury\""},{"Link":"https://news.ontario.ca/en/bulletin/21719/another-highway-69-expansion-south-of-sudbury","external_links_name":"\"Another Highway 69 Expansion South Of Sudbury\""},{"Link":"https://news.ontario.ca/en/bulletin/21550/expanding-highway-69-south-of-sudbury","external_links_name":"\"Expanding Highway 69 South Of Sudbury\""},{"Link":"https://www.thesudburystar.com/2015/09/12/highway-69-a-bit-wider-today","external_links_name":"\"Highway 69 a bit wider today\""},{"Link":"https://www.sudbury.com/local-news/thibeault-announced-completion-of-highway-69-widening-338485","external_links_name":"\"Thibeault announces completion of Highway 69 widening\""},{"Link":"https://news.ontario.ca/en/release/1001376/ontario-opens-newly-expanded-highway-69","external_links_name":"\"Ontario Opens Newly Expanded Highway 69\""},{"Link":"http://www.thesudburystar.com/2015/03/06/highway-69-to-be-delayed-province-admits","external_links_name":"\"Highway 69 to be delayed, province admits\""},{"Link":"http://www.thesudburystar.com/2015/01/03/sudbury-accent-highway-69-by-2017-seems-unlikel","external_links_name":"\"Sudbury Accent: Highway 69 by 2017' Seems unlikely\""},{"Link":"http://www.thesudburystar.com/2017/08/17/hwy-69-completion-date-pushed-back--again","external_links_name":"\"Hwy 69 completion date pushed back — again\""},{"Link":"https://www.northernontariobusiness.com/industry-news/design-build/new-section-of-road-opens-on-highway-69-4896399","external_links_name":"\"New section of road opens on Highway 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKLA_(AM)
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WKLA (AM)
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["1 History","2 Previous logo","3 References","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 43°57′05″N 86°25′28″W / 43.95139°N 86.42444°W / 43.95139; -86.42444Radio station in Ludington, MichiganWKLALudington, MichiganBroadcast areaFrequency1450 kHzBrandingOldies 1450/106.3ProgrammingFormatOldiesAffiliationsWestwood OneOwnershipOwnerTodd Mohr(Synergy Media, Inc.)Sister stationsWKZC, WLDN, WMLQ, WWKR, WWMNHistoryFirst air dateOctober 8, 1944Call sign meaningKarl L. AshbackerTechnical informationFacility ID10810ClassCPower1,000 wattsTranslator(s)92.7 W224CA (Ludington)106.3 W292FE (Luddington)
WKLA is an AM radio station owned by Todd Mohr, through licensee Synergy Media, Inc. It broadcasts from Ludington, Michigan. It airs Westwood One's Good Time Oldies format and can be heard in a very small area around Ludington and Scottville.
In late 2013 and early 2014, WKLA added two FM translators to extend its reach, 92.7 W224CA in Ludington (formerly a rebroadcaster of sister station WWKR) and 107.9 W300CG in Manistee (which has since moved to a different frequency and is simulcasting WKLA's sister station WMLQ). 92.7 covers a larger coverage area than 1450 AM. WKLA is also the home of Manistee Chippewas football and basketball despite the 1450 signal not reaching Manistee itself.
As of September 2016, the station is airing the news/talk programming of sister station WLDN 98.7 FM on an assumed temporary basis pending retuning and installation of a new antenna for WLDN, as the latter's previous antenna was used to put WKLA-FM on the air on 96.3. In February 2017, WLDN returned to the air on 98.7 FM, allowing WKLA and W224CA to resume the oldies format.
History
The AM station went on the air on October 8, 1944, originally housed on the second floor of the Masonic Temple in downtown Ludington. Karl L. Ashbacher was the original owner, with his initials being the original basis for the call letters. (Previously the family had operated WKBZ in Ludington from 1926 to 1934, moving it to Muskegon, Michigan in the latter year.) In 1945 the WKLA studio moved to the Ludington Chamber of Commerce office at 204 E. Ludington Avenue. Raymond A. Plank purchased the station in 1949. In 1951, the station was moved to its current site at 5941 W. US 10 in Ludington. In 1971, WKLA expanded its programming with WKLA-FM.
Programming on WKLA for many years consisted of full service MOR programming and adult standards. WKLA-FM spent much of its programming day simulcasting the AM signal before introducing a separate adult contemporary format around 1980, which it has retained since. Talk programming was introduced in the late 1990s, and the station soon went all talk prior to the switch to oldies in 2010.
Other past owners of WKLA include Tom Plank and Chickering & Associates. In 1996, the station was purchased by Roger Baerwolf under the corporate name of Lake Michigan Broadcasting, Inc. Until July 2012, the company owned and operated WKLA AM/FM, WMTE AM/FM (Manistee) and WKZC-FM (Scottville).
In June 2012, it was announced that Lake Michigan Broadcasting was selling all of its Ludington/Manistee stations to Synergy Media, which already owned and operated WWKR in Hart and WMLQ in Manistee. Synergy assumed control of the stations the following month and began simulcasting WKLA's programming on WMTE-FM. On June 19, 2013, the licenses involved were transferred to Synergy Media at a price of $580,000.
Former translator W300CG now operates on 107.7 FM as W299CB, rebroadcasting sister station WWMN.
Previous logo
(WKLA's logo under previous talk format)
References
Michiguide.com - WKLA History
External links
WKLA in the FCC AM station database
WKLA in Nielsen Audio's AM station database
W224CA in the FCC FM station database
W224CA at FCCdata.org
W292FE in the FCC FM station database
W292FE at FCCdata.org
vteRadio stations in Ludington–Manistee, Michigan (Mason and Manistee County)By AM frequency
1450
By FM frequency
88.3
89.7
94.9
96.3
97.7
98.7
101.5
102.7
103.5
LPFM
103.9
Translators
91.5
92.7
106.3
107.7
By call sign
W218CY
W224CA
W292FE
W299CB
WKLA
WKLA-FM
WKZC
WLCV-LP
WLDN
WLMN
WMLQ
WMOM
WMTE-FM
WSMZ-FM
WTCM-FM
Defunct
WMTE (1340 AM)
WOUF (100.1 FM)
Radio stations in Northern Michigan
Alpena-Tawas City
Ludington-Manistee
Traverse City-Petoskey-Cadillac
Other nearby regions
Milwaukee-Racine
Muskegon
North Central Michigan
Sheboygan-Manitowoc
See also
List of radio stations in Michigan
vteOldies radio stations in the state of MichiganActive
Allegan
WQXC-FM
Alpena
WZTK
Benton Harbor/St. Joseph
WHFB
Bridgeport
WJMK
Cassopolis
WGTO
Grand Rapids
WBFX
Hart
WEEH-LP
Ludington
WKLA
Munising
WQXO
Newberry
WNBY-FM
Reed City
WDEE-FM
Walled Lake
WPON
See also
adult contemporary
classic hits
college
country
news/talk
NPR
oldies
religious
rock
sports
top 40
urban
other radio stations in Michigan
43°57′05″N 86°25′28″W / 43.95139°N 86.42444°W / 43.95139; -86.42444
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"Ludington, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludington,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Westwood One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_One_(current)"},{"link_name":"Good Time Oldies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Time_Oldies"},{"link_name":"WLDN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLDN"},{"link_name":"WKLA-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKLA-FM"}],"text":"Radio station in Ludington, MichiganWKLA is an AM radio station owned by Todd Mohr, through licensee Synergy Media, Inc. It broadcasts from Ludington, Michigan. It airs Westwood One's Good Time Oldies format and can be heard in a very small area around Ludington and Scottville.In late 2013 and early 2014, WKLA added two FM translators to extend its reach, 92.7 W224CA in Ludington (formerly a rebroadcaster of sister station WWKR) and 107.9 W300CG in Manistee (which has since moved to a different frequency and is simulcasting WKLA's sister station WMLQ). 92.7 covers a larger coverage area than 1450 AM. WKLA is also the home of Manistee Chippewas football and basketball despite the 1450 signal not reaching Manistee itself.As of September 2016, the station is airing the news/talk programming of sister station WLDN 98.7 FM on an assumed temporary basis pending retuning and installation of a new antenna for WLDN, as the latter's previous antenna was used to put WKLA-FM on the air on 96.3. In February 2017, WLDN returned to the air on 98.7 FM, allowing WKLA and W224CA to resume the oldies format.","title":"WKLA (AM)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Masonic Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonic_Temple"},{"link_name":"Karl L. Ashbacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_L._Ashbacher&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"call letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_letters"},{"link_name":"WKBZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKBZ"},{"link_name":"Muskegon, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskegon,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Raymond A. Plank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond_A._Plank&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WKLA-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWMN"},{"link_name":"MOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_of_the_road_(music)"},{"link_name":"adult standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_standards"},{"link_name":"adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_contemporary"},{"link_name":"Tom Plank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Plank&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chickering & Associates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chickering_%26_Associates&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roger Baerwolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Baerwolf&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WMTE AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMTE_(AM)"},{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMTE-FM"},{"link_name":"WKZC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKZC"},{"link_name":"WWKR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWKR"},{"link_name":"WMLQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMLQ"},{"link_name":"WWMN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWMN"}],"text":"The AM station went on the air on October 8, 1944, originally housed on the second floor of the Masonic Temple in downtown Ludington. Karl L. Ashbacher was the original owner, with his initials being the original basis for the call letters. (Previously the family had operated WKBZ in Ludington from 1926 to 1934, moving it to Muskegon, Michigan in the latter year.) In 1945 the WKLA studio moved to the Ludington Chamber of Commerce office at 204 E. Ludington Avenue. Raymond A. Plank purchased the station in 1949. In 1951, the station was moved to its current site at 5941 W. US 10 in Ludington. In 1971, WKLA expanded its programming with WKLA-FM.Programming on WKLA for many years consisted of full service MOR programming and adult standards. WKLA-FM spent much of its programming day simulcasting the AM signal before introducing a separate adult contemporary format around 1980, which it has retained since. Talk programming was introduced in the late 1990s, and the station soon went all talk prior to the switch to oldies in 2010.Other past owners of WKLA include Tom Plank and Chickering & Associates. In 1996, the station was purchased by Roger Baerwolf under the corporate name of Lake Michigan Broadcasting, Inc. Until July 2012, the company owned and operated WKLA AM/FM, WMTE AM/FM (Manistee) and WKZC-FM (Scottville).In June 2012, it was announced that Lake Michigan Broadcasting was selling all of its Ludington/Manistee stations to Synergy Media, which already owned and operated WWKR in Hart and WMLQ in Manistee. Synergy assumed control of the stations the following month and began simulcasting WKLA's programming on WMTE-FM. On June 19, 2013, the licenses involved were transferred to Synergy Media at a price of $580,000.Former translator W300CG now operates on 107.7 FM as W299CB, rebroadcasting sister station WWMN.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WKLA.jpg"}],"text":"(WKLA's logo under previous talk format)","title":"Previous logo"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Raton_Resort_%26_Club
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The Boca Raton Resort
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["1 History","2 Gallery","3 References","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 26°20′29″N 80°04′39″W / 26.341403°N 80.077562°W / 26.341403; -80.077562Resort and club in Boca Raton, Florida
The Boca RatonGeneral informationLocationBoca Raton, Florida, USACoordinates26°20′29″N 80°04′39″W / 26.341403°N 80.077562°W / 26.341403; -80.077562OpenedFebruary 6, 1926OwnerMSD PartnersDesign and constructionArchitect(s)Addison Mizner (original)Schultze and Weaver (1930s expansion)Donaldson Group Architects (1969 tower)DeveloperMizner Development Corp. and Ritz-CarltonOther informationNumber of rooms1,038Number of restaurants15+ParkingValet parking onlyWebsitewww.thebocaraton.com
The Boca Raton (often called the Boca Resort by locals) is a luxury resort and club in Boca Raton, Florida, founded in 1926, today comprising 1,047 hotel rooms across 337 acres. Its facilities include a 18-hole golf course, a 50,000 sq. ft. Forbes Five-Star spa, eight swimming pools, 30 tennis courts, a full-service 32-slip marina, more than 15 restaurants and bars, and 200,000 sq. ft. of meeting space. The property fronts both Lake Boca (part of the Intracoastal Waterway) and the Atlantic Ocean. The resort was operated as part of Hilton's Waldorf Astoria Hotels and Resorts, and it is now privately owned by an affiliate of MSD Partners with the new name, The Boca Raton.
History
Cloister Inn, 1928
The resort first opened on February 6, 1926, as the 100-room Ritz-Carlton Cloister Inn. Originally designed and built by Boca Raton's city planner, architect Addison Mizner, who intended Camino Real to be the main street of his new city, it was to have been one of two hotels, with the other being an oceanfront hotel. However, the Ritz-Carlton Investment Corporation became involved in the project and wanted the oceanfront hotel redesigned, so construction began on the smaller and financially more viable 100-room inn on the west side of Lake Boca Raton.
Mizner's development company, hurt by the end of the Florida land boom of the 1920s and the 1926 Miami hurricane, declared bankruptcy in 1926. Philadelphia utility millionaire Clarence H. Geist bought its assets in 1927, and he expanded the Cloister Inn into the Boca Raton Club. The architectural firm Schultze and Weaver doubled the inn's size, and a cabana club was constructed where the "Addison on the Ocean" condominium building now stands.
Subsequently, the U.S. Army used the club as barracks during World War II. Touted by officials as "the most elegant barracks in history," it housed soldiers during the Boca Raton Army Air Field's operation.
After the war, the Boca Raton Club's ownership and ultimately name were changed. The Schine family purchased the club in 1944, renaming it the Boca Hotel and Club. While it was affectionately known on brochures as The Boca Raton, the resort was part of the identical Schine portfolio which included the Biltmore Hotel in Coral Gables and the McAllister Hotel in Miami.
Tower overlooking the golf course
"Boca pink", taken in 2013
Arthur Vining Davis, whose brainchild was the Arvida Corporation, was responsible for modernizing the hotel. Opening the Boca Raton Club Tower in 1969, the building is still considerably taller than any other building in southern Palm Beach County. In addition, its famous "Boca pink" color has made it more famous than its stature of 300 feet (ninety-one meters) and twenty-seven floors, and it is commonly referred to as the "pink hotel". Arvida also constructed the resort's beach club in 1980, on the site that Mizner had intended the main hotel to stand on.
VMS Realty, Incorporated (Van Kampen, Morris, Stone), the successors to Arvida regarding ownership, purchased the property in 1983 and renamed it in 1988 as the Boca Raton Resort & Club.
In 2004, The Blackstone Group, a private investment firm, acquired the resort as part of its $1.25-billion acquisition of Boca Resorts, Inc., the publicly-traded owner and operator of five Florida resorts. In February 2009, the Beach Club finished a $150 million renovation, while the cloister and tower rooms were redesigned in 2006. In May 2009, Hilton announced that the resort would be the 13th property to join The Waldorf Astoria Collection.
MSD Partners L.P., led by Michael Dell, purchased the Boca Raton Resort & Club on June 4, 2019. The new owners, as of 2020, have made a proposal to invest $75 million for renovations to the hotel, restaurants, and amenities. The property continued to be managed by Hilton under the Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts brand until its departure in July 2021. As of July 12, 2021, the resort was renamed as The Boca Raton.
Gallery
References
^ "The Boca Raton - Palm Beach Hotels - Boca Raton, United States". Forbes Travel Guide. Retrieved 2023-03-31.
^ "The Boca Raton: Luxury Resort Hotel & Beach Club in South Florida". The Boca Raton Resort. Retrieved 2023-03-31.
^ Curl, Donald (2008). The Boca Raton Resort & Club: Mizner's Inn. Charleston, SC: History Press.
^ Ling, Sally J. (2007). A brief history of Boca Raton, Florida. Charleston, SC: History Press.
^ Sale of Mizner Properties, The Spanish River Papers, May 1974, Vol II No. 2, Boca Raton Historical Society; Archived May 10, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
^ Boca Raton Club Tower|Buildings|Emporis
^ "The Boca Raton: Luxury Resort Hotel & Beach Club in Florida".
^ "Blackstone enters $1.25B deal to buy Boca Resorts", South Florida Business Journal, 2004-10-21. Retrieved on 2018-08-07.
^ "Hilton Adds Boca Raton Resort to Waldorf Astoria Collection". www.hotelexecutive.com. Retrieved 2024-02-25.
^ "Boca Resort sale announced today", Boca Voice, 2019-04-22. Retrieved on 2019-07-09.
^ "Michael Dell's MSD Partners plans major changes to Boca Raton Resort & Club". The Real Deal Miami. 2020-06-12. Retrieved 2020-06-17.
^ Ostrowski, Jeff (2019-06-06). "New record: Boca Resort sells for nearly half a billion". The Palm Beach Post. Retrieved 2024-02-25.
^ Jelski, Christina (2021-07-15). "Boca Raton Resort will drop Waldorf Astoria name, launch reno". Travel Weekly. Retrieved 2024-02-25.
^ "The Boca Raton: Luxury Resort Hotel & Beach Club in Florida". The Boca Raton Resort. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
External links
Official website
History regarding the club
Real estate at the Boca Resort
vteBoca Raton, FloridaEducationPrimary and secondary schools
School District of Palm Beach County
Boca Raton Community High School
Olympic Heights Community High School
Spanish River Community High School
West Boca Raton High School
Saint Andrew's School
Colleges and universities
Florida Atlantic University
Lynn University
Palm Beach State College
Digital Media Arts College
Everglades University
Other
Addison Mizner
Addison Mizner's Administration Buildings
Boca Express Train Museum
Boca Raton Airport
Boca Raton Army Air Field
Boca Raton History Museum
Boca Raton Museum of Art
Boca Raton Regional Hospital
Boca Raton Resort & Club
Boca West
Count and Countess de Hoernle
Mizner Park
Town Center at Boca Raton
Donna Klein Jewish Academy has a Boca Raton address but is not in the city limits.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boca Raton, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Raton,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Intracoastal Waterway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracoastal_Waterway"},{"link_name":"Waldorf Astoria Hotels and Resorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldorf_Astoria_Hotels_and_Resorts"},{"link_name":"MSD Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSD_Capital"}],"text":"Resort and club in Boca Raton, FloridaThe Boca Raton (often called the Boca Resort by locals) is a luxury resort and club in Boca Raton, Florida, founded in 1926, today comprising 1,047 hotel rooms across 337 acres. Its facilities include a 18-hole golf course, a 50,000 sq. ft. Forbes Five-Star spa, eight swimming pools, 30 tennis courts, a full-service 32-slip marina, more than 15 restaurants and bars, and 200,000 sq. ft. of meeting space.[1][2] The property fronts both Lake Boca (part of the Intracoastal Waterway) and the Atlantic Ocean. The resort was operated as part of Hilton's Waldorf Astoria Hotels and Resorts, and it is now privately owned by an affiliate of MSD Partners with the new name, The Boca Raton.","title":"The Boca Raton Resort"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Cloister_Inn-_Boca_Raton,_Florida_(8680920684).jpg"},{"link_name":"Addison Mizner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison_Mizner"},{"link_name":"Ritz-Carlton Investment Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritz-Carlton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Florida land boom of the 1920s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_land_boom_of_the_1920s"},{"link_name":"1926 Miami hurricane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_Miami_hurricane"},{"link_name":"Clarence H. Geist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_H._Geist"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Schultze and Weaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schultze_and_Weaver"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barracks"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Boca Raton Army Air Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Raton_Army_Air_Field"},{"link_name":"Schine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._David_Schine"},{"link_name":"Biltmore Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_Gables_Biltmore_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Coral Gables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_Gables,_Florida"},{"link_name":"McAllister Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McAllister_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boca_(Boca_Raton,_Florida).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boca_Raton_Resort_porte-cochere_entrance_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.JPG"},{"link_name":"Arthur Vining Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Vining_Davis"},{"link_name":"Arvida Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvida_Corp."},{"link_name":"Palm Beach County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Beach_County"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The Blackstone Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blackstone_Group"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Hilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Worldwide"},{"link_name":"The Waldorf Astoria Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldorf_Astoria_Hotels_%26_Resorts"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"MSD Partners L.P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSD_Capital"},{"link_name":"Michael Dell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dell"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Cloister Inn, 1928The resort first opened on February 6, 1926, as the 100-room Ritz-Carlton Cloister Inn. Originally designed and built by Boca Raton's city planner, architect Addison Mizner, who intended Camino Real to be the main street of his new city, it was to have been one of two hotels, with the other being an oceanfront hotel. However, the Ritz-Carlton Investment Corporation became involved in the project and wanted the oceanfront hotel redesigned, so construction began on the smaller and financially more viable 100-room inn on the west side of Lake Boca Raton.[3][4]Mizner's development company, hurt by the end of the Florida land boom of the 1920s and the 1926 Miami hurricane, declared bankruptcy in 1926. Philadelphia utility millionaire Clarence H. Geist bought its assets in 1927, and he expanded the Cloister Inn into the Boca Raton Club.[5] The architectural firm Schultze and Weaver doubled the inn's size, and a cabana club was constructed where the \"Addison on the Ocean\" condominium building now stands.Subsequently, the U.S. Army used the club as barracks during World War II. Touted by officials as \"the most elegant barracks in history,\" it housed soldiers during the Boca Raton Army Air Field's operation.After the war, the Boca Raton Club's ownership and ultimately name were changed. The Schine family purchased the club in 1944, renaming it the Boca Hotel and Club. While it was affectionately known on brochures as The Boca Raton, the resort was part of the identical Schine portfolio which included the Biltmore Hotel in Coral Gables and the McAllister Hotel in Miami.Tower overlooking the golf course\"Boca pink\", taken in 2013Arthur Vining Davis, whose brainchild was the Arvida Corporation, was responsible for modernizing the hotel. Opening the Boca Raton Club Tower in 1969, the building is still considerably taller than any other building in southern Palm Beach County. In addition, its famous \"Boca pink\" color has made it more famous than its stature of 300 feet (ninety-one meters) and twenty-seven floors, and it is commonly referred to as the \"pink hotel\".[6] Arvida also constructed the resort's beach club in 1980, on the site that Mizner had intended the main hotel to stand on.VMS Realty, Incorporated (Van Kampen, Morris, Stone), the successors to Arvida regarding ownership, purchased the property in 1983 and renamed it in 1988 as the Boca Raton Resort & Club.[7]In 2004, The Blackstone Group, a private investment firm, acquired the resort as part of its $1.25-billion acquisition of Boca Resorts, Inc., the publicly-traded owner and operator of five Florida resorts.[8] In February 2009, the Beach Club finished a $150 million renovation, while the cloister and tower rooms were redesigned in 2006. In May 2009, Hilton announced that the resort would be the 13th property to join The Waldorf Astoria Collection.[9]MSD Partners L.P., led by Michael Dell, purchased the Boca Raton Resort & Club on June 4, 2019.[10] The new owners, as of 2020, have made a proposal to invest $75 million for renovations to the hotel, restaurants, and amenities.[11] The property continued to be managed by Hilton under the Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts brand until its departure in July 2021.[12][13] As of July 12, 2021, the resort was renamed as The Boca Raton.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Boca_Raton_Entrance_and_Cloister_1080x608px.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Boca_Raton_Private_Golden_Beach_1080x608px.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lazy_River_at_Harborside_Pool_Club_at_The_Boca_Raton.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Golf_at_The_Boca_Raton_1080x608px.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forbes_Five_Star_Spa_Palmera_at_The_Boca_Raton_1080x608px.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Boca_Raton_Entrance_1080x608px.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Boca_Raton_Yacht_Club_1080x608px.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Boca_Raton_Tower_and_Harborside_Pool_Cub_1080x608px.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lazy_River_Children_at_Harborside_Pool_Club_at_The_Boca_Raton.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Boca_Raton_Tennis_Aerial_1080x608px.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tennis_at_The_Boca_Raton_1080x608px.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Boca_Raton_Cloister_1080x608px.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Boca_Raton_Beach_Club_Suite_Room_1080x608px.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Boca_Raton_Yacht_Club_and_Beach_1080x608px.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Boca_Raton_Yacht_Club_Room_1080x608px_(2).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Flamingo_Grill_at_The_Boca_Raton_1080x608px.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Boca_Raton_Tower_Suite_1080x608px.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Boca_Raton_Beach_Club_Room_View_1080x608px.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Boca_Raton_Tower_Double_Bed_1080x608px_(3).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Boca_Raton_Tower_Room_1080x608px_(2).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marisol_Oceanfront_Dining_at_The_Boca_Raton_1080x608px.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forbes_Five_Star_Spa_Palmera_at_The_Boca_Raton_1080x608px_(3).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forbes_Five_Star_Spa_Palmera_at_The_Boca_Raton_1080x608px_(2).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maison_Rose_at_The_Boca_Raton_1080x608px.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sadelle%27s_at_The_Boca_Raton_1080x608px.jpg"}],"title":"Gallery"}]
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[{"image_text":"Cloister Inn, 1928","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_Cloister_Inn-_Boca_Raton%2C_Florida_%288680920684%29.jpg/220px-The_Cloister_Inn-_Boca_Raton%2C_Florida_%288680920684%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tower overlooking the golf course","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Boca_%28Boca_Raton%2C_Florida%29.jpg/220px-Boca_%28Boca_Raton%2C_Florida%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Boca pink\", taken in 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Boca_Raton_Resort_porte-cochere_entrance_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.JPG/220px-Boca_Raton_Resort_porte-cochere_entrance_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.JPG"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"The Boca Raton - Palm Beach Hotels - Boca Raton, United States\". Forbes Travel Guide. Retrieved 2023-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.forbestravelguide.com/hotels/palm-beach-florida/the-boca-raton","url_text":"\"The Boca Raton - Palm Beach Hotels - Boca Raton, United States\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Boca Raton: Luxury Resort Hotel & Beach Club in South Florida\". The Boca Raton Resort. Retrieved 2023-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thebocaraton.com/","url_text":"\"The Boca Raton: Luxury Resort Hotel & Beach Club in South Florida\""}]},{"reference":"Curl, Donald (2008). The Boca Raton Resort & Club: Mizner's Inn. Charleston, SC: History Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ling, Sally J. (2007). A brief history of Boca Raton, Florida. Charleston, SC: History Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Boca Raton: Luxury Resort Hotel & Beach Club in Florida\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bocaresort.com/","url_text":"\"The Boca Raton: Luxury Resort Hotel & Beach Club in Florida\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hilton Adds Boca Raton Resort to Waldorf Astoria Collection\". www.hotelexecutive.com. Retrieved 2024-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotelexecutive.com/newswire/28423/hilton-adds-boca-raton-resort-to-waldorf-astoria-collection","url_text":"\"Hilton Adds Boca Raton Resort to Waldorf Astoria Collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Dell's MSD Partners plans major changes to Boca Raton Resort & Club\". The Real Deal Miami. 2020-06-12. Retrieved 2020-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://therealdeal.com/miami/2020/06/12/michael-dells-msd-partners-plans-major-changes-to-boca-raton-resort-club/","url_text":"\"Michael Dell's MSD Partners plans major changes to Boca Raton Resort & Club\""}]},{"reference":"Ostrowski, Jeff (2019-06-06). \"New record: Boca Resort sells for nearly half a billion\". The Palm Beach Post. Retrieved 2024-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/business/2019/06/06/new-record-boca-resort-sells-for-nearly-half-billion/4963486007/","url_text":"\"New record: Boca Resort sells for nearly half a billion\""}]},{"reference":"Jelski, Christina (2021-07-15). \"Boca Raton Resort will drop Waldorf Astoria name, launch reno\". Travel Weekly. Retrieved 2024-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.travelweekly.com/Travel-News/Hotel-News/Boca-Raton-Resort-will-drop-Waldorf-Astoria-name-launch-reno","url_text":"\"Boca Raton Resort will drop Waldorf Astoria name, launch reno\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Boca Raton: Luxury Resort Hotel & Beach Club in Florida\". The Boca Raton Resort. Retrieved 2021-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thebocaraton.com/","url_text":"\"The Boca Raton: Luxury Resort Hotel & Beach Club in Florida\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Boca_Raton_Resort¶ms=26.341403_N_80.077562_W_type:landmark_region:US-FL","external_links_name":"26°20′29″N 80°04′39″W / 26.341403°N 80.077562°W / 26.341403; -80.077562"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Boca_Raton_Resort¶ms=26.341403_N_80.077562_W_type:landmark_region:US-FL","external_links_name":"26°20′29″N 80°04′39″W / 26.341403°N 80.077562°W / 26.341403; -80.077562"},{"Link":"https://www.thebocaraton.com/","external_links_name":"www.thebocaraton.com"},{"Link":"http://www.forbestravelguide.com/hotels/palm-beach-florida/the-boca-raton","external_links_name":"\"The Boca Raton - Palm Beach Hotels - Boca Raton, United States\""},{"Link":"https://www.thebocaraton.com/","external_links_name":"\"The Boca Raton: Luxury Resort Hotel & Beach Club in South Florida\""},{"Link":"http://www.bocahistory.org/pdf/span_river/SRP%20May%201974.pdf","external_links_name":"Sale of Mizner Properties"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120510062024/http://www.bocahistory.org/pdf/span_river/SRP%20May%201974.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070321014947/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=bocaratonclubtower-bocaraton-fl-usa","external_links_name":"Boca Raton Club Tower|Buildings|Emporis"},{"Link":"http://www.bocaresort.com/","external_links_name":"\"The Boca Raton: Luxury Resort Hotel & Beach Club in Florida\""},{"Link":"https://www.bizjournals.com/southflorida/stories/2004/10/18/daily33.html","external_links_name":"\"Blackstone enters $1.25B deal to buy Boca Resorts\""},{"Link":"https://www.hotelexecutive.com/newswire/28423/hilton-adds-boca-raton-resort-to-waldorf-astoria-collection","external_links_name":"\"Hilton Adds Boca Raton Resort to Waldorf Astoria Collection\""},{"Link":"http://www.thebocavoice.com/boca-resort-announced-sale","external_links_name":"\"Boca Resort sale announced today\""},{"Link":"https://therealdeal.com/miami/2020/06/12/michael-dells-msd-partners-plans-major-changes-to-boca-raton-resort-club/","external_links_name":"\"Michael Dell's MSD Partners plans major changes to Boca Raton Resort & Club\""},{"Link":"https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/business/2019/06/06/new-record-boca-resort-sells-for-nearly-half-billion/4963486007/","external_links_name":"\"New record: Boca Resort sells for nearly half a billion\""},{"Link":"https://www.travelweekly.com/Travel-News/Hotel-News/Boca-Raton-Resort-will-drop-Waldorf-Astoria-name-launch-reno","external_links_name":"\"Boca Raton Resort will drop Waldorf Astoria name, launch reno\""},{"Link":"https://www.thebocaraton.com/","external_links_name":"\"The Boca Raton: Luxury Resort Hotel & Beach Club in Florida\""},{"Link":"https://www.thebocaraton.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120229042045/http://www.bocahistory.org/exhibits/exhibits_mizner.asp","external_links_name":"History regarding the club"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180613100244/http://www.bocaresort.info/","external_links_name":"Real estate at the Boca Resort"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasithi_Prefecture
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Lasithi
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["1 History","2 Name","3 Administration","3.1 Prefecture","3.2 Provinces","4 Transport","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 35°05′N 25°50′E / 35.083°N 25.833°E / 35.083; 25.833For the former (smaller) province, see Lasithi Province.
Regional unit in GreeceLasithi
Περιφερειακή ενότηταΛασιθίουRegional unitMunicipalities of LasithiLasithiLasithi within Greece Coordinates: 35°05′N 25°50′E / 35.083°N 25.833°E / 35.083; 25.833CountryGreeceAdministrative regionCreteSeatAgios NikolaosArea • Total1,823 km2 (704 sq mi)Population (2021) • Total77,819 • Density43/km2 (110/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Postal code72x xxArea code(s)284x0Vehicle registrationΑΝWebsitewww.lassithi.gr
Lasithi (Greek: Λασίθι) is the easternmost regional unit on the island of Crete, to the east of Heraklion. Its capital is Agios Nikolaos, the other major towns being Ierapetra and Sitia. The mountains include the Dikti in the west and the Thrypti in the east. The Sea of Crete lies to the north and the Libyan Sea to the south.
To the east of the village of Elounda lies the island of Spinalonga, formerly a Venetian fortress and a leper colony. On the foot of Mount Dikti lies the Lasithi Plateau, famous for its windmills. Vai is well known for its datepalm forest.
Thanks to its beaches and its mild climate year-long, Lasithi attracts many tourists. Mass tourism is served by places like Vai, Agios Nikolaos and the island of Chrissi. More off-beat tourism can be found in villages on the south coast like Myrtos, Makrys Gialos or Makrigialos, Xerokambos and Koutsouras.
Lasithi is home to a number of ancient remains. Vasiliki, Fournou Korifi, Pyrgos, Zakros and Gournia are ruins of Minoan date, Lato and Itanos were Doric towns.
History
The history of Lasithi can be traced over at least three millennia. The region has considerable ancient history antecedents, including the Dorian era settlement of Olous and Lato.
Name
It has been speculated that ra-su-to, found in Linear B, corresponds to an unattested ancient Lasynthos. There is also a Lyttian tribal name Lasynthioi, presumably reflecting the same name.
Earlier proposals that it is derived from a Venetian 'la' preposed to derivatives of Lyttos (Lyttus > Tselyttus > Tselethe > Xeethe > La Xeethi > Lasithi) or Sitia (Sitia > La Sitia > Lasithi) are unlikely, as the name Lasithi was attested as early as 1211, whereas the Venetians only first arrived in Crete in 1205. Another unlikely etymology derives it from lakkos 'hole or basin' (Lakkos > Lakkidion > Latsidi > Lasidi > Lasithi).
The area was known as Laşid (Ottoman Turkish: الشيد) under Turkish rule.
Administration
The regional unit Lasithi is subdivided into four municipalities. These are (number as in the map in the infobox):
Agios Nikolaos (1)
Ierapetra (2)
Oropedio Lasithiou (3)
Siteia (4)
Prefecture
As a part of the 2011 Kallikratis government reform, the regional unit Lasithi was created out of the former prefecture of Lasithi (Greek: Νομός Λασιθίου), which was created while Crete was still an autonomous state and was retained after the island joined Greece in 1913. The prefecture had the same territory as the present regional unit, except Viannos area that belonged to Lasithi but was annexed to Heraklion prefecture in 1932. At the same time, the municipalities were reorganised, according to the table below.
New municipality
Old municipalities
Seat
Agios Nikolaos
Agios Nikolaos
Agios Nikolaos
Vrachasi
Neapoli
Ierapetra
Ierapetra
Ierapetra
Makry Gialos
Oropedio Lasithiou
Oropedio Lasithiou
Tzermiado
Siteia
Siteia
Siteia
Itanos
Lefki
Provinces
Before 2006, Lasithi was divided into 4 provinces:
Province of Mirambelos - Neapolis
Province of Lasithi - Tzermiado
Province of Ierapetra - Ierapetra
Province of Sitia - Sitia
Transport
GR-90/E65, NW, Cen., E, NE
GR-99, Cen., S
See also
Ieropotamos River
2021 Lasithi earthquake
References
^ "Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.
^ Livingston Vance Watrous, Lasithi, a History of Settlement on a Highland Plain in Crete, 1982, 89 pages
^ C.Michael Hogan, Lato Fieldnotes, The Modern Antiquarian, Jan 10, 2008
^ Fred Woudhuizen, The Earliest Cretan Scripts, 2:99
^ Angelos Chaniotis, "The Great Inscription, its Political Institutions, and the Common Institutions of the Cretans" in E. Greco, M. Lombardo, eds., La Grande Iscrizione di Gortyna. Centoventi anni dopo la scoperta, Atti del I Convegno Internazionale di Studi sulla Messarà, Athens 2005 p. 182 and passim "Chaniotis, The Great Inscription" (PDF).
^ cf. Rebracketing of se- + noun
^ Thomas Abel Brimage Spratt, Travels and Researches in Crete, 1865, chapter XIX, p. 201
^ a b Philip Betancourt, Hagios Charalambos: A Minoan Burial Cave in Crete 1:9, 2014 ISBN 1623033934
^ Osmanlı Yer Adları (PDF) (in Turkish), p. 509.
^ a b "ΦΕΚ A 87/2010, Kallikratis reform law text" (in Greek). Government Gazette.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lasithi Regional Unit.
Geographical profile of Lasithi
vteAdministrative division of the Crete Region
Area
8,336 km2 (3,219 sq mi)
Population
623,065 (as of 2011)
Municipalities
24 (since 2011)
Capital
Heraklion
Regional unit of Chania
Apokoronas
Chania
Gavdos
Kantanos-Selino
Kissamos
Platanias
Sfakia
Regional unit of Heraklion
Archanes-Asterousia
Faistos
Gortyna
Heraklion
Hersonissos
Malevizi
Minoa Pediada
Viannos
Regional unit of Lasithi
Agios Nikolaos
Ierapetra
Oropedio Lasithiou
Siteia
Regional unit of Rethymno
Agios Vasileios
Amari
Anogeia
Mylopotamos
Rethymno
Regional governor
Stavros Arnaoutakis (reelected 2014)
Decentralized Administration
Crete
vtePrefectures of GreeceBy name
Achaea and Elis
Achaea
Adrianoplea
Aetolia-Acarnania
Arcadia
Argolis and Corinthia
Argolis
Argyrokastronb
Arta
Attica and Boeotia
Atticac
Boeotia
Cephalonia
Chalkidiki
Chania
Chios
Corfu
Corinthia
Cyclades
Dodecanese
Dramad
Elis
Euboea
Evrosd
Evrytania
Florina
Grevena
Heraklion
Imathia
Ioannina
Kallipolisa
Karditsa
Kastoria
Kavalad
Kilkis
Korytsab
Kozani
Lacedaemon
Laconia
Lakoniki
Larissa
Lasithi
Lefkada
Lesbos
Magnesia
Messenia
Pella
Phocis and Locris
Phocis
Phthiotis and Phocis
Phthiotis
Pieria
Piraeus
Preveza
Rethymno
Rhaedestosa
Rhodoped
Samos
Saranta Ekklisiesa
Serres
Sfakia
Thesprotia
Thessaloniki
Trikala
Trifylia
Xanthid
Zakynthos
By year established1800s
1833
Achaea and Elis
Aetolia-Acarnania
Arcadia
Argolis and Corinthia
Attica and Boeotia
Cyclades
Euboea
Laconia
Messenia
Phocis and Locris
1845
Phthiotis and Phocis
1864
Corfu
Kefallinia
Lefkada
Zakynthos
1882
Arta
Larissa
Trikala
1899
Achaea
Argolis
Atticac
Boeotia
Corinthia
Elis
Evrytania
Karditsa
Lacedaemon
Lakoniki
Magnesia
Phocis
Phthiotis
Trifylia
1900s
1912
Chania
Heraklion
Lasithi
Rethymno
Sfakia
1914
Thessaloniki
1915
Argyrokastronb
Chalkidiki
Chios
Dramad
Florina
Ioannina
Kavalad
Korytsab
Kozani
Lesbos
Preveza
Samos
Serres
1920
Adrianoplea
Evrosd
Kallipolisa
Rhaedestosa
Rhodoped
Saranta Ekklisiesa
1930–1944
Pella
Kilkis
Thesprotia
Kastoria
Xanthid
1947
Dodecanese
Imathia
Pieria
1964
Grevena
Piraeus
a In Eastern Thrace or b Northern Epirus, outside present-day Greece.
c From 1971, Attica consisted of four prefecture-level units: Athens, East Attica, Piraeus and West Attica. From 1994, Athens and Piraeus were grouped into a single super-prefecture.
d From 1994, Drama / Kavala / Xanthi and Evros / Rhodope prefectures were grouped into super-prefectures.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lasithi Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasithi_Province"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"regional unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_units_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"Heraklion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraklion"},{"link_name":"Agios Nikolaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agios_Nikolaos,_Crete"},{"link_name":"Ierapetra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ierapetra"},{"link_name":"Sitia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitia"},{"link_name":"Dikti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikti"},{"link_name":"Thrypti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrypti"},{"link_name":"Sea of Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Crete"},{"link_name":"Libyan Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Sea"},{"link_name":"Elounda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elounda"},{"link_name":"Spinalonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinalonga"},{"link_name":"Venetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"leper colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leper_colony"},{"link_name":"Lasithi Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasithi_Plateau"},{"link_name":"windmills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmill"},{"link_name":"Vai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vai_(Crete)"},{"link_name":"datepalm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datepalm"},{"link_name":"Chrissi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ierapetra#Chrysi"},{"link_name":"Myrtos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtos"},{"link_name":"Koutsouras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koutsouras"},{"link_name":"Vasiliki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasiliki,_Lasithi"},{"link_name":"Fournou Korifi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fournou_Korifi"},{"link_name":"Pyrgos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtos_Pyrgos"},{"link_name":"Zakros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakros"},{"link_name":"Gournia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gournia"},{"link_name":"Minoan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoan_Civilization"},{"link_name":"Lato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lato"},{"link_name":"Itanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itanos"}],"text":"For the former (smaller) province, see Lasithi Province.Regional unit in GreeceLasithi (Greek: Λασίθι) is the easternmost regional unit on the island of Crete, to the east of Heraklion. Its capital is Agios Nikolaos, the other major towns being Ierapetra and Sitia. The mountains include the Dikti in the west and the Thrypti in the east. The Sea of Crete lies to the north and the Libyan Sea to the south.To the east of the village of Elounda lies the island of Spinalonga, formerly a Venetian fortress and a leper colony. On the foot of Mount Dikti lies the Lasithi Plateau, famous for its windmills. Vai is well known for its datepalm forest.Thanks to its beaches and its mild climate year-long, Lasithi attracts many tourists. Mass tourism is served by places like Vai, Agios Nikolaos and the island of Chrissi. More off-beat tourism can be found in villages on the south coast like Myrtos, Makrys Gialos or Makrigialos, Xerokambos and Koutsouras.Lasithi is home to a number of ancient remains. Vasiliki, Fournou Korifi, Pyrgos, Zakros and Gournia are ruins of Minoan date, Lato and Itanos were Doric towns.","title":"Lasithi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorians"},{"link_name":"Olous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olous"},{"link_name":"Lato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lato"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The history of Lasithi can be traced over at least three millennia.[2] The region has considerable ancient history antecedents, including the Dorian era settlement of Olous and Lato.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Linear B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_B"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lyttian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyttos"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lyttos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyttos"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sitia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitia"},{"link_name":"arrived in Crete in 1205","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Candia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-betancourt-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-betancourt-8"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Turkish rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Crete"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"It has been speculated that ra-su-to, found in Linear B, corresponds to an unattested ancient Lasynthos.[4] There is also a Lyttian tribal name Lasynthioi, presumably reflecting the same name.[5]Earlier proposals that it is derived from a Venetian 'la' preposed to derivatives of Lyttos (Lyttus > Tselyttus[6] > Tselethe > Xeethe > La Xeethi > Lasithi)[7] or Sitia (Sitia > La Sitia > Lasithi) are unlikely, as the name Lasithi was attested as early as 1211, whereas the Venetians only first arrived in Crete in 1205.[8] Another unlikely etymology derives it from lakkos 'hole or basin' (Lakkos > Lakkidion > Latsidi > Lasidi > Lasithi).[8]The area was known as Laşid (Ottoman Turkish: الشيد) under Turkish rule.[9]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kallikratis-10"},{"link_name":"Agios Nikolaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agios_Nikolaos,_Crete"},{"link_name":"Ierapetra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ierapetra"},{"link_name":"Oropedio Lasithiou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oropedio_Lasithiou"},{"link_name":"Siteia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siteia"}],"text":"The regional unit Lasithi is subdivided into four municipalities. These are (number as in the map in the infobox):[10]Agios Nikolaos (1)\nIerapetra (2)\nOropedio Lasithiou (3)\nSiteia (4)","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefectures_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"autonomous state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_State"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kallikratis-10"}],"sub_title":"Prefecture","text":"As a part of the 2011 Kallikratis government reform, the regional unit Lasithi was created out of the former prefecture of Lasithi (Greek: Νομός Λασιθίου), which was created while Crete was still an autonomous state and was retained after the island joined Greece in 1913. The prefecture had the same territory as the present regional unit, except Viannos area that belonged to Lasithi but was annexed to Heraklion prefecture in 1932. At the same time, the municipalities were reorganised, according to the table below.[10]","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Mirambelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirambelos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Province of Lasithi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasithi_Province"},{"link_name":"Ierapetra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ierapetra"},{"link_name":"Sitia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitia"}],"sub_title":"Provinces","text":"Before 2006, Lasithi was divided into 4 provinces:Province of Mirambelos - Neapolis\nProvince of Lasithi - Tzermiado\nProvince of Ierapetra - Ierapetra\nProvince of Sitia - Sitia","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GR-90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_National_Road_90"},{"link_name":"E65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E65"},{"link_name":"GR-99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_National_Road_99"}],"text":"GR-90/E65, NW, Cen., E, NE\nGR-99, Cen., S","title":"Transport"}]
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Nomos_Lasithiou.png/250px-Nomos_Lasithiou.png"}]
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[{"title":"Ieropotamos River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieropotamos_River"},{"title":"2021 Lasithi earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Lasithi_earthquake"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό\" [Results of the 2021 Population - Housing Census, Permanent population by settlement] (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/17286366/MON_PLI_DHM_OIKISN_2021.xlsx","url_text":"\"Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chaniotis, The Great Inscription\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeumdok/747/1/Chaniotis_The_great_inscription_2005.pdf","url_text":"\"Chaniotis, The Great Inscription\""}]},{"reference":"Osmanlı Yer Adları (PDF) (in Turkish), p. 509","urls":[{"url":"https://www.devletarsivleri.gov.tr/varliklar/dosyalar/eskisiteden/yayinlar/genel-mudurluk-yayinlar/osmanli_yer_adlari.pdf","url_text":"Osmanlı Yer Adları"}]},{"reference":"\"ΦΕΚ A 87/2010, Kallikratis reform law text\" (in Greek). Government Gazette.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wGYK2xFpSwMnXdtvSoClrL8-SrPzKAEPjjtIl9LGdkF53UIxsx942CdyqxSQYNuqAGCF0IfB9HI6hq6ZkZV96FIukI0UzcPsWCK0LpLhpa7rhiWB4R5ntTnoWw7U8E1Amg.","url_text":"\"ΦΕΚ A 87/2010, Kallikratis reform law text\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Gazette_(Greece)","url_text":"Government Gazette"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lasithi¶ms=35_05_N_25_50_E_type:city(77819)_region:GR-M","external_links_name":"35°05′N 25°50′E / 35.083°N 25.833°E / 35.083; 25.833"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lasithi¶ms=35_05_N_25_50_E_type:city(77819)_region:GR-M","external_links_name":"35°05′N 25°50′E / 35.083°N 25.833°E / 35.083; 25.833"},{"Link":"http://www.lassithi.gr/","external_links_name":"www.lassithi.gr"},{"Link":"https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/17286366/MON_PLI_DHM_OIKISN_2021.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό\""},{"Link":"http://themodernantiquarian.com/site/10847/lato.html#fieldnotes","external_links_name":"C.Michael Hogan, Lato Fieldnotes, The Modern Antiquarian, Jan 10, 2008"},{"Link":"http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeumdok/747/1/Chaniotis_The_great_inscription_2005.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Chaniotis, The Great Inscription\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OzMbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA201","external_links_name":"p. 201"},{"Link":"https://www.devletarsivleri.gov.tr/varliklar/dosyalar/eskisiteden/yayinlar/genel-mudurluk-yayinlar/osmanli_yer_adlari.pdf","external_links_name":"Osmanlı Yer Adları"},{"Link":"http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wGYK2xFpSwMnXdtvSoClrL8-SrPzKAEPjjtIl9LGdkF53UIxsx942CdyqxSQYNuqAGCF0IfB9HI6hq6ZkZV96FIukI0UzcPsWCK0LpLhpa7rhiWB4R5ntTnoWw7U8E1Amg.","external_links_name":"\"ΦΕΚ A 87/2010, Kallikratis reform law text\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041204212312/http://interisk.imbc.gr/reg_crete.html","external_links_name":"Geographical profile of Lasithi"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/130271124","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564974505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86122501","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/117665916","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampiroxicam
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Ampiroxicam
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["1 References"]
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Chemical compound
AmpiroxicamClinical dataAHFS/Drugs.comInternational Drug NamesRoutes ofadministrationOralATC codenoneLegal statusLegal status
In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Identifiers
IUPAC name
(RS)-Ethyl 1-thiazin-4-yl]oxyethyl carbonate
CAS Number99464-64-9 YPubChem CID2176ChemSpider2091 YUNII0PV32JZB1JKEGGD01397 YChEBICHEBI:31210 NChEMBLChEMBL1909052 NCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID6046474 ECHA InfoCard100.235.757 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC20H21N3O7SMolar mass447.46 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive imageChiralityRacemic mixture
SMILES
CCOC(=O)OC(C)OC1=C(N(S(=O)(=O)C2=CC=CC=C21)C)C(=O)NC3=CC=CC=N3
InChI
InChI=1S/C20H21N3O7S/c1-4-28-20(25)30-13(2)29-18-14-9-5-6-10-15(14)31(26,27)23(3)17(18)19(24)22-16-11-7-8-12-21-16/h5-13H,4H2,1-3H3,(H,21,22,24) YKey:LSNWBKACGXCGAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
NY (what is this?) (verify)
Ampiroxicam (INN) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It is a prodrug of piroxicam. It has been studied for potential anticancer activity, but preliminary results did not show evidence of such activity.
References
^ Carty TJ, Marfat A, Moore PF, Falkner FC, Twomey TM, Weissman A (July 1993). "Ampiroxicam, an anti-inflammatory agent which is a prodrug of piroxicam". Agents and Actions. 39 (3–4): 157–165. doi:10.1007/BF01998969. PMID 8304243. S2CID 24284281.
^ Choi KH, Shim JH, Huong LD, Cho NP, Cho SD (July 2011). "Inhibition of myeloid cell leukemia-1 by tolfenamic acid induces apoptosis in mucoepidermoid carcinoma". Oral Diseases. 17 (5): 469–475. doi:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2010.01774.x. PMID 21496182.
^ Shim JH, Shin JA, Jung JY, Choi KH, Choi ES, Cho NP, et al. (March 2011). "Chemopreventive effect of tolfenamic acid on KB human cervical cancer cells and tumor xenograft by downregulating specificity protein 1". European Journal of Cancer Prevention. 20 (2): 102–111. doi:10.1097/CEJ.0b013e328341e38f. PMID 21131823.
vteNon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (primarily M01A and M02A, also N02BA)pyrazolones /pyrazolidines
Aminophenazone
Ampyrone
Azapropazone
Clofezone
Difenamizole
Famprofazone
Feprazone
Kebuzone
Metamizole
Mofebutazone
Morazone
Nifenazone
Oxyphenbutazone
Phenazone
Phenylbutazone
Propyphenazone
Sulfinpyrazone
Suxibuzone‡
salicylates
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)#
Aloxiprin
Benorylate
Carbasalate calcium
Diflunisal
Dipyrocetyl
Ethenzamide
Guacetisal
Magnesium salicylate
Methyl salicylate
Salsalate
Salicin
Salicylamide
Salicylic acid (salicylate)
Sodium salicylate
acetic acid derivativesand related substances
Aceclofenac
Acemetacin
Alclofenac
Amfenac
Bendazac
Bromfenac
Bufexamac
Bumadizone
Diclofenac
Difenpiramide
Etodolac
Felbinac
Fenclozic acid
Fentiazac
Indometacin
Indometacin farnesil
Isoxepac
Ketorolac
Lonazolac
Mofezolac
Oxametacin
Prodolic acid
Proglumetacin
Sulindac
Tiopinac
Tolmetin
Zomepirac†
oxicams
Ampiroxicam
Droxicam
Isoxicam
Lornoxicam
Meloxicam
Piroxicam
Pivoxicam
Tenoxicam
propionic acidderivatives (profens)
Alminoprofen
Benoxaprofen†
Carprofen‡
Dexibuprofen
Dexketoprofen
Fenbufen
Fenoprofen
Flunoxaprofen
Flurbiprofen
Ibuprofen#
Ibuproxam
Indoprofen†
Ketoprofen
Loxoprofen
Miroprofen
Naproxen
Oxaprozin
Pelubiprofen
Piketoprofen
Pirprofen
Suprofen
Tarenflurbil
Tepoxalin‡
Tiaprofenic acid
Vedaprofen‡
Zaltoprofen
COX-inhibiting nitric oxide donator: Naproxcinod
n-arylanthranilicacids (fenamates)
Azapropazone
Clonixin
Etofenamate
Floctafenine
Flufenamic acid
Flunixin
Flutiazin
Glafenine†
Meclofenamic acid
Mefenamic acid
Morniflumate
Niflumic acid
Tolfenamic acid
COX-2 inhibitors(coxibs)
Apricoxib
Celecoxib (+tramadol)
Cimicoxib‡
Deracoxib‡
Etoricoxib
Firocoxib‡
Lumiracoxib†
Mavacoxib‡
Parecoxib
Robenacoxib‡
Rofecoxib†
Valdecoxib†
other
Aminopropionitrile
Benzydamine
Chondroitin sulfate
Diacerein
Fluproquazone
Glucosamine
Glycosaminoglycan
Hyperforin
Nabumetone
Nimesulide
Oxaceprol
Proquazone
Superoxide dismutase / orgotein
Tenidap
NSAIDcombinations
Ibuprofen/famotidine
Ibuprofen/hydrocodone
Ibuprofen/oxycodone
Ibuprofen/paracetamol
Meloxicam/bupivacaine
Naproxen/diphenhydramine
Naproxen/esomeprazole
Key: underline indicates initially developed first-in-class compound of specific group; #WHO-Essential Medicines; †withdrawn drugs; ‡veterinary use.
category
commons
portal
vteProstanoid signaling modulatorsReceptor(ligands)DP (D2)Tooltip Prostaglandin D2 receptorDP1Tooltip Prostaglandin D2 receptor 1
Agonists: Prostaglandin D2
Treprostinil
Antagonists: Asapiprant
Laropiprant
Vidupiprant
DP2Tooltip Prostaglandin D2 receptor 2
Agonists: Indometacin
Prostaglandin D2
Antagonists: ADC-3680
AZD-1981
Bay U3405
Fevipiprant
MK-1029
MK-7246
QAV-680
Ramatroban
Setipiprant
Timapiprant
TM30089
Vidupiprant
EP (E2)Tooltip Prostaglandin E2 receptorEP1Tooltip Prostaglandin EP1 receptor
Agonists: Beraprost
Enprostil
Iloprost (ciloprost)
Latanoprost
Lubiprostone
Misoprostol
Prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil)
Prostaglandin E2 (dinoprostone)
Sulprostone
Antagonists: AH-6809
ONO-8130
SC-19220
SC-51089
SC-51322
EP2Tooltip Prostaglandin EP2 receptor
Agonists: Butaprost
Misoprostol
Prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil)
Prostaglandin E2 (dinoprostone)
Treprostinil
Antagonists: AH-6809
PF-04418948
TG 4-155
EP3Tooltip Prostaglandin EP3 receptor
Agonists: Beraprost
Carbacyclin
Cicaprost
Enprostil
Iloprost (ciloprost)
Isocarbacyclin
Latanoprost
Misoprostol
Prostaglandin D2
Prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil)
Prostaglandin E2 (dinoprostone)
Remiprostol
Ricinoleic acid
Sulprostone
Antagonists: L-798106
EP4Tooltip Prostaglandin EP4 receptor
Agonists: Lubiprostone
Misoprostol
Prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil)
Prostaglandin E2 (dinoprostone)
TCS-2510
Antagonists: Grapiprant
GW-627368
L-161982
ONO-AE3-208
Unsorted
Agonists: 16,16-Dimethyl Prostaglandin E2
Aganepag
Carboprost
Evatanepag
Gemeprost
Nocloprost
Omidenepag
Prostaglandin F2α (dinoprost)
Simenepag
Taprenepag
FP (F2α)Tooltip Prostaglandin F receptor
Agonists: Alfaprostol
Bimatoprost
Carboprost
Cloprostenol
Enprostil
Fluprostenol
Latanoprost
Prostaglandin D2
Prostaglandin F2α (dinoprost)
Sulotroban
Tafluprost
Travoprost
Unoprostone
IP (I2)Tooltip Prostacyclin receptor
Agonists: ACT-333679
AFP-07
Beraprost
BMY-45778
Carbacyclin
Cicaprost
Iloprost (ciloprost)
Isocarbacyclin
MRE-269
NS-304
Prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2, epoprostenol)
Prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil)
Ralinepag
Selexipag
Taprostene
TRA-418
Treprostinil
Antagonists: RO1138452
TP (TXA2)Tooltip Thromboxane receptor
Agonists: Carbocyclic thromboxane A2
I-BOP
Thromboxane A2
U-46619
Vapiprost
Antagonists: 12-HETE
13-APA
AA-2414
Argatroban
Bay U3405
BMS-180,291
Daltroban
Domitroban
EP-045
GR-32191
ICI-185282
ICI-192605
Ifetroban
Imitrodast
L-655240
L-670596
Linotroban
Mipitroban
ONO-3708
ONO-11120
Picotamide
Pinane thromboxane A2
Ramatroban
Ridogrel
S-145
Samixogrel
Seratrodast
SQ-28,668
SQ-29,548
Sulotroban
Terbogrel
Terutroban
TRA-418
Unsorted
Arbaprostil
Ataprost
Ciprostene
Clinprost
Cobiprostone
Delprostenate
Deprostil
Dimoxaprost
Doxaprost
Ecraprost
Eganoprost
Enisoprost
Eptaloprost
Esuberaprost
Etiproston
Fenprostalene
Flunoprost
Froxiprost
Lanproston
Limaprost
Luprostiol
Meteneprost
Mexiprostil
Naxaprostene
Nileprost
Nocloprost
Ornoprostil
Oxoprostol
Penprostene
Pimilprost
Piriprost
Posaraprost
Prostalene
Rioprostil
Rivenprost
Rosaprostol
Spiriprostil
Tiaprost
Tilsuprost
Tiprostanide
Trimoprostil
Viprostol
Enzyme(inhibitors)COX(PTGS)
Salicylic acids: Aloxiprin
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)
Benorilate (benorylate)
Carbasalate calcium
Diflunisal
Dipyrocetyl
Ethenzamide
Guacetisal
Magnesium salicylate
Mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid)
Methyl salicylate
Salacetamide
Salicin
Salicylamide
Salicylate (salicylic acid)
Salsalate
Sodium salicylate
Triflusal; Acetic acids: Aceclofenac
Acemetacin
Aclofenac
Amfenac
Alclofenac
Bendazac
Bromfenac
Bufexamac
Bumadizone
Cinmetacin
Clometacin
Diclofenac
Difenpiramide
Etodolac
Felbinac
Fenclofenac
Fentiazac
Glucametacin
Indometacin (indomethacin)
Indometacin farnesil
Ketorolac
Lonazolac
Mofezolac
Nabumetone
Oxametacin
Oxindanac
Proglumetacin
Sulindac
Sulindac sulfide
Tolmetin
Zidometacin
Zomepirac; Propionic acids: Alminoprofen
Benoxaprofen
Bucloxic acid (blucloxate)
Butibufen
Carprofen
Dexibuprofen
Dexindoprofen
Dexketoprofen
Fenbufen
Fenoprofen
Flunoxaprofen
Flurbiprofen
Ibuprofen
Ibuproxam
Indoprofen
Ketoprofen
Loxoprofen
Miroprofen
Naproxen
Naproxcinod
Oxaprozin
Pirprofen
Pranoprofen
Suprofen
Tarenflurbil
Tepoxalin
Tiaprofenic acid (tiaprofenate)
Vedaprofen; Anthranilic acids (fenamic acids): Etofenamic acid (etofenamate)
Floctafenic acid (floctafenate)
Flufenamic acid (flufenamate)
Meclofenamic acid (meclofenamate)
Mefenamic acid (mefenamate)
Morniflumic acid (morniflumate)
Niflumic acid (niflumate)
Talinflumic acid (talinflumate)
Tolfenamic acid (tolfenamate); Pyrazolones: Azapropazone
Dipyrone
Isopyrin
Oxyphenbutazone
Phenylbutazone; Enolic acids (oxicams): Ampiroxicam
Droxicam
Enolicam
Isoxicam
Lornoxicam
Meloxicam
Piroxicam
Tenoxicam; 4-Aminoquinolines: Antrafenine
Floctafenine
Glafenine; Quinazolines: Fluproquazone
Proquazone; Aminonicotinic acids: Clonixeril
Clonixin
Flunixin; Sulfonanilides: Flosulide
Nimesulide; Aminophenols (anilines): Acetanilide
AM-404 (N-arachidonoylaminophenol)
Bucetin
Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
Parapropamol
Phenacetin
Propacetamol; Selective COX-2 inhibitors (coxibs): Apricoxib
Celecoxib
Cimicoxib
Deracoxib
Etoricoxib
Firocoxib
Lumiracoxib
Mavacoxib
Parecoxib
Polmacoxib
Robenacoxib
Rofecoxib
Tilmacoxib
Valdecoxib; Others/unsorted: Anitrazafen
Clobuzarit
Curcumin
DuP-697
FK-3311
Flumizole
FR-122047
Glimepiride
Hyperforin
Itazigrel
L-655240
L-670596
Licofelone
Menatetrenone (vitamin K2)
NCX-466
NCX-4040
NS-398
Pamicogrel
Resveratrol
Romazarit
Rosmarinic acid
Rutecarpine
Satigrel
SC-236
SC-560
SC-58125
Tenidap
Tiflamizole
Timegadine
Trifenagrel
Tropesin
PGD2STooltip Prostaglandin D synthase
Retinoids
Selenium (selenium tetrachloride, sodium selenite, selenium disulfide)
PGESTooltip Prostaglandin E synthaseHQL-79PGFSTooltip Prostaglandin F synthaseBimatoprostPGI2STooltip Prostacyclin synthaseTranylcypromineTXASTooltip Thromboxane A synthase
Camonagrel
Dazmegrel
Dazoxiben
Furegrelate
Isbogrel
Midazogrel
Nafagrel
Nicogrelate
Ozagrel
Picotamide
Pirmagrel
Ridogrel
Rolafagrel
Samixogrel
Terbogrel
U63557A
Others
Precursors: Linoleic acid
γ-Linolenic acid (gamolenic acid)
Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid
Diacylglycerol
Arachidonic acid
Prostaglandin G2
Prostaglandin H2
See also
Receptor/signaling modulators
Leukotriene signaling modulators
This drug article relating to the musculoskeletal system is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This analgesic-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"INN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Nonproprietary_Name"},{"link_name":"non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug"},{"link_name":"prodrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodrug"},{"link_name":"piroxicam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piroxicam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8304243-1"},{"link_name":"anticancer activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_treatment"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Ampiroxicam (INN) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It is a prodrug of piroxicam.[1] It has been studied for potential anticancer activity, but preliminary results did not show evidence of such activity.[2][3]","title":"Ampiroxicam"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Carty TJ, Marfat A, Moore PF, Falkner FC, Twomey TM, Weissman A (July 1993). \"Ampiroxicam, an anti-inflammatory agent which is a prodrug of piroxicam\". Agents and Actions. 39 (3–4): 157–165. doi:10.1007/BF01998969. PMID 8304243. S2CID 24284281.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01998969","url_text":"10.1007/BF01998969"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8304243","url_text":"8304243"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24284281","url_text":"24284281"}]},{"reference":"Choi KH, Shim JH, Huong LD, Cho NP, Cho SD (July 2011). \"Inhibition of myeloid cell leukemia-1 by tolfenamic acid induces apoptosis in mucoepidermoid carcinoma\". Oral Diseases. 17 (5): 469–475. doi:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2010.01774.x. PMID 21496182.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1601-0825.2010.01774.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1601-0825.2010.01774.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21496182","url_text":"21496182"}]},{"reference":"Shim JH, Shin JA, Jung JY, Choi KH, Choi ES, Cho NP, et al. (March 2011). \"Chemopreventive effect of tolfenamic acid on KB human cervical cancer cells and tumor xenograft by downregulating specificity protein 1\". European Journal of Cancer Prevention. 20 (2): 102–111. doi:10.1097/CEJ.0b013e328341e38f. PMID 21131823.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FCEJ.0b013e328341e38f","url_text":"10.1097/CEJ.0b013e328341e38f"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21131823","url_text":"21131823"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.drugs.com/international/ampiroxicam.html","external_links_name":"International Drug Names"},{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=99464-64-9","external_links_name":"99464-64-9"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2176","external_links_name":"2176"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2091.html","external_links_name":"2091"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/0PV32JZB1J","external_links_name":"0PV32JZB1J"},{"Link":"https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D01397","external_links_name":"D01397"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:31210","external_links_name":"CHEBI:31210"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL1909052","external_links_name":"ChEMBL1909052"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID6046474","external_links_name":"DTXSID6046474"},{"Link":"https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.235.757","external_links_name":"100.235.757"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CCOC%28%3DO%29OC%28C%29OC1%3DC%28N%28S%28%3DO%29%28%3DO%29C2%3DCC%3DCC%3DC21%29C%29C%28%3DO%29NC3%3DCC%3DCC%3DN3","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=444349429&page2=Ampiroxicam","external_links_name":"(verify)"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01998969","external_links_name":"10.1007/BF01998969"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8304243","external_links_name":"8304243"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24284281","external_links_name":"24284281"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1601-0825.2010.01774.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1601-0825.2010.01774.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21496182","external_links_name":"21496182"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FCEJ.0b013e328341e38f","external_links_name":"10.1097/CEJ.0b013e328341e38f"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21131823","external_links_name":"21131823"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ampiroxicam&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ampiroxicam&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Marengo_(AK-194)
|
USS Marengo
|
["1 Construction","2 Post-war decommissioning","3 Merchant service","4 Notes","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]
|
Cargo ship of the United States Navy
History
United States
Name
Coastal Spartan (1944–1945)
Marengo (1945)
NamesakeMarengo County, Alabama
Orderedas type (C1-M-AV1) hull, MC hull 2125
BuilderWalter Butler Shipbuilders, Inc., Superior, Wisconsin
Yard number43
Laid down4 July 1944
Launched4 December 1944
Sponsored byMrs. R. W. Higgins
Acquired24 August 1945
Commissioned21 September 1945
Decommissioned23 November 1945
Strickendate unknown
Identification
Hull symbol: AK-194
Code letters: NEOG
FateReturned to Maritime Commission, 23 November 1945
United States
NameCoastal Spartan
OwnerMaritime Commission
Operator
North Atlantic & Gulf SS Company (1945–1946)
South Atlantic SS Line (1948)
Acquired23 November 1945
In service23 November 1945
Out of service22 April 1948
FateSold, 19 July 1965
Notessold for non-transportation use
United States
NameCoastal Spartan
OwnerBoston Metals, Company
Acquired19 July 1965
FateSold
United States
Name
Cyclone (1971–1975)
Ocean Cyclone (1975–1989)
OwnerStorm Drilling Company
In serviceDecember 1971
Refit
converted to drilling ship, December 1971
converted to crane ship, 1975
FateSold late 1989
United States
NameNorthern Victor
OwnerSeafoods Wholesalers, Inc.
Acquired1989
In service19 October 1990
Out of service1999
Refitconverted to fish processing vessel, 1989–1990
FateSold
United States
NameNorthern Victor
OwnerIcicle Seafoods Inc.
Acquired1999
Identification
IMO number: 7208431
MMSI number: 366987710
Callsign: WCZ6534
General characteristics
Class and typeAlamosa-class cargo ship
TypeC1-M-AV1
Tonnage5,032 long tons deadweight (DWT)
Displacement
2,382 long tons (2,420 t) (standard)
7,450 long tons (7,570 t) (full load)
Length388 ft 8 in (118.47 m)
Beam50 ft (15 m)
Draft21 ft 1 in (6.43 m)
Installed power
1 × Nordberg, TSM 6 diesel engine
1,750 shp (1,300 kW)
Propulsion1 × propeller
Speed11.5 kn (21.3 km/h; 13.2 mph)
Capacity
3,945 t (3,883 long tons) DWT
9,830 cu ft (278 m3) (refrigerated)
227,730 cu ft (6,449 m3) (non-refrigerated)
Complement
15 Officers
70 Enlisted
Armament
1 × 3 in (76 mm)/50-caliber dual-purpose gun (DP)
6 × 20 mm (0.8 in) Oerlikon anti-aircraft (AA) cannons
USS Marengo (AK-194) was an Alamosa-class cargo ship that was constructed by the US Navy during the closing period of World War II. She was declared excess-to-needs and returned to the US Maritime Commission shortly after commissioning.
Construction
Marengo (AK 194) was laid down under a Maritime Commission contract, MC hull 2125, by Walter Butler Shipbuilders Inc., Superior, Wisconsin, 4 July 1944; launched 4 December 1944; sponsored by Mrs. R. W. Higgins; acquired by the Navy at New Orleans, Louisiana, 24 August 1945; placed in service the same day she was acquired, and was used for ferrying from Beaumont, Texas, to Galveston, Texas. She was placed out of service on arrival the 29 August; and commissioned 21 September.
Post-war decommissioning
The end of World War Il reduced the need for cargo ships, so Marengo decommissioned 23 November and was transferred to War Shipping Administration (WSA) the same day. The ship was subsequently operated by North Atlantic & Gulf Steamship Co., under the name Coastal Spartan.
Merchant service
Coastal Spartan was contracted to North Atlantic & Gulf SS Company and South Atlantic SS Line until being laid up in the reserve fleet in Wilmington, North Carolina, on 22 April 1948.
She was sold to Boston Metals, Company, on 19 July 1965, for non-transportation use.
In December 1971, she was sold to Storm Drilling Company, and converted to a drilling ship. She was renamed Cyclone on 30 December 1971. She was again converted in 1975, to a crane ship and renamed Ocean Cyclone.
She was sold in 1989, converted by the Eastern Shipbuilding Company, Panama City, Florida, to a fish processing vessel in 1989–1990.
In late 1999, she was acquired by Icicle Seafoods, Inc.
Notes
Citations
^ a b c C1 Cargo Ships 2009.
^ a b c d e f Navsource 2015.
^ a b DANFS.
^ MARAD.
Bibliography
Online resources
"Marengo". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 19 November 2016. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
"C1 Cargo Ships". www.ShipbuildingHistory.com. 28 August 2009. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
"USS Marengo (AK-194)". Navsource.org. 17 July 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
"Coastal Spartan". United States Department of Transportation. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
External links
Photo gallery of USS Marengo (AK-194) at NavSource Naval History
vteAlamosa-class cargo ships
Alamosa
Alcona
Amador
Antrim
Autauga
Beaverhead
Beltrami
Blount
Brevard
Bullock
Cabell
Caledonia
Charlevoix
Chatham
Chicot
Claiborne
Clarion
Codington
Colquitt
Craighead
Doddridge*
Duval*
Fairfield
Faribault
Fentress
Flagler
Gadsden
Glacier
Grainger
Gwinnett
Habersham
Hennepin
Herkimer
Hidalgo
Kenosha
Lebanon
Lehigh
Lancaster
Marengo
Midland
Minidoka
Muscatine
Muskingum
Nicollet
Pembina
Pemiscot
Pinellas
Pipestone
Pitkin
Poinsett
Pontotoc
Richland
Rockdale
Schuyler
Screven
Sebastian
Somerset / Coastal Sentry
Sussex
Tarrant
Tipton
Traverse*
Tulare*
Washtenaw** / Sgt. George Peterson
Westchester*
Wexford† / Coastal Crusader
Maiden's Eye / Colonel William J. O'Brien
Becket Bend / Private John F. Thorson
Short Splice
Long Splice / Private Frank J. Petrarca
* = Canceled August 1945
** = Canceled August 1945, but completed as Coastal Guide
† = Canceled August 1945, but completed as Coastal Crusader
List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alamosa-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamosa-class_cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"cargo ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"US Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Navy"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"US Maritime Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Maritime_Commission"}],"text":"USS Marengo (AK-194) was an Alamosa-class cargo ship that was constructed by the US Navy during the closing period of World War II. She was declared excess-to-needs and returned to the US Maritime Commission shortly after commissioning.","title":"USS Marengo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Superior, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"New Orleans, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Beaumont, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaumont,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Galveston, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS-3"}],"text":"Marengo (AK 194) was laid down under a Maritime Commission contract, MC hull 2125, by Walter Butler Shipbuilders Inc., Superior, Wisconsin, 4 July 1944; launched 4 December 1944; sponsored by Mrs. R. W. Higgins; acquired by the Navy at New Orleans, Louisiana, 24 August 1945; placed in service the same day she was acquired, and was used for ferrying from Beaumont, Texas, to Galveston, Texas. She was placed out of service on arrival the 29 August; and commissioned 21 September.[3]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"War Shipping Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Shipping_Administration"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS-3"}],"text":"The end of World War Il reduced the need for cargo ships, so Marengo decommissioned 23 November and was transferred to War Shipping Administration (WSA) the same day. The ship was subsequently operated by North Atlantic & Gulf Steamship Co., under the name Coastal Spartan.[3]","title":"Post-war decommissioning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Atlantic & Gulf SS Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Atlantic_%26_Gulf_SS_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"South Atlantic SS Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Atlantic_SS_Line"},{"link_name":"Wilmington, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENavsource2015-2"},{"link_name":"Boston Metals, Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston_Metals,_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENavsource2015-2"},{"link_name":"Storm Drilling Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm_Drilling_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENavsource2015-2"},{"link_name":"Eastern Shipbuilding Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Shipbuilding_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Panama City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_City,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENavsource2015-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMARAD-4"},{"link_name":"Icicle Seafoods, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Icicle_Seafoods,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENavsource2015-2"}],"text":"Coastal Spartan was contracted to North Atlantic & Gulf SS Company and South Atlantic SS Line until being laid up in the reserve fleet in Wilmington, North Carolina, on 22 April 1948.[2]She was sold to Boston Metals, Company, on 19 July 1965, for non-transportation use.[2]In December 1971, she was sold to Storm Drilling Company, and converted to a drilling ship. She was renamed Cyclone on 30 December 1971. She was again converted in 1975, to a crane ship and renamed Ocean Cyclone.[2]She was sold in 1989, converted by the Eastern Shipbuilding Company, Panama City, Florida, to a fish processing vessel in 1989–1990.[2][4]In late 1999, she was acquired by Icicle Seafoods, Inc.[2]","title":"Merchant service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEC1_Cargo_Ships2009_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEC1_Cargo_Ships2009_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEC1_Cargo_Ships2009_1-2"},{"link_name":"C1 Cargo Ships 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFC1_Cargo_Ships2009"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENavsource2015_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENavsource2015_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENavsource2015_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENavsource2015_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENavsource2015_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENavsource2015_2-5"},{"link_name":"Navsource 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNavsource2015"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS_3-1"},{"link_name":"DANFS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDANFS"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMARAD_4-0"},{"link_name":"MARAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMARAD"}],"text":"Citations^ a b c C1 Cargo Ships 2009.\n\n^ a b c d e f Navsource 2015.\n\n^ a b DANFS.\n\n^ MARAD.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Marengo\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/m/marengo.html"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"\"C1 Cargo Ships\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//shipbuildinghistory.com/merchantships/2c1cargoships.htm"},{"link_name":"\"USS Marengo (AK-194)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.navsource.org/archives/09/13/130194.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Coastal Spartan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.marad.dot.gov/sh/ShipHistory/Detail/1053"}],"text":"Online resources\n\n\"Marengo\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 19 November 2016. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.\n\"C1 Cargo Ships\". www.ShipbuildingHistory.com. 28 August 2009. Retrieved 19 November 2016.\n\"USS Marengo (AK-194)\". Navsource.org. 17 July 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2016.\n\"Coastal Spartan\". United States Department of Transportation. Retrieved 19 November 2016.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_39_Steps_(1959_film)
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The 39 Steps (1959 film)
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Adaptation","4 Production","4.1 Filming","4.2 Music","5 Reception","5.1 Box office","5.2 Critical","6 References","7 External links"]
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1959 British thriller
The 39 StepsOriginal British cinema posterDirected byRalph ThomasScreenplay byFrank HarveyBased onThe Thirty-Nine Steps1915 novelby John BuchanProduced byBetty E. BoxStarringKenneth MoreTaina ElgBrenda De BanzieBarry JonesReginald BeckwithSid JamesCinematographyErnest StewardEdited byAlfred RoomeMusic byClifton ParkerProductioncompanyThe Rank OrganisationDistributed byRank Film DistributorsRelease date
12 March 1959 (1959-03-12)
Running time93 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglish
The 39 Steps is a 1959 British thriller film directed by Ralph Thomas and starring Kenneth More and Taina Elg. Produced by Betty Box, it is a remake of the 1935 Alfred Hitchcock film, loosely based on the 1915 novel The Thirty-Nine Steps by John Buchan.
In the film, diplomat Richard Hannay returns home to London, only to become inadvertently embroiled in the death of a British spy investigating the head of an organisation planning to sell the secret of a British ballistic missile. Hannay thus travels to Scotland to escape the police, and attempts to complete the spy's work.
It is the first colour version of the Buchan tale, and, unlike the mainly studio-bound original, features extensive location shooting. Several large set pieces (such as Hannay's escape from the train on the Forth Bridge and the music hall finale) and much of the dialogue are taken from the original film. As with the Hitchcock version, the scenario was contemporary rather than the pre-Great War setting of Buchan's original.
Plot
Coming to the assistance of a nanny who is almost killed during a bungled hit-and-run assassination attempt, Richard Hannay (More) is surprised to find that there is no baby in her pram. Curious, he meets her at the Palace Music Hall where she has gone to see the act of Mr Memory (James Hayter). Afterwards, she goes back to Hannay's flat with him, where she reveals that she is a spy working for British Intelligence following a group called "The Thirty-Nine Steps"; all they know about their elusive leader is that he is missing the tip of a finger. The Thirty-Nine Steps are in possession of a set of top-secret plans for "Boomerang", a British ballistic missile project that could tip the balance of power in Europe. She tells Hannay that she must leave for Scotland immediately, but while Hannay is out of the room, she is killed by two hitmen.
Fearing he will be accused of her murder, Hannay decides to continue her mission and catches an ex LNER Class A4 hauled train to Scotland from King's Cross railway station, evading the hitmen outside his flat by adopting a milkman disguise.
During the journey, he has a chance encounter with Miss Fisher (Taina Elg), a netball coach at a boarding school for girls. He is forced to pretend they are lovers to avoid the police detectives who boarded at Edinburgh. However, Miss Fisher gives him away and Hannay jumps from the stationary train on the Forth Bridge.
He then meets Percy Baker (Sid James), a helpful ex-convict lorry driver who advises him to stop at "The Gallows", an inn owned by Nelly Lumsden (Brenda de Banzie), who was once imprisoned for practising the occult. She helps him pass the police patrols by disguising him in a cycle party (Freewheelers of Clackmannan) she is accommodating and creating a diversion with her husband.
Hannay eventually finds the house of the man he thinks he is looking for, Professor Logan (Barry Jones), but finds out that he has been tricked; the man is actually the spy ring's leader. He escapes and informs the police, but is not believed and has to jump out of the police station window. Hannay escapes in the back of a passing sheep transporter. He then poses as a lecturer in a Highland girls' boarding school, coincidentally where Miss Fisher works, and ends up giving a bizarre lecture on "the woods and the wayside in August". Miss Fisher recognises him and he is again taken into custody, but this time by two assassins posing as detectives. After he shouts out to Miss Fisher to telephone Scotland Yard about Boomerang, the assassins are forced to take her with them.
Hannay is handcuffed to Miss Fisher in a Ford Zephyr with the hitmen, who are taking them back to London. A burst tyre gives Hannay his chance to escape, but only having one hand to drive with, he crashes the car, forcing him to wander through the bleak Scottish Highlands handcuffed to Miss Fisher. Eventually, they chance upon a bed and breakfast run by Mrs MacDougal (Betty Henderson). Hannay hides their handcuffed condition and informs her that they are a runaway couple.
While Hannay sleeps, Miss Fisher frees herself from the handcuffs, but then overhears their pursuers inquiring about them and about The Thirty-Nine Steps. She realises her error and goes back to help Hannay, telling him the final rendezvous for the conspirators.
The finale is back in the Palace Music Hall where Hannay provokes Mr Memory into telling him where "The Thirty-Nine Steps" are, just as the police arrest him. Mr Memory has used his formidable memory to memorise the Boomerang plans. However, before he can reveal the secret, Memory is shot by the ringleader and the secret is safe, as the main conspirators are either dead or in custody.
Cast
Kenneth More as Richard Hannay
Taina Elg as Fisher
Brenda de Banzie as Nellie Lumsden
Barry Jones as Professor Logan
Reginald Beckwith as Lumsden
Faith Brook as Nannie
Michael Goodliffe as Brown
James Hayter as Mr. Memory
Duncan Lamont as Kennedy
Jameson Clark as McDougal
Andrew Cruickshank as Sheriff
Leslie Dwyer as Milkman
Betty Henderson as Mrs. McDougal
Joan Hickson as Miss Dobson
Sid James as Percy
Brian Oulton as Mr. Pringle
Hal Osmond as Stage Manager
Adaptation
The film sets Buchan's 1915 novel in a contemporary (1959) setting. As the Rank Organisation owned the rights to the Alfred Hitchcock's 1935 black-and-white adaptation, a number of the 1959 film's scenes are based on the earlier production, including the music hall opening, the escape on the Forth Bridge and the addition of a female "love interest" for Hannay. Director Ralph Thomas stated in an interview that to distance it from Hitchcock's pre-war thriller, he tried to produce the film with the feel of a comedy. Andrew Spicer notes that "Critics detected a reassuring period feel to the visual style, with More as the pipe-smoking, sporting gentleman in a flat cap." He notes a contemporary review of Kenneth More "playing Hannay with a kind of tweedy casualness and dare-devil insouciance". Sue Harper suggests that to distance it from the "intractable precedents" of Hitchcock's adaptation, "Minor and unsuccessful adjustments were made." These include changing the scene at a crofter's cottage into a roadside cafe, changing Hannay's address of a political rally into giving a lecture at a girls' school and, in a nod to Buchan's novel, including several encounters with Scottish eccentrics.
Production
The film appears to have always been a vehicle for Kenneth More. More had carved himself a niche as a leading man of 1950s British cinema, having appeared in heroic roles in films such as Reach for the Sky and A Night to Remember.
Filming was originally scheduled for 1958 but was postponed in January that year due to a drop in cinema attendances.
Kay Kendall was originally announced as the co-star. In July, Rank announced June Allyson would star. By August however Tanie Elg was signed. This was part of a deliberate policy by Rank to have American stars in order to make the films more appealing in the USA. (Most of More's female co stars around this time were imported.)
The casting of Finnish actress and dancer Taina Elg, meanwhile, was unpopular with contemporary critics, who felt her performance to be unconvincing, feeling that "her beauty is frozen by the uncertainties of ignorance, if not of neuroticism". Other players were largely character actors with long associations with Pinewood Studios and producer Betty E. Box.
In addition to the primary cast, the film features a number of small appearances by British actors who were to become well known from their later work, for instance Joan Hickson as a teacher and Brenda de Banzie as a psychic. Bill Simpson and Andrew Cruickshank, both soon to appear together in Doctor Finlay's Casebook had small roles, in Simpson's case his only film appearance. Peter Vaughan had his first screen appearance in the film, playing a policeman on the train. Sid James, familiar from his work in many other films, appears as a roguish lorry driver who helps Hannay.
Filming
Interior filming took place primarily at Pinewood Studios, with extensive location filming in Scotland, including North and South Queensferry, Dunblane, Balquhidder, Altskeith and at the Falls of Dochart in Killin, as well as other parts of Stirling and Perthshire such as Brig o' Turk and its 1930s wooden tearoom, which featured as "the Gallows" inn . The film also includes a large section at Waverley Station and at Princes Street Station, Edinburgh, on the Forth Bridge and on board a train hauled by an ex-LNER Class A4. The cinematography was by Ernest Steward, and it was filmed in Eastmancolor.
Music
The music was by British film composer Clifton Parker, who composed prolifically for cinema and theatre in this period. The score was conducted by Muir Mathieson. Many of the melodic themes throughout the film derive from pieces performed by the house orchestra during the early music hall scene, particularly the "Mr. Memory" motif. A review by the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures also makes a comparison between the theatre and the film, noting "The score Clifton Parker has composed for the new version of The 39 Steps has a gay overture which also sets the right mood. It's short, not noisy, has musical wit, and promises comedy, not thrills."
Reception
Box office
The 39 Steps was the sixth most popular film at the British box office in 1959. According to Kinematograph Weekly the film performed "better than average" at the British box office in 1959.
Critical
Critically, the film has often been regarded as inferior to Hitchcock's 1935 adaptation, and director Ralph Thomas stated it was not his favourite film. On being asked why he agreed to direct it he stated: Well, Rank owned it, and I was under contract, and they asked me to do it. So I asked Alfred about it, and he said "If you have the chutzpah to do it, you go ahead, my son and do it. You won't do it as well as I did it." And of course he was right. His film was a wonderful picture. I think mine was a piece of effrontery that didn't come off, and on the whole I regretted it.
A number of critics have pointed to the slow pacing of the film, noting a lack of suspense usually attributed to More's charming, but leisurely performance. Comparing it to Hitchcock's version A.H. Waiton writing in 1960 suggested: "the pace, as well as the execution is milder, more civilised and somehow less suspenseful than it seemed previously. Mr. Thomas's direction may be at the core of it all, but Kenneth More's polished performance seems lacking in urgency. He is a frowning, somewhat put-upon gent, but certainly not a citizen involved in a life-and-death matter." Reviewing it more recently for LoveFilm, Mark Walker opined: "As a thriller it's hardly in the same league as North by Northwest, but as a window on life in England and Scotland in the 1950s, this 39 Steps has much to recommend it."
Variety called it "slick, exciting".
Sight and Sound wrote:
Although Frank Harvey's script provides some innovations (the political meeting into which Hannay erupts has become a girls' school lecture introducing a St. Trinian's touch), it owes far more to the first screen version than to Buchan's novel. The differences of course come with the treatment. Ralph Thomas, the director, intermittently tries for Hitchcock's particular blend of the sinister and the comic; and he pulls out one trick when a pram blanket is drawn back to reveal not a baby but a pistol entirely worthy of this tradition. But on the whole he has broadened the story allowed Kenneth More to play for hearty comedy... Never a subtle film-maker he concerns himself mainly with keeping the action moving. And this treatment, even though not entirely satisfactory is perhaps now a necessary one.
Filmink magazine argued the film "actually isn’t bad, it just suffers in comparison… because it’s too close to the original and director Ralph Thomas is no Hitchcock. When the film becomes more Kenneth More-ish, it works better and Thomas should have gone the whole hog and really changed it."
References
^ Vanessa Thorpe (30 November 2008). "Hitchcock's inventions disappear in BBC's latest version of The 39 Steps". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
^ Davies, David Stuart, afterword to Buchan, John, The Thirty-Nine Steps (Collector's Library, 2008) ISBN 978-1-905716-44-9, p. 148
^ a b c Dixon, Wheeler W., Collected interviews: voices from twentieth-century cinema, (SIU Press, 2001) ISBN 978-0-8093-2417-0 p.112
^ a b Spicer, Andrew, Typical men: the representation of masculinity in popular British cinema, (I.B.Tauris, 2003) ISBN 9781860649318
^ a b c Harper, Sue, Women in British cinema: mad, bad, and dangerous to know (Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000) ISBN 978-0-8264-4733-3 p. 160
^ Myers, Harold (15 January 1958). "Britain's Film Biz Sees 1958 Tee Off Poorly". Variety. p. 13.
^ A. H. Weiler. (8 June 1958). "View From a Local Vantage Point". The New York Times. p. X5.
^ "New York Soundtrack". Variety. 16 July 1958. p. 5.
^ "Tanie Elg Signed for '39 Steps' Remake". Variety. 20 August 1958. p. 21.
^ "Rank-Yank Keeps Expanding". Variety. 16 July 1959. p. 13.
^ Vagg, Stephen (16 April 2023). "Surviving Cold Streaks: Kenneth More". Filmink.
^ a b Filmfacts, Volume 3, (Division of Cinema of the University of Southern California, 1960) p. 262
^ Pettigrew, Terence, British film character actors: great names and memorable moments, Volume 1982, Part 2 (Rowman & Littlefield, 1982), ISBN 978-0-7153-8270-7 p. 28
^ a b Walker, Mark, Review Archived 11 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine at LoveFilm, Retrieved 1 October 2010
^ a b The 39 Steps at IMDb , Retrieved 1 October 2010
^ "The Thirty Nine Steps". scotlandthemovie.com. Scotland the Movie Location Guide. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
^ Nigel Richardson (4 April 2009). "Fifty of Britain's best-kept secrets". The Telegraph. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
^ "Marsden, Richard" LNER
^ Ades, David, Clifton Parker biography Archived 15 January 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Robert Farnon Society, Retrieved 1 October 2010
^ Films in review, Volume 11, (National Board of Review of Motion Pictures, 1960) p. 110
^ "Year of Profitable British Films". The Times. London, England. 1 January 1960. p. 13 – via The Times Digital Archive.
^ Billings, Josh (17 December 1959). "Other better-than-average offerings". Kinematograph Weekly. p. 7.
^ "The 30 Steps". Variety. 18 March 1959. p. 6.
^ Houston, Penelope (April 1959). "The 39 Steps". Sight and Sound. p. 94.
^ Vagg, Stephen (25 March 2023). "A Brief History of Hitchcock Remakes". Filmink.
External links
The 39 Steps at IMDb
The 39 Steps at AllMovie
The 39 Steps at the TCM Movie Database
The 39 Steps at Britmovie
Filming locations in Scotland
1959 trailer at YouTube
vteJohn BuchanRichard Hannay novels
The Thirty-Nine Steps (1915)
Greenmantle (1916)
Mr Standfast (1919)
The Three Hostages (1924)
The Courts of the Morning (1929)
The Island of Sheep (1936)
Edward Leithen novels
The Power-House (1916)
John Macnab (1925)
The Dancing Floor (1926)
The Gap in the Curtain (1932)
Sick Heart River (1941)
Dickson McCunn trilogy
Huntingtower (1922)
Castle Gay (1930)
The House of the Four Winds (1935)
Other fiction
Sir Quixote of the Moors (1895)
John Burnet of Barns (1898)
A Lost Lady of Old Years (1899)
The Half-Hearted (1900)
The Watcher by the Threshold, and other tales (1906)
A Lodge in the Wilderness (1906)
Prester John (1910)
The Moon Endureth (1912)
Salute to Adventurers (1915)
The Path of the King (1921)
Midwinter (1923)
Witch Wood (1927)
The Runagates Club (1928)
The Blanket of the Dark (1931)
The Magic Walking Stick (1932)
A Prince of the Captivity (1933)
The Free Fishers (1934)
The Far Islands and Other Tales of Fantasy (1984)
Characters
Sandy Arbuthnot
John S. Blenkiron
Sir Walter Bullivant
Hilda von Einem
Richard Hannay
Charles Lamancha
Edward Leithen
Dickson McCunn
John Palliser-Yeates
Peter Pienaar
Archie Roylance
Non-fiction
Montrose (1928)
Memory Hold-the-Door (1940)
AdaptationsFilms
The Battles of Coronel and Falkland Islands (1927)
Huntingtower (1928)
The 39 Steps (1935)
The 39 Steps (1959)
The Three Hostages (1977) (TV movie)
The Thirty Nine Steps (1978)
The 39 Steps (2008) (TV movie)
TV series
The Three Hostages (1952)
Witch Wood (1954)
John Macnab (1976)
Huntingtower (1978)
Hannay (1988–89)
The 39 Steps (2024)
Other
The 39 Steps (play)
Family
Susan Grosvenor
John Buchan
William Buchan
Alastair Francis Buchan
Anna Masterton Buchan
Other
Works
vteFilms directed by Ralph Thomas
Once Upon a Dream (1949)
Helter Skelter (1949)
Traveller's Joy (1949)
The Clouded Yellow (1951)
Appointment with Venus (1951)
Venetian Bird (1952)
A Day to Remember (1953)
The Dog and the Diamonds (1953)
Doctor in the House (1954)
Mad About Men (1954)
Above Us the Waves (1955)
Doctor at Sea (1955)
The Iron Petticoat (1956)
Checkpoint (1956)
Doctor at Large (1957)
Campbell's Kingdom (1957)
A Tale of Two Cities (1958)
The Wind Cannot Read (1958)
The 39 Steps (1959)
Upstairs and Downstairs (1959)
Conspiracy of Hearts (1960)
Doctor in Love (1960)
No Love for Johnnie (1961)
No My Darling Daughter (1961)
A Pair of Briefs (1962)
Carry On Cruising (1962)
The Wild and the Willing (1962)
Doctor in Distress (1963)
Hot Enough for June (1964)
The High Bright Sun (1964)
Doctor in Clover (1966)
Deadlier Than the Male (1967)
Nobody Runs Forever (1968)
Some Girls Do (1969)
Doctor in Trouble (1970)
Percy (1971)
Quest for Love (1971)
The Love Ban (1973)
Percy's Progress (1974)
A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square (1979)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thriller film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_film"},{"link_name":"Ralph Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Kenneth More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_More"},{"link_name":"Taina Elg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taina_Elg"},{"link_name":"Betty Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Box"},{"link_name":"1935 Alfred Hitchcock film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_39_Steps_(1935_film)"},{"link_name":"The Thirty-Nine Steps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thirty-Nine_Steps"},{"link_name":"John Buchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Buchan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Forth Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_Bridge"},{"link_name":"music hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_hall"},{"link_name":"Great War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"}],"text":"The 39 Steps is a 1959 British thriller film directed by Ralph Thomas and starring Kenneth More and Taina Elg. Produced by Betty Box, it is a remake of the 1935 Alfred Hitchcock film, loosely based on the 1915 novel The Thirty-Nine Steps by John Buchan.In the film, diplomat Richard Hannay returns home to London, only to become inadvertently embroiled in the death of a British spy investigating the head of an organisation planning to sell the secret of a British ballistic missile. Hannay thus travels to Scotland to escape the police, and attempts to complete the spy's work.[1]It is the first colour version of the Buchan tale, and, unlike the mainly studio-bound original, features extensive location shooting. Several large set pieces (such as Hannay's escape from the train on the Forth Bridge and the music hall finale) and much of the dialogue are taken from the original film. As with the Hitchcock version, the scenario was contemporary rather than the pre-Great War setting of Buchan's original.","title":"The 39 Steps (1959 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Hannay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hannay"},{"link_name":"Music Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Hall"},{"link_name":"James Hayter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hayter_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"LNER Class A4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Class_A4"},{"link_name":"King's Cross railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Taina Elg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taina_Elg"},{"link_name":"netball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netball"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Forth Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Sid James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_James"},{"link_name":"Brenda de Banzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_de_Banzie"},{"link_name":"Clackmannan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clackmannan"},{"link_name":"Barry Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Jones_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Highland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Highlands"},{"link_name":"Scotland Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_Yard"},{"link_name":"Ford Zephyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Zephyr"},{"link_name":"bed and breakfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed_and_breakfast"},{"link_name":"Betty Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Henderson"}],"text":"Coming to the assistance of a nanny who is almost killed during a bungled hit-and-run assassination attempt, Richard Hannay (More) is surprised to find that there is no baby in her pram. Curious, he meets her at the Palace Music Hall where she has gone to see the act of Mr Memory (James Hayter). Afterwards, she goes back to Hannay's flat with him, where she reveals that she is a spy working for British Intelligence following a group called \"The Thirty-Nine Steps\"; all they know about their elusive leader is that he is missing the tip of a finger. The Thirty-Nine Steps are in possession of a set of top-secret plans for \"Boomerang\", a British ballistic missile project that could tip the balance of power in Europe. She tells Hannay that she must leave for Scotland immediately, but while Hannay is out of the room, she is killed by two hitmen.Fearing he will be accused of her murder, Hannay decides to continue her mission and catches an ex LNER Class A4 hauled train to Scotland from King's Cross railway station, evading the hitmen outside his flat by adopting a milkman disguise.During the journey, he has a chance encounter with Miss Fisher (Taina Elg), a netball coach at a boarding school for girls. He is forced to pretend they are lovers to avoid the police detectives who boarded at Edinburgh. However, Miss Fisher gives him away and Hannay jumps from the stationary train on the Forth Bridge.He then meets Percy Baker (Sid James), a helpful ex-convict lorry driver who advises him to stop at \"The Gallows\", an inn owned by Nelly Lumsden (Brenda de Banzie), who was once imprisoned for practising the occult. She helps him pass the police patrols by disguising him in a cycle party (Freewheelers of Clackmannan) she is accommodating and creating a diversion with her husband.Hannay eventually finds the house of the man he thinks he is looking for, Professor Logan (Barry Jones), but finds out that he has been tricked; the man is actually the spy ring's leader. He escapes and informs the police, but is not believed and has to jump out of the police station window. Hannay escapes in the back of a passing sheep transporter. He then poses as a lecturer in a Highland girls' boarding school, coincidentally where Miss Fisher works, and ends up giving a bizarre lecture on \"the woods and the wayside in August\". Miss Fisher recognises him and he is again taken into custody, but this time by two assassins posing as detectives. After he shouts out to Miss Fisher to telephone Scotland Yard about Boomerang, the assassins are forced to take her with them.Hannay is handcuffed to Miss Fisher in a Ford Zephyr with the hitmen, who are taking them back to London. A burst tyre gives Hannay his chance to escape, but only having one hand to drive with, he crashes the car, forcing him to wander through the bleak Scottish Highlands handcuffed to Miss Fisher. Eventually, they chance upon a bed and breakfast run by Mrs MacDougal (Betty Henderson). Hannay hides their handcuffed condition and informs her that they are a runaway couple.While Hannay sleeps, Miss Fisher frees herself from the handcuffs, but then overhears their pursuers inquiring about them and about The Thirty-Nine Steps. She realises her error and goes back to help Hannay, telling him the final rendezvous for the conspirators.The finale is back in the Palace Music Hall where Hannay provokes Mr Memory into telling him where \"The Thirty-Nine Steps\" are, just as the police arrest him. Mr Memory has used his formidable memory to memorise the Boomerang plans. However, before he can reveal the secret, Memory is shot by the ringleader and the secret is safe, as the main conspirators are either dead or in custody.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kenneth More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_More"},{"link_name":"Taina Elg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taina_Elg"},{"link_name":"Brenda de Banzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_de_Banzie"},{"link_name":"Barry Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Jones_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Reginald Beckwith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Beckwith"},{"link_name":"Faith Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_Brook"},{"link_name":"Michael Goodliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Goodliffe"},{"link_name":"James Hayter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hayter_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Duncan Lamont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Lamont"},{"link_name":"Jameson Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameson_Clark"},{"link_name":"Andrew Cruickshank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Cruickshank"},{"link_name":"Leslie Dwyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Dwyer"},{"link_name":"Betty Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Henderson"},{"link_name":"Joan Hickson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Hickson"},{"link_name":"Sid James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_James"},{"link_name":"Brian Oulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Oulton"},{"link_name":"Hal Osmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Osmond"}],"text":"Kenneth More as Richard Hannay\nTaina Elg as Fisher\nBrenda de Banzie as Nellie Lumsden\nBarry Jones as Professor Logan\nReginald Beckwith as Lumsden\nFaith Brook as Nannie\nMichael Goodliffe as Brown\nJames Hayter as Mr. Memory\nDuncan Lamont as Kennedy\nJameson Clark as McDougal\nAndrew Cruickshank as Sheriff\nLeslie Dwyer as Milkman\nBetty Henderson as Mrs. McDougal\nJoan Hickson as Miss Dobson\nSid James as Percy\nBrian Oulton as Mr. Pringle\nHal Osmond as Stage Manager","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Rank Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_Organisation"},{"link_name":"1935 black-and-white adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_39_Steps_(1935_film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dixon-3"},{"link_name":"Ralph Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Thomas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dixon-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spicer-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harper-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harper-5"}],"text":"The film sets Buchan's 1915 novel in a contemporary (1959) setting.[2] As the Rank Organisation owned the rights to the Alfred Hitchcock's 1935 black-and-white adaptation, a number of the 1959 film's scenes are based on the earlier production, including the music hall opening, the escape on the Forth Bridge and the addition of a female \"love interest\" for Hannay.[3] Director Ralph Thomas stated in an interview that to distance it from Hitchcock's pre-war thriller, he tried to produce the film with the feel of a comedy.[3] Andrew Spicer notes that \"Critics detected a reassuring period feel to the visual style, with More as the pipe-smoking, sporting gentleman in a flat cap.\" He notes a contemporary review of Kenneth More \"playing Hannay with a kind of tweedy casualness and dare-devil insouciance\".[4] Sue Harper suggests that to distance it from the \"intractable precedents\" of Hitchcock's adaptation, \"Minor and unsuccessful adjustments were made.\"[5] These include changing the scene at a crofter's cottage into a roadside cafe, changing Hannay's address of a political rally into giving a lecture at a girls' school and, in a nod to Buchan's novel, including several encounters with Scottish eccentrics.[5]","title":"Adaptation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reach for the Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reach_for_the_Sky_(1956_film)"},{"link_name":"A Night to Remember","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Night_to_Remember_(1958_film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spicer-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kay Kendall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Kendall"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"June Allyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Allyson"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Taina Elg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taina_Elg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-filmfacts-12"},{"link_name":"character actors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_actor"},{"link_name":"Pinewood Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinewood_Studios"},{"link_name":"Betty E. Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_E._Box"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harper-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"small appearances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_appearance"},{"link_name":"Joan Hickson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Hickson"},{"link_name":"Brenda de Banzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_de_Banzie"},{"link_name":"Bill Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Simpson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Cruickshank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Cruickshank"},{"link_name":"Doctor Finlay's Casebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Finlay%27s_Casebook_(TV_%26_radio)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-walker-14"},{"link_name":"Peter Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Vaughan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imdb-15"},{"link_name":"Sid James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_James"}],"text":"The film appears to have always been a vehicle for Kenneth More. More had carved himself a niche as a leading man of 1950s British cinema, having appeared in heroic roles in films such as Reach for the Sky and A Night to Remember.[4]Filming was originally scheduled for 1958 but was postponed in January that year due to a drop in cinema attendances.[6]Kay Kendall was originally announced as the co-star.[7] In July, Rank announced June Allyson would star.[8] By August however Tanie Elg was signed.[9] This was part of a deliberate policy by Rank to have American stars in order to make the films more appealing in the USA.[10] (Most of More's female co stars around this time were imported.)[11]The casting of Finnish actress and dancer Taina Elg, meanwhile, was unpopular with contemporary critics, who felt her performance to be unconvincing, feeling that \"her beauty is frozen by the uncertainties of ignorance, if not of neuroticism\".[12] Other players were largely character actors with long associations with Pinewood Studios and producer Betty E. Box.[5][13]In addition to the primary cast, the film features a number of small appearances by British actors who were to become well known from their later work, for instance Joan Hickson as a teacher and Brenda de Banzie as a psychic. Bill Simpson and Andrew Cruickshank, both soon to appear together in Doctor Finlay's Casebook had small roles, in Simpson's case his only film appearance.[14] Peter Vaughan had his first screen appearance in the film, playing a policeman on the train.[15] Sid James, familiar from his work in many other films, appears as a roguish lorry driver who helps Hannay.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pinewood Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinewood_Studios"},{"link_name":"North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Queensferry"},{"link_name":"South Queensferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Queensferry"},{"link_name":"Dunblane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunblane"},{"link_name":"Balquhidder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balquhidder"},{"link_name":"Falls of Dochart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falls_of_Dochart"},{"link_name":"Killin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killin"},{"link_name":"Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling"},{"link_name":"Perthshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perthshire"},{"link_name":"Brig o' Turk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brig_o%27_Turk"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Waverley Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waverley_Station"},{"link_name":"Princes Street Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes_Street_Station"},{"link_name":"Forth Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_Bridge"},{"link_name":"ex-LNER Class A4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ex-LNER_Class_A4&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ernest Steward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Steward"},{"link_name":"Eastmancolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastmancolor"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imdb-15"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"Interior filming took place primarily at Pinewood Studios, with extensive location filming in Scotland, including North and South Queensferry, Dunblane, Balquhidder, Altskeith and at the Falls of Dochart in Killin, as well as other parts of Stirling and Perthshire such as Brig o' Turk and its 1930s wooden tearoom, which featured as \"the Gallows\" inn .[16][17] The film also includes a large section at Waverley Station and at Princes Street Station, Edinburgh, on the Forth Bridge and on board a train hauled by an ex-LNER Class A4.[18] The cinematography was by Ernest Steward, and it was filmed in Eastmancolor.[15]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clifton Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Parker"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Muir Mathieson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muir_Mathieson"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"The music was by British film composer Clifton Parker, who composed prolifically for cinema and theatre in this period.[19] The score was conducted by Muir Mathieson. Many of the melodic themes throughout the film derive from pieces performed by the house orchestra during the early music hall scene, particularly the \"Mr. Memory\" motif. A review by the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures also makes a comparison between the theatre and the film, noting \"The score Clifton Parker has composed for the new version of The 39 Steps has a gay overture which also sets the right mood. It's short, not noisy, has musical wit, and promises comedy, not thrills.\"[20]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"The 39 Steps was the sixth most popular film at the British box office in 1959.[21] According to Kinematograph Weekly the film performed \"better than average\" at the British box office in 1959.[22]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chutzpah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chutzpah"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dixon-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-filmfacts-12"},{"link_name":"LoveFilm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoveFilm"},{"link_name":"North by Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_by_Northwest"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-walker-14"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Critical","text":"Critically, the film has often been regarded as inferior to Hitchcock's 1935 adaptation, and director Ralph Thomas stated it was not his favourite film. On being asked why he agreed to direct it he stated:Well, Rank owned it, and I was under contract, and they asked me to do it. So I asked Alfred [Hitchcock] about it, and he said \"If you have the chutzpah to do it, you go ahead, my son and do it. You won't do it as well as I did it.\" And of course he was right. His film was a wonderful picture. I think mine was a piece of effrontery that didn't come off, and on the whole I regretted it.[3]A number of critics have pointed to the slow pacing of the film, noting a lack of suspense usually attributed to More's charming, but leisurely performance. Comparing it to Hitchcock's version A.H. Waiton writing in 1960 suggested: \"the pace, as well as the execution is milder, more civilised and somehow less suspenseful than it seemed previously. Mr. Thomas's direction may be at the core of it all, but Kenneth More's polished performance seems lacking in urgency. He is a frowning, somewhat put-upon gent, but certainly not a citizen involved in a life-and-death matter.\"[12] Reviewing it more recently for LoveFilm, Mark Walker opined: \"As a thriller it's hardly in the same league as North by Northwest, but as a window on life in England and Scotland in the 1950s, this 39 Steps has much to recommend it.\"[14]Variety called it \"slick, exciting\".[23]Sight and Sound wrote:Although Frank Harvey's script provides some innovations (the political meeting into which Hannay erupts has become a girls' school lecture introducing a St. Trinian's touch), it owes far more to the first screen version than to Buchan's novel. The differences of course come with the treatment. Ralph Thomas, the director, intermittently tries for Hitchcock's particular blend of the sinister and the comic; and he pulls out one trick when a pram blanket is drawn back to reveal not a baby but a pistol entirely worthy of this tradition. But on the whole he has broadened the story allowed Kenneth More to play for hearty comedy... Never a subtle film-maker he concerns himself mainly with keeping the action moving. And this treatment, even though not entirely satisfactory is perhaps now a necessary one.[24]Filmink magazine argued the film \"actually isn’t bad, it just suffers in comparison… because it’s too close to the original and director Ralph Thomas is no Hitchcock. When the film becomes more Kenneth More-ish, it works better and Thomas should have gone the whole hog and really changed it.\"[25]","title":"Reception"}]
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[{"reference":"Vanessa Thorpe (30 November 2008). \"Hitchcock's inventions disappear in BBC's latest version of The 39 Steps\". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/nov/30/hitchcock-bbc-39-steps","url_text":"\"Hitchcock's inventions disappear in BBC's latest version of The 39 Steps\""}]},{"reference":"Myers, Harold (15 January 1958). \"Britain's Film Biz Sees 1958 Tee Off Poorly\". Variety. p. 13.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/variety209-1958-01/page/n359/mode/2up?q=%2239+steps%22+%22ralph+thomas%22","url_text":"\"Britain's Film Biz Sees 1958 Tee Off Poorly\""}]},{"reference":"A. H. Weiler. (8 June 1958). \"View From a Local Vantage Point\". The New York Times. p. X5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"New York Soundtrack\". Variety. 16 July 1958. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/variety211-1958-07/page/n157/mode/1up?q=%2239+steps%22+%22ralph+thomas%22","url_text":"\"New York Soundtrack\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tanie Elg Signed for '39 Steps' Remake\". Variety. 20 August 1958. p. 21.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/variety211-1958-08/page/n150/mode/1up?q=%2239+steps%22+%22ralph+thomas%22","url_text":"\"Tanie Elg Signed for '39 Steps' Remake\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rank-Yank Keeps Expanding\". Variety. 16 July 1959. p. 13.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/variety211-1958-07/page/n165/mode/1up?q=%2239+steps%22+%22ralph+thomas%22","url_text":"\"Rank-Yank Keeps Expanding\""}]},{"reference":"Vagg, Stephen (16 April 2023). \"Surviving Cold Streaks: Kenneth More\". Filmink.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filmink.com.au/surviving-cold-streaks-kenneth-more/","url_text":"\"Surviving Cold Streaks: Kenneth More\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Thirty Nine Steps\". scotlandthemovie.com. Scotland the Movie Location Guide. Retrieved 8 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scotlandthemovie.com/movies/fsteps.html","url_text":"\"The Thirty Nine Steps\""}]},{"reference":"Nigel Richardson (4 April 2009). \"Fifty of Britain's best-kept secrets\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 8 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/uk/5099423/Fifty-of-Britains-best-kept-secrets.html","url_text":"\"Fifty of Britain's best-kept secrets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Year of Profitable British Films\". The Times. London, England. 1 January 1960. p. 13 – via The Times Digital Archive.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Billings, Josh (17 December 1959). \"Other better-than-average offerings\". Kinematograph Weekly. p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The 30 Steps\". Variety. 18 March 1959. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/variety214-1959-03/page/n157/mode/1up?q=%2239+steps%22+%22ralph+thomas%22","url_text":"\"The 30 Steps\""}]},{"reference":"Houston, Penelope (April 1959). \"The 39 Steps\". Sight and Sound. p. 94.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Sight_and_Sound_1959_04_BFI_GB/page/n49/mode/2up?q=%2239+steps%22+%22ralph+thomas%22","url_text":"\"The 39 Steps\""}]},{"reference":"Vagg, Stephen (25 March 2023). \"A Brief History of Hitchcock Remakes\". Filmink.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filmink.com.au/a-brief-history-of-hitchcock-remakes/","url_text":"\"A Brief History of Hitchcock Remakes\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/nov/30/hitchcock-bbc-39-steps","external_links_name":"\"Hitchcock's inventions disappear in BBC's latest version of The 39 Steps\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/variety209-1958-01/page/n359/mode/2up?q=%2239+steps%22+%22ralph+thomas%22","external_links_name":"\"Britain's Film Biz Sees 1958 Tee Off Poorly\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/variety211-1958-07/page/n157/mode/1up?q=%2239+steps%22+%22ralph+thomas%22","external_links_name":"\"New York Soundtrack\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/variety211-1958-08/page/n150/mode/1up?q=%2239+steps%22+%22ralph+thomas%22","external_links_name":"\"Tanie Elg Signed for '39 Steps' Remake\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/variety211-1958-07/page/n165/mode/1up?q=%2239+steps%22+%22ralph+thomas%22","external_links_name":"\"Rank-Yank Keeps Expanding\""},{"Link":"https://www.filmink.com.au/surviving-cold-streaks-kenneth-more/","external_links_name":"\"Surviving Cold Streaks: Kenneth More\""},{"Link":"http://www.lovefilm.com/film/The-Thirty-Nine-Steps/13878/","external_links_name":"Review"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121011080154/http://www.lovefilm.com/film/The-Thirty-Nine-Steps/13878/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0053354/","external_links_name":"The 39 Steps"},{"Link":"http://www.scotlandthemovie.com/movies/fsteps.html","external_links_name":"\"The Thirty Nine Steps\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/uk/5099423/Fifty-of-Britains-best-kept-secrets.html","external_links_name":"\"Fifty of Britain's best-kept secrets\""},{"Link":"http://www.lner.info/article/filmtv/filmtv.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Marsden, Richard\""},{"Link":"http://www.rfsoc.org.uk/jim25.shtml","external_links_name":"Clifton Parker biography"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060115161454/http://www.rfsoc.org.uk/jim25.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/variety214-1959-03/page/n157/mode/1up?q=%2239+steps%22+%22ralph+thomas%22","external_links_name":"\"The 30 Steps\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/Sight_and_Sound_1959_04_BFI_GB/page/n49/mode/2up?q=%2239+steps%22+%22ralph+thomas%22","external_links_name":"\"The 39 Steps\""},{"Link":"https://www.filmink.com.au/a-brief-history-of-hitchcock-remakes/","external_links_name":"\"A Brief History of Hitchcock Remakes\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0053354/","external_links_name":"The 39 Steps"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v43275","external_links_name":"The 39 Steps"},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/92940/enwp","external_links_name":"The 39 Steps"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030000/http://www.britmovie.co.uk/films/The-39-Steps_1959/","external_links_name":"The 39 Steps"},{"Link":"http://www.scotlandthemovie.com/movies/fsteps.html","external_links_name":"Filming locations in Scotland"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KpPwD-uH9Wo","external_links_name":"1959 trailer"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2009158477","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Hess_(politician)
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Fred Hess (politician)
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["1 Notes"]
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American politician
Fred Hess (November 13, 1858 – November 7, 1925) was an American politician.
Born in the town of Winchester, Winnebago County, Wisconsin, Hess moved to a farm in the town of Dale, Outagamie County, Wisconsin. In 1888, Hess and his wife moved to Clintonville, Wisconsin where he became the chief of police. In 1900, Hess was elected as the sheriff of Waupaca County and was a Republican. He was on the board of trustees for the Waupaca County Asylum. In 1915, 1917 and 1921, Hess served in the Wisconsin State Assembly. He died in a hospital in Oshkosh, Wisconsin.
Notes
^ 'Wisconsin Blue Book 1921,' Biographical Sketch of Fred Hess, pg. 292-293
^ 'Fred Hess Died Saturday Well Known And Prominent In Country Politics,' Waupaca County News, November 12, 1925
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester,_Winnebago_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Winnebago County, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnebago_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Dale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Outagamie County, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outagamie_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Clintonville, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clintonville,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Oshkosh, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshkosh,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Fred Hess (November 13, 1858 – November 7, 1925) was an American politician.Born in the town of Winchester, Winnebago County, Wisconsin, Hess moved to a farm in the town of Dale, Outagamie County, Wisconsin. In 1888, Hess and his wife moved to Clintonville, Wisconsin where he became the chief of police. In 1900, Hess was elected as the sheriff of Waupaca County and was a Republican. He was on the board of trustees for the Waupaca County Asylum. In 1915, 1917 and 1921, Hess served in the Wisconsin State Assembly. He died in a hospital in Oshkosh, Wisconsin.[1][2]","title":"Fred Hess (politician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"}],"text":"^ 'Wisconsin Blue Book 1921,' Biographical Sketch of Fred Hess, pg. 292-293\n\n^ 'Fred Hess Died Saturday Well Known And Prominent In Country Politics,' Waupaca County News, November 12, 1925","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium_oxychloride
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Vanadium oxytrichloride
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["1 Properties","2 Preparation","3 Reactions","3.1 Hydrolysis and alcoholysis","3.2 Interconversions to other V-O-Cl compounds","3.3 Adduct formation","3.4 Organic chemistry","4 References"]
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Vanadium oxytrichloride
Names
IUPAC name
Vanadium trichloride oxide
Other names
Vanadyl chlorideVanadyl trichloride
Identifiers
CAS Number
7727-18-6 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChemSpider
10613097 Y
ECHA InfoCard
100.028.892
EC Number
231-780-2
MeSH
trichlorooxo+vanadium
PubChem CID
24410
RTECS number
YW2975000
UNII
839N4FR2H0 Y
UN number
2443
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID7064784
InChI
InChI=1S/3ClH.O.V/h3*1H;;/q;;;;+3/p-3 NKey: JBIQAPKSNFTACH-UHFFFAOYSA-K N
SMILES
Cl(Cl)(Cl)=O
Properties
Chemical formula
VOCl3
Molar mass
173.300 g mol−1
Appearance
yellow liquid
Density
1.826 g mL−1
Melting point
−76.5 °C (−105.7 °F; 196.7 K)
Boiling point
126.7 °C (260.1 °F; 399.8 K)
Solubility in water
Decomposes
Vapor pressure
1.84 kPa (at 20 °C)
Structure
Molecular shape
Tetrahedral
Hazards
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word
Danger
Hazard statements
H301, H314
Precautionary statements
P280, P301+P310, P305+P351+P338, P310
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
3
1
3
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)
140 mg kg−1 (oral, rat)
Related compounds
Related vanadiums
Vanadium(V) oxytrifluorideVanadium(V) oxide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Vanadium oxytrichloride is the inorganic compound with the formula VOCl3. This yellow distillable liquid hydrolyzes readily in air. It is an oxidizing agent. It is used as a reagent in organic synthesis. Samples often appear red or orange owing to an impurity of vanadium tetrachloride.
Properties
VOCl3 is a vanadium compound with vanadium in the +5 oxidation state and as such is diamagnetic. It is tetrahedral with O-V-Cl bond angles of 111° and Cl-V-Cl bond angles of 108°. The V-O and V-Cl bond lengths are 157 and 214 pm, respectively. VOCl3 is highly reactive toward water and evolves HCl upon standing. It is soluble in nonpolar solvents such as benzene, CH2Cl2, and hexane. In some aspects, the chemical properties of VOCl3 and POCl3 are similar. One distinction is that VOCl3 is a strong oxidizing agent, whereas the phosphorus compound is not. Neat VOCl3 is the usual chemical shift standard for 51V NMR spectroscopy.
Preparation
VOCl3 arises by the chlorination of V2O5. The reaction proceeds near 600 °C:
3 Cl2 + V2O5 → 2 VOCl3 + 1.5 O2
Heating an intimate (well-blended with tiny particles) mixture of V2O5, chlorine, and carbon at 200–400 °C also gives VOCl3. In this case the carbon serves as a deoxygenation agent akin to its use in the chloride process for the manufacturing of TiCl4 from TiO2.
Vanadium(III) oxide can also be used as a precursor:
3 Cl2 + V2O3 → 2 VOCl3 + 0.5 O2
A more typical laboratory synthesis involves the chlorination of V2O5 using SOCl2.
V2O5 + 3 SOCl2 → 2 VOCl3 + 3 SO2
Reactions
Hydrolysis and alcoholysis
VOCl3 quickly hydrolyzes resulting in vanadium pentoxide and hydrochloric acid. An intermediate in this process is VO2Cl:
2 VOCl3 + 3 H2O → V2O5 + 6 HCl
VOCl3 reacts with alcohols especially in the presence of a proton-acceptor to give alkoxides, as illustrated by this synthesis of vanadyl isopropoxide:
VOCl3 + 3 HOCH(CH3)2 → VO(OCH(CH3)2)3 + 3 HCl
Interconversions to other V-O-Cl compounds
VOCl3 is also used in the synthesis of vanadium oxydichloride.
V2O5 + 3 VCl3 + VOCl3 → 6 VOCl2
VO2Cl can be prepared by an unusual reaction involving Cl2O.
VOCl3 + Cl2O → VO2Cl + 2 Cl2
At >180 °C, VO2Cl decomposes to V2O5 and VOCl3.
Similarly, VOCl2 also decomposes to give VOCl3, together with VOCl.
Adduct formation
VOCl3 is strongly Lewis acidic, as demonstrated by its tendency to form adducts with various bases such as acetonitrile and amines. In forming the adducts, vanadium changes from four-coordinate tetrahedral geometry to six-coordinate octahedral geometry:
VOCl3 + 2 H2NEt → VOCl3(H2NEt)2
Organic chemistry
VOCl3 is a catalyst or precatalyst in production of ethylene-propylene rubbers (EPDM). In organic synthesis, it has been used for oxidative coupling of phenols and anisoles.
References
^ O'Brien, Michael K.; Vanasse, Benoit (2001). "Vanadyl Trichloride". Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rv004. ISBN 0-471-93623-5.
^ a b F. E. Brown; F. A. Griffitts (1939). "Hypovanadous Oxide and Vanadium Oxytrichloride". Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. I. pp. 106–108. doi:10.1002/9780470132326.ch38. ISBN 978-0-470-13232-6. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
^ A. Earnshaw, N. Greenwood (1997). The Chemistry of the Elements - Second Edition. pp. 513–514.
^ Rehder, D.; Polenova, T.; Bühl, M. (2007). Vanadium-51 NMR. Annual Reports on NMR Spectroscopy. Vol. 62. pp. 49–114. doi:10.1016/S0066-4103(07)62002-X. ISBN 978-0-12-373919-3.
^ Holleman, Arnold Frederik; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (2001). Inorganic Chemistry. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-352651-9.
^ G. Brauer "Vanadium oxytrichloride" in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 1. p. 1264.
^ Oppermann, H. (1967). "Untersuchungen an Vanadinoxidchloriden und Vanadinchloriden. I. Gleichgewichte mit VOCl3, VO2Cl und VOCl2". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 351 (3–4): 113–126. doi:10.1002/zaac.19673510302.
^ O'Brien, Michael K.; Vanasse, Benoit (2001). "Vanadyl Trichloride". Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rv004. ISBN 0-471-93623-5.
vteVanadium compoundsVanadium(0)
V(CO)6
Vanadium(II)
VF2
VBr2
VCl2
VI2
VO
VS
VSO4
Vanadium(III)
VBr3
VCl3
VF3
VI3
VN
V2O3
V2(SO4)3
V2S3Organovanadium(III) compounds
V(C9H11)3
Vanadium(IV)
VC
VO2
VOCl2
V(S2)2
VCl4
VF4Organovanadium(IV) compounds
VO(C5H7O2)2
Vanadyl(IV) compounds
VOSO4
Vanadium(V)
V2O5
VOCl3
VOF3
VO2F
VF5
VCl5
NH4VO3
VOPO4
VO+2
Vanadyl(V) compounds
VO(ClO4)3
VO(NO3)3
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inorganic compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_compound"},{"link_name":"formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula"},{"link_name":"oxidizing agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizing_agent"},{"link_name":"reagent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagent"},{"link_name":"organic synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_synthesis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"vanadium tetrachloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium_tetrachloride"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IS-2"}],"text":"Chemical compoundVanadium oxytrichloride is the inorganic compound with the formula VOCl3. This yellow distillable liquid hydrolyzes readily in air. It is an oxidizing agent. It is used as a reagent in organic synthesis.[1] Samples often appear red or orange owing to an impurity of vanadium tetrachloride.[2]","title":"Vanadium oxytrichloride"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diamagnetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamagnetic"},{"link_name":"tetrahedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedral"},{"link_name":"pm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picometer"},{"link_name":"HCl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid"},{"link_name":"benzene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene"},{"link_name":"hexane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexane"},{"link_name":"POCl3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus_oxychloride"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"51V NMR spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium-51_nuclear_magnetic_resonance"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"VOCl3 is a vanadium compound with vanadium in the +5 oxidation state and as such is diamagnetic. It is tetrahedral with O-V-Cl bond angles of 111° and Cl-V-Cl bond angles of 108°. The V-O and V-Cl bond lengths are 157 and 214 pm, respectively. VOCl3 is highly reactive toward water and evolves HCl upon standing. It is soluble in nonpolar solvents such as benzene, CH2Cl2, and hexane. In some aspects, the chemical properties of VOCl3 and POCl3 are similar. One distinction is that VOCl3 is a strong oxidizing agent, whereas the phosphorus compound is not.[3] Neat VOCl3 is the usual chemical shift standard for 51V NMR spectroscopy.[4]","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chlorination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogenation"},{"link_name":"V2O5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium(V)_oxide"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon"},{"link_name":"deoxygenation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxygenation"},{"link_name":"chloride process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride_process"},{"link_name":"TiCl4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_tetrachloride"},{"link_name":"TiO2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_oxide"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IS-2"},{"link_name":"SOCl2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thionyl_chloride"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"VOCl3 arises by the chlorination of V2O5. The reaction proceeds near 600 °C:[5]3 Cl2 + V2O5 → 2 VOCl3 + 1.5 O2Heating an intimate (well-blended with tiny particles) mixture of V2O5, chlorine, and carbon at 200–400 °C also gives VOCl3. In this case the carbon serves as a deoxygenation agent akin to its use in the chloride process for the manufacturing of TiCl4 from TiO2.Vanadium(III) oxide can also be used as a precursor:[2]3 Cl2 + V2O3 → 2 VOCl3 + 0.5 O2A more typical laboratory synthesis involves the chlorination of V2O5 using SOCl2.[6]V2O5 + 3 SOCl2 → 2 VOCl3 + 3 SO2","title":"Preparation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vanadium pentoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium(V)_oxide"},{"link_name":"hydrochloric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid"},{"link_name":"alkoxides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoxide"},{"link_name":"vanadyl isopropoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadyl_isopropoxide"}],"sub_title":"Hydrolysis and alcoholysis","text":"VOCl3 quickly hydrolyzes resulting in vanadium pentoxide and hydrochloric acid. An intermediate in this process is VO2Cl:2 VOCl3 + 3 H2O → V2O5 + 6 HClVOCl3 reacts with alcohols especially in the presence of a proton-acceptor to give alkoxides, as illustrated by this synthesis of vanadyl isopropoxide:VOCl3 + 3 HOCH(CH3)2 → VO(OCH(CH3)2)3 + 3 HCl","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vanadium oxydichloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium_oxydichloride"},{"link_name":"VO2Cl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dioxovanadium_monochloride&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cl2O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichlorine_monoxide"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Interconversions to other V-O-Cl compounds","text":"VOCl3 is also used in the synthesis of vanadium oxydichloride.V2O5 + 3 VCl3 + VOCl3 → 6 VOCl2VO2Cl can be prepared by an unusual reaction involving Cl2O.[7]VOCl3 + Cl2O → VO2Cl + 2 Cl2At >180 °C, VO2Cl decomposes to V2O5 and VOCl3.\nSimilarly, VOCl2 also decomposes to give VOCl3, together with VOCl.","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lewis acidic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_acid"},{"link_name":"adducts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adduct"},{"link_name":"acetonitrile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetonitrile"},{"link_name":"amines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amine"}],"sub_title":"Adduct formation","text":"VOCl3 is strongly Lewis acidic, as demonstrated by its tendency to form adducts with various bases such as acetonitrile and amines. In forming the adducts, vanadium changes from four-coordinate tetrahedral geometry to six-coordinate octahedral geometry:VOCl3 + 2 H2NEt → VOCl3(H2NEt)2","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organic synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_synthesis"},{"link_name":"phenols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol"},{"link_name":"anisoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisole"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Organic chemistry","text":"VOCl3 is a catalyst or precatalyst in production of ethylene-propylene rubbers (EPDM). In organic synthesis, it has been used for oxidative coupling of phenols and anisoles.[8]","title":"Reactions"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamil_Yarmatov
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Komil Yormatov
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["1 Biography","2 References"]
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Komil Yormatov
Komil Yormatov (Tajik: Комил Ёрматов; 2 May 1903 in Konibodom – 24 November 1978 in Moscow) was a prominent actor and director in the cinema of Tajikistan during the Soviet era. He later moved to Uzbekistan and then to Moscow.
Biography
A member since his juvenile years of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, he went to Moscow to study under Valentin Turkin at the Moscow Film School, where he graduated in 1931. Before graduation, he had already starred in the Soviet propaganda movies The Jackals of Ravat (1927), From the Arch of the Mosque (1928), both directed by Kasimir Gertel (1889–1938), and The Last Bek (1930).
After graduating in Moscow, Yormatov went back to his native Tajikistan to help with the newly established state cinema company Tajikkino, where he started his directing career. In 1932, Yormatov directed Honored Right and On the Faraway Frontier. Both were Soviet patriotic documentaries, the first about the mobilization of Tajiks in the Soviet army, and the second describing the life of border guards at the Afghan frontier.
In 1934, Yormatov both directed and starred as the leading actor in the first full-length feature film produced in Tajikistan, Emigrant. The script had been written by the Armenian poet Gabriel El-Registan and the film was approved by the authorities for distribution throughout the Soviet Union, as it argued that Tajiks who remained in Socialist Tajikistan had a better life than those who emigrated from the Soviet Union. It was one of the last Soviet silent movies.
In 1934, leading Russian director Lev Kuleshov was sent to Tajikistan to improve the quality of local movies. He worked for two years at a movie based on the novel Dokhunda by Tajik national poet Sadriddin Ayni, starring Yormatov, but the project was regarded with suspicion by the authorities as possibly exciting Tajik nationalism, and stopped. No footage survives.
In 1939, Tajikkino produced Friends Meet Again by Yormatov, which exalted economic progress under Joseph Stalin but also denounced infiltration by foreign spies, a typical Stalinist theme. In 1940, Yormatov moved to Uzbekistan, where producing films was easier than in Tajikistan, and then to Russia. In 1947, he directed Alisher Navoi, on the life of poet, politician, and mystic Ali-Shir Nava'i. The movie won the Stalin Prize and consecrated Yormatov as a nationally famous patriotic Soviet director. When he visited Vietnam in 1957, the local vice-minister of culture told him that Alisher Navoi was one of the first Soviet movies screened for the guerrilla fighters during the First Indochina War.
In 1952, Yormatov directed Pakhta-oi, a patriotic film for children about the production of cotton, and in 1957 achieved again national success in the Soviet Union with Avicenna, a film on the life of Ibn Sina. His later movies were less successful, as a new generation of Soviet filmmakers was moving away from the patriotic tunes typical of Yormatov, but he assumed a semi-official role as an ambassador of Soviet cinema throughout the world, until his death in Moscow in 1978.
In 2013, Tajik director Safarnek Soliev Kamil directed a documentary celebrating the 110th anniversary of the birth of Yormatov. It was selected to open the 2014 Didor International Film Festival in Dushanbe, the most important film festival in Tajikistan.
References
^ a b c d Peter Rollberg (2008). Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema. Scarecrow Press. pp. 803–804. ISBN 978-0810860728.
^ a b c d e f Kamoludin Abdullaev (2002). Historical Dictionary of Tajikistan. Rowman and Littlefield. pp. 94–102. ISBN 978-1-5381-0251-0.
^ a b Kristian Feigelson, ed. (2005). Caméra politique: cinéma et stalinisme (Téoreme, 8). Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle. pp. 119–127. ISBN 2-87854-305-X.
Authority control databases International
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WorldCat
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United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tajik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_language"},{"link_name":"Konibodom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konibodom"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"cinema of Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rollberg-1"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"}],"text":"Komil Yormatov (Tajik: Комил Ёрматов; 2 May 1903 in Konibodom – 24 November 1978 in Moscow) was a prominent actor and director in the cinema of Tajikistan during the Soviet era.[1] He later moved to Uzbekistan and then to Moscow.","title":"Komil Yormatov"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Communist Party of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Valentin Turkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin_Turkin"},{"link_name":"Moscow Film School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerasimov_Institute_of_Cinematography"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rollberg-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abdullaev-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abdullaev-2"},{"link_name":"Gabriel El-Registan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_El-Registan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abdullaev-2"},{"link_name":"Lev Kuleshov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Kuleshov"},{"link_name":"Sadriddin Ayni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadriddin_Ayni"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abdullaev-2"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rollberg-1"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abdullaev-2"},{"link_name":"Alisher Navoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisher_Navoi_(film)"},{"link_name":"Ali-Shir Nava'i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali-Shir_Nava%27i"},{"link_name":"Stalin Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR_State_Prize"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"First Indochina War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Indochina_War"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feigelson-3"},{"link_name":"Ibn Sina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rollberg-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feigelson-3"},{"link_name":"Didor International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didor_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Dushanbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abdullaev-2"}],"text":"A member since his juvenile years of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, he went to Moscow to study under Valentin Turkin at the Moscow Film School, where he graduated in 1931. Before graduation, he had already starred in the Soviet propaganda movies The Jackals of Ravat (1927), From the Arch of the Mosque (1928), both directed by Kasimir Gertel (1889–1938), and The Last Bek (1930).[1][2]After graduating in Moscow, Yormatov went back to his native Tajikistan to help with the newly established state cinema company Tajikkino, where he started his directing career. In 1932, Yormatov directed Honored Right and On the Faraway Frontier. Both were Soviet patriotic documentaries, the first about the mobilization of Tajiks in the Soviet army, and the second describing the life of border guards at the Afghan frontier.[2]In 1934, Yormatov both directed and starred as the leading actor in the first full-length feature film produced in Tajikistan, Emigrant. The script had been written by the Armenian poet Gabriel El-Registan and the film was approved by the authorities for distribution throughout the Soviet Union, as it argued that Tajiks who remained in Socialist Tajikistan had a better life than those who emigrated from the Soviet Union. It was one of the last Soviet silent movies.[2]In 1934, leading Russian director Lev Kuleshov was sent to Tajikistan to improve the quality of local movies. He worked for two years at a movie based on the novel Dokhunda by Tajik national poet Sadriddin Ayni, starring Yormatov, but the project was regarded with suspicion by the authorities as possibly exciting Tajik nationalism, and stopped. No footage survives.[2]In 1939, Tajikkino produced Friends Meet Again by Yormatov, which exalted economic progress under Joseph Stalin but also denounced infiltration by foreign spies, a typical Stalinist theme.[1] In 1940, Yormatov moved to Uzbekistan, where producing films was easier than in Tajikistan, and then to Russia.[2] In 1947, he directed Alisher Navoi, on the life of poet, politician, and mystic Ali-Shir Nava'i. The movie won the Stalin Prize and consecrated Yormatov as a nationally famous patriotic Soviet director. When he visited Vietnam in 1957, the local vice-minister of culture told him that Alisher Navoi was one of the first Soviet movies screened for the guerrilla fighters during the First Indochina War.[3]In 1952, Yormatov directed Pakhta-oi, a patriotic film for children about the production of cotton, and in 1957 achieved again national success in the Soviet Union with Avicenna, a film on the life of Ibn Sina.[1] His later movies were less successful, as a new generation of Soviet filmmakers was moving away from the patriotic tunes typical of Yormatov, but he assumed a semi-official role as an ambassador of Soviet cinema throughout the world, until his death in Moscow in 1978.[3]In 2013, Tajik director Safarnek Soliev Kamil directed a documentary celebrating the 110th anniversary of the birth of Yormatov. It was selected to open the 2014 Didor International Film Festival in Dushanbe, the most important film festival in Tajikistan.[2]","title":"Biography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Komil Yormatov","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%AF%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%AF%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/220px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%AF%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%AF%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Peter Rollberg (2008). Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema. Scarecrow Press. pp. 803–804. ISBN 978-0810860728.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810860728","url_text":"978-0810860728"}]},{"reference":"Kamoludin Abdullaev (2002). Historical Dictionary of Tajikistan. Rowman and Littlefield. pp. 94–102. ISBN 978-1-5381-0251-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-0251-0","url_text":"978-1-5381-0251-0"}]},{"reference":"Kristian Feigelson, ed. (2005). Caméra politique: cinéma et stalinisme (Téoreme, 8). Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle. pp. 119–127. ISBN 2-87854-305-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87854-305-X","url_text":"2-87854-305-X"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/69971/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000023831799","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/812386","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtrVkYV4VQKBMr3kghT73","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118994921","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81032895","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810555579505606","external_links_name":"Poland"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzoic_anhydride
|
Benzoic anhydride
|
["1 Preparation and reactions","2 References"]
|
Benzoic anhydride
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
Benzoic anhydride
Other names
Benzoic acid anhydrideBenzoyl anhydrideBenzoyl benzoate
Identifiers
CAS Number
93-97-0 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
Beilstein Reference
516726
ChemSpider
6899 Y
ECHA InfoCard
100.002.084
EC Number
202-291-1
PubChem CID
7167
UNII
9K7X34FOV2 Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID1029122
InChI
InChI=1S/C14H10O3/c15-13(11-7-3-1-4-8-11)17-14(16)12-9-5-2-6-10-12/h1-10H YKey: CHIHQLCVLOXUJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
SMILES
c1ccccc1C(=O)OC(=O)c2ccccc2
Properties
Chemical formula
C14H10O3
Molar mass
226.23 g mol−1
Appearance
White to off-white solid
Density
1.1989 g cm−3 at 15 °C
Melting point
42 °C (108 °F; 315 K)
Boiling point
360 °C (680 °F; 633 K)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)
-124.9·10−6 cm3/mol
Hazards
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
1
2
1
Flash point
113 °C (235 °F; 386 K)
Related compounds
Related compounds
Benzoic acid
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Benzoic anhydride is the organic compound with the formula (C6H5CO)2O. It is the acid anhydride of benzoic acid and the simplest symmetrical aromatic acid anhydride. It is a white solid.
Preparation and reactions
It is usually prepared by the dehydration reaction of benzoic acid, e.g. using acetic anhydride:
2 C6H5CO2H + (CH3CO)2O → (C6H5CO)2O + 2 CH3CO2H
Alternatively, sodium benzoate can be treated with benzoyl chloride. It can be produced by dehydrating benzoic acid by heating.
Benzoic anhydride provides a convenient way to prepare benzoic esters:
(C6H5CO)2O + ROH → C6H5CO2H + C6H5CO2R
References
^ "Sciencelab msds". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-12-26.
^ "aldrich product page".
^ H. T. Clarke; E. J. Rahrs (1923). "Benzoic Anhydride". Org. Synth. 3: 21. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.003.0021.
|
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|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Sciencelab msds\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-12-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053119/http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9923052","url_text":"\"Sciencelab msds\""},{"url":"http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9923052","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"aldrich product page\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/385980?lang=hu®ion=HU","url_text":"\"aldrich product page\""}]},{"reference":"H. T. Clarke; E. J. Rahrs (1923). \"Benzoic Anhydride\". Org. Synth. 3: 21. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.003.0021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.15227%2Forgsyn.003.0021","url_text":"10.15227/orgsyn.003.0021"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurston%27s_classification
|
Nielsen–Thurston classification
|
["1 The mapping class group for surfaces of higher genus","2 Mapping tori","3 Fixed point classification","4 See also","5 References"]
|
Characterizes homeomorphisms of a compact orientable surface
In mathematics, Thurston's classification theorem characterizes homeomorphisms of a compact orientable surface. William Thurston's theorem completes the work initiated by Jakob Nielsen (1944).
Given a homeomorphism f : S → S, there is a map g isotopic to f such that at least one of the following holds:
g is periodic, i.e. some power of g is the identity;
g preserves some finite union of disjoint simple closed curves on S (in this case, g is called reducible); or
g is pseudo-Anosov.
The case where S is a torus (i.e., a surface whose genus is one) is handled separately (see torus bundle) and was known before Thurston's work. If the genus of S is two or greater, then S is naturally hyperbolic, and the tools of Teichmüller theory become useful. In what follows, we assume S has genus at least two, as this is the case Thurston considered. (Note, however, that the cases where S has boundary or is not orientable are definitely still of interest.)
The three types in this classification are not mutually exclusive, though a pseudo-Anosov homeomorphism is never periodic or reducible. A reducible homeomorphism g can be further analyzed by cutting the surface along the preserved union of simple closed curves Γ. Each of the resulting compact surfaces with boundary is acted upon by some power (i.e. iterated composition) of g, and the classification can again be applied to this homeomorphism.
The mapping class group for surfaces of higher genus
Thurston's classification applies to homeomorphisms of orientable surfaces of genus ≥ 2, but the type of a homeomorphism only depends on its associated element of the mapping class group Mod(S). In fact, the proof of the classification theorem leads to a canonical representative of each mapping class with good geometric properties. For example:
When g is periodic, there is an element of its mapping class that is an isometry of a hyperbolic structure on S.
When g is pseudo-Anosov, there is an element of its mapping class that preserves a pair of transverse singular foliations of S, stretching the leaves of one (the unstable foliation) while contracting the leaves of the other (the stable foliation).
Mapping tori
Thurston's original motivation for developing this classification was to find geometric structures on mapping tori of the type predicted by the Geometrization conjecture. The mapping torus Mg of a homeomorphism g of a surface S is the 3-manifold obtained from S × by gluing S × {0} to S × {1} using g. If S has genus at least two, the geometric structure of Mg is related to the type of g in the classification as follows:
If g is periodic, then Mg has an H2 × R structure;
If g is reducible, then Mg has incompressible tori, and should be cut along these tori to yield pieces that each have geometric structures (the JSJ decomposition);
If g is pseudo-Anosov, then Mg has a hyperbolic (i.e. H3) structure.
The first two cases are comparatively easy, while the existence of a hyperbolic structure on the mapping torus of a pseudo-Anosov homeomorphism is a deep and difficult theorem (also due to Thurston). The hyperbolic 3-manifolds that arise in this way are called fibered because they are surface bundles over the circle, and these manifolds are treated separately in the proof of Thurston's geometrization theorem for Haken manifolds. Fibered hyperbolic 3-manifolds have a number of interesting and pathological properties; for example, Cannon and Thurston showed that the surface subgroup of the arising Kleinian group has limit set which is a sphere-filling curve.
Fixed point classification
The three types of surface homeomorphisms are also related to the dynamics of the mapping class group Mod(S) on the Teichmüller space T(S). Thurston introduced a compactification of T(S) that is homeomorphic to a closed ball, and to which the action of Mod(S) extends naturally. The type of an element g of the mapping class group in the Thurston classification is related to its fixed points when acting on the compactification of T(S):
If g is periodic, then there is a fixed point within T(S); this point corresponds to a hyperbolic structure on S whose isometry group contains an element isotopic to g;
If g is pseudo-Anosov, then g has no fixed points in T(S) but has a pair of fixed points on the Thurston boundary; these fixed points correspond to the stable and unstable foliations of S preserved by g.
For some reducible mapping classes g, there is a single fixed point on the Thurston boundary; an example is a multi-twist along a pants decomposition Γ. In this case the fixed point of g on the Thurston boundary corresponds to Γ.
This is reminiscent of the classification of hyperbolic isometries into elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic types (which have fixed point structures similar to the periodic, reducible, and pseudo-Anosov types listed above).
See also
Train track map
References
Bestvina, M.; Handel, M. (1995). "Train-tracks for surface homeomorphisms" (PDF). Topology. 34 (1): 109–140. doi:10.1016/0040-9383(94)E0009-9.
Fenchel, Werner; Nielsen, Jakob (2003). Schmidt, Asmus L. (ed.). Discontinuous groups of isometries in the hyperbolic plane. De Gruyter Studies in mathematics. Vol. 29. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co.
Travaux de Thurston sur les surfaces, Astérisque, 66-67, Soc. Math. France, Paris, 1979
Handel, M.; Thurston, W. P. (1985). "New proofs of some results of Nielsen" (PDF). Advances in Mathematics. 56 (2): 173–191. doi:10.1016/0001-8708(85)90028-3. MR 0788938.
Nielsen, Jakob (1944), "Surface transformation classes of algebraically finite type", Danske Vid. Selsk. Math.-Phys. Medd., 21 (2): 89, MR 0015791
Penner, R. C. (1988). "A construction of pseudo-Anosov homeomorphisms". Transactions of the American Mathematical Society. 310 (1): 179–197. doi:10.1090/S0002-9947-1988-0930079-9. MR 0930079.
Thurston, William P. (1988), "On the geometry and dynamics of diffeomorphisms of surfaces", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, New Series, 19 (2): 417–431, doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-1988-15685-6, ISSN 0002-9904, MR 0956596
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"classification theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_theorem"},{"link_name":"homeomorphisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeomorphism"},{"link_name":"compact orientable surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_surface"},{"link_name":"William Thurston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thurston"},{"link_name":"Jakob Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Nielsen_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"1944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNielsen1944"},{"link_name":"isotopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homotopy#Isotopy"},{"link_name":"pseudo-Anosov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Anosov_map"},{"link_name":"torus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"torus bundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus_bundle"},{"link_name":"hyperbolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_geometry"},{"link_name":"Teichmüller theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teichm%C3%BCller_space"},{"link_name":"boundary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_(topology)"},{"link_name":"orientable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientable"},{"link_name":"boundary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold"},{"link_name":"iterated composition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_composition"}],"text":"In mathematics, Thurston's classification theorem characterizes homeomorphisms of a compact orientable surface. William Thurston's theorem completes the work initiated by Jakob Nielsen (1944).Given a homeomorphism f : S → S, there is a map g isotopic to f such that at least one of the following holds:g is periodic, i.e. some power of g is the identity;\ng preserves some finite union of disjoint simple closed curves on S (in this case, g is called reducible); or\ng is pseudo-Anosov.The case where S is a torus (i.e., a surface whose genus is one) is handled separately (see torus bundle) and was known before Thurston's work. If the genus of S is two or greater, then S is naturally hyperbolic, and the tools of Teichmüller theory become useful. In what follows, we assume S has genus at least two, as this is the case Thurston considered. (Note, however, that the cases where S has boundary or is not orientable are definitely still of interest.)The three types in this classification are not mutually exclusive, though a pseudo-Anosov homeomorphism is never periodic or reducible. A reducible homeomorphism g can be further analyzed by cutting the surface along the preserved union of simple closed curves Γ. Each of the resulting compact surfaces with boundary is acted upon by some power (i.e. iterated composition) of g, and the classification can again be applied to this homeomorphism.","title":"Nielsen–Thurston classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mapping class group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapping_class_group"},{"link_name":"canonical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_form"},{"link_name":"isometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometry"},{"link_name":"hyperbolic structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_geometry"},{"link_name":"pseudo-Anosov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Anosov"},{"link_name":"transverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transversality_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"foliations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foliation"}],"text":"Thurston's classification applies to homeomorphisms of orientable surfaces of genus ≥ 2, but the type of a homeomorphism only depends on its associated element of the mapping class group Mod(S). In fact, the proof of the classification theorem leads to a canonical representative of each mapping class with good geometric properties. For example:When g is periodic, there is an element of its mapping class that is an isometry of a hyperbolic structure on S.\nWhen g is pseudo-Anosov, there is an element of its mapping class that preserves a pair of transverse singular foliations of S, stretching the leaves of one (the unstable foliation) while contracting the leaves of the other (the stable foliation).","title":"The mapping class group for surfaces of higher genus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geometrization conjecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrization_conjecture"},{"link_name":"mapping torus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapping_torus"},{"link_name":"3-manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-manifold"},{"link_name":"incompressible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incompressible_surface"},{"link_name":"tori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus"},{"link_name":"JSJ decomposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSJ_decomposition"},{"link_name":"pseudo-Anosov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Anosov_map"},{"link_name":"hyperbolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_geometry"},{"link_name":"Thurston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thurston"},{"link_name":"surface bundles over the circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_bundle_over_the_circle"},{"link_name":"geometrization theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrization_conjecture"},{"link_name":"Haken manifolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haken_manifold"},{"link_name":"Kleinian group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleinian_group"},{"link_name":"limit set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_set"},{"link_name":"sphere-filling curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-filling_curve"}],"text":"Thurston's original motivation for developing this classification was to find geometric structures on mapping tori of the type predicted by the Geometrization conjecture. The mapping torus Mg of a homeomorphism g of a surface S is the 3-manifold obtained from S × [0,1] by gluing S × {0} to S × {1} using g. If S has genus at least two, the geometric structure of Mg is related to the type of g in the classification as follows:If g is periodic, then Mg has an H2 × R structure;\nIf g is reducible, then Mg has incompressible tori, and should be cut along these tori to yield pieces that each have geometric structures (the JSJ decomposition);\nIf g is pseudo-Anosov, then Mg has a hyperbolic (i.e. H3) structure.The first two cases are comparatively easy, while the existence of a hyperbolic structure on the mapping torus of a pseudo-Anosov homeomorphism is a deep and difficult theorem (also due to Thurston). The hyperbolic 3-manifolds that arise in this way are called fibered because they are surface bundles over the circle, and these manifolds are treated separately in the proof of Thurston's geometrization theorem for Haken manifolds. Fibered hyperbolic 3-manifolds have a number of interesting and pathological properties; for example, Cannon and Thurston showed that the surface subgroup of the arising Kleinian group has limit set which is a sphere-filling curve.","title":"Mapping tori"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical_system"},{"link_name":"Teichmüller space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teichm%C3%BCller_space"},{"link_name":"compactification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compactification_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"hyperbolic structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_geometry"},{"link_name":"isometry group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometry_group"},{"link_name":"pseudo-Anosov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Anosov"},{"link_name":"multi-twist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehn_twist"},{"link_name":"pants decomposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pants_decomposition&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"hyperbolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_geometry"},{"link_name":"isometries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometries"}],"text":"The three types of surface homeomorphisms are also related to the dynamics of the mapping class group Mod(S) on the Teichmüller space T(S). Thurston introduced a compactification of T(S) that is homeomorphic to a closed ball, and to which the action of Mod(S) extends naturally. The type of an element g of the mapping class group in the Thurston classification is related to its fixed points when acting on the compactification of T(S):If g is periodic, then there is a fixed point within T(S); this point corresponds to a hyperbolic structure on S whose isometry group contains an element isotopic to g;\nIf g is pseudo-Anosov, then g has no fixed points in T(S) but has a pair of fixed points on the Thurston boundary; these fixed points correspond to the stable and unstable foliations of S preserved by g.\nFor some reducible mapping classes g, there is a single fixed point on the Thurston boundary; an example is a multi-twist along a pants decomposition Γ. In this case the fixed point of g on the Thurston boundary corresponds to Γ.This is reminiscent of the classification of hyperbolic isometries into elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic types (which have fixed point structures similar to the periodic, reducible, and pseudo-Anosov types listed above).","title":"Fixed point classification"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Train track map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_track_map"}]
|
[{"reference":"Bestvina, M.; Handel, M. (1995). \"Train-tracks for surface homeomorphisms\" (PDF). Topology. 34 (1): 109–140. doi:10.1016/0040-9383(94)E0009-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mladen_Bestvina","url_text":"Bestvina, M."},{"url":"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82457760.pdf","url_text":"\"Train-tracks for surface homeomorphisms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0040-9383%2894%29E0009-9","url_text":"10.1016/0040-9383(94)E0009-9"}]},{"reference":"Fenchel, Werner; Nielsen, Jakob (2003). Schmidt, Asmus L. (ed.). Discontinuous groups of isometries in the hyperbolic plane. De Gruyter Studies in mathematics. Vol. 29. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Fenchel","url_text":"Fenchel, Werner"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Nielsen_(mathematician)","url_text":"Nielsen, Jakob"}]},{"reference":"Handel, M.; Thurston, W. P. (1985). \"New proofs of some results of Nielsen\" (PDF). Advances in Mathematics. 56 (2): 173–191. doi:10.1016/0001-8708(85)90028-3. MR 0788938.","urls":[{"url":"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81999356.pdf","url_text":"\"New proofs of some results of Nielsen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advances_in_Mathematics","url_text":"Advances in Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0001-8708%2885%2990028-3","url_text":"10.1016/0001-8708(85)90028-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0788938","url_text":"0788938"}]},{"reference":"Nielsen, Jakob (1944), \"Surface transformation classes of algebraically finite type\", Danske Vid. Selsk. Math.-Phys. Medd., 21 (2): 89, MR 0015791","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Nielsen_(mathematician)","url_text":"Nielsen, Jakob"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0015791","url_text":"0015791"}]},{"reference":"Penner, R. C. (1988). \"A construction of pseudo-Anosov homeomorphisms\". Transactions of the American Mathematical Society. 310 (1): 179–197. doi:10.1090/S0002-9947-1988-0930079-9. MR 0930079.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9947-1988-0930079-9","url_text":"\"A construction of pseudo-Anosov homeomorphisms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactions_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"Transactions of the American Mathematical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9947-1988-0930079-9","url_text":"10.1090/S0002-9947-1988-0930079-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0930079","url_text":"0930079"}]},{"reference":"Thurston, William P. (1988), \"On the geometry and dynamics of diffeomorphisms of surfaces\", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, New Series, 19 (2): 417–431, doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-1988-15685-6, ISSN 0002-9904, MR 0956596","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thurston","url_text":"Thurston, William P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0273-0979-1988-15685-6","url_text":"10.1090/S0273-0979-1988-15685-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9904","url_text":"0002-9904"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0956596","url_text":"0956596"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82457760.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Train-tracks for surface homeomorphisms\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0040-9383%2894%29E0009-9","external_links_name":"10.1016/0040-9383(94)E0009-9"},{"Link":"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81999356.pdf","external_links_name":"\"New proofs of some results of Nielsen\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0001-8708%2885%2990028-3","external_links_name":"10.1016/0001-8708(85)90028-3"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0788938","external_links_name":"0788938"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0015791","external_links_name":"0015791"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9947-1988-0930079-9","external_links_name":"\"A construction of pseudo-Anosov homeomorphisms\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9947-1988-0930079-9","external_links_name":"10.1090/S0002-9947-1988-0930079-9"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0930079","external_links_name":"0930079"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0273-0979-1988-15685-6","external_links_name":"10.1090/S0273-0979-1988-15685-6"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9904","external_links_name":"0002-9904"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0956596","external_links_name":"0956596"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausezahn
|
Mausezahn
|
["1 Features","2 Platforms","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
MausezahnOriginal author(s)Herbert HaasDeveloper(s)netsniff-ng developersStable release0.40
/ 7 July 2010; 13 years ago (2010-07-07)
Written inCOperating systemLinuxLicenseGNU GPLv2Websitenetsniff-ng.org
Mausezahn (German pronunciation: , German for "mouse tooth") is a fast network traffic generator written in C which allows the user to craft nearly every possible and "impossible" packet. Since version 0.31 Mausezahn is open source in terms of the GPLv2. Herbert Haas, the original developer of Mausezahn, died on 25 June 2011. The project has been incorporated into the netsniff-ng toolkit, and continues to be developed there.
Typical applications of Mausezahn include:
Testing or stressing IP multicast networks
Penetration testing of firewalls and IDS
Finding weaknesses in network software or appliances
Creation of malformed packets to verify whether a system processes a given protocol correctly
Didactical demonstrations as lab utility
Mausezahn allows sending an arbitrary sequence of bytes directly out of the network interface card. An integrated
packet builder provides a simple command line interface for more complicated packets. Since version 0.38, Mausezahn offers a multi-threaded mode with Cisco-style command line interface.
Features
As of version 0.38 Mausezahn supports the following features:
Jitter measurement via Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) packets
VLAN tagging (arbitrary number of tags)
MPLS label stacks (arbitrary number of labels)
BPDU packets as used by the Spanning Tree Protocol (PVST+ is also supported)
Cisco Discovery Protocol messages
Link Layer Discovery Protocol messages
IGMP version 1 and 2 query and report messages
DNS messages
ARP messages
IP, UDP, and TCP header creation
ICMP packets
Syslog messages
Address, port, and TCP sequence number sweeps
Random MAC or IP addresses, FQDN addresses
A very high packet transmission rate (approximately 100,000 packets per second)
Mausezahn only sends exactly the packet the user has specified. Therefore, it is rather less suited for vulnerability audits where additional algorithms are required to detect open ports behind a firewall and to automatically evade intrusion detection systems (IDS). However, a network administrator could implement audit routines via a script that utilizes Mausezahn for creating the actual packets.
Platforms
Mausezahn currently runs only on Linux systems and there are no plans to port it to the Windows operating system.
See also
Traffic generation model
Nessus
Nmap
References
^ "Personal Webpage of Herbert Haas". Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2008.
^ "Webpage of Netsniff-NG with Mausezahn". Archived from the original on 8 September 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
^ "Introduction to MOPS". Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
^ "Mausezahn User Guide". Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2008.
^ Haas, Herbert. "perihel.at/sec/mz/mzguide.html#what-is-mausezahn". Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
External links
Original website at the Wayback Machine (archived 2017-03-24)
Official/new website
|
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|
[]
|
[{"title":"Traffic generation model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_generation_model"},{"title":"Nessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nessus_(software)"},{"title":"Nmap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nmap"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Personal Webpage of Herbert Haas\". Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170909015307/http://www.perihel.at/","url_text":"\"Personal Webpage of Herbert Haas\""},{"url":"http://www.perihel.at/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Webpage of Netsniff-NG with Mausezahn\". Archived from the original on 8 September 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160908021235/http://netsniff-ng.org/","url_text":"\"Webpage of Netsniff-NG with Mausezahn\""},{"url":"http://netsniff-ng.org/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Introduction to MOPS\". Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120210215251/http://www.perihel.at/sec/mz/mops.html","url_text":"\"Introduction to MOPS\""},{"url":"http://www.perihel.at/sec/mz/mops.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mausezahn User Guide\". Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120210214716/http://www.perihel.at/sec/mz/mzguide.html","url_text":"\"Mausezahn User Guide\""},{"url":"http://www.perihel.at/sec/mz/mzguide.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Haas, Herbert. \"perihel.at/sec/mz/mzguide.html#what-is-mausezahn\". Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120210214716/http://www.perihel.at/sec/mz/mzguide.html#what-is-mausezahn","url_text":"\"perihel.at/sec/mz/mzguide.html#what-is-mausezahn\""},{"url":"http://www.perihel.at/sec/mz/mzguide.html#what-is-mausezahn","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://netsniff-ng.org/","external_links_name":"netsniff-ng.org"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170909015307/http://www.perihel.at/","external_links_name":"\"Personal Webpage of Herbert Haas\""},{"Link":"http://www.perihel.at/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160908021235/http://netsniff-ng.org/","external_links_name":"\"Webpage of Netsniff-NG with Mausezahn\""},{"Link":"http://netsniff-ng.org/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120210215251/http://www.perihel.at/sec/mz/mops.html","external_links_name":"\"Introduction to MOPS\""},{"Link":"http://www.perihel.at/sec/mz/mops.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120210214716/http://www.perihel.at/sec/mz/mzguide.html","external_links_name":"\"Mausezahn User Guide\""},{"Link":"http://www.perihel.at/sec/mz/mzguide.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120210214716/http://www.perihel.at/sec/mz/mzguide.html#what-is-mausezahn","external_links_name":"\"perihel.at/sec/mz/mzguide.html#what-is-mausezahn\""},{"Link":"http://www.perihel.at/sec/mz/mzguide.html#what-is-mausezahn","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170324150500/http://www.perihel.at/sec/mz/index.html","external_links_name":"Original website"},{"Link":"http://www.netsniff-ng.org/","external_links_name":"Official/new website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobilecom
|
Orange Jordan
|
["1 History","2 Mobile","3 Fixed broadband","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Telecommunication company in Jordan
Orange JordanCompany typeLimited companyIndustryTelecommunicationsFounded1999HeadquartersAmman, JordanProductsLandline, Mobile, Internet
RevenueJOD 324.4 Million (2018)Operating incomeJOD0104 Million (2018)Net incomeJOD021.3 Million (2018)Total assetsJOD 624.3 Million (2018)Number of employees136,000 (2023)ParentJordan Telecom GroupWebsitewww.orange.jo
Orange Jordan is a Jordanian public mobile telephone network operator, and is the operator of the mobile communications license granted to Jordan Telecom.
The company was first registered on 21 September 1999, with an aim to build a mobile communications network to serve Jordan, and has launched full public service across the Kingdom on 15 September 2000.
The mobile operator was called MobileCom until it was rebranded in 2007.
History
Upon privatization on 23 January 2000, Jordan Telecom Group was 60% owned by Jordan's government. The remaining 40% of the group's shares were owned by JITCO Investment Group, a holding company consisting of France Télécom (88%) and the Arab Bank (12%).
Mobile
On 30 March 2010, Orange Jordan launched its 3G network – The first 3G network in Jordan. The W-CDMA network was rolled out in three phases, according to Orange Jordan's Ex-CEO Nayla Khawam. Under the first phase roll out included west Amman, Irbid and Zarqa, while in April coverage was expanded to cover the entire capital and Aqaba. By summer 2010 network coverage included most urban locations, delivering services to approximately 70% of populated areas, equivalent to around two million people.
Fixed broadband
In 2009, Orange Jordan offered higher ADSL speeds to its Jordanian customers reaching 4Mbps and 8Mbps. In line with Orange Jordan's strategy to make 2011 the "Year of Broadband," the company unveiled in February 2011 its new ADSL2+ and 3G+ package, offering unprecedented broadband speeds of up to 24Mbps and 21Mbps respectively. The company later expended its "home internet" offering with fiber and 5G.
See also
Zain Jordan
Umniah
List of mobile network operators of the Middle East and Africa
References
^ a b c d "2018 Annual Report". Orange Jordan.
^ "MobileCom Rebrands". Retrieved 1 February 2008.
^ "Orange launches Kingdom's first 3G network". Telegeography.com. 4 March 2010. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
^ "Orange Jordan unveils new ADSL2+ and 3G+ packages". Teletimesinternational.com. 14 February 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
External links
Official website
vteOrange S.A.Subsidiaries
Belgium
Botswana
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Egypt
France
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Luxembourg
Madagascar
Mali
Morocco
Niger
Poland
Réunion
Romania
Slovakia
Spain
Tunisia
Uganda
GlobeCast
World TV
Orange Business Services
India
Orange Marine
Shareholdings
BT Group (4%)
Jordan Telecom Group (51%)
Jordan Telecom
Orange Jordan
Korek Telecom (20%)
Mauritius Telecom (40%)
OCS (67%)
Sonatel (42%)
Telecom Vanuatu Limited (50%)
Telkom Kenya (70%)
Products and servicesLibonCorporate directorsStéphane Richard (Chairman and CEO)ControversiesOrange S.A. suicides
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jordan Telecom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Telecom"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Telecommunication company in JordanOrange Jordan is a Jordanian public mobile telephone network operator, and is the operator of the mobile communications license granted to Jordan Telecom.The company was first registered on 21 September 1999, with an aim to build a mobile communications network to serve Jordan, and has launched full public service across the Kingdom on 15 September 2000.The mobile operator was called MobileCom until it was rebranded in 2007.[2]","title":"Orange Jordan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"privatization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatization"},{"link_name":"Jordan Telecom Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Telecom_Group"},{"link_name":"shares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock"},{"link_name":"France Télécom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_S.A."},{"link_name":"Arab Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Bank"}],"text":"Upon privatization on 23 January 2000, Jordan Telecom Group was 60% owned by Jordan's government. The remaining 40% of the group's shares were owned by JITCO Investment Group, a holding company consisting of France Télécom (88%) and the Arab Bank (12%).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"W-CDMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMA"},{"link_name":"Nayla Khawam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nayla_Khawam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amman"},{"link_name":"Irbid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irbid"},{"link_name":"Zarqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarqa"},{"link_name":"Aqaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqaba"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"On 30 March 2010, Orange Jordan launched its 3G network – The first 3G network in Jordan. The W-CDMA network was rolled out in three phases, according to Orange Jordan's Ex-CEO Nayla Khawam. Under the first phase roll out included west Amman, Irbid and Zarqa, while in April coverage was expanded to cover the entire capital and Aqaba. By summer 2010 network coverage included most urban locations, delivering services to approximately 70% of populated areas, equivalent to around two million people.[3]","title":"Mobile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mbps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbps"},{"link_name":"Mbps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbps"},{"link_name":"ADSL2+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADSL2%2B"},{"link_name":"3G+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G%2B"},{"link_name":"Mbps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbps"},{"link_name":"Mbps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbps"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In 2009, Orange Jordan offered higher ADSL speeds to its Jordanian customers reaching 4Mbps and 8Mbps. In line with Orange Jordan's strategy to make 2011 the \"Year of Broadband,\" the company unveiled in February 2011 its new ADSL2+ and 3G+ package, offering unprecedented broadband speeds of up to 24Mbps and 21Mbps respectively.[4] The company later expended its \"home internet\" offering with fiber and 5G.","title":"Fixed broadband"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Zain Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zain_Jordan"},{"title":"Umniah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umniah"},{"title":"List of mobile network operators of the Middle East and Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_the_Middle_East_and_Africa"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"2018 Annual Report\". Orange Jordan.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.orange.jo/en/pages/annual-reports.aspx","url_text":"\"2018 Annual Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"MobileCom Rebrands\". Retrieved 1 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=131397","url_text":"\"MobileCom Rebrands\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orange launches Kingdom's first 3G network\". Telegeography.com. 4 March 2010. Retrieved 22 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2010/03/04/orange-launches-kingdoms-first-3g-network/","url_text":"\"Orange launches Kingdom's first 3G network\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orange Jordan unveils new ADSL2+ and 3G+ packages\". Teletimesinternational.com. 14 February 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.teletimesinternational.com/orange-jordan-unveils-new-adsl2-and-3g-packages","url_text":"\"Orange Jordan unveils new ADSL2+ and 3G+ packages\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.orange.jo/","external_links_name":"www.orange.jo"},{"Link":"https://www.orange.jo/en/pages/annual-reports.aspx","external_links_name":"\"2018 Annual Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=131397","external_links_name":"\"MobileCom Rebrands\""},{"Link":"http://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2010/03/04/orange-launches-kingdoms-first-3g-network/","external_links_name":"\"Orange launches Kingdom's first 3G network\""},{"Link":"http://www.teletimesinternational.com/orange-jordan-unveils-new-adsl2-and-3g-packages","external_links_name":"\"Orange Jordan unveils new ADSL2+ and 3G+ packages\""},{"Link":"http://www.orange.jo/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Jones_(athlete)
|
Hugh Jones (runner)
|
["1 Career","2 Post-career","3 Personal life","4 Competition record","5 References","6 External links"]
|
British long-distance runner
Robin Evan Hugh Jones (born 1 November 1955) is a retired British long-distance runner.
Career
In 1982 Jones became the first Welshman to win the London Marathon, finishing in a time of 2:09:24. Two years later he finished 12th in the men's marathon of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles with a time of 2:13:57. In 1983 he finished a close second to Joseph Nzau in the Chicago Marathon. In 1983 Hugh Jones won the Stockholm Marathon with a time of 2:11:37, for twenty years the course record. He won it again in 1992 (2:15:58) was second in 1993 (2:17:29) and seventh in 1994 (2:18:20).
His personal best is 2:09:24, set in London 1982.
Post-career
Jones became the Secretary of the Association of International Marathons and Distance Races (AIMS) in July 1996, succeeding Andy Galloway. Jones currently holds this position as well as the editorship of AIMS' Distance Running magazine which he started in 2000. Jones was president of the Road Runners Club from 2007 to 2011.
Personal life
Jones was born in London, and attended Latymer Upper School in Hammersmith, where he began competing in long-distance running both for the school and for Ranelagh Harriers, and the University of Liverpool.
Jones lives in London with his wife, Cheryl, his son, Nathan, and his three daughters, Holly, Coral and Ella.
Competition record
Year
Competition
Venue
Position
Event
Notes
1981
Oslo Marathon
Oslo, Norway
1st
Marathon
2:13:06
New York City Marathon
New York, United States
3rd
Marathon
2:10:59
1982
City-Pier-City Loop
The Hague, Netherlands
1st
Half Marathon
1:01:06
London Marathon
London, United Kingdom
1st
Marathon
2:09:24
1983
Stockholm Marathon
Stockholm, Sweden
1st
Marathon
2:11:37
World Championships
Helsinki, Finland
8th
Marathon
2:11:15
Chicago Marathon
Chicago, United States
2nd
Marathon
2:09:45
1984
Olympic Games
Los Angeles, United States
12th
Marathon
2:13:57
1986
London Marathon
London, United Kingdom
2nd
Marathon
2:11:42
European Championships
Stuttgart, West Germany
5th
Marathon
2:11:49
1987
London Marathon
London, United Kingdom
3rd
Marathon
2:10:11
World Championships
Rome, Italy
5th
Marathon
2:12:54
1988
London Marathon
London, United Kingdom
4th
Marathon
2:11:08
1992
Stockholm Marathon
Stockholm, Sweden
4th
Marathon
2:15:58
1995
Reykjavík Marathon
Reykjavik, Iceland
1st
Marathon
2:29:26
References
^ https://worldathletics.org/athletes/_/14352062
^ https://aims-worldrunning.org/contact-us.html
^ Rowland, Steve (30 August 2019). "RANELAGH HARRIERS E-NEWS # 555". Ranelagh Harriers. Archived from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024. Part of his teaching practice was at Latymer Upper School, and he helped to introduce a number of Latymer boys to Ranelagh, including the 14 year-old Hugh Jones.
^ https://www.arrs.run/MaraRank/ATM_Mara1981.htm Course 150 m short on remeasurement
External links
Hugh Jones at World Athletics
vteLondon Marathon – men's winners
1981: Dick Beardsley (USA) & Inge Simonsen (NOR)
1982: Hugh Jones (GBR)
1983: Mike Gratton (GBR)
1984: Charlie Spedding (GBR)
1985: Steve Jones (GBR)
1986: Toshihiko Seko (JPN)
1987: Hiromi Taniguchi (JPN)
1988: Henrik Jørgensen (DEN)
1989: Douglas Wakiihuri (KEN)
1990: Allister Hutton (GBR)
1991: Yakov Tolstikov (RUS)
1992: António Pinto (POR)
1993: Eamonn Martin (GBR)
1994–96: Dionicio Cerón (MEX)
1997: António Pinto (POR)
1998: Abel Antón (ESP)
1999: Abdelkader El Mouaziz (MAR)
2000: António Pinto (POR)
2001: Abdelkader El Mouaziz (MAR)
2002: Khalid Khannouchi (USA)
2003: Gezahegne Abera (ETH)
2004: Evans Rutto (KEN)
2005: Martin Lel (KEN)
2006: Felix Limo (KEN)
2007–08: Martin Lel (KEN)
2009: Samuel Wanjiru (KEN)
2010: Tsegaye Kebede (ETH)
2011: Emmanuel Mutai (KEN)
2012: Wilson Kipsang (KEN)
2013: Tsegaye Kebede (ETH)
2014: Wilson Kipsang (KEN)
2015–16: Eliud Kipchoge (KEN)
2017: Daniel Wanjiru (KEN)
2018-19: Eliud Kipchoge (KEN)
2020: Shura Kitata (ETH)
2021: Sisay Lemma (ETH)
2022: Amos Kipruto (KEN)
2023: Kelvin Kiptum (KEN)
World Marathon Majors
Berlin Marathon – List (M/W)
Boston Marathon – List (M/W)
Chicago Marathon – List (M/W)
London Marathon – List (M/W)
New York City Marathon – List (M/W)
Tokyo Marathon – List (M/W)
vteStockholm Marathon – men's winners
1979: Jukka Toivola (FIN)
1980: Jeff Wells (USA)
1981: Bill Rodgers (USA)
1982: Kjell-Erik Ståhl (SWE)
1983: Hugh Jones (GBR)
1984: Agapius Masong (TAN)
1985: Tommy Persson (SWE)
1986: Kjell-Erik Ståhl (SWE)
1987: Kevin Forster (GBR)
1988: Suleiman Nyambui (TAN)
1989: Dave Clarke (GBR)
1990: Simon Robert Naali (TAN)
1991: Åke Eriksson (SWE)
1992: Hugh Jones (GBR)
1993: Daniel Mbuli (RSA)
1994: Tesfaye Bekele (ETH)
1995: Åke Eriksson (SWE)
1996: Tesfaye Bekele (ETH)
1997: Benson Masya (KEN)
1998: Martin Ojuko (KEN)
1999–2000: Alfred Shemweta (SWE)
2001: Anders Szalkai (SWE)
2002: My Tahar Echchadli (MAR)
2003: Josphat Chemjor (KEN)
2004: Joseph Riri (KEN)
2005: Kasirayi Sita (ZIM)
2006–07: Philip Bandawe (ZIM)
2008: Willy Korir (KEN)
2009: Paul Kipkemei Kogo (KEN)
2010: Joseph Lagat (KEN)
2011: Shumi Gerbaba (ETH)
2012: Methkal Abu Drais (JOR)
2013: Shume Gerbaba (ETH)
2014: Benjamin Bitok (KEN)
2015: Yekeber Bayabel (ETH)
2016: Stanley Koech (KEN)
2017: Abrha Milaw (ETH)
2018: Lawi Kiptui (KEN)
2019: Nigussie Sahlesilassie (ETH)
2020: cancelled
2021: Fikadu Teferi (ETH)
2022: Felix Kirwa (KEN)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Japan
Czech Republic
Netherlands
People
World Athletics
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltz_Again
|
Waltz Again
|
["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"]
|
2005 studio album by David Murray QuartetWaltz AgainStudio album by David Murray QuartetReleased2005RecordedDecember 2002GenreJazzLength63:16LabelJustin TimeJUST 193-2ProducerValerie MalotDavid Murray Quartet chronology
Gwotet(2004)
Waltz Again(2005)
Sacred Ground(2007)
Waltz Again is an album by David Murray released on the Canadian Justin Time label. Recorded in 2002 and released in 2005 the album features performances by Murray, Lafayette Gilchrist, Jaribu Shahid, and Hamid Drake along with a 10-person string section.
Reception
The Allmusic review by Alex Henderson awarded the album 4 stars stating "Waltz Again has its share of avant-garde appeal, but some parts of this 63-minute CD are peaceful, tranquil, and downright comforting -- even lush on occasion. And lush is certainly doable when you have ten string players on hand. There are many worthwhile albums in Murray's sizable catalog, and Waltz Again is likely to go down in history as one of his strongest recordings of the 2000s".
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusicThe Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings
Track listing
All compositions by David Murray
"Pushkin Suite No. 1" - 26:04
"Waltz Again" - 8:51
"Dark Secrets" - 10:17
"Steps" - 11:23
"Sparkle" - 6:41
Recorded December 2002
Personnel
David Murray - tenor saxophone, bass clarinet
Lafayette Gilchrist - piano
Jaribu Shahid - bass
Hamid Drake - drums
Unidentified string section
References
^ Justin Time catalogue
^ a b Kelsey, C. Allmusic Review accessed August 17, 2011
^ Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (2008). The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings (9th ed.). Penguin. p. 1061. ISBN 978-0-141-03401-0.
vteDavid MurrayYears given are for the recording(s), not first release.As leaderor co-leader
Low Class Conspiracy (1976)
Flowers for Albert (1976)
Live at the Lower Manhattan Ocean Club (1977)
Let the Music Take You (1978)
Last of the Hipman (1978)
Interboogieology (1978)
3D Family (1978)
Sweet Lovely (1979)
Solo Live (1980)
Ming (1980)
Home (1981)
Murray's Steps (1982)
Morning Song (1983)
Live at Sweet Basil Volume 1 (1984)
Live at Sweet Basil Volume 2 (1984)
Children (1984)
Sketches of Tokyo (with John Hicks, 1985)
New Life (1985)
I Want to Talk About You (1986)
Recording N.Y.C. 1986 (1986)
In Our Style (with Jack DeJohnette, 1986)
The Hill (1986)
Hope Scope (1987)
The Healers (with Randy Weston, 1987)
Lovers (1988)
Deep River (1988)
Ballads (1988)
Spirituals (1988)
Tenors (1988)
Ming's Samba (1988)
Lucky Four (1988)
Daybreak (with Dave Burrell, 1989)
Special Quartet (1990)
Remembrances (1990)
Shakill's Warrior (1991)
David Murray Big Band (1991)
David Murray/James Newton Quintet (1991)
Black & Black (1991)
In Concert (with Dave Burrell, 1991)
Fast Life (1991)
Ballads for Bass Clarinet (1991)
Death of a Sideman (1991)
Real Deal (1991)
A Sanctuary Within (1991)
South of the Border (1992)
Picasso (1992)
MX (1992)
Body and Soul (1993)
Brother to Brother (with Dave Burrell, 1993)
Jazzosaurus Rex (1993)
Saxmen (1993)
For Aunt Louise (1993)
Love and Sorrow (1993)
Shakill's II (1993)
Windward Passages (Black Saint) (with Dave Burrell, 1993)
David Murray Quintet (1994)
The Tip (1994)
Jug-A-Lug (1994)
Flowers Around Cleveland (1995)
Dark Star: The Music of the Grateful Dead (1996)
Long Goodbye: A Tribute to Don Pullen (1996)
Fo Deuk Revue (1996)
Creole (1997)
Speaking in Tongues (1997)
Seasons (1998)
Octet Plays Trane (1999)
Like a Kiss that Never Ends (2000)
Yonn-Dé (2001)
Silence (with Mal Waldron, 2001)
Now Is Another Time (2001–2)
Waltz Again (2002)
Gwotet (2003)
Sacred Ground (2006)
Plays Nat King Cole en Español (2010)
Be My Monster Love (2012)
With James Blood Ulmer/Music Revelation Ensemble
Are You Glad to Be in America? (1980)
Free Lancing (1981)
Music Revelation Ensemble (1988)
Elec. Jazz (MRE, 1990)
After Dark (MRE, 1991)
With theWorld Saxophone Quartet
Point of No Return (1977)
Steppin' (1978)
Live in Zurich (1981)
W.S.Q. (1981)
Revue (1982)
Live at Brooklyn Academy of Music (1985)
Plays Duke Ellington (1986)
Dances and Ballads (1987)
Rhythm and Blues (1988)
Metamorphosis (1990)
Breath of Life (1992)
Moving Right Along (1993)
Four Now (1995)
Takin' It 2 the Next Level (1996)
Selim Sivad: A Tribute to Miles Davis (1998)
Requiem for Julius (1999)
25th Anniversary: The New Chapter (2000)
Experience (2003)
Political Blues (2006)
With others
Cold Sweat Plays J. B. (Craig Harris, 1988)
Special Edition (Jack DeJohnette, 1979)
Album Album (Jack DeJohnette, 1984)
Live at Baker's Keyboard Lounge (James Carter, 2001)
The Jazzpar Prize (Pierre Dørge's New Jungle Orchestra, 1991)
Love Outside of Dreams (Kahil El'Zabar, 1997)
One World Family (Kahil El'Zabar, 2000)
We Is (Kahil El'Zabar, 2000)
Blues for Coltrane: A Tribute to John Coltrane (McCoy Tyner, 1984)
44th Street Suite (McCoy Tyner, 1991)
Soundtracks
Kansas City (1996)
Related articles
David Murray discography
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Murray_(saxophonist)"},{"link_name":"Justin Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Time_Records"},{"link_name":"Lafayette Gilchrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette_Gilchrist"},{"link_name":"Hamid Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_Drake"},{"link_name":"string section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_section"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Waltz Again is an album by David Murray released on the Canadian Justin Time label. Recorded in 2002 and released in 2005 the album features performances by Murray, Lafayette Gilchrist, Jaribu Shahid, and Hamid Drake along with a 10-person string section.[1]","title":"Waltz Again"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-2"}],"text":"The Allmusic review by Alex Henderson awarded the album 4 stars stating \"Waltz Again has its share of avant-garde appeal, but some parts of this 63-minute CD are peaceful, tranquil, and downright comforting -- even lush on occasion. And lush is certainly doable when you have ten string players on hand. There are many worthwhile albums in Murray's sizable catalog, and Waltz Again is likely to go down in history as one of his strongest recordings of the 2000s\".[2]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All compositions by David Murray\"Pushkin Suite No. 1\" - 26:04\n\"Waltz Again\" - 8:51\n\"Dark Secrets\" - 10:17\n\"Steps\" - 11:23\n\"Sparkle\" - 6:41Recorded December 2002","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Murray_(saxophonist)"},{"link_name":"Lafayette Gilchrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette_Gilchrist"},{"link_name":"Jaribu Shahid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaribu_Shahid"},{"link_name":"Hamid Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_Drake"},{"link_name":"string section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_section"}],"text":"David Murray - tenor saxophone, bass clarinet\nLafayette Gilchrist - piano\nJaribu Shahid - bass\nHamid Drake - drums\nUnidentified string section","title":"Personnel"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (2008). The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings (9th ed.). Penguin. p. 1061. ISBN 978-0-141-03401-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cook_(journalist)","url_text":"Cook, Richard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Morton_(Scottish_writer)","url_text":"Morton, Brian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Penguin_Guide_to_Jazz","url_text":"The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-03401-0","url_text":"978-0-141-03401-0"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.justin-time.com/works/JUST_193-2/","external_links_name":"Justin Time catalogue"},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/waltz-again-r802603/review","external_links_name":"Allmusic Review"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/0b1005da-c40a-436c-8dbd-812d3e74aedc","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_Studio_Albums_(1983%E2%80%932008)
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The Complete Studio Albums (1983–2008)
|
["1 Background","2 Critical reception","3 Commercial performance","4 Track listing","5 Charts","5.1 Weekly charts","5.2 Monthly charts","5.3 Year-end charts","6 Sales and certification","7 Release history","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]
|
2012 box set by MadonnaThe Complete Studio Albums (1983−2008)Box set by MadonnaReleasedMarch 26, 2012 (2012-03-26)Recorded1982–2007GenrePopLength10:10:37Label
Warner Bros.
Maverick
Sire
Madonna chronology
MDNA(2012)
The Complete Studio Albums (1983−2008)(2012)
MDNA World Tour(2013)
The Complete Studio Albums (1983–2008) is a box set by American singer-songwriter Madonna. It was released by Warner Bros. Records on March 26, 2012, to coincide with the release of her twelfth studio album, MDNA. The eleven-disc box set was released in Europe and Japan, and included all of Madonna's studio albums from the years 1983 to 2008. The album artwork consisted of a collage of the album covers, housed in a gold box. It also included a Parental Advisory sticker due to the original version of the albums Erotica (1992) and American Life (2003). On the same date, Warner Bros. released and reprinted another box set titled Madonna: Original Album Series which included five discs.
After its release, The Complete Studio Albums (1983–2008) received mixed reception from reviewers, who complimented the overall packaging of the box set, but hoped that the record label would have included Madonna's other popular songs that had not been on the original studio albums. The box set charted in multiple nations including Croatia, Finland, France, Italy, Korea, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom. It entered the top-ten of the Japanese Oricon album chart. The same week, MDNA was also present in the top-ten, making Madonna the first female artist from a Western country to have two albums in the chart's top-ten.
Background
On March 6, 2012, Madonna's official website announced that her former record company, Warner Bros. Records (1982–2009), was to release and reprint the eleven-disc box set. It was released to coincide and on the same date as the 2012 studio album MDNA in the United States. The set includes every previous studio album Madonna had released; the remastered versions of Madonna (1983), Like a Virgin (1984) and True Blue (1986), plus the original versions of Like a Prayer (1989), Erotica (1992), Bedtime Stories (1994), Ray of Light (1998), Music (2000), American Life (2003), Confessions on a Dance Floor (2005) and Hard Candy (2008) with each disc housed in a cardboard sleeve. To complement the release of the box set, iTunes sold every Madonna studio album digitally for £3.95 for a limited time in the UK. On the same day as its release, Warner Bros. released another box set Madonna: Original Album Series which included five discs; the remastered version of True Blue, Like a Prayer, Ray of Light, Music and Confessions on a Dance Floor.
The box set also carries the logos for her other former record companies; Sire Records (1982–1995) and Maverick Records (1992–2004). It is her third greatest hits box set to be released after The Royal Box (1991) which was a limited edition of The Immaculate Collection (1990) and CD Single Collection (1996) which was released exclusively in Japan and included forty 3" CD singles, from "Burning Up" (1983) to "One More Chance" (1996), housed in a deluxe black glossy box.
Critical reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic
Mike Diver from the BBC News gave the box set a positive review, commenting that "this is pop history, a document of the most powerful female force in the music industry as she began her ascent, achieved superstar status, overcame a couple of hiccups, and ultimately landed in the '00s as every fledgling pop idol's ultimate mother figure." He also mentioned the absence of tracks "Into the Groove" (only available on the 1985 reissue of Like a Virgin), "Vogue" (from 1990's I'm Breathless) and "Justify My Love" (from 1990's The Immaculate Collection) may disappoint some fans. Robin Murray from Clash noted that while it traced "the evolution of a pop phenomenon", he felt it needed bonus materials. Andy Kellman from AllMusic was more ambivalent in his reception of the box set, stating that the release is more suitable for "voracious newcomers than longtime followers".
Describing the packaging, Kellman noted that it "was sharp but not elaborate – a clamshell box with each disc packaged in a paper LP-replica sleeve. While the box is a convenient and reasonably priced way to obtain most of Madonna's releases, an investment of that scope should entail all the stray hits from the same era. This really could have used a 12th disc", for adding all the other songs released by Madonna. The BBC described the packaging as a "no-frills affair—CDs are housed in cardboard sleeves that won't stand up to house-party punishment" Clash commented on the packaging more favorably, describing it as "fairly lavish".
Commercial performance
In the United Kingdom, the box set debuted at number 70 on the UK Albums Chart with sales of 2,055 copies. Madonna's total album sales for the 21st century in the United Kingdom stood at 7,279,423, as of April 2012, making her one of the biggest selling acts of this period. It was certified gold in Poland by the Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry (ZPAV) for shipment of 10,000 copies of the box set. In France, the box set debuted at number 26 with 2,838 units.
In Japan it sold 13,000 copies and debuted at number nine (and MDNA at number four) making Madonna the first international female artist in Japanese chart history to have two albums in the top ten simultaneously and the first international artist in 20 years to achieve such feat, after Bruce Springsteen, who occupied two simultaneous top-ten albums in 1992 with Human Touch and Lucky Town. With this feat, Madonna has accumulated 22 top-ten albums in Japan, more than any other international artist. On the South Korean International chart, it debuted and peaked at number 81, selling around 200 copies.
Track listing
The box set consists of Madonna's first eleven studio albums, from her career with Warner Bros. Records (1982–2009) and its divisions Sire Records (1982–1995) and Maverick Records (1992–2003).
Madonna (1983) – 2001 remastered versionNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Lucky Star"MadonnaReggie Lucas5:382."Borderline"LucasLucas5:183."Burning Up"MadonnaLucas3:444."I Know It"MadonnaLucas3:455."Holiday"Curtis HudsonLisa StevensJohn "Jellybean" Benitez6:086."Think of Me"MadonnaLucas4:547."Physical Attraction"LucasLucas6:378."Everybody" (original version)MadonnaKamins6:029."Burning Up" (12" version)MadonnaLucas5:5910."Lucky Star" ("new" mix)MadonnaLucas7:15Total length:54:01
Like a Virgin (1984) – 2001 remastered versionNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Material Girl"Peter Brown, Robert RansNile Rodgers4:002."Angel"Madonna, Stephen BrayRodgers3:563."Like a Virgin"Tom Kelly, Billy SteinbergRodgers3:384."Over and Over"Madonna, BrayRodgers4:125."Love Don't Live Here Anymore"Miles GregoryRodgers4:476."Dress You Up"Andrea LaRusso, Peggy StanzialeRodgers4:017."Shoo-Bee-Doo"MadonnaRodgers5:168."Pretender"Madonna, BrayRodgers4:309."Stay"Madonna, BrayRodgers4:0710."Like a Virgin" (Extended Dance Remix)Kelly, SteinbergRodgers, Benitez6:0811."Material Girl" (Extended Dance Remix)Brown, RansRodgers, Benitez6:07Total length:43:10
True Blue (1986) – 2001 remastered versionNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Papa Don't Preach"Brian Elliot, MadonnaMadonna, Stephen Bray4:292."Open Your Heart"Madonna, Gardner Cole, Peter RafelsonMadonna, Patrick Leonard4:133."White Heat"Madonna, LeonardMadonna, Leonard4:404."Live to Tell"Madonna, LeonardMadonna, Leonard5:515."Where's the Party"Madonna, Bray, LeonardMadonna, Leonard, Bray4:216."True Blue"Madonna, BrayMadonna, Bray4:187."La Isla Bonita"Madonna, Leonard, Bruce GaitschMadonna, Leonard4:028."Jimmy Jimmy"Madonna, BrayMadonna, Bray3:559."Love Makes the World Go Round"Madonna, LeonardMadonna, Leonard4:3110."True Blue" (The Color Mix)Madonna, BrayMadonna, Bray, Shep Pettibone6:4011."La Isla Bonita" (Extended Remix)Madonna, Leonard, GaitschMadonna, Leonard, Chris Lord-Alge5:27Total length:40:25
Like a Prayer (1989)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Like a Prayer"Madonna, Patrick LeonardMadonna, Leonard5:392."Express Yourself"Madonna, Stephen BrayMadonna, Bray4:393."Love Song" (with Prince)Madonna, PrinceMadonna, Prince4:524."Till Death Do Us Part"Madonna, LeonardMadonna, Leonard5:165."Promise to Try"Madonna, LeonardMadonna, Leonard3:366."Cherish"Madonna, LeonardMadonna, Leonard5:037."Dear Jessie"Madonna, LeonardMadonna, Leonard4:208."Oh Father"Madonna, LeonardMadonna, Leonard4:579."Keep It Together"Madonna, BrayMadonna, Bray5:0310."Spanish Eyes"Madonna, LeonardMadonna, Leonard5:1511."Act of Contrition"Madonna, LeonardMadonna, Leonard2:19Total length:51:16
Erotica (1992) – Explicit versionNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Erotica"Madonna, Shep Pettibone, Anthony ShimkinMadonna, Pettibone5:202."Fever"Eddie Cooley, John DavenportMadonna, Pettibone5:003."Bye Bye Baby"Madonna, Pettibone, ShimkinMadonna, Pettibone3:564."Deeper and Deeper"Madonna, Pettibone, ShimkinMadonna, Pettibone5:335."Where Life Begins"Madonna, André BettsMadonna, Betts5:576."Bad Girl"Madonna, Pettibone, ShimkinMadonna, Pettibone5:237."Waiting"Madonna, BettsMadonna, Betts5:468."Thief of Hearts"Madonna, Pettibone, ShimkinMadonna, Pettibone4:519."Words"Madonna, Pettibone, ShimkinMadonna, Pettibone5:5510."Rain"Madonna, PettiboneMadonna, Pettibone5:2511."Why's It So Hard"Madonna, Pettibone, ShimkinMadonna, Pettibone5:2312."In This Life"Madonna, PettiboneMadonna, Pettibone6:2313."Did You Do It?" (featuring Mark Goodman and Dave Murphy)Madonna, Pettibone, BettsMadonna, Betts4:5414."Secret Garden"Madonna, BettsMadonna, Betts5:32Total length:75:24
Bedtime Stories (1994)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Survival"Madonna, Dallas AustinNellee Hooper, Madonna3:312."Secret"Madonna, AustinMadonna, Austin5:033."I'd Rather Be Your Lover"Madonna, Dave Hall, Isley Brothers, Christopher JasperMadonna, Hall4:394."Don't Stop"Madonna, Austin, Colin WolfeMadonna, Austin, Daniel Abraham4:385."Inside of Me"Madonna, Hall, HooperHooper, Madonna4:116."Human Nature"Madonna, Hall, Shawn McKenzie, Kevin McKenzie, Michael DeeringMadonna, Hall4:547."Forbidden Love"Babyface, MadonnaHooper, Madonna4:088."Love Tried to Welcome Me"Madonna, HallMadonna, Hall5:219."Sanctuary"Madonna, Austin, Anne Preven, Scott Cutler, Herbie HancockMadonnaAustinHooper5:0210."Bedtime Story"Hooper, Björk, Marius De VriesHooper, Madonna4:5311."Take a Bow"Babyface, MadonnaBabyface, Madonna5:21Total length:51:50
Ray of Light (1998)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Drowned World/Substitute for Love"Madonna, William Orbit, Rod McKuen, Anita Kerr, David CollinsMadonna, Orbit5:092."Swim"Madonna, OrbitMadonna, Orbit5:003."Ray of Light"Madonna, Orbit, Clive Maldoon, Dave Curtiss, Christine Ann LeachMadonna, Orbit5:214."Candy Perfume Girl"Madonna, Orbit, Susannah MelvoinMadonna, Orbit4:345."Skin"Madonna, Patrick LeonardMadonna, Orbit, Marius DeVries6:226."Nothing Really Matters"Madonna, LeonardMadonna, Orbit, DeVries4:277."Sky Fits Heaven"Madonna, LeonardMadonna, Orbit, Leonard4:488."Shanti/Ashtangi"Madonna, OrbitMadonna, Orbit4:299."Frozen"Madonna, LeonardMadonna, Orbit, Leonard6:1210."The Power of Good-Bye"Madonna, Rick NowelsMadonna, Orbit, Leonard4:1011."To Have and Not to Hold"Madonna, NowelsMadonna, Orbit, Leonard5:2312."Little Star"Madonna, NowelsMadonna, DeVries5:1813."Mer Girl"Madonna, OrbitMadonna, Orbit5:32Total length:66:52
Music (2000) – International versionNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Music"Madonna, Mirwais AhmadzaïMadonna, Ahmadzaï3:442."Impressive Instant"Madonna, AhmadzaïMadonna, Ahmadzaï3:373."Runaway Lover"Madonna, William OrbitMadonna, Orbit4:464."I Deserve It"Madonna, AhmadzaïMadonna, Ahmadzaï4:235."Amazing"Madonna, OrbitMadonna, Orbit3:436."Nobody's Perfect"Madonna, AhmadzaïMadonna, Ahmadzaï4:587."Don't Tell Me"Madonna, Ahmadzaï, Joe HenryMadonna, Ahmadzaï4:408."What It Feels Like for a Girl"Madonna, Guy SigsworthMadonna, Sigsworth, Mark "Spike" Stent4:439."Paradise (Not for Me)"Madonna, AhmadzaïMadonna, Ahmadzaï6:3310."Gone"Madonna, Damian Le Gassick, Nik YoungMadonna, Orbit, Stent3:2411."American Pie"Don McLeanMadonna, Orbit4:33Total length:44:40
American Life (2003)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."American Life"Madonna, Mirwais AhmadzaïMadonna, Ahmadzaï4:582."Hollywood"Madonna, AhmadzaïMadonna, Ahmadzaï4:243."I'm So Stupid"Madonna, AhmadzaïMadonna, Ahmadzaï, Mark "Spike" Stent4:094."Love Profusion"Madonna, AhmadzaïMadonna, Ahmadzaï3:385."Nobody Knows Me"Madonna, AhmadzaïMadonna, Ahmadzaï4:396."Nothing Fails"Madonna, Guy Sigsworth, Jem GriffithsMadonna, Ahmadzaï, Stent4:497."Intervention"Madonna, AhmadzaïMadonna, Ahmadzaï4:548."X-Static Process"Madonna, Stuart PriceMadonna, Ahmadzaï3:509."Mother and Father"Madonna, AhmadzaïMadonna, Ahmadzaï4:3310."Die Another Day"Madonna, AhmadzaïMadonna, Ahmadzaï4:3811."Easy Ride"Madonna, Monte PittmanMadonna, Ahmadzaï5:05Total length:49:39
Confessions on a Dance Floor (2005)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Hung Up"Madonna, Stuart Price, Benny Andersson, Björn UlvaeusMadonna, Price5:362."Get Together"Madonna, Anders Bagge, Peer Åström, PriceMadonna, Price5:303."Sorry"Madonna, PriceMadonna, Price4:434."Future Lovers"Madonna, Mirwais AhmadzaïMadonna, Ahmadzaï4:515."I Love New York"Madonna, PriceMadonna, Price4:116."Let It Will Be"Madonna, Ahmadzaï, PriceMadonna, Price4:187."Forbidden Love"Madonna, PriceMadonna, Price4:228."Jump"Madonna, Joe Henry, PriceMadonna, Price3:469."How High"Madonna, Christian Karlsson, Pontus Winnberg, Henrik JonbackMadonna, Bloodshy & Avant, Price4:4010."Isaac"Madonna, PriceMadonna, Price6:0311."Push"Madonna, PriceMadonna, Price3:5712."Like It or Not"Madonna, Karlsson, Winnberg, JonbackMadonna, Bloodshy & Avant4:31Total length:56:34
Hard Candy (2008)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Candy Shop"Pharrell Williams, MadonnaThe Neptunes, Madonna4:162."4 Minutes" (featuring Justin Timberlake and Timbaland)Madonna, Tim Mosley, Timberlake, Nate HillsTimbaland, Timberlake, Danja4:043."Give It 2 Me"Williams, MadonnaThe Neptunes, Madonna4:484."Heartbeat"Williams, MadonnaThe Neptunes, Madonna4:045."Miles Away"Madonna, Mosley, Timberlake, HillsTimbaland, Timberlake, Danja4:496."She's Not Me"Williams, MadonnaThe Neptunes, Madonna6:057."Incredible"Williams, MadonnaThe Neptunes, Madonna6:208."Beat Goes On" (featuring Kanye West)Williams, Madonna, WestThe Neptunes, Madonna4:279."Dance 2Night"Madonna, Mosley, Timberlake, Hannon LaneTimbaland, Timberlake, Lane, Demo Castellon5:0310."Spanish Lesson"Williams, MadonnaThe Neptunes, Madonna3:3811."Devil Wouldn't Recognize You"Madonna, Mosley, Timberlake, Hills, Joe HenryTimbaland, Timberlake, Danja5:0912."Voices"Madonna, Mosley, Timberlake, Hills, LaneTimbaland, Timberlake, Danja, Lane3:40Total length:56:13
Notes
^a signifies a co-producer
^b signifies an additional producer
^c signifies an additional producer and remixer
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart performance for The Complete Studio Albums (1983–2008)
Chart (2012)
Peakposition
Croatian International Albums (HDU)
8
Czech Albums (ČNS IFPI)
13
Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)
48
Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)
45
French Albums (SNEP)
26
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
63
Italian Albums (FIMI)
19
Japanese Albums (Oricon)
9
South Korean Albums (Circle)
84
Mexican Albums (Top 100 Mexico)
62
Scottish Albums (OCC)
91
Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)
44
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)
52
UK Albums (OCC)
70
Monthly charts
Monthly chart performance for The Complete Studio Albums (1983–2008)
Chart (2020)
Position
Czech Albums (ČNS IFPI)
37
Year-end charts
Year-end chart performance for The Complete Studio Albums (1983–2008)
Chart (2012)
Position
Polish Albums (ZPAV)
64
Sales and certification
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
France
—
2,838
Japan
—
13,000
Poland (ZPAV)
Gold
10,000*
United Kingdom
—
2,055
* Sales figures based on certification alone.
Release history
Country
Date
Label
Format
Europe
March 26, 2012
Warner Bros.
Box set
United Kingdom
Germany
March 30, 2012
Notes
^ a b c First-week sales
References
^ "Pre-order the 1983–2008 Box Set". Madonna.com. March 6, 2012. Archived from the original on June 22, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2012.
^ a b c Diver, Mike (April 11, 2012). "Madonna The Complete Studio Albums (1983–2008) Review". BBC News. Archived from the original on April 14, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2012.
^ a b c Murray, Robin (March 22, 2012). "Madonna Issues 'The Complete Studio Albums (1983–2008)'". Clash. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
^ Jones, Alan (March 21, 2012). "Madonna iTunes promotion to complement Complete Studio Albums release". Music Week. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved July 29, 2012.
^ Original Album Series (Media notes). Madonna. Warner Bros. Records. 2012. 8122-79740-5.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ The Royal Box (Media notes). Madonna. Sire Records, Warner Bros. Records. 1991. 7599-26464-2/4.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ CD Single Collection (Media notes). Madonna. Warner Music Japan. 1996. WPDR-3100-3139.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ a b c Kellman, Andy (March 12, 2012). "The Complete Studio Albums (1983 – 2008) > Madonna". AllMusic. Archived from the original on December 23, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
^ a b c d Jones, Alan (April 2, 2012). "Official Charts Analysis: Madonna sells 56k albums". Music Week. Archived from the original on July 11, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2012.
^ a b "Wyróżnienia – Złote płyty CD - Archiwum - Przyznane w 2012 roku" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved November 11, 2014.
^ a b Hamard, Jonathan (April 4, 2012). "Tops : Les Enfoirés tiennent tête à Madonna" (in French). Charts in France. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
^ a b "【オリコン】マドンナ、洋楽女性初の快挙 アルバム2作同時初登場TOP10" (in Japanese). Oricon. April 3, 2012. Archived from the original on August 11, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2012.
^ "Gaon Album Chart: March 2012" (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
^ The Complete Studio Albums (1983 – 2008) (Media notes). Madonna. Warner Bros. Records. 2012. 8122-79740-4.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Hrvatska diskografska udruga (HDU). "Inozemni program (Top Foreign Albums)" (in Croatian). Top of the Shops. p. 1. Archived from the original on March 11, 2016. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
^ "CZ - Albums - TOP 100: Complete Studio Albums (1983-2008): 202149 Week" (in Czech). ČNS IFPI. Retrieved September 4, 2022.
^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Madonna – The Complete Studio Albums (1983-2008)" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
^ "Madonna: The Complete Studio Albums (1983-2008)" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
^ "Lescharts.com – Madonna – The Complete Studio Albums (1983-2008)". Hung Medien. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Madonna – The Complete Studio Albums (1983-2008)" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
^ "Italiancharts.com – Madonna – The Complete Studio Albums (1983-2008)". Hung Medien. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
^ "Oricon Top 50 Albums: 2012-04-09" (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
^ "South Korea Circle Album Chart". On the page, select "2012.04.01~2012.04.07" to obtain the corresponding chart. Circle Chart
^ "Madonna – The Complete Studio Albums (1983-2008)". Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Archived from the original on September 12, 2012. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
^ "Spanishcharts.com – Madonna – The Complete Studio Albums (1983-2008)". Hung Medien. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
^ "Swisscharts.com – Madonna – The Complete Studio Albums (1983-2008)". Hung Medien. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
^ "Madonna | Artist | Official Charts". UK Albums Chart. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
^ "CZ - Albums - Top 100: Měsíc 11/2020" (in Czech). ČNS IFPI. Archived from the original on September 11, 2023. Retrieved September 11, 2023.
^ "Top 100 - annual chart 2012" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry (ZPAV). Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
^ "The Complete Studio Albums (1983–2008)". Amazon Germany (in German). Archived from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved August 5, 2014.
External links
The Complete Studio Albums (1983–2008) at Discogs
vteMadonna
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The Complete Studio Albums (1983–2008)
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The eleven-disc box set was released in Europe and Japan, and included all of Madonna's studio albums from the years 1983 to 2008. The album artwork consisted of a collage of the album covers, housed in a gold box. It also included a Parental Advisory sticker due to the original version of the albums Erotica (1992) and American Life (2003). On the same date, Warner Bros. released and reprinted another box set titled Madonna: Original Album Series which included five discs.After its release, The Complete Studio Albums (1983–2008) received mixed reception from reviewers, who complimented the overall packaging of the box set, but hoped that the record label would have included Madonna's other popular songs that had not been on the original studio albums. The box set charted in multiple nations including Croatia, Finland, France, Italy, Korea, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom. It entered the top-ten of the Japanese Oricon album chart. The same week, MDNA was also present in the top-ten, making Madonna the first female artist from a Western country to have two albums in the chart's top-ten.","title":"The Complete Studio Albums (1983–2008)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"MDNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDNA_(album)"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_(Madonna_album)"},{"link_name":"Like a Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like_a_Virgin_(album)"},{"link_name":"True Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Blue_(Madonna_album)"},{"link_name":"Like a Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like_a_Prayer_(album)"},{"link_name":"Erotica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotica_(Madonna_album)"},{"link_name":"Bedtime Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedtime_Stories_(Madonna_album)"},{"link_name":"Ray of Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_of_Light"},{"link_name":"Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_(Madonna_album)"},{"link_name":"American Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Life"},{"link_name":"Confessions on a Dance Floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessions_on_a_Dance_Floor"},{"link_name":"Hard Candy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Candy_(Madonna_album)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-2"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clash-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sire Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sire_Records"},{"link_name":"Maverick Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maverick_Records"},{"link_name":"The Royal Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Immaculate_Collection"},{"link_name":"The Immaculate Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Immaculate_Collection"},{"link_name":"Burning Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_Up_(Madonna_song)"},{"link_name":"One More Chance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_More_Chance_(Madonna_song)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"On March 6, 2012, Madonna's official website announced that her former record company, Warner Bros. Records (1982–2009), was to release and reprint the eleven-disc box set.[1] It was released to coincide and on the same date as the 2012 studio album MDNA in the United States. The set includes every previous studio album Madonna had released; the remastered versions of Madonna (1983), Like a Virgin (1984) and True Blue (1986), plus the original versions of Like a Prayer (1989), Erotica (1992), Bedtime Stories (1994), Ray of Light (1998), Music (2000), American Life (2003), Confessions on a Dance Floor (2005) and Hard Candy (2008) with each disc housed in a cardboard sleeve.[2] To complement the release of the box set, iTunes sold every Madonna studio album digitally for £3.95 for a limited time in the UK.[3][4] On the same day as its release, Warner Bros. released another box set Madonna: Original Album Series which included five discs; the remastered version of True Blue, Like a Prayer, Ray of Light, Music and Confessions on a Dance Floor.[5]The box set also carries the logos for her other former record companies; Sire Records (1982–1995) and Maverick Records (1992–2004). It is her third greatest hits box set to be released after The Royal Box (1991) which was a limited edition of The Immaculate Collection (1990) and CD Single Collection (1996) which was released exclusively in Japan and included forty 3\" CD singles, from \"Burning Up\" (1983) to \"One More Chance\" (1996), housed in a deluxe black glossy box.[6][7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News"},{"link_name":"Into the Groove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Groove"},{"link_name":"Vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(Madonna_song)"},{"link_name":"I'm Breathless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Breathless"},{"link_name":"Justify My Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justify_My_Love"},{"link_name":"The Immaculate Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Immaculate_Collection"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-2"},{"link_name":"Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clash-3"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clash-3"}],"text":"Mike Diver from the BBC News gave the box set a positive review, commenting that \"this is pop history, a document of the most powerful female force in the music industry as she began her ascent, achieved superstar status, overcame a couple of hiccups, and ultimately landed in the '00s as every fledgling pop idol's ultimate mother figure.\" He also mentioned the absence of tracks \"Into the Groove\" (only available on the 1985 reissue of Like a Virgin), \"Vogue\" (from 1990's I'm Breathless) and \"Justify My Love\" (from 1990's The Immaculate Collection) may disappoint some fans.[2] Robin Murray from Clash noted that while it traced \"the evolution of a pop phenomenon\", he felt it needed bonus materials.[3] Andy Kellman from AllMusic was more ambivalent in his reception of the box set, stating that the release is more suitable for \"voracious newcomers than longtime followers\".[8]Describing the packaging, Kellman noted that it \"was sharp but not elaborate – a clamshell box with each disc packaged in a paper LP-replica sleeve. While the box is a convenient and reasonably priced way to obtain most of Madonna's releases, an investment of that scope should entail all the stray hits from the same era. This really could have used a 12th disc\", for adding all the other songs released by Madonna.[8] The BBC described the packaging as a \"no-frills affair—CDs are housed in cardboard sleeves that won't stand up to house-party punishment\"[2] Clash commented on the packaging more favorably, describing it as \"fairly lavish\".[3]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-music_week-9"},{"link_name":"Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Society_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poland-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchsales-11"},{"link_name":"MDNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDNA_(album)"},{"link_name":"Bruce Springsteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen"},{"link_name":"Human Touch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Touch"},{"link_name":"Lucky Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Town"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oricon-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gaon-13"}],"text":"In the United Kingdom, the box set debuted at number 70 on the UK Albums Chart with sales of 2,055 copies. Madonna's total album sales for the 21st century in the United Kingdom stood at 7,279,423, as of April 2012, making her one of the biggest selling acts of this period.[9] It was certified gold in Poland by the Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry (ZPAV) for shipment of 10,000 copies of the box set.[10] In France, the box set debuted at number 26 with 2,838 units.[11]In Japan it sold 13,000 copies and debuted at number nine (and MDNA at number four) making Madonna the first international female artist in Japanese chart history to have two albums in the top ten simultaneously and the first international artist in 20 years to achieve such feat, after Bruce Springsteen, who occupied two simultaneous top-ten albums in 1992 with Human Touch and Lucky Town. With this feat, Madonna has accumulated 22 top-ten albums in Japan, more than any other international artist.[12] On the South Korean International chart, it debuted and peaked at number 81, selling around 200 copies.[13]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records"},{"link_name":"Sire Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sire_Records"},{"link_name":"Maverick Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maverick_Records"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_(Madonna_album)"},{"link_name":"Lucky Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Star_(Madonna_song)"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna"},{"link_name":"Reggie Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggie_Lucas"},{"link_name":"Borderline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borderline_(Madonna_song)"},{"link_name":"Burning Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_Up_(Madonna_song)"},{"link_name":"Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday_(Madonna_song)"},{"link_name":"Curtis Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Energy_(band)"},{"link_name":"Lisa Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Energy_(band)"},{"link_name":"John \"Jellybean\" Benitez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Benitez"},{"link_name":"Physical Attraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Attraction_(song)"},{"link_name":"Like a Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like_a_Virgin_(album)"},{"link_name":"Material Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_Girl"},{"link_name":"Peter Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Brown_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Nile Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_(Madonna_song)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Bray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Bray"},{"link_name":"Like a Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like_a_Virgin_(song)"},{"link_name":"Tom Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Kelly_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Billy Steinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Steinberg"},{"link_name":"Love Don't Live Here Anymore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Don%27t_Live_Here_Anymore"},{"link_name":"Dress You Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dress_You_Up"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_c"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_c"},{"link_name":"True Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Blue_(Madonna_album)"},{"link_name":"Papa Don't Preach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Don%27t_Preach"},{"link_name":"Open Your Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Your_Heart_(Madonna_song)"},{"link_name":"Patrick Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Leonard"},{"link_name":"Live to Tell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_to_Tell"},{"link_name":"True Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Blue_(Madonna_song)"},{"link_name":"La Isla Bonita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Isla_Bonita"},{"link_name":"Shep Pettibone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shep_Pettibone"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_c"},{"link_name":"Chris Lord-Alge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Lord-Alge"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_c"},{"link_name":"Like a Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like_a_Prayer_(album)"},{"link_name":"Like a Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like_a_Prayer_(song)"},{"link_name":"Express Yourself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Express_Yourself_(Madonna_song)"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Cherish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherish_(Madonna_song)"},{"link_name":"Dear Jessie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear_Jessie"},{"link_name":"Oh Father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_Father"},{"link_name":"Keep It Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep_It_Together_(Madonna_song)"},{"link_name":"Erotica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotica_(Madonna_album)"},{"link_name":"Erotica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotica_(song)"},{"link_name":"Shep Pettibone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shep_Pettibone"},{"link_name":"Fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever_(Madonna_song)"},{"link_name":"Bye Bye Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bye_Bye_Baby_(Madonna_song)"},{"link_name":"Deeper and Deeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deeper_and_Deeper"},{"link_name":"Bad Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Girl_(Madonna_song)"},{"link_name":"Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_(Madonna_song)"},{"link_name":"Bedtime Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedtime_Stories_(Madonna_album)"},{"link_name":"Dallas Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Austin"},{"link_name":"Nellee Hooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellee_Hooper"},{"link_name":"Secret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_(Madonna_song)"},{"link_name":"Dave Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Hall_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Isley Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isley_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Christopher Jasper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Jasper"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_c"},{"link_name":"Human Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Nature_(Madonna_song)"},{"link_name":"Babyface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyface_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Herbie Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Hancock"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_c"},{"link_name":"Bedtime Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedtime_Story_(Madonna_song)"},{"link_name":"Björk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk"},{"link_name":"Marius De Vries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_De_Vries"},{"link_name":"Take a Bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_a_Bow_(Madonna_song)"},{"link_name":"Ray of Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_of_Light"},{"link_name":"Drowned World/Substitute for Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowned_World/Substitute_for_Love"},{"link_name":"William Orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Orbit"},{"link_name":"Rod McKuen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_McKuen"},{"link_name":"Anita Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Kerr"},{"link_name":"Ray of Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_of_Light_(song)"},{"link_name":"Susannah Melvoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susannah_Melvoin"},{"link_name":"Nothing Really Matters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_Really_Matters"},{"link_name":"Frozen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_(Madonna_song)"},{"link_name":"The Power of Good-Bye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Power_of_Good-Bye"},{"link_name":"Rick Nowels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Nowels"},{"link_name":"Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_(Madonna_album)"},{"link_name":"Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_(Madonna_song)"},{"link_name":"Mirwais Ahmadzaï","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirwais_Ahmadza%C3%AF"},{"link_name":"Impressive Instant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressive_Instant"},{"link_name":"William Orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Orbit"},{"link_name":"Don't Tell Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Tell_Me_(Madonna_song)"},{"link_name":"Joe Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Henry"},{"link_name":"What It Feels Like for a Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_It_Feels_Like_for_a_Girl"},{"link_name":"Guy Sigsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Sigsworth"},{"link_name":"Mark \"Spike\" Stent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_%22Spike%22_Stent"},{"link_name":"American Pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pie_(Madonna_cover)"},{"link_name":"Don McLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_McLean"},{"link_name":"American Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Life"},{"link_name":"American Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Life_(song)"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_(Madonna_song)"},{"link_name":"Mark \"Spike\" Stent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Stent"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_b"},{"link_name":"Love Profusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Profusion"},{"link_name":"Nobody Knows Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobody_Knows_Me"},{"link_name":"Nothing Fails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_Fails"},{"link_name":"Guy Sigsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Sigsworth"},{"link_name":"Jem Griffiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jem_Griffiths"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_b"},{"link_name":"Stuart Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Price"},{"link_name":"Die Another Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Another_Day_(song)"},{"link_name":"Monte Pittman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Pittman"},{"link_name":"Confessions on a Dance Floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessions_on_a_Dance_Floor"},{"link_name":"Hung Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_Up"},{"link_name":"Stuart Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Price"},{"link_name":"Benny Andersson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Andersson"},{"link_name":"Björn Ulvaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Ulvaeus"},{"link_name":"Get Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Together_(Madonna_song)"},{"link_name":"Anders Bagge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Bagge"},{"link_name":"Peer Åström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_%C3%85str%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Sorry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorry_(Madonna_song)"},{"link_name":"Jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump_(Madonna_song)"},{"link_name":"Joe Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Henry"},{"link_name":"Henrik Jonback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Jonback"},{"link_name":"Bloodshy & Avant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodshy_%26_Avant"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Hard Candy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Candy_(Madonna_album)"},{"link_name":"Pharrell Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharrell_Williams"},{"link_name":"The Neptunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Neptunes"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"4 Minutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_Minutes"},{"link_name":"Justin Timberlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Timberlake"},{"link_name":"Timbaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbaland"},{"link_name":"Danja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danja_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Give It 2 Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give_It_2_Me"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Miles Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Away_(Madonna_song)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_b"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Joe Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Henry"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"^a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_a"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"^b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_b"},{"link_name":"^c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_c"},{"link_name":"remixer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix"}],"text":"The box set consists of Madonna's first eleven studio albums, from her career with Warner Bros. Records (1982–2009) and its divisions Sire Records (1982–1995) and Maverick Records (1992–2003).[14]Madonna (1983) – 2001 remastered versionNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Lucky Star\"MadonnaReggie Lucas5:382.\"Borderline\"LucasLucas5:183.\"Burning Up\"MadonnaLucas3:444.\"I Know It\"MadonnaLucas3:455.\"Holiday\"Curtis HudsonLisa StevensJohn \"Jellybean\" Benitez6:086.\"Think of Me\"MadonnaLucas4:547.\"Physical Attraction\"LucasLucas6:378.\"Everybody\" (original version)MadonnaKamins6:029.\"Burning Up\" (12\" version)MadonnaLucas5:5910.\"Lucky Star\" (\"new\" mix)MadonnaLucas7:15Total length:54:01Like a Virgin (1984) – 2001 remastered versionNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Material Girl\"Peter Brown, Robert RansNile Rodgers4:002.\"Angel\"Madonna, Stephen BrayRodgers3:563.\"Like a Virgin\"Tom Kelly, Billy SteinbergRodgers3:384.\"Over and Over\"Madonna, BrayRodgers4:125.\"Love Don't Live Here Anymore\"Miles GregoryRodgers4:476.\"Dress You Up\"Andrea LaRusso, Peggy StanzialeRodgers4:017.\"Shoo-Bee-Doo\"MadonnaRodgers5:168.\"Pretender\"Madonna, BrayRodgers4:309.\"Stay\"Madonna, BrayRodgers4:0710.\"Like a Virgin\" (Extended Dance Remix)Kelly, SteinbergRodgers, Benitez[c]6:0811.\"Material Girl\" (Extended Dance Remix)Brown, RansRodgers, Benitez[c]6:07Total length:43:10True Blue (1986) – 2001 remastered versionNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Papa Don't Preach\"Brian Elliot, MadonnaMadonna, Stephen Bray4:292.\"Open Your Heart\"Madonna, Gardner Cole, Peter RafelsonMadonna, Patrick Leonard4:133.\"White Heat\"Madonna, LeonardMadonna, Leonard4:404.\"Live to Tell\"Madonna, LeonardMadonna, Leonard5:515.\"Where's the Party\"Madonna, Bray, LeonardMadonna, Leonard, Bray4:216.\"True Blue\"Madonna, BrayMadonna, Bray4:187.\"La Isla Bonita\"Madonna, Leonard, Bruce GaitschMadonna, Leonard4:028.\"Jimmy Jimmy\"Madonna, BrayMadonna, Bray3:559.\"Love Makes the World Go Round\"Madonna, LeonardMadonna, Leonard4:3110.\"True Blue\" (The Color Mix)Madonna, BrayMadonna, Bray, Shep Pettibone[c]6:4011.\"La Isla Bonita\" (Extended Remix)Madonna, Leonard, GaitschMadonna, Leonard, Chris Lord-Alge[c]5:27Total length:40:25Like a Prayer (1989)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Like a Prayer\"Madonna, Patrick LeonardMadonna, Leonard5:392.\"Express Yourself\"Madonna, Stephen BrayMadonna, Bray4:393.\"Love Song\" (with Prince)Madonna, PrinceMadonna, Prince4:524.\"Till Death Do Us Part\"Madonna, LeonardMadonna, Leonard5:165.\"Promise to Try\"Madonna, LeonardMadonna, Leonard3:366.\"Cherish\"Madonna, LeonardMadonna, Leonard5:037.\"Dear Jessie\"Madonna, LeonardMadonna, Leonard4:208.\"Oh Father\"Madonna, LeonardMadonna, Leonard4:579.\"Keep It Together\"Madonna, BrayMadonna, Bray5:0310.\"Spanish Eyes\"Madonna, LeonardMadonna, Leonard5:1511.\"Act of Contrition\"Madonna, LeonardMadonna, Leonard2:19Total length:51:16Erotica (1992) – Explicit versionNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Erotica\"Madonna, Shep Pettibone, Anthony ShimkinMadonna, Pettibone5:202.\"Fever\"Eddie Cooley, John DavenportMadonna, Pettibone5:003.\"Bye Bye Baby\"Madonna, Pettibone, ShimkinMadonna, Pettibone3:564.\"Deeper and Deeper\"Madonna, Pettibone, ShimkinMadonna, Pettibone5:335.\"Where Life Begins\"Madonna, André BettsMadonna, Betts5:576.\"Bad Girl\"Madonna, Pettibone, ShimkinMadonna, Pettibone5:237.\"Waiting\"Madonna, BettsMadonna, Betts5:468.\"Thief of Hearts\"Madonna, Pettibone, ShimkinMadonna, Pettibone4:519.\"Words\"Madonna, Pettibone, ShimkinMadonna, Pettibone5:5510.\"Rain\"Madonna, PettiboneMadonna, Pettibone5:2511.\"Why's It So Hard\"Madonna, Pettibone, ShimkinMadonna, Pettibone5:2312.\"In This Life\"Madonna, PettiboneMadonna, Pettibone6:2313.\"Did You Do It?\" (featuring Mark Goodman and Dave Murphy)Madonna, Pettibone, BettsMadonna, Betts4:5414.\"Secret Garden\"Madonna, BettsMadonna, Betts5:32Total length:75:24Bedtime Stories (1994)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Survival\"Madonna, Dallas AustinNellee Hooper, Madonna3:312.\"Secret\"Madonna, AustinMadonna, Austin5:033.\"I'd Rather Be Your Lover\"Madonna, Dave Hall, Isley Brothers, Christopher JasperMadonna, Hall4:394.\"Don't Stop\"Madonna, Austin, Colin WolfeMadonna, Austin, Daniel Abraham[c]4:385.\"Inside of Me\"Madonna, Hall, HooperHooper, Madonna4:116.\"Human Nature\"Madonna, Hall, Shawn McKenzie, Kevin McKenzie, Michael DeeringMadonna, Hall4:547.\"Forbidden Love\"Babyface, MadonnaHooper, Madonna4:088.\"Love Tried to Welcome Me\"Madonna, HallMadonna, Hall5:219.\"Sanctuary\"Madonna, Austin, Anne Preven, Scott Cutler, Herbie HancockMadonnaAustinHooper[c]5:0210.\"Bedtime Story\"Hooper, Björk, Marius De VriesHooper, Madonna4:5311.\"Take a Bow\"Babyface, MadonnaBabyface, Madonna5:21Total length:51:50Ray of Light (1998)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Drowned World/Substitute for Love\"Madonna, William Orbit, Rod McKuen, Anita Kerr, David CollinsMadonna, Orbit5:092.\"Swim\"Madonna, OrbitMadonna, Orbit5:003.\"Ray of Light\"Madonna, Orbit, Clive Maldoon, Dave Curtiss, Christine Ann LeachMadonna, Orbit5:214.\"Candy Perfume Girl\"Madonna, Orbit, Susannah MelvoinMadonna, Orbit4:345.\"Skin\"Madonna, Patrick LeonardMadonna, Orbit, Marius DeVries6:226.\"Nothing Really Matters\"Madonna, LeonardMadonna, Orbit, DeVries4:277.\"Sky Fits Heaven\"Madonna, LeonardMadonna, Orbit, Leonard4:488.\"Shanti/Ashtangi\"Madonna, OrbitMadonna, Orbit4:299.\"Frozen\"Madonna, LeonardMadonna, Orbit, Leonard6:1210.\"The Power of Good-Bye\"Madonna, Rick NowelsMadonna, Orbit, Leonard4:1011.\"To Have and Not to Hold\"Madonna, NowelsMadonna, Orbit, Leonard5:2312.\"Little Star\"Madonna, NowelsMadonna, DeVries5:1813.\"Mer Girl\"Madonna, OrbitMadonna, Orbit5:32Total length:66:52Music (2000) – International versionNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Music\"Madonna, Mirwais AhmadzaïMadonna, Ahmadzaï3:442.\"Impressive Instant\"Madonna, AhmadzaïMadonna, Ahmadzaï3:373.\"Runaway Lover\"Madonna, William OrbitMadonna, Orbit4:464.\"I Deserve It\"Madonna, AhmadzaïMadonna, Ahmadzaï4:235.\"Amazing\"Madonna, OrbitMadonna, Orbit3:436.\"Nobody's Perfect\"Madonna, AhmadzaïMadonna, Ahmadzaï4:587.\"Don't Tell Me\"Madonna, Ahmadzaï, Joe HenryMadonna, Ahmadzaï4:408.\"What It Feels Like for a Girl\"Madonna, Guy SigsworthMadonna, Sigsworth, Mark \"Spike\" Stent4:439.\"Paradise (Not for Me)\"Madonna, AhmadzaïMadonna, Ahmadzaï6:3310.\"Gone\"Madonna, Damian Le Gassick, Nik YoungMadonna, Orbit, Stent3:2411.\"American Pie\"Don McLeanMadonna, Orbit4:33Total length:44:40American Life (2003)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"American Life\"Madonna, Mirwais AhmadzaïMadonna, Ahmadzaï4:582.\"Hollywood\"Madonna, AhmadzaïMadonna, Ahmadzaï4:243.\"I'm So Stupid\"Madonna, AhmadzaïMadonna, Ahmadzaï, Mark \"Spike\" Stent[b]4:094.\"Love Profusion\"Madonna, AhmadzaïMadonna, Ahmadzaï3:385.\"Nobody Knows Me\"Madonna, AhmadzaïMadonna, Ahmadzaï4:396.\"Nothing Fails\"Madonna, Guy Sigsworth, Jem GriffithsMadonna, Ahmadzaï, Stent[b]4:497.\"Intervention\"Madonna, AhmadzaïMadonna, Ahmadzaï4:548.\"X-Static Process\"Madonna, Stuart PriceMadonna, Ahmadzaï3:509.\"Mother and Father\"Madonna, AhmadzaïMadonna, Ahmadzaï4:3310.\"Die Another Day\"Madonna, AhmadzaïMadonna, Ahmadzaï4:3811.\"Easy Ride\"Madonna, Monte PittmanMadonna, Ahmadzaï5:05Total length:49:39Confessions on a Dance Floor (2005)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Hung Up\"Madonna, Stuart Price, Benny Andersson, Björn UlvaeusMadonna, Price5:362.\"Get Together\"Madonna, Anders Bagge, Peer Åström, PriceMadonna, Price5:303.\"Sorry\"Madonna, PriceMadonna, Price4:434.\"Future Lovers\"Madonna, Mirwais AhmadzaïMadonna, Ahmadzaï4:515.\"I Love New York\"Madonna, PriceMadonna, Price4:116.\"Let It Will Be\"Madonna, Ahmadzaï, PriceMadonna, Price4:187.\"Forbidden Love\"Madonna, PriceMadonna, Price4:228.\"Jump\"Madonna, Joe Henry, PriceMadonna, Price3:469.\"How High\"Madonna, Christian Karlsson, Pontus Winnberg, Henrik JonbackMadonna, Bloodshy & Avant, Price[a]4:4010.\"Isaac\"Madonna, PriceMadonna, Price6:0311.\"Push\"Madonna, PriceMadonna, Price3:5712.\"Like It or Not\"Madonna, Karlsson, Winnberg, JonbackMadonna, Bloodshy & Avant4:31Total length:56:34Hard Candy (2008)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Candy Shop\"Pharrell Williams, MadonnaThe Neptunes, Madonna[a]4:162.\"4 Minutes\" (featuring Justin Timberlake and Timbaland)Madonna, Tim Mosley, Timberlake, Nate HillsTimbaland, Timberlake, Danja4:043.\"Give It 2 Me\"Williams, MadonnaThe Neptunes, Madonna[a]4:484.\"Heartbeat\"Williams, MadonnaThe Neptunes, Madonna[a]4:045.\"Miles Away\"Madonna, Mosley, Timberlake, HillsTimbaland, Timberlake, Danja4:496.\"She's Not Me\"Williams, MadonnaThe Neptunes, Madonna[a]6:057.\"Incredible\"Williams, MadonnaThe Neptunes, Madonna[a]6:208.\"Beat Goes On\" (featuring Kanye West)Williams, Madonna, WestThe Neptunes, Madonna[a]4:279.\"Dance 2Night\"Madonna, Mosley, Timberlake, Hannon LaneTimbaland, Timberlake, Lane[a], Demo Castellon[b]5:0310.\"Spanish Lesson\"Williams, MadonnaThe Neptunes, Madonna[a]3:3811.\"Devil Wouldn't Recognize You\"Madonna, Mosley, Timberlake, Hills, Joe HenryTimbaland, Timberlake, Danja5:0912.\"Voices\"Madonna, Mosley, Timberlake, Hills, LaneTimbaland, Timberlake, Danja, Lane[a]3:40Total length:56:13Notes^a signifies a co-producer\n^b signifies an additional producer\n^c signifies an additional producer and remixer","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HDU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_of_the_Shops"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Croatia-15"},{"link_name":"ČNS IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czech-16"},{"link_name":"Album Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Album_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dutch-17"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fin-18"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fra-19"},{"link_name":"Offizielle Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ger-20"},{"link_name":"FIMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ita-21"},{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Oricon_Madonna-22"},{"link_name":"Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Korea_-23"},{"link_name":"Top 100 Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_100_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mex-24"},{"link_name":"Scottish Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Scotland_-25"},{"link_name":"PROMUSICAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spa-26"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swi-27"},{"link_name":"UK Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unitedkingdom-28"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Complete_Studio_Albums_(1983%E2%80%932008)&action=edit§ion=7"},{"link_name":"ČNS IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Complete_Studio_Albums_(1983%E2%80%932008)&action=edit§ion=8"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polandpeak-30"}],"sub_title":"Weekly charts","text":"Chart performance for The Complete Studio Albums (1983–2008)\n\n\nChart (2012)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nCroatian International Albums (HDU)[15]\n\n8\n\n\nCzech Albums (ČNS IFPI)[16]\n\n13\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[17]\n\n48\n\n\nFinnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[18]\n\n45\n\n\nFrench Albums (SNEP)[19]\n\n26\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[20]\n\n63\n\n\nItalian Albums (FIMI)[21]\n\n19\n\n\nJapanese Albums (Oricon)[22]\n\n9\n\n\nSouth Korean Albums (Circle)[23]\n\n84\n\n\nMexican Albums (Top 100 Mexico)[24]\n\n62\n\n\nScottish Albums (OCC)[25]\n\n91\n\n\nSpanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[26]\n\n44\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[27]\n\n52\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[28]\n\n70\n\n\n\n\nMonthly charts[edit]\n\nMonthly chart performance for The Complete Studio Albums (1983–2008)\n\n\nChart (2020)\n\nPosition\n\n\nCzech Albums (ČNS IFPI)[29]\n\n37\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\nYear-end chart performance for The Complete Studio Albums (1983–2008)\n\n\nChart (2012)\n\nPosition\n\n\nPolish Albums (ZPAV)[30]\n\n64","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sales and certification"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_31-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_31-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_31-2"}],"text":"^ a b c First-week sales","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Pre-order the 1983–2008 Box Set\". Madonna.com. March 6, 2012. Archived from the original on June 22, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.madonna.com/news/title/preorder-the-19832008-box-set","url_text":"\"Pre-order the 1983–2008 Box Set\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120622155350/http://www.madonna.com/news/title/preorder-the-19832008-box-set","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Diver, Mike (April 11, 2012). \"Madonna The Complete Studio Albums (1983–2008) Review\". BBC News. Archived from the original on April 14, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/69hf","url_text":"\"Madonna The Complete Studio Albums (1983–2008) Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120414035244/http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/69hf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Murray, Robin (March 22, 2012). \"Madonna Issues 'The Complete Studio Albums (1983–2008)'\". Clash. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.clashmusic.com/news/madonna-issues-the-complete-studio-albums-1983-2008","url_text":"\"Madonna Issues 'The Complete Studio Albums (1983–2008)'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_(magazine)","url_text":"Clash"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140808044342/http://www.clashmusic.com/news/madonna-issues-the-complete-studio-albums-1983-2008","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Alan (March 21, 2012). \"Madonna iTunes promotion to complement Complete Studio Albums release\". Music Week. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved July 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/madonna-itunes-promotion-to-complement-complete-studio-albums-release/048394","url_text":"\"Madonna iTunes promotion to complement Complete Studio Albums release\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150225/http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/madonna-itunes-promotion-to-complement-complete-studio-albums-release/048394","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Original Album Series (Media notes). Madonna. Warner Bros. Records. 2012. 8122-79740-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records","url_text":"Warner Bros. Records"}]},{"reference":"The Royal Box (Media notes). Madonna. Sire Records, Warner Bros. Records. 1991. 7599-26464-2/4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Immaculate_Collection","url_text":"The Royal Box"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sire_Records","url_text":"Sire Records"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records","url_text":"Warner Bros. Records"}]},{"reference":"CD Single Collection (Media notes). Madonna. Warner Music Japan. 1996. WPDR-3100-3139.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music_Group","url_text":"Warner Music Japan"}]},{"reference":"Kellman, Andy (March 12, 2012). \"The Complete Studio Albums (1983 – 2008) > Madonna\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on December 23, 2013. 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Retrieved July 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/official-charts-analysis-madonna-sells-56k-albums-chris-brown-shifts-84k-singles/048490","url_text":"\"Official Charts Analysis: Madonna sells 56k albums\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150711132039/http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/official-charts-analysis-madonna-sells-56k-albums-chris-brown-shifts-84k-singles/048490","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Wyróżnienia – Złote płyty CD - Archiwum - Przyznane w 2012 roku\" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved November 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://bestsellery.zpav.pl/wyroznienia/zloteplyty/cd/archiwum.php?year=2012","url_text":"\"Wyróżnienia – Złote płyty CD - Archiwum - Przyznane w 2012 roku\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Society_of_the_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"Hamard, Jonathan (April 4, 2012). \"Tops : Les Enfoirés tiennent tête à Madonna\" (in French). Charts in France. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chartsinfrance.net/actualite/news-79002.html","url_text":"\"Tops : Les Enfoirés tiennent tête à Madonna\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Charts","url_text":"Charts in France"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120702200903/http://www.chartsinfrance.net/actualite/news-79002.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"【オリコン】マドンナ、洋楽女性初の快挙 アルバム2作同時初登場TOP10\" [Madonna, two albums having simultaneous entry in top 10, first for a Western artist] (in Japanese). Oricon. April 3, 2012. Archived from the original on August 11, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2009550/full/","url_text":"\"【オリコン】マドンナ、洋楽女性初の快挙 アルバム2作同時初登場TOP10\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon","url_text":"Oricon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140811111449/http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2009550/full/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Gaon Album Chart: March 2012\" (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://gaonchart.co.kr/chart/album.php?f_type=month&f_year=2012&f_month=03&f_week=&f_chart_kind_cd=E","url_text":"\"Gaon Album Chart: March 2012\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Music_Chart","url_text":"Gaon Music Chart"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140808044824/http://gaonchart.co.kr/chart/album.php?f_type=month&f_year=2012&f_month=03&f_week=&f_chart_kind_cd=E","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"The Complete Studio Albums (1983 – 2008) (Media notes). Madonna. Warner Bros. Records. 2012. 8122-79740-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records","url_text":"Warner Bros. Records"}]},{"reference":"Hrvatska diskografska udruga (HDU). \"Inozemni program (Top Foreign Albums)\" (in Croatian). Top of the Shops. p. 1. Archived from the original on March 11, 2016. Retrieved May 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160311081318/http://hdu-toplista.com/download.php?id=1007&what=pdf_lista","url_text":"\"Inozemni program (Top Foreign Albums)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_of_the_Shops","url_text":"Top of the Shops"},{"url":"http://hdu-toplista.com/download.php?id=1007&what=pdf_lista","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CZ - Albums - TOP 100: Complete Studio Albums (1983-2008): 202149 Week\" (in Czech). ČNS IFPI. Retrieved September 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://hitparada.ifpicr.cz/index.php?a=titul&hitparada=14&titul=150231&sec=6a4d5712dacc5d5a9aca8188ae6a9da6","url_text":"\"CZ - Albums - TOP 100: Complete Studio Albums (1983-2008): 202149 Week\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI","url_text":"ČNS IFPI"}]},{"reference":"\"CZ - Albums - Top 100: Měsíc 11/2020\" (in Czech). ČNS IFPI. Archived from the original on September 11, 2023. Retrieved September 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ifpicr.cz/hitparada/14?weekId=2678","url_text":"\"CZ - Albums - Top 100: Měsíc 11/2020\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230911222834/https://ifpicr.cz/hitparada/14?weekId=2678","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 - annual chart 2012\" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry (ZPAV). Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved April 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zpav.pl/rankingi/listy/top100/roczna.php","url_text":"\"Top 100 - annual chart 2012\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203072317/http://www.zpav.pl/rankingi/listy/top100/roczna.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Complete Studio Albums (1983–2008)\". Amazon Germany (in German). Archived from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved August 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.de/Complete-Studio-Albums-1983-2008/dp/B0073ODRKG/","url_text":"\"The Complete Studio Albums (1983–2008)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160420060946/http://www.amazon.de/Complete-Studio-Albums-1983-2008/dp/B0073ODRKG","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleavin%C8%9Bi
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Beleavinți
|
["1 References"]
|
Village in MoldovaBeleavințiVillageBeleavințiCoordinates: 48°17′25″N 26°55′59″E / 48.29028°N 26.93306°E / 48.29028; 26.93306Country MoldovaGovernment • MayorIvan Tulbea (Independent)Elevation170 m (560 ft)Population (2014 census) • Total2,193Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Postal codeMD-4725
Beleavinți is a village in Briceni District, Moldova.
References
^ "Lista primarilor aleși în cadrul Alegerilor Locale Generale din 14 iunie 2015" (in Romanian). Central Election Commission of Moldova. 2015. Retrieved 2016-04-15.
^ Results of Population and Housing Census in the Republic of Moldova in 2014: "Characteristics - Population (population by communes, religion, citizenship)" (XLS). National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova. 2017. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
^ Clasificatorul unităților administrativ-teritoriale al Republicii Moldova (CUATM) (in Romanian)
vteCities, towns and communes of Briceni District, MoldovaDistrict seat: BriceniCities and towns
Briceni
Lipcani
Communes
Berlinți
Bogdănești
Bălcăuți
Colicăuți
Halahora de Sus
Larga
Marcăuți
Medveja
Mihăileni
Villages (communes)1
Balasinești
Beleavinți
Bulboaca
Caracușenii Vechi
Corjeuți
Coteala
Cotiujeni
Criva
Drepcăuți
Grimăncăuți
Hlina
Pererîta
Slobozia-Șirăuți
Tabani
Tețcani
Trebisăuți
Șirăuți
1 As defined officially by law (villages not forming communes).
This Briceni district location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Miller_(bassist)
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Symphony X
|
["1 History","1.1 Symphony X and The Damnation Game (1994−1995)","1.2 The Divine Wings of Tragedy and Twilight in Olympus (1996−1998)","1.3 V: The New Mythology Suite and The Odyssey (1999−2005)","1.4 Paradise Lost (2006–2010)","1.5 Iconoclast (2011–2013)","1.6 Underworld and band hiatus (2015–2019)","1.7 Upcoming tenth studio album (2020–present)","2 Musical style","3 Solo projects","4 Line-up","4.1 Timeline","5 Discography","6 References","7 External links"]
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American metal band
For symphonies, see Symphony No. 10. For their self-titled debut album, see Symphony X (album).
Symphony XSymphony X performing in Carrboro, North Carolina, 2022Background informationOriginMiddletown, New Jersey, U.S.Genres
Progressive metal
power metal
neoclassical metal
symphonic metal
Years active1994–presentLabelsNuclear BlastInside OutZero CorporationMembers
Michael Romeo
Michael Pinnella
Russell Allen
Jason Rullo
Michael LePond
Past members
Thomas Miller
Rod Tyler
Thomas Walling
Websitesymphonyx.com
Symphony X is an American progressive metal band from Middletown, New Jersey. Founded in 1994, the band consists of guitarist Michael Romeo, keyboardist Michael Pinnella, drummer Jason Rullo, lead vocalist Russell Allen and bassist Michael LePond.
They achieved some commercial success with the 2007 album Paradise Lost and the 2011 album Iconoclast, which reached number 76 on the Billboard 200.
The albums The Divine Wings of Tragedy and V: The New Mythology Suite were partially recorded in The Dungeon, Romeo's home studio. The Odyssey, Paradise Lost, Iconoclast and Underworld were fully recorded there and produced by Romeo himself.
History
Symphony X and The Damnation Game (1994−1995)
In 1992, Michael Romeo (formerly of the bands Phantom's Opera and Gemini) recorded a demo album in his apartment which was sent to various record labels. The tape attracted attention in Japan with the now-defunct record company Zero Corporation. In April 1994, a new version of The Dark Chapter, which featured Romeo and keyboard player Michael Pinnella, was released by Zero Corporation.
When asked by Zero Corporation if he had a band in the same genre, Romeo recruited bassist Thomas Miller, drummer Jason Rullo, and vocalist Rod Tyler, with Pinella remaining on keys. Together, the band recorded a demo tape entitled Danse Macabre some time in 1994. It is unclear if the tape was intended for Zero Corporation alone, or if it was sent to other record labels for consideration. Two songs from the demo would be recorded for the band's self-titled debut album, which was released by Zero Corporation in December 1994.
Romeo explained the band's name in a 2008 interview; "the music we were coming up with had the keyboard thing and the guitar, and some classical elements, so the word 'Symphony' came up and ... then, somebody said 'Symphony X' and we were like, 'yeah, that's cool' it is that kinda thing, and the 'X' is the unknown and all the other stuff we do."
After the release of Symphony X in 1994, Rod Tyler left the band due to creative differences and was replaced by current singer Russell Allen, who Tyler had previously introduced to the band. The band's second album, The Damnation Game, released in August 1995. Both albums were released in Asia through Japanese company Zero Corporation, and were later released in Europe under license to German company Inside Out.
The Divine Wings of Tragedy and Twilight in Olympus (1996−1998)
The Divine Wings of Tragedy, recorded in 1996 and released in November of the same year by Zero Corporation in Japan, proved to be successful for the band, generating interest outside of Japan and within wider circles in the metal community. The album would have a European release in March 1997, again through German label Inside Out. In a 2008 interview, Romeo recalled "it felt like we were a ‘real band’ now, we really had our thing going and more and more people were getting exposed to it." The album was positively received, with AllMusic praising Romeo's "pyrotechnic displays" and describing Pinella and Miller as "equally competent on their respective instruments".
Following the release of The Divine Wings of Tragedy, drummer Rullo left the band for personal reasons. Romeo would later recall there was some tension in the band at the time between drummer Rullo and bassist Miller. The band recruited a new drummer, Thomas Walling, to replace Rullo and recorded Twilight in Olympus in 1998. The album was released in February 1998 via Zero Corporation in Japan and simultaneously via Inside Out in Europe. The album released to favourable reviews, though Romeo has since voiced his concerns that the album was "rushed" due to pressure from Zero Corporation as well as "rushing back into the studio to get stuff done with ," continuing "I think of all our albums, that's not one of my favourites mainly because of that reason - it's kinda rushed. Some of the stuff on there is not what it could and should have been."
1998 saw the first live performances for the band, which had been organised prior to the release of Twilight in Olympus. Their first official show was in Osaka, Japan on June 23, 1998, which was soon followed by a world tour. Following the initial run of Japanese shows, bassist Miller and drummer Walling both left the band due to their unwillingness to tour. Original drummer Rullo rejoined the band, and the band recruited touring bassist Andy DeLuca before finding a permanent replacement in Michael LePond.
A compilation album, Prelude to the Millennium, was released by the end of 1998. It featured a re-recording of "Masquerade" from the first album Symphony X, featuring Russell Allen on vocals.
V: The New Mythology Suite and The Odyssey (1999−2005)
The band's fifth album, V: The New Mythology Suite, released in October 2000. The album would mark the band's first worldwide release on a major record label, Inside Out, who had licensed Symphony X's previous albums for European releases. The album was their first concept album, dealing with the myth of Atlantis. Romeo stated the band wanted to focus on the record as a whole rather than any one particular song. The album features touring staples such as "Evolution (The Grand Design)", "Communion and the Oracle" and "Egypt", and prominently features a number of classical music pieces.
The band supported the album with a European and South American tour shortly after its release. The band's first live album, Live on the Edge of Forever, was recorded on the European leg of the tour in Élysée Montmartre, Paris and was released in November 2001.
In 2002, the band released The Odyssey, an album prominently featuring a 24-minute-long musical interpretation of the Homeric epic, the Odyssey. The album was again released worldwide by Inside Out, and was the first album to be recorded entirely in Romeo's home studio The Dungeon. The album was particularly successful for the band, again expanding their audience on an international scale. The band supported the album by touring North America with Blind Guardian, which marked some of the first North American shows for both bands.
In 2005 Symphony X was featured on Gigantour, a summer festival headlined by Megadeth with Dream Theater, Nevermore and Anthrax. Two Symphony X songs from the tour, "Inferno" and "Of Sins and Shadows", are featured on the Gigantour DVD and CD-set, released in September 2006.
Paradise Lost (2006–2010)
Vocalist Russell Allen performing in San Juan, Puerto Rico on May 27, 2007.
The band's album Paradise Lost, a concept album loosely inspired by John Milton's epic poem of the same name, was recorded in Romeo's studio throughout 2006. The recording process was delayed numerous times due to water damage in The Dungeon, as well as an extended touring cycle. The album finally released worldwide on June 26, 2007 through Inside Out. The album has darker musical themes, with use of heavy riffs and classical motifs. A limited number of albums from certain vendors contained a special DVD, which consists of footage of the band's live performances.
Paradise Lost debuted at number 123 on the Billboard 200 album chart in the United States, selling 6,300 copies in its first week. The record also debuted at number 1 on the Top Heatseekers Chart.
Following the release, the band embarked on a 14-month world tour, including a tour through all of Europe with Dream Theater in the fall of 2007. The band also revealed plans to perform in Japan and other Asian countries, as well as appear for the first time ever in Russia, India, and the Middle East.
Symphony X released their first music video for the song "Serpent's Kiss" on July 28, 2007. It was followed by a video for "Set the World on Fire", released on January 11, 2008. The band toured North and South America from October to November 2008, and toured Asia in February 2009.
Iconoclast (2011–2013)
On March 1, 2010, an update on the Symphony X official website announced that the band had recorded most of their next album, and that Romeo and Allen were working on lyrics; Romeo was getting ready to start tracking the album. The album's name and lyrical concept were revealed on January 29, 2011 in an interview with Allen on Metal Messiah Radio: the follow-up to Paradise Lost will be titled Iconoclast and will have its lyrics centered around "machines taking over everything and all this technology we put our society into pretty much being our demise." On February 25, 2011, Symphony X played the first show of their 2011 tour in Stuttgart, Germany, where they performed two songs from the upcoming Iconoclast: "End of Innocence" and "Dehumanized". Some days later in Antwerp, Belgium, they debuted "Heretic". During their show in London, England, the band played yet another new song titled "Prometheus".
Iconoclast released in Europe on June 17 and in North America on June 21, 2011, the band's first release through German label Nuclear Blast. The album was available as a Standard Edition as well as a 2-CD Digipack. Iconoclast debuted at number 76 on the Billboard 200 album chart in the United States, selling more than 7,300 copies in its first week. The record also debuted at number 7 on the Top Hard Rock Chart, number 19 on the Top Rock Chart and number 13 on the Top Independent Chart. The album showcases the highest chart position and the most first-week sales in the band's history up to that point.
On February 27, 2013, it was announced that drummer Jason Rullo had been admitted to hospital due to heart failure. Rullo spent a week in hospital before being released home to undergo a rehabilitation program that would take 3–6 months under doctors' care. John Macaluso joined the band on tour for their South American and European dates, giving Rullo time to recover.
Underworld and band hiatus (2015–2019)
Vocalist Russell Allen and bassist Mike LePond of Symphony X performing in Israel, 2016
The band began recording the drum tracks for their ninth studio album on September 9, 2014, and planned to release the complete recording by the spring of 2015. LePond stated they had ten songs written and that the album would contain either nine or all ten of them. He also stated all lyrics and instrumental tracks were composed and ready to be brought together, and that the album would be less heavy than Iconoclast: "If I had to compare, I would say that it's a combination of The Odyssey and Paradise Lost — something in there. It has a lot of classic Symphony X elements in it, which I think a lot of our fans were missing for a few years. So I think our fans will really like this one. It really just focuses on solid songwriting." As of December 11, 2014, recording of the drums, lead vocals, rhythm guitar, and bass were complete. With the keyboards, guitar solos, background vocals, and some miscellaneous odds and ends being done in the coming weeks. On April 10, 2015 the band announced the mixing and mastering of the new album was complete.
On May 18, 2015, the band announced the title of the album would be titled Underworld, and a release date of July 24 through Nuclear Blast. The first single from the album, "Nevermore", premiered on May 22. The band released the second single, "Without You", on June 19, which was made available for digital download. The band embarked on a world tour following the release of the album.
According to singer Russell Allen, the band entered a short hiatus during 2017 in which they did not perform, due in part to his commitment to Adrenaline Mob, although it was announced during a January 2018 interview with Metal Nation that the band had plans to get together in the following months and begin writing a follow-up to Underworld. On July 14, 2017, Adrenaline Mob was involved in a serious vehicular accident, which resulted in severe injuries for Allen and the death of the band's bassist and their tour manager. In July 2018, according to Romeo, the band hoped to re-group and make another album, but also said that he was giving Allen some time and space after dealing with the aftermath of the accident, and also Allen's touring commitments with Trans-Siberian Orchestra.
The band returned to the stage in May 2019 with a European tour. In June 2019, Romeo said the band were considering making their tenth album following the conclusion of their tour in August. In December 2019, the band announced a 25th Anniversary North American tour would take place in May and June 2020. However, the shows would later be postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Upcoming tenth studio album (2020–present)
Romeo and Allen performing the 25th Anniversary tour in Carrboro, NC in 2022
During bassist LePond's May 2020 interview with Metal Nation when asked about plans for him and the band, he had confirmed that the band was ready to start writing the tenth studio album, a follow-up to their 2015 album, Underworld as soon as the virus slowed down, and that writing would begin in about "a month or so".
Symphony X performed their 25th Anniversary shows in South America and North America, in August 2021 and May 2022 respectively.
While promoting War of the Worlds, Pt. 2 in early 2022, Romeo confirmed that writing for the next album had begun. Romeo stated "we are working on it", noting the process "feels a little slower than normal" due to the band's extended hiatus and inability to tour due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In a November 2022 interview, Romeo reiterated that work was continuing but that the band had not yet settled on a theme or vision for the record.
Musical style
Symphony X's music includes complex timings and odd meters while incorporating elements of heavy metal and progressive rock. Their early albums in particular contain strong neo-classical elements reminiscent of Yngwie Malmsteen, Randy Rhoads, and others. The band have been categorized as progressive metal, power metal, and neoclassical metal, though the band themselves dislike genre labels with Romeo stating they can be "misleading sometimes ... at the core of it all we're a metal band".
Symphony X is often compared to other progressive metal bands such as Dream Theater, Fates Warning, and Shadow Gallery.
Solo projects
Keyboardist Michael Pinnella released a solo album, entitled Enter by the Twelfth Gate, on October 12, 2004. Another solo album, "Ascension", was released in 2014.
Vocalist Russell Allen's solo debut, entitled Atomic Soul, was released in the summer of 2005. With this album, Allen took a different musical direction from that seen in his work with Symphony X. It was considered by many—including Allen himself—to be a hard rock album. Also in 2005, he recorded an album called The Battle with former Masterplan vocalist Jørn Lande under the moniker "Allen/Lande". The two would later record follow-up albums entitled The Revenge, released May 11, 2007; The Showdown, released November 5, 2010; and The Great Divide, released October 21, 2014.
In early 2011, Russell Allen co-founded heavy metal supergroup Adrenaline Mob with guitarist Mike Orlando and drummer Mike Portnoy (Dream Theater), who has since left the group. They have released three studio albums, Omertá (2012), Men of Honor (2014) and We the People (2017).
Bassist Michael LePond released his first solo album, Mike LePond's Silent Assassins on September 26, 2014. It features guest performances from guitarist Mike Chlasciak (Halford, Testament), lead guitarist, drum producer and Symphony X bandmate Michael Romeo, and vocalist Alan Tecchio (Hades, Watchtower). LePond himself played bass and rhythm guitar.
Michael Romeo's second solo album, War of the Worlds, Pt. 1, was released on July 27, 2018. The album features Rick Castellano on vocals, John DeServio on bass, and John Macaluso on drums. It was Romeo's first solo album since The Dark Chapter, which was released in 1994. War of the Worlds, Pt. 2 was released on March 25, 2022 with Dino Jelusick replacing Castellano on vocals.
Jason Rullo's first album with new band 3 Rules, Rule of 3, was released in 2020. The band is composed of guitar player Ron Sanborn and bassist Artha Meadors.
Line-up
Current members
Michael Romeo − guitars, backing vocals (1994–present)
Michael Pinnella − keyboards, backing vocals (1994–present)
Jason Rullo – drums (1994–1997, 1998–present)
Russell Allen − lead vocals (1995–present)
Michael LePond − bass, backing vocals (1999–present)
Former members
Thomas Miller − bass, backing vocals (1994−1998)
Rod Tyler − lead vocals (1994)
Thomas Walling − drums (1997−1998)
Andy DeLuca - bass (1998, touring member)
John Macaluso - drums (2013, substitute)
Timeline
Discography
Studio albums
Symphony X (1994)
The Damnation Game (1995)
The Divine Wings of Tragedy (1996)
Twilight in Olympus (1998)
V: The New Mythology Suite (2000)
The Odyssey (2002)
Paradise Lost (2007)
Iconoclast (2011)
Underworld (2015)
Singles
"The End of Innocence" (2011)
"Nevermore" (2015)
"Without You" (2015)
Other albums
Prelude to the Millennium (1999)
Live on the Edge of Forever (2001)
References
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^ a b c "Symphony X Band Info: Members: Michael Romeo". symphonyx.com. July 5, 2005. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Edwards, Owen (March 4, 2008). "A Perfect Symphony Part One: 1970's to 2000". Alloutguitar.com. Archived from the original on February 1, 2009. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
^ "Symphony X". PROG METAL BLOG. blogspot.com. January 9, 2007. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
^ "Symphony X - Dance Macabre - Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives". www.metal-archives.com. Retrieved January 14, 2023.
^ a b c Sharpe-Young, Garry (2009). ""Symphony X"". Archived from the original on May 28, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2023.
^ "Interview with Michael Romeo of Symphony X". Theheaviestmatteroftheuniverse.com. April 4, 2008. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
^ a b c d e "Official Symphony X FAQ: Why did Rod and Jason, and Tom Walling leave the band? How did you find Russell?". symphonyx.com. September 2003. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
^ Symphony X - The Divine Wings of Tragedy Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic, retrieved January 11, 2023
^ Top 5 Symphony X Songs with Michael Romeo - The Prog Report, retrieved January 8, 2023
^ Symphony X - Live In Olympus, retrieved January 8, 2023
^ a b "The official Silent Edge Website". May 31, 2014. Archived from the original on May 31, 2014. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
^ "Symphony X | Records and Merch". Nuclear Blast. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
^ a b c d Sanders, Brad (November 4, 2022). "Retracing Epic Steps: 20 Years of Symphony X's "The Odyssey" (Interview with Michael Romeo)". Invisible Oranges. Archived from the original on November 4, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
^ a b "Michael Romeo Interview – A Perfect Symphony Part Two: 2002 - 2008 | All Out Guitar | Magazine Archive". May 5, 2021. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
^ Beaumont, Christopher (August 23, 2006). "DVD Review: Gigantour 2005". Blogcritics Magazine. blogcritics.org. Archived from the original on April 26, 2009. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
^ "Gigantour: Various Artists". Amazon. September 5, 2006. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
^ "-=Symphony X-Official Website=-". July 16, 2011. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
^ Ritchie, Jason (2007). "10 Questions with Symphony X". getreadytorock.com. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
^ Jax VH, Symphony X Internet representative (June 27, 2007). "Bonus dvd, tour dates, and sales figures, oh my!". Symphony X MySpace Blog. myspace.com. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
^ "Paradise Lost reaches 1 on Billboard Heatseekers Chart". billboard.com. July 2007. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
^ "Paradise Lost Sales". symphonyx.com. July 13, 2007. Archived from the original on February 20, 2009. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
^ a b "Official Paradise Lost Press Release". symphonyx.com. March 26, 2007. Archived from the original on February 20, 2009. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
^ "Watch Symphony X's 'Serpent's Kiss' Video Online". metalunderground.com. July 28, 2007. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
^ "Video Premiere: Symphony X's 'Set the World on Fire'". Headbangers Blog. MTV Networks. January 11, 2008. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
^ a b "Tour Archive | Symphony X". Retrieved January 13, 2023.
^ "Symphony X Plans North East Shows In Support Of 5.1 Special Edition of "Paradise Lost"". Metalunderground.com. November 6, 2008. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
^ "Symphony X Announces South American Tour Dates". Metalunderground.com. August 20, 2008. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
^ "Symphony X: More Asian Tour Details Revealed". Blabbermouth.net. November 18, 2008. Archived from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
^ "Symphony X: New Album Title, Lyrical Concept Revealed". Blabbermouth.net. January 29, 2011. Archived from the original on February 3, 2011. Retrieved January 29, 2011.
^ "Iconoclast by SYMPHONY X - info and shop at Nuclear Blast - Nuclear Blast". Nuclearblast.de.
^ "Iconoclast chart position". billboard.com. June 2011. Retrieved June 30, 2011.
^ a b "Iconoclast cracks US Top 100 Sales". blabbermouth.net. June 30, 2011. Retrieved June 30, 2011.
^ a b "Jason Rullo". SymphonyX.com. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
^ "Update on Jason and the upcoming shows". SymphonyX.com. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
^ a b c "Symphony X To Begin Recording New Album This Week". Blabbermouth.net. September 8, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
^ "A holiday gift – news on the new cd". symphonyx.com.
^ "We have cd news! And fan club news! | Symphony X". Retrieved February 27, 2023.
^ "The new album, titled "Underworld", will be out in July!". Symphony X Official Website. Retrieved May 18, 2015.
^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: SYMPHONY X - Nevermore (OFFICIAL LYRIC VIDEO). YouTube. May 22, 2015.
^ "Symphony X Releases 'Without You' Digital Single; Lyric Video Available - Blabbermouth.net". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. June 19, 2015.
^ "RUSSELL ALLEN: 'There's No Future Plans For SYMPHONY X At This Time'". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. May 1, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
^ "SYMPHONY X To Begin Work On Follow-Up To 'Underworld'". Blabbermouth.net. January 16, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
^ Miller, Austin L. "Truck slams into Adrenaline Mob's RV on I-75". Retrieved February 14, 2018.
^ "SYMPHONY X Will Regroup 'At Some Point' To Begin Work On Follow-Up To 'Underworld'". Blabbermouth.net. July 2, 2018.
^ "SYMPHONY X – Announce European tour in May/June 2019! | Symphony X". Retrieved January 14, 2023.
^ "SYMPHONY X To Work On New Album After Touring This Summer". Metalinjection.net. June 25, 2019.
^ "SYMPHONY X – Announce 25th Anniversary North American Tour With PRIMAL FEAR and FIREWIND! | Symphony X". Retrieved January 14, 2023.
^ "SYMPHONY X 25th Anniversary North American Tour Postponed until 2021! | Symphony X". Retrieved January 14, 2023.
^ "SYMPHONY X Is 'Ready To Start Writing' A New Album". Blabbermouth. May 8, 2020. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
^ "SYMPHONY X ANNOUNCE AUGUST 2021 LATIN AMERICAN TOUR! | Symphony X". Retrieved January 14, 2023.
^ "SYMPHONY X 25th Anniversary Tour 2022 NYC DATE LEAKED | Symphony X". Retrieved January 14, 2023.
^ Michael Romeo on War of the Worlds Pt 2, Learning & Discovering, New Symphony X?, retrieved October 24, 2022
^ War of the Worlds: An Interview with Michael Romeo, retrieved October 24, 2022
^ "Symphony X History". Symphony X Official Website.
^ "Official Symphony X FAQ: Who influenced each of the band members?". symphonyx.com. September 2003. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
^ Hill, Gary. "Symphony X | Biography & History". AllMusic. Retrieved February 19, 2019.
^ Ewing, Jerry (January 12, 2019). "Symphony X announce European tour dates". Prog Magazine. Retrieved February 19, 2019.
^ Maxwell, Jackson (October 4, 2018). "Symphony X Mastermind Michael Romeo Talks New Solo Album, 'War of the Worlds, Pt. 1'". Guitar World. Retrieved February 19, 2019.
^ Irwin, William (2012). Black Sabbath and Philosophy: Mastering Reality. John Wiley & Sons. p. 80. ISBN 9781118397596.
^ a b Mercer, Lauryn (April 12, 2018). "#TBT: Get Classical with the Brilliantly Executed Paradise Lost by SYMPHONY X". Metalinjection.net. Retrieved February 19, 2019.
^ Sciarretto, Amy (November 17, 2003). CMJ New Music Report. CMJ Network, Inc. p. 27.
^ Cateforis, Theo (2019). The Rock History Reader. Routledge. p. 546. ISBN 9781315394800.
^ interview with michael romeo from symphony x, retrieved November 28, 2022
^ Begrand, Adrien (September 16, 2005). "Fates Warning: Awaken the Guardian (Expanded Edition) – PopMatters Music Review". PopMatters. PopMatters Media, Inc. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
^ "Enter By the Twelfth Gate: Michael Pinella". Amazon. December 22, 2004. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
^ "Ascension: Michael Pinella". Amazon. December 16, 2014. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
^ Turner, Joshua (June 3, 2005). "A Little Bit O' (Atomic) Soul - An Interview With Russell Allen". Progressiveworld.net. Archived from the original on July 19, 2008. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
^ Sandvall, Anders (November 11, 2005). "Russell Allen of Allen/Lande". metal-rules.com. Archived from the original on August 28, 2008. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
^ Rockitt, Rob (June 21, 2007). "Allen/Lande - The Revenge (Release Year - 2007)". hardrockhideout.com. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
^ Druhm, Steel (October 8, 2014). "Allen/Lande - The Great Divide Review". Angrymetalguy.com. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
^ Sciarretto, Amy (June 17, 2011). "Mike Portnoy's Adrenaline Mob to Make Live Debut in New York City". Noisecreep. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
^ "Mike Portnoy Says Adrenaline Mob Was 'Not Growing Fast Enough' - Blabbermouth.net". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. September 24, 2013.
^ "Adrenaline Mob To Release 'Dearly Departed' Album In February - Blabbermouth.net". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. January 6, 2015.
^ "Symphony X Bassist MIKE LEPOND To Release 'Silent Assassins' Solo Album In September". Blabbermouth.net. August 21, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
^ "SYMPHONY X Guitarist MICHAEL ROMEO: Trailer For 'War Of The Worlds / Pt. 1' Solo Album". Blabbermouth.net. July 12, 2018.
^ "SYMPHONY X Drummer JASON RULLO Dives Deep About His 3 RULES Band: 'This Is a Real Band for Us, Not Just a Project'". Sonic Perspectives. February 11, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2022.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Symphony X.
Official website
vteSymphony X
Michael Romeo
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Studio albums
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The Damnation Game
The Divine Wings of Tragedy
Twilight in Olympus
V: The New Mythology Suite
The Odyssey
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Live albums
Live on the Edge of Forever
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Prelude to the Millennium
Related articles
The Dark Chapter
Enter by the Twelfth Gate
Atomic Soul
War of the Worlds, Pt. 1
War of the Worlds, Pt. 2
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Symphony No. 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_10_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Symphony X (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_X_(album)"},{"link_name":"progressive metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_metal"},{"link_name":"Middletown, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middletown,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Michael Romeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Romeo"},{"link_name":"Michael Pinnella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Pinnella"},{"link_name":"Jason Rullo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Rullo"},{"link_name":"Russell Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Allen"},{"link_name":"Michael LePond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_LePond"},{"link_name":"Paradise Lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost_(Symphony_X_album)"},{"link_name":"Iconoclast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclast_(Symphony_X_album)"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"The Divine Wings of Tragedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Divine_Wings_of_Tragedy"},{"link_name":"V: The New Mythology Suite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_%E2%80%93_The_New_Mythology_Suite"},{"link_name":"The Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Odyssey_(album)"},{"link_name":"Underworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underworld_(Symphony_X_album)"}],"text":"For symphonies, see Symphony No. 10. For their self-titled debut album, see Symphony X (album).Symphony X is an American progressive metal band from Middletown, New Jersey. Founded in 1994, the band consists of guitarist Michael Romeo, keyboardist Michael Pinnella, drummer Jason Rullo, lead vocalist Russell Allen and bassist Michael LePond.They achieved some commercial success with the 2007 album Paradise Lost and the 2011 album Iconoclast, which reached number 76 on the Billboard 200.The albums The Divine Wings of Tragedy and V: The New Mythology Suite were partially recorded in The Dungeon, Romeo's home studio. The Odyssey, Paradise Lost, Iconoclast and Underworld were fully recorded there and produced by Romeo himself.","title":"Symphony X"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Romeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Romeo"},{"link_name":"record labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialromeo-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alloutguitar1-3"},{"link_name":"The Dark Chapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Chapter"},{"link_name":"Michael Pinnella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Pinnella"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alloutguitar1-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialromeo-2"},{"link_name":"Jason Rullo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Rullo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-progmetalblog-4"},{"link_name":"demo tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demo_(music)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"self-titled debut album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_X_(album)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Russell Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Allen"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAQ-7-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"The Damnation Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Damnation_Game_(album)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"under license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_licensing"},{"link_name":"Inside Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_Out_Music"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alloutguitar1-3"}],"sub_title":"Symphony X and The Damnation Game (1994−1995)","text":"In 1992, Michael Romeo (formerly of the bands Phantom's Opera and Gemini) recorded a demo album in his apartment which was sent to various record labels.[1] The tape attracted attention in Japan with the now-defunct record company Zero Corporation.[2][3] In April 1994, a new version of The Dark Chapter, which featured Romeo and keyboard player Michael Pinnella, was released by Zero Corporation.[3]When asked by Zero Corporation if he had a band in the same genre,[1][2] Romeo recruited bassist Thomas Miller, drummer Jason Rullo, and vocalist Rod Tyler, with Pinella remaining on keys.[4] Together, the band recorded a demo tape entitled Danse Macabre some time in 1994.[5] It is unclear if the tape was intended for Zero Corporation alone, or if it was sent to other record labels for consideration. Two songs from the demo would be recorded for the band's self-titled debut album, which was released by Zero Corporation in December 1994.[6]Romeo explained the band's name in a 2008 interview; \"the music we were coming up with had the keyboard thing and the guitar, and some classical elements, so the word 'Symphony' came up and ... then, somebody said 'Symphony X' and we were like, 'yeah, that's cool' it is that kinda thing, and the 'X' is the unknown and all the other stuff we do.\"[7]After the release of Symphony X in 1994, Rod Tyler left the band due to creative differences and was replaced by current singer Russell Allen,[8] who Tyler had previously introduced to the band.[6] The band's second album, The Damnation Game, released in August 1995.[6] Both albums were released in Asia through Japanese company Zero Corporation, and were later released in Europe under license to German company Inside Out.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Divine Wings of Tragedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Divine_Wings_of_Tragedy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alloutguitar1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alloutguitar1-3"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAQ-7-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alloutguitar1-3"},{"link_name":"Twilight in Olympus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twilight_in_Olympus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alloutguitar1-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAQ-7-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alloutguitar1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alloutguitar1-3"},{"link_name":"Osaka, Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAQ-7-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alloutguitar1-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAQ-7-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialromeo-2"},{"link_name":"Prelude to the Millennium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelude_to_the_Millennium"}],"sub_title":"The Divine Wings of Tragedy and Twilight in Olympus (1996−1998)","text":"The Divine Wings of Tragedy, recorded in 1996 and released in November of the same year by Zero Corporation in Japan, proved to be successful for the band, generating interest outside of Japan and within wider circles in the metal community.[3] The album would have a European release in March 1997, again through German label Inside Out. In a 2008 interview, Romeo recalled \"it felt like we were a ‘real band’ now, we really had our thing going and more and more people were getting exposed to it.\"[3] The album was positively received, with AllMusic praising Romeo's \"pyrotechnic displays\" and describing Pinella and Miller as \"equally competent on their respective instruments\".[9]Following the release of The Divine Wings of Tragedy, drummer Rullo left the band for personal reasons.[8] Romeo would later recall there was some tension in the band at the time between drummer Rullo and bassist Miller.[3] The band recruited a new drummer, Thomas Walling, to replace Rullo and recorded Twilight in Olympus in 1998.[3][8] The album was released in February 1998 via Zero Corporation in Japan and simultaneously via Inside Out in Europe. The album released to favourable reviews, though Romeo has since voiced his concerns that the album was \"rushed\"[10] due to pressure from Zero Corporation as well as \"rushing back into the studio to get stuff done with [Walling],\" continuing \"I think of all our albums, that's not one of my favourites mainly because of that reason - it's kinda rushed. Some of the stuff on there is not what it could and should have been.\"[3]1998 saw the first live performances for the band, which had been organised prior to the release of Twilight in Olympus.[3] Their first official show was in Osaka, Japan on June 23, 1998,[11] which was soon followed by a world tour. Following the initial run of Japanese shows, bassist Miller and drummer Walling both left the band due to their unwillingness to tour.[8] Original drummer Rullo rejoined the band,[3][8] and the band recruited touring bassist Andy DeLuca before finding a permanent replacement in Michael LePond.[2]A compilation album, Prelude to the Millennium, was released by the end of 1998. It featured a re-recording of \"Masquerade\" from the first album Symphony X, featuring Russell Allen on vocals.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"V: The New Mythology Suite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_%E2%80%93_The_New_Mythology_Suite"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alloutguitar1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alloutguitar1-3"},{"link_name":"concept album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_album"},{"link_name":"myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myth"},{"link_name":"Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alloutguitar1-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"Live on the Edge of Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_on_the_Edge_of_Forever"},{"link_name":"Élysée Montmartre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Montmartre"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"The Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Odyssey_(album)"},{"link_name":"Homeric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer"},{"link_name":"epic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_poetry"},{"link_name":"Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-15"},{"link_name":"Blind Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-14"},{"link_name":"Gigantour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigantour"},{"link_name":"Megadeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megadeth"},{"link_name":"Dream Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Theater"},{"link_name":"Nevermore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevermore"},{"link_name":"Anthrax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blogcritics-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amazon2-17"}],"sub_title":"V: The New Mythology Suite and The Odyssey (1999−2005)","text":"The band's fifth album, V: The New Mythology Suite, released in October 2000.[3] The album would mark the band's first worldwide release on a major record label, Inside Out, who had licensed Symphony X's previous albums for European releases.[3] The album was their first concept album, dealing with the myth of Atlantis.[12] Romeo stated the band wanted to focus on the record as a whole rather than any one particular song.[3] The album features touring staples such as \"Evolution (The Grand Design)\", \"Communion and the Oracle\" and \"Egypt\", and prominently features a number of classical music pieces.The band supported the album with a European and South American tour shortly after its release.[12] The band's first live album, Live on the Edge of Forever, was recorded on the European leg of the tour in Élysée Montmartre, Paris and was released in November 2001.[13]In 2002, the band released The Odyssey, an album prominently featuring a 24-minute-long musical interpretation of the Homeric epic, the Odyssey.[14] The album was again released worldwide by Inside Out, and was the first album to be recorded entirely in Romeo's home studio The Dungeon.[14] The album was particularly successful for the band, again expanding their audience on an international scale.[15] The band supported the album by touring North America with Blind Guardian, which marked some of the first North American shows for both bands.[14]In 2005 Symphony X was featured on Gigantour, a summer festival headlined by Megadeth with Dream Theater, Nevermore and Anthrax. Two Symphony X songs from the tour, \"Inferno\" and \"Of Sins and Shadows\", are featured on the Gigantour DVD and CD-set, released in September 2006.[16][17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sx-russell-3-small.JPG"},{"link_name":"San Juan, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Paradise Lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost_(Symphony_X_album)"},{"link_name":"John Milton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton"},{"link_name":"epic poem of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-15"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-getreadytorock-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-myspace-20"},{"link_name":"Top Heatseekers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Heatseekers"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sales-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plpress-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plpress-23"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metalunderground-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-headbangersblog-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-26"}],"sub_title":"Paradise Lost (2006–2010)","text":"Vocalist Russell Allen performing in San Juan, Puerto Rico on May 27, 2007.The band's album Paradise Lost, a concept album loosely inspired by John Milton's epic poem of the same name, was recorded in Romeo's studio throughout 2006. The recording process was delayed numerous times due to water damage in The Dungeon, as well as an extended touring cycle.[15][18] The album finally released worldwide on June 26, 2007 through Inside Out. The album has darker musical themes, with use of heavy riffs and classical motifs.[19] A limited number of albums from certain vendors contained a special DVD, which consists of footage of the band's live performances.[20]Paradise Lost debuted at number 123 on the Billboard 200 album chart in the United States, selling 6,300 copies in its first week. The record also debuted at number 1 on the Top Heatseekers Chart.[21][22]Following the release, the band embarked on a 14-month world tour, including a tour through all of Europe with Dream Theater in the fall of 2007.[23] The band also revealed plans to perform in Japan and other Asian countries, as well as appear for the first time ever in Russia, India, and the Middle East.[23]Symphony X released their first music video for the song \"Serpent's Kiss\" on July 28, 2007.[24] It was followed by a video for \"Set the World on Fire\", released on January 11, 2008.[25] The band toured North and South America from October to November 2008, and toured Asia in February 2009.[26]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metalunderground2-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metalunderground3-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blabbermouth-29"},{"link_name":"Iconoclast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclast_(Symphony_X_album)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blabbermouth.net-30"},{"link_name":"Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Nuclear Blast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Blast"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nuclear_Blast-31"},{"link_name":"Top Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Songs"},{"link_name":"Top Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Albums"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard100-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recordsales-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recordsales-33"},{"link_name":"heart failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-34"},{"link_name":"John Macaluso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Macaluso"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Iconoclast (2011–2013)","text":"On March 1, 2010, an update on the Symphony X official website announced that the band had recorded most of their next album, and that Romeo and Allen were working on lyrics; Romeo was getting ready to start tracking the album.[27][28][29] The album's name and lyrical concept were revealed on January 29, 2011 in an interview with Allen on Metal Messiah Radio: the follow-up to Paradise Lost will be titled Iconoclast and will have its lyrics centered around \"machines taking over everything and all this technology we put our society into pretty much being our demise.\"[30] On February 25, 2011, Symphony X played the first show of their 2011 tour in Stuttgart, Germany, where they performed two songs from the upcoming Iconoclast: \"End of Innocence\" and \"Dehumanized\". Some days later in Antwerp, Belgium, they debuted \"Heretic\". During their show in London, England, the band played yet another new song titled \"Prometheus\".Iconoclast released in Europe on June 17 and in North America on June 21, 2011, the band's first release through German label Nuclear Blast.[31] The album was available as a Standard Edition as well as a 2-CD Digipack. Iconoclast debuted at number 76 on the Billboard 200 album chart in the United States, selling more than 7,300 copies in its first week. The record also debuted at number 7 on the Top Hard Rock Chart, number 19 on the Top Rock Chart and number 13 on the Top Independent Chart.[32][33] The album showcases the highest chart position and the most first-week sales in the band's history up to that point.[33]On February 27, 2013, it was announced that drummer Jason Rullo had been admitted to hospital due to heart failure.[34] Rullo spent a week in hospital before being released home to undergo a rehabilitation program that would take 3–6 months under doctors' care.[34] John Macaluso joined the band on tour for their South American and European dates, giving Rullo time to recover.[35]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symphony_X_2016a.jpg"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blabber-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blabber-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blabber-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Underworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underworld_(Symphony_X_album)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-26"},{"link_name":"Adrenaline Mob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenaline_Mob"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Trans-Siberian Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Underworld and band hiatus (2015–2019)","text":"Vocalist Russell Allen and bassist Mike LePond of Symphony X performing in Israel, 2016The band began recording the drum tracks for their ninth studio album on September 9, 2014, and planned to release the complete recording by the spring of 2015.[36] LePond stated they had ten songs written and that the album would contain either nine or all ten of them.[36] He also stated all lyrics and instrumental tracks were composed and ready to be brought together, and that the album would be less heavy than Iconoclast: \"If I had to compare, I would say that it's a combination of The Odyssey and Paradise Lost — something in there. It has a lot of classic Symphony X elements in it, which I think a lot of our fans were missing for a few years. So I think our fans will really like this one. It really just focuses on solid songwriting.\"[36] As of December 11, 2014, recording of the drums, lead vocals, rhythm guitar, and bass were complete. With the keyboards, guitar solos, background vocals, and some miscellaneous odds and ends being done in the coming weeks.[37] On April 10, 2015 the band announced the mixing and mastering of the new album was complete.[38]On May 18, 2015, the band announced the title of the album would be titled Underworld, and a release date of July 24 through Nuclear Blast.[39] The first single from the album, \"Nevermore\", premiered on May 22.[40] The band released the second single, \"Without You\", on June 19, which was made available for digital download.[41] The band embarked on a world tour following the release of the album.[26]According to singer Russell Allen, the band entered a short hiatus during 2017 in which they did not perform, due in part to his commitment to Adrenaline Mob,[42] although it was announced during a January 2018 interview with Metal Nation that the band had plans to get together in the following months and begin writing a follow-up to Underworld.[43] On July 14, 2017, Adrenaline Mob was involved in a serious vehicular accident, which resulted in severe injuries for Allen and the death of the band's bassist and their tour manager.[44] In July 2018, according to Romeo, the band hoped to re-group and make another album, but also said that he was giving Allen some time and space after dealing with the aftermath of the accident, and also Allen's touring commitments with Trans-Siberian Orchestra.[45]The band returned to the stage in May 2019 with a European tour.[46] In June 2019, Romeo said the band were considering making their tenth album following the conclusion of their tour in August.[47] In December 2019, the band announced a 25th Anniversary North American tour would take place in May and June 2020.[48] However, the shows would later be postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[49]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Romeo_and_Allen_in_Carrboro_2022.jpg"},{"link_name":"Underworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underworld_(Symphony_X_album)"},{"link_name":"virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"War of the Worlds, Pt. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Worlds,_Pt._2"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-14"}],"sub_title":"Upcoming tenth studio album (2020–present)","text":"Romeo and Allen performing the 25th Anniversary tour in Carrboro, NC in 2022During bassist LePond's May 2020 interview with Metal Nation when asked about plans for him and the band, he had confirmed that the band was ready to start writing the tenth studio album, a follow-up to their 2015 album, Underworld as soon as the virus slowed down, and that writing would begin in about \"a month or so\".[50]Symphony X performed their 25th Anniversary shows in South America and North America, in August 2021 and May 2022 respectively.[51][52]While promoting War of the Worlds, Pt. 2 in early 2022, Romeo confirmed that writing for the next album had begun. Romeo stated \"we are working on it\",[53] noting the process \"feels a little slower than normal\"[54] due to the band's extended hiatus and inability to tour due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In a November 2022 interview, Romeo reiterated that work was continuing but that the band had not yet settled on a theme or vision for the record.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"progressive rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_rock"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Yngwie Malmsteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yngwie_Malmsteen"},{"link_name":"Randy Rhoads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Rhoads"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAQ-1-56"},{"link_name":"progressive metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_metal"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"power metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_metal"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MIPL-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"neoclassical metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_metal"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MIPL-61"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Dream Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Theater"},{"link_name":"Fates Warning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fates_Warning"},{"link_name":"Shadow Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-popmatters-65"}],"text":"Symphony X's music includes complex timings and odd meters while incorporating elements of heavy metal and progressive rock.[55] Their early albums in particular contain strong neo-classical elements reminiscent of Yngwie Malmsteen, Randy Rhoads, and others.[56] The band have been categorized as progressive metal,[57][58][59][60] power metal,[61][62] and neoclassical metal,[61][63] though the band themselves dislike genre labels with Romeo stating they can be \"misleading sometimes ... at the core of it all we're a metal band\".[64]Symphony X is often compared to other progressive metal bands such as Dream Theater, Fates Warning, and Shadow Gallery.[65]","title":"Musical style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enter by the Twelfth Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enter_by_the_Twelfth_Gate"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amazon1-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ascension-67"},{"link_name":"Atomic Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_Soul"},{"link_name":"hard rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-progressiveworld-68"},{"link_name":"The Battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_(Allen/Lande_album)"},{"link_name":"Masterplan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masterplan_(band)"},{"link_name":"Jørn Lande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8rn_Lande"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metalrules-69"},{"link_name":"The Revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Revenge_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Showdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Showdown_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Great Divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Divide_(Allen/Lande_album)"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hardrockhideout-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thegreatdividereview-71"},{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"supergroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergroup_(music)"},{"link_name":"Adrenaline Mob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenaline_Mob"},{"link_name":"Mike Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Orlando"},{"link_name":"Mike Portnoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Portnoy"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noisecreep-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Mike Chlasciak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Chlasciak"},{"link_name":"Halford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halford_(band)"},{"link_name":"Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testament_(band)"},{"link_name":"Alan Tecchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Tecchio"},{"link_name":"Watchtower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchtower_(band)"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-75"},{"link_name":"War of the Worlds, Pt. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Worlds,_Pt._1"},{"link_name":"John DeServio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_DeServio"},{"link_name":"John Macaluso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Macaluso"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"The Dark Chapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Chapter"},{"link_name":"War of the Worlds, Pt. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Worlds,_Pt._2"},{"link_name":"Dino Jelusick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dino_Jelusick"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"text":"Keyboardist Michael Pinnella released a solo album, entitled Enter by the Twelfth Gate, on October 12, 2004.[66] Another solo album, \"Ascension\", was released in 2014.[67]Vocalist Russell Allen's solo debut, entitled Atomic Soul, was released in the summer of 2005. With this album, Allen took a different musical direction from that seen in his work with Symphony X. It was considered by many—including Allen himself—to be a hard rock album.[68] Also in 2005, he recorded an album called The Battle with former Masterplan vocalist Jørn Lande under the moniker \"Allen/Lande\".[69] The two would later record follow-up albums entitled The Revenge, released May 11, 2007; The Showdown, released November 5, 2010; and The Great Divide, released October 21, 2014.[70][71]In early 2011, Russell Allen co-founded heavy metal supergroup Adrenaline Mob with guitarist Mike Orlando and drummer Mike Portnoy (Dream Theater), who has since left the group.[72][73] They have released three studio albums, Omertá (2012), Men of Honor (2014)[74] and We the People (2017).Bassist Michael LePond released his first solo album, Mike LePond's Silent Assassins on September 26, 2014. It features guest performances from guitarist Mike Chlasciak (Halford, Testament), lead guitarist, drum producer and Symphony X bandmate Michael Romeo, and vocalist Alan Tecchio (Hades, Watchtower). LePond himself played bass and rhythm guitar.[75]Michael Romeo's second solo album, War of the Worlds, Pt. 1, was released on July 27, 2018. The album features Rick Castellano on vocals, John DeServio on bass, and John Macaluso on drums.[76] It was Romeo's first solo album since The Dark Chapter, which was released in 1994. War of the Worlds, Pt. 2 was released on March 25, 2022 with Dino Jelusick replacing Castellano on vocals.Jason Rullo's first album with new band 3 Rules, Rule of 3, was released in 2020.[77] The band is composed of guitar player Ron Sanborn and bassist Artha Meadors.","title":"Solo projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Romeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Romeo"},{"link_name":"Michael Pinnella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Pinnella"},{"link_name":"Jason Rullo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Rullo"},{"link_name":"Russell Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Allen"},{"link_name":"Michael LePond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_LePond"},{"link_name":"John Macaluso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Macaluso"}],"text":"Current membersMichael Romeo − guitars, backing vocals (1994–present)\nMichael Pinnella − keyboards, backing vocals (1994–present)\nJason Rullo – drums (1994–1997, 1998–present)\nRussell Allen − lead vocals (1995–present)\nMichael LePond − bass, backing vocals (1999–present)Former membersThomas Miller − bass, backing vocals (1994−1998)\nRod Tyler − lead vocals (1994)\nThomas Walling − drums (1997−1998)\nAndy DeLuca - bass (1998, touring member)\nJohn Macaluso - drums (2013, substitute)","title":"Line-up"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Timeline","title":"Line-up"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Symphony X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_X_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Damnation Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Damnation_Game_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Divine Wings of Tragedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Divine_Wings_of_Tragedy"},{"link_name":"Twilight in Olympus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twilight_in_Olympus"},{"link_name":"V: The New Mythology Suite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_%E2%80%93_The_New_Mythology_Suite"},{"link_name":"The Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Odyssey_(album)"},{"link_name":"Paradise Lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost_(Symphony_X_album)"},{"link_name":"Iconoclast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclast_(Symphony_X_album)"},{"link_name":"Underworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underworld_(Symphony_X_album)"},{"link_name":"Prelude to the Millennium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelude_to_the_Millennium"},{"link_name":"Live on the Edge of Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_on_the_Edge_of_Forever"}],"text":"Studio albumsSymphony X (1994)\nThe Damnation Game (1995)\nThe Divine Wings of Tragedy (1996)\nTwilight in Olympus (1998)\nV: The New Mythology Suite (2000)\nThe Odyssey (2002)\nParadise Lost (2007)\nIconoclast (2011)\nUnderworld (2015)Singles\"The End of Innocence\" (2011)\n\"Nevermore\" (2015)\n\"Without You\" (2015)Other albumsPrelude to the Millennium (1999)\nLive on the Edge of Forever (2001)","title":"Discography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Vocalist Russell Allen performing in San Juan, Puerto Rico on May 27, 2007.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Sx-russell-3-small.JPG/220px-Sx-russell-3-small.JPG"},{"image_text":"Vocalist Russell Allen and bassist Mike LePond of Symphony X performing in Israel, 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Symphony_X_2016a.jpg/220px-Symphony_X_2016a.jpg"},{"image_text":"Romeo and Allen performing the 25th Anniversary tour in Carrboro, NC in 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Romeo_and_Allen_in_Carrboro_2022.jpg/220px-Romeo_and_Allen_in_Carrboro_2022.jpg"}]
| null |
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Reader"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zUBQVMUja-8","external_links_name":"interview with michael romeo from symphony x"},{"Link":"https://www.popmatters.com/music/reviews/f/fateswarning-awaken.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Fates Warning: Awaken the Guardian (Expanded Edition) – PopMatters Music Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Enter-Twelfth-Gate-Michael-Pinnella/dp/B00031R810","external_links_name":"\"Enter By the Twelfth Gate: Michael Pinella\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Ascension-Michael-Pinnella/dp/B00R1ZZBAG","external_links_name":"\"Ascension: Michael Pinella\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080719073306/http://www.progressiveworld.net/allenrinterv.html","external_links_name":"\"A Little Bit O' (Atomic) Soul - An Interview With Russell Allen\""},{"Link":"http://www.progressiveworld.net/allenrinterv.html","external_links_name":"the 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Blabbermouth.net\""},{"Link":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/adrenaline-mob-to-release-dearly-departed-album-in-february/","external_links_name":"\"Adrenaline Mob To Release 'Dearly Departed' Album In February - Blabbermouth.net\""},{"Link":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/symphony-x-bassist-mike-lepond-to-release-silent-assassins-solo-album-in-september/","external_links_name":"\"Symphony X Bassist MIKE LEPOND To Release 'Silent Assassins' Solo Album In September\""},{"Link":"https://blabbermouth.herokuapp.com/news/symphony-x-guitarist-michael-romeo-trailer-for-war-of-the-worlds-pt-1-solo-album/","external_links_name":"\"SYMPHONY X Guitarist MICHAEL ROMEO: Trailer For 'War Of The Worlds / Pt. 1' Solo Album\""},{"Link":"https://www.sonicperspectives.com/interviews/interview-with-jason-rullo/","external_links_name":"\"SYMPHONY X Drummer JASON RULLO Dives Deep About His 3 RULES Band: 'This Is a Real Band for Us, Not Just a Project'\""},{"Link":"http://www.symphonyx.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000122482790","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/126881158","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb140182639","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb140182639","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/10318251-2","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2007072736","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0114928&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/b669c53e-5a1f-4adc-80be-755e64e8115e","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Cup_(ice_hockey)
|
Polish Cup (ice hockey)
|
["1 Editions","2 References"]
|
The Polish Cup (Polish: Puchar Polski) is the annual national ice hockey cup competition in Poland.
Editions
Edition
Year
Final Location
Winner
Finalist
I.
1969/1970
Katowice
Naprzód Janów
Baildon Katowice
II.
1970/1971
Katowice
GKS Katowice
Baildon Katowice
III.
2000
Krynica-Zdrój
Unia Oświęcim
Podhale Nowy Targ
IV.
2001
Tychy
GKS Tychy
GKS Katowice
V.
2002
Warszawa
Unia Oświęcim
Stoczniowiec Gdańsk
VI.
2003
Warszawa
Podhale Nowy Targ
TKH Toruń
VII.
2004
Warszawa
Podhale Nowy Targ
Unia Oświęcim
VIII.
2005
Nowy Targ
TKH Toruń
Podhale Nowy Targ
IX.
2006
Toruń
GKS Tychy
Stoczniowiec Gdańsk
X.
2007
Tychy
GKS Tychy
Cracovia
XI.
2008
Gdańsk
GKS Tychy
Stoczniowiec Gdańsk
XII.
2009
Tychy
GKS Tychy
Naprzód Janów
XIII.
2010
Oświęcim
Ciarko PBS Bank Sanok
Unia Oświęcim
XIV.
2011
Sanok
Ciarko PBS Bank Sanok
Unia Oświęcim
XV.
2012
Sanok
JKH GKS Jastrzębie
Ciarko PBS Bank Sanok
XVI.
2013
Sanok
Cracovia
Ciarko PBS Bank Sanok
XVII.
2014
Kraków
GKS Tychy
Ciarko PBS Bank Sanok
XVIII.
2015
Nowy Targ
Cracovia
Podhale Nowy Targ
XIX.
2016
Nowy Targ
GKS Tychy
Cracovia
XX.
2017
Kraków
GKS Tychy
Cracovia
Note: Cup was not contested between 1972–1999
References
Polish Cup
Polish Ice Hockey Federation
vteNational ice hockey cupsActive
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Hungary
Italy
Japan
Kazakhstan
Netherlands
Poland
Romania
Scotland
Slovenia
Slovakia
Spain
Switzerland
Defunct
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Serbia
Soviet Union
Ukraine
Yugoslavia
vte Ice hockey in PolandPolish Ice Hockey FederationNational teamsMen
Men
U20 Men
U18 Men
Women
Women
U18 Women
Polska Hokej Liga
Cracovia
GKS Katowice
GKS Tychy
JKH GKS Jastrzębie
KH Toruń
Podhale Nowy Targ
STS Sanok
Unia Oświęcim
Zagłębie Sosnowiec
Polish 1. Liga
Cracovia U20
GKS Tychy U20
JKH GKS Jastrzębie II
ŁKS Łódź
Naprzód Janów U20
Podhale Nowy Targ U20
Polonia Bytom
SMS Toruń
Sokoly Toruń U20
Stoczniowiec Gdańsk U20
UKS Sanok U20
Unia Oświęcim U20
Zagłębie Sosnowiec U20
Currently Inactive
KTH Krynica
Legia Warszawa
Naprzód Janów
Orlik Opole
Stoczniowiec Gdańsk
UKH Dębica
Related
Puchar Polski
Interliga
Related articles
IIHF
IIHF Continental Cup
IIHF European Champions Cup
This article about sports in Poland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This ice hockey competition article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Polish Cup (ice hockey)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Note: Cup was not contested between 1972–1999","title":"Editions"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://puchar2021.pl/","external_links_name":"Polish Cup"},{"Link":"https://polskihokej.eu/","external_links_name":"Polish Ice Hockey Federation"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish_Cup_(ice_hockey)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish_Cup_(ice_hockey)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Things_(short_story)
|
The Things (short story)
|
["1 Synopsis","2 Reception","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Science fiction short story by Peter Watts
"The Things" is a science fiction short story by Peter Watts, revisiting the universe of John Carpenter's 1982 film The Thing (derived itself from John W. Campbell's story "Who Goes There?") from the viewpoint of the titular alien. It was first published on Clarkesworld, in January 2010.
Synopsis
This article needs an improved plot summary. Please help improve the plot summary. (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The events of The Thing as well as other happenings are told from the perspective of the alien, a shape-shifting sentient biomass that can absorb and imitate other lifeforms. The alien thinks of itself as an "explorer, an ambassador, a missionary" of the biomass it consists of, the primary instinct of which is to "commune", i.e. absorb and matriculate on a cellular level with other biologies. Confused, damaged, and unfamiliar with earthly fauna, the alien eventually learns the horrifying secret of man: Humans are individuals, "thinking cancers" who do not want to be assimilated and therefore seek to repel and even destroy it, unlike all other lifeforms it has encountered across the universe. The alien realizes that humans won't ever be able to understand its offerings and concludes that violent integration is the only way to save humanity from its isolation as individuals.
Reception
The Things won the 2011 Shirley Jackson Award for Best Short Story, and was a finalist for the 2011 Hugo Award for Best Short Story, the 2011 Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award, and the 2011 BSFA Award for Best Short Fiction. The audio version was a finalist for the 2010 Parsec Award for short fiction.
Wired called it "not only a startlingly effective portrayal of alien psychology, but also a thoughtful exploration of religion and the missionary impulse." Publishers Weekly called it a depiction of "blindly expansionist colonialism".
Watts has reported being told by Simon Pegg that many members of the 1982 film's cast and crew enjoyed the story.
At Io9, Annalee Newitz praised it for "successfully represent(ing) a truly alien point of view", and called it "mind-bending". Gardner Dozois similarly lauded Watts for his "excellent job of showing a totally alien way of looking at life", but noted that people who (like him) were more familiar with the 1951 film than with the 1982 remake "may be a little confused".
Chad Orzel was considerably more negative, calling it "far from impressive", with "two main weaknesses forced on the story by the basic concept": the extent to which it requires familiarity with the 1982 film, and Watts' effort to "basically retcon the goofy biology of the movie alien, which was based on the goofy biology of a John Campbell short story from the pulp magazine era."
References
^ Winners Announced for the 2010 Shirley Jackson Awards, at ShirleyJacksonAwards.org; published July 17, 2011; retrieved April 3, 2021
^ 2011 Hugo Awards; at TheHugoAwards.org; retrieved April 3, 2021
^ The Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award at the J. Wayne and Elsie M. Gunn Center for the Study of Science Fiction; retrieved April 3, 2021
^ 2010 BSFA Awards Shortlists, at the British Science Fiction Association; published January 17, 2011; retrieved April 3, 2021
^ 2010 Parsec Awards Winners & Finalists at ParsecAwards.com; retrieved April 3, 2021
^ a b If You Like ‘The Thing’ You’ll Love “The Things”, at Wired; published June 30, 2018; retrieved April 3, 2021
^ Beyond the Rift, by Peter Watts; reviewed at Publishers Weekly; published November 18, 2013; retrieved April 3, 2021
^ An incredible short story told from the perspective of the alien in John Carpenter's The Thing, by Annalee Newitz, at Io9; published October 14, 2011;p retrieved April 3, 2021
^ Short Story Club: The Things by Peter Watts; originally published in Locus, March 2010 issue; archived at Locus Online, June 10, 2011
^ Short Story Club: “The Things” by Peter Watts, by Chad Orzel; at ChadOrzel.com; published August 28, 2010; retrieved April 4, 2021
External links
Digital edition of the short story
Watts discussing the story on Geek's Guide to the Galaxy
vteThe Thing
Who Goes There? by John W. Campbell
Literature
Who Goes There? (1938)
Who Goes There? (collection) (1948)
Who Goes There? and Other Stories (1955)
The Things (short story) (2010)
Films
The Thing from Another World (1951)
The Thing (1982)
The Thing (2011)
Characters
The Thing
R.J. MacReady
Other
The Thing (video game)
Funko Fusion
Category
|
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The alien realizes that humans won't ever be able to understand its offerings and concludes that violent integration is the only way to save humanity from its isolation as individuals.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shirley Jackson Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Jackson_Award"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ShirleyJackson-1"},{"link_name":"Hugo Award for Best Short Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Short_Story"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hugo-2"},{"link_name":"Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon_Memorial_Award"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sturgeon-3"},{"link_name":"BSFA Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSFA_Award"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BSFA-4"},{"link_name":"Parsec Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsec_Award"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parsec-5"},{"link_name":"Wired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wired-6"},{"link_name":"Publishers Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishers_Weekly"},{"link_name":"colonialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PW-7"},{"link_name":"Simon Pegg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Pegg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wired-6"},{"link_name":"Io9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io9"},{"link_name":"Annalee Newitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annalee_Newitz"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newitz-8"},{"link_name":"Gardner Dozois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner_Dozois"},{"link_name":"the 1951 film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thing_from_Another_World"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dozois-9"},{"link_name":"Chad Orzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Orzel"},{"link_name":"retcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retcon"},{"link_name":"pulp magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_magazine"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orzel-10"}],"text":"The Things won the 2011 Shirley Jackson Award for Best Short Story,[1] and was a finalist for the 2011 Hugo Award for Best Short Story,[2] the 2011 Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award,[3] and the 2011 BSFA Award for Best Short Fiction.[4] The audio version was a finalist for the 2010 Parsec Award for short fiction.[5]Wired called it \"not only a startlingly effective portrayal of alien psychology, but also a thoughtful exploration of religion and the missionary impulse.\"[6] Publishers Weekly called it a depiction of \"blindly expansionist colonialism\".[7]Watts has reported being told by Simon Pegg that many members of the 1982 film's cast and crew enjoyed the story.[6]At Io9, Annalee Newitz praised it for \"successfully represent(ing) a truly alien point of view\", and called it \"mind-bending\".[8] Gardner Dozois similarly lauded Watts for his \"excellent job of showing a totally alien way of looking at life\", but noted that people who (like him) were more familiar with the 1951 film than with the 1982 remake \"may be a little confused\".[9]Chad Orzel was considerably more negative, calling it \"far from impressive\", with \"two main weaknesses forced on the story by the basic concept\": the extent to which it requires familiarity with the 1982 film, and Watts' effort to \"basically retcon the goofy biology of the movie alien, which was based on the goofy biology of a John Campbell short story from the pulp magazine era.\"[10]","title":"Reception"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Things_(short_story)&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve the plot summary"},{"Link":"https://www.shirleyjacksonawards.org/2011/07/17/winners-announced-for-the-2010-shirley-jackson-awards/","external_links_name":"Winners Announced for the 2010 Shirley Jackson Awards"},{"Link":"http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/2011-hugo-awards/","external_links_name":"2011 Hugo Awards"},{"Link":"http://www.sfcenter.ku.edu/sturgeon.htm","external_links_name":"The Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award"},{"Link":"https://vector-bsfa.com/2011/01/17/2010-bsfa-awards-shortlists-2/","external_links_name":"2010 BSFA Awards Shortlists"},{"Link":"http://www.parsecawards.com/past-awards/2010-parsec-awards-winners-finalists/","external_links_name":"2010 Parsec Awards Winners & Finalists"},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/2018/06/geeks-guide-the-things/","external_links_name":"If You Like ‘The Thing’ You’ll Love “The Things”"},{"Link":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781616961251","external_links_name":"Beyond the Rift, by Peter Watts"},{"Link":"https://io9.gizmodo.com/an-incredible-short-story-told-from-the-perspective-of-5849758","external_links_name":"An incredible short story told from the perspective of the alien in John Carpenter's The Thing"},{"Link":"https://locusmag.com/2011/06/short-story-club-the-things-by-peter-watts/","external_links_name":"Short Story Club: The Things by Peter Watts"},{"Link":"http://chadorzel.com/principles/2010/08/28/short-story-club-the-things-by/","external_links_name":"Short Story Club: “The Things” by Peter Watts"},{"Link":"http://clarkesworldmagazine.com/watts_01_10/","external_links_name":"Digital edition of the short story"},{"Link":"https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/https://www.wired.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/geeksguide315final.mp3","external_links_name":"Watts discussing the story"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_(disambiguation)
|
Fishing (disambiguation)
|
["1 See also"]
|
Look up fishing in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Fishing is the activity of trying to catch wild fish.
Fishing may also refer to:
Fishing (Carracci), a 1590s painting
Fishing (sculpture), a 1938 sculpture in the United States
"Fishing" (song), a 1991 indie rock song
See also
Phishing, the deceptive online practice.
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Fishing.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
|
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|
[]
|
[{"title":"Phishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Fishing_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}]
|
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Fishing_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plone
|
Plone (software)
|
["1 History","1.1 Release history","2 Design","2.1 Languages","3 Add-on products","4 Strengths and weaknesses","4.1 Focus on security","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
|
Content management system
"Plone" redirects here. Not to be confused with Plone (band).
PloneScreenshot
Screenshot of default Plone 5.2 installDeveloper(s)456 Worldwide Current ContributorsStable release6.0.6
/ 27 June 2023; 11 months ago (27 June 2023)
Operating systemCross-platformPlatformZopeTypeContent management systemLicenseGNU General Public LicenseWebsiteplone.org
Plone is a free and open source content management system (CMS) built on top of the Zope application server. Plone is positioned as an enterprise CMS and is commonly used for intranets and as part of the web presence of large organizations. High-profile public sector users include the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Brazilian Government, United Nations, City of Bern (Switzerland), New South Wales Government (Australia), and European Environment Agency. Plone's proponents cite its security track record and its accessibility as reasons to choose Plone.
Plone has a long tradition of development happening in so-called "sprints", in-person meetings of developers over the course of several days, the first having been held in 2003 and nine taking place in 2014. The largest sprint of the year is the sprint immediately following the annual conference. Certain other sprints are considered strategic so are funded directly by the Plone Foundation, although very few attendees are sponsored directly. The Plone Foundation also holds and enforces all copyrights and trademarks in Plone, and is assisted by legal counsel from the Software Freedom Law Center.
History
The Plone project began in 1999 by Alexander Limi, Alan Runyan, and Vidar Andersen. It was made as a usability layer on top of the Zope Content Management Framework. The first version was released in 2001. The project quickly grew into a community, receiving plenty of new add-on products from its users. The increase in community led to the creation of the annual Plone conference in 2003, which is still running today. In addition, "sprints" are held, where groups of developers meet to work on Plone, ranging from a couple of days to a week. In March 2004, Plone 2.0 was released. This release brought more customizable features to Plone, and enhanced the add-on functions. In May 2004, the Plone Foundation was created for the development, marketing, and protection of Plone. The Foundation has ownership rights over the Plone codebase, trademarks, and domain names. Even though the foundation was set up to protect ownership rights, Plone remains open source.
On March 12, 2007, Plone 3 was released. This new release brought inline editing, an upgraded visual editor, and strengthened security, among many other enhancements. Plone 4 was released in September 2010. There are over 450 developers contributing to Plone's code. Plone won two Packt Open Source CMS Awards.
Release history
Version
Release date
Development time (days)
Notes and significant changes
0.1
October 4, 2001
Initial public release
1.0
February 6, 2003
490
First stable release
2.0
March 23, 2004
411
2.1
September 6, 2005
532
2.5
September 19, 2006
378
3.0
August 21, 2007
336
3.1
May 2, 2008
255
3.2
February 7, 2009
281
3.3
August 19, 2009
193
4.0
September 1, 2010
378
Infrastructure improvements increasing performance and reducing resource use, new base theme, more efficient blob storage, overlays, fit and polish.
4.1
August 8, 2011
341
Configuration registry, improved commenting system, more versatile caching, more detailed security roles.
4.2
July 5, 2012
332
Diazo theming system, HTML5, Python 2.7, improved collections, improved search.
4.3
April 13, 2013
282
Dexterity Content Type development system, Kupu removal, KSS removed, Password API, Improved Syndication, NewsML, TTW Theme Editor
5.0
September 28, 2015
898
Simpler, faster Dexterity as the new default content type framework. Theming is made easier with Diazo. The Chameleon rendering engine improves response times by 15 to 30 percent. A modern series of form widgets have been created with usability and accessibility in mind.
5.1
May 1, 2018
946
Release notes
5.2
July 19, 2019
444
Python 3 support, Inclusion of plone.restapi and more.
6.0
December 12, 2022
1242
Headless CMS with React frontend.
Design
Plone runs on the Zope application server, which is written in Python. Plone by default stores all information in Zope's built-in transactional object database (ZODB). It comes with installers for Windows, macOS, and Linux, along with other operating systems. New updates are released regularly on Plone's website. Plone is available in over 50 languages. It complies with WCAG 2.0 AA and U.S. section 508, which allows people with disabilities to access and use Plone. A major part of Plone is its use of skins and themes. Plone's Diazo theming engine can be used to customize a website's look. These themes are written with JavaScript, HTML, XSLT, and Cascading Style Sheets. In addition, Plone comes with a user management system called Pluggable Authentication Service (PAS). PAS is used to search for users and groups in Plone. Most importantly, PAS covers the security involved for users and groups, requiring authentication in order to log into Plone. This gives users an increase in both security and organization with their content.
A large part of Plone's changes have come from its community. Since Plone is open source, the members of the Plone community regularly make alterations or add-ons to Plone's interface, and make these changes available to the rest of the community via Plone's website.
The name Plone comes from a band by that name and "Plone should look and feel like the band sounds".
Languages
Plone is built on the Zope application framework and therefore is primarily written in Python but also contains large amounts of HTML and CSS, as well as JavaScript. Plone uses jQuery as its Javascript framework in current versions, after abandoning a declarative framework for progressive enhancement called KSS. Plone uses an XML dialect called ZCML for configuration, as well as an XML based templating language, meaning approximately 10% of the total source code is XML based.
Add-on products
The community supports and distributes thousands of add-ons via company websites but mostly through PYPI and www.plone.org. There are currently 2149 packages available via PyPI for customizing Plone.
Since its release, many of Plone's updates and add-ons have come from its community. Events called Plone "sprints" consist of members of the community coming together for a week and helping improve Plone. The Plone conference is also attended and supported by the members of the Plone community. In addition, Plone has an active IRC channel to give support to users who have questions or concerns. Up through 2007, there have been over one million downloads of Plone. Plone's development team has also been ranked in the top 2% of the largest open source communities.
Strengths and weaknesses
A 2007 comparison of CMSes rated Plone highly in a number of categories (standards conformance, access control, internationalization, aggregation, user-generated content, micro-applications, active user groups and value). However, as most of the major CMSes, including Plone, Drupal, WordPress and Joomla, have undergone major development since then, only limited value can be drawn from this comparison. Plone is available on many different operating systems, due to its use of platform-independent underlying technologies such as Python and Zope. Plone's Web-based administrative interface is optimized for standards, allowing it to work with most common web browsers, and uses additional accessibility standards to help users who have disabilities. All of Plone's features are customizable, and free add-ons are available from the Plone website.
Focus on security
Mitre is a not-for-profit corporation which hosts the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) Database. The CVE database provides a worldwide reporting mechanism for developers and the industry and is a source feed into the U.S. National Vulnerability Database (NVD). According to Mitre, Plone has the lowest number of reported lifetime and year to date vulnerabilities when compared to other popular Content Management Systems. This security record has led to widespread adoption of Plone by government and non-governmental organizations, including the FBI.
The following table compares the number of CVEs as reported by Mitre. Logged CVEs take into account vulnerabilities exposed in the core product as well as the modules of the software, of which, the included modules may be provided by 3rd party vendors and not the primary software provider.
Comparison of Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures
CMS
First released
CVEs
Plone
2003
89
Joomla
2005
1230
Wordpress
2003
2629
Drupal
2001
1074
See also
Free and open-source software portal
Content management system
Diazo (software)
List of content management systems
Zope
References
^ "Plone 6.0.6 release notes - released June 27th, 2023". 27 June 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
^ a b "Gov 2.0 guide to Plone". Govfresh.com. 2011-03-11. Archived from the original on 2017-12-19. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
^ "Is Plone Really More Secure Than Drupal and Joomla?". Real Story Group. 2013-02-11. Retrieved 2015-01-02.
^ "Plone - The Open Source Enterprise CMS". Six Feet Up. Archived from the original on 2017-06-21. Retrieved 2015-01-02.
^ "All sprints". Plone. Archived from the original on 2015-01-02. Retrieved 2015-01-02.
^ "Bring Your Talent and Passion to a Sprint. Better Yet, Organize One!". Plone. 2013-04-02. Archived from the original on 2015-01-02. Retrieved 2015-01-02.
^ "Software Freedom Law Center Adds Plone Foundation as Newest Client". Software Freedom Law Center. 2005-07-13. Retrieved 2015-01-02.
^ "Plone Foundation FAQs — Plone CMS: Open Source Content Management". Plone.org. 2009-01-03. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
^ "Plone 3.0 released! — Plone CMS: Open Source Content Management". Plone.org. 2007-08-21. Archived from the original on 2012-03-09. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
^ "Plone 4 CMS Unveiled: Advancing Power, Performance & User Experience — Plone CMS:- Open Source Content Management". Plone.org. Archived from the original on 2012-03-09. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
^ "Open Source Awards Previous Winners | Packt Publishing". Packtpub.com. Archived from the original on 2009-07-07. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
^ "https://plone.org/download/releases/5.1". plone.org. Retrieved 2023-09-30. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
^ "https://plone.org/download/releases/5.2". plone.org. Retrieved 2023-09-30. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
^ https://plone.org/download/releases/6.0
^ Plone: Features in Plone 3.
^ Alex Limi: Accessibility Compliant.
^ Plone (features in Plone 4.0).
^ "The Definitive Guide to Plone - First Edition - 12 December 2006" (PDF). Plone.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 May 2009. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
^ "What does Plone mean? How is it pronounced? — Plone CMS: Open Source Content Management". Plone.org. Archived from the original on 2012-10-19. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
^ a b Ohloh. "Plone : Project Summary". Ohloh. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
^ "Plone documentation". Retrieved 2015-01-02.
^ "Kinetic Style Sheets". Retrieved 2015-02-01.
^ "Browse : Python Package Index". Pypi.python.org. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
^ "Feature Article | Real Story Group". Cmswatch.com. 2007-06-11. Archived from the original on 2009-09-25. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
^ "Mitre FAQ". Mitre. 2015-12-10. Retrieved 2016-01-17.
^ "Mitre CVE Database for Plone". Mitre. Retrieved 2020-09-02.
^ "Mitre CVE Database for Joomla". Mitre. Retrieved 2020-09-02.
^ "Mitre CVE Database for Wordpress". Mitre. Retrieved 2020-09-02.
^ "Mitre CVE Database for Drupal". Mitre. Retrieved 2020-09-02.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Plone.
Official website
Authority control databases: National
Czech Republic
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plone (band)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plone_(band)"},{"link_name":"free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software"},{"link_name":"open source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source_software"},{"link_name":"content management system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_management_system"},{"link_name":"Zope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zope"},{"link_name":"application server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_server"},{"link_name":"enterprise CMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_CMS"},{"link_name":"intranets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intranet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-govfresh.com-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"sprints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackathon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sprints-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"copyrights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyrights"},{"link_name":"trademarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark"},{"link_name":"Software Freedom Law Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_Freedom_Law_Center"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"\"Plone\" redirects here. Not to be confused with Plone (band).Plone is a free and open source content management system (CMS) built on top of the Zope application server. Plone is positioned as an enterprise CMS and is commonly used for intranets and as part of the web presence of large organizations. High-profile public sector users include the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Brazilian Government, United Nations, City of Bern (Switzerland), New South Wales Government (Australia), and European Environment Agency.[2] Plone's proponents cite its security track record[3] and its accessibility[4] as reasons to choose Plone.Plone has a long tradition of development happening in so-called \"sprints\", in-person meetings of developers over the course of several days, the first having been held in 2003[5] and nine taking place in 2014. The largest sprint of the year is the sprint immediately following the annual conference. Certain other sprints are considered strategic so are funded directly by the Plone Foundation,[6] although very few attendees are sponsored directly. The Plone Foundation also holds and enforces all copyrights and trademarks in Plone, and is assisted by legal counsel from the Software Freedom Law Center.[7]","title":"Plone (software)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"usability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usability"},{"link_name":"Zope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zope"},{"link_name":"add-on products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)"},{"link_name":"open source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Packt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packt"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The Plone project began in 1999 by Alexander Limi, Alan Runyan, and Vidar Andersen. It was made as a usability layer on top of the Zope Content Management Framework. The first version was released in 2001. The project quickly grew into a community, receiving plenty of new add-on products from its users. The increase in community led to the creation of the annual Plone conference in 2003, which is still running today. In addition, \"sprints\" are held, where groups of developers meet to work on Plone, ranging from a couple of days to a week. In March 2004, Plone 2.0 was released. This release brought more customizable features to Plone, and enhanced the add-on functions. In May 2004, the Plone Foundation was created for the development, marketing, and protection of Plone. The Foundation has ownership rights over the Plone codebase, trademarks, and domain names. Even though the foundation was set up to protect ownership rights, Plone remains open source.[8]\nOn March 12, 2007, Plone 3 was released. This new release brought inline editing, an upgraded visual editor, and strengthened security, among many other enhancements.[9] Plone 4 was released in September 2010.[10] There are over 450 developers contributing to Plone's code. Plone won two Packt Open Source CMS Awards.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Release history","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zope"},{"link_name":"Python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"ZODB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zope_Object_Database"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"macOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"WCAG 2.0 AA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines"},{"link_name":"U.S. section 508","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_508_Amendment_to_the_Rehabilitation_Act_of_1973"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"skins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_(computing)"},{"link_name":"themes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_(computing)"},{"link_name":"JavaScript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript"},{"link_name":"HTML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML"},{"link_name":"XSLT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XSLT"},{"link_name":"Cascading Style Sheets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plone_(band)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Plone runs on the Zope application server, which is written in Python. Plone by default stores all information in Zope's built-in transactional object database (ZODB). It comes with installers for Windows, macOS, and Linux, along with other operating systems. New updates are released regularly on Plone's website. Plone is available in over 50 languages. It complies with WCAG 2.0 AA and U.S. section 508,[15][16][17] which allows people with disabilities to access and use Plone. A major part of Plone is its use of skins and themes. Plone's Diazo theming engine can be used to customize a website's look. These themes are written with JavaScript, HTML, XSLT, and Cascading Style Sheets. In addition, Plone comes with a user management system called Pluggable Authentication Service (PAS). PAS is used to search for users and groups in Plone. Most importantly, PAS covers the security involved for users and groups, requiring authentication in order to log into Plone. This gives users an increase in both security and organization with their content.[18]\nA large part of Plone's changes have come from its community. Since Plone is open source, the members of the Plone community regularly make alterations or add-ons to Plone's interface, and make these changes available to the rest of the community via Plone's website.The name Plone comes from a band by that name and \"Plone should look and feel like the band sounds\".[19]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ohloh-20"},{"link_name":"jQuery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JQuery"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"KSS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kinetic_Style_Sheets&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ohloh-20"}],"sub_title":"Languages","text":"Plone is built on the Zope application framework and therefore is primarily written in Python but also contains large amounts of HTML and CSS, as well as JavaScript.[20] Plone uses jQuery as its Javascript framework[21] in current versions, after abandoning a declarative framework for progressive enhancement called KSS.[22] Plone uses an XML dialect called ZCML for configuration, as well as an XML based templating language, meaning approximately 10% of the total source code is XML based.[20]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"IRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRC"}],"text":"The community supports and distributes thousands of add-ons via company websites but mostly through PYPI and www.plone.org. There are currently 2149 packages available via PyPI for customizing Plone.[23]Since its release, many of Plone's updates and add-ons have come from its community. Events called Plone \"sprints\" consist of members of the community coming together for a week and helping improve Plone. The Plone conference is also attended and supported by the members of the Plone community. In addition, Plone has an active IRC channel to give support to users who have questions or concerns. Up through 2007, there have been over one million downloads of Plone. Plone's development team has also been ranked in the top 2% of the largest open source communities.","title":"Add-on products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"user-generated content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User-generated_content"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmswatch.com-24"},{"link_name":"Drupal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupal"},{"link_name":"WordPress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordPress"},{"link_name":"Joomla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joomla"}],"text":"A 2007 comparison of CMSes rated Plone highly in a number of categories (standards conformance, access control, internationalization, aggregation, user-generated content, micro-applications, active user groups and value).[24] However, as most of the major CMSes, including Plone, Drupal, WordPress and Joomla, have undergone major development since then, only limited value can be drawn from this comparison. Plone is available on many different operating systems, due to its use of platform-independent underlying technologies such as Python and Zope. Plone's Web-based administrative interface is optimized for standards, allowing it to work with most common web browsers, and uses additional accessibility standards to help users who have disabilities. All of Plone's features are customizable, and free add-ons are available from the Plone website.","title":"Strengths and weaknesses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposures"},{"link_name":"National Vulnerability Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Vulnerability_Database"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-govfresh.com-2"}],"sub_title":"Focus on security","text":"Mitre is a not-for-profit corporation which hosts the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) Database. The CVE database provides a worldwide reporting mechanism for developers and the industry and is a source feed into the U.S. National Vulnerability Database (NVD).[25] According to Mitre, Plone has the lowest number of reported lifetime and year to date vulnerabilities when compared to other popular Content Management Systems. This security record has led to widespread adoption of Plone by government and non-governmental organizations, including the FBI.[2]The following table compares the number of CVEs as reported by Mitre. Logged CVEs take into account vulnerabilities exposed in the core product as well as the modules of the software, of which, the included modules may be provided by 3rd party vendors and not the primary software provider.","title":"Strengths and weaknesses"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"Free and open-source software portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software"},{"title":"Content management system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_management_system"},{"title":"Diazo (software)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazo_(software)"},{"title":"List of content management systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_content_management_systems"},{"title":"Zope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zope"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Plone 6.0.6 release notes - released June 27th, 2023\". 27 June 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://plone.org/download","url_text":"\"Plone 6.0.6 release notes - released June 27th, 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gov 2.0 guide to Plone\". Govfresh.com. 2011-03-11. Archived from the original on 2017-12-19. Retrieved 2012-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171219115523/http://govfresh.com/2011/03/gov-2-0-guide-to-plone/","url_text":"\"Gov 2.0 guide to Plone\""},{"url":"http://govfresh.com/2011/03/gov-2-0-guide-to-plone/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Is Plone Really More Secure Than Drupal and Joomla?\". Real Story Group. 2013-02-11. Retrieved 2015-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.realstorygroup.com/Blog/2523-Is-Plone-Really-More-Secure-Than-Drupal-and-Joomla","url_text":"\"Is Plone Really More Secure Than Drupal and Joomla?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plone - The Open Source Enterprise CMS\". Six Feet Up. Archived from the original on 2017-06-21. Retrieved 2015-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170621091145/http://www.sixfeetup.com/plone-cms/plone-cms-new#does-plone-support-visitors-with-disabilities","url_text":"\"Plone - The Open Source Enterprise CMS\""},{"url":"http://www.sixfeetup.com/plone-cms/plone-cms-new#does-plone-support-visitors-with-disabilities","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"All sprints\". Plone. Archived from the original on 2015-01-02. Retrieved 2015-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150102063354/https://plone.org/events/sprints/all_sprints","url_text":"\"All sprints\""},{"url":"https://plone.org/events/sprints/all_sprints","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bring Your Talent and Passion to a Sprint. Better Yet, Organize One!\". Plone. 2013-04-02. Archived from the original on 2015-01-02. Retrieved 2015-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150102063431/https://plone.org/news/come-sprint","url_text":"\"Bring Your Talent and Passion to a Sprint. Better Yet, Organize One!\""},{"url":"https://plone.org/news/come-sprint","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Software Freedom Law Center Adds Plone Foundation as Newest Client\". Software Freedom Law Center. 2005-07-13. Retrieved 2015-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.softwarefreedom.org/news/2005/jul/13/plone-foundation/","url_text":"\"Software Freedom Law Center Adds Plone Foundation as Newest Client\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plone Foundation FAQs — Plone CMS: Open Source Content Management\". Plone.org. 2009-01-03. Retrieved 2012-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://plone.org/foundation/about/faq","url_text":"\"Plone Foundation FAQs — Plone CMS: Open Source Content Management\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plone 3.0 released! — Plone CMS: Open Source Content Management\". Plone.org. 2007-08-21. Archived from the original on 2012-03-09. Retrieved 2012-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120309141041/http://plone.org/news/plone-3.0-released","url_text":"\"Plone 3.0 released! — Plone CMS: Open Source Content Management\""},{"url":"http://plone.org/news/plone-3.0-released/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Plone 4 CMS Unveiled: Advancing Power, Performance & User Experience — Plone CMS:- Open Source Content Management\". Plone.org. Archived from the original on 2012-03-09. Retrieved 2012-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120309135231/http://plone.org/news/plone-4-released","url_text":"\"Plone 4 CMS Unveiled: Advancing Power, Performance & User Experience — Plone CMS:- Open Source Content Management\""},{"url":"http://plone.org/news/plone-4-released","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Open Source Awards Previous Winners | Packt Publishing\". Packtpub.com. Archived from the original on 2009-07-07. Retrieved 2012-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090707094004/http://www.packtpub.com/open-source-cms-award-previous-winners","url_text":"\"Open Source Awards Previous Winners | Packt Publishing\""},{"url":"http://www.packtpub.com/open-source-cms-award-previous-winners","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"https://plone.org/download/releases/5.1\". plone.org. Retrieved 2023-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://plone.org/download/releases/5.1","url_text":"\"https://plone.org/download/releases/5.1\""}]},{"reference":"\"https://plone.org/download/releases/5.2\". plone.org. Retrieved 2023-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://plone.org/download/releases/5.2","url_text":"\"https://plone.org/download/releases/5.2\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Definitive Guide to Plone - First Edition - 12 December 2006\" (PDF). Plone.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 May 2009. Retrieved 2012-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090521053549/http://plone.org/documentation/manual/definitive-guide/definitive_guide_to_plone.pdf","url_text":"\"The Definitive Guide to Plone - First Edition - 12 December 2006\""},{"url":"http://plone.org/documentation/manual/definitive-guide/definitive_guide_to_plone.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"What does Plone mean? How is it pronounced? — Plone CMS: Open Source Content Management\". Plone.org. Archived from the original on 2012-10-19. Retrieved 2012-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121019151929/http://plone.org/documentation/faq/name","url_text":"\"What does Plone mean? How is it pronounced? — Plone CMS: Open Source Content Management\""},{"url":"http://plone.org/documentation/faq/name","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ohloh. \"Plone : Project Summary\". Ohloh. Retrieved 2012-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ohloh.net/p/plone/analyses/latest","url_text":"\"Plone : Project Summary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plone documentation\". Retrieved 2015-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://docs.plone.org/develop/addons/javascript.html","url_text":"\"Plone documentation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kinetic Style Sheets\". Retrieved 2015-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://plone.org/documentation/glossary/kss-kinetic-style-sheets","url_text":"\"Kinetic Style Sheets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Browse : Python Package Index\". Pypi.python.org. Retrieved 2012-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://pypi.python.org/pypi?:action=browse&c=518","url_text":"\"Browse : Python Package Index\""}]},{"reference":"\"Feature Article | Real Story Group\". Cmswatch.com. 2007-06-11. Archived from the original on 2009-09-25. Retrieved 2012-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090925045720/http://www.cmswatch.com/Feature/164-WCM-Marketplace","url_text":"\"Feature Article | Real Story Group\""},{"url":"http://www.cmswatch.com/Feature/164-WCM-Marketplace","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mitre FAQ\". Mitre. 2015-12-10. Retrieved 2016-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://cve.mitre.org/about/faqs.html#a2","url_text":"\"Mitre FAQ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mitre CVE Database for Plone\". Mitre. Retrieved 2020-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvekey.cgi?keyword=plone","url_text":"\"Mitre CVE Database for Plone\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mitre CVE Database for Joomla\". Mitre. Retrieved 2020-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvekey.cgi?keyword=Joomla","url_text":"\"Mitre CVE Database for Joomla\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mitre CVE Database for Wordpress\". Mitre. Retrieved 2020-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvekey.cgi?keyword=wordpress","url_text":"\"Mitre CVE Database for Wordpress\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mitre CVE Database for Drupal\". Mitre. Retrieved 2020-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvekey.cgi?keyword=drupal","url_text":"\"Mitre CVE Database for Drupal\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Luk%C3%B8je
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Ole Lukøje
|
["1 Ole Lukøje on Death","2 See also","3 External links"]
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Fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ole Lukøje" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
"Ole Lukøje"Short story by Hans Christian AndersenVilhelm Pedersen drew this representation of the Sandman for the fairytale "Ole Lukøje" (Mr. Sandman) by Hans Christian Andersen.Original titleOle LukøjeCountryDenmarkLanguageDanishGenre(s)Litereary fairy talePublicationPublished inFairy Tales Told for Children. New Collection. Third Booklet (Eventyr, fortalte for Børn. Ny Samling. Tredie Hefte)Publication typeFairy tale collectionPublisherC. A. ReitzelMedia typePrintPublication date20 December 1841Chronology
—
The Swineherd
"Ole Lukøje" (Danish: Ole Lukøje) is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen based upon a folk tale telling of a mysterious mythic creature of the Sandman who gently takes children to sleep and, depending on how good or bad they were, shows them various dreams.
Under each arm he carries an umbrella; one of them, with pictures on the inside, he spreads over the good children, and then they dream the most beautiful stories the whole night. But the other umbrella has no pictures, and this he holds over the naughty children so that they sleep heavily, and wake in the morning without having dreamed at all.
Ole Lukøje's name is actually composed of two parts: Ole is a common Danish masculine name, and Lukøje a compound of the Danish words for 'close' and 'eye'. In the tale, he visits a boy called Hjalmar every night for a whole week and tells him stories. Ole Lukøje is later revealed to be a dream god, and in his final tale on Sunday he tells of his brother, likewise called Ole Lukøje but also Death, who closes the eyes of those he visits and takes them away with him.
Ole Lukøje on Death
"I will show you my brother. He is also called Ole-Luk-Oie but he never visits any one but once, and when he does come, he takes him away on his horse, and tells him stories as they ride along. He knows only two stories.
"One of these is so wonderfully beautiful, that no one in the world can imagine anything at all like it; but the other is just as ugly and frightful, so that it would be impossible to describe it."
Then Ole-Luk-Oie lifted Hjalmar up to the window. "There now, you can see my brother, the other Ole-Luk-Oie; he is also called Death.
"You see, he doesn't look as bad as in the picture books, where he is a skeleton! No, now his coat is embroidered with silver, and he wears the splendid uniform of a hussar, and a mantle of black velvet flies behind him, over the horse. Look, how he gallops along."
"Jeg vil vise Dig min Broder, han hedder ogsaa Ole Lukøie, men han kommer aldrig til nogen meer end eengang og naar han kommer, tager han dem med paa sin Hest og fortæller dem Historier.
"Han kan kun to, een der er saa mageløs deilig, at ingen i Verden kan tænke sig den, og een der er saa fæl og gruelig - ja det er ikke til at beskrive!"
Og saa løftede Ole Lukøie den lille Hjalmar op i Vinduet og sagde, "der skal Du see min Broder, den anden Ole Lukøie! de kalde ham ogsaa Døden!
"Seer Du, han seer slet ikke slem ud, som i Billedebøgerne, hvor han er Been og Knokler! nei, det er Sølvbroderi han har paa Kjolen: det er den deiligste Husar-Uniform! en Kappe af sort Fløiel flyver bag ud over Hesten! See hvor han rider i Gallop."
See also
Children's literature portal
Wee Willie Winkie
External links
The full text of Ole Lukøie at Wikisource
Danish Wikisource has original text related to this article: Ole Lukøie
Media related to Ole Lukoje at Wikimedia Commons
The entire folk tale in the old Danish original
Andersen, Hans Christian. Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
vteHans Christian AndersenBibliographyShort story collections
Fairy Tales Told for Children. First Collection. (1835–1837)
Fairy Tales Told for Children. New Collection (1838–1841)
New Fairy Tales. First Volume (1843–1845)
Short stories
"The Angel" (1843)
"Blockhead Hans" (1855)
"The Elf Mound" (1845)
"The Emperor's New Clothes" (1837)
"The Fir-Tree" (1844)
"The Flying Trunk" (1839)
"The Galoshes of Fortune" (1838)
"The Garden of Paradise" (1839)
"The Goblin and the Grocer" (1852)
"Golden Treasure" (1865)
"The Ice-Maiden" (1861)
"Little Claus and Big Claus" (1835)
"The Little Match Girl" (1845)
"The Little Mermaid" (1837)
"The Most Incredible Thing" (1870)
"The Nightingale" (1843)
"Ole Lukoie" (1841)
"The Princess and the Pea" (1835)
"The Red Shoes" (1845)
"The Shadow" (1847)
"The Shepherdess and the Chimney Sweep" (1845)
"The Snow Queen" (1844)
"The Snowman" (1861)
"The Steadfast Tin Soldier" (1838)
"The Story of a Mother" (1847)
"The Sweethearts; or, The Top and the Ball" (1843)
"The Swineherd" (1841)
"The Tallow Candle" (1820s)
"The Teapot" (1863)
"Thumbelina" (1835)
"The Tinderbox" (1835)
"The Travelling Companion" (1835)
"The Ugly Duckling" (1843)
"What the Old Man Does is Always Right" (1861)
"The Wicked Prince" (1840)
"The Wild Swans" (1838)
Novels
The Improvisatore (1835)
O.T (1836)
The Two Baronesses (1848)
Plays, operas
Little Kirsten (1846)
When the Spaniards Were Here (1865)
Poems and songs
Barn Jesus i en krybbe lå
Danmark, mit fædreland
Hist hvor vejen slår en bugt
Other works
Christine's Picture Book (art book)
Works inspired by Andersen's life and works
Hans Christian Andersen (1952)
The Daydreamer (1966)
The World of Hans Christian Andersen (1968)
Andersen Monogatari (1971)
The Fairytaler (2002–2003)
Hans Christian Andersen: My Life as a Fairytale (2003 miniseries)
Young Andersen (2005 serial)
Related
Hans Christian Andersen Museums
Pleated Christmas hearts
International Children's Book Day
Hans Christian Andersen Award
Hans Christian Andersen Literature Award
Category
vteSandman mythSeminal works
The Sandman (1816)
"Ole Lukøje" (1841)
Film
Lullaby Land (1933)
The Daydreamer (1966)
The Sandman (1991)
Sleepstalker (1995)
The Sandman (2000)
The Sandman (2011)
The Sandman (2017)
Songs
"The Japanese Sandman" (1920)
"Mr. Sandman" (1954)
"In Dreams" (1963)
"Morningtown Ride" (1966)
"Enter Sandman" (1991)
"Blood Red Sandman" (2004)
ComicsCharacters
Dream (DC Comics)
Sandman (Marvel Comics)
Sandman (Wesley Dodds)
Sandy the Golden Boy
Hector Hall
Series
The Sandman (Vertigo)
characters
Sandman Mystery Theatre
Sandman Midnight Theatre
"The Sandman Saga"
Literature
The Sandman (1816)
The Sandman (2008)
Television
Sandmännchen (1959 German)
Nilus the Sandman: The Boy Who Dreamed Christmas (1991 Canadian)
Nilus the Sandman (1996 Canadian)
The Sandman (2022 American)
Other
Sandman (Dungeons & Dragons)
The Sandman (audio drama)
Coppélia (ballet)
Sha Wujing
Related
Logan's Run (1967)
film adaptation
TV adaptation
|
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|
[]
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[{"title":"Children's literature portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Children%27s_literature"},{"title":"Wee Willie Winkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wee_Willie_Winkie"}]
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[{"reference":"Andersen, Hans Christian. Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen. Retrieved October 20, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gutenberg.org/files/27200/27200-h/27200-h.htm#ole_luk","url_text":"Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curro
|
John Curro
|
["1 Honours and awards","1.1 Bernard Heinze Memorial Award","1.2 Don Banks Music Award","1.3 Queensland Greats Awards","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Australian musician (1932–2019)
John Ronald Curro AM MBE (6 December 1932 – 6 November 2019) was an Australian violinist, violist, conductor and music director.
Curro was the founder (1966) and Director of Music of the Queensland Youth Orchestras, with which he established the National Youth Concerto Competition (NYCC).
Honours and awards
Curro was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in 1981 and a Member of the Order of Australia in 1995.
He was awarded the Centenary Medal in 2001.
Bernard Heinze Memorial Award
The Sir Bernard Heinze Memorial Award is given to a person who has made an outstanding contribution to music in Australia.
Year
Nominee / work
Award
Result
Ref.
2000
John Curro
Sir Bernard Heinze Memorial Award
awarded
Don Banks Music Award
The Don Banks Music Award was established in 1984 to publicly honour a senior artist of high distinction who has made an outstanding and sustained contribution to music in Australia. It was founded by the Australia Council in honour of Don Banks, Australian composer, performer and the first chair of its music board.
Year
Nominee / work
Award
Result
2002
John Curro
Don Banks Music Award
Awarded
Queensland Greats Awards
The Queensland Greats Awards commenced in 2001 and recognise outstanding Queenslanders for their years of dedication and contribution to the development of the state and their role in strengthening and shaping the community in Queensland, Australia.
Year
Nominee / work
Award
Result
Ref.
2016
John Curro
Queensland Greats Awards
Awarded
References
^ McPherson, Angus (7 November 2019). "John Curro has died". Limelight. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
^ "Queensland Youth Orchestra". Archived from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
^ "It's an Honour: MBE". Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
^ "It's an Honour: AM". Archived from the original on 23 February 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
^ It's an Honour: Centenary Medal
^ "Nudgee College". Archived from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
^ "Brisbane Philharmonic Orchestra". Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
^ "Don Banks Music Award: Prize". Australian Music Centre. Archived from the original on 18 August 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
^ "2016 Queensland Greats recipients". Queensland Government. Archived from the original on 31 May 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
External links
John Curro digital story and oral history, State Library of Queensland
vteSir Bernard Heinze Memorial Award
Ruth Alexander (1987)
Frank Callaway (1988)
Malcolm Williamson (1989)
Patrick Thomas (1990)
Beryl Kimber (1991)
John Hopkins (1992)
Leonard Dommett (1993)
Peter Sculthorpe (1994)
Yvonne Kenny (1995)
Jan Sedivka (1996)
Richard Mills (1997)
Donald Hazelwood (1998)
Richard Gill (1999)
Don Burrows (2000)
John Curro (2001)
John Painter (2002)
Stephen McIntyre (2003)
Graeme Koehne (2004)
Richard Divall (2005)
Richard Tognetti (2006)
Graham Abbott (2007)
Barry Tuckwell (2008)
Richard Bonynge (2009)
Brett Dean (2010)
Simone Young (2011)
Carl Vine (2012)
Roger Covell (2013)
Anne Boyd (2014)
Margaret Kartomi (2015)
Mary Vallentine (2016)
Ronald Farren-Price (2017)
Judy Bailey (2018)
Deborah Cheetham (2019)
Richard Letts (2020)
Lyn Williams (2021)
Piers Lane (2022)
Nicolette Fraillon (2023)
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
|
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[]
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[{"reference":"McPherson, Angus (7 November 2019). \"John Curro has died\". Limelight. Retrieved 8 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.limelightmagazine.com.au/news/john-curro-has-died/","url_text":"\"John Curro has died\""}]},{"reference":"\"Queensland Youth Orchestra\". Archived from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181028225730/http://www.qyo.org.au/qyo-conductors","url_text":"\"Queensland Youth Orchestra\""},{"url":"http://qyo.org.au/qyo-conductors/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"It's an Honour: MBE\". Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1085218","url_text":"\"It's an Honour: MBE\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190222204636/https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1085218","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"It's an Honour: AM\". Archived from the original on 23 February 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/869917","url_text":"\"It's an Honour: AM\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190223074150/https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/869917","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nudgee College\". Archived from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 6 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080725023846/http://oldweb.nudgee.com/05News%20%26%20Events/gps_music_day.htm","url_text":"\"Nudgee College\""},{"url":"http://oldweb.nudgee.com/05News%20%26%20Events/gps_music_day.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Brisbane Philharmonic Orchestra\". Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120426044208/http://www.brisbanephil.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=98:john-curro-am-mbe-conductor&catid=57:concerts-guests","url_text":"\"Brisbane Philharmonic Orchestra\""},{"url":"http://www.brisbanephil.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=98:john-curro-am-mbe-conductor&catid=57:concerts-guests","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Don Banks Music Award: Prize\". Australian Music Centre. Archived from the original on 18 August 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20150818230200/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/119124/20150819-0902/www.australianmusiccentre.com.au/award/don-banks-music-award.html","url_text":"\"Don Banks Music Award: Prize\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Music_Centre","url_text":"Australian Music Centre"},{"url":"http://www.australianmusiccentre.com.au/award/don-banks-music-award.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2016 Queensland Greats recipients\". Queensland Government. Archived from the original on 31 May 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.qld.gov.au/about/events-awards-honours/awards/qld-greats-awards/2016-recipients/","url_text":"\"2016 Queensland Greats recipients\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170531022412/https://www.qld.gov.au/about/events-awards-honours/awards/qld-greats-awards/2016-recipients/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue%27s_Gallery_(1968_film)
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Rogue's Gallery (1968 film)
|
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]
|
1968 film
This article is about the 1968 film Rogue's Gallery. For the 1944 film Rogues' Gallery, see Rogues' Gallery (1944 film).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Rogue's Gallery" 1968 film – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Rogue's GalleryDirected byLeonard HornWritten bySteve Fisher A.C. LylesProduced byA.C. LylesStarringRoger Smith Greta Baldwin Dennis MorganCinematographyConrad L. HallEdited byJohn F. SchreyerMusic byJimmie HaskellProductioncompanyA.C. Lyles ProductionsDistributed byParamount PicturesRelease date
1968 (1968)
Running time87 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
Rogue's Gallery is a 1968 mystery film produced by A.C. Lyles for Paramount Pictures that was directed by Leonard Horn and starring Roger Smith, Greta Baldwin and Dennis Morgan.
The film's sets were designed by the art directors Roland Anderson and Hal Pereira.
Plot
Private detective John Rogue becomes fascinated about the case of an attractive but suicidal young woman.
Cast
Roger Smith as John Rogue
Greta Baldwin as Valerie York
Dennis Morgan as Dr. Jonas Pettingill
Edgar Bergen as Roy Benz
Brian Donlevy as Detective Lee
Farley Granger as Edmund Van Dermot
Mala Powers as Maggie
Richard Arlen as Man in Club
Jackie Coogan as Funeral Director
Johnnie Ray as Police Officer
William 'Billy' Benedict as Jocko
Robert Riordan as Oscar Ludman
Lee Delano as Swen
Bob Hoy as Collins
Craig Littler as Wheeler
Marcia Mae Jones as Mrs. Hassanover
James X. Mitchell as TV Reporter
Regis Parton as Patrol Officer
Patrick Hawley as Patrol Officer
Chuck Hicks as Assailant
George DeNormand as Observe Outside Office
George Hoagland as Club Member
William Meader as Club Member
Leoda Richards as Mourner at Cemetery
Hank Robinson as Police Officer
References
^ Roberts p.262
Bibliography
Roberts, Jerry. Encyclopedia of Television Film Directors. Scarecrow Press, 2009.
External links
Rogue's Gallery at IMDb
This article about a mystery film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rogues' Gallery (1944 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogues%27_Gallery_(1944_film)"},{"link_name":"mystery film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_film"},{"link_name":"A.C. Lyles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Lyles"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Leonard Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Horn"},{"link_name":"Roger Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Smith_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Dennis Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Morgan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"art directors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_director"},{"link_name":"Roland Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Hal Pereira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Pereira"}],"text":"This article is about the 1968 film Rogue's Gallery. For the 1944 film Rogues' Gallery, see Rogues' Gallery (1944 film).Rogue's Gallery is a 1968 mystery film produced by A.C. Lyles for Paramount Pictures that was directed by Leonard Horn and starring Roger Smith, Greta Baldwin and Dennis Morgan.[1]The film's sets were designed by the art directors Roland Anderson and Hal Pereira.","title":"Rogue's Gallery (1968 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Private detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_detective"}],"text":"Private detective John Rogue becomes fascinated about the case of an attractive but suicidal young woman.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roger Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Smith_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Dennis Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Edgar Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Bergen"},{"link_name":"Brian Donlevy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Donlevy"},{"link_name":"Farley Granger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farley_Granger"},{"link_name":"Mala Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mala_Powers"},{"link_name":"Richard Arlen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Arlen"},{"link_name":"Jackie Coogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Coogan"},{"link_name":"Johnnie Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnnie_Ray"},{"link_name":"William 'Billy' Benedict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_%27Billy%27_Benedict"},{"link_name":"Robert Riordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Riordan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lee Delano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Delano"},{"link_name":"Bob Hoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hoy"},{"link_name":"Craig Littler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Craig_Littler_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marcia Mae Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_Mae_Jones"},{"link_name":"James X. Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_X._Mitchell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Regis Parton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regis_Parton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Patrick Hawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Hawley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chuck Hicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hicks"},{"link_name":"George DeNormand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_DeNormand"},{"link_name":"George Hoagland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Hoagland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Meader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Meader&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leoda Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leoda_Richards&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hank Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hank_Robinson_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Roger Smith as John Rogue\nGreta Baldwin as Valerie York\nDennis Morgan as Dr. Jonas Pettingill\nEdgar Bergen as Roy Benz\nBrian Donlevy as Detective Lee\nFarley Granger as Edmund Van Dermot\nMala Powers as Maggie\nRichard Arlen as Man in Club\nJackie Coogan as Funeral Director\nJohnnie Ray as Police Officer\nWilliam 'Billy' Benedict as Jocko\nRobert Riordan as Oscar Ludman\nLee Delano as Swen\nBob Hoy as Collins\nCraig Littler as Wheeler\nMarcia Mae Jones as Mrs. Hassanover\nJames X. Mitchell as TV Reporter\nRegis Parton as Patrol Officer\nPatrick Hawley as Patrol Officer\nChuck Hicks as Assailant\nGeorge DeNormand as Observe Outside Office\nGeorge Hoagland as Club Member\nWilliam Meader as Club Member\nLeoda Richards as Mourner at Cemetery\nHank Robinson as Police Officer","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Roberts, Jerry. Encyclopedia of Television Film Directors. Scarecrow Press, 2009.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co_Verdaas
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Co Verdaas
|
["1 References"]
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Dutch politician
Co VerdaasState Secretary for Economic Affairs (Netherlands)In office5 November 2012 – 6 December 2012Prime MinisterMark RuttePreceded byHenk BlekerSucceeded bySharon DijksmaMember of the House of RepresentativesIn office30 January 2003 – 29 November 2006
Personal detailsBornJohannes Cornelis Verdaas (1966-08-05) 5 August 1966 (age 57)Breda, NetherlandsPolitical partyLabour PartyResidence(s)Zwolle, NetherlandsAlma materRadboud University Nijmegen (MA and PhD in urban planning)OccupationPolitician Civil servant Urban planner Consultant
Johannes Cornelis "Co" Verdaas (born 5 August 1966, in Breda) is a Dutch politician of the Labour Party (Partij van de Arbeid). He served as State Secretary for the Ministry of Economic Affairs, dealing with agriculture, nature, food quality, tourism and postal affairs in the Cabinet Rutte II from 5 November 2012 until his resignation on 6 December 2012. He previously served as a Member of the House of Representatives from 30 January 2003 until 29 November 2006, and as a member of the Provincial Executive (Gedeputeerde Staten) of the province of Gelderland from 2007 to 2012. Due to doubtful traffic expenses in his capacity of last one, he stepped down as a State Secretary.
Verdaas studied urban planning at Radboud University Nijmegen. Het developed the so-called Ladder of Verdaas, a system for solving traffic problems. Besides he is singer and guitarist in the rock band John-Boy & The Waltons.
References
(in Dutch) Parlement.com biography
^ (in Dutch) Verdaas, PvdA'er op Landbouw, NOS, November 15, 2012
^ As State Secretary for Economic Affairs Verdaas was allowed to use the ministerial title Minister of Agriculture while on foreign business.
^ (in Dutch) Staatssecretaris Verdaas treedt af, NOS, December 6, 2012
Government offices
Preceded byHenk Bleker
State Secretary for Economic Affairs 2012
Succeeded bySharon Dijksma
vteSecond Rutte cabinet (2012–2017)MinistersGeneral Affairs
Mark Rutte (2012–2017; Prime Minister)
Interior and Kingdom Relations
Ronald Plasterk (2012–2016)
Stef Blok (2016 ad interim)
Ronald Plasterk (2016–2017)
Foreign Affairs
Frans Timmermans (2012–2014)
Bert Koenders (2014–2017)
Finance
Jeroen Dijsselbloem (2012–2017)
Security and Justice
Ivo Opstelten (2012–2015)
Stef Blok (2015 ad interim)
Ard van der Steur (2015–2017)
Stef Blok (2017)
Economic Affairs
Henk Kamp (2012–2017)
Defence
Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert (2012–2017)
Klaas Dijkhoff (2017)
Health, Welfare and Sport
Edith Schippers (2012–2017)
Education, Culture and Science
Jet Bussemaker (2012–2017)
Infrastructure and the Environment
Melanie Schultz van Haegen (2012–2017)
Social Affairs and Employment
Lodewijk Asscher (2012–2017; Deputy Prime Minister)
Ministers without portfolioHousing and the Central Government Sector
Stef Blok (2012–2017)
Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation
Lilianne Ploumen (2012–2017)
State SecretariesFinance
Frans Weekers (2012–2014)
Eric Wiebes (2014–2017)
Security and Justice
Fred Teeven (2012–2015)
Klaas Dijkhoff (2015–2017)
Economic Affairs
Co Verdaas (2012)
Sharon Dijksma (2012–2015)
Martijn van Dam (2015–2017)
Health, Welfare and Sport
Martin van Rijn (2012–2017)
Education, Culture and Science
Sander Dekker (2012–2017)
Infrastructure and the Environment
Wilma Mansveld (2012–2015)
Sharon Dijksma (2015–2017)
Social Affairs and Employment
Jetta Klijnsma (2012–2017)
Preceded by: First Rutte cabinet
Succeeded by: Third Rutte cabinet
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Netherlands
This article about a Dutch Labour Party politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Route_to_the_Harmonium
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The Route to the Harmonium
|
["1 Critical reception","2 Track listing","3 Musicians","4 References"]
|
2019 studio album by James YorkstonThe Route to the HarmoniumStudio album by James YorkstonReleased22 February 2019GenreFolkLabelDominoProducerJames Yorkston, David WrenchJames Yorkston chronology
The Cellardyke Recording and Wassailing Society(2014)
The Route to the Harmonium(2019)
The Wide, Wide River(2021)
The Route To The Harmonium is an album by the Scottish singer-songwriter James Yorkston, released in 2019 by Domino Records. Produced by Yorkston and David Wrench, it was his ninth album with Domino.
Critical reception
The album received generally positive reviews. Drowned In Sound described Yorkston as, "an authentic bard of the Celtic traditions, a wandering minstrel sharing his tales with anyone who’ll listen", going on to say that "His music feels part of the scenery rather than derived from it. The softly picked and swept guitars spread their roots deep into his musical heritage, while the songs he sings tell tales that feel passed through the generations, even in their deeply personal nature." The magazine Loud and Quiet proclaimed that, "The full kaleidoscope of life is here and it is a rich experience for it."
Track listing
"Your Beauty Could Not Save You"
"The Irish Wars of Independence"
"Like Bees to Foxglove"
"Shallow"
"The Blue of the Thistle"
"My Mouth Ain't No Bible"
"Solitary Islands All"
"The Villages I Have Known My Entire Life"
"Oh Me, Oh My"
"Brittle"
"Yorkston Athletic"
"A Footnote to an Epitaph"
Musicians
James Yorkston - Vocals (1-12), Guitar (1-7,9-11), Electric Bass (1-4,6,7), Autoharp (1-6,8,10,11), Accordion (1), Dulcitone (1-7,10,11), Mandolin (1,2,5,7), Samples (1,9-11), Book Corder (1,2,6,7,11), Flute (1), Steel Drums (1), Percussion (1-6,9), Nyckelharpa (1-4,8-10), Mbira (1), Electric Flute (2), Dulcimer (2,4-8,10,11), Mono Synths (2), Reverse Mandolin (3), Concertina (3,8,10), Programming (4), Electric Piano (4,5), Hammond (4), A Buzzy Noise (4), Rain At Window (5,8), Spacey Noises (6), Keyboards (6,9), Fender Rhodes (7), Harmonium (8,10,12), Whistle (9), Fuzz Bass (9), Clarinet (9,10), Tanpura (11)
Tom Arthurs - Trumpet (1,3-5,10-12)
Grace Banks - Vocals (12)
John Ellis - Piano (1,3,4,8-10,12), Hammond Organ (6)
Doogie Paul - Double Bass (6,11)
Faisal Rahman - Drums (6,11)
Sarah Scutt - Vocals (1,3,4,6,11), Clarinet (1), Flute (2,9)
Reuben Taylor - Accordion (6,11)
Jon Thorne - Double Bass (1,8,10), Bowed Double Bass (2,3,7), Electric Bass (9)
David Wrench - Arp Synth (4)
References
^ William Lewis. "James Yorkston: The Route to the Harmonium". Drowned In Sound. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
^ David Zammitt. "James Yorkston: The Route to the Harmonium". Loud and Quiet. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
vteJames YorkstonStudio albums
Moving Up Country
Just Beyond the River
The Year of the Leopard
When the Haar Rolls In
Folk Songs
I Was a Cat from a Book
The Cellardyke Recording and Wassailing Society
The Route to the Harmonium
The Wide, Wide River
The Great White Sea Eagle
Compilation albums
Roaring the Gospel
Associated acts
Big Eyes Family Players
Adrian Crowley
Four Tet
The Fruit Tree Foundation
Suhail Yusuf Khan
King Creosote
Nina Persson
Pictish Trail
Jon Thorne
KT Tunstall
U.N.P.O.C.
Kathryn Williams
David Wrench
Yorkston/Thorne/Khan
Record labels
Domino Records
Fence Records
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Yorkston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Yorkston"},{"link_name":"Domino Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino_Recording_Company"},{"link_name":"David Wrench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wrench_(singer)"}],"text":"2019 studio album by James YorkstonThe Route To The Harmonium is an album by the Scottish singer-songwriter James Yorkston, released in 2019 by Domino Records. Produced by Yorkston and David Wrench, it was his ninth album with Domino.","title":"The Route to the Harmonium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Drowned In Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowned_In_Sound"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Loud and Quiet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loud_and_Quiet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The album received generally positive reviews. Drowned In Sound described Yorkston as, \"an authentic bard of the Celtic traditions, a wandering minstrel sharing his tales with anyone who’ll listen\", going on to say that \"His music feels part of the scenery rather than derived from it. The softly picked and swept guitars spread their roots deep into his musical heritage, while the songs he sings tell tales that feel passed through the generations, even in their deeply personal nature.\"[1] The magazine Loud and Quiet proclaimed that, \"The full kaleidoscope of life is here and it is a rich experience for it.\"[2]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"Your Beauty Could Not Save You\"\n\"The Irish Wars of Independence\"\n\"Like Bees to Foxglove\"\n\"Shallow\"\n\"The Blue of the Thistle\"\n\"My Mouth Ain't No Bible\"\n\"Solitary Islands All\"\n\"The Villages I Have Known My Entire Life\"\n\"Oh Me, Oh My\"\n\"Brittle\"\n\"Yorkston Athletic\"\n\"A Footnote to an Epitaph\"","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"James Yorkston - Vocals (1-12), Guitar (1-7,9-11), Electric Bass (1-4,6,7), Autoharp (1-6,8,10,11), Accordion (1), Dulcitone (1-7,10,11), Mandolin (1,2,5,7), Samples (1,9-11), Book Corder (1,2,6,7,11), Flute (1), Steel Drums (1), Percussion (1-6,9), Nyckelharpa (1-4,8-10), Mbira (1), Electric Flute (2), Dulcimer (2,4-8,10,11), Mono Synths (2), Reverse Mandolin (3), Concertina (3,8,10), Programming (4), Electric Piano (4,5), Hammond (4), A Buzzy Noise (4), Rain At Window (5,8), Spacey Noises (6), Keyboards (6,9), Fender Rhodes (7), Harmonium (8,10,12), Whistle (9), Fuzz Bass (9), Clarinet (9,10), Tanpura (11)\nTom Arthurs - Trumpet (1,3-5,10-12)\nGrace Banks - Vocals (12)\nJohn Ellis - Piano (1,3,4,8-10,12), Hammond Organ (6)\nDoogie Paul - Double Bass (6,11)\nFaisal Rahman - Drums (6,11)\nSarah Scutt - Vocals (1,3,4,6,11), Clarinet (1), Flute (2,9)\nReuben Taylor - Accordion (6,11)\nJon Thorne - Double Bass (1,8,10), Bowed Double Bass (2,3,7), Electric Bass (9)\nDavid Wrench - Arp Synth (4)","title":"Musicians"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"William Lewis. \"James Yorkston: The Route to the Harmonium\". Drowned In Sound. Retrieved 13 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://drownedinsound.com/releases/20534/reviews/4152231","url_text":"\"James Yorkston: The Route to the Harmonium\""}]},{"reference":"David Zammitt. \"James Yorkston: The Route to the Harmonium\". Loud and Quiet. Retrieved 13 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loudandquiet.com/reviews/james-yorkston-the-route-to-the-harmonium/","url_text":"\"James Yorkston: The Route to the Harmonium\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://drownedinsound.com/releases/20534/reviews/4152231","external_links_name":"\"James Yorkston: The Route to the Harmonium\""},{"Link":"https://www.loudandquiet.com/reviews/james-yorkston-the-route-to-the-harmonium/","external_links_name":"\"James Yorkston: The Route to the Harmonium\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Simpson_(Canadian_soccer)
|
Josh Simpson (soccer)
|
["1 Club career","2 International career","3 Career statistics","3.1 Club","3.2 International goals","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Canadian soccer player (born 1983)
Josh Simpson
Simpson with Canada in 2010Personal informationFull name
Joshua Christopher SimpsonDate of birth
(1983-05-15) May 15, 1983 (age 41)Place of birth
Burnaby, British Columbia, CanadaHeight
1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)Position(s)
WingerYouth career1995–2001
LISACollege careerYears
Team
Apps
(Gls)2001–2003
Portland Pilots
Senior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2004
Boulder Rapids Reserve
14
(7)2004–2006
Millwall
43
(2)2006–2009
1. FC Kaiserslautern
63
(12)2009–2012
Manisaspor
78
(18)2012–2015
Young Boys
11
(0)2016
Muri-Gümligen
Total
209
(39)International career2002–2003
Canada U20
20
(3)2001–2004
Canada U23
5
(0)2004–2012
Canada
43
(4)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Joshua Christopher 'Josh' Simpson (born May 15, 1983) is a Canadian former professional soccer player who is currently the president of Canadian Premier League team Pacific FC. During a career that included stops in England, Germany, Turkey, and Switzerland, he earned 43 caps for Canada before retiring from professional soccer after being unable to recover from a leg injury.
Club career
Born in Burnaby, British Columbia, Simpson started his career on a soccer scholarship with the University of Portland. In 2004, Simpson spent time with Boulder Rapids Reserve in the USL Premier Development League where he was named to the PDL all conference team. Shortly after, he and fellow Canadian Adrian Serioux signed with Millwall. He made his debut against Plymouth Argyle. On May 23, 2006, he signed a three-year contract with German team 1. FC Kaiserslautern and left the club on June 25, 2009 to sign with Turkish club Manisaspor. Simpson scored his first hat-trick in a 3–0 home victory on September 26, 2010 vs. Sivasspor. On February 22, 2011, Simpson signed a new three-year contract with Manisa, keeping him at the club until the end of the 2013–14 season. Simpson had his best professional season in 2010–11 with Manisapor leading the team with 12 goals and taking his team to tenth place. Simpson was tied for seventh in goals along with Jajá and Olcan Adın in the Süper Lig.
Simpson made his debut for the 2011–12 season as a second half sub for Ariza Makukula against Trabzonspor on September 10, Manisaspor was tailing by a goal until Simpson scored the tying goal in the 88th minute. Following his second goal of the season against Fenerbahçe in a 2–1 loss January 16, 2012, it was announced the following day that Simpson had terminated his contract with the team over unpaid wages.
On January 19, 2012 Simpson signed for BSC Young Boys on a three-and-a-half year deal. Simpson made his Young Boys debut on February 12 as a second half sub for David Degen in a 1–0 victory over FC Sion.
On May 23 the last game of the season against FC Basel, Simpson sustained a broken leg that was initially expected to keep him out for 3 months forcing him to miss the next round of international games for Canada after being called up the previous week. However, the injury turned out to be far more serious, which was described by the BSC Young Boys website as a "terrible moment for the audience ." He retired in May 2015 after failing to recover.
In the spring of 2016 he made his return to soccer at the amateur level in Switzerland, signing with the Swiss 3. Liga's FC Muri-Gümligen in the 7th tier of Swiss football.
International career
In 2003, he played for the Canada under-20 team at the World Youth Cup, where he scored the only goal in Canada's 1–0 win over Burkina Faso. He was also a call-up to the 2001 version, but not selected in the starting XI or on the bench.
He made his senior debut for Canada in a January 2004 friendly match against Barbados. Josh was later chosen in the 23-man roster for the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup, Canada won Group A with seven points before being knocked out by Honduras in the Quarter Finals. Simpson scored his first goal for the senior men's team in a 2–1 win over Honduras on September 7, 2010.
After failing to score in a disappointing 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup Simpson scored two goals in Canada's first game of World Cup Qualifying against Saint Lucia on September 2, 2011 at the national stadium BMO Field. Two months later Simpson scored his fourth international goal against Saint Kitts and Nevis in an inconsequential world cup qualifying match, the game ended in a 4–0 victory for the Canadians. In early December, Simpson was shortlisted for the 2011 Canadian Player of the Year along with Dwayne De Rosario and Simeon Jackson, it was announced on December 14 that he had finished in third losing out to De Rosario.
Career statistics
Club
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
Club
Season
League
Cup
League Cup
Continental
Total
Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Millwall
2004–05
Championship
30
1
1
0
0
0
2
0
33
1
2005–06
Championship
13
1
0
0
2
0
—
15
1
Total
43
2
1
0
2
0
2
0
48
2
1. FC Kaiserslautern
2006–07
2. Bundesliga
21
3
1
0
—
—
22
3
2007–08
2. Bundesliga
20
6
1
0
—
—
21
6
2008–09
2. Bundesliga
22
3
0
0
—
—
22
3
Total
63
12
2
0
—
—
65
12
1. FC Kaiserslautern II
2006–07
Regionalliga Süd
2
0
—
—
—
2
0
2007–08
Oberliga Südwest
1
2
—
—
—
1
2
2008–09
Regionalliga West
2
0
—
—
—
2
0
Total
5
2
—
—
—
5
2
Manisaspor
2009–10
Süper Lig
29
4
0
0
—
—
29
4
2010–11
Süper Lig
32
12
0
0
—
—
32
12
2011–12
Süper Lig
17
2
0
0
—
—
17
2
Total
78
18
0
0
—
—
78
18
Young Boys
2011–12
Swiss Super League
11
0
0
0
—
—
11
0
Career total
200
34
3
0
2
0
2
0
207
34
International goals
Scores and results list Canada's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Simpson goal.
List of international goals scored by Josh Simpson
No.
Date
Venue
Opponent
Score
Result
Competition
1
September 7, 2010
Saputo Stadium, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Honduras
1–0
2–1
Friendly
2
September 2, 2011
BMO Field, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Saint Lucia
1–0
4–1
2014 FIFA World Cup qualification
3
3–1
4
November 15, 2011
BMO Field, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Saint Kitts and Nevis
4–0
4–0
2014 FIFA World Cup qualification
References
^ JOSHUA C. SIMPSON - MANISASPOR KULUBU RESMI INTERNET SITESI Archived September 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Canadian Exports: Complications from injury permanently sideline former Canadian int'l Josh Simpson | MLSsoccer.com". Archived from the original on May 22, 2015.
^ "United Soccer Leagues (USL)". Archived from the original on May 16, 2010. Retrieved May 8, 2009.
^ Josh Simpson – Der Betze brennt
^ Simpson verlässt den FCK Archived June 26, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^ Simpson 2014'e kadar 'Tarzan' sporx.com (in Turkish), accessed February 22, 2011
^ Manisaspor vs. Trabzonspor – Soccerway
^ Josh Simpson Terminates Contract with Manisaspor Archived January 31, 2013, at the Wayback Machine – Canadian Soccer News
^ Canada midfielder Simpson joins Swiss Club Young Boys – TSN
^ Canadian international Josh Simpson suffers broken leg – CBC
^ Simpson works on comeback in soccer after devastating injury
^ "Josh Simpsons neue Prioritäten". Der Bund. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
^ Canada Soccer Profile Archived June 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
^ Appearances for Canada National Team – RSSSF
^ Canada Dominates St. Lucia In Brazil Quest
^ De Rosario, Canada hammer St. Kitts and Nevis
^ "De Rosario is male selection for 2011 BMO Canadian Player of the Year award". Canadian Soccer Association. December 14, 2011. Archived from the original on June 6, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2011.
^ "Josh Simpson » Club matches". World Football. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
External links
Josh Simpson at the Canadian Soccer Association
Josh Simpson at Soccerbase
Josh Simpson at National-Football-Teams.com
vtePacific Football ClubLangford, British ColumbiaThe Club
History
Crest and colours
Seasons
Stadium
Starlight Stadium (2019–present)
Affiliated teams
Van Isle Wave (BCSPL)
Rivalries
Cavalry FC
Vancouver FC
Key personnel
President: Josh Simpson
Chief executive officer: Rob Friend
Chairman: Dean Shillington
Head coach: James Merriman
Major honours (1)CPL Championship
2021
SeasonsCanadian Premier League
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Category
Canada squads
vteCanada squad – 2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup
1 Sutton
2 Braz
3 Pozniak
4 McKenna (c)
5 Gervais
6 Bernier
7 Hume
8 Serioux
9 Gerba
10 Occéan
11 Brennan
12 Grande
13 Hutchinson
14 De Rosario
15 Simpson
16 Leduc
17 Peters
18 Dodds
22 Franks
Coach: Yallop
vteCanada squad – 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup
1 Sutton
2 Cann
3 Klukowski
4 Hainault
5 McKenna
6 de Guzman
7 Stalteri (c)
8 de Jong
9 Gerba
10 Johnson
11 Hastings
12 Nakajima-Farran
13 Hutchinson
14 Jaković
15 Simpson
16 Jackson
17 Peters
18 Wagenaar
19 Harmse
20 Bernier
21 Pozniak
22 Stamatopoulos
23 Gbeke
Coach: Hart
vteCanada squad – 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup
1 Hirschfeld
2 Ledgerwood
3 Klukowski
4 McKenna (c)
5 Hainault
6 de Guzman
7 Dunfield
8 Johnson
9 Friend
10 Gerba
11 Simpson
12 Pacheco
13 Hutchinson
14 De Rosario
15 Edgar
16 Ricketts
17 Jackson
18 Borjan
19 de Jong
20 Peters
21 Beaulieu-Bourgault
22 Al-Shaïbani
23 Nakajima-Farran
Coach: Hart
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Canadian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Pacific FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_FC"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Joshua Christopher 'Josh' Simpson (born May 15, 1983) is a Canadian former professional soccer player who is currently the president of Canadian Premier League team Pacific FC. During a career that included stops in England, Germany, Turkey, and Switzerland, he earned 43 caps for Canada before retiring from professional soccer after being unable to recover from a leg injury.[2]","title":"Josh Simpson (soccer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burnaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnaby"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"University of Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Portland"},{"link_name":"Boulder Rapids Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder_Rapids_Reserve"},{"link_name":"USL Premier Development League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_Premier_Development_League"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Adrian Serioux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Serioux"},{"link_name":"Millwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millwall_F.C."},{"link_name":"Plymouth Argyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Argyle_F.C."},{"link_name":"1. FC Kaiserslautern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Kaiserslautern"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Manisaspor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manisaspor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sivasspor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivasspor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sporx-6"},{"link_name":"Jajá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Avelino_Coelho"},{"link_name":"Olcan Adın","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olcan_Ad%C4%B1n"},{"link_name":"Süper Lig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCper_Lig"},{"link_name":"Ariza Makukula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariza_Makukula"},{"link_name":"Trabzonspor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzonspor"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Fenerbahçe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_S.K._(football_team)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"BSC Young Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSC_Young_Boys"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"David Degen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Degen"},{"link_name":"FC Sion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Sion"},{"link_name":"FC Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Basel"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Born in Burnaby, British Columbia, Simpson started his career on a soccer scholarship with the University of Portland. In 2004, Simpson spent time with Boulder Rapids Reserve in the USL Premier Development League where he was named to the PDL all conference team.[3] Shortly after, he and fellow Canadian Adrian Serioux signed with Millwall. He made his debut against Plymouth Argyle. On May 23, 2006, he signed a three-year contract with German team 1. FC Kaiserslautern[4] and left the club on June 25, 2009 to sign with Turkish club Manisaspor.[5] Simpson scored his first hat-trick in a 3–0 home victory on September 26, 2010 vs. Sivasspor. On February 22, 2011, Simpson signed a new three-year contract with Manisa, keeping him at the club until the end of the 2013–14 season.[6] Simpson had his best professional season in 2010–11 with Manisapor leading the team with 12 goals and taking his team to tenth place. Simpson was tied for seventh in goals along with Jajá and Olcan Adın in the Süper Lig.Simpson made his debut for the 2011–12 season as a second half sub for Ariza Makukula against Trabzonspor on September 10, Manisaspor was tailing by a goal until Simpson scored the tying goal in the 88th minute.[7] Following his second goal of the season against Fenerbahçe in a 2–1 loss January 16, 2012, it was announced the following day that Simpson had terminated his contract with the team over unpaid wages.[8]On January 19, 2012 Simpson signed for BSC Young Boys on a three-and-a-half year deal.[9] Simpson made his Young Boys debut on February 12 as a second half sub for David Degen in a 1–0 victory over FC Sion.On May 23 the last game of the season against FC Basel, Simpson sustained a broken leg that was initially expected to keep him out for 3 months forcing him to miss the next round of international games for Canada after being called up the previous week.[10] However, the injury turned out to be far more serious, which was described by the BSC Young Boys website as a \"terrible moment for the audience [in Basel to witness].\" He retired in May 2015 after failing to recover.[11]In the spring of 2016 he made his return to soccer at the amateur level in Switzerland, signing with the Swiss 3. Liga's FC Muri-Gümligen in the 7th tier of Swiss football.[12]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada under-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_U-20_men%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"World Youth Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Youth_Championship"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_CONCACAF_Gold_Cup"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_CONCACAF_Gold_Cup"},{"link_name":"World Cup Qualifying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_(CONCACAF)"},{"link_name":"Saint Lucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"BMO Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMO_Field"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Dwayne De Rosario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwayne_De_Rosario"},{"link_name":"Simeon Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"In 2003, he played for the Canada under-20 team at the World Youth Cup, where he scored the only goal in Canada's 1–0 win over Burkina Faso. He was also a call-up to the 2001 version, but not selected in the starting XI or on the bench.[13]He made his senior debut for Canada in a January 2004 friendly match against Barbados.[14] Josh was later chosen in the 23-man roster for the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup, Canada won Group A with seven points before being knocked out by Honduras in the Quarter Finals. Simpson scored his first goal for the senior men's team in a 2–1 win over Honduras on September 7, 2010.After failing to score in a disappointing 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup Simpson scored two goals in Canada's first game of World Cup Qualifying against Saint Lucia on September 2, 2011 at the national stadium BMO Field.[15] Two months later Simpson scored his fourth international goal against Saint Kitts and Nevis in an inconsequential world cup qualifying match, the game ended in a 4–0 victory for the Canadians.[16] In early December, Simpson was shortlisted for the 2011 Canadian Player of the Year along with Dwayne De Rosario and Simeon Jackson, it was announced on December 14 that he had finished in third losing out to De Rosario.[17]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Club","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International goals","text":"Scores and results list Canada's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Simpson goal.","title":"Career statistics"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Canadian Exports: Complications from injury permanently sideline former Canadian int'l Josh Simpson | MLSsoccer.com\". Archived from the original on May 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150522215847/http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/2015/05/21/canadian-exports-complications-injury-permanently-sideline-former-canadian-i","url_text":"\"Canadian Exports: Complications from injury permanently sideline former Canadian int'l Josh Simpson | MLSsoccer.com\""},{"url":"http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/2015/05/21/canadian-exports-complications-injury-permanently-sideline-former-canadian-i","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"United Soccer Leagues (USL)\". Archived from the original on May 16, 2010. Retrieved May 8, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100516014423/http://pdl.uslsoccer.com/honors/79546.html","url_text":"\"United Soccer Leagues (USL)\""},{"url":"http://pdl.uslsoccer.com/honors/79546.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Josh Simpsons neue Prioritäten\". Der Bund. Retrieved August 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.derbund.ch/sport/fussball/Josh-Simpsons-neue-Prioritaeten/story/31321525?cache=9efAwefu","url_text":"\"Josh Simpsons neue Prioritäten\""}]},{"reference":"\"De Rosario is male selection for 2011 BMO Canadian Player of the Year award\". Canadian Soccer Association. December 14, 2011. Archived from the original on June 6, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120606155703/http://www.canadasoccer.com/de-rosario-is-male-selection-for-2011-bmo-canadian-players-of-the-year-award-p148642","url_text":"\"De Rosario is male selection for 2011 BMO Canadian Player of the Year award\""},{"url":"http://www.canadasoccer.com/de-rosario-is-male-selection-for-2011-bmo-canadian-players-of-the-year-award-p148642","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Josh Simpson » Club matches\". World Football. Retrieved January 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/josh-simpson/2/","url_text":"\"Josh Simpson » Club matches\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niki_and_Sammy_Albon
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Niki and Sammy Albon
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["1 Background","2 Careers","2.1 YouTube","2.2 Hosting","2.3 Advocacy","3 The Peachy Podcast","4 References","5 External links"]
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British YouTubers
Niki and Sammy AlbonThe Albons in 2017Born20 February 1992 (1992-02-20) (age 32)Canvey Island, Essex, UKAlma materUniversity of RoehamptonOccupation(s)YouTuber, Presenter, Digital CreatorYears active2013–presentWebsitewww.nikinsammy.co.uk
Niki and Sammy Albon (born 20 February 1992) are twins, British YouTube personalities, radio presenters and digital creators.
Background
Niki and Sammy are from Canvey Island in Essex. They graduated from Roehampton University. Niki has a bachelor's degree in History and Journalism, and Sammy has a bachelor's degree in Classical Civilisation.
Niki came out as gay in 2020.
Careers
YouTube
The pair launched the Niki 'n' Sammy YouTube channel in June 2013. As of May 2020, the channel has 184,000 subscribers. After losing a combined 16 stone (101 kg), they were interviewed on Irish radio and Australian television.
In January 2019, they relaunched their YouTube career with a new channel called TTK (Twins Talk Kpop.) The channel features content discussing Kpop in the UK, a niche they occupied after the popularity of Kpop episodes from the Peachy Podcast.
Hosting
They have hosted the CBBC Official Chart Show, a BBC Radio 1 programme, and are an Anti-Bullying Ambassador. They were backstage hosts at the 2016 BBC Music Awards. In 2018, they hosted the BRIT Awards Social Squad. In the same year, they also hosted Girl Guides Gig at Wembley Arena twice. During the 2015 United Kingdom general election, the twins interviewed Labour leader Ed Miliband.
Advocacy
From 2015 to 2018, Niki and Sammy were the main hosts for the Stand Up to Cancer UK charity live stream on YouTube. The twins also rowed 27 miles as part of Stand Up to Cancer's Great Canoe Challenge.
The Peachy Podcast
Radio show
Niki and Sammy's Peachy PodcastOther namesPeachy PodcastGenreComedy, Entertainment, Music, ChatCountry of originUnited KingdomLanguage(s)EnglishHome stationBBC Radio 1Hosted byNiki Albon and Sammy AlbonOriginal release19 February 2018 –14 January 2019No. of series4Audio formatStereophonic soundWebsitehttps://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p05xxsh4
Niki and Sammy's Peachy Podcast was a British podcast which aired on BBC Radio 1 on Mondays. The first series ran between 19 February 2018 and 7 May 2018. There were four series in total, which featured interviews with guests including Steve Aoki, Monsta X, and Tiffany Young.
References
^ a b "what university did you go and what did you study?". Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
^ "YouTuber Niki Albon comes out as gay in heartfelt video - WATCH". 19 February 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
^ Burn-Callander, Rebecca (12 June 2015). "Making money from Zoella and Dan Is Not On Fire: the start-ups behind the YouTube stars". Telegraph. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
^ "Albon Twins". 9jumpin.com.au. Today (Australian TV program). 6 September 2014. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
^ Smith, Vicky (25 August 2014). "Identical twins become YouTube sensations after losing 16 STONE between them - Mirror Online". Mirror.co.uk. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
^ "BBC Radio 1 - The Internet Takeover, With Niki N Sammy". Bbc.co.uk. 11 May 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
^ "Greg James, Niki and Sammy, Bars and Melody on bullying - CBBC Newsround". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
^ "Niki and Sammy to Host at BBC Music Awards – TenEighty â€" YouTube News, Features, and Interviews". Teneightymagazine.com. 8 December 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
^ Inc, Twitter. "BRITs @BRITAwards". Periscope. Retrieved 7 August 2019. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ "Girlguiding". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
^ Chapman, Chloe (15 April 2015). "Labour leader Ed is down with the kids, say weight-loss twins | Echo". The Echo. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
^ "YOUTUBE STARS FIGHT BACK". Stand Up To Cancer. 1 November 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
^ Day 5 Of The Great Canoe Challenge | Stand Up To Cancer, retrieved 7 August 2019
^ "BBC Radio 1 on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
^ "BBC Radio 1 - Niki and Sammy's Peachy Podcast". BBC. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
^ "Welcome to Niki and Sammy's Peachy Podcast, Niki and Sammy's Peachy Podcast - BBC Radio 1". BBC. 12 February 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
^ "BBC Radio 1 - Niki and Sammy's Peachy Podcast, S4 E5: Tiffany Young on K-Pop Music and Girl Bands". BBC. 26 November 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
External links
Official website
Niki and Sammy's Peachy Podcast site.
Niki and Sammy YouTube channel.
This article about an artist from the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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After losing a combined 16 stone (101 kg), they were interviewed on Irish radio and Australian television.[4][5]In January 2019, they relaunched their YouTube career with a new channel called TTK (Twins Talk Kpop.)[non-primary source needed] The channel features content discussing Kpop in the UK, a niche they occupied after the popularity of Kpop episodes from the Peachy Podcast.[according to whom?]","title":"Careers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CBBC Official Chart Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBBC_Official_Chart_Show"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2016 BBC Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_BBC_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"BRIT Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Awards"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Girl Guides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girlguiding"},{"link_name":"Wembley Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Arena"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"2015 United Kingdom general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Labour leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Ed Miliband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Miliband"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Hosting","text":"They have hosted the CBBC Official Chart Show, a BBC Radio 1 programme,[6] and are an Anti-Bullying Ambassador.[7] They were backstage hosts at the 2016 BBC Music Awards.[8] In 2018, they hosted the BRIT Awards Social Squad.[9] In the same year, they also hosted Girl Guides Gig at Wembley Arena twice.[10] During the 2015 United Kingdom general election, the twins interviewed Labour leader Ed Miliband.[11]","title":"Careers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stand Up to Cancer UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand_Up_to_Cancer_UK"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Advocacy","text":"From 2015 to 2018, Niki and Sammy were the main hosts for the Stand Up to Cancer UK charity live stream on YouTube.[12] The twins also rowed 27 miles as part of Stand Up to Cancer's Great Canoe Challenge.[13]","title":"Careers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"podcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Steve Aoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Aoki"},{"link_name":"Monsta X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsta_X"},{"link_name":"Tiffany Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_Young"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Radio showNiki and Sammy's Peachy Podcast was a British podcast which aired on BBC Radio 1 on Mondays.[16] The first series ran between 19 February 2018 and 7 May 2018. 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[]
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Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150706045652/http://www.9jumpin.com.au/show/today/videos/3770076786001/","url_text":"\"Albon Twins\""},{"url":"http://www.9jumpin.com.au/show/today/videos/3770076786001/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Vicky (25 August 2014). \"Identical twins become YouTube sensations after losing 16 STONE between them - Mirror Online\". Mirror.co.uk. Retrieved 18 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/identical-twins-become-youtube-sensations-4104248","url_text":"\"Identical twins become YouTube sensations after losing 16 STONE between them - Mirror Online\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Radio 1 - The Internet Takeover, With Niki N Sammy\". Bbc.co.uk. 11 May 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b05tl5w1","url_text":"\"BBC Radio 1 - The Internet Takeover, With Niki N Sammy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greg James, Niki and Sammy, Bars and Melody on bullying - CBBC Newsround\". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 18 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/30122787","url_text":"\"Greg James, Niki and Sammy, Bars and Melody on bullying - CBBC Newsround\""}]},{"reference":"\"Niki and Sammy to Host at BBC Music Awards – TenEighty â€\" YouTube News, Features, and Interviews\". Teneightymagazine.com. 8 December 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://teneightymagazine.com/2016/12/08/niki-and-sammy-to-host-bbc-music-awards/","url_text":"\"Niki and Sammy to Host at BBC Music Awards – TenEighty â€\" YouTube News, Features, and Interviews\""}]},{"reference":"Inc, Twitter. \"BRITs @BRITAwards\". Periscope. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pscp.tv/BRITAwards/1jMJgqzaydMKL","url_text":"\"BRITs @BRITAwards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Girlguiding\". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/girlguidinguk/photos/a.398392309681/10153360487344682/?type=3","url_text":"\"Girlguiding\""}]},{"reference":"Chapman, Chloe (15 April 2015). \"Labour leader Ed is down with the kids, say weight-loss twins | Echo\". The Echo. Retrieved 11 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/local_news/12891653.VIDEO__Labour_leader_Ed_is_down_with_the_kids__say_weight_loss_twins/?ref=rss","url_text":"\"Labour leader Ed is down with the kids, say weight-loss twins | Echo\""}]},{"reference":"\"YOUTUBE STARS FIGHT BACK\". Stand Up To Cancer. 1 November 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standuptocancer.org.uk/whats-happening/youtube-fights-back-patricia-bright-vikkstar","url_text":"\"YOUTUBE STARS FIGHT BACK\""}]},{"reference":"Day 5 Of The Great Canoe Challenge | Stand Up To Cancer, retrieved 7 August 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxmdFQq3lp8","url_text":"Day 5 Of The Great Canoe Challenge | Stand Up To Cancer"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Radio 1 on Twitter\". Twitter. Retrieved 2 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/bbcr1/status/965950870432157696","url_text":"\"BBC Radio 1 on Twitter\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Radio 1 - Niki and Sammy's Peachy Podcast\". BBC. Retrieved 2 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p05xxsh4","url_text":"\"BBC Radio 1 - Niki and Sammy's Peachy Podcast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to Niki and Sammy's Peachy Podcast, Niki and Sammy's Peachy Podcast - BBC Radio 1\". BBC. 12 February 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p05xxtzc","url_text":"\"Welcome to Niki and Sammy's Peachy Podcast, Niki and Sammy's Peachy Podcast - BBC Radio 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Radio 1 - Niki and Sammy's Peachy Podcast, S4 E5: Tiffany Young on K-Pop Music and Girl Bands\". BBC. 26 November 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p06sjzv7","url_text":"\"BBC Radio 1 - Niki and Sammy's Peachy Podcast, S4 E5: Tiffany Young on K-Pop Music and Girl Bands\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decorah_crater
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Decorah crater
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["1 Description","2 Pentecopterus decorahensis","3 See also","4 References"]
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Coordinates: 43°18′50″N 91°46′20″W / 43.31389°N 91.77222°W / 43.31389; -91.772224.7 million year old meteor crater in Iowa
Decorah craterLocation of Decorah crater on bedrock map of IowaImpact crater/structureConfidencePotentialDiameter3.5 mi (5.6 km)Age~470 MaMiddle OrdovicianExposedNoDrilledNoBolide typeOrdovician meteor event?LocationCoordinates43°18′50″N 91°46′20″W / 43.31389°N 91.77222°W / 43.31389; -91.77222CountryUnited StatesStateIowaDistrictWinneshiekMunicipalityDecorahLocation of the crater in the United States
The Decorah crater, also called the Decorah impact structure, is a possible impact crater located on the east side of the city of Decorah in Iowa, United States. It is thought to have been caused by a meteor about 200 metres (660 ft) wide which struck during the Middle Ordovician Period, circa 470 million years ago.
Description
Main article: Iowa geology
The crater is estimated to be 3.5 miles (5.6 km) in diameter, covered by the Winneshiek Shale. There is no surface evidence of the impact, as the Winneshiek Shale is more than 50 feet (15 m) below the bottom of the Upper Iowa River. The impact event, equivalent to 1,000 megatons of TNT, did not appear to penetrate the Earth's mantle, but it did push down the underlying Ordovician and Cambrian bedrock several hundred feet. It may be one of several Middle Ordovician meteors that fell roughly simultaneously 469 million years ago, part of a proposed Ordovician meteor event, including three confirmed impact craters: Rock Elm crater in Wisconsin, Slate Islands crater in Lake Superior, and Ames crater in Oklahoma.
Pentecopterus decorahensis
The Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) Winneshiek Lagerstätte sediments that filled in the crater contained a wide variety of unusual fauna. Among them was a newly discovered species of eurypterid, Pentecopterus decorahensis. Pentecopterus was scorpion-like in appearance, and the largest predator known from that time, measuring nearly 6 feet in length. Its species name was derived from "Decorah."
Aerial photo of Decorah and the extent of the craterU.S. Geological Survey aerial resistivity map of the Decorah, Iowa area, showing the Decorah Impact Structure.North American Middle Ordovician impact craters, which may be part of the Ordovician meteor event. Key: 1: Ames crater, 2: Decorah crater, 3: Rock Elm Disturbance, 4: Slate Islands crater.
See also
List of possible impact structures on Earth
References
^ Mikheeva, Anna. 2017. The Complete Catalog of the Earth's Impact structures, 1. Russian Academy of Sciences. Accessed 2017-10-14.
^ Vastag, Brian (18 February 2013). "Crater found in Iowa points to asteroid break-up 470 million years ago". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
^ a b "Geological survey: Ancient meteorite crater sits below Decorah". Cedar Rapids Gazette. 5 March 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
^ US Geological Survey. "Iowa Meteorite Crater Confirmed". Retrieved 7 March 2013.
^ Iowa Department of Natural Resources. "GEOLOGIC MAPPING FOR WATER QUALITY PROJECTS IN THE UPPER IOWA RIVER WATERSHED" (PDF). Technical Information Series No. 54, 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
^ Heck, Philipp; Birger Schmitz; Heinrich Baur; Alex N. Halliday; Rainer Wieler (15 July 2004). "Fast delivery of meteorites to Earth after a major asteroid collision". Nature. 430 (6997): 323–325. Bibcode:2004Natur.430..323H. doi:10.1038/nature02736. PMID 15254530.
^ Lamsdell, James C.; Derek E. G. Briggs; Huaibao P. Liu; Brian J. Witzke; Robert M. McKay (2015). "The oldest described eurypterid: a giant Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) megalograptid from the Winneshiek Lagerstätte of Iowa". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 15 (169): 169. doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0443-9. PMC 4556007. PMID 26324341.
vteImpact cratering on Earth
Impact crater
Impact event
Lists
Worldwide
Africa
Antarctica
Asia and Russia
Australia
Europe
North America
South America
By country
Possible
Confirmed≥20 km diameter
Acraman
Amelia Creek
Araguainha
Beaverhead
Boltysh
Carswell
Charlevoix
Chesapeake Bay
Chicxulub
Clearwater East and West
Gosses Bluff
Haughton
Kamensk
Kara
Karakul
Keurusselkä
Lappajärvi
Logancha
Manicouagan
Manson
Mistastin
Mjølnir
Montagnais
Morokweng
Nördlinger Ries
Obolon'
Popigai
Presqu'île
Puchezh-Katunki
Rochechouart
Saint Martin
Shoemaker
Siljan Ring
Slate Islands
Steen River
Strangways
Sudbury
Tookoonooka
Tunnunik
Vredefort
Woodleigh
Yarrabubba
Topics
Alvarez hypothesis
Australite
Breccia
Coesite
Complex crater
Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary
Cryptoexplosion
Ejecta blanket
Impact crater
Impact structure
Impactite
Late Heavy Bombardment
Lechatelierite
Meteorite
Moldavite
Ordovician meteor event
Philippinite
Planar deformation features
Shatter cone
Shock metamorphism
Shocked quartz
Stishovite
Suevite
Tektite
Research
Ralph Belknap Baldwin
Daniel Barringer
Barringer Medal
Edward C. T. Chao
Robert S. Dietz
William Kenneth Hartmann
H. Jay Melosh
Graham Ryder
Peter H. Schultz
Eugene Merle Shoemaker
Earth Impact Database
Impact Field Studies Group
Lunar and Planetary Institute
Traces of Catastrophe
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"impact crater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_crater"},{"link_name":"Decorah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decorah,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"meteor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor"},{"link_name":"Middle Ordovician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ordovician"}],"text":"4.7 million year old meteor crater in IowaThe Decorah crater, also called the Decorah impact structure, is a possible impact crater located on the east side of the city of Decorah in Iowa, United States. It is thought to have been caused by a meteor about 200 metres (660 ft) wide which struck during the Middle Ordovician Period, circa 470 million years ago.","title":"Decorah crater"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winneshiek Shale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winneshiek_Shale"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Post1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gazette1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Upper Iowa River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Iowa_River"},{"link_name":"impact event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_event"},{"link_name":"1,000 megatons of TNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNT_equivalent"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gazette1-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ordovician meteor event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovician_meteor_event"},{"link_name":"Rock Elm crater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Elm_crater"},{"link_name":"Slate Islands crater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_Islands_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"Ames crater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ames_crater"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nature1-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Decorah_crater_2.jpg"}],"text":"The crater is estimated to be 3.5 miles (5.6 km) in diameter, covered by the Winneshiek Shale.[2][3][4] There is no surface evidence of the impact, as the Winneshiek Shale is more than 50 feet (15 m) below the bottom of the Upper Iowa River. The impact event, equivalent to 1,000 megatons of TNT,[3] did not appear to penetrate the Earth's mantle, but it did push down the underlying Ordovician and Cambrian bedrock several hundred feet.[5] It may be one of several Middle Ordovician meteors that fell roughly simultaneously 469 million years ago, part of a proposed Ordovician meteor event, including three confirmed impact craters: Rock Elm crater in Wisconsin, Slate Islands crater in Lake Superior, and Ames crater in Oklahoma.[6]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darriwilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darriwilian"},{"link_name":"Winneshiek Lagerstätte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winneshiek_Lagerst%C3%A4tte"},{"link_name":"eurypterid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurypterid"},{"link_name":"Pentecopterus decorahensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecopterus_decorahensis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lamsdell-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Decorah_crater_ARHIOWA00118726.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USGS_Decorah_crater.jpg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Middle_Ordovician_craters.jpg"},{"link_name":"Middle Ordovician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ordovician"},{"link_name":"impact craters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_crater"},{"link_name":"Ordovician meteor event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovician_meteor_event"},{"link_name":"Ames crater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ames_crater"},{"link_name":"Rock Elm Disturbance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Elm_Disturbance"},{"link_name":"Slate Islands crater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_Islands_(Ontario)"}],"text":"The Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) Winneshiek Lagerstätte sediments that filled in the crater contained a wide variety of unusual fauna. Among them was a newly discovered species of eurypterid, Pentecopterus decorahensis. Pentecopterus was scorpion-like in appearance, and the largest predator known from that time, measuring nearly 6 feet in length. Its species name was derived from \"Decorah.\"[7]Aerial photo of Decorah and the extent of the craterU.S. Geological Survey aerial resistivity map of the Decorah, Iowa area, showing the Decorah Impact Structure.North American Middle Ordovician impact craters, which may be part of the Ordovician meteor event. Key: 1: Ames crater, 2: Decorah crater, 3: Rock Elm Disturbance, 4: Slate Islands crater.","title":"Pentecopterus decorahensis"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"List of possible impact structures on Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_possible_impact_structures_on_Earth"}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Wei_(baseball)
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Wang Wei (baseball)
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["1 External links"]
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Chinese baseball player
In this Chinese name, the family name is Wang.
Baseball player
Wang WeiBeijing Tigers CatcherBorn: (1978-12-25) December 25, 1978 (age 45)Beijing, ChinaBats: RightThrows: Right
Wang Wei (simplified Chinese: 王伟; traditional Chinese: 王偉; pinyin: Wáng Wěi; born 25 December 1978 in Beijing, China) is a baseball catcher from the People's Republic of China. He holds the distinction of having hit the first home run ever in the World Baseball Classic, when China played eventual champion Japan in the first round. On June 20, 2007, he signed a minor league contract with the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball.
While playing for China in the 2008 Summer Olympics, Wang injured his knee in a collision with USA player Matt LaPorta. He had to have surgery on it and will miss into the 2009 season.
External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference (Minors)
Mariners sign Wei
vteChina roster – 2006 World Baseball Classic
1 Sun Lingfeng
2 Zhang Zhenwang
3 Chen Zhe
5 Feng Fei
6 Li Chenhao
7 Wang Nan
9 Zhang Yufeng
10 Liu Guangbiao
11 Guo Tao
12 Feng Yi
15 Zhao Quansheng
17 Zhang Li
18 Yang Guogang
20 Chen Qi
21 Xu Zheng
22 Li Hongrui
23 Li Shuai
24 Huang Quan
26 Liu Yaqing
28 Zhao Bo
32 Wang Jingchao
33 Chen Kun
35 Yang Shuo
36 Zhang Hongbo
37 Pan Wenbin
51 Li Lei
56 Wang Wei
66 Zhang Jun
68 Bu Tao
80 Lai Guojun
Manager 55 Jim Lefebvre
vteChina 2008 Summer Olympics baseball roster
1 Sun Lingfeng
2 Yang Yang
3 Chen Junyi
6 Li Lei
7 Sun Wei
9 Zhang Yufeng
11 Liu Kai
13 Jia Yubing
15 Bu Tao
16 Hou Fenglian
17 Lü Jiangang
18 Wang Nan
20 Xu Zheng
25 Wang Chao
27 Zhang Li
28 Sun Guoqiang
30 Guo Youhua
31 Jia Delong
33 Chen Kun
51 Li Chenhao
56 Wang Wei
60 Li Weiliang
66 Zhang Hongbo
88 Feng Fei
Manager 55 Jim Lefebvre
Coach 29 Yi Sheng
Coach 50 Steve Ontiveros
vteChina roster – 2013 World Baseball Classic
1 Yang Yanyong
2 Meng Weiqiang
Yang Haifan
6 Lei Li
8 Liu Yu
9 Zhang Yufeng
11 Li Xin
13 Jia Yubing
15 Bu Tao
16 Lai Jingfen
17 Lü Jiangang
18 Ran Song
19 Meng Qingyuan
20 Shu Okamura
21 Ray Chang
22 Dong Wei
23 Li Shuai
25 An Xu
26 Li Wenming
27 Cui Xiao
28 Lu Zhenhong
30 Chu Fujia
31 Jia Delong
33 Chen Kun
36 Luo Xia
56 Wang Wei
62 Zhu Dawei
Manager John McLaren
Pitching Coach Bruce Hurst
Coach Bob Buskett
Coach Art Howe
Coach Yi Sheng
Coach Zhang Yufeng
vteChina roster – 2017 World Baseball Classic
2 Meng Weiqiang
5 Lu Chao
6 Yang Yanyong
8 Liu Yu
10 Li Ning
11 Li Xin
12 Du Xiaolei
15 Zheng Chaoqun
16 Joey Wong
19 Qi Jiping
21 Ray Chang
23 Gan Quan
26 Yang Shunyi
28 Andrew Chin
30 Chu Fujia
31 Wang Menghao
33 Chen Kun
35 Gong Haicheng
36 Luo Xia
38 Li Zeyuan
51 Xu Guiyuan
52 Bruce Chen
56 Wang Wei
60 Ju Kwon
62 Chen Yanpeng
65 Lu Zhenhong
66 Na Chuang
68 Lu Yusong
Manager 7 John McLaren
Coach 49 Dave Bush
Coach Jimmy Johnson
Coach 78 Luo Weijun
Coach 29 Yi Sheng
Coach Wang Xiaotian
Coach 71 Zhou Wanbi
vteChina roster – 2023 World Baseball Classic
1 Yuheng Lyu
2 Yun Lu
5 Yuchen Wang
6 Pei Liang
7 Jin Yang
8 YongKang Kou
9 Ning Li
10 Yusuke Masago
11 Hai-Cheng Gong
12 Xin Qi
13 Weiyi Wang
15 Jian Yi
17 Fuyang Zhao
18 Hailong Sun
19 Chen Chen
20 Jie Cao
21 Ray Chang
22 Xiao Han
23 Chaoqun Zheng
27 Rongji Liang
29 Jinjun Luo
32 Qiang Lin
33 Chen Chen
38 Alan Carter
42 Xiang Wang
51 Xudong Zhu
52 Chenchen Luan
58 Changlong Su
59 Hao Zhang
68 Kwon Ju
69 Yifan Li
Manager
41 Dean Treanor
Coaches
Hitting and catching 56 Wei Wang
Infield 25 Jiaji Chen
Third base 16 Tarrik Brock
Baserunning 51 Xudong Zhu
Outfield 24 Yanpeng Chen
Outfield 3 Nan Du
Defensive 86 Biao Chen
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Korea
This biographical article relating to a baseball catcher is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Chinese biographical article relating to a baseball figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Gap
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Into the Gap
|
["1 Critical reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 Production","5 Charts","5.1 Weekly charts","5.2 Year-end charts","6 Certifications","7 References","7.1 Bibliography","8 External links"]
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1984 studio album by Thompson Twins
Into the GapStudio album by Thompson TwinsReleased17 February 1984 (1984-02-17)RecordedAutumn 1983 ("Hold Me Now"); November 1983 – January 1984Studio
Compass Point (Nassau, Bahamas)
RAK (London)
GenrePopLength42:33LabelAristaProducer
Alex Sadkin
Tom Bailey
Thompson Twins chronology
Quick Step & Side Kick(1983)
Into the Gap(1984)
Here's to Future Days(1985)
Singles from Into the Gap
"Hold Me Now"Released: 11 November 1983
"Doctor! Doctor!"Released: 27 January 1984
"You Take Me Up"Released: 23 March 1984
"Sister of Mercy"Released: June 1984
"The Gap"Released: November 1984
Into the Gap is the fourth studio album by British pop group Thompson Twins, released on 17 February 1984 by Arista Records. The album was recorded during 1983 at Compass Point Studios, in Nassau, Bahamas, and was produced by Alex Sadkin who had produced the band's previous studio album, Quick Step & Side Kick (1983).
Despite a mixed response from critics, Into the Gap became the band's most commercially successful studio album, peaking at number one on the UK Albums Chart (for three weeks), and number 10 on the US Billboard 200. "Hold Me Now", "Doctor! Doctor!", "You Take Me Up", and "Sister of Mercy" were all released as singles in the UK with corresponding music videos. Three of the four singles that were released in the UK made the Top 5 and the fourth just missed the Top 10. "The Gap" was also released as a single in some other countries, but no video was made for it. According to the RIAA, the record sold over one million copies in the US; in the UK the album sold over 600,000 copies and was certified 2× platinum. It became one of the year's biggest sellers, with five million copies sold worldwide. The band embarked on a world tour in support of the album.
In March 2008, Into the Gap was reissued as an expanded 2-disc set by Edsel Records. It included the bonus cassette remixes that originally appeared on the original cassette version of the album in 1984, and also features a second disc which includes most major 12" single versions and B-sides, some of which appear on CD for the first time.
Critical reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicEncyclopedia of Popular MusicRolling StoneThe Rolling Stone Album GuideSmash Hits2½/10The Village VoiceB−
Writing in Smash Hits magazine, Dave Rimmer gave the album 2.5 out of 10, commenting that it contained "several songs with empty words and plodding tunes sung in a whiney voice and slung together with fake sentiment. The success of the terrible Twins represents the usual triumph of naked ambition over talent." In his consumer guide for The Village Voice, Robert Christgau admired the track "Hold Me Now", and gave the album a B−, but commented that "Nothing else here approaches its heart-tugging mastery, but the album remains lightly creditable through the title-cut chinoiserie which opens side two. After that, as Alannah Currie herself puts it, who can stop the rain?". Keith Sharp of Music Express wrote "Into The Gap could be perceived as a distinctive milestone on how far new music has come in the past few years. It's enough to make you forget that the old dinosaur bands ever existed." J. D. Considine of Musician wrote "At times, the gimmicks can be as slight as a synthesizer setting, but they invariable make the album seem dazzling even when it isn't." However, NME called them "1984's most instantly kitsch mass program of monosodium glutamation of the brain".
A more recent review from Jose F. Promis of AllMusic gave the album four out of five stars and wrote that "Nearly every song on this set differed from the others, with each track taking the listener on a different musical journey." adding that " Thompson Twins were quiet visionaries, blending intelligent lyrics, Eastern sensibilities, and new wave pop to create a wholly unique and unforgettable listening experience and an album that ranks as one of the '80s' most unique."
Track listing
All tracks are written by Tom Bailey, Alannah Currie, and Joe LeewaySide oneNo.TitleLength1."Doctor! Doctor!"4:392."You Take Me Up"4:263."Day After Day"3:494."Sister of Mercy"5:095."No Peace for the Wicked"4:09
Side twoNo.TitleLength6."The Gap"4:447."Hold Me Now"4:468."Storm on the Sea"5:269."Who Can Stop the Rain"5:46Total length:42:33
Some pressings of the album (usually US) have a "non-smiling" cover variation, a different order and a shorter version of the final track
No.TitleLength1."Doctor! Doctor!"4:392."You Take Me Up"4:263."Hold Me Now"4:464."Day After Day"3:495."No Peace for the Wicked"4:096."The Gap"4:447."Sister of Mercy"5:098."Storm on the Sea"5:269."Who Can Stop the Rain"5:16Total length:42:03
The UK cassette version of Into the Gap contained an additional side of remixes and B-sides, most of which were previously unreleased
No.TitleLength1."Leopard Ray (an original instrumental composition)"3:182."Doctor! Doctor! (extended version)"7:493."Panic Station (remix of Day After Day)"4:404."Down Tools (remix of You Take Me Up)"4:235."Hold Me Now (extended version)"9:456."Funeral Dance (remix of No Peace For The Wicked)"3:127."Compass Points (remix of The Gap)"5:008."Still Water (remix of Storm on the Sea)"5:40
2008 expanded edition
Disc 1No.TitleLength1."Doctor! Doctor!"4:382."You Take Me Up"4:233."Day After Day"3:504."Sister of Mercy"5:045."No Peace for the Wicked"4:046."The Gap"4:437."Hold Me Now"4:428."Storm on the Sea"5:329."Who Can Stop the Rain"5:4810."Leopard Ray (an original instrumental composition)"3:1511."Doctor! Doctor! (extended version)"7:5012."Panic Station (remix of Day After Day)"4:4013."Down Tools (remix of You Take Me Up)"4:2314."Hold Me Now (extended version)"9:4515."Funeral Dance (remix of No Peace For The Wicked)"3:12
Disc 2No.TitleLength1."Compass Points"5:002."Still Water"3:403."You Take Me Up (Machines Take Me Over)" (12" version of You Take Me Up)7:334."Sister of Mercy (12” Version)" (12" version of Sister of Mercy)9:265."Let Loving Start (12” Version)" (B-Side of Hold Me Now 12" single)9:096."You Take Me Up (High Plains Mixer)" (Originally released as a limited edition white label UK 12" single in Spring 1984)8:307."Nurse Shark" (B-Side of Doctor! Doctor! 7" and 12" singles)4:058."Passion Planet" (B-Side of You Take Me Up 7" single)3:429."You Take Me Up (Instrumental)" (B-Side of the High Plains Mixer UK 12" single of You Take Me Up)6:2010."Out of the Gap (Megamix Extended Version)" (B-Side of Sister of Mercy 12" single, incorporating Love on Your Side, In the Name of Love, Tears, Doctor! Doctor!, We Are Detective, Lies, Hold Me Now, and The Gap)8:57
Personnel
Thompson Twins
Tom Bailey – vocals, synthesizers, pianos, guitars, bass guitar, double bass, melodica, harmonica, drum programming
Joe Leeway – synthesizers, congas, backing vocals
Alannah Currie – acoustic drums, percussion, marimba, xylophone, backing vocals
Additional musicians
Pandit Dinesh – tablas on "The Gap"
Production
Tom Bailey – producer
Alex Sadkin – producer, engineer
Phil Thornalley – recording, mixing
Chris Dickie – assistant engineer
Frank Gibson – assistant engineer
Steve Dewey – assistant engineer
Ted Jensen – mastering
Alannah Currie – art direction
Nick Marchant – art direction
Satari Graphic – design
Paul Cox – front cover photography
Peter Ashworth – inside photography
Studios
Recorded at Compass Point Studios (Nassau, Bahamas).
Mixed at RAK Studios (London, UK).
Mastered at Sterling Sound (New York City, New York, US).
Charts
Weekly charts
Weekly chart performance for Into the Gap
Chart (1984)
Peakposition
Australian Albums (Kent Music Report)
4
Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)
3
Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)
23
European Albums (Eurotipsheet)
8
Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)
21
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
6
Italian Albums (Musica e dischi)
22
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)
1
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)
16
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)
14
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)
7
UK Albums (OCC)
1
US Billboard 200
10
Year-end charts
Year-end chart performance for Into the Gap
Chart (1984)
Position
Australian Albums (Kent Music Report)
26
Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)
14
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
30
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)
12
UK Albums (Gallup)
12
US Billboard 200
37
Certifications
Certifications for Into the Gap
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Canada (Music Canada)
2× Platinum
200,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)
Platinum
15,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)
2× Platinum
600,000^
United States (RIAA)
Platinum
1,000,000^
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
References
^ Bacon, Tony (January 1984). "A3". One Two Testing. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
^ ""Why we're more than musicians" by Thompson Twin Alannah". Look In. UK. 1984.
^ "Record News". NME. 21 January 1984. p. 29.
^ Promis, Jose F. "Into the Gap – Thompson Twins". AllMusic. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
^ Larkin, Colin (2011). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (5th concise ed.). Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-85712-595-8.
^ Puterbaugh, Parke (29 March 1984). "Thompson Twins: Into The Gap". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 1 July 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
^ DeCurtis, Anthony; Henke, James; George-Warren, Holly, eds. (1992). "Thompson Twins". The Rolling Stone Album Guide (3rd ed.). Random House. ISBN 0-679-73729-4. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
^ a b Rimmer, Dave (16 February 1984). "Album Reviews (Thompson Twins - "Into The Gap")". Smash Hits. Vol. 6, no. 4. p. 29.
^ a b Christgau, Robert (26 June 1984). "Christgau's Consumer Guide". The Village Voice. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
^ Keith Sharp, Music Express (April, 1984)
^ J.D. Considine, Musician (May 1984)
^ Allmusic review
^ Kent 1993, p. 309.
^ "Top RPM Albums: Issue 6750a". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Thompson Twins – Into the Gap" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
^ "European Top 100 Albums" (PDF). Eurotipsheet. Vol. 1, no. 6. 7 May 1984. p. 12. OCLC 29800226 – via World Radio History.
^ Pennanen, Timo (2006). Sisältää hitin – levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava. ISBN 978-951-1-21053-5.
^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Thompson Twins – Into the Gap" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
^ "Classifiche". Musica e dischi (in Italian). Retrieved 31 May 2022. Select "Album" in the "Tipo" field, type "Thompson Twins" in the "Artista" field and press "cerca".
^ "Charts.nz – Thompson Twins – Into the Gap". Hung Medien. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Thompson Twins – Into the Gap". Hung Medien. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
^ "Swedishcharts.com – Thompson Twins – Into the Gap". Hung Medien. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
^ "Swisscharts.com – Thompson Twins – Into the Gap". Hung Medien. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
^ "Thompson Twins Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
^ Kent 1993, p. 436.
^ "Top 100 Albums of 1984". RPM. Vol. 41, no. 17. 5 January 1985. p. 8. ISSN 0033-7064 – via Library and Archives Canada.
^ "Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts – 1984" (in German). Offizielle Deutsche Charts. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
^ "Top Selling Albums of 1984". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
^ "Top 100 Albums (January 3–December 29, 1984)" (PDF). Music Week. 26 January 1985. p. 42. ISSN 0265-1548 – via World Radio History.
^ "Top Pop Albums of 1984". Billboard. 31 December 1984. Archived from the original on 31 December 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
^ "Canadian album certifications – Thompson Twins – Into the Gap". Music Canada. 1 September 1984. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
^ "New Zealand album certifications – Thompson Twins – Into the Gap". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
^ "British album certifications – Thompson Twins – Into the Gap". British Phonographic Industry. 26 March 1985. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
^ "American album certifications – Thompson Twins – Into the Gap". Recording Industry Association of America. 2 October 1984. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
Bibliography
Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
External links
Into the Gap at Discogs (list of releases)
vteThompson Twins
Tom Bailey
Joe Leeway
Alannah Currie
Andrew Edge
Matthew Seligman
Studio albums
A Product Of... (Participation) (1981)
Set (1982)
In the Name of Love (1982)
Quick Step & Side Kick (1983)
Into the Gap (1984)
Here's to Future Days (1985)
Close to the Bone (1987)
Big Trash (1989)
Queer (1991)
Compilations
The Best of Thompson Twins: Greatest Mixes (1988)
Greatest Hits (1996)
Love On Your Side – The Best of Thompson Twins (2007)
Singles
"Squares and Triangles"
"She's in Love with Mystery"
"Perfect Game"
"In the Name of Love"
"Runaway"
"Lies"
"Love On Your Side"
"We Are Detective"
"Watching"
"Hold Me Now"
"Doctor! Doctor!"
"You Take Me Up"
"Sister of Mercy"
"The Gap"
"Lay Your Hands on Me" (1984)
"Roll Over"
"Don't Mess with Doctor Dream"
"King for a Day"
"Revolution"
"Nothing in Common"
"Get That Love"
"Long Goodbye"
"In the Name of Love '88"
"Sugar Daddy"
"Bombers in the Sky"
"Come Inside"
"The Saint"
"Groove On"
"Play with Me (Jane)"
Related articles
Discography
Babble
The Stone
Ether
"Take Me Away"
"Love Has No Name"
The Thompson Twins Adventure
Science Fiction
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
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Doctor!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor!_Doctor!"},{"link_name":"You Take Me Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Take_Me_Up"},{"link_name":"Sister of Mercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_of_Mercy_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gap_(song)"},{"link_name":"RIAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"Edsel Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edsel_Records"}],"text":"Into the Gap is the fourth studio album by British pop group Thompson Twins, released on 17 February 1984 by Arista Records.[3] The album was recorded during 1983 at Compass Point Studios, in Nassau, Bahamas, and was produced by Alex Sadkin who had produced the band's previous studio album, Quick Step & Side Kick (1983).Despite a mixed response from critics, Into the Gap became the band's most commercially successful studio album, peaking at number one on the UK Albums Chart (for three weeks), and number 10 on the US Billboard 200. \"Hold Me Now\", \"Doctor! Doctor!\", \"You Take Me Up\", and \"Sister of Mercy\" were all released as singles in the UK with corresponding music videos. Three of the four singles that were released in the UK made the Top 5 and the fourth just missed the Top 10. \"The Gap\" was also released as a single in some other countries, but no video was made for it. According to the RIAA, the record sold over one million copies in the US; in the UK the album sold over 600,000 copies and was certified 2× platinum. It became one of the year's biggest sellers, with five million copies sold worldwide. The band embarked on a world tour in support of the album.In March 2008, Into the Gap was reissued as an expanded 2-disc set by Edsel Records. It included the bonus cassette remixes that originally appeared on the original cassette version of the album in 1984, and also features a second disc which includes most major 12\" single versions and B-sides, some of which appear on CD for the first time.","title":"Into the Gap"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smash Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smash_Hits"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smash-8"},{"link_name":"The Village Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice"},{"link_name":"Robert Christgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau"},{"link_name":"Alannah Currie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alannah_Currie"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-christgau-9"},{"link_name":"Music Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Express_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"J. D. Considine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._D._Considine"},{"link_name":"Musician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musician_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Writing in Smash Hits magazine, Dave Rimmer gave the album 2.5 out of 10, commenting that it contained \"several songs with empty words and plodding tunes sung in a whiney voice and slung together with fake sentiment. The success of the terrible Twins represents the usual triumph of naked ambition over talent.\"[8] In his consumer guide for The Village Voice, Robert Christgau admired the track \"Hold Me Now\", and gave the album a B−, but commented that \"Nothing else here approaches its heart-tugging mastery, but the album remains lightly creditable through the title-cut chinoiserie which opens side two. After that, as Alannah Currie herself puts it, who can stop the rain?\".[9] Keith Sharp of Music Express wrote \"Into The Gap could be perceived as a distinctive milestone on how far new music has come in the past few years. It's enough to make you forget that the old dinosaur bands ever existed.\"[10] J. D. Considine of Musician wrote \"At times, the gimmicks can be as slight as a synthesizer setting, but they invariable make the album seem dazzling even when it isn't.\"[11] However, NME called them \"1984's most instantly kitsch mass program of monosodium glutamation of the brain\".A more recent review from Jose F. Promis of AllMusic gave the album four out of five stars and wrote that \"Nearly every song on this set differed from the others, with each track taking the listener on a different musical journey.\" adding that \"[the] Thompson Twins were quiet visionaries, blending intelligent lyrics, Eastern sensibilities, and new wave pop to create a wholly unique and unforgettable listening experience and an album that ranks as one of the '80s' most unique.\"[12]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Bailey_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Alannah Currie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alannah_Currie"},{"link_name":"Joe Leeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Leeway"},{"link_name":"Doctor! Doctor!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor!_Doctor!"},{"link_name":"You Take Me Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Take_Me_Up"},{"link_name":"Sister of Mercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_of_Mercy_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gap_(song)"},{"link_name":"Hold Me Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hold_Me_Now_(Thompson_Twins_song)"},{"link_name":"Doctor! Doctor!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor!_Doctor!"},{"link_name":"You Take Me Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Take_Me_Up"},{"link_name":"Hold Me Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hold_Me_Now_(Thompson_Twins_song)"},{"link_name":"The Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gap_(song)"},{"link_name":"Sister of Mercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_of_Mercy_(song)"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Tom Bailey, Alannah Currie, and Joe LeewaySide oneNo.TitleLength1.\"Doctor! Doctor!\"4:392.\"You Take Me Up\"4:263.\"Day After Day\"3:494.\"Sister of Mercy\"5:095.\"No Peace for the Wicked\"4:09Side twoNo.TitleLength6.\"The Gap\"4:447.\"Hold Me Now\"4:468.\"Storm on the Sea\"5:269.\"Who Can Stop the Rain\"5:46Total length:42:33Some pressings of the album (usually US) have a \"non-smiling\" cover variation, a different order and a shorter version of the final track\n\n\n\nNo.TitleLength1.\"Doctor! Doctor!\"4:392.\"You Take Me Up\"4:263.\"Hold Me Now\"4:464.\"Day After Day\"3:495.\"No Peace for the Wicked\"4:096.\"The Gap\"4:447.\"Sister of Mercy\"5:098.\"Storm on the Sea\"5:269.\"Who Can Stop the Rain\"5:16Total length:42:03The UK cassette version of Into the Gap contained an additional side of remixes and B-sides, most of which were previously unreleased\n\n\n\nNo.TitleLength1.\"Leopard Ray (an original instrumental composition)\"3:182.\"Doctor! Doctor! (extended version)\"7:493.\"Panic Station (remix of Day After Day)\"4:404.\"Down Tools (remix of You Take Me Up)\"4:235.\"Hold Me Now (extended version)\"9:456.\"Funeral Dance (remix of No Peace For The Wicked)\"3:127.\"Compass Points (remix of The Gap)\"5:008.\"Still Water (remix of Storm on the Sea)\"5:402008 expanded edition\n\n\n\nDisc 1No.TitleLength1.\"Doctor! Doctor!\"4:382.\"You Take Me Up\"4:233.\"Day After Day\"3:504.\"Sister of Mercy\"5:045.\"No Peace for the Wicked\"4:046.\"The Gap\"4:437.\"Hold Me Now\"4:428.\"Storm on the Sea\"5:329.\"Who Can Stop the Rain\"5:4810.\"Leopard Ray (an original instrumental composition)\"3:1511.\"Doctor! Doctor! (extended version)\"7:5012.\"Panic Station (remix of Day After Day)\"4:4013.\"Down Tools (remix of You Take Me Up)\"4:2314.\"Hold Me Now (extended version)\"9:4515.\"Funeral Dance (remix of No Peace For The Wicked)\"3:12\nDisc 2No.TitleLength1.\"Compass Points\"5:002.\"Still Water\"3:403.\"You Take Me Up (Machines Take Me Over)\" (12\" version of You Take Me Up)7:334.\"Sister of Mercy (12” Version)\" (12\" version of Sister of Mercy)9:265.\"Let Loving Start (12” Version)\" (B-Side of Hold Me Now 12\" single)9:096.\"You Take Me Up (High Plains Mixer)\" (Originally released as a limited edition white label UK 12\" single in Spring 1984)8:307.\"Nurse Shark\" (B-Side of Doctor! Doctor! 7\" and 12\" singles)4:058.\"Passion Planet\" (B-Side of You Take Me Up 7\" single)3:429.\"You Take Me Up (Instrumental)\" (B-Side of the High Plains Mixer UK 12\" single of You Take Me Up)6:2010.\"Out of the Gap (Megamix Extended Version)\" (B-Side of Sister of Mercy 12\" single, incorporating Love on Your Side, In the Name of Love, Tears, Doctor! Doctor!, We Are Detective, Lies, Hold Me Now, and The Gap)8:57","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Bailey_(musician)"},{"link_name":"double bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bass"},{"link_name":"melodica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodica"},{"link_name":"harmonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonica"},{"link_name":"Joe Leeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Leeway"},{"link_name":"congas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conga"},{"link_name":"Alannah Currie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alannah_Currie"},{"link_name":"marimba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marimba"},{"link_name":"xylophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylophone"},{"link_name":"Pandit Dinesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandit_Dinesh"},{"link_name":"tablas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla"}],"text":"Thompson TwinsTom Bailey – vocals, synthesizers, pianos, guitars, bass guitar, double bass, melodica, harmonica, drum programming\nJoe Leeway – synthesizers, congas, backing vocals\nAlannah Currie – acoustic drums, percussion, marimba, xylophone, backing vocalsAdditional musiciansPandit Dinesh – tablas on \"The Gap\"","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alex Sadkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Sadkin"},{"link_name":"Phil Thornalley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Thornalley"},{"link_name":"Ted Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Jensen"},{"link_name":"Peter Ashworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ashworth"},{"link_name":"Compass Point Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_Point_Studios"},{"link_name":"Nassau, Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau,_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"RAK Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAK_Studios"}],"text":"Tom Bailey – producer\nAlex Sadkin – producer, engineer\nPhil Thornalley – recording, mixing\nChris Dickie – assistant engineer\nFrank Gibson – assistant engineer\nSteve Dewey – assistant engineer\nTed Jensen – mastering\nAlannah Currie – art direction\nNick Marchant – art direction\nSatari Graphic – design\nPaul Cox – front cover photography\nPeter Ashworth – inside photographyStudiosRecorded at Compass Point Studios (Nassau, Bahamas).\nMixed at RAK Studios (London, UK).\nMastered at Sterling Sound (New York City, New York, US).","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Into_the_Gap&action=edit§ion=6"},{"link_name":"Kent Music Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent1993309-13"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-group=-14"},{"link_name":"Album Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Album_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Netherlands_Thompson_Twins-15"},{"link_name":"European Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Top_100_Albums"},{"link_name":"Eurotipsheet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Offizielle Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Germany4_Thompson_Twins-18"},{"link_name":"Musica e dischi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_e_dischi"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"RMNZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_New_Zealand_Thompson_Twins-20"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Norway_Thompson_Twins-21"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Sweden_Thompson_Twins-22"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Switzerland_Thompson_Twins-23"},{"link_name":"UK Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UK2_-24"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Billboard200_Thompson_Twins-25"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Into_the_Gap&action=edit§ion=7"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent1993436-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Gallup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup_(company)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart performance for Into the Gap\n\n\nChart (1984)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (Kent Music Report)[13]\n\n4\n\n\nCanada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)[14]\n\n3\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[15]\n\n23\n\n\nEuropean Albums (Eurotipsheet)[16]\n\n8\n\n\nFinnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[17]\n\n21\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[18]\n\n6\n\n\nItalian Albums (Musica e dischi)[19]\n\n22\n\n\nNew Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[20]\n\n1\n\n\nNorwegian Albums (VG-lista)[21]\n\n16\n\n\nSwedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[22]\n\n14\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[23]\n\n7\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[24]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[25]\n\n10\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\nYear-end chart performance for Into the Gap\n\n\nChart (1984)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (Kent Music Report)[26]\n\n26\n\n\nCanada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)[27]\n\n14\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[28]\n\n30\n\n\nNew Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[29]\n\n12\n\n\nUK Albums (Gallup)[30]\n\n12\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[31]\n\n37","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Bacon, Tony (January 1984). \"A3\". One Two Testing. Retrieved 4 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.muzines.co.uk/articles/a3/6418","url_text":"\"A3\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Why we're more than musicians\" by Thompson Twin Alannah\". Look In. UK. 1984.","urls":[{"url":"https://totp80s.blogspot.com/2020/10/the-thompson-twins-look-in-1984.html","url_text":"\"\"Why we're more than musicians\" by Thompson Twin Alannah\""}]},{"reference":"\"Record News\". NME. 21 January 1984. p. 29.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"Promis, Jose F. \"Into the Gap – Thompson Twins\". AllMusic. Retrieved 12 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/into-the-gap-mw0000192177","url_text":"\"Into the Gap – Thompson Twins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Larkin, Colin (2011). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (5th concise ed.). Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-85712-595-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin_(writer)","url_text":"Larkin, Colin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Popular Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnibus_Press","url_text":"Omnibus Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85712-595-8","url_text":"978-0-85712-595-8"}]},{"reference":"Puterbaugh, Parke (29 March 1984). \"Thompson Twins: Into The Gap\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 1 July 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090701031616/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thompsontwins/albums/album/306439/review/5946275/into_the_gap","url_text":"\"Thompson Twins: Into The Gap\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com:80/artists/thompsontwins/albums/album/306439/review/5946275/into_the_gap","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"DeCurtis, Anthony; Henke, James; George-Warren, Holly, eds. (1992). \"Thompson Twins\". The Rolling Stone Album Guide (3rd ed.). Random House. ISBN 0-679-73729-4. Retrieved 29 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_DeCurtis","url_text":"DeCurtis, Anthony"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wMEQAQAAMAAJ&q=close+bone","url_text":"\"Thompson Twins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stone_Album_Guide","url_text":"The Rolling Stone Album Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House","url_text":"Random House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-73729-4","url_text":"0-679-73729-4"}]},{"reference":"Rimmer, Dave (16 February 1984). \"Album Reviews (Thompson Twins - \"Into The Gap\")\". Smash Hits. Vol. 6, no. 4. p. 29.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smash_Hits","url_text":"Smash Hits"}]},{"reference":"Christgau, Robert (26 June 1984). \"Christgau's Consumer Guide\". The Village Voice. Retrieved 17 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau","url_text":"Christgau, Robert"},{"url":"https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cg/cgv6-84.php","url_text":"\"Christgau's Consumer Guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice","url_text":"The Village Voice"}]},{"reference":"\"European Top 100 Albums\" (PDF). Eurotipsheet. Vol. 1, no. 6. 7 May 1984. p. 12. OCLC 29800226 – via World Radio History.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-UK/Music/Archive-Music-Media-IDX/IDX/80s/84/M&M-1984-05-07-OCR-Page-0004.pdf","url_text":"\"European Top 100 Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Eurotipsheet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29800226","url_text":"29800226"}]},{"reference":"Pennanen, Timo (2006). Sisältää hitin – levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava. ISBN 978-951-1-21053-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otava_(publisher)","url_text":"Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-1-21053-5","url_text":"978-951-1-21053-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Classifiche\". Musica e dischi (in Italian). Retrieved 31 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicaedischi.it/classifiche_archivio.php","url_text":"\"Classifiche\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_e_dischi","url_text":"Musica e dischi"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Albums of 1984\". RPM. Vol. 41, no. 17. 5 January 1985. p. 8. ISSN 0033-7064 – via Library and Archives Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.9642&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.9642.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.9642","url_text":"\"Top 100 Albums of 1984\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0033-7064","url_text":"0033-7064"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts – 1984\" (in German). Offizielle Deutsche Charts. Retrieved 17 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/album-jahr/for-date-1984","url_text":"\"Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts – 1984\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Selling Albums of 1984\". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 17 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=3873","url_text":"\"Top Selling Albums of 1984\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ","url_text":"Recorded Music NZ"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Albums (January 3–December 29, 1984)\" (PDF). Music Week. 26 January 1985. p. 42. ISSN 0265-1548 – via World Radio History.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-UK/Music/Archive-Music-Week-IDX/IDX/1985/Music-Week-1985-01-26-I-IDX-62.pdf","url_text":"\"Top 100 Albums (January 3–December 29, 1984)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0265-1548","url_text":"0265-1548"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Pop Albums of 1984\". Billboard. 31 December 1984. Archived from the original on 31 December 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20121231160407/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/archivesearch/article_display/855368?imw=Y","url_text":"\"Top Pop Albums of 1984\""},{"url":"http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/archivesearch/article_display/855368?imw=Y","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian album certifications – Thompson Twins – Into the Gap\". Music Canada. 1 September 1984. Retrieved 17 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Into+the+Gap%20Thompson+Twins","url_text":"\"Canadian album certifications – Thompson Twins – Into the Gap\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"New Zealand album certifications – Thompson Twins – Into the Gap\". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 24 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=3132","url_text":"\"New Zealand album certifications – Thompson Twins – Into the Gap\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ","url_text":"Recorded Music NZ"}]},{"reference":"\"British album certifications – Thompson Twins – Into the Gap\". British Phonographic Industry. 26 March 1985. Retrieved 17 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/3362-480-2","url_text":"\"British album certifications – Thompson Twins – Into the Gap\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"American album certifications – Thompson Twins – Into the Gap\". Recording Industry Association of America. 2 October 1984. Retrieved 17 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Thompson+Twins&ti=Into+the+Gap&format=Album&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American album certifications – Thompson Twins – Into the Gap\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_from_Interpol
|
Man from Interpol
|
["1 Premise","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]
|
1960 television series
For the French film, see The Man from Interpol (film).
Man from InterpolMan from Interpol title cardStarringRichard WylerJohn LongdenComposerTony CrombieCountry of originUnited KingdomNo. of seasons1No. of episodes39ProductionProducersEdward J. DanzigerHarry Lee DanzigerRunning time30 minsProduction companyThe DanzigersOriginal releaseNetworkNBCRelease30 January (1960-01-30) –22 October 1960 (1960-10-22)
Richard Wyler as Anthony Smith in Man from Interpol.
Man from Interpol is a 1960 TV series produced by The Danzigers. The NBC series was filmed in England and the music was scored by jazz musician Tony Crombie.
Premise
Anthony Smith, an agent based at Britain's Interpol Division at Scotland Yard, takes on international assignments dealing with murderers, drug smugglers and slave runners.
Cast
Richard Wyler as Interpol Agent Anthony Smith
John Longden as Superintendent Mercer
John Serret as Inspector Gouthier / Inspector Frenay (French Police Chief)
Peter Allenby as Ricardi, of the Italian Carabineri
Reception
According to BFI Screenonline "this uneasy attempt to graft a youthful hero (Wyler's boyish projection) on to a rugged crime-buster framework usually associated with more mature leading characters - Charles Korvin's Inspector Duval in the 1959-60 series Interpol Calling (ITV), for instance - gave The Man from Interpol little more than an air of tired hysteria."
References
^ The Man from Interpol at Danziger website
^ Brooks, Tim & Marsh, Earle (2007). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946-Present (9th ed.). New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-49773-4.
^ The Danzigers at BFI Screenonline
External links
The Man from Interpol at CTVA
The Man from Interpol at IMDb
|
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|
[{"image_text":"Richard Wyler as Anthony Smith in Man from Interpol.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7b/Richard_Wyler_as_Anthony_Smith.jpg"}]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.78rpm.co.uk/tvi.htm","external_links_name":"The Man from Interpol"},{"Link":"http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/773807/","external_links_name":"The Danzigers"},{"Link":"http://ctva.biz/UK/Danziger/ManFromInterpol.htm","external_links_name":"The Man from Interpol"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0159180/","external_links_name":"The Man from Interpol"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Birkett
|
Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics
|
["1 Background","2 Team selection","3 Match","3.1 Summary","3.2 Scorecard","4 Aftermath","5 Medalists","6 See also","7 Notes and references","8 External links"]
|
International cricket match
Men's cricketat the Games of the II OlympiadVenueVélodrome de VincennesDate19–20 AugustCompetitors24 from 2 nationsMedalists
Devon and Somerset Wanderers Great Britain
French Athletic Club Union France2028 →
A cricket match was played as part of the 1900 Summer Olympics, took place on 19–20 August at the Vélodrome de Vincennes between teams representing Great Britain and France.
Great Britain won the match by 158 runs. The French team included ten British nationals, two of whom were born in France, and two Frenchmen: as such, it is considered to be a mixed team, though it is currently listed by the IOC as representing France.
Originally, four teams entered - Belgium, France, Great Britain, and the Netherlands - and they were scheduled to compete in a knockout tournament, with the semi-finals scheduled for August 4–5 and August 11–12, and the final scheduled for August 19–20.
However, Belgium and the Netherlands both withdrew before the draw as the Netherlands were unable to field a complete cricket team, while Belgium did not send their cricket team to Paris. Therefore, the semi-finals were scratched, and Great Britain played France in a single match on the dates originally scheduled for the final.
Neither team was nationally selected: the British side was a touring club, the Devon and Somerset Wanderers (alias Devon County Wanderers), while the French team, the French Athletic Club Union, was composed mainly of British expatriates living in Paris.
The two-day match commenced on 19 August 1900. Great Britain batted first and scored 117, and bowled France out for 78. Great Britain then scored 145 for 5 in their second innings and declared, setting the hosts a target of 185 to win: Great Britain then bowled out France for 26 to win the match by 158 runs, a significant margin, but with only five minutes remaining before stumps. The Great Britain team was awarded silver medals and the French team bronze medals, together with miniature statues of the Eiffel Tower.
While 1900 is the only Olympiad where cricket was part of the official programme, it will return at the 2028 Games in the Twenty20 format. All events which were restricted to amateurs, open to all nations, open to all competitors, and without handicapping, are now regarded as Olympic events (except for ballooning).: 12–13 The IOC has never decided which events were "Olympic" and which were not.
Background
Poster of the only Olympic cricket match
Cricket had been scheduled as an event at the first modern Olympics in 1896, being listed in the original programme for the Athens Games, and would have been the only team event at the Games, but the tournament was cancelled due to a lack of entries.
Four years later, at the Paris Games, there was also a shortage of entries: Belgium and the Netherlands both withdrew before the draw. Their withdrawal left only Great Britain and the host nation, France, to participate.
The slightly haphazard nature of the cricket tournament was mirrored throughout the rest of the 1900 Olympics: events took place throughout a six-month period from May through October, and like the Games themselves, were often considered part of the Exposition Universelle, a world's fair held in Paris from 15 April until 12 November 1900.
Team selection
Neither side was nationally selected, nor representative. Great Britain, or England as they were called in the advertising handbills, were represented by a touring club side, the Devon and Somerset Wanderers. The side, formed by William Donne in 1894 for a tour of the Isle of Wight, had completed five other tours before travelling to France.
The Wanderers were primarily formed from players of Castle Cary Cricket Club, five of whom played in the match, and also included four former pupils of Blundell's School, a public school in Devon. The side was completed by a number of players from the surrounding areas who were able to get away from business and personal commitments for the two-week period of the tour. Writing in the Journal of Olympic History, Ian Buchanan describes that both sides "were made up of distinctly average club cricketers". Only two members of the Wanderers side, and none of the French side, played first-class cricket. Montagu Toller played six times for Somerset County Cricket Club, all in 1897, while Alfred Bowerman played for Somerset once in 1900, and again in 1905.
The French side was officially drawn from all the member clubs of the Union des Sociétés Françaises de Sports Athlétiques. As few of these clubs actually sported cricket teams, and so the eventual side was selected from just two clubs: the Union Club and the Standard Athletic Club. Both sides had strong English influences, and the majority of the team that competed for France in the Olympic match were British expatriates; the Standard Athletic Club had been formed ten years earlier by English workers who had moved to the country to help build the Eiffel Tower.
Match
Summary
The venue of the match, Vélodrome de Vincennes, at the 1900 Summer Olympics.
The match had been intended to be a standard eleven-a-side contest, but by mutual agreement from the captains this was increased to twelve-a-side, a move which the scorecard printers had not expected: extra names had to be added by hand.
Play commenced at 11:00AM on Sunday, 19 August, with the touring Wanderers batting first. They were bowled out for 117, with only four members of the team reaching double figures. Frederick Cuming, one of the four Old Blundellians, top-scored for the side with 38, followed by their captain, and Exeter Cricket Club opening batsman, C. B. K. Beachcroft with 23. The French were then bowled out for 78, the bowling led by Frederick Christian who claimed seven wickets. Play closed at 5:00PM after both sides had completed their first innings, and the Wanderers had a lead of 39 runs. The Wanderers batting improved the following morning, and they added 145 runs for the second innings, declaring their innings closed with five wickets down. Beachcroft was again successful, reaching a half-century, a feat also achieved by Bowerman, who top-scored with 59 runs.
The French required 185 runs to win, but lost their first ten wickets for eleven runs. At this point they attempted to play out time, which would have meant the match was drawn. The match was just five minutes from the end when their eleventh, and final, wicket fell, granting the Wanderers a 158-run victory.
Toller was the pick of the Wanderers bowlers in the second innings, claiming seven wickets and conceding nine runs.
After the match, the English side were awarded silver medals, and the French side were given bronze medals, and both teams were also given miniature statues of the Eiffel Tower. The match was not covered in any national newspapers in England or France, although some of the local Devon and West Country newspapers did publish reports.
Scorecard
Great Britain
First innings
Second innings
Batsman
Method of dismissal
Runs
Method of dismissal
Runs
C. B. K. Beachcroft
b Attrill
23
run out
54
Arthur Birkett
b Anderson
1
John Symes
c Anderson b Robinson
15
c Attrill b Roques
1
Frederick Cuming
c Browning b MacEvoy
38
c Attrill b MacEvoy
18
Montagu Toller
b MacEvoy
2
Alfred Bowerman
b Anderson
7
b Roques
59
Alfred Powlesland
c Browning b Robinson
10
b Roques
4
William Donne
run out
6
Frederick Christian
b Anderson
0
George Buckley
b Attrill
2
Francis Burchell
not out
0
Harry Corner
lbw Anderson
4
not out
5
Extras
9
4
Totals
117
145-5d
France
First innings
Second innings
Bowler
Overs
Maidens
Runs
Wickets
Overs
Maidens
Runs
Wickets
William Attrill
?
?
?
2
–
–
–
–
William Anderson
?
?
?
4
–
–
–
–
Arthur MacEvoy
?
?
?
2
?
?
?
1
Douglas Robinson
?
?
?
2
–
–
–
–
H. F. Roques
–
–
–
–
?
?
?
3
France
First innings
Second innings
Batsman
Method of dismissal
Runs
Method of dismissal
Runs
Timothée Jordan
c Corner b Christian
11
b Toller
0
Arthur Schneidau
b Christian
8
b Powlesland
1
Robert Horne
c Buckley b Christian
15
b Powlesland
1
Henry Terry
c Cuming b Powlesland
2
b Toller
1
H. F. Roques
b Powlesland
0
b Toller
0
William Anderson
b Christian
0
b Toller
8
Douglas Robinson
b Christian
0
b Powlesland
0
William Attrill
lbw Christian
0
b Toller
0
W. Browning
b Christian
0
b Toller
0
Arthur MacEvoy
b Bowerman
1
c Christian b Corner
0
Philip Tomalin
not out
3
not out
6
John Braid
run out
25
b Toller
7
Extras
11
2
Totals
78
26
Great Britain
First innings
Second innings
Bowler
Overs
Maidens
Runs
Wickets
Overs
Maidens
Runs
Wickets
Frederick Christian
?
?
?
7
–
–
–
–
Alfred Powlesland
?
?
?
2
?
?
15
3
Alfred Bowerman
?
?
?
1
–
–
–
–
Montagu Toller
–
–
–
–
?
?
9
7
Harry Corner
–
–
–
–
?
?
?
1
Scorecard notes
a. ^ The published total in the French Athletic Club Union's first innings is two more than the totals of the batsmen's runs and the extras.
b. Bowling details for overs, maidens and runs conceded are unavailable with the exception of runs conceded in the French Athletic Club Union's second innings, where some information has been recorded.
Aftermath
The Devon and Somerset Wanderers played two further matches during their tour of France, both one-day contests, and won them both. They were not impressed by the French, whom a journalist at the time described as "too excitable to enjoy the game".
Neither of the teams realised that they had competed in the Olympic Games, as the match had been advertised as part of the world's fair. Although the IOC has never decided which events were "Olympic" and which were not, the medals won by the teams were later upgraded to gold for Great Britain and silver for France.
A cricket competition was scheduled for the 1904 Summer Olympics, held in St. Louis, but it was cancelled at short notice due to a lack of entries: the sport would not be included in the Olympic Games again until 2028.
As the match was 12-a-side and was scheduled for only two days, it does not have first-class status; despite this, it was the only international cricket match played that year.
Medalists
Players of Devon and Somerset Wanderers club that represented Great Britain, gold medal winners
Event
Gold
Silver
Cricket
Devon and Somerset Wanderers Great Britain
C. B. K. Beachcroft (captain)
Arthur Birkett
Alfred Bowerman
George Buckley
Francis Burchell
Frederick Christian
Harry Corner
Frederick Cuming
William Donne
Alfred Powlesland
John Symes
Montagu Toller
French Athletic Club Union France
William Anderson
William Attrill
John Braid
W. Browning
Robert Horne
Timothée Jordan
Arthur MacEvoy
Douglas Robinson
H. F. Roques
Alfred Schneidau
Henry Terry
Philip Tomalin (captain)
Reference: Australian Broadcasting Corporation
See also
List of Olympic venues in discontinued events
Notes and references
References
"Final: France v Great Britain at Vincennes, Aug 19–20, 1900". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
"France v Great Britain in 1900". CricketArchive. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
Notes
^ Lloyd, Owen (30 October 2012). "Bach hints at support for cricket to be added to Los Angeles 2028 programme". insidethegames.biz. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
^ a b c d e IOC. "Paris 1900 Cricket Men Results - Olympic cricket". Olympics.com. Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
^ Mallon, Bill (1998). The 1900 Olympic Games, Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-4064-1.
^ a b Lennartz, Karl; Teutenberg, Walter (1995). Olympische Spiele 1900 in Paris. Kassel, Germany: Agon-Sportverlag. p. 147. ISBN 3-928562-20-7. In many works, it is read that the IOC later met to decide which events were Olympic and which were not. This is not correct and no decision has ever been made. No discussion of this item can be found in the account of any Session.
^ a b c d e f Buchanan, Ian (1993). Mallon, Bill (ed.). "Cricket at the 1900 Games" (PDF). Journal of Olympic History. 1 (2). International Society of Olympic Historians: 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
^ "Five sports you didn't know were at the Olympics". BBC Bitesize. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
^ a b c d e f g Williamson, Martin (9 August 2008). "The ignorant Olympians". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
^ "France v Great Britain". Cricket Archive. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
^ "Cricket and Olympics: Great Britain stumps France for gold at Paris 1900". Olympic Channel. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
^ "Olympic medals won in Cricket". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics.
www.icc-cricket.com
Marylebone Cricket Club
vteCricket at the Summer Olympics
1896
1900
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1920
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1932
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1948
1952
1956
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1964
1968
1972
1976
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2012
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vteEvents at the 1900 Summer Olympics (Paris)Official
Archery
Athletics
Basque pelota
Cricket
Croquet
Cycling
Equestrian
Fencing
Football
Golf
Gymnastics
Polo
Rowing
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Tug of war
Water polo
Unofficial
Angling
Ballooning
Baseball
Boules
Cannon shooting
Fire fighting
Kite flying
Life saving
Longue paume
Military exercise
Motor racing
Motorcycle racing
Pigeon racing
Water motorsports
vteCricket at multi-sport eventsOlympics
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Commonwealth Games
1998
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2010
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Pacific Games
1979
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2017
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2023
|
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The French team included ten British nationals, two of whom were born in France, and two Frenchmen: as such, it is considered to be a mixed team,[1] though it is currently listed by the IOC as representing France.[2]Originally, four teams entered - Belgium, France, Great Britain, and the Netherlands - and they were scheduled to compete in a knockout tournament, with the semi-finals scheduled for August 4–5 and August 11–12, and the final scheduled for August 19–20.However, Belgium and the Netherlands both withdrew before the draw as the Netherlands were unable to field a complete cricket team, while Belgium did not send their cricket team to Paris. Therefore, the semi-finals were scratched, and Great Britain played France in a single match on the dates originally scheduled for the final.Neither team was nationally selected: the British side was a touring club, the Devon and Somerset Wanderers (alias Devon County Wanderers), while the French team, the French Athletic Club Union, was composed mainly of British expatriates living in Paris.The two-day match commenced on 19 August 1900. Great Britain batted first and scored 117, and bowled France out for 78. Great Britain then scored 145 for 5 in their second innings and declared, setting the hosts a target of 185 to win: Great Britain then bowled out France for 26 to win the match by 158 runs, a significant margin, but with only five minutes remaining before stumps. The Great Britain team was awarded silver medals and the French team bronze medals, together with miniature statues of the Eiffel Tower.While 1900 is the only Olympiad where cricket was part of the official programme, it will return at the 2028 Games in the Twenty20 format.[2] All events which were restricted to amateurs, open to all nations, open to all competitors, and without handicapping, are now regarded as Olympic events (except for ballooning).[3]: 12–13 The IOC has never decided which events were \"Olympic\" and which were not.[4]","title":"Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cricket_1900.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"1896","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isoh-5"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ignor-7"},{"link_name":"Exposition Universelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1900)"},{"link_name":"world's fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_fair"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ignor-7"}],"text":"Poster of the only Olympic cricket matchCricket had been scheduled as an event at the first modern Olympics in 1896, being listed in the original programme for the Athens Games, and would have been the only team event at the Games, but the tournament was cancelled due to a lack of entries.Four years later, at the Paris Games, there was also a shortage of entries:[5] Belgium and the Netherlands both withdrew before the draw.[6] Their withdrawal left only Great Britain and the host nation, France, to participate.[7]The slightly haphazard nature of the cricket tournament was mirrored throughout the rest of the 1900 Olympics: events took place throughout a six-month period from May through October, and like the Games themselves, were often considered part of the Exposition Universelle, a world's fair held in Paris from 15 April until 12 November 1900.[7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Donne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Donne_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Isle of Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight"},{"link_name":"Blundell's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blundell%27s_School"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isoh-5"},{"link_name":"first-class cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"Montagu Toller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montagu_Toller"},{"link_name":"Somerset County Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Alfred Bowerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Bowerman"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isoh-5"},{"link_name":"Union des Sociétés Françaises de Sports Athlétiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_des_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s_Fran%C3%A7aises_de_Sports_Athl%C3%A9tiques"},{"link_name":"expatriates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expatriates"},{"link_name":"Eiffel Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isoh-5"}],"text":"Neither side was nationally selected, nor representative. Great Britain, or England as they were called in the advertising handbills, were represented by a touring club side, the Devon and Somerset Wanderers. The side, formed by William Donne in 1894 for a tour of the Isle of Wight, had completed five other tours before travelling to France.The Wanderers were primarily formed from players of Castle Cary Cricket Club, five of whom played in the match, and also included four former pupils of Blundell's School, a public school in Devon. The side was completed by a number of players from the surrounding areas who were able to get away from business and personal commitments for the two-week period of the tour.[5] Writing in the Journal of Olympic History, Ian Buchanan describes that both sides \"were made up of distinctly average club cricketers\". Only two members of the Wanderers side, and none of the French side, played first-class cricket. Montagu Toller played six times for Somerset County Cricket Club, all in 1897, while Alfred Bowerman played for Somerset once in 1900, and again in 1905.[5]The French side was officially drawn from all the member clubs of the Union des Sociétés Françaises de Sports Athlétiques. As few of these clubs actually sported cricket teams, and so the eventual side was selected from just two clubs: the Union Club and the Standard Athletic Club. Both sides had strong English influences, and the majority of the team that competed for France in the Olympic match were British expatriates; the Standard Athletic Club had been formed ten years earlier by English workers who had moved to the country to help build the Eiffel Tower.[5]","title":"Team selection"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Velodrome_de_Vincennes.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vélodrome de Vincennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9lodrome_de_Vincennes"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ignor-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isoh-5"},{"link_name":"C. B. K. Beachcroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._B._K._Beachcroft"},{"link_name":"Frederick Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Christian_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ignor-7"},{"link_name":"declaring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_and_forfeiture"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isoh-5"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"West Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Country"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ignor-7"}],"sub_title":"Summary","text":"The venue of the match, Vélodrome de Vincennes, at the 1900 Summer Olympics.The match had been intended to be a standard eleven-a-side contest, but by mutual agreement from the captains this was increased to twelve-a-side, a move which the scorecard printers had not expected: extra names had to be added by hand.[7]Play commenced at 11:00AM on Sunday, 19 August, with the touring Wanderers batting first.[5] They were bowled out for 117, with only four members of the team reaching double figures. Frederick Cuming, one of the four Old Blundellians, top-scored for the side with 38, followed by their captain, and Exeter Cricket Club opening batsman, C. B. K. Beachcroft with 23. The French were then bowled out for 78, the bowling led by Frederick Christian who claimed seven wickets.[7] Play closed at 5:00PM after both sides had completed their first innings, and the Wanderers had a lead of 39 runs. The Wanderers batting improved the following morning, and they added 145 runs for the second innings, declaring their innings closed with five wickets down. Beachcroft was again successful, reaching a half-century, a feat also achieved by Bowerman, who top-scored with 59 runs.The French required 185 runs to win, but lost their first ten wickets for eleven runs. At this point they attempted to play out time, which would have meant the match was drawn. The match was just five minutes from the end when their eleventh, and final, wicket fell, granting the Wanderers a 158-run victory.Toller was the pick of the Wanderers bowlers in the second innings, claiming seven wickets and conceding nine runs.[5]After the match, the English side were awarded silver medals, and the French side were given bronze medals, and both teams were also given miniature statues of the Eiffel Tower. The match was not covered in any national newspapers in England or France, although some of the local Devon and West Country newspapers did publish reports.[7]","title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Batting_totals"}],"sub_title":"Scorecard","text":"Scorecard notesa. ^ The published total in the French Athletic Club Union's first innings is two more than the totals of the batsmen's runs and the extras.\nb. Bowling details for overs, maidens and runs conceded are unavailable with the exception of runs conceded in the French Athletic Club Union's second innings, where some information has been recorded.","title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ignor-7"},{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KLWT-4"},{"link_name":"1904 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ignor-7"},{"link_name":"first-class status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Devon and Somerset Wanderers played two further matches during their tour of France, both one-day contests, and won them both. They were not impressed by the French, whom a journalist at the time described as \"too excitable to enjoy the game\".[7]Neither of the teams realised that they had competed in the Olympic Games, as the match had been advertised as part of the world's fair. Although the IOC has never decided which events were \"Olympic\" and which were not,[4] the medals won by the teams were later upgraded to gold for Great Britain and silver for France.A cricket competition was scheduled for the 1904 Summer Olympics, held in St. Louis, but it was cancelled at short notice due to a lack of entries: the sport would not be included in the Olympic Games again until 2028.[7]As the match was 12-a-side and was scheduled for only two days, it does not have first-class status;[8] despite this, it was the only international cricket match played that year.[9]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_britain_cricket_team_1900.jpg"}],"text":"Players of Devon and Somerset Wanderers club that represented Great Britain, gold medal winners","title":"Medalists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Final: France v Great Britain at Vincennes, Aug 19–20, 1900\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/320838.html"},{"link_name":"ESPNcricinfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPNcricinfo"},{"link_name":"\"France v Great Britain in 1900\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/104/104760.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lloyd_2012_t005_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Bach hints at support for cricket to be added to Los Angeles 2028 programme\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1140474/thomas-bach-cricket-los-angeles-2028"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cric_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cric_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cric_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cric_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cric_2-4"},{"link_name":"\"Paris 1900 Cricket Men Results - Olympic cricket\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//olympics.com/en/olympic-games/paris-1900/results/cricket/cricket-men"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20221121055618/https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/paris-1900/results/cricket/cricket-men"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mallon_3-0"},{"link_name":"The 1900 Olympic Games, Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=inAwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7864-4064-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4064-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KLWT_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KLWT_4-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-928562-20-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-928562-20-7"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-isoh_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-isoh_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-isoh_5-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-isoh_5-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-isoh_5-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-isoh_5-5"},{"link_name":"\"Cricket at the 1900 Games\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120614023908/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv1n2/JOHv1n2c.pdf"},{"link_name":"International Society of Olympic Historians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_of_Olympic_Historians"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv1n2/JOHv1n2c.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Five sports you didn't know were at the Olympics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zh43p4j?xtor=CS8-1000-%5BPromo_Box%5D-%5BSport_Promo%5D-%5BSport_Promo%5D-%5BPS_BITESIZE~N~zh43p4j~A_FiveSportsYouDidntKnowWereAtTheOlympics%5D"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ignor_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ignor_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ignor_7-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ignor_7-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ignor_7-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ignor_7-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ignor_7-6"},{"link_name":"\"The ignorant Olympians\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/134962.html"},{"link_name":"ESPNcricinfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPNcricinfo"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"France v Great Britain\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/104/104760.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Cricket and Olympics: Great Britain stumps France for gold at Paris 1900\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.olympicchannel.com/en/stories/features/detail/why-cricket-olympics-1900-paris-games-commonwealth-athletes-cricketers/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Olympic medals won in Cricket\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.abc.net.au/olympics/2008/results/historical/events/199.htm"},{"link_name":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation"}],"text":"References\"Final: France v Great Britain at Vincennes, Aug 19–20, 1900\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 6 November 2010.\n\"France v Great Britain in 1900\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 6 November 2010.Notes^ Lloyd, Owen (30 October 2012). \"Bach hints at support for cricket to be added to Los Angeles 2028 programme\". insidethegames.biz. Retrieved 9 October 2023.\n\n^ a b c d e IOC. \"Paris 1900 Cricket Men Results - Olympic cricket\". Olympics.com. Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2021.\n\n^ Mallon, Bill (1998). The 1900 Olympic Games, Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-4064-1.\n\n^ a b Lennartz, Karl; Teutenberg, Walter (1995). Olympische Spiele 1900 in Paris. Kassel, Germany: Agon-Sportverlag. p. 147. ISBN 3-928562-20-7. In many works, it is read that the IOC later met to decide which events were Olympic and which were not. This is not correct and no decision has ever been made. No discussion of this item can be found in the account of any Session.\n\n^ a b c d e f Buchanan, Ian (1993). Mallon, Bill (ed.). \"Cricket at the 1900 Games\" (PDF). Journal of Olympic History. 1 (2). International Society of Olympic Historians: 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2009.\n\n^ \"Five sports you didn't know were at the Olympics\". BBC Bitesize. Retrieved 26 July 2021.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Williamson, Martin (9 August 2008). \"The ignorant Olympians\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 November 2010.\n\n^ \"France v Great Britain\". Cricket Archive. Retrieved 28 January 2012.\n\n^ \"Cricket and Olympics: Great Britain stumps France for gold at Paris 1900\". Olympic Channel. Retrieved 30 August 2020.\n\n^ \"Olympic medals won in Cricket\". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 6 November 2010.","title":"Notes and references"}]
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[{"image_text":"Poster of the only Olympic cricket match","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cricket_1900.jpg/220px-Cricket_1900.jpg"},{"image_text":"The venue of the match, Vélodrome de Vincennes, at the 1900 Summer Olympics.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Velodrome_de_Vincennes.jpg/250px-Velodrome_de_Vincennes.jpg"},{"image_text":"Players of Devon and Somerset Wanderers club that represented Great Britain, gold medal winners","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Great_britain_cricket_team_1900.jpg/250px-Great_britain_cricket_team_1900.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of Olympic venues in discontinued events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_venues_in_discontinued_events"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Final: France v Great Britain at Vincennes, Aug 19–20, 1900\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 6 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/320838.html","url_text":"\"Final: France v Great Britain at Vincennes, Aug 19–20, 1900\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPNcricinfo","url_text":"ESPNcricinfo"}]},{"reference":"\"France v Great Britain in 1900\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 6 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/104/104760.html","url_text":"\"France v Great Britain in 1900\""}]},{"reference":"Lloyd, Owen (30 October 2012). \"Bach hints at support for cricket to be added to Los Angeles 2028 programme\". insidethegames.biz. Retrieved 9 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1140474/thomas-bach-cricket-los-angeles-2028","url_text":"\"Bach hints at support for cricket to be added to Los Angeles 2028 programme\""}]},{"reference":"IOC. \"Paris 1900 Cricket Men Results - Olympic cricket\". Olympics.com. Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/paris-1900/results/cricket/cricket-men","url_text":"\"Paris 1900 Cricket Men Results - Olympic cricket\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221121055618/https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/paris-1900/results/cricket/cricket-men","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mallon, Bill (1998). The 1900 Olympic Games, Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-4064-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=inAwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27","url_text":"The 1900 Olympic Games, Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4064-1","url_text":"978-0-7864-4064-1"}]},{"reference":"Lennartz, Karl; Teutenberg, Walter (1995). Olympische Spiele 1900 in Paris. Kassel, Germany: Agon-Sportverlag. p. 147. ISBN 3-928562-20-7. In many works, it is read that the IOC later met to decide which events were Olympic and which were not. This is not correct and no decision has ever been made. No discussion of this item can be found in the account of any Session.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-928562-20-7","url_text":"3-928562-20-7"}]},{"reference":"Buchanan, Ian (1993). Mallon, Bill (ed.). \"Cricket at the 1900 Games\" (PDF). Journal of Olympic History. 1 (2). International Society of Olympic Historians: 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120614023908/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv1n2/JOHv1n2c.pdf","url_text":"\"Cricket at the 1900 Games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_of_Olympic_Historians","url_text":"International Society of Olympic Historians"},{"url":"http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv1n2/JOHv1n2c.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Five sports you didn't know were at the Olympics\". BBC Bitesize. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zh43p4j?xtor=CS8-1000-%5BPromo_Box%5D-%5BSport_Promo%5D-%5BSport_Promo%5D-%5BPS_BITESIZE~N~zh43p4j~A_FiveSportsYouDidntKnowWereAtTheOlympics%5D","url_text":"\"Five sports you didn't know were at the Olympics\""}]},{"reference":"Williamson, Martin (9 August 2008). \"The ignorant Olympians\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/134962.html","url_text":"\"The ignorant Olympians\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPNcricinfo","url_text":"ESPNcricinfo"}]},{"reference":"\"France v Great Britain\". Cricket Archive. Retrieved 28 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/104/104760.html","url_text":"\"France v Great Britain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cricket and Olympics: Great Britain stumps France for gold at Paris 1900\". Olympic Channel. Retrieved 30 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/stories/features/detail/why-cricket-olympics-1900-paris-games-commonwealth-athletes-cricketers/","url_text":"\"Cricket and Olympics: Great Britain stumps France for gold at Paris 1900\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olympic medals won in Cricket\". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 6 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/olympics/2008/results/historical/events/199.htm","url_text":"\"Olympic medals won in Cricket\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_planning
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Transportation planning
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["1 Models and sustainability","2 United Kingdom","3 United States","3.1 Technical process","3.2 Intersection with politics","3.3 Integration with urban planning","4 See also","5 References","5.1 General","6 External links"]
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This article is about transport planning. For transport engineering, see transport engineering.
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (June 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
1948 San Francisco roadway plan which inspired the Freeway Revolt
Process of planning for movement of people and goods
Transportation planning is the process of defining future policies, goals, investments, and spatial planning designs to prepare for future needs to move people and goods to destinations. As practiced today, it is a collaborative process that incorporates the input of many stakeholders including various government agencies, the public and private businesses. Transportation planners apply a multi-modal and/or comprehensive approach to analyzing the wide range of alternatives and impacts on the transportation system to influence beneficial outcomes.
Transportation planning is also commonly referred to as transport planning internationally, and is involved with the evaluation, assessment, design, and siting of transport facilities (generally streets, highways, bike lanes, and public transport lines).
Models and sustainability
See also: Sustainable transport
Chicago Transit Authority Chicago 'L' trains use elevated tracks for a portion of the system, known as the Loop, which is in the Chicago Loop community area. It is an example of the siting of transportation facilities that results from transportation planning.
A bypass the Old Town in Szczecin, Poland
Transportation planning, or transport planning, has historically followed the rational planning model of defining goals and objectives, identifying problems, generating alternatives, evaluating alternatives, and developing plans. Other models for planning include rational actor, transit oriented development, satisficing, incremental planning, organizational process, collaborative planning, and political bargaining.
Planners are increasingly expected to adopt a multidisciplinary approach, especially due to the rising importance of environmentalism. For example, the use of behavioural psychology to persuade drivers to abandon their automobiles and use public transport instead. The role of the transport planner is shifting from technical analysis to promoting sustainability through integrated transport policies. For example, in Hanoi, the increasing number of motorcycles is responsible for not only environmental damage but also slowing down economic growth. In the long run, the plan is to reduce traffic through a change in urban planning. Through economic incentives and attractive alternatives experts hope to lighten traffic in the short run.
While quantitative methods of observing transport patterns are considered foundation in transport planning, the role of qualitative and mixed-methods analysis and the use of critical analytical frameworks has increasingly been recognized as a key aspect of transport planning practice which integrates multiple planning criteria in generating, evaluating, and selection policy and project options.
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, transport planning has traditionally been a branch of civil engineering. In the 1950s and the 1960s, it was generally believed that the motor car was an important element in the future of transport as economic growth spurred on car ownership figures. The role of the transport planner was to match motorway and rural road capacity against the demands of economic growth. Urban areas would need to be redesigned for the motor vehicle or impose traffic containment and demand management to mitigate congestion and environmental impacts. The policies were popularised in a 1963 government publication, Traffic in Towns. The contemporary Smeed Report on congestion pricing was initially promoted to manage demand but was deemed politically unacceptable. In more recent times, the approach has been caricatured as "predict and provide" to predict future transport demand and provide the network for it, usually by building more roads.
The publication of Planning Policy Guidance 13 in 1994 (revised in 2001), followed by A New Deal for Transport in 1998 and the white paper Transport Ten Year Plan 2000 again indicated an acceptance that unrestrained growth in road traffic was neither desirable nor feasible. The worries were threefold: concerns about congestion, concerns about the effect of road traffic on the environment (both natural and built) and concerns that an emphasis on road transport discriminates against vulnerable groups in society such as the poor, the elderly and the disabled.
These documents reiterated the emphasis on integration:
integration within and between different modes of transport
integration with the environment
integration with land use planning
integration with policies for education, health and wealth creation.
This attempt to reverse decades of underinvestment in the transport system has resulted in a severe shortage of transport planners. It was estimated in 2003 that 2,000 new planners would be required by 2010 to avoid jeopardizing the success of the Transport Ten Year Plan.
In 2006, the Transport Planning Society defined the key purpose of transport planning as:
to plan, design, deliver, manage and review transport, balancing the needs of society, the economy and the environment.
The following key roles must be performed by transport planners:
take account of the social, economic and environmental context of their work
understand the legal, regulatory policy and resource framework within which they work
understand and create transport policies, strategies and plans that contribute to meeting social, economic and environmental needs
design the necessary transport projects, systems and services
understand the commercial aspects of operating transport systems and services
know about and apply the relevant tools and techniques
must be competent in all aspects of management, in particular communications, personal skills and project management.
The UK Treasury recognises and has published guidance on the systematic tendency for project appraisers to be overly optimistic in their initial estimates.
United States
A Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) map of the planned route of a parkway. During the 1930s, the CCC was actively involved in creating and improving roads throughout rural areas and parks
Transportation planning in the United States is in the midst of a shift similar to that taking place in the United Kingdom, away from the single goal of moving vehicular traffic and towards an approach that takes into consideration the communities and lands through which streets, roads, and highways pass ("the context"). More so, it places a greater emphasis on passenger rail networks, which had been neglected until recently. This new approach, known as Context Sensitive Solutions (CSS), seeks to balance the need to move people efficiently and safely with other desirable outcomes, including historic preservation, environmental sustainability, and the creation of vital public spaces.
The initial guiding principles of CSS came out of the 1998 "Thinking Beyond the Pavement" conference as a means to describe and foster transportation projects that preserve and enhance the natural and built environments, as well as the economic and social assets of the neighborhoods they pass through. CSS principles have since been adopted as guidelines for highway design in federal legislation. Also, in 2003, the Federal Highway Administration announced that under one of its three Vital Few Objectives (Environmental Stewardship and Streamlining) they set the target of achieving CSS integration within all state Departments of Transportation by September 2007.
In recent years, there has been a movement to provide "complete" transportation corridors under the "complete streets" movement. In response to auto-centric design of transportation networks, complete streets encompass all users and modes of transportation in a more equitable manner. The complete streets movement entails many of the CSS principles as well as pedestrian, bicycle and older adult movements to improve transportation in the United States.
These recent pushes for changes to the profession of transportation planning has led to the development of a professional certification program by the Institute of Transportation Engineers, the Professional Transportation Planner in 2007. In response an advanced form of certification - the Advanced Specialty Certification in Transportation Planning was developed by the American Planning Association thereafter in 2011. The Certified Transportation Planner credential is only available for those professional planners (AICP members) who have at a minimum of eight years of transportation planning experience.
Technical process
Most regional transport planners employ what is called the rational model of planning. The model views planning as a logical and technical process that uses the analysis of quantitative data to decide how to best invest resources in new and existing transport infrastructure.
Since World War II, this attitude in planning has resulted in the widespread use of travel modelling as a key component of regional transport planning. The models' rise in popularity can also be attributed to a rapid increase in the number of automobiles on the road, widespread suburbanization and a large increase in federal or national government spending upon transport in urban areas. All of these phenomena dominated the planning culture in the late 1940s, 1950s and 1960s. Regional transport planning was needed because increasingly cities were not just cities anymore, but parts of a complex regional system.
The US process, according to Johnston (2004) and the FHWA and Federal Transit Administration (FTA) (2007), generally follows a pattern which can be divided into three different stages. Over the course of each of three phases, the metropolitan planning organization (MPO) is also supposed to consider air quality and environmental issues, look at planning questions in a fiscally constrained way and involve the public. In the first stage, called preanalysis, the MPO considers what problems and issues the region faces and what goals and objectives it can set to help address those issues. During this phase the MPO also collects data on wide variety of regional characteristics, develops a set of different alternatives that will be explored as part of the planning process and creates a list of measurable outcomes that will be used to see whether goals and objectives have been achieved. Johnston notes that many MPOs perform weakly in this area, and though many of these activities seem like the "soft" aspects of planning that are not really necessary, they are absolutely essential to ensuring that the models used in second phase are accurate and complete .
The second phase is technical analysis. The process involves much technical maneuvering, but basically the development of the models can be broken down as follows. Before beginning, the MPO collects enormous amounts of data. This data can be thought of as falling into two categories: data about the transport system and data about adjacent land use. The best MPOs are constantly collecting this data.
The actual analysis tool used in the US is called the Urban Transportation Modeling System (UTMS), though it is often referred to as the four-step process. As its nickname suggestions, UTMS has four steps: trip generation, trip distribution, mode choice and trip/route assignment. In trip generation, the region is subdivided into a large number of smaller units of analysis called traffic analysis zones (TAZs). Based on the number and characteristics of the households in each zone, a certain number of trips is generated. In the second step, trip distribution, trips are separated out into categories based on their origin and purpose: generally, these categories are home-based work, home-based other and non-home based. In each of three categories, trips are matched to origin and destination zones using the data that has been collected.
In mode choice, trips are assigned to a mode (usually auto or transit) based on what's available in a particular zone, the characteristics of the household within that zone and the cost of the mode for each mode in terms of money and time. Since most trips by bicycle or walking are generally shorter, they are assumed to have stayed within one zone and are not included in the analysis. Finally, in route assignment, trips are assigned to the network. As particular parts of the network are assigned trips, the vehicle speed slows down, so some trips are assigned to alternate routes in such a way that all trip times are equal. This is important because the ultimate goal is system-wide optimization, not optimization for any one individual. The finished product is traffic flows and speeds for each link in the network.
Ideally, these models would include all the different behaviours that are associated with transport, including complex policy questions which are more qualitative in nature. Because of the complexity of transport issues, this is often not possible in practice. This results in models which may estimate future traffic conditions well, but are ultimately based on assumptions made on the part of the planner. Some planners carry out additional sub-system modelling on things like automobile ownership, time of travel, location of land development, location and firms and location of households to help to fill these knowledge gaps, but what are created are nevertheless models, and models always include some level of uncertainty.
The post-analysis phase involves plan evaluation, programme implementation and monitoring of the results. Johnston notes that for evaluation to be meaningful it should be as comprehensive as possible. For example, rather than just looking at decreases in congestion, MPOs should consider economic, equity and environmental issues.
Intersection with politics
Although a transportation planning process may appear to be a rational process based on standard and objective methodologies, it is often influenced by political processes. Transportation planning is closely interrelated to the public nature of government works projects. As a result, transportation planners play both a technical and a coordinating role. Politicians often have vastly differing perspectives, goals and policy desires. Transportation planners help by providing information to decision makers, such as politicians, in a manner that produces beneficial outcomes. This role is similar to transportation engineers, who are often equally influenced by politics in the technical process of transportation engineering design.
Integration with urban planning
Transport isochrone maps are a measure of accessibility which can be used by urban planners to evaluate sites.
See also
American Planning Association (U.S.)
Bicycle transportation planning and engineering
Congestion management agency
Fossil fuel lobby
Green transport hierarchy
Pedestrian zone
Low-emission zone
List of planning journals
Permeability (spatial and transport planning)
Professional transportation planner (U.S.)
Transportation engineering
Strategic environmental assessment
Transport planning professional (UK)
Urban freight distribution
References
^ Southern, A. (2006), Modern-day transport planners need to be both technically proficient and politically astute, Local Transport Today, no. 448, 27 July 2006.
^ Hans-Heinrich Bass, Than Trung Nguyen (April 2013). "Imminent Gridlock". dandc.eu.
^ McLeod, Sam; Schapper, Jake H.M.; Curtis, Carey; Graham, Giles (February 2019). "Conceptualizing freight generation for transport and land use planning: A review and synthesis of the literature". Transport Policy. 74: 24–34. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.11.007. hdl:20.500.11937/71069. S2CID 158794278.
^ Department for Communities and Local Government (2001), Planning Policy Guidance 13
^ Department for Transport (1998), A New Deal for Transport
^ Department for Transport (2000), Transport Ten Year Plan 2000
^ a b Transport Planning Society (2006), Draft National Occupational Standards for Transport Plan Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Green Book supplementary guidance: optimism bias". HM Treasury. 21 April 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
^ State of Maryland (1998), Summary of Thinking Beyond the Pavement conference Archived 21 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ U.S. Senate (2005), Senate Report 109-053 - Safe, Accountable, Flexible, and Efficient Transportation Equity Act OF 2005 Archived 15 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine
^ Federal Highway Administration (2003) FHWA's Vital Few Goals — Environmental Stewardship and Streamlining Archived 30 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b "National Complete Streets Coalition".
^ Levy, J. M. (2011). Contemporary Urban Planning. Boston: Longman.
^ a b c d e f Johnston, R. A. (2004). The Urban Transportation Planning Process. In S. Hansen, & G. Guliano (Eds.), The Geography of Urban Transportation (pp. 115-138). The Guilford Press.
^ "Planning for Town Centres; Practice guidance on need, impact and the sequential approach" (PDF). Department for Communities and Local Government. December 2009. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
^ "Transport Assessment; Guidelines for Development Proposals in Northern Ireland" (PDF). Department for Regional Development. 9 November 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
^ "Technical Guidance on Accessibility Planning in Local Transport Plans" (PDF). Local Transport Planning Network. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 November 2007. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
^ Barker, Kate (December 2006). "Barker Review of Land Use Planning" (PDF). Retrieved 26 March 2012.
General
Kemp, Roger L., Cities and Cars: A Handbook of Best Practices, McFarland and Co., Inc., Publishers, Jefferson, NC, USA, and London, England, UK, (2007). (ISBN 978-0-7864-2919-6).
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transport engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_engineering"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1948_San_Francisco_trafficways_plan.jpg"},{"link_name":"investments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment"},{"link_name":"spatial planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_planning"},{"link_name":"transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport"},{"link_name":"streets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street"},{"link_name":"highways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway"},{"link_name":"bike lanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bike_lanes"},{"link_name":"public transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport"}],"text":"This article is about transport planning. For transport engineering, see transport engineering.1948 San Francisco roadway plan which inspired the Freeway RevoltProcess of planning for movement of people and goodsTransportation planning is the process of defining future policies, goals, investments, and spatial planning designs to prepare for future needs to move people and goods to destinations. As practiced today, it is a collaborative process that incorporates the input of many stakeholders including various government agencies, the public and private businesses. Transportation planners apply a multi-modal and/or comprehensive approach to analyzing the wide range of alternatives and impacts on the transportation system to influence beneficial outcomes.Transportation planning is also commonly referred to as transport planning internationally, and is involved with the evaluation, assessment, design, and siting of transport facilities (generally streets, highways, bike lanes, and public transport lines).","title":"Transportation planning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sustainable transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_transport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CTA_tracks.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chicago 'L'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_%27L%27"},{"link_name":"Loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_(CTA)"},{"link_name":"Chicago Loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Loop"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mk_Stettin_Hafen2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Szczecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin"},{"link_name":"rational planning model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_planning_model"},{"link_name":"rational actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_actor"},{"link_name":"transit oriented development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_oriented_development"},{"link_name":"satisficing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satisficing"},{"link_name":"incremental planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incremental_planning"},{"link_name":"organizational process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_process"},{"link_name":"collaborative planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_planning"},{"link_name":"political bargaining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_bargaining"},{"link_name":"environmentalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism"},{"link_name":"behavioural psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorism"},{"link_name":"automobiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile"},{"link_name":"public transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport"},{"link_name":"sustainability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability"},{"link_name":"policies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-f1-1"},{"link_name":"Hanoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi"},{"link_name":"urban planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planning"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"See also: Sustainable transportChicago Transit Authority Chicago 'L' trains use elevated tracks for a portion of the system, known as the Loop, which is in the Chicago Loop community area. It is an example of the siting of transportation facilities that results from transportation planning.A bypass the Old Town in Szczecin, PolandTransportation planning, or transport planning, has historically followed the rational planning model of defining goals and objectives, identifying problems, generating alternatives, evaluating alternatives, and developing plans. Other models for planning include rational actor, transit oriented development, satisficing, incremental planning, organizational process, collaborative planning, and political bargaining.Planners are increasingly expected to adopt a multidisciplinary approach, especially due to the rising importance of environmentalism. For example, the use of behavioural psychology to persuade drivers to abandon their automobiles and use public transport instead. The role of the transport planner is shifting from technical analysis to promoting sustainability through integrated transport policies.[1] For example, in Hanoi, the increasing number of motorcycles is responsible for not only environmental damage but also slowing down economic growth. In the long run, the plan is to reduce traffic through a change in urban planning. Through economic incentives and attractive alternatives experts hope to lighten traffic in the short run.[2]While quantitative methods of observing transport patterns are considered foundation in transport planning, the role of qualitative and mixed-methods analysis and the use of critical analytical frameworks[3] has increasingly been recognized as a key aspect of transport planning practice which integrates multiple planning criteria in generating, evaluating, and selection policy and project options.","title":"Models and sustainability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"civil engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"motor car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_car"},{"link_name":"Traffic in Towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_in_Towns"},{"link_name":"Smeed Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeed_Report"},{"link_name":"congestion pricing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congestion_pricing"},{"link_name":"roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-f2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-f3-5"},{"link_name":"white paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_paper"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-f4-6"},{"link_name":"congestion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_congestion"},{"link_name":"natural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment"},{"link_name":"built","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built_environment"},{"link_name":"poor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty"},{"link_name":"elderly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elderly"},{"link_name":"disabled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disabled"},{"link_name":"land use planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use_planning"},{"link_name":"education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education"},{"link_name":"health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health"},{"link_name":"wealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-f5-7"},{"link_name":"legal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal"},{"link_name":"regulatory policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation"},{"link_name":"resource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_(economics)"},{"link_name":"project management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-f5-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In the United Kingdom, transport planning has traditionally been a branch of civil engineering.[citation needed] In the 1950s and the 1960s, it was generally believed that the motor car was an important element in the future of transport as economic growth spurred on car ownership figures. The role of the transport planner was to match motorway and rural road capacity against the demands of economic growth. Urban areas would need to be redesigned for the motor vehicle or impose traffic containment and demand management to mitigate congestion and environmental impacts. The policies were popularised in a 1963 government publication, Traffic in Towns. The contemporary Smeed Report on congestion pricing was initially promoted to manage demand but was deemed politically unacceptable. In more recent times, the approach has been caricatured as \"predict and provide\" to predict future transport demand and provide the network for it, usually by building more roads.The publication of Planning Policy Guidance 13 in 1994 (revised in 2001),[4] followed by A New Deal for Transport[5] in 1998 and the white paper Transport Ten Year Plan 2000[6] again indicated an acceptance that unrestrained growth in road traffic was neither desirable nor feasible. The worries were threefold: concerns about congestion, concerns about the effect of road traffic on the environment (both natural and built) and concerns that an emphasis on road transport discriminates against vulnerable groups in society such as the poor, the elderly and the disabled.These documents reiterated the emphasis on integration:integration within and between different modes of transport\nintegration with the environment\nintegration with land use planning\nintegration with policies for education, health and wealth creation.This attempt to reverse decades of underinvestment in the transport system has resulted in a severe shortage of transport planners. It was estimated in 2003 that 2,000 new planners would be required by 2010 to avoid jeopardizing the success of the Transport Ten Year Plan.In 2006, the Transport Planning Society defined the key purpose of transport planning as:to plan, design, deliver, manage and review transport, balancing the needs of society, the economy and the environment.[7]The following key roles must be performed by transport planners:take account of the social, economic and environmental context of their work\nunderstand the legal, regulatory policy and resource framework within which they work\nunderstand and create transport policies, strategies and plans that contribute to meeting social, economic and environmental needs\ndesign the necessary transport projects, systems and services\nunderstand the commercial aspects of operating transport systems and services\nknow about and apply the relevant tools and techniques\nmust be competent in all aspects of management, in particular communications, personal skills and project management.[7]The UK Treasury recognises and has published guidance on the systematic tendency for project appraisers to be overly optimistic in their initial estimates.[8]","title":"United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Texas_Park_Road_4_CCC_Map_1_edit.jpg"},{"link_name":"Civilian Conservation Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps"},{"link_name":"historic preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_preservation"},{"link_name":"sustainability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability"},{"link_name":"public spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_space"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-f6-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-f7-10"},{"link_name":"Federal Highway Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-f8-11"},{"link_name":"complete streets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_streets"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-completestreets.org-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-completestreets.org-12"},{"link_name":"Professional Transportation Planner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Transportation_Planner"},{"link_name":"Certified Transportation Planner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certified_Transportation_Planner&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"A Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) map of the planned route of a parkway. During the 1930s, the CCC was actively involved in creating and improving roads throughout rural areas and parksTransportation planning in the United States is in the midst of a shift similar to that taking place in the United Kingdom, away from the single goal of moving vehicular traffic and towards an approach that takes into consideration the communities and lands through which streets, roads, and highways pass (\"the context\"). More so, it places a greater emphasis on passenger rail networks, which had been neglected until recently. This new approach, known as Context Sensitive Solutions (CSS), seeks to balance the need to move people efficiently and safely with other desirable outcomes, including historic preservation, environmental sustainability, and the creation of vital public spaces.The initial guiding principles of CSS came out of the 1998 \"Thinking Beyond the Pavement\" conference[9] as a means to describe and foster transportation projects that preserve and enhance the natural and built environments, as well as the economic and social assets of the neighborhoods they pass through. CSS principles have since been adopted as guidelines for highway design in federal legislation.[10] Also, in 2003, the Federal Highway Administration announced that under one of its three Vital Few Objectives (Environmental Stewardship and Streamlining) they set the target of achieving CSS integration within all state Departments of Transportation by September 2007.[11]In recent years, there has been a movement to provide \"complete\" transportation corridors under the \"complete streets\" movement. In response to auto-centric design of transportation networks, complete streets encompass all users and modes of transportation in a more equitable manner.[12] The complete streets movement entails many of the CSS principles as well as pedestrian, bicycle and older adult movements to improve transportation in the United States.[12]These recent pushes for changes to the profession of transportation planning has led to the development of a professional certification program by the Institute of Transportation Engineers, the Professional Transportation Planner in 2007. In response an advanced form of certification - the Advanced Specialty Certification in Transportation Planning was developed by the American Planning Association thereafter in 2011. The Certified Transportation Planner credential is only available for those professional planners (AICP members) who have at a minimum of eight years of transportation planning experience.","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levy-13"},{"link_name":"suburbanization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbanization"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnston-14"},{"link_name":"Federal Transit Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Transit_Administration"},{"link_name":"metropolitan planning organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_planning_organization"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnston-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnston-14"},{"link_name":"four-step process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_forecasting#Four-step_models"},{"link_name":"trip distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trip_distribution"},{"link_name":"mode choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_choice"},{"link_name":"mode choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_choice"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnston-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnston-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnston-14"}],"sub_title":"Technical process","text":"Most regional transport planners employ what is called the rational model of planning. The model views planning as a logical and technical process that uses the analysis of quantitative data to decide how to best invest resources in new and existing transport infrastructure.[13]Since World War II, this attitude in planning has resulted in the widespread use of travel modelling as a key component of regional transport planning. The models' rise in popularity can also be attributed to a rapid increase in the number of automobiles on the road, widespread suburbanization and a large increase in federal or national government spending upon transport in urban areas. All of these phenomena dominated the planning culture in the late 1940s, 1950s and 1960s. Regional transport planning was needed because increasingly cities were not just cities anymore, but parts of a complex regional system.[14]The US process, according to Johnston (2004) and the FHWA and Federal Transit Administration (FTA) (2007), generally follows a pattern which can be divided into three different stages. Over the course of each of three phases, the metropolitan planning organization (MPO) is also supposed to consider air quality and environmental issues, look at planning questions in a fiscally constrained way and involve the public. In the first stage, called preanalysis, the MPO considers what problems and issues the region faces and what goals and objectives it can set to help address those issues. During this phase the MPO also collects data on wide variety of regional characteristics, develops a set of different alternatives that will be explored as part of the planning process and creates a list of measurable outcomes that will be used to see whether goals and objectives have been achieved. Johnston notes that many MPOs perform weakly in this area, and though many of these activities seem like the \"soft\" aspects of planning that are not really necessary, they are absolutely essential to ensuring that the models used in second phase are accurate and complete .[14]The second phase is technical analysis. The process involves much technical maneuvering, but basically the development of the models can be broken down as follows. Before beginning, the MPO collects enormous amounts of data. This data can be thought of as falling into two categories: data about the transport system and data about adjacent land use. The best MPOs are constantly collecting this data.[14]The actual analysis tool used in the US is called the Urban Transportation Modeling System (UTMS), though it is often referred to as the four-step process. As its nickname suggestions, UTMS has four steps: trip generation, trip distribution, mode choice and trip/route assignment. In trip generation, the region is subdivided into a large number of smaller units of analysis called traffic analysis zones (TAZs). Based on the number and characteristics of the households in each zone, a certain number of trips is generated. In the second step, trip distribution, trips are separated out into categories based on their origin and purpose: generally, these categories are home-based work, home-based other and non-home based. In each of three categories, trips are matched to origin and destination zones using the data that has been collected.In mode choice, trips are assigned to a mode (usually auto or transit) based on what's available in a particular zone, the characteristics of the household within that zone and the cost of the mode for each mode in terms of money and time. Since most trips by bicycle or walking are generally shorter, they are assumed to have stayed within one zone and are not included in the analysis. Finally, in route assignment, trips are assigned to the network. As particular parts of the network are assigned trips, the vehicle speed slows down, so some trips are assigned to alternate routes in such a way that all trip times are equal. This is important because the ultimate goal is system-wide optimization, not optimization for any one individual. The finished product is traffic flows and speeds for each link in the network.[14]Ideally, these models would include all the different behaviours that are associated with transport, including complex policy questions which are more qualitative in nature. Because of the complexity of transport issues, this is often not possible in practice. This results in models which may estimate future traffic conditions well, but are ultimately based on assumptions made on the part of the planner. Some planners carry out additional sub-system modelling on things like automobile ownership, time of travel, location of land development, location and firms and location of households to help to fill these knowledge gaps, but what are created are nevertheless models, and models always include some level of uncertainty.[14]The post-analysis phase involves plan evaluation, programme implementation and monitoring of the results. Johnston notes that for evaluation to be meaningful it should be as comprehensive as possible. For example, rather than just looking at decreases in congestion, MPOs should consider economic, equity and environmental issues.[14]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Intersection with politics","text":"Although a transportation planning process may appear to be a rational process based on standard and objective methodologies, it is often influenced by political processes. Transportation planning is closely interrelated to the public nature of government works projects. As a result, transportation planners play both a technical and a coordinating role. Politicians often have vastly differing perspectives, goals and policy desires. Transportation planners help by providing information to decision makers, such as politicians, in a manner that produces beneficial outcomes. This role is similar to transportation engineers, who are often equally influenced by politics in the technical process of transportation engineering design.","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"isochrone maps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isochrone_map"},{"link_name":"accessibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessibility_(transport)"},{"link_name":"urban planners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planning"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-communities_pftc_2009-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-planningni_ta_2006-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ltpnetwork_guidance_accessibility_planning-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barker_review_2006-18"}],"sub_title":"Integration with urban planning","text":"Transport isochrone maps are a measure of accessibility which can be used by urban planners to evaluate sites.[15][16][17][18]","title":"United States"}]
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[{"image_text":"1948 San Francisco roadway plan which inspired the Freeway Revolt","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/1948_San_Francisco_trafficways_plan.jpg/300px-1948_San_Francisco_trafficways_plan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chicago Transit Authority Chicago 'L' trains use elevated tracks for a portion of the system, known as the Loop, which is in the Chicago Loop community area. It is an example of the siting of transportation facilities that results from transportation planning.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/CTA_tracks.jpg/220px-CTA_tracks.jpg"},{"image_text":"A bypass the Old Town in Szczecin, Poland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Mk_Stettin_Hafen2.jpg/220px-Mk_Stettin_Hafen2.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) map of the planned route of a parkway. During the 1930s, the CCC was actively involved in creating and improving roads throughout rural areas and parks","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Texas_Park_Road_4_CCC_Map_1_edit.jpg/400px-Texas_Park_Road_4_CCC_Map_1_edit.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"American Planning Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Planning_Association"},{"title":"Bicycle transportation planning and engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_transportation_planning_and_engineering"},{"title":"Congestion management agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congestion_management_agency"},{"title":"Fossil fuel lobby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel_lobby"},{"title":"Green transport hierarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_transport_hierarchy"},{"title":"Pedestrian zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedestrian_zone"},{"title":"Low-emission zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-emission_zone"},{"title":"List of planning journals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_planning_journals"},{"title":"Permeability (spatial and transport planning)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeability_(spatial_and_transport_planning)"},{"title":"Professional transportation planner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_transportation_planner"},{"title":"Transportation engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_engineering"},{"title":"Strategic environmental assessment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_environmental_assessment"},{"title":"Transport planning professional (UK)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_planning_professional_(UK)"},{"title":"Urban freight distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_freight_distribution"}]
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[{"reference":"Hans-Heinrich Bass, Than Trung Nguyen (April 2013). \"Imminent Gridlock\". dandc.eu.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/vietnam-needs-tackle-urban-traffic-congestion","url_text":"\"Imminent Gridlock\""}]},{"reference":"McLeod, Sam; Schapper, Jake H.M.; Curtis, Carey; Graham, Giles (February 2019). \"Conceptualizing freight generation for transport and land use planning: A review and synthesis of the literature\". Transport Policy. 74: 24–34. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.11.007. hdl:20.500.11937/71069. S2CID 158794278.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tranpol.2018.11.007","url_text":"10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.11.007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937%2F71069","url_text":"20.500.11937/71069"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158794278","url_text":"158794278"}]},{"reference":"\"Green Book supplementary guidance: optimism bias\". HM Treasury. 21 April 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/green-book-supplementary-guidance-optimism-bias","url_text":"\"Green Book supplementary guidance: optimism bias\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Complete Streets Coalition\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.completestreets.org/","url_text":"\"National Complete Streets Coalition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Planning for Town Centres; Practice guidance on need, impact and the sequential approach\" (PDF). Department for Communities and Local Government. December 2009. Retrieved 26 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/towncentresguide.pdf","url_text":"\"Planning for Town Centres; Practice guidance on need, impact and the sequential approach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Communities_and_Local_Government","url_text":"Department for Communities and Local Government"}]},{"reference":"\"Transport Assessment; Guidelines for Development Proposals in Northern Ireland\" (PDF). Department for Regional Development. 9 November 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120819065429/http://www.planningni.gov.uk/index/policy/supplementary_guidance/spg_other/transport-assessment.pdf","url_text":"\"Transport Assessment; Guidelines for Development Proposals in Northern Ireland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Regional_Development","url_text":"Department for Regional Development"},{"url":"http://www.planningni.gov.uk/index/policy/supplementary_guidance/spg_other/transport-assessment.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Technical Guidance on Accessibility Planning in Local Transport Plans\" (PDF). Local Transport Planning Network. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 November 2007. Retrieved 26 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071120132057/http://www.ltpnetwork.gov.uk/Documents/Document/technical%20guidance%20on%20accessibility%20planning%20in%20LTPs.pdf","url_text":"\"Technical Guidance on Accessibility Planning in Local Transport Plans\""},{"url":"http://www.ltpnetwork.gov.uk/Documents/Document/technical%20guidance%20on%20accessibility%20planning%20in%20LTPs.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Barker, Kate (December 2006). \"Barker Review of Land Use Planning\" (PDF). Retrieved 26 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Barker","url_text":"Barker, Kate"},{"url":"http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/other/0118404857/0118404857.pdf","url_text":"\"Barker Review of Land Use Planning\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_Ground_Forces
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Tajik Ground Forces
|
["1 History","2 Training","3 Commanders","4 Structure","4.1 7th Separate Rifle Battalion","5 Equipment","6 References"]
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Tajik Ground ForcesНерӯҳои заминии ТоҷикистонFounded23 June 1993; 30 years ago (1993-06-23)Country TajikistanTypeArmySize9000Part ofArmed Forces of the Republic of TajikistanGarrison/HQDushanbeColorsGreenAnniversariesArmed Forces DayEngagementsTajikistani Civil WarInsigniaIdentificationsymbolTJ/TJKAircraft flownHelicopter12Attack helicopter7Trainer helicopter2Trainer7Transport2Military unit
The Tajik Ground Forces (Tajik: Нерӯҳои заминии Тоҷикистон), known officially as the Ground Forces of the Ministry of Defense of Tajikistan are the land forces of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan. Formed during the Tajik Civil War, it makes up about 70 percent of the country's Armed Forces.
History
Tajikistan is the only former Soviet republic that did not form its armed forces from old Soviet Army units. Instead, the Russian Defense Ministry took direct command of the Soviet units there, forcing the Tajik government to raise an army from scratch. The government began assembling the armed forces in February 1993. That summer, on 23 June, the ground forces were officially created.
It was originally established by the Ministry of Defense as the Armed Forces Department, and its first units were formed early in the year from skilled teams loyal to the Popular Front of Tajikistan. The personnel of the entire army saw the deployment of the following military units of that time: 13483, 07017, and 23441. By the mid 1990s, the ground forces numbered to around 3,000, with the majority of the officer corps being Russian, mostly veterans of the war in Afghanistan.
As of 1997, the ground forces had two motorized rifle brigades (one of them is a training brigade), a special operations brigade and detachment, as well as units and sub units that provide operational, technical and logistic support. The army benefited from several United Tajik Opposition units that were experienced from fighting government forces during the civil war, but as of 2006, were poorly maintained and funded. At that time the army had 44 main battle tanks, 34 armored infantry fighting vehicles, 29 armored personnel carriers, 12 pieces of towed artillery, 10 multiple rocket launchers, 9 mortars, and 20 surface-to-air missiles. The ground forces in 2007 had two motorized rifle brigades, one mountain brigade, one artillery brigade, one airborne assault brigade, one airborne assault detachment, and one surface-to-air missile regiment.
In the wake of the withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan, 20,000 reserve servicemen of the Ground Forces were sent to the border between Tajikistan and Afghanistan.
On October 28, 2021, China announced that it will finance the construction of a new base for Tajik commandos with another base near the Wakhan Corridor for Chinese troops.
Training
It is frequently trained by personnel from Russia, China, France, India, and the United States. American trainers have worked on setting up a non-commissioned officer corps within the army to train enlisted personnel. Currently, more than 500 of servicemen are trained in Russia, and up to 1,000 junior specialists are trained annually at the Russian 201st Military Base.
Commanders
Emomali Sobirzoda (2010-2015)
Colonel Nazar Safarov (circa 2015)
Bobojon Saidzoda (24 November 2015 - 9 February 2018)
Bakhtiyor Mumin Muminzoda (4 November 2018 - ?)
Khusrav Bobozoda (? - 28 February 2024)
Rahmonali Safaralizoda (28 February 2024 - present)
Structure
The Ground forces make up 70 percent of the Tajik National Army. It consists mainly of infantry, tank and artillery units. Many units are former militias, including several that fought the government during the Tajik civil war as part of the United Tajik Opposition. The following units are part of the Ground Forces:
1st Motorized Rifle Brigade (Bokhtar)
3rd Motorized Rifle Brigade (Khujand)
12th Artillery Brigade (Dushanbe)
183rd Separate Reconnaissance Battalion (Dushanbe)
17th Separate Reactive Battalion (Khujand)
75th Separate Medical Battalion
74th Separate Company for Chemical and Biological Protection
38th Separate Company of Electronic Warfare
7th Separate Rifle Battalion
Military Unit 15426 (Murghob District, Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region)
Military Unit 08010 (Dushanbe), it serves as a training center for the training of specialists in armored vehicles BMP and BTR, T-72 tanks, anti-aircraft platoon, communicators and cooks. In this military unit, more than 60 percent of soldiers are from Sughd region.
7th Separate Rifle Battalion
Unit 13483 was one of the first military units to be established, forming in October 1993 and being renamed to the 7th Separate Rifle Battalion, or Unit 08014. It is located on the Tajik-Afghan border, and performs its duties in conjunction with the Tajik Border Troops. On 13 August 1997, by the order of the Minister of Defense, Lieutenant Colonel Sherali Mirzo was appointed its commander. Currently, the commander of the military unit is Colonel Abdulhamid Safarzoda. It has been awarded the "Traveling Flag" and the "Mobile Flag". The unit is based in the Vose' District.
Equipment
A Tajik army tankist.
Name
Origin
Type
In service
Notes
Main battle tanks
T-72
Soviet Union
Main battle tank
30
At least 2 lost in Kyrgyz Tajik border conflict
T-62
Soviet Union
7
Armoured fighting vehicles
BTR-60
Soviet Union
Amphibious armoured personnel carrier
1
BTR-70
Soviet Union
2
lost one in Tajikistan's aggression to Kyrgyzstan
BTR-80
Soviet Union
20
At least 2 lost in Tajikistan's aggression to Kyrgyzstan
BMP-1
Soviet Union
Infantry fighting vehicle
8
BMP-2
Soviet Union
15
BRDM-2
Soviet Union
Scout car
21
9 donate in 2019 and 12 BRDM-2M in 2021 by Russia.
Artillery
D-30 122mm howitzer
Soviet Union
10
Multiple rocket launchers
BM-21 Grad
Soviet Union
3
At least one lost in Tajikistan's aggression to Kyrgyzstan
TOS-1
Soviet Union
Unknown
Mortars
PM-38 120mm
Soviet Union
N/A
Surface to air missiles
S-75 DvinaS-125 Neva/Pechora9K32 Strela-2
Soviet Union
Unknown
Light equipment
Makarov PM
Soviet Union
N/A
TT-33
Soviet Union
N/A
AK-74
Soviet Union
N/A
AKM
Soviet Union
N/A
Type 56
China
N/A
AK-47
Soviet Union
N/A
RPK
Soviet Union
N/A
PKM
Soviet Union
N/A
NSV
Soviet Union
N/A
DShK
Soviet Union
N/A
Dragunov SVD
Soviet Union
N/A
RPG-7
Soviet Union
N/A
RPG-18
Soviet Union
N/A
SPG-9
Soviet Union
N/A
Type 81
China
N/A
References
^ http://www.hfhr.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Attachment-4_2_5-ENG.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiX2K_H0N_rAhWXtJ4KHZ4dCmYQFjANegQIARAB&usg=AOvVaw0Alg9uJkBG4HVqa2PB-7E7
^ "Открытое письмо командующему сухопутных сил МОРТ | Коалиция гражданского общества Республики Таджикистан против пыток и безнаказанности".
^ a b "Сухопутные войска Минобороны Таджикистана готовятся отпраздновать очередную годовщину своего образ | Новости Таджикистана ASIA-Plus". asiaplustj.info. Retrieved 2021-05-01.
^ "ҲОКИМИ МАЙДОНИ ҲАРБ". Вазорати Мудофияи Ҷумуҳурии Тоҷикистон (in Russian). 2021-06-29. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
^ "Заседание Совета Безопасности Республики Таджикистан | Президенти Тоҷикистон - President of Tajikistan - Президент Таджикистана - رئيس جمهورية تاجيكستان".
^ Krishnan, Ananth (28 October 2021). "Eye on Afghanistan, China to build military base in Tajikistan - The Hindu". The Hindu.
^ John Pike. "Tajikistan- Army". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2013-09-22.
^ "Russian Defence Minister holds talks with the head of the military department of Tajikistan : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation". eng.mil.ru. Retrieved 2021-05-01.
^ "Командующего сухопутными войсками Таджикистана задержали по делу о мятеже генерала Назарзоды". Interfax.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-04-28.
^ "Указ Президента Республики Таджикистан от 24 ноября 2015 года, № 586 "О назначении Саидзода Б.А. Командующим Сухопутными войсками Вооруженных Сил Республики Таджикистан"". www.adlia.tj. Retrieved 2021-05-02.
^ Вечёрка (2015-11-24). "Назначено новое руководство министерства обороны Таджикистана". Вечёрка (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-04-28.
^ "Указ Президента Республики Таджикистан от 24 ноября 2015 года, № 586 "О назначении Саидзода Б.А. Командующим Сухопутными войсками Вооруженных Сил Республики Таджикистан"". www.adlia.tj. Retrieved 2021-04-28.
^ "Personnel changes | Президенти Тоҷикистон - President of Tajikistan - Президент Таджикистана - رئيس جمهورية تاجيكستان". president.tj. Retrieved 2021-05-02.
^ "Personnel changes | Президенти Тоҷикистон - President of Tajikistan - Президент Таджикистана - رئيس جمهورية تاجيكستان". president.tj. Retrieved 2021-05-02.
^ "Рахмон сменил нескольких замминистра обороны и командующих видами войск". Радио Азатлык (in Russian). 2024-02-28. Retrieved 2024-05-30.
^ "Қувваҳои мусаллаҳи Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон".
^ a b "В Таджикистане военная прокуратура расследует дело о смерти солдата в Мургабе". Радио Озоди (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-04-28.
^ "Мақомоти иҷроияи ҳокимияти давлатии шаҳри Хуҷанд - Боздид аз қисмҳои ҳарбӣ". khujand.tj. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
^ "ЯКЕ АЗ АВВАЛИН ҚИСМҲОИ ҲАРБӢ". Вазорати Мудофияи Ҷумуҳурии Тоҷикистон (in Russian). 2021-02-19. Retrieved 2021-04-28.
^ a b c d e f g h i John Pike (21 May 2013). "Tajik-Army Equipment". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
^ John Pike (2013-05-21). "Tajikistan - Army Equipment". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2013-09-22.
^ "Russia supplies military technical assets to Tajikistan of more than 320 million rubles : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation".
^ "The Russian Ministry of Defense Donates 12 BRDM-2M Military Reconnaissance Vehicles to the Tajikistan Army". 14 September 2021.
^ "TOS-1A Heavy flamethrower system". military today. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tajik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_language"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"Tajik Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"text":"Military unitThe Tajik Ground Forces (Tajik: Нерӯҳои заминии Тоҷикистон), known officially as the Ground Forces of the Ministry of Defense of Tajikistan are the land forces of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan. Formed during the Tajik Civil War, it makes up about 70 percent of the country's Armed Forces.[3]","title":"Tajik Ground Forces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet"},{"link_name":"Soviet Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Army"},{"link_name":"Russian Defense Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Popular Front of Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"United Tajik Opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Tajik_Opposition"},{"link_name":"withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2021)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Tajikistan is the only former Soviet republic that did not form its armed forces from old Soviet Army units. Instead, the Russian Defense Ministry took direct command of the Soviet units there, forcing the Tajik government to raise an army from scratch. The government began assembling the armed forces in February 1993. That summer, on 23 June, the ground forces were officially created.[3]It was originally established by the Ministry of Defense as the Armed Forces Department, and its first units were formed early in the year from skilled teams loyal to the Popular Front of Tajikistan. The personnel of the entire army saw the deployment of the following military units of that time: 13483, 07017, and 23441.[4] By the mid 1990s, the ground forces numbered to around 3,000, with the majority of the officer corps being Russian, mostly veterans of the war in Afghanistan.As of 1997, the ground forces had two motorized rifle brigades (one of them is a training brigade), a special operations brigade and detachment, as well as units and sub units that provide operational, technical and logistic support. The army benefited from several United Tajik Opposition units that were experienced from fighting government forces during the civil war, but as of 2006, were poorly maintained and funded. At that time the army had 44 main battle tanks, 34 armored infantry fighting vehicles, 29 armored personnel carriers, 12 pieces of towed artillery, 10 multiple rocket launchers, 9 mortars, and 20 surface-to-air missiles. The ground forces in 2007 had two motorized rifle brigades, one mountain brigade, one artillery brigade, one airborne assault brigade, one airborne assault detachment, and one surface-to-air missile regiment.In the wake of the withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan, 20,000 reserve servicemen of the Ground Forces were sent to the border between Tajikistan and Afghanistan.[5]On October 28, 2021, China announced that it will finance the construction of a new base for Tajik commandos with another base near the Wakhan Corridor for Chinese troops.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"non-commissioned officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GlobalSecurity1-7"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Russian 201st Military Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_201st_Military_Base"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"It is frequently trained by personnel from Russia, China, France, India, and the United States. American trainers have worked on setting up a non-commissioned officer corps within the army to train enlisted personnel.[7] Currently, more than 500 of servicemen are trained in Russia, and up to 1,000 junior specialists are trained annually at the Russian 201st Military Base.[8]","title":"Training"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emomali Sobirzoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emomali_Sobirzoda"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Emomali Sobirzoda (2010-2015)\nColonel Nazar Safarov (circa 2015)[9]\nBobojon Saidzoda (24 November 2015[10] - 9 February 2018)[11][12][13]\nBakhtiyor Mumin Muminzoda (4 November 2018 - ?)[14]\nKhusrav Bobozoda (? - 28 February 2024)\nRahmonali Safaralizoda (28 February 2024 - present)[15]","title":"Commanders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tajik civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_civil_war"},{"link_name":"United Tajik Opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Tajik_Opposition"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Bokhtar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokhtar"},{"link_name":"Khujand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khujand"},{"link_name":"Dushanbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe"},{"link_name":"Murghob District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murghob_District"},{"link_name":"Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorno-Badakhshan_Autonomous_Region"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"Dushanbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The Ground forces make up 70 percent of the Tajik National Army. It consists mainly of infantry, tank and artillery units. Many units are former militias, including several that fought the government during the Tajik civil war as part of the United Tajik Opposition. The following units are part of the Ground Forces:[16]1st Motorized Rifle Brigade (Bokhtar)\n3rd Motorized Rifle Brigade (Khujand)\n12th Artillery Brigade (Dushanbe)\n183rd Separate Reconnaissance Battalion (Dushanbe)\n17th Separate Reactive Battalion (Khujand)\n75th Separate Medical Battalion\n74th Separate Company for Chemical and Biological Protection\n38th Separate Company of Electronic Warfare\n7th Separate Rifle Battalion\nMilitary Unit 15426 (Murghob District, Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region)[17]\nMilitary Unit 08010 (Dushanbe), it serves as a training center for the training of specialists in armored vehicles BMP and BTR, T-72 tanks, anti-aircraft platoon, communicators and cooks. In this military unit, more than 60 percent of soldiers are from Sughd region.[18]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tajik Border Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_Border_Troops"},{"link_name":"Sherali Mirzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherali_Mirzo"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Vose' District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vose%27_District"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"}],"sub_title":"7th Separate Rifle Battalion","text":"Unit 13483 was one of the first military units to be established, forming in October 1993 and being renamed to the 7th Separate Rifle Battalion, or Unit 08014. It is located on the Tajik-Afghan border, and performs its duties in conjunction with the Tajik Border Troops. On 13 August 1997, by the order of the Minister of Defense, Lieutenant Colonel Sherali Mirzo was appointed its commander. Currently, the commander of the military unit is Colonel Abdulhamid Safarzoda. It has been awarded the \"Traveling Flag\" and the \"Mobile Flag\".[19] The unit is based in the Vose' District.[17]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hbiurnigbnrib_(4)_03.jpg"}],"text":"A Tajik army tankist.","title":"Equipment"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A Tajik army tankist.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hbiurnigbnrib_%284%29_03.jpg/220px-Hbiurnigbnrib_%284%29_03.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Открытое письмо командующему сухопутных сил МОРТ | Коалиция гражданского общества Республики Таджикистан против пыток и безнаказанности\".","urls":[{"url":"https://notorturetj.org/news/otkrytoe-pismo-komanduyushchemu-suhoputnyh-sil-mort","url_text":"\"Открытое письмо командующему сухопутных сил МОРТ | Коалиция гражданского общества Республики Таджикистан против пыток и безнаказанности\""}]},{"reference":"\"Сухопутные войска Минобороны Таджикистана готовятся отпраздновать очередную годовщину своего образ | Новости Таджикистана ASIA-Plus\". asiaplustj.info. Retrieved 2021-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://asiaplustj.info/ru/news/tajikistan/security/20150619/sukhoputnye-voiska-minoborony-tadzhikistana-gotovyatsya-otprazdnovat-ocherednuyu-godovshchinu-s","url_text":"\"Сухопутные войска Минобороны Таджикистана готовятся отпраздновать очередную годовщину своего образ | Новости Таджикистана ASIA-Plus\""}]},{"reference":"\"ҲОКИМИ МАЙДОНИ ҲАРБ\". Вазорати Мудофияи Ҷумуҳурии Тоҷикистон (in Russian). 2021-06-29. Retrieved 2021-07-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://mort.tj/%d2%b3%d0%be%d0%ba%d0%b8%d0%bc%d0%b8-%d0%bc%d0%b0%d0%b9%d0%b4%d0%be%d0%bd%d0%b8-%d2%b3%d0%b0%d1%80%d0%b1/","url_text":"\"ҲОКИМИ МАЙДОНИ ҲАРБ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Заседание Совета Безопасности Республики Таджикистан | Президенти Тоҷикистон - President of Tajikistan - Президент Таджикистана - رئيس جمهورية تاجيكستان\".","urls":[{"url":"http://president.tj/ru/node/26124","url_text":"\"Заседание Совета Безопасности Республики Таджикистан | Президенти Тоҷикистон - President of Tajikistan - Президент Таджикистана - رئيس جمهورية تاجيكستان\""}]},{"reference":"Krishnan, Ananth (28 October 2021). \"Eye on Afghanistan, China to build military base in Tajikistan - The Hindu\". The Hindu.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/eye-on-afghanistan-china-to-build-military-base-in-tajikistan/article37221418.ece","url_text":"\"Eye on Afghanistan, China to build military base in Tajikistan - The Hindu\""}]},{"reference":"John Pike. \"Tajikistan- Army\". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2013-09-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/centralasia/tajik-army.htm","url_text":"\"Tajikistan- Army\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russian Defence Minister holds talks with the head of the military department of Tajikistan : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation\". eng.mil.ru. Retrieved 2021-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12358360@egNews","url_text":"\"Russian Defence Minister holds talks with the head of the military department of Tajikistan : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Командующего сухопутными войсками Таджикистана задержали по делу о мятеже генерала Назарзоды\". Interfax.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.interfax.ru/world/470156","url_text":"\"Командующего сухопутными войсками Таджикистана задержали по делу о мятеже генерала Назарзоды\""}]},{"reference":"\"Указ Президента Республики Таджикистан от 24 ноября 2015 года, № 586 \"О назначении Саидзода Б.А. Командующим Сухопутными войсками Вооруженных Сил Республики Таджикистан\"\". www.adlia.tj. 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Командующим Сухопутными войсками Вооруженных Сил Республики Таджикистан\"\""}]},{"reference":"Вечёрка (2015-11-24). \"Назначено новое руководство министерства обороны Таджикистана\". Вечёрка (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://vecherka.tj/archives/22330","url_text":"\"Назначено новое руководство министерства обороны Таджикистана\""}]},{"reference":"\"Указ Президента Республики Таджикистан от 24 ноября 2015 года, № 586 \"О назначении Саидзода Б.А. Командующим Сухопутными войсками Вооруженных Сил Республики Таджикистан\"\". www.adlia.tj. Retrieved 2021-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adlia.tj/show_doc.fwx?rgn=125821","url_text":"\"Указ Президента Республики Таджикистан от 24 ноября 2015 года, № 586 \"О назначении Саидзода Б.А. Командующим Сухопутными войсками Вооруженных Сил Республики Таджикистан\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Personnel changes | Президенти Тоҷикистон - President of Tajikistan - Президент Таджикистана - رئيس جمهورية تاجيكستان\". president.tj. 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Retrieved 2013-09-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/centralasia/tajik-army-equipment.htm","url_text":"\"Tajikistan - Army Equipment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russia supplies military technical assets to Tajikistan of more than 320 million rubles : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation\".","urls":[{"url":"https://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12259259@egNews","url_text":"\"Russia supplies military technical assets to Tajikistan of more than 320 million rubles : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Russian Ministry of Defense Donates 12 BRDM-2M Military Reconnaissance Vehicles to the Tajikistan Army\". 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.overtdefense.com/2021/09/14/the-russian-ministry-of-defense-donates-brdm-2m-military-reconnaissance-vehicles-to-the-tajikistan-army/","url_text":"\"The Russian Ministry of Defense Donates 12 BRDM-2M Military Reconnaissance Vehicles to the Tajikistan Army\""}]},{"reference":"\"TOS-1A Heavy flamethrower system\". military today. 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|
[{"Link":"http://www.hfhr.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Attachment-4_2_5-ENG.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiX2K_H0N_rAhWXtJ4KHZ4dCmYQFjANegQIARAB&usg=AOvVaw0Alg9uJkBG4HVqa2PB-7E7","external_links_name":"http://www.hfhr.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Attachment-4_2_5-ENG.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiX2K_H0N_rAhWXtJ4KHZ4dCmYQFjANegQIARAB&usg=AOvVaw0Alg9uJkBG4HVqa2PB-7E7"},{"Link":"https://notorturetj.org/news/otkrytoe-pismo-komanduyushchemu-suhoputnyh-sil-mort","external_links_name":"\"Открытое письмо командующему сухопутных сил МОРТ | Коалиция гражданского общества Республики Таджикистан против пыток и безнаказанности\""},{"Link":"https://asiaplustj.info/ru/news/tajikistan/security/20150619/sukhoputnye-voiska-minoborony-tadzhikistana-gotovyatsya-otprazdnovat-ocherednuyu-godovshchinu-s","external_links_name":"\"Сухопутные войска Минобороны Таджикистана готовятся отпраздновать очередную годовщину своего образ | Новости Таджикистана ASIA-Plus\""},{"Link":"http://mort.tj/%d2%b3%d0%be%d0%ba%d0%b8%d0%bc%d0%b8-%d0%bc%d0%b0%d0%b9%d0%b4%d0%be%d0%bd%d0%b8-%d2%b3%d0%b0%d1%80%d0%b1/","external_links_name":"\"ҲОКИМИ МАЙДОНИ ҲАРБ\""},{"Link":"http://president.tj/ru/node/26124","external_links_name":"\"Заседание Совета Безопасности Республики Таджикистан | Президенти Тоҷикистон - President of Tajikistan - Президент Таджикистана - رئيس جمهورية تاجيكستان\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/eye-on-afghanistan-china-to-build-military-base-in-tajikistan/article37221418.ece","external_links_name":"\"Eye on Afghanistan, China to build military base in Tajikistan - The Hindu\""},{"Link":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/centralasia/tajik-army.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tajikistan- Army\""},{"Link":"http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12358360@egNews","external_links_name":"\"Russian Defence Minister holds talks with the head of the military department of Tajikistan : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation\""},{"Link":"https://www.interfax.ru/world/470156","external_links_name":"\"Командующего сухопутными войсками Таджикистана задержали по делу о мятеже генерала Назарзоды\""},{"Link":"http://www.adlia.tj/show_doc.fwx?rgn=125821#:~:text=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%20%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%20%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%20%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BC%20%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B8%20%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%20%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85%20%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%20%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%20%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.","external_links_name":"\"Указ Президента Республики Таджикистан от 24 ноября 2015 года, № 586 \"О назначении Саидзода Б.А. Командующим Сухопутными войсками Вооруженных Сил Республики Таджикистан\"\""},{"Link":"https://vecherka.tj/archives/22330","external_links_name":"\"Назначено новое руководство министерства обороны Таджикистана\""},{"Link":"http://www.adlia.tj/show_doc.fwx?rgn=125821","external_links_name":"\"Указ Президента Республики Таджикистан от 24 ноября 2015 года, № 586 \"О назначении Саидзода Б.А. Командующим Сухопутными войсками Вооруженных Сил Республики Таджикистан\"\""},{"Link":"http://president.tj/en/node/17100","external_links_name":"\"Personnel changes | Президенти Тоҷикистон - President of Tajikistan - Президент Таджикистана - رئيس جمهورية تاجيكستان\""},{"Link":"http://president.tj/en/node/17507","external_links_name":"\"Personnel changes | Президенти Тоҷикистон - President of Tajikistan - Президент Таджикистана - رئيس جمهورية تاجيكستان\""},{"Link":"https://rus.azathabar.com/a/rahmon-smenil-neskolkih-zamministra-oborony-i-komanduyuschih-vidami-voysk/32840978.html","external_links_name":"\"Рахмон сменил нескольких замминистра обороны и командующих видами войск\""},{"Link":"http://komron.info/cr/uvva-oi-musalla-i-um-urii-to-ikiston/","external_links_name":"\"Қувваҳои мусаллаҳи Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон\""},{"Link":"https://rus.ozodi.org/a/31225486.html","external_links_name":"\"В Таджикистане военная прокуратура расследует дело о смерти солдата в Мургабе\""},{"Link":"http://khujand.tj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=212","external_links_name":"\"Мақомоти иҷроияи ҳокимияти давлатии шаҳри Хуҷанд - Боздид аз қисмҳои ҳарбӣ\""},{"Link":"http://mort.tj/%d1%8f%d0%ba%d0%b5-%d0%b0%d0%b7-%d0%b0%d0%b2%d0%b2%d0%b0%d0%bb%d0%b8%d0%bd-%d2%9b%d0%b8%d1%81%d0%bc%d2%b3%d0%be%d0%b8-%d2%b3%d0%b0%d1%80%d0%b1%d3%a3/","external_links_name":"\"ЯКЕ АЗ АВВАЛИН ҚИСМҲОИ ҲАРБӢ\""},{"Link":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/centralasia/tajik-army-equipment.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tajik-Army Equipment\""},{"Link":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/centralasia/tajik-army-equipment.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tajikistan - Army Equipment\""},{"Link":"https://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12259259@egNews","external_links_name":"\"Russia supplies military technical assets to Tajikistan of more than 320 million rubles : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation\""},{"Link":"https://www.overtdefense.com/2021/09/14/the-russian-ministry-of-defense-donates-brdm-2m-military-reconnaissance-vehicles-to-the-tajikistan-army/","external_links_name":"\"The Russian Ministry of Defense Donates 12 BRDM-2M Military Reconnaissance Vehicles to the Tajikistan Army\""},{"Link":"http://www.military-today.com/artillery/tos_1a.htm","external_links_name":"\"TOS-1A Heavy flamethrower system\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Spaji%C4%87
|
Alejandro Spajić
|
["1 Clubs","2 Awards","2.1 Individuals","2.2 Clubs","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Argentine volleyball player
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Spajić and the second or maternal family name is Torres.
Alejandro Raul Spajić TorresPersonal informationFull nameAlejandro Raúl Spajić TorresNationality ArgentinaBorn (1976-05-07) May 7, 1976 (age 48)San Juan, ArgentinaHometownSan Juan, ArgentinaHeight2.04 m (6 ft 8 in)Weight95 kg (209 lb)Spike360 cm (140 in)Block340 cm (130 in)Volleyball informationPositionmiddle blockerCurrent club Drean BolivarNational team
1994-2004 Argentina
Last updated: June 2010
Alejandro Raúl Spajić Torres (born May 7, 1976) is an Argentine volleyball player. Spajić is clearly a volleyball player both for Argentina and his club. His background is somewhat similar to another world-class volleyball player namely Marcos Milinkovic.
Alejandro Spajić's parents are immigrants of Croat origin.
With the professional club Lokomotiv Belgorod, he won the bronze medal at the 2004–05 CEV Champions League and was awarded "Best Spiker".
Clubs
Obras San Juan (1993–2000)
Stade Poitevin Volley-Ball Poitiers (2000–2002)
Obras San Juan (2002–2003)
Bolívar Buenos Aires (2003–2004)
Lokomotiv Belgorod (2004–2006)
Drean Bolívar (2009–2010)
Union de Formosa (2011-actualidad)
Awards
Individuals
2004–05 CEV Champions League "Best Spiker"
Clubs
1995 Argentine Championship – Champion, with Obras San Juan
2001 Argentine Cup – Champion, with Obras San Juan
2003 Argentine Championship – Champion, with Obras San Juan
2004–05 CEV Champions League – Bronze Medal, with Lokomotiv Belgorod
2005 Russian Championship – Champion, with Lokomotiv Belgorod
2006 Russian Cup – Champion, with Lokomotiv Belgorod
References
^ Julián Córdoba Toro, La inmigración croata a Sudamérica (I) – Inmigración iberoamericana nº2: "Además tenemos a varios deportistas argentinos descendientes de croatas, destacando principalmente los jugadores de voleibol Marcos Milinkovic y Alejandro Spajic.", Iberoamérica Social, October 23, 2013, Accessed August 3, 2017
^ Alejandro Spajic estará en Rafaela: "Nacido en la ciudad de San Juan el 7 de mayo de 1976, es un jugador de vóley argentino cuya familia es de origen croata.", Diario Castellanos Rafaela, June 17, 2015, Accessed August 3, 2017
^ CEV. "Tours stronger than host team". Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
External links
FIVB Profile
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"CEV. \"Tours stronger than host team\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722153913/http://www.cev.lu/mmp/online/website/news/news_archive/news_archive_2005/news_archive_2005_03/4288_EN.html","url_text":"\"Tours stronger than host team\""},{"url":"http://www.cev.lu/mmp/online/website/news/news_archive/news_archive_2005/news_archive_2005_03/4288_EN.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://iberoamericasocial.com/la-inmigracion-croata-sudamerica-inmigracion-iberoamericana-no2/","external_links_name":"La inmigración croata a Sudamérica (I) – Inmigración iberoamericana nº2"},{"Link":"http://www.diariocastellanos.net/noticia/alejandro-spajic-estara-en-rafaela","external_links_name":"Alejandro Spajic estará en Rafaela"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722153913/http://www.cev.lu/mmp/online/website/news/news_archive/news_archive_2005/news_archive_2005_03/4288_EN.html","external_links_name":"\"Tours stronger than host team\""},{"Link":"http://www.cev.lu/mmp/online/website/news/news_archive/news_archive_2005/news_archive_2005_03/4288_EN.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.fivb.org/EN/Volleyball/Competitions/WorldLeague/2010/Players.asp?Tourn=WL2010&Team=ARG&No=110254","external_links_name":"FIVB Profile"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large-scale_brain_network
|
Large-scale brain network
|
["1 Commonly identified networks","1.1 Default mode (medial frontoparietal)","1.2 Salience (midcingulo-insular)","1.3 Attention (dorsal frontoparietal)","1.4 Control (lateral frontoparietal)","1.5 Sensorimotor or somatomotor (pericentral)","1.6 Visual (occipital)","2 Other networks","3 See also","4 References"]
|
Collections of brain regions
Large-scale brain networks (also known as intrinsic brain networks) are collections of widespread brain regions showing functional connectivity by statistical analysis of the fMRI BOLD signal or other recording methods such as EEG, PET and MEG. An emerging paradigm in neuroscience is that cognitive tasks are performed not by individual brain regions working in isolation but by networks consisting of several discrete brain regions that are said to be "functionally connected". Functional connectivity networks may be found using algorithms such as cluster analysis, spatial independent component analysis (ICA), seed based, and others. Synchronized brain regions may also be identified using long-range synchronization of the EEG, MEG, or other dynamic brain signals.
The set of identified brain areas that are linked together in a large-scale network varies with cognitive function. When the cognitive state is not explicit (i.e., the subject is at "rest"), the large-scale brain network is a resting state network (RSN). As a physical system with graph-like properties, a large-scale brain network has both nodes and edges and cannot be identified simply by the co-activation of brain areas. In recent decades, the analysis of brain networks was made feasible by advances in imaging techniques as well as new tools from graph theory and dynamical systems.
Anatomical topographies of canonical large-scale networks
The Organization for Human Brain Mapping has created the Workgroup for HArmonized Taxonomy of NETworks (WHATNET) group to work towards a consensus regarding network nomenclature. WHATNET conducted a survey in 2021 which showed a large degree of agreement about the name and topography of three networks: the "somato network", the "default network" and the "visual network". Other networks had less agreement. Several issues make the work of creating a common atlas for networks difficult. Some of those issues are the variability of spatial and time scales, variability across individuals, and the dynamic nature of some networks.
Some large-scale brain networks are identified by their function and provide a coherent framework for understanding cognition by offering a neural model of how different cognitive functions emerge when different sets of brain regions join together as self-organized coalitions. The number and composition of the coalitions will vary with the algorithm and parameters used to identify them. In one model, there is only the default mode network and the task-positive network, but most current analyses show several networks, from a small handful to 17. The most common and stable networks are enumerated below. The regions participating in a functional network may be dynamically reconfigured.
Disruptions in activity in various networks have been implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression, Alzheimer's, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, ADHD and bipolar disorder.
Commonly identified networks
An example that identified 10 large-scale brain networks from resting state fMRI activity through independent component analysis
Because brain networks can be identified at various different resolutions and with various different neurobiological properties, there is currently no universal atlas of brain networks that fits all circumstances. Uddin, Yeo, and Spreng proposed in 2019 that the following six networks should be defined as core networks based on converging evidences from multiple studies to facilitate communication between researchers.
Default mode (medial frontoparietal)
Main article: Default mode network
The default mode network is active when an individual is awake and at rest. It preferentially activates when individuals focus on internally-oriented tasks such as daydreaming, envisioning the future, retrieving memories, and theory of mind. It is negatively correlated with brain systems that focus on external visual signals. It is the most widely researched network.
Salience (midcingulo-insular)
Main article: Salience network
The salience network consists of several structures, including the anterior (bilateral) insula, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and three subcortical structures which are the ventral striatum, substantia nigra/ventral tegmental region. It plays the key role of monitoring the salience of external inputs and internal brain events. Specifically, it aids in directing attention by identifying important biological and cognitive events.
This network includes the ventral attention network, which primarily includes the temporoparietal junction and the ventral frontal cortex of the right hemisphere. These areas respond when behaviorally relevant stimuli occur unexpectedly. The ventral attention network is inhibited during focused attention in which top-down processing is being used, such as when visually searching for something. This response may prevent goal-driven attention from being distracted by non-relevant stimuli. It becomes active again when the target or relevant information about the target is found.
Attention (dorsal frontoparietal)
Main article: Dorsal attention network
This network is involved in the voluntary, top-down deployment of attention. Within the dorsal attention network, the intraparietal sulcus and frontal eye fields influence the visual areas of the brain. These influencing factors allow for the orientation of attention.
Control (lateral frontoparietal)
Main article: Frontoparietal network
This network initiates and modulates cognitive control and comprises 18 sub-regions of the brain. There is a strong correlation between fluid intelligence and the involvement of the fronto-parietal network with other networks.
Versions of this network have also been called the central executive (or executive control) network and the cognitive control network.
Sensorimotor or somatomotor (pericentral)
Main article: Sensorimotor network
This network processes somatosensory information and coordinates motion. The auditory cortex may be included.
Visual (occipital)
Further information: Visual cortex
This network handles visual information processing.
Other networks
Different methods and data have identified several other brain networks, many of which greatly overlap or are subsets of more well-characterized core networks.
Limbic
Auditory
Right/left executive
Cerebellar
Spatial attention
Language
Lateral visual
Temporal
Visual perception/imagery
See also
Complex network
Neural network (biology)
References
^ a b c d e Riedl, Valentin; Utz, Lukas; Castrillón, Gabriel; Grimmer, Timo; Rauschecker, Josef P.; Ploner, Markus; Friston, Karl J.; Drzezga, Alexander; Sorg, Christian (January 12, 2016). "Metabolic connectivity mapping reveals effective connectivity in the resting human brain". PNAS. 113 (2): 428–433. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113..428R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1513752113. PMC 4720331. PMID 26712010.
^ Foster, Brett L.; Parvizi, Josef (2012-03-01). "Resting oscillations and cross-frequency coupling in the human posteromedial cortex". NeuroImage. 60 (1): 384–391. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.019. ISSN 1053-8119. PMC 3596417. PMID 22227048.
^ Buckner, Randy L.; Andrews-Hanna, Jessica R.; Schacter, Daniel L. (2008). "The Brain's Default Network". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1124 (1): 1–38. Bibcode:2008NYASA1124....1B. doi:10.1196/annals.1440.011. ISSN 1749-6632. PMID 18400922. S2CID 3167595.
^ Morris, Peter G.; Smith, Stephen M.; Barnes, Gareth R.; Stephenson, Mary C.; Hale, Joanne R.; Price, Darren; Luckhoo, Henry; Woolrich, Mark; Brookes, Matthew J. (2011-10-04). "Investigating the electrophysiological basis of resting state networks using magnetoencephalography". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (40): 16783–16788. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10816783B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1112685108. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3189080. PMID 21930901.
^ a b Petersen, Steven; Sporns, Olaf (October 2015). "Brain Networks and Cognitive Architectures". Neuron. 88 (1): 207–219. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.027. PMC 4598639. PMID 26447582.
^ a b c d e f Bressler, Steven L.; Menon, Vinod (June 2010). "Large scale brain networks in cognition: emerging methods and principles". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 14 (6): 233–290. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.04.004. PMID 20493761. S2CID 5967761. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
^ Bressler, Steven L. (2008). "Neurocognitive networks". Scholarpedia. 3 (2): 1567. Bibcode:2008SchpJ...3.1567B. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.1567.
^ Uddin, Lucina (2022-10-10). "A Brain Network by Any Other Name". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 2022 (10): 363–364. doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01925. PMID 36223250. S2CID 252844955.
^ Uddin, LQ; Betzel, Richard F.; Cohen, Jessica R.; Damoiselastx, Jessica S.; De Brigard, Felipe; Eickhoff, Simon B.; Fornito, Alex; Gratton, Caterina; Gordon, Evan M.; Laird, Angela R.; Larson-Prior, Linda; McIntosh, A. Randal; Nickerson, Lisa D.; Pessoa, Luiz; Pinho, Ana Luísa; Poldrack, Russell A.; Razi, Adeel; Sadaghiani, Sepideh; Shine, James M.; Yendiki, Anastasia; Yeo, BTT; Spreng, RN (October 2023). "Controversies and progress on standardization of large-scale brain network nomenclature". Network Neuroscience. 7 (3): 864–903. doi:10.1162/netn_a_00323. PMC 10473266. PMID 37781138.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Yeo, B. T. Thomas; Krienen, Fenna M.; Sepulcre, Jorge; Sabuncu, Mert R.; Lashkari, Danial; Hollinshead, Marisa; Roffman, Joshua L.; Smoller, Jordan W.; Zöllei, Lilla; Polimeni, Jonathan R.; Fischl, Bruce; Liu, Hesheng; Buckner, Randy L. (2011-09-01). "The organization of the human cerebral cortex estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity". Journal of Neurophysiology. 106 (3): 1125–1165. Bibcode:2011NatSD...2E0031H. doi:10.1152/jn.00338.2011. PMC 3174820. PMID 21653723.
^ Abou Elseoud, Ahmed; Littow, Harri; Remes, Jukka; Starck, Tuomo; Nikkinen, Juha; Nissilä, Juuso; Timonen, Markku; Tervonen, Osmo; Kiviniemi, Vesa (2011-06-03). "Group-ICA Model Order Highlights Patterns of Functional Brain Connectivity". Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. 5: 37. doi:10.3389/fnsys.2011.00037. PMC 3109774. PMID 21687724.
^ a b c d e Bassett, Daniella; Bertolero, Max (July 2019). "How Matter Becomes Mind". Scientific American. 321 (1): 32. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
^ Griffiths, Kristi R.; Braund, Taylor A.; Kohn, Michael R.; Clarke, Simon; Williams, Leanne M.; Korgaonkar, Mayuresh S. (2 March 2021). "Structural brain network topology underpinning ADHD and response to methylphenidate treatment". Translational Psychiatry. 11 (1): 150. doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01278-x. PMC 7925571. PMID 33654073.
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^ a b c d e f g h Heine, Lizette; Soddu, Andrea; Gomez, Francisco; Vanhaudenhuyse, Audrey; Tshibanda, Luaba; Thonnard, Marie; Charland-Verville, Vanessa; Kirsch, Murielle; Laureys, Steven; Demertzi, Athena (2012). "Resting state networks and consciousness. Alterations of multiple resting state network connectivity in physiological, pharmacological and pathological consciousness states". Frontiers in Psychology. 3: 295. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00295. PMC 3427917. PMID 22969735.
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^ Doucet, GE; Lee, WH; Frangou, S (2019-10-15). "Evaluation of the spatial variability in the major resting-state networks across human brain functional atlases". Human Brain Mapping. 40 (15): 4577–4587. doi:10.1002/hbm.24722. PMC 6771873. PMID 31322303.
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^ Buckner, Randy L. (2012-08-15). "The serendipitous discovery of the brain's default network". NeuroImage. 62 (2): 1137–1145. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.035. ISSN 1053-8119. PMID 22037421. S2CID 9880586.
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^ a b c d e Shafiei, Golia; Zeighami, Yashar; Clark, Crystal A.; Coull, Jennifer T.; Nagano-Saito, Atsuko; Leyton, Marco; Dagher, Alain; Mišić, Bratislav (2018-10-01). "Dopamine Signaling Modulates the Stability and Integration of Intrinsic Brain Networks". Cerebral Cortex. 29 (1): 397–409. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhy264. PMC 6294404. PMID 30357316.
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^ a b c d e f g Boerger, Timothy; Pahapill, Peter; Butts, Alissa; Arocho-Quinones, Elsa; Raghavan, Manoj; Krucoff, Max (2023-07-13). "Large-scale brain networks and intra-axial tumor surgery: a narrative review of functional mapping techniques, critical needs, and scientific opportunities". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 17. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1170419. PMC 10372448. PMID 37520929.
^ Steimke, Rosa; Nomi, Jason S.; Calhoun, Vince D.; Stelzel, Christine; Paschke, Lena M.; Gaschler, Robert; Goschke, Thomas; Walter, Henrik; Uddin, Lucina Q. (2017-12-01). "Salience network dynamics underlying successful resistance of temptation". Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 12 (12): 1928–1939. doi:10.1093/scan/nsx123. ISSN 1749-5016. PMC 5716209. PMID 29048582.
^ a b Menon, V. (2015-01-01), "Salience Network", in Toga, Arthur W. (ed.), Brain Mapping, Academic Press, pp. 597–611, doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-397025-1.00052-X, ISBN 978-0-12-397316-0, retrieved 2019-12-08
^ a b c d e Vossel, Simone; Geng, Joy J.; Fink, Gereon R. (2014). "Dorsal and Ventral Attention Systems: Distinct Neural Circuits but Collaborative Roles". The Neuroscientist. 20 (2): 150–159. doi:10.1177/1073858413494269. PMC 4107817. PMID 23835449.
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^ a b c Hutton, John S.; Dudley, Jonathan; Horowitz-Kraus, Tzipi; DeWitt, Tom; Holland, Scott K. (1 September 2019). "Functional Connectivity of Attention, Visual, and Language Networks During Audio, Illustrated, and Animated Stories in Preschool-Age Children". Brain Connectivity. 9 (7): 580–592. doi:10.1089/brain.2019.0679. PMC 6775495. PMID 31144523.
^ Fox, Michael D.; Corbetta, Maurizio; Snyder, Abraham Z.; Vincent, Justin L.; Raichle, Marcus E. (2006-06-27). "Spontaneous neuronal activity distinguishes human dorsal and ventral attention systems". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (26): 10046–10051. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10310046F. doi:10.1073/pnas.0604187103. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1480402. PMID 16788060.
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^ Marek, Scott; Dosenbach, Nico U. F. (June 2018). "The frontoparietal network: function, electrophysiology, and importance of individual precision mapping". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 20 (2): 133–140. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2018.20.2/smarek. ISSN 1294-8322. PMC 6136121. PMID 30250390.
^ Yang, Yan-li; Deng, Hong-xia; Xing, Gui-yang; Xia, Xiao-luan; Li, Hai-fang (2015). "Brain functional network connectivity based on a visual task: visual information processing-related brain regions are significantly activated in the task state". Neural Regeneration Research. 10 (2): 298–307. doi:10.4103/1673-5374.152386. PMC 4392680. PMID 25883631.
vteHuman connectomics
Human Connectome Project
Brain mapping
Neuroimaging
Data acquisition and processing
Functional neuroimaging
BOLD-weighted (task-free)
Diffusion-weighted
Tractography
Functional networks
Medial frontoparietal (Default)
Midcingulo-insular (Salience)
Lateral frontoparietal (Control)
Dorsal frontoparietal (Attention)
Pericentral (Somatomotor)
Occipital (Visual)
Functional modes/states
Task fMRI
Resting state fMRI
Naturalistic fMRI
Analytic strategies
Network science
Dynamic functional connectivity
Psychophysiological Interaction
Dynamic causal modeling
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"brain regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_regions"},{"link_name":"functional connectivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resting_state_fMRI#Functional"},{"link_name":"fMRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging"},{"link_name":"BOLD signal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOLD_signal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Riedl-1"},{"link_name":"EEG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroencephalography"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"PET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"MEG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetoencephalography"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"cluster analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_analysis"},{"link_name":"independent component analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_component_analysis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Petersen-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bressler-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bressler2-7"},{"link_name":"resting state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resting_state_fMRI"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bressler-6"},{"link_name":"graph theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory"},{"link_name":"dynamical systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical_systems_theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boerger2023LSBN.jpg"},{"link_name":"Organization for Human Brain Mapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Human_Brain_Mapping"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Uddin2023-9"},{"link_name":"cognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yeo-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"default mode network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_mode_network"},{"link_name":"task-positive network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task-positive_network"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yeo-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Petersen-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bassett-12"},{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)"},{"link_name":"Alzheimer's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"autism spectrum disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism-spectrum_disorder"},{"link_name":"schizophrenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"ADHD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADHD"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"bipolar disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Large-scale brain networks (also known as intrinsic brain networks) are collections of widespread brain regions showing functional connectivity by statistical analysis of the fMRI BOLD signal[1] or other recording methods such as EEG,[2] PET[3] and MEG.[4] An emerging paradigm in neuroscience is that cognitive tasks are performed not by individual brain regions working in isolation but by networks consisting of several discrete brain regions that are said to be \"functionally connected\". Functional connectivity networks may be found using algorithms such as cluster analysis, spatial independent component analysis (ICA), seed based, and others.[5] Synchronized brain regions may also be identified using long-range synchronization of the EEG, MEG, or other dynamic brain signals.[6]The set of identified brain areas that are linked together in a large-scale network varies with cognitive function.[7] When the cognitive state is not explicit (i.e., the subject is at \"rest\"), the large-scale brain network is a resting state network (RSN). As a physical system with graph-like properties,[6] a large-scale brain network has both nodes and edges and cannot be identified simply by the co-activation of brain areas. In recent decades, the analysis of brain networks was made feasible by advances in imaging techniques as well as new tools from graph theory and dynamical systems.Anatomical topographies of canonical large-scale networksThe Organization for Human Brain Mapping has created the Workgroup for HArmonized Taxonomy of NETworks (WHATNET) group to work towards a consensus regarding network nomenclature.[8] WHATNET conducted a survey in 2021 which showed a large degree of agreement about the name and topography of three networks: the \"somato network\", the \"default network\" and the \"visual network\". Other networks had less agreement. Several issues make the work of creating a common atlas for networks difficult. Some of those issues are the variability of spatial and time scales, variability across individuals, and the dynamic nature of some networks.[9]Some large-scale brain networks are identified by their function and provide a coherent framework for understanding cognition by offering a neural model of how different cognitive functions emerge when different sets of brain regions join together as self-organized coalitions. The number and composition of the coalitions will vary with the algorithm and parameters used to identify them.[10][11] In one model, there is only the default mode network and the task-positive network, but most current analyses show several networks, from a small handful to 17.[10] The most common and stable networks are enumerated below. The regions participating in a functional network may be dynamically reconfigured.[5][12]Disruptions in activity in various networks have been implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression, Alzheimer's, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, ADHD[13] and bipolar disorder.[14]","title":"Large-scale brain network"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heine2012x3010.png"},{"link_name":"resting state fMRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resting_state_fMRI"},{"link_name":"independent component analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_component_analysis"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heine-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Uddin2019-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yeo-10"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"An example that identified 10 large-scale brain networks from resting state fMRI activity through independent component analysis[15]Because brain networks can be identified at various different resolutions and with various different neurobiological properties, there is currently no universal atlas of brain networks that fits all circumstances.[16] Uddin, Yeo, and Spreng proposed in 2019[17] that the following six networks should be defined as core networks based on converging evidences from multiple studies[18][10][19] to facilitate communication between researchers.","title":"Commonly identified networks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"theory of mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_mind"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bressler-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bassett-12"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Riedl-1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yuan-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bell-22"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heine-15"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yeo-10"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shafiei-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bailey-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boerger-25"}],"sub_title":"Default mode (medial frontoparietal)","text":"The default mode network is active when an individual is awake and at rest. It preferentially activates when individuals focus on internally-oriented tasks such as daydreaming, envisioning the future, retrieving memories, and theory of mind. It is negatively correlated with brain systems that focus on external visual signals. It is the most widely researched network.[6][12][20][1][21][22][15][10][23][24][25]","title":"Commonly identified networks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-27"},{"link_name":"salience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salience_(neuroscience)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Riedl-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bressler-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bassett-12"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yuan-21"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heine-15"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yeo-10"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shafiei-23"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boerger-25"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-27"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bailey-24"},{"link_name":"temporoparietal junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporoparietal_junction"},{"link_name":"frontal cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_cortex"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Uddin2019-17"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vossel-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vossel-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vossel-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Salience (midcingulo-insular)","text":"The salience network consists of several structures, including the anterior (bilateral) insula, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and three subcortical structures which are the ventral striatum, substantia nigra/ventral tegmental region.[26][27] It plays the key role of monitoring the salience of external inputs and internal brain events.[1][6][12][21][15][10][23][25] Specifically, it aids in directing attention by identifying important biological and cognitive events.[27][24]\nThis network includes the ventral attention network, which primarily includes the temporoparietal junction and the ventral frontal cortex of the right hemisphere.[17][28] These areas respond when behaviorally relevant stimuli occur unexpectedly.[28] The ventral attention network is inhibited during focused attention in which top-down processing is being used, such as when visually searching for something. This response may prevent goal-driven attention from being distracted by non-relevant stimuli. It becomes active again when the target or relevant information about the target is found.[28][29]","title":"Commonly identified networks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Riedl-1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yuan-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bell-22"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yeo-10"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shafiei-23"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vossel-28"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hutton-30"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boerger-25"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vossel-28"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bailey-24"}],"sub_title":"Attention (dorsal frontoparietal)","text":"This network is involved in the voluntary, top-down deployment of attention.[1][21][22][10][23][28][30][25] Within the dorsal attention network, the intraparietal sulcus and frontal eye fields influence the visual areas of the brain. These influencing factors allow for the orientation of attention.[31][28][24]","title":"Commonly identified networks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boerger-25"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Uddin2019-17"}],"sub_title":"Control (lateral frontoparietal)","text":"This network initiates and modulates cognitive control and comprises 18 sub-regions of the brain.[32] There is a strong correlation between fluid intelligence and the involvement of the fronto-parietal network with other networks.[33][25]\nVersions of this network have also been called the central executive (or executive control) network and the cognitive control network.[17]","title":"Commonly identified networks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heine-15"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yeo-10"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shafiei-23"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bassett-12"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yuan-21"},{"link_name":"auditory cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_cortex"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Uddin2019-17"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yeo-10"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boerger-25"}],"sub_title":"Sensorimotor or somatomotor (pericentral)","text":"This network processes somatosensory information and coordinates motion.[15][10][23][12][21] The auditory cortex may be included.[17][10][25]","title":"Commonly identified networks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Visual cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_cortex"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yang-34"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boerger-25"}],"sub_title":"Visual (occipital)","text":"Further information: Visual cortexThis network handles visual information processing.[34][25]","title":"Commonly identified networks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Uddin2019-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bassett-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yeo-10"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bailey-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boerger-25"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yuan-21"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heine-15"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yuan-21"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heine-15"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bell-22"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heine-15"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Riedl-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bressler-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bressler-6"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hutton-30"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yuan-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bell-22"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heine-15"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yeo-10"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shafiei-23"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hutton-30"}],"text":"Different methods and data have identified several other brain networks, many of which greatly overlap or are subsets of more well-characterized core networks.[17]Limbic[12][10][24][25]\nAuditory[21][15]\nRight/left executive[21][15]\nCerebellar[22][15]\nSpatial attention[1][6]\nLanguage[6][30]\nLateral visual[21][22][15]\nTemporal[10][23]\nVisual perception/imagery[30]","title":"Other networks"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Anatomical topographies of canonical large-scale networks","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Boerger2023LSBN.jpg/220px-Boerger2023LSBN.jpg"},{"image_text":"An example that identified 10 large-scale brain networks from resting state fMRI activity through independent component analysis[15]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Heine2012x3010.png/220px-Heine2012x3010.png"}]
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[{"title":"Complex network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_network"},{"title":"Neural network (biology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_network_(biology)"}]
|
[{"reference":"Riedl, Valentin; Utz, Lukas; Castrillón, Gabriel; Grimmer, Timo; Rauschecker, Josef P.; Ploner, Markus; Friston, Karl J.; Drzezga, Alexander; Sorg, Christian (January 12, 2016). \"Metabolic connectivity mapping reveals effective connectivity in the resting human brain\". PNAS. 113 (2): 428–433. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113..428R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1513752113. PMC 4720331. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_and_secession_in_California
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Partition and secession in California
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["1 Prior California partitions","2 History of partition movements","2.1 Pre-statehood","2.2 Post-statehood","2.3 20th century","2.4 21st century","3 Union with other states","3.1 Ecotopia","3.2 Cascadia","4 Reunification with Baja California","5 California independence","5.1 California National Party","5.2 California Freedom Coalition","5.3 Yes California","6 See also","7 References","7.1 External links"]
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Proposals to split the state or leave the US
There are 58 counties of California currently.
California, the most populous state in the United States and third largest in area after Alaska and Texas, has been the subject of more than 220 proposals to divide it into multiple states since its admission to the Union in 1850, including at least 27 significant proposals prior to the 21st century.
In addition, there have been some calls for the secession of multiple states or large regions in the American West (such as the proposal of Cascadia) which often include parts of Northern California.
Prior California partitions
The original Province of Las Californias within the Viceroyalty of New Spain (1768–1804)
California was partitioned in its past, prior to its admission as a state in the United States. What under Spanish rule was called the Province of Las Californias (1768–1804), that stretched almost 2,000 miles (3,200 km) from north to south, was divided into Alta California (Upper California) and Baja California (Lower California) in 1804. The division occurred on a line separating the Franciscan missions in the north from the Dominican missions in the south, with Misión San Miguel Arcángel de la Frontera set as the northern limit of Baja California and the southern limit of Alta California.
After the Mexican–American War lasting from 1846 to 1848, most of Alta California was partitioned into five U.S. states, with the western portion of Alta California admitted to the United States as the present-day State of California, and later partitions of Alta California to become Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona and Wyoming. Baja California Territory would absorb what was left of Alta California (which included the modern-day cities of Tijuana and Mexicali) and remained under Mexican rule. The territory was subsequently divided into two Mexican states in 1931. In 1888, under the government of President Porfirio Díaz, Baja California became a federally administered territory called the North Territory of Baja California ("north territory" because it was the northernmost territory in the Republic of Mexico). In 1952, the northern portion of this territory (above 28°N) became the 29th state of Mexico, called Baja California; the sparsely populated southern portion remained a federally administered territory. In 1974, it became the 31st state of Mexico, admitted as Baja California Sur.
History of partition movements
Pre-statehood
Main article: Compromise of 1850
The territory that became the present state of California was acquired by the U.S. as a result of American victory in the Mexican–American War and subsequent 1848 Mexican Cession. After the war, a confrontation erupted between the slave states of the South and the free states of the North regarding the status of these acquired territories. Among the disputes, the South wanted to extend the Missouri Compromise line (36°30' parallel north), and thus slave territory, west to Southern California and to the Pacific coast, while the North did not.
Starting in late 1848, Americans and foreigners of many different countries entered into California in unprecedented numbers, for the California Gold Rush, rapidly increasing the population. In response to growing demand for a better, more representative government, a Constitutional Convention was held in 1849. The delegates there unanimously outlawed slavery, and therefore had no interest in extending the Missouri Compromise Line through California; the lightly populated southern half had never had slavery and was heavily Hispanic. Delegates applied for statehood with the current boundaries. As part of the Compromise of 1850, Congressional representatives of the American South reluctantly acceded to having California be a free state, and it officially became the 31st state in the union on September 9, 1850.
Post-statehood
Southern California attempted three times in the 1850s to achieve a separate statehood or territorial status from Northern California.
In 1855, the California State Assembly passed a plan to trisect the state. All of the southern counties as far north as Monterey, Merced, and part of Mariposa, then sparsely populated but today containing about two-thirds of California's total population, would become the State of Colorado (the name Colorado was later adopted for another territory established in 1861), and the northern counties of Del Norte, Siskiyou, Modoc, Humboldt, Trinity, Shasta, Lassen, Tehama, Plumas, and portions of Butte, Colusa (which included what is now Glenn County), and Mendocino, a region which today has a population of less than a million, would become the State of Shasta. The primary reason was the size of the state's territory. At the time, the representation in Congress was too small for such a large territory, it seemed too extensive for one government, and the state capital was too inaccessible because of the distances to Southern California and various other areas. The bill eventually died in the California Senate as it became very low priority compared to other pressing political matters.
In 1859, the legislature and governor approved the Pico Act (named after the bill's sponsor Andrés Pico, state senator from Southern California) splitting off the region south of the 36th parallel north as the Territory of Colorado. The primary reason cited was the difference in both culture and geography between Northern and Southern California. It was signed by the State governor John B. Weller, approved overwhelmingly by voters in the proposed Territory of Colorado, and sent to Washington, D.C., with a strong advocate in Senator Milton Latham. However, the secession crisis and American Civil War following the election of Lincoln in 1860 prevented the proposal from ever coming to a vote.
In the late 19th century, there was serious talk in Sacramento of splitting the state in two at the Tehachapi Mountains, because of the difficulty of transportation across the rugged range. The discussion ended when it was determined that building a highway over the mountains was feasible; this road later became the Ridge Route, which today is Interstate 5 over Tejon Pass.
20th century
State of Jefferson flag
Since the mid-19th century, the mountainous region of northern California and parts of southwestern Oregon have been proposed as a separate state. In 1941, some counties in the area ceremonially seceded, one day a week, from their respective states as the State of Jefferson. This movement disappeared after America's entry into World War II, but the notion has been rekindled in recent years.
The California State Senate voted on June 4, 1965, to divide California into two states, with the Tehachapi Mountains as the boundary. Sponsored by State Senator Richard J. Dolwig (R-San Mateo), the resolution proposed to separate the seven southern counties, with a majority of the state's population, from the 51 other counties, and passed 27–12. To be effective, the amendment would have needed approval by the State Assembly, by California voters, and by the United States Congress. As expected by Dolwig, the proposal did not get out of committee in the assembly.
In 1992, State Assemblyman Stan Statham sponsored a bill to allow a referendum in each county on a partition into three new states: North, Central, and South California. The proposal passed in the State Assembly but died in the State Senate.
21st century
2003: Martin Hutchinson's CaliFOURnia proposal San Diego / Orange County / Imperial County / Inland Empire Greater Los Angeles San Francisco Bay Area / Sacramento/ Monterey Northern / Central Valley
2009: Bill Maze's proposal Coastal or Western California
2011: Jeff Stone's proposal South California
2013: Tim Draper's Six Californias proposal Jefferson North California Silicon Valley Central California West California South California
2018: Paul Preston's New California proposal New California
2018: Tim Draper's Cal 3 proposal Northern California California Southern California
In the wake of the 2003 gubernatorial recall, Tim Holt and Martin Hutchinson proposed in separate newspaper op-eds that the state should split into as many as four new states, dividing distinct geographically and politically defined regions as the Bay Area, North Coast, and Central Valley, as well as the historic Shasta/Jefferson region, into their own states.
In early 2009, former State Assemblyman Bill Maze began lobbying to split thirteen coastal counties, which usually vote Democratic, into a separate state to be known as either "Coastal California" or "Western California". Maze's primary reason for wanting to split the state was because of how "conservatives don't have a voice" and how Los Angeles and San Francisco "control the state". The counties that would make up the new state would be Marin, Contra Costa, Alameda, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, San Benito, Monterey, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura, and Los Angeles Counties. It has also been proposed that the state be split in two simply at the straight divide of the 120th meridian west, much like its border with the state of Nevada.
In June 2011, Republican Riverside County Supervisor Jeff Stone called for Riverside, Imperial, San Diego, Orange, San Bernardino, Kings, Kern, Fresno, Tulare, Inyo, Madera, Mariposa and Mono counties (see map, highlighted in red) to separate from California to form the new state of South California. Officials in Sacramento responded derisively, with governor Jerry Brown's spokesperson saying "A secessionist movement? What is this, 1860? It's a supremely ridiculous waste of everybody's time." and fellow supervisor Bob Buster calling Stone "crazy", suggesting "Stone has gotten too much sun recently."
In September 2013, county supervisors in both Siskiyou County and Modoc County voted to join a bid to separate and create a new "State of Jefferson". Mark Baird, spokesperson for the Jefferson Declaration Committee, is reported to have said the group hopes to obtain commitments from as many as a dozen counties, after which they will ask the state legislature to permit formation of the new state based on Article 4, Section 3 of the US Constitution. In January 2014, supervisors in Glenn County voted in favor of separation, and in April 2014, Yuba County supervisors voted to become the fourth California county to join the movement. On June 3, 2014, residents in Del Norte County voted against separation by 58 percent to 42 percent; however, voters in Tehama County supported a separation initiative by 57 percent to 43 percent. On July 22, 2014, Sutter County voted 5–0 to join the State of Jefferson.
Six Californias: On December 19, 2013, venture capitalist Tim Draper submitted a six-page proposal to the California Attorney General to split California into six new states, citing improved representation, governance, and competition between industries. On February 19, 2014, Secretary of State Debra Bowen approved the proposal allowing supporters to start collecting signatures in order to qualify the petition for a ballot. A total of 807,615 registered voters were needed by July 18, 2014, for the proposal to appear on the ballot. On July 14, the petition organizer announced that the proposal received enough signatures to be placed on the ballot in two years; however, it was determined that only about two thirds were valid and the petition fell short of qualifying for the November 2016 ballot.
New California: On January 16, 2018, the 501(c)(4) organization New California, organized by conservative radio talk show host Paul Preston, published its proposed state's Declaration of Independence. As motivation for the split, Preston said that he rated California "around 48th or 50th" among states for business climate; he also mentioned what he said were high taxes. His proposed New California would have included the rural counties that make up most of the state's area, leaving the more heavily populated areas around San Francisco, Sacramento, and Los Angeles. New California would also include the urban areas of Contra Costa County, Orange County, and San Diego County, bringing the population to around 20 million. In December 2020, the proposed state filed an amicus brief in support of Texas in Texas v. Pennsylvania alongside New Nevada, claiming to be an aggrieved party due to the expansion of mail-in voting in California and alleged differences in voting rules between California counties.
In April 2018, the Cal 3 organization announced it had more than 600,000 signatures to place an initiative on the November 2018 ballot proposing that California should be split into three separate states. The signatures must be verified before the proposal qualifies for the ballot - this was achieved by June 13, 2018. In July 2018, the California Supreme Court pulled the Cal 3 proposal from the ballot for further state constitutional review.
In 2020, "Move Oregon's Border For a Greater Idaho" proposed breaking off most of Oregon's area and some of Northern California and join it with Idaho. The areas proposed to break off of Oregon and California vote Republican but in a state whose legislatures are dominated by Democrats. Douglas and Josephine counties in Oregon approved language for petitions to put a measure on the ballot. Even if passed by voters, it would still need approval from all three state legislatures.
In August 2022, the San Bernardino County Board of Supervisors began an approval process for a possible secession measure to be added to the November 2022 general election ballot. Proponents of including the ballot measure cite dissatisfaction in the county's share of state and federal funding.
Union with other states
Ecotopia
Writer Ernest Callenbach wrote a 1975 novel, entitled Ecotopia, in which he proposed a full-blown secession of Northern California, Oregon, and Washington from the United States in order to focus upon environmentally friendly living and culture. He later abandoned the idea stating: "We are now fatally interconnected, in climate change, ocean impoverishment, agricultural soil loss, etc. etc. etc."
The premise was borrowed / adapted by Starhawk for her novel The Fifth Sacred Thing (1993), which pitted the eco-feminist inhabitants of a future, independent San Francisco against a rival, right-wing polity centered on Los Angeles.
Cascadia
Main article: Cascadia (independence movement)
While mostly consisting of Washington, Oregon, Idaho and British Columbia in Canada, proposals for an independent Cascadia often include portions of northern California.
Reunification with Baja California
The reunification of the Californias or Greater California is the irredentist idea of a united California often consisting of modern-day California, Baja California, and Baja California Sur, or largely based on the former lands previously governed by the Province of Las Californias (1767-1804), including much of the American Southwest. There were fears during the Magonista rebellion of 1911 from both Americans and Mexicans of a Magonista expansion into California from, then Magonista-controlled, Baja California that would establish anarcho-communism across the Californias and inspire rebellions by Indigenous Californians against the US and Mexican governments.
California independence
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Declaration of Independence of California
Prior to American annexation, one instance of a California independence movement from a sovereign nation occurred when the California Republic was declared independent from the Centralist Republic of Mexico in 1846 during the Bear Flag Revolt during the Mexican–American War. After American annexation, there had been little to no independence movements prior to the Election of Donald Trump.
Numerous organizations advocate for the independence of California as a sovereign state. Common arguments in support of independence are often based on the fact of California having the fifth-largest economy in the world, and for being home to the global centers of entertainment (Hollywood) and technology (Silicon Valley).
California National Party
Main article: California National Party
Founded in 2015, California National Party (CNP) is a political party seeking, as a long-term goal, the secession of California from the United States by legal and peaceful means. The name and mission of the California National Party are partly inspired by the Scottish National Party, a social democratic, civic nationalist, center-left party advocating progressivist policies and independence for Scotland.
California Freedom Coalition
Main article: California Freedom Coalition
The California Freedom Coalition is a political group, founded in 2017, advocating for the political, economic, and social empowerment of Californians. It supports universal healthcare for Californians, greater representation for California in the U.S. Congress, and more funding for education in California, as well as the possibility of California independence.
Yes California
Main article: Yes California
In the wake of Republican nominee Donald Trump's winning the 2016 presidential election, a fringe movement organized by Yes California, referred to as "Calexit"—a term inspired by the successful 2016 Brexit referendum—arose in a bid to gather the 585,407 signatures necessary to place a secessionist question on the 2018 ballot. In July 2018, the objectives of the Calexit initiative were expanded upon by including a plan to carve out an “autonomous Native American nation” that would take up the eastern part of California, and "postponing its ballot referendum approach in favor of convincing Republican states to support their breakaway efforts." "Yes California" was founded by Louis J. Marinelli.
See also
Secession in the United States
List of U.S. state partition proposals
Secession in New York
Texas divisionism
Bibliography of California history
References
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^ Williams, Jordan (December 11, 2020). "Pseudo states 'New California' and 'New Nevada' back Texas election lawsuit". The Hill. Archived from the original on December 13, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2024.
^ ""CAL 3" Initiative to Partition California Reaches Unprecedented Milestone" (PDF) (Press release). Cal 3. April 11, 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 14, 2018. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
^ Ting, Eric (April 13, 2018). "Plan to split California into 3 states may qualify for ballot". SFGate. Hearst. Archived from the original on April 19, 2018.
^ Helsel, Phil (June 13, 2018). "Proposal to split California into three states earns spot on November ballot". nbcnews.com. NBC News. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2018. Voters in the massive state of California, touted as having an economy larger than most countries, could decide whether to support a plan calling for The Golden State to be split into three. An initiative that would direct the governor to seek Congressional approval to divide California into three states has enough valid signatures to be eligible for the Nov. 6 ballot, the Secretary of State's office said Tuesday. If the initiative is not withdrawn, it will be qualified for the ballot on June 28. Even if approved by voters, it faces the hurdle of approval by Congress.
^ Egelko, Bob (July 18, 2018). "Splitting up California: State Supreme Court takes initiative off ballot". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on July 19, 2018. Retrieved July 19, 2018. he court issued a unanimous order removing the measure from the ballot and ordering further legal arguments on whether it should be placed on another ballot in 2020 or struck down altogether
^ "Some Oregonians Want To Leave And Take Part Of The State To Idaho With Them". NPR. Washington, D.C. February 24, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
^ "Ballot-initiative effort to move eastern Oregon counties to Idaho gains momentum; leader calls it 'peaceful revolution'". The Oregonian. Portland, Oregon. February 17, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
^ Martinez, Christian (August 6, 2022). "Could San Bernardino County secede from California? Voters may have a say in November". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
^ Matt Sledge (July 14, 2011). "San Francisco Secession: Could It Create 'Ecotopia'?". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
^ Martinez, Pablo L. (1956). A History of Lower California. Mexico. pp. 462–465.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ CNBC - Calexit Plan to Divorce California From US is Getting a Second Chance
^ CBS News - California Now Has the World's 5th Largest Economy
^ Fortune - California’s Economy Is Now Bigger Than All of the U.K.
^ Mercury News - California independence? Yes we can
^ Inverse - Silicon Valley Wants to Fund California's Succession
^ "California could see new political party with independence goal". Sacramento Bee. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
^ "Meet the California Separatists Leading a New Movement to Secede from the United States". VICE. February 17, 2016. Archived from the original on April 1, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
^ "'California is a nation, not a state': A fringe movement wants a break from the U.S." MSNBC. February 20, 2017. Archived from the original on February 20, 2017.
^ a b "Calexit supporters relaunch campaign with proposals to create Native American nation". The Stanford Daily. September 27, 2018. Archived from the original on November 10, 2018. Retrieved November 11, 2018.
External links
Two New Californias: An Equal Division, Historical and Financial Analysis (1992), from the Golden State University School of Law, which lists a number of major partition proposals.
vteSecession in the United StatesActive movements
Black
California
Cascadia
Confederate States
Hawaii
Lakotah
Puerto Rico
Texas
White
Northwest Territorial Imperative
History
Confederate States of America
Louisiana secession
Mississippi Secession Ordinance
Missouri secession
South Carolina Declaration of Secession
Virginia Secession Convention of 1861
Miscellaneous
2012 U.S. state secession petitions
Ordinance of Secession
List of state partition proposals
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:California_county_map_(labeled).svg"},{"link_name":"counties of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counties_of_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"most populous state in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_states_by_population"},{"link_name":"third largest in area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us_states_by_area"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"admission to the Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"secession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession"},{"link_name":"American West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_West"},{"link_name":"proposal of Cascadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascadia_movement"},{"link_name":"Northern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"There are 58 counties of California currently.California, the most populous state in the United States and third largest in area after Alaska and Texas, has been the subject of more than 220 proposals to divide it into multiple states since its admission to the Union in 1850,[1] including at least 27 significant proposals prior to the 21st century.[2]In addition, there have been some calls for the secession of multiple states or large regions in the American West (such as the proposal of Cascadia) which often include parts of Northern California.[3]","title":"Partition and secession in California"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Californias_(historical_region).png"},{"link_name":"Province of Las Californias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Las_Californias"},{"link_name":"Viceroyalty of New Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Spanish rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Province of Las Californias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Las_Californias"},{"link_name":"Alta California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_California"},{"link_name":"Baja California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California"},{"link_name":"Franciscan missions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California"},{"link_name":"Dominican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"Misión San Miguel Arcángel de la Frontera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misi%C3%B3n_San_Miguel_Arc%C3%A1ngel_de_la_Frontera"},{"link_name":"Mexican–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"U.S. states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Baja California Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California_Territory"},{"link_name":"Tijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijuana"},{"link_name":"Mexicali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicali"},{"link_name":"Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Mexican states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_States"},{"link_name":"Porfirio Díaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz"},{"link_name":"Baja California Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California_Sur"}],"text":"The original Province of Las Californias within the Viceroyalty of New Spain (1768–1804)California was partitioned in its past, prior to its admission as a state in the United States. What under Spanish rule was called the Province of Las Californias (1768–1804), that stretched almost 2,000 miles (3,200 km) from north to south, was divided into Alta California (Upper California) and Baja California (Lower California) in 1804. The division occurred on a line separating the Franciscan missions in the north from the Dominican missions in the south, with Misión San Miguel Arcángel de la Frontera set as the northern limit of Baja California and the southern limit of Alta California.After the Mexican–American War lasting from 1846 to 1848, most of Alta California was partitioned into five U.S. states, with the western portion of Alta California admitted to the United States as the present-day State of California, and later partitions of Alta California to become Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona and Wyoming. Baja California Territory would absorb what was left of Alta California (which included the modern-day cities of Tijuana and Mexicali) and remained under Mexican rule. The territory was subsequently divided into two Mexican states in 1931. In 1888, under the government of President Porfirio Díaz, Baja California became a federally administered territory called the North Territory of Baja California (\"north territory\" because it was the northernmost territory in the Republic of Mexico). In 1952, the northern portion of this territory (above 28°N) became the 29th state of Mexico, called Baja California; the sparsely populated southern portion remained a federally administered territory. In 1974, it became the 31st state of Mexico, admitted as Baja California Sur.","title":"Prior California partitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History of partition movements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mexican–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"Mexican Cession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Cession"},{"link_name":"slave states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_state"},{"link_name":"free states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_state_(USA)"},{"link_name":"Missouri Compromise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Compromise"},{"link_name":"36°30' parallel north","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36%C2%B030%27_parallel_north"},{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"California Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"Constitutional Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(California)"},{"link_name":"Missouri Compromise Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_36%C2%B030%E2%80%B2_north"},{"link_name":"slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_California"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californios"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Compromise of 1850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compromise_of_1850"},{"link_name":"American South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"free state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states"},{"link_name":"officially became the 31st state in the union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union"}],"sub_title":"Pre-statehood","text":"The territory that became the present state of California was acquired by the U.S. as a result of American victory in the Mexican–American War and subsequent 1848 Mexican Cession. After the war, a confrontation erupted between the slave states of the South and the free states of the North regarding the status of these acquired territories. Among the disputes, the South wanted to extend the Missouri Compromise line (36°30' parallel north), and thus slave territory, west to Southern California and to the Pacific coast, while the North did not.[4]Starting in late 1848, Americans and foreigners of many different countries entered into California in unprecedented numbers, for the California Gold Rush, rapidly increasing the population. In response to growing demand for a better, more representative government, a Constitutional Convention was held in 1849. The delegates there unanimously outlawed slavery, and therefore had no interest in extending the Missouri Compromise Line through California; the lightly populated southern half had never had slavery and was heavily Hispanic.[5] Delegates applied for statehood with the current boundaries. As part of the Compromise of 1850, Congressional representatives of the American South reluctantly acceded to having California be a free state, and it officially became the 31st state in the union on September 9, 1850.","title":"History of partition movements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"Northern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_California"},{"link_name":"California State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellison-6"},{"link_name":"counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_counties_in_California"},{"link_name":"Monterey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_County"},{"link_name":"Merced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merced_County"},{"link_name":"Mariposa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariposa_County"},{"link_name":"another territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Territory"},{"link_name":"Del Norte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Norte_County"},{"link_name":"Siskiyou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siskiyou_County"},{"link_name":"Modoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modoc_County"},{"link_name":"Humboldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Shasta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shasta_County"},{"link_name":"Lassen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassen_County"},{"link_name":"Tehama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehama_County"},{"link_name":"Plumas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumas_County"},{"link_name":"Butte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butte_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Colusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colusa_County"},{"link_name":"Glenn County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_County"},{"link_name":"Mendocino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendocino_County"},{"link_name":"California Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellison-6"},{"link_name":"Andrés Pico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Pico"},{"link_name":"36th parallel north","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36th_parallel_north"},{"link_name":"Territory of Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Colorado_(California)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"State governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_California"},{"link_name":"John B. Weller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Weller"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Milton Latham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Latham"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellison-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Tehachapi Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehachapi_Mountains"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ridge Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge_Route"},{"link_name":"Interstate 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5_in_California"},{"link_name":"Tejon Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tejon_Pass"}],"sub_title":"Post-statehood","text":"Southern California attempted three times in the 1850s to achieve a separate statehood or territorial status from Northern California.In 1855, the California State Assembly passed a plan to trisect the state.[6] All of the southern counties as far north as Monterey, Merced, and part of Mariposa, then sparsely populated but today containing about two-thirds of California's total population, would become the State of Colorado (the name Colorado was later adopted for another territory established in 1861), and the northern counties of Del Norte, Siskiyou, Modoc, Humboldt, Trinity, Shasta, Lassen, Tehama, Plumas, and portions of Butte, Colusa (which included what is now Glenn County), and Mendocino, a region which today has a population of less than a million, would become the State of Shasta. The primary reason was the size of the state's territory. At the time, the representation in Congress was too small for such a large territory, it seemed too extensive for one government, and the state capital was too inaccessible because of the distances to Southern California and various other areas. The bill eventually died in the California Senate as it became very low priority compared to other pressing political matters.[6]\nIn 1859, the legislature and governor approved the Pico Act (named after the bill's sponsor Andrés Pico, state senator from Southern California) splitting off the region south of the 36th parallel north as the Territory of Colorado.[7][8][9] The primary reason cited was the difference in both culture and geography between Northern and Southern California. It was signed by the State governor John B. Weller, approved overwhelmingly by voters in the proposed Territory of Colorado, and sent to Washington, D.C., with a strong advocate in Senator Milton Latham. However, the secession crisis and American Civil War following the election of Lincoln in 1860 prevented the proposal from ever coming to a vote.[6][10][11][12]\nIn the late 19th century, there was serious talk in Sacramento of splitting the state in two at the Tehachapi Mountains,[citation needed] because of the difficulty of transportation across the rugged range. The discussion ended when it was determined that building a highway over the mountains was feasible; this road later became the Ridge Route, which today is Interstate 5 over Tejon Pass.","title":"History of partition movements"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jefferson_state_flag.svg"},{"link_name":"State of Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_(proposed_Pacific_state)"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"State of Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_(proposed_Pacific_state)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-09-2013-13"},{"link_name":"Tehachapi Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehachapi_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Richard J. Dolwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_J._Dolwig"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Stan Statham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Statham"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"State of Jefferson flagSince the mid-19th century, the mountainous region of northern California and parts of southwestern Oregon have been proposed as a separate state. In 1941, some counties in the area ceremonially seceded, one day a week, from their respective states as the State of Jefferson. This movement disappeared after America's entry into World War II, but the notion has been rekindled in recent years.[13]\nThe California State Senate voted on June 4, 1965, to divide California into two states, with the Tehachapi Mountains as the boundary. Sponsored by State Senator Richard J. Dolwig (R-San Mateo), the resolution proposed to separate the seven southern counties, with a majority of the state's population, from the 51 other counties, and passed 27–12. To be effective, the amendment would have needed approval by the State Assembly, by California voters, and by the United States Congress. As expected by Dolwig, the proposal did not get out of committee in the assembly.[14]\nIn 1992, State Assemblyman Stan Statham sponsored a bill to allow a referendum in each county on a partition into three new states: North, Central, and South California. The proposal passed in the State Assembly but died in the State Senate.[15]","title":"History of partition movements"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CaliFOURnia_map.svg"},{"link_name":"CaliFOURnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CaliFOURnia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Inland Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_California_highlighting_2009_Maze_CoastWest.svg"},{"link_name":"Bill Maze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Maze"},{"link_name":"Coastal or Western California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_California_proposal_(vector).svg"},{"link_name":"Jeff Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Stone_(California_politician)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Six_Californias.svg"},{"link_name":"Tim Draper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Draper"},{"link_name":"Six Californias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Californias"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nc51map.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cal3_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Tim Draper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Draper"},{"link_name":"Cal 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_3"},{"link_name":"2003 gubernatorial recall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_gubernatorial_recall_election,_2003"},{"link_name":"op-eds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op-ed"},{"link_name":"Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"North Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Coast,_California"},{"link_name":"Central Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Central_Valley"},{"link_name":"Shasta/Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_(proposed_Pacific_state)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters-Hutchinson-17"},{"link_name":"Bill Maze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Maze"},{"link_name":"Coastal California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_California"},{"link_name":"Marin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Contra Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contra_Costa_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Alameda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alameda_County,_California"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_County,_California"},{"link_name":"San Mateo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mateo_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_County,_California"},{"link_name":"San Benito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Benito_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Monterey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_County,_California"},{"link_name":"San Luis Obispo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Ventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventura_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_California"},{"link_name":"120th meridian west","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/120th_meridian_west"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Riverside County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Jeff Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Stone_(California_politician)"},{"link_name":"Imperial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_County,_California"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_California"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Kern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kern_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Fresno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Tulare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulare_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Inyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyo_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Madera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madera_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Mariposa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariposa_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Mono counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Sacramento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California"},{"link_name":"Jerry Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Brown"},{"link_name":"1860","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Siskiyou County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siskiyou_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Modoc County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modoc_County,_California"},{"link_name":"State of Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_(proposed_Pacific_state)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-09-2013-13"},{"link_name":"Glenn County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-01-2014-21"},{"link_name":"Yuba County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuba_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Del Norte County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Norte_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Tehama County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehama_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Six Californias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Californias"},{"link_name":"venture capitalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital"},{"link_name":"Tim Draper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_C._Draper"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-six-californias-27"},{"link_name":"California Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_California"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-draper-six-californias-28"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_California"},{"link_name":"Debra Bowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debra_Bowen"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"conservative radio talk show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Sacramento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbs-32"},{"link_name":"Contra Costa County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contra_Costa_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Orange County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_California"},{"link_name":"San Diego County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbs-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"amicus brief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_curiae"},{"link_name":"Texas v. Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_v._Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"New Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Nevada"},{"link_name":"mail-in voting in California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_voting_in_the_United_States#California"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Cal 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_3"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"California Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Move Oregon's Border For a Greater Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"sub_title":"21st century","text":"2003: Martin Hutchinson's CaliFOURnia proposal San Diego / Orange County / Imperial County / Inland Empire Greater Los Angeles San Francisco Bay Area / Sacramento/ Monterey Northern / Central Valley\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2009: Bill Maze's proposal Coastal or Western California\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2011: Jeff Stone's proposal South California\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2013: Tim Draper's Six Californias proposal Jefferson North California Silicon Valley Central California West California South California\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2018: Paul Preston's New California proposal New California\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2018: Tim Draper's Cal 3 proposal Northern California California Southern CaliforniaIn the wake of the 2003 gubernatorial recall, Tim Holt and Martin Hutchinson proposed in separate newspaper op-eds that the state should split into as many as four new states, dividing distinct geographically and politically defined regions as the Bay Area, North Coast, and Central Valley, as well as the historic Shasta/Jefferson region, into their own states.[16][17]\nIn early 2009, former State Assemblyman Bill Maze began lobbying to split thirteen coastal counties, which usually vote Democratic, into a separate state to be known as either \"Coastal California\" or \"Western California\". Maze's primary reason for wanting to split the state was because of how \"conservatives don't have a voice\" and how Los Angeles and San Francisco \"control the state\". The counties that would make up the new state would be Marin, Contra Costa, Alameda, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, San Benito, Monterey, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura, and Los Angeles Counties. It has also been proposed that the state be split in two simply at the straight divide of the 120th meridian west, much like its border with the state of Nevada.[18]\nIn June 2011, Republican Riverside County Supervisor Jeff Stone called for Riverside, Imperial, San Diego, Orange, San Bernardino, Kings, Kern, Fresno, Tulare, Inyo, Madera, Mariposa and Mono counties (see map, highlighted in red) to separate from California to form the new state of South California. Officials in Sacramento responded derisively, with governor Jerry Brown's spokesperson saying \"A secessionist movement? What is this, 1860? It's a supremely ridiculous waste of everybody's time.\"[19] and fellow supervisor Bob Buster calling Stone \"crazy\", suggesting \"Stone has gotten too much sun recently.\"[20]\nIn September 2013, county supervisors in both Siskiyou County and Modoc County voted to join a bid to separate and create a new \"State of Jefferson\".[13] Mark Baird, spokesperson for the Jefferson Declaration Committee, is reported to have said the group hopes to obtain commitments from as many as a dozen counties, after which they will ask the state legislature to permit formation of the new state based on Article 4, Section 3 of the US Constitution. In January 2014, supervisors in Glenn County voted in favor of separation,[21] and in April 2014, Yuba County supervisors voted to become the fourth California county to join the movement.[22] On June 3, 2014, residents in Del Norte County voted against separation by 58 percent to 42 percent;[23] however, voters in Tehama County supported a separation initiative by 57 percent to 43 percent.[24] On July 22, 2014, Sutter County voted 5–0 to join the State of Jefferson.[25]\nSix Californias: On December 19, 2013, venture capitalist Tim Draper submitted a six-page proposal[26][27] to the California Attorney General to split California into six new states, citing improved representation, governance, and competition between industries.[28] On February 19, 2014, Secretary of State Debra Bowen approved the proposal allowing supporters to start collecting signatures in order to qualify the petition for a ballot. A total of 807,615 registered voters were needed by July 18, 2014, for the proposal to appear on the ballot.[29] On July 14, the petition organizer announced that the proposal received enough signatures to be placed on the ballot in two years;[30] however, it was determined that only about two thirds were valid and the petition fell short of qualifying for the November 2016 ballot.[31]\nNew California: On January 16, 2018, the 501(c)(4) organization New California, organized by conservative radio talk show host Paul Preston, published its proposed state's Declaration of Independence. As motivation for the split, Preston said that he rated California \"around 48th or 50th\" among states for business climate; he also mentioned what he said were high taxes. His proposed New California would have included the rural counties that make up most of the state's area, leaving the more heavily populated areas around San Francisco, Sacramento, and Los Angeles.[32] New California would also include the urban areas of Contra Costa County, Orange County, and San Diego County, bringing the population to around 20 million.[32][33] In December 2020, the proposed state filed an amicus brief in support of Texas in Texas v. Pennsylvania alongside New Nevada, claiming to be an aggrieved party due to the expansion of mail-in voting in California and alleged differences in voting rules between California counties.[34][35]\nIn April 2018, the Cal 3 organization announced it had more than 600,000 signatures to place an initiative on the November 2018 ballot proposing that California should be split into three separate states.[36] The signatures must be verified before the proposal qualifies for the ballot[37] - this was achieved by June 13, 2018.[38] In July 2018, the California Supreme Court pulled the Cal 3 proposal from the ballot for further state constitutional review.[39]\nIn 2020, \"Move Oregon's Border For a Greater Idaho\" proposed breaking off most of Oregon's area and some of Northern California and join it with Idaho. The areas proposed to break off of Oregon and California vote Republican but in a state whose legislatures are dominated by Democrats. Douglas and Josephine counties in Oregon approved language for petitions to put a measure on the ballot. Even if passed by voters, it would still need approval from all three state legislatures.[40][41]\nIn August 2022, the San Bernardino County Board of Supervisors began an approval process for a possible secession measure to be added to the November 2022 general election ballot. Proponents of including the ballot measure cite dissatisfaction in the county's share of state and federal funding.[42][needs update]","title":"History of partition movements"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Union with other states"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ernest Callenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Callenbach"},{"link_name":"Ecotopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotopia"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Starhawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starhawk"},{"link_name":"The Fifth Sacred Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fifth_Sacred_Thing"}],"sub_title":"Ecotopia","text":"Writer Ernest Callenbach wrote a 1975 novel, entitled Ecotopia, in which he proposed a full-blown secession of Northern California, Oregon, and Washington from the United States in order to focus upon environmentally friendly living and culture. He later abandoned the idea stating: \"We are now fatally interconnected, in climate change, ocean impoverishment, agricultural soil loss, etc. etc. etc.\"[43]The premise was borrowed / adapted by Starhawk for her novel The Fifth Sacred Thing (1993), which pitted the eco-feminist inhabitants of a future, independent San Francisco against a rival, right-wing polity centered on Los Angeles.","title":"Union with other states"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"}],"sub_title":"Cascadia","text":"While mostly consisting of Washington, Oregon, Idaho and British Columbia in Canada, proposals for an independent Cascadia often include portions of northern California.","title":"Union with other states"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"irredentist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irredentism"},{"link_name":"Baja California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California"},{"link_name":"Baja California Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California_Sur"},{"link_name":"Province of Las Californias (1767-1804)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Las_Californias"},{"link_name":"American Southwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Southwest"},{"link_name":"Magonista rebellion of 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magonista_rebellion_of_1911"},{"link_name":"Magonista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magonism"},{"link_name":"Indigenous Californians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Californians"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"The reunification of the Californias or Greater California is the irredentist idea of a united California often consisting of modern-day California, Baja California, and Baja California Sur, or largely based on the former lands previously governed by the Province of Las Californias (1767-1804), including much of the American Southwest. There were fears during the Magonista rebellion of 1911 from both Americans and Mexicans of a Magonista expansion into California from, then Magonista-controlled, Baja California that would establish anarcho-communism across the Californias and inspire rebellions by Indigenous Californians against the US and Mexican governments.[44]","title":"Reunification with Baja California"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"Declaration of Independence of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_California"},{"link_name":"California Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Republic"},{"link_name":"Centralist Republic of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Bear Flag Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Flag_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Mexican–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"Election of Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_of_Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"fifth-largest economy in the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Silicon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"Wikisource has original text related to this article:\nDeclaration of Independence of CaliforniaPrior to American annexation, one instance of a California independence movement from a sovereign nation occurred when the California Republic was declared independent from the Centralist Republic of Mexico in 1846 during the Bear Flag Revolt during the Mexican–American War. After American annexation, there had been little to no independence movements prior to the Election of Donald Trump.Numerous organizations advocate for the independence of California as a sovereign state. Common arguments in support of independence are often based on the fact of California having the fifth-largest economy in the world,[45][46][47] and for being home to the global centers of entertainment (Hollywood) and technology (Silicon Valley).[48][49]","title":"California independence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_National_Party"},{"link_name":"Scottish National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Party"},{"link_name":"social democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy"},{"link_name":"civic nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_nationalism"},{"link_name":"center-left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-left_politics"},{"link_name":"progressivist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"California National Party","text":"Founded in 2015, California National Party (CNP) is a political party seeking, as a long-term goal, the secession of California from the United States by legal and peaceful means. The name and mission of the California National Party are partly inspired by the Scottish National Party, a social democratic, civic nationalist, center-left party advocating progressivist policies and independence for Scotland.[50][51]","title":"California independence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"universal healthcare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_health_care"},{"link_name":"U.S. Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Congress"},{"link_name":"education in California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_California"}],"sub_title":"California Freedom Coalition","text":"The California Freedom Coalition is a political group, founded in 2017, advocating for the political, economic, and social empowerment of Californians. It supports universal healthcare for Californians, greater representation for California in the U.S. Congress, and more funding for education in California, as well as the possibility of California independence.","title":"California independence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"2016 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Yes California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes_California"},{"link_name":"Brexit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit"},{"link_name":"secessionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-53"},{"link_name":"eastern part of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_California"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-53"},{"link_name":"Louis J. Marinelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_J._Marinelli"}],"sub_title":"Yes California","text":"In the wake of Republican nominee Donald Trump's winning the 2016 presidential election, a fringe movement organized by Yes California, referred to as \"Calexit\"—a term inspired by the successful 2016 Brexit referendum—arose in a bid to gather the 585,407 signatures necessary to place a secessionist question on the 2018 ballot.[52] In July 2018, the objectives of the Calexit initiative were expanded upon by including a plan to carve out an “autonomous Native American nation”[53] that would take up the eastern part of California, and \"postponing its ballot referendum approach in favor of convincing Republican states to support their breakaway efforts.\"[53] \"Yes California\" was founded by Louis J. Marinelli.","title":"California independence"}]
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[{"image_text":"There are 58 counties of California currently.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/California_county_map_%28labeled%29.svg/325px-California_county_map_%28labeled%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The original Province of Las Californias within the Viceroyalty of New Spain (1768–1804)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Map_of_the_Californias_%28historical_region%29.png/170px-Map_of_the_Californias_%28historical_region%29.png"},{"image_text":"State of Jefferson flag","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Jefferson_state_flag.svg/220px-Jefferson_state_flag.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"Secession in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of U.S. state partition proposals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_partition_proposals"},{"title":"Secession in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession_in_New_York"},{"title":"Texas divisionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_divisionism"},{"title":"Bibliography of California history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_California_history"}]
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[{"reference":"Daniel B. Wood (July 12, 2011). \"51st state? Small step forward for long-shot 'South California' plan\". The Christian Science Monitor. Yahoo! Inc. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.yahoo.com/51st-state-small-step-forward-long-shot-south-233234624.html","url_text":"\"51st state? Small step forward for long-shot 'South California' plan\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717000433/http://news.yahoo.com/51st-state-small-step-forward-long-shot-south-233234624.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"History of Proposals to Divide California\". Three Californias. Archived from the original on August 27, 2008. Retrieved July 11, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://phrelin.com/3Cals/History.htm","url_text":"\"History of Proposals to Divide California\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080827231131/http://phrelin.com/3Cals/History.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Breaking Up California: A History of Many Attempts\". California State Library. Archived from the original on July 31, 2018. Retrieved July 31, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.library.ca.gov/collections/online-exhibits/splitting-ca/","url_text":"\"Breaking Up California: A History of Many Attempts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Library","url_text":"California State Library"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180731213511/http://www.library.ca.gov/collections/online-exhibits/splitting-ca/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mark J. Stegmaier (1996). Texas, New Mexico, and the compromise of 1850: boundary dispute & sectional conflict. Kent State University Press. p. 177. ISBN 9780873385299. Archived from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RDp6AAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Texas, New Mexico, and the compromise of 1850: boundary dispute & sectional conflict"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873385299","url_text":"9780873385299"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160503213103/https://books.google.com/books?id=RDp6AAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ellison, William Henry (1950). A Self-governing Dominion: California, 1849-1860. University of California Press. Archived from the original on May 21, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T8v4nWGB0T0C","url_text":"A Self-governing Dominion: California, 1849-1860"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160521235828/https://books.google.com/books?id=T8v4nWGB0T0C","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ellison, William Henry (October 1913). \"The Movement for State Division in California, 1849-1860\". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 12 (2): 101–139. JSTOR 30234593.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/30234593","url_text":"30234593"}]},{"reference":"Leo, Michael Di; Smith, Eleanor (June 1, 1983). Two Californias: The Myths And Realities Of A State Divided Against Itself. Island Press. ISBN 9780933280168. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017. Retrieved October 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OEqiYRm-ohMC&pg=PA27","url_text":"Two Californias: The Myths And Realities Of A State Divided Against Itself"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780933280168","url_text":"9780933280168"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170307001017/https://books.google.com/books?id=OEqiYRm-ohMC&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"California, Historical Society of Southern; California, Los Angeles County Pioneers of Southern (1901). The Quarterly. Archived from the original on June 28, 2014. Retrieved November 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WCMLAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA230","url_text":"The Quarterly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140628130547/http://books.google.com/books?id=WCMLAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA230","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sandefur, Timothy (April 2009). \"Hindsight\". Callawyer.com. Archived from the original on October 6, 2011. Retrieved November 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111006123653/http://www.callawyer.com/story.cfm?eid=900573&evid=1","url_text":"\"Hindsight\""},{"url":"http://www.callawyer.com/story.cfm?eid=900573&evid=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Leo, Michael Di; Smith, Eleanor (1983). Two Californias: The Myths And Realities Of A State Divided Against Itself. Island Press. pp. 9–30. ISBN 9780933280168. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017. 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Guinn, HOW CALIFORNIA ESCAPED STATE DIVISION, The Quarterly, Volumes 5-6 By Historical Society of Southern California, Los Angeles County Pioneers of Southern California"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141207030747/http://books.google.com/books?id=WCMLAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA223","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Civil War: How Southern California Tried to Split from Northern California\". KCET. Archived from the original on November 20, 2011. 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Archived from the original on April 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/split-California-3-states-Northern-Southern-12830724.php","url_text":"\"Plan to split California into 3 states may qualify for ballot\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180419072319/https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/split-California-3-states-Northern-Southern-12830724.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Helsel, Phil (June 13, 2018). \"Proposal to split California into three states earns spot on November ballot\". nbcnews.com. NBC News. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2018. Voters in the massive state of California, touted as having an economy larger than most countries, could decide whether to support a plan calling for The Golden State to be split into three. An initiative that would direct the governor to seek Congressional approval to divide California into three states has enough valid signatures to be eligible for the Nov. 6 ballot, the Secretary of State's office said Tuesday. If the initiative is not withdrawn, it will be qualified for the ballot on June 28. Even if approved by voters, it faces the hurdle of approval by Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/proposal-split-california-three-states-earns-spot-november-ballot-n882646","url_text":"\"Proposal to split California into three states earns spot on November ballot\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180613130540/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/proposal-split-california-three-states-earns-spot-november-ballot-n882646","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Egelko, Bob (July 18, 2018). \"Splitting up California: State Supreme Court takes initiative off ballot\". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on July 19, 2018. Retrieved July 19, 2018. [T]he court issued a unanimous order removing the measure from the ballot and ordering further legal arguments on whether it should be placed on another ballot in 2020 or struck down altogether","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfchronicle.com/politics/article/Splitting-up-Calif-State-Supreme-Court-takes-13085880.php","url_text":"\"Splitting up California: State Supreme Court takes initiative off ballot\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180719100248/https://www.sfchronicle.com/politics/article/Splitting-up-Calif-State-Supreme-Court-takes-13085880.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Some Oregonians Want To Leave And Take Part Of The State To Idaho With Them\". NPR. Washington, D.C. February 24, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2020/02/24/808916891/some-oregonians-want-to-leave-and-take-part-of-the-state-to-idaho-with-them","url_text":"\"Some Oregonians Want To Leave And Take Part Of The State To Idaho With Them\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"}]},{"reference":"\"Ballot-initiative effort to move eastern Oregon counties to Idaho gains momentum; leader calls it 'peaceful revolution'\". The Oregonian. Portland, Oregon. February 17, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/2020/02/ballot-initiative-effort-to-move-eastern-oregon-counties-to-idaho-gains-momentum-leader-calls-it-peaceful-revolution.html","url_text":"\"Ballot-initiative effort to move eastern Oregon counties to Idaho gains momentum; leader calls it 'peaceful revolution'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian","url_text":"The Oregonian"}]},{"reference":"Martinez, Christian (August 6, 2022). \"Could San Bernardino County secede from California? Voters may have a say in November\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-08-05/san-bernardino-county-secession-california-november-ballot-measure","url_text":"\"Could San Bernardino County secede from California? Voters may have a say in November\""}]},{"reference":"Matt Sledge (July 14, 2011). \"San Francisco Secession: Could It Create 'Ecotopia'?\". Huffington Post. 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Retrieved March 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/read/meet-the-californians-inspired-by-scotland-to-pursue-independent-nationhood","url_text":"\"Meet the California Separatists Leading a New Movement to Secede from the United States\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160401202254/http://www.vice.com/read/meet-the-californians-inspired-by-scotland-to-pursue-independent-nationhood","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'California is a nation, not a state': A fringe movement wants a break from the U.S.\" MSNBC. February 20, 2017. Archived from the original on February 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170220093900/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/%E2%80%98california-is-a-nation-not-a-state%E2%80%99-a-fringe-movement-wants-a-break-from-the-us/ar-AAn5LLx?OCID=ansmsnnews11","url_text":"\"'California is a nation, not a state': A fringe movement wants a break from the U.S.\""},{"url":"https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/%E2%80%98california-is-a-nation-not-a-state%E2%80%99-a-fringe-movement-wants-a-break-from-the-us/ar-AAn5LLx?OCID=ansmsnnews11","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Calexit supporters relaunch campaign with proposals to create Native American nation\". The Stanford Daily. September 27, 2018. Archived from the original on November 10, 2018. 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|
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California\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716171509/http://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2011/07/01/official-calls-for-riverside-12-other-counties-to-secede-from-california/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-glenn-county-backs-breakaway-state-20140123-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Glenn County is third in Calif. to back breakaway State of Jefferson\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140623224044/http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-glenn-county-backs-breakaway-state-20140123-story.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://sacramento.cbslocal.com/2014/04/16/yuba-county-joins-state-of-jefferson-movement-to-split-california/","external_links_name":"\"Yuba County Joins State Of Jefferson Movement To Split California\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140626223758/http://sacramento.cbslocal.com/2014/04/16/yuba-county-joins-state-of-jefferson-movement-to-split-california/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://elections.co.del-norte.ca.us/elections/june-3-2014-primary-election","external_links_name":"June 3, 2014 Primary Election - County of Del Norte"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140608033400/http://elections.co.del-norte.ca.us/elections/june-3-2014-primary-election","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/govbeat/wp/2014/06/04/one-california-county-votes-to-secede-two-counties-vote-to-stick-around/","external_links_name":"\"One California county votes to separate, two counties vote to stick 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Californias\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131220111359/http://www.sixcalifornias.info/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/12/19/tim-draper-six-californias-secede-silicon-valley-ballot-initiative/","external_links_name":"\"Tim Draper Wants To Split California Into Pieces And Turn Silicon Valley Into Its Own State\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131220073434/http://techcrunch.com/2013/12/19/tim-draper-six-californias-secede-silicon-valley-ballot-initiative/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2014/02/petition-to-split-california-into-six-states-gets-green-light/","external_links_name":"\"Petition to Split California Into Six States Gets Green Light\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140221072359/http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2014/02/petition-to-split-california-into-six-states-gets-green-light/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns-rt-us-usa-california-breakup-20140714,0,4830203.story","external_links_name":"\"Billionaire's breakup plan would chop California into six states\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140720001146/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns-rt-us-usa-california-breakup-20140714,0,4830203.story","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sacbee.com/2014/09/12/6702457/six-californias-initiative-fails.html","external_links_name":"Six Californias initiative 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half\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180119084748/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2018/01/17/new-california-movement-seeks-to-divide-golden-state-in-half.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewsolender/2020/12/11/imaginary-states-new-nevada-new-california-file-brief-supporting-texas-lawsuit-to-overturn-election/","external_links_name":"\"Imaginary States 'New Nevada,' 'New California' File Brief Supporting Texas Lawsuit To Overturn Election\""},{"Link":"https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/529832-ppseudo-states-new-california-and-new-nevada-back-texas-lawsuit","external_links_name":"\"Pseudo states 'New California' and 'New Nevada' back Texas election 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Voters may have a say in November\""},{"Link":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/14/san-francisco-secession-ecotopia_n_898457.html","external_links_name":"\"San Francisco Secession: Could It Create 'Ecotopia'?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717235335/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/14/san-francisco-secession-ecotopia_n_898457.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/24/calexit-plan-to-divorce-california-from-us-is-getting-a-second-chance.html","external_links_name":"CNBC - Calexit Plan to Divorce California From US is Getting a Second Chance"},{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/california-now-has-the-worlds-5th-largest-economy/#:~:text=California's%20economy%20has%20surpassed%20that,%242.7%20trillion%2C%20the%20data%20said.","external_links_name":"CBS News - California Now Has the World's 5th Largest Economy"},{"Link":"https://fortune.com/2018/05/05/california-fifth-biggest-economy-passes-united-kingdom/#:~:text=California's%20economy%20just%20made%20a,a%20population%20of%2065.6%20million.","external_links_name":"Fortune - California’s Economy Is Now Bigger Than All of the U.K."},{"Link":"https://www.mercurynews.com/2017/01/21/opinion-california-independence-yes-we-can/","external_links_name":"Mercury News - California independence? Yes we can"},{"Link":"https://www.inverse.com/article/23524-silicon-valley-california-secession-calexit","external_links_name":"Inverse - Silicon Valley Wants to Fund California's Succession"},{"Link":"http://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article54004530.html","external_links_name":"\"California could see new political party with independence goal\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160308223549/http://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article54004530.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.vice.com/read/meet-the-californians-inspired-by-scotland-to-pursue-independent-nationhood","external_links_name":"\"Meet the California Separatists Leading a New Movement to Secede from the United States\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160401202254/http://www.vice.com/read/meet-the-californians-inspired-by-scotland-to-pursue-independent-nationhood","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170220093900/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/%E2%80%98california-is-a-nation-not-a-state%E2%80%99-a-fringe-movement-wants-a-break-from-the-us/ar-AAn5LLx?OCID=ansmsnnews11","external_links_name":"\"'California is a nation, not a state': A fringe movement wants a break from the U.S.\""},{"Link":"https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/%E2%80%98california-is-a-nation-not-a-state%E2%80%99-a-fringe-movement-wants-a-break-from-the-us/ar-AAn5LLx?OCID=ansmsnnews11","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.stanforddaily.com/2018/09/27/final-hf-calexit-supporters-relaunch-campaign-with-proposals-to-create-a-north-american-nation/","external_links_name":"\"Calexit supporters relaunch campaign with proposals to create Native American nation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181110220146/https://www.stanforddaily.com/2018/09/27/final-hf-calexit-supporters-relaunch-campaign-with-proposals-to-create-a-north-american-nation/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1325&context=caldocs_assembly","external_links_name":"Two New Californias: An Equal Division, Historical and Financial Analysis"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paremhat_13
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Paremhat 13
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["1 Commemorations","1.1 Martyrs","1.2 Saints","1.3 Other commemorations","2 References"]
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Paremhat 12 – Coptic calendar – Paremhat 14
The thirteenth day of the Coptic month of Paremhat, the seventh month of the Coptic year. In common years, this day corresponds to March 9, of the Julian calendar, and March 22, of the Gregorian calendar. This day falls in the Coptic season of Shemu, the season of the Harvest.
Commemorations
Martyrs
The martyrdom of the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste
Saints
The departure of Pope Dionysius, the 14th Patriarch of the See of Saint Mark
Other commemorations
The return of Saint Macarius the Great, and Saint Macarius of Alexandria from exile
References
^ a b c Synaxarion, Paremhotep 13, Coptic Reader.
^ a b c Egypt, Michael Ghaly-. "13 Baramhat – Paramhat Month – Coptic Synaxarium (Coptic Orthodox Calendar: Daily Synaxarion)". St-Takla.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
^ a b c "Baramhat 13 : Lives of Saints : Synaxarium". CopticChurch.net. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
^ a b c Coptic Synaxarium Saint George Coptic Orthodox Church. 1995.
vteMonths and days of the Coptic calendarToday: Paoni 8, 1740 Thout
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Paopi
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Hathor
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Koiak
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Tobi
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Meshir
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Paremhat
1
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Parmouti
1
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Pashons
1
2
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Paoni
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Epip
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Mesori
1
2
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4
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7
8
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13
14
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Intercalary month
1
2
3
4
5
6
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpendicular_architecture
|
Perpendicular Gothic
|
["1 History","2 Characteristics","3 Examples","4 Gallery","5 References","6 Bibliography"]
|
Third historical division of English Gothic architecture
King's College Chapel, Cambridge, Great East Window (four-centred arch, straight mullions and transoms)
The chancel of Gloucester Cathedral (c. 1337–1357)
Perpendicular Gothic (also Perpendicular, Rectilinear, or Third Pointed) architecture was the third and final style of English Gothic architecture developed in the Kingdom of England during the Late Middle Ages, typified by large windows, four-centred arches, straight vertical and horizontal lines in the tracery, and regular arch-topped rectangular panelling. Perpendicular was the prevailing style of Late Gothic architecture in England from the 14th century to the 17th century. Perpendicular was unique to the country: no equivalent arose in Continental Europe or elsewhere in the British Isles. Of all the Gothic architectural styles, Perpendicular was the first to experience a second wave of popularity from the 18th century on in Gothic Revival architecture.
The pointed arches used in Perpendicular were often four-centred arches, allowing them to be rather wider and flatter than in other Gothic styles. Perpendicular tracery is characterized by mullions that rise vertically as far as the soffit of the window, with horizontal transoms frequently decorated with miniature crenellations. Blind panels covering the walls continued the strong straight lines of verticals and horizontals established by the tracery. Together with flattened arches and roofs, crenellations, hood mouldings, lierne vaulting, and fan vaulting were the typical stylistic features.
The first Perpendicular style building was designed in c. 1332 by William de Ramsey: a chapter house for Old St Paul's Cathedral, the cathedral of the bishop of London. The chancel of Gloucester Cathedral (c. 1337–1357) and its latter 14th-century cloisters are early examples. Four-centred arches were often used, and lierne vaults seen in early buildings were developed into fan vaults, first at the latter 14th-century chapter house of Hereford Cathedral (demolished 1769) and cloisters at Gloucester, and then at Reginald Ely's King's College Chapel, Cambridge (1446–1461) and the brothers William and Robert Vertue's Henry VII Chapel (c. 1503–1512) at Westminster Abbey.
The architect and art historian Thomas Rickman's Attempt to Discriminate the Style of Architecture in England, first published in 1812, divided Gothic architecture in the British Isles into three stylistic periods. The third and final style – Perpendicular – Rickman characterised as mostly belonging to buildings built from the reign of Richard II (r. 1377–1399) to that of Henry VIII (r. 1509–1547). From the 15th century, under the House of Tudor, the prevailing Perpendicular style is commonly known as Tudor architecture, being ultimately succeeded by Elizabethan architecture and Renaissance architecture under Elizabeth I (r. 1558–1603). Rickman had excluded from his scheme most new buildings after Henry VIII's reign, calling the style of "additions and rebuilding" in the later 16th and earlier 17th centuries "often much debased".
Perpendicular followed the Decorated Gothic (or Second Pointed) style and preceded the arrival of Renaissance elements in Tudor and Elizabethan architecture. As a Late Gothic style contemporary with Flamboyant in France and elsewhere in Europe, the heyday of Perpendicular is traditionally dated from 1377 until 1547, or from the beginning of the reign of Richard II to the beginning the reign of Edward VI. Though the style rarely appeared on the European continent, it was dominant in England until the mid-16th century.Chapter house by William de Ramsey (c. 1332) at Old St Paul's Cathedral (by Wenceslaus Hollar)
Four-centred arch west window of St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
Tomb of Edward II in Gloucester Cathedral
History
In 1906 William Lethaby, Surveyor of the Fabric of Westminster Abbey, proposed that the origin of the Perpendicular style was to be found not in 14th-century Gloucester, as was traditionally argued, but in London, where the court of the House of Plantagenet was based at Westminster Palace beside Westminster Abbey. The cathedral of London, the episcopal see of the third-most senior bishop in the Church of England, was then Old St Paul's Cathedral. According to the architectural historian John Harvey, the octagonal chapter house of St Paul's, built about 1332 by William Ramsey for the cathedral canons, was the earliest example of Perpendicular Gothic. Alec Clifton-Taylor agreed that St Paul's chapter house and St Stephen's Chapel at Westminster Palace predate the early Perpendicular work at Gloucester. In the early 21st century the outline of the foundations of the chapter house was made visible in the redeveloped south churchyard of the present 17th-century cathedral.
The chapter house at St Paul's was built under the direction of William de Ramsey, who had worked on earlier phases of the still-unfinished St Stephens's Chapel. Ramsey extended the stone mullions of the windows downwards on the walls. At the top of each window he made a four-centred arch which became a distinctive feature of Perpendicular. Along with rest of Old St Paul's, the chapter house was destroyed by the Great Fire of London in 1666.
Elements of early Perpendicular are also known from St Stephen's Chapel at Westminster Palace, a palatine chapel built by King Edward I following the model of Sainte-Chapelle at the Palais de la Cité in medieval Paris. It was built in phases over a long period, from 1292 until 1348, though today only the crypt exists. The architect of the early building was Michael of Canterbury, followed in 1323 by his son Thomas. One of the original decorative features was a kind of blind tracery; blank vertical panels with cusped, or angular tops in the interior; and, on the exterior, thin stone mullions or ribs extending downward below the windows creating perpendicular spaces. These became the most characteristic feature of the style.
The earliest Perpendicular in a major church is the choir of Gloucester Cathedral (1337–1350) constructed when the south transept and choir of the then Benedictine abbey church (Gloucester was not a bishopric until after the Dissolution of the Monasteries) were rebuilt in 1331–1350. It was likely the work of one of the royal architects, either William de Ramsey, who had worked on the London cathedral chapter house, or Thomas of Canterbury, who was architect to the king when the transept of Gloucester Cathedral was begun. The architect preserved the original 11th-century walls, covering them with Flamboyant mullions and panels. The east window of Gloucester choir has a Tudor arch, filling the wall with glass. The window tracery matches the tracery on the walls.
During the reign of Edward III the style began to dominate at the Court, especially at the redevelopment of Windsor Castle, where John Sponlee designed the buildings to house Edward's neo-Arthurian fancies. Of these the Dean's Cloister and Aerary Porch survive and exhibit early Perpendicular blind tracery and lierne vaults.
The style attained maturity under Henry Yevele and William Wynford in the later 14th century. Yevele designed works for the King and Court, such as Westminster Hall, Portchester Castle and the naves of Westminster Abbey and Canterbury Cathedral, while Wynford predominantly worked for Bishop Wykeham of Winchester on the nave of the cathedral itself as well as his educational foundations of New College, Oxford and Winchester College. By c.1400 the style was widespread across the country, from Melrose in Scotland to Wells in Somerset.
Under the pious Henry VI the official style of the Court became relatively austere, as seen at the chapels of King's College, Cambridge and Eton College. However, the original intentions at both buildings are now obscured as the building work continued long after the King was overthrown, with design changes resulting in increasing ornamentation. The same process occurred at the Divinity School, Oxford.
In the later 15th century, the pendulum swung back towards elaboration, especially under the Tudors. John Harvey considered this change to be significant enough to merit Tudor Gothic being considered as a separate style, with greater continental influence, but this position is not widely held. At this period many of the most dazzling vaults were constructed, such as those by John Wastell at Peterborough Abbey (now a cathedral) and King's College chapel. These were both straightforward fan vaults, but pendant vaulting also reached its apogee with those over St Frideswide's Priory (now Oxford Cathedral) and the Henry VII Chapel at Westminster Abbey, a major example of the late Perpendicular style. Another important example is St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle, begun in 1475. The vault of the chapel was contracted to the master-mason John Aylmer in 1506.
Gloucester Cathedral lady chapel
Characteristics
Towers were exceptionally tall, and frequently had battlements. Spires were less frequent than in earlier periods. Buttresses were often placed at the corners of the tower, the best position for providing maximum support. Notable Perpendicular towers include those of York Minster and Gloucester Cathedral, and the churches of Boston (Lincolnshire), Wrexham and Taunton.
Stained glass windows were so large that the walls between were reduced to little more than piers. Horizontal mullions, called "transoms", often had to be added to the windows to give them greater stability.
Tracery was a major feature of decoration. In the larger churches, the entire surface from ground to summit, including the battlements, was covered with panels of tracery composed of thin stone mullions. It also appeared frequently in the interior, and often carried the designs in the window tracery down to the floor. Tracery designs were less varied, with three main types: angular reticulation, common in the west of England, panel tracery, seen in the east, and the Court style, characterised by sub-arches filled with inverted daggers in the side lights.
Roofs were frequently made of lead, and usually had a gentle slope, to make them easier for walking. The roof timbers on the interior were often exposed to view from below, and had ornamental supports. In this period the hammerbeam roof was used over select high-status buildings.
Vaults of stone were frequently elaborate and highly decorative. The most common types on major buildings were fan vaults and lierne vaults, both of which could be further elaborated with pendants. The increased weight of the vaults caused by the ornament was countered by larger buttresses on the exterior.
Columns were generally octagonal in section, with octagonal bases and capitals. In greater churches shafting was commonplace, and could be carried up above the capitals to unify the elevation vertically. The capitals were usually decorated with moulded or carved oak leaves, or with corbels of shields or armorial symbols, or with the Tudor rose. In more advanced buildings, capitals became less prominent.
Fourth-centred arches or Tudor arches were commonly used in windows and tracery and for vaults and doorways, though the two-centred arch dominated until late in the period.
The interiors had richly carved woodwork, particularly in the choir stalls, which often featured carved grotesque figures on the bench ends called "poppy heads", from French: poupée, lit. 'doll'. Pulpits and benches became more common in churches with the increased emphasis on preaching. Chantry chapels appeared in major churches, either as screened-off sections or structural editions, paid for by wealthy individuals or guilds.
Examples
Palace of Westminster, St Stephen's Chapel (largely destroyed), Westminster Hall
Old St Paul's, London, Chapter House (destroyed)
Gloucester Cathedral, recasing of transepts, choir and presbytery, cloister, tower, Lady Chapel, west front
Hereford Cathedral, Chapter House (destroyed)
Windsor Castle, Dean's Cloister, St George's Chapel
Westminster Abbey, cloister (heavily restored), nave, Henry VI's Chantry, Henry VII's Chapel
Winchester Cathedral, west front, recasing of nave, choir
Canterbury Cathedral, nave, cloister, remodelling of Chapter House, south-west tower, Bell Harry Tower, Christ Church Gate
New College, Oxford
Winchester College
King's College, Cambridge, Chapel
Eton College
Maidstone College
Norwich Cathedral, cloister, choir clerestory, vaults, spire
York Minster, retrochoir, choir, towers
Durham Cathedral, central tower
Tattershall, Castle tower and collegiate church
Coventry Cathedral (formerly St Michael's Church, now in ruins)
Magdalen College, Oxford
Christ Church, Oxford, vault of cathedral, Tom Quad (never fully completed)
St Mary's Church, Warwick, choir and Beaufort Chapel
Peterborough Cathedral, New Building (retrochoir)
Great Malvern Priory, everything except the nave arcades
Melrose Abbey, presbytery
Lavenham Church
Long Melford Church
Bath Abbey
Manchester Cathedral
South Wingfield Manor
Hampton Court Palace (with some early Renaissance influence)
Gallery
Winchester Cathedral west front
St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle (1475–)
Sherborne Abbey
Eton College Chapel
Henry VII Chapel at Westminster Abbey (1503–), with Perpendicular tracery and blind panels.
New College Chapel, Oxford
Edington Priory west front: Decorated and Perpendicular
Beauchamp Chapel, Collegiate Church of St Mary, Warwick
Manchester Cathedral chancel
Hall of Christ Church, Oxford
Hull Minster nave
St Giles' Church, Wrexham
Merton College Chapel tower
Gloucester Cathedral, choir and chancel
Bath Abbey chancel
York Minster chancel, looking west
Canterbury Cathedral nave
Winchester Cathedral nave
The Henry VII Chapel at Westminster Abbey (1503–) painted by Canaletto
Magdalen Tower
York Minster crossing tower
St Mary Magdalene, Taunton
Evesham Abbey bell tower
Bridlington Priory west front
Gloucester Cathedral east end (1331–1350), with a four-centred arch window
Canterbury Cathedral crossing tower and transepts
Wells Cathedral crossing tower
Beverley Minster west front
Norwich Cathedral spire and west window
Chichester Cathedral spire
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan, eds. (2015), "Perpendicular", A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-967498-5, retrieved 2020-05-16
^ a b Fraser, Murray, ed. (2018), "Perpendicular Gothic", Sir Banister Fletcher Glossary, Royal Institute of British Architects and the University of London, doi:10.5040/9781350122741.1001816, ISBN 978-1-350-12274-1, retrieved 2020-08-26, English idiom from about 1330 to 1640, characterised by large windows, regularity of ornate detailing, and grids of panelling that extend over walls, windows and vaults.
^ Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan, eds. (2015), "Ely, Reginald", A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-967498-5, retrieved 2020-05-16
^ Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan, eds. (2015), "Vertue, Robert", A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-967498-5, retrieved 2020-05-16
^ a b c Rickman, Thomas (1848) . An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of Architecture in England: From the Conquest to the Reformation (5th ed.). London: J. H. Parker. pp. lxiii.
^ Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan, eds. (2015), "Tudor", A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-967498-5, retrieved 2020-04-09
^ Encyclopaedia Britannica on-line, "Perpendicular Gothic", retrieved August 19, 2020
^ Smith 1922, p. loc. 204.
^ a b c Watkin 1986, p. 152.
^ Lethaby, William Richard (1906). Westminster Abbey & the King's Craftsmen: A Study of Mediæval Building. E. P. Dutton. ISBN 978-0-405-08745-5.
^ a b c Harvey, John H. (1946). "St. Stephen's Chapel and the Origin of the Perpendicular Style". The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs. 88 (521): 192–199. ISSN 0951-0788. JSTOR 869300.
^ Harvey, John Hooper (1978). The Perpendicular Style, 1330-1485. London: Batsford. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-7134-1610-7.
^ Clifton-Taylor, Alec (1967). The Cathedrals of England. World of Art. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 196. ISBN 0-500-20062-9. OCLC 2631377.
^ Peterkin, Tom (2008-06-04). "St Paul's Cathedral opens new South Churchyard". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 2020-08-28.
^ Watkin 1986, p. 153.
^ Harvey, John (1978). The Perpendicular Style. London: Batsford. p. 84. ISBN 0 7134 1610 6.
^ Harvey, John (1978). The Perpendicular Style. London: Batsford. pp. 97–136. ISBN 0 7134 1610 6.
^ Harvey, John (1978). The Perpendicular Style. London: Batsford. pp. 185–186. ISBN 0 7134 1610 6.
^ Harvey, John (1978). The Perpendicular Style. London: Batsford. p. 13. ISBN 0 7134 1610 6.
^ Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan, eds. (2015), "Aylmer, John", A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-967498-5, retrieved 2020-05-16
^ a b c d Smith 1922, 335.
^ Smith 1922, 327.
^ Harvey, John (1978). The Perpendicular Style. London: Batsford. pp. 63, 71, 153. ISBN 0 7134 1610 6.
^ a b Smith 1922, 352.
Bibliography
Bechmann, Roland (2017). Les Racines des Cathédrals (in French). Paris: Payot. ISBN 978-2-228-90651-7.
Ducher, Robert, Caractéristique des Styles, (1988), Flammarion, Paris (in French); ISBN 2-08-011539-1
Harvey, John (1961). English Cathedrals. Batsford. OCLC 2437034.
Smith, A. Freeman (1922). English Church Architecture of the Middle Ages – an Elementary Handbook. T. Fisher Unwin.
Martin, G. H.; Highfield, J. R. L. (1997). A history of Merton College, Oxford. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-920183-8.
Watkin, David (1986). A History of Western Architecture. Barrie and Jenkins. ISBN 0-7126-1279-3.
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first to experience a second wave of popularity from the 18th century on in Gothic Revival architecture.[1]The pointed arches used in Perpendicular were often four-centred arches, allowing them to be rather wider and flatter than in other Gothic styles.[1] Perpendicular tracery is characterized by mullions that rise vertically as far as the soffit of the window, with horizontal transoms frequently decorated with miniature crenellations.[1] Blind panels covering the walls continued the strong straight lines of verticals and horizontals established by the tracery. Together with flattened arches and roofs, crenellations, hood mouldings, lierne vaulting, and fan vaulting were the typical stylistic features.[1]The first Perpendicular style building was designed in c. 1332 by William de Ramsey: a chapter house for Old St Paul's Cathedral, the cathedral of the bishop of London.[1] The chancel of Gloucester Cathedral (c. 1337–1357) and its latter 14th-century cloisters are early examples.[1] Four-centred arches were often used, and lierne vaults seen in early buildings were developed into fan vaults, first at the latter 14th-century chapter house of Hereford Cathedral (demolished 1769) and cloisters at Gloucester, and then at Reginald Ely's King's College Chapel, Cambridge (1446–1461) and the brothers William and Robert Vertue's Henry VII Chapel (c. 1503–1512) at Westminster Abbey.[1][3][4]The architect and art historian Thomas Rickman's Attempt to Discriminate the Style of Architecture in England, first published in 1812, divided Gothic architecture in the British Isles into three stylistic periods.[5] The third and final style – Perpendicular – Rickman characterised as mostly belonging to buildings built from the reign of Richard II (r. 1377–1399) to that of Henry VIII (r. 1509–1547).[5] From the 15th century, under the House of Tudor, the prevailing Perpendicular style is commonly known as Tudor architecture, being ultimately succeeded by Elizabethan architecture and Renaissance architecture under Elizabeth I (r. 1558–1603).[6] Rickman had excluded from his scheme most new buildings after Henry VIII's reign, calling the style of \"additions and rebuilding\" in the later 16th and earlier 17th centuries \"often much debased\".[5]Perpendicular followed the Decorated Gothic (or Second Pointed) style and preceded the arrival of Renaissance elements in Tudor and Elizabethan architecture.[7] As a Late Gothic style contemporary with Flamboyant in France and elsewhere in Europe, the heyday of Perpendicular is traditionally dated from 1377 until 1547, or from the beginning of the reign of Richard II to the beginning the reign of Edward VI.[8] Though the style rarely appeared on the European continent, it was dominant in England until the mid-16th century.[9]Chapter house by William de Ramsey (c. 1332) at Old St Paul's Cathedral (by Wenceslaus Hollar)Four-centred arch west window of St George's Chapel, Windsor CastleTomb of Edward II in Gloucester Cathedral","title":"Perpendicular Gothic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Lethaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lethaby"},{"link_name":"Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester"},{"link_name":"House of Plantagenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet"},{"link_name":"Westminster Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Palace"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"episcopal see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_see"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Old St Paul's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"John Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harvey_(historian)"},{"link_name":"William Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ramsey_(architect)"},{"link_name":"canons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(priest)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Alec Clifton-Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Clifton-Taylor"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986152-9"},{"link_name":"Great Fire of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London"},{"link_name":"St Stephen's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Chapel"},{"link_name":"Edward I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I"},{"link_name":"Sainte-Chapelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle"},{"link_name":"Palais de la Cité","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_de_la_Cit%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"medieval Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_in_the_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"Michael of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"mullions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullions"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986152-9"},{"link_name":"Benedictine abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine_abbey"},{"link_name":"Dissolution of the Monasteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986153-15"},{"link_name":"Edward III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"John Sponlee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sponlee"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Henry Yevele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Yevele"},{"link_name":"William Wynford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wynford"},{"link_name":"Westminster Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Hall"},{"link_name":"Portchester Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portchester_Castle"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Canterbury Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Bishop Wykeham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Wykeham"},{"link_name":"cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"New College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Winchester College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_College"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Henry VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England"},{"link_name":"King's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Eton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Divinity School, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinity_School,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Tudor Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_Gothic"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"John Wastell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wastell"},{"link_name":"Peterborough Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"fan vaults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_vault"},{"link_name":"pendant vaulting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendant_vault"},{"link_name":"Oxford Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Henry VII Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII_Chapel"},{"link_name":"St George's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"Windsor Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:43-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gloucester_Cathedral_11.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gloucester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_Cathedral"}],"text":"In 1906 William Lethaby, Surveyor of the Fabric of Westminster Abbey, proposed that the origin of the Perpendicular style was to be found not in 14th-century Gloucester, as was traditionally argued, but in London, where the court of the House of Plantagenet was based at Westminster Palace beside Westminster Abbey.[10] The cathedral of London, the episcopal see of the third-most senior bishop in the Church of England, was then Old St Paul's Cathedral. According to the architectural historian John Harvey, the octagonal chapter house of St Paul's, built about 1332 by William Ramsey for the cathedral canons, was the earliest example of Perpendicular Gothic.[11][12] Alec Clifton-Taylor agreed that St Paul's chapter house and St Stephen's Chapel at Westminster Palace predate the early Perpendicular work at Gloucester.[13] In the early 21st century the outline of the foundations of the chapter house was made visible in the redeveloped south churchyard of the present 17th-century cathedral.[14]The chapter house at St Paul's was built under the direction of William de Ramsey, who had worked on earlier phases of the still-unfinished St Stephens's Chapel. Ramsey extended the stone mullions of the windows downwards on the walls. At the top of each window he made a four-centred arch which became a distinctive feature of Perpendicular.[11][9] Along with rest of Old St Paul's, the chapter house was destroyed by the Great Fire of London in 1666.Elements of early Perpendicular are also known from St Stephen's Chapel at Westminster Palace, a palatine chapel built by King Edward I following the model of Sainte-Chapelle at the Palais de la Cité in medieval Paris.[11] It was built in phases over a long period, from 1292 until 1348, though today only the crypt exists. The architect of the early building was Michael of Canterbury, followed in 1323 by his son Thomas. One of the original decorative features was a kind of blind tracery; blank vertical panels with cusped, or angular tops in the interior; and, on the exterior, thin stone mullions or ribs extending downward below the windows creating perpendicular spaces. These became the most characteristic feature of the style.[9]The earliest Perpendicular in a major church is the choir of Gloucester Cathedral (1337–1350) constructed when the south transept and choir of the then Benedictine abbey church (Gloucester was not a bishopric until after the Dissolution of the Monasteries) were rebuilt in 1331–1350. It was likely the work of one of the royal architects, either William de Ramsey, who had worked on the London cathedral chapter house, or Thomas of Canterbury, who was architect to the king when the transept of Gloucester Cathedral was begun. The architect preserved the original 11th-century walls, covering them with Flamboyant mullions and panels. The east window of Gloucester choir has a Tudor arch, filling the wall with glass. The window tracery matches the tracery on the walls.[15]During the reign of Edward III the style began to dominate at the Court, especially at the redevelopment of Windsor Castle, where John Sponlee designed the buildings to house Edward's neo-Arthurian fancies. Of these the Dean's Cloister and Aerary Porch survive and exhibit early Perpendicular blind tracery and lierne vaults.[16]The style attained maturity under Henry Yevele and William Wynford in the later 14th century. Yevele designed works for the King and Court, such as Westminster Hall, Portchester Castle and the naves of Westminster Abbey and Canterbury Cathedral, while Wynford predominantly worked for Bishop Wykeham of Winchester on the nave of the cathedral itself as well as his educational foundations of New College, Oxford and Winchester College.[17] By c.1400 the style was widespread across the country, from Melrose in Scotland to Wells in Somerset.Under the pious Henry VI the official style of the Court became relatively austere, as seen at the chapels of King's College, Cambridge and Eton College.[18] However, the original intentions at both buildings are now obscured as the building work continued long after the King was overthrown, with design changes resulting in increasing ornamentation. The same process occurred at the Divinity School, Oxford.In the later 15th century, the pendulum swung back towards elaboration, especially under the Tudors. John Harvey considered this change to be significant enough to merit Tudor Gothic being considered as a separate style,[19] with greater continental influence, but this position is not widely held. At this period many of the most dazzling vaults were constructed, such as those by John Wastell at Peterborough Abbey (now a cathedral) and King's College chapel. These were both straightforward fan vaults, but pendant vaulting also reached its apogee with those over St Frideswide's Priory (now Oxford Cathedral) and the Henry VII Chapel at Westminster Abbey, a major example of the late Perpendicular style. Another important example is St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle, begun in 1475. The vault of the chapel was contracted to the master-mason John Aylmer in 1506.[20]Gloucester Cathedral lady chapel","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"York Minster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Minster"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1922335-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1922327-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1922335-21"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1922335-21"},{"link_name":"hammerbeam roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerbeam_roof"},{"link_name":"lierne vaults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lierne_(vault)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1922335-21"},{"link_name":"Tudor rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_rose"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1922352-24"},{"link_name":"two-centred arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-centred_arch"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1922352-24"},{"link_name":"Chantry chapels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantry_chapel"}],"text":"Towers were exceptionally tall, and frequently had battlements. Spires were less frequent than in earlier periods. Buttresses were often placed at the corners of the tower, the best position for providing maximum support. Notable Perpendicular towers include those of York Minster and Gloucester Cathedral, and the churches of Boston (Lincolnshire)[clarification needed], Wrexham and Taunton.[21]\nStained glass windows were so large that the walls between were reduced to little more than piers. Horizontal mullions, called \"transoms\", often had to be added to the windows to give them greater stability.[22]\nTracery was a major feature of decoration. In the larger churches, the entire surface from ground to summit, including the battlements, was covered with panels of tracery composed of thin stone mullions. It also appeared frequently in the interior, and often carried the designs in the window tracery down to the floor.[21] Tracery designs were less varied, with three main types: angular reticulation, common in the west of England, panel tracery, seen in the east, and the Court style, characterised by sub-arches filled with inverted daggers in the side lights.[23]\nRoofs were frequently made of lead, and usually had a gentle slope, to make them easier for walking[citation needed]. The roof timbers on the interior were often exposed to view from below, and had ornamental supports.[21] In this period the hammerbeam roof was used over select high-status buildings.\nVaults of stone were frequently elaborate and highly decorative. The most common types on major buildings were fan vaults and lierne vaults, both of which could be further elaborated with pendants. The increased weight of the vaults caused by the ornament was countered by larger buttresses on the exterior.[21]\nColumns were generally octagonal in section, with octagonal bases and capitals. In greater churches shafting was commonplace, and could be carried up above the capitals to unify the elevation vertically. The capitals were usually decorated with moulded or carved oak leaves, or with corbels of shields or armorial symbols, or with the Tudor rose.[24] In more advanced buildings, capitals became less prominent.\nFourth-centred arches or Tudor arches were commonly used in windows and tracery and for vaults and doorways, though the two-centred arch dominated until late in the period.\nThe interiors had richly carved woodwork, particularly in the choir stalls, which often featured carved grotesque figures on the bench ends called \"poppy heads\", from French: poupée, lit. 'doll'. [24] Pulpits and benches became more common in churches with the increased emphasis on preaching. Chantry chapels appeared in major churches, either as screened-off sections or structural editions, paid for by wealthy individuals or guilds.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Palace of Westminster, St Stephen's Chapel (largely destroyed), Westminster Hall\nOld St Paul's, London, Chapter House (destroyed)\nGloucester Cathedral, recasing of transepts, choir and presbytery, cloister, tower, Lady Chapel, west front\nHereford Cathedral, Chapter House (destroyed)\nWindsor Castle, Dean's Cloister, St George's Chapel\nWestminster Abbey, cloister (heavily restored), nave, Henry VI's Chantry, Henry VII's Chapel\nWinchester Cathedral, west front, recasing of nave, choir\nCanterbury Cathedral, nave, cloister, remodelling of Chapter House, south-west tower, Bell Harry Tower, Christ Church Gate\nNew College, Oxford\nWinchester College\nKing's College, Cambridge, Chapel\nEton College\nMaidstone College\nNorwich Cathedral, cloister, choir clerestory, vaults, spire\nYork Minster, retrochoir, choir, towers\nDurham Cathedral, central tower\nTattershall, Castle tower and collegiate church\nCoventry Cathedral (formerly St Michael's Church, now in ruins)\nMagdalen College, Oxford\nChrist Church, Oxford, vault of cathedral, Tom Quad (never fully completed)\nSt Mary's Church, Warwick, choir and Beaufort Chapel\nPeterborough Cathedral, New Building (retrochoir)\nGreat Malvern Priory, everything except the nave arcades\nMelrose Abbey, presbytery\nLavenham Church\nLong Melford Church\nBath Abbey\nManchester Cathedral\nSouth Wingfield Manor\nHampton Court Palace (with some early Renaissance influence)","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WinchesterCathedral-west-wyrdlight.jpg"},{"link_name":"Winchester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Georges_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sherborne_abbey.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sherborne Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherborne_Abbey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MK17792_Eton_College_Chapel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eton College Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College_Chapel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_VII_Chapel_Westminster_Abbey_(5133296937).jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry VII Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII_Chapel"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_College,_Oxford_(3915150445).jpg"},{"link_name":"New College Chapel, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_College_Chapel,_Oxford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Collegiate_Church_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary,_St._Katherine_%26_All_Saints,_Edington_(14642630549).jpg"},{"link_name":"Edington Priory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edington_Priory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Warwick,_St_Mary%27s_church,_Beauchamp_chapel_(36583800662).jpg"},{"link_name":"Collegiate Church of St Mary, Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_Church_of_St_Mary,_Warwick"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manchester_Cathedral_Choir.jpg"},{"link_name":"Manchester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Cathedral"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1_christ_church_hall_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Christ Church, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HullMinster43.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hull Minster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_Minster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Giles_church,_Wrexham.jpg"},{"link_name":"St Giles' Church, Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Giles%27_Church,_Wrexham"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merton_College_Chapel_from_just_north_of_the_Meadow.jpg"},{"link_name":"Merton College Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_College_Chapel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gloucester_Cathedral_Choir.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gloucester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_Cathedral"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bath_Abbey_Eastern_Stained_Glass,_Somerset,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bath Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_Abbey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:York_Minster,_York_(13451378175).jpg"},{"link_name":"York Minster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Minster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canterbury_Cathedral_Nave_1,_Kent,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"link_name":"Canterbury Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winchester_Cathedral_Nave_2,_Hampshire,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"link_name":"Winchester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Interior_of_Henry_VII%27s_Chapel_in_Westminster_Abbey.JPG"},{"link_name":"Henry VII Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII_Chapel"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Canaletto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaletto"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magdalen_College_Tower.jpg"},{"link_name":"Magdalen Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_Tower"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:York_Minster_(8406).jpg"},{"link_name":"York Minster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Minster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Mary_Magdalene_Taunton.jpg"},{"link_name":"St Mary Magdalene, Taunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary_Magdalene,_Taunton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Evesham_Abbey_Bell_Tower.jpg"},{"link_name":"Evesham Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evesham_Abbey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BridlingtonPriory.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bridlington Priory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridlington_Priory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gloucester_Cathedral_Front.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gloucester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_Cathedral"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canterbury_Cathedral_10.JPG"},{"link_name":"Canterbury Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crossing_Tower,_Wells_Cathedral.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wells Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wells_Cathedral"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beverley_Minster_(49792708446).jpg"},{"link_name":"Beverley Minster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverley_Minster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Norwich_Cathedral_(geograph_3639003).jpg"},{"link_name":"Norwich Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_Cathedral"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chichester_Cathedral_(16074455605).jpg"},{"link_name":"Chichester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester_Cathedral"}],"text":"Winchester Cathedral west front\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSt George's Chapel, Windsor Castle (1475–)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSherborne Abbey\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEton College Chapel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHenry VII Chapel at Westminster Abbey (1503–), with Perpendicular tracery and blind panels.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNew College Chapel, Oxford\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEdington Priory west front: Decorated and Perpendicular\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBeauchamp Chapel, Collegiate Church of St Mary, Warwick\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tManchester Cathedral chancel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHall of Christ Church, Oxford\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHull Minster nave\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSt Giles' Church, Wrexham\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMerton College Chapel tower\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGloucester Cathedral, choir and chancel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBath Abbey chancel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tYork Minster chancel, looking west\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCanterbury Cathedral nave\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWinchester Cathedral nave\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Henry VII Chapel at Westminster Abbey (1503–) painted by Canaletto\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMagdalen Tower\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tYork Minster crossing tower\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSt Mary Magdalene, Taunton\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEvesham Abbey bell tower\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBridlington Priory west front\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGloucester Cathedral east end (1331–1350), with a four-centred arch window\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCanterbury Cathedral crossing tower and transepts\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWells Cathedral crossing tower\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBeverley Minster west front\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNorwich Cathedral spire and west window\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChichester Cathedral spire","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-228-90651-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-228-90651-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-08-011539-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-08-011539-1"},{"link_name":"Harvey, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harvey_(historian)"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2437034","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/2437034"},{"link_name":"English Church Architecture of the Middle Ages – an Elementary Handbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/58736"},{"link_name":"T. Fisher Unwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._Fisher_Unwin"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-920183-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-920183-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7126-1279-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-1279-3"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Architecture_of_England"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Architecture_of_England"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Architecture_of_England"},{"link_name":"Architecture of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_England"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_architecture"},{"link_name":"Saxo-Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxo-Norman#Architecture"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_architecture"},{"link_name":"English Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"Tudor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_architecture"},{"link_name":"Elizabethan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethan_architecture"},{"link_name":"Jacobean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobean_architecture"},{"link_name":"Carolean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_style"},{"link_name":"English Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Baroque"},{"link_name":"Queen Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_architecture"},{"link_name":"Strawberry Hill Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry_Hill_Gothic"},{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_architecture"},{"link_name":"Jacobethan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobethan"},{"link_name":"Edwardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwardian_architecture"},{"link_name":"Bristol Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Byzantine"},{"link_name":"Brutalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutalist_architecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg"},{"link_name":"Buildings andstructures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_England"},{"link_name":"Castles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_castles_in_England"},{"link_name":"Abbeys and priories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monastic_houses_in_England"},{"link_name":"Medieval cathedrals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_the_medieval_cathedrals_of_England"},{"link_name":"Former cathedrals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_cathedrals_in_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Round-tower churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-tower_church"},{"link_name":"Roman villas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_villas_in_England"},{"link_name":"Historic houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_country_houses_in_the_United_Kingdom#England"},{"link_name":"Hall houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_house"},{"link_name":"Renaissance theatres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_Renaissance_theatres"},{"link_name":"Listed buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_England"},{"link_name":"Museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_England"},{"link_name":"Church monuments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_church_monuments"},{"link_name":"National Trust properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Trust_properties_in_England"},{"link_name":"Windmills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_windmills_in_England"},{"link_name":"Hindu temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_England"},{"link_name":"Stadiums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stadiums_in_England"},{"link_name":"Lighthouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_England"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_London"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buildings_and_architecture_of_Bath"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buildings_and_architecture_of_Bristol"},{"link_name":"Brighton and Hove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buildings_and_architecture_of_Brighton_and_Hove"},{"link_name":"Hammerbeam roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerbeam_roof"},{"link_name":"Fan vault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_vault"},{"link_name":"Almshouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almshouse"},{"link_name":"Bastle house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastle_house"},{"link_name":"Country house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_country_house"},{"link_name":"Oast house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oast_house"},{"link_name":"(cowl)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowl_(oast)"},{"link_name":"Wealden hall house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealden_hall_house"},{"link_name":"Dartmoor longhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmoor_longhouse"},{"link_name":"Somerset towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_towers"},{"link_name":"Bath stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_stone"},{"link_name":"Portland stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_stone"},{"link_name":"Flushwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flushwork"},{"link_name":"English landscape garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_landscape_garden"},{"link_name":"Cruck framing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruck"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_England"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15609295#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4173848-2"}],"text":"Bechmann, Roland (2017). Les Racines des Cathédrals (in French). Paris: Payot. ISBN 978-2-228-90651-7.\nDucher, Robert, Caractéristique des Styles, (1988), Flammarion, Paris (in French); ISBN 2-08-011539-1\nHarvey, John (1961). English Cathedrals. Batsford. OCLC 2437034.\nSmith, A. Freeman (1922). English Church Architecture of the Middle Ages – an Elementary Handbook. T. Fisher Unwin.\nMartin, G. H.; Highfield, J. R. L. (1997). A history of Merton College, Oxford. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-920183-8.Watkin, David (1986). A History of Western Architecture. Barrie and Jenkins. ISBN 0-7126-1279-3.vteArchitecture of EnglandStyles\nAnglo-Saxon\nSaxo-Norman\nNorman\nEnglish Gothic\nTudor\nElizabethan\nJacobean\nCarolean\nEnglish Baroque\nQueen Anne\nGeorgian\nStrawberry Hill Gothic\nVictorian\nJacobethan\nEdwardian\nBristol Byzantine\nBrutalist\nBuildings andstructures\nCastles\nAbbeys and priories\nMedieval cathedrals\nFormer cathedrals\nRound-tower churches\nRoman villas\nHistoric houses\nHall houses\nRenaissance theatres\nListed buildings\nMuseums\nChurch monuments\nNational Trust properties\nWindmills\nHindu temples\nStadiums\nLighthouses\nOther\nLondon\nBirmingham\nLiverpool\nManchester\nBath\nBristol\nBrighton and Hove\nHammerbeam roof\nFan vault\nAlmshouse\nBastle house\nCountry house\nOast house (cowl)\nWealden hall house\nDartmoor longhouse\nSomerset towers\nBath stone\nPortland stone\nFlushwork\nEnglish landscape garden\nCruck framing\nCategoryAuthority control databases: National \nGermany","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"King's College Chapel, Cambridge, Great East Window (four-centred arch, straight mullions and transoms)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge_-_The_Great_East_Window.jpg/220px-King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge_-_The_Great_East_Window.jpg"},{"image_text":"The chancel of Gloucester Cathedral (c. 1337–1357)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gloucester_Cathedral_High_Altar%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/220px-Gloucester_Cathedral_High_Altar%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chapter house by William de Ramsey (c. 1332) at Old St Paul's Cathedral (by Wenceslaus Hollar)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Wenceslas_Hollar_-_St_Paul%27s._Chapter_House_%28State_1%29.jpg/220px-Wenceslas_Hollar_-_St_Paul%27s._Chapter_House_%28State_1%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Four-centred arch west window of St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/St_Georges_Chapel_Windsor_Castle.jpg/220px-St_Georges_Chapel_Windsor_Castle.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tomb of Edward II in Gloucester Cathedral","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Tomb_of_Edward_II%2C_Gloucester_Cathedral_02.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Edward_II%2C_Gloucester_Cathedral_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gloucester Cathedral lady chapel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Gloucester_Cathedral_11.jpg/220px-Gloucester_Cathedral_11.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan, eds. (2015), \"Perpendicular\", A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-967498-5, retrieved 2020-05-16","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001/acref-9780199674985-e-3451","url_text":"\"Perpendicular\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199674985.001.0001","url_text":"10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967498-5","url_text":"978-0-19-967498-5"}]},{"reference":"Fraser, Murray, ed. (2018), \"Perpendicular Gothic\", Sir Banister Fletcher Glossary, Royal Institute of British Architects and the University of London, doi:10.5040/9781350122741.1001816, ISBN 978-1-350-12274-1, retrieved 2020-08-26, English idiom from about 1330 to 1640, characterised by large windows, regularity of ornate detailing, and grids of panelling that extend over walls, windows and vaults.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomsburyarchitecturelibrary.com/dictionary-article?docid=b-9781350122741&tocid=b-9781350122741-gloss-0001815","url_text":"\"Perpendicular Gothic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects","url_text":"Royal Institute of British Architects"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London","url_text":"University of London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781350122741.1001816","url_text":"10.5040/9781350122741.1001816"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-12274-1","url_text":"978-1-350-12274-1"}]},{"reference":"Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan, eds. (2015), \"Ely, Reginald\", A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-967498-5, retrieved 2020-05-16","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001/acref-9780199674985-e-1660","url_text":"\"Ely, Reginald\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199674985.001.0001","url_text":"10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967498-5","url_text":"978-0-19-967498-5"}]},{"reference":"Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan, eds. (2015), \"Vertue, Robert\", A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-967498-5, retrieved 2020-05-16","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001/acref-9780199674985-e-4936","url_text":"\"Vertue, Robert\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199674985.001.0001","url_text":"10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967498-5","url_text":"978-0-19-967498-5"}]},{"reference":"Rickman, Thomas (1848) [1812]. An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of Architecture in England: From the Conquest to the Reformation (5th ed.). London: J. H. Parker. pp. lxiii.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Rickman","url_text":"Rickman, Thomas"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6JO3AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of Architecture in England: From the Conquest to the Reformation"}]},{"reference":"Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan, eds. (2015), \"Tudor\", A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-967498-5, retrieved 2020-04-09","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001/acref-9780199674985-e-4821","url_text":"\"Tudor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199674985.001.0001","url_text":"10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967498-5","url_text":"978-0-19-967498-5"}]},{"reference":"Lethaby, William Richard (1906). Westminster Abbey & the King's Craftsmen: A Study of Mediæval Building. E. P. Dutton. ISBN 978-0-405-08745-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lethaby","url_text":"Lethaby, William Richard"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3OU0AQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Westminster Abbey & the King's Craftsmen: A Study of Mediæval Building"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-08745-5","url_text":"978-0-405-08745-5"}]},{"reference":"Harvey, John H. (1946). \"St. Stephen's Chapel and the Origin of the Perpendicular Style\". The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs. 88 (521): 192–199. ISSN 0951-0788. JSTOR 869300.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/869300","url_text":"\"St. Stephen's Chapel and the Origin of the Perpendicular Style\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0951-0788","url_text":"0951-0788"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/869300","url_text":"869300"}]},{"reference":"Harvey, John Hooper (1978). The Perpendicular Style, 1330-1485. London: Batsford. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-7134-1610-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harvey_(historian)","url_text":"Harvey, John Hooper"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9yxUAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Perpendicular Style, 1330-1485"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-1610-7","url_text":"978-0-7134-1610-7"}]},{"reference":"Clifton-Taylor, Alec (1967). The Cathedrals of England. World of Art. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 196. ISBN 0-500-20062-9. OCLC 2631377.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2631377","url_text":"The Cathedrals of England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-20062-9","url_text":"0-500-20062-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2631377","url_text":"2631377"}]},{"reference":"Peterkin, Tom (2008-06-04). \"St Paul's Cathedral opens new South Churchyard\". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 2020-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2074873/St-Pauls-Cathedral-opens-new-South-Churchyard.html","url_text":"\"St Paul's Cathedral opens new South Churchyard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","url_text":"0307-1235"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2074873/St-Pauls-Cathedral-opens-new-South-Churchyard.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Harvey, John (1978). The Perpendicular Style. London: Batsford. p. 84. ISBN 0 7134 1610 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0_7134_1610_6","url_text":"0 7134 1610 6"}]},{"reference":"Harvey, John (1978). The Perpendicular Style. London: Batsford. pp. 97–136. ISBN 0 7134 1610 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0_7134_1610_6","url_text":"0 7134 1610 6"}]},{"reference":"Harvey, John (1978). The Perpendicular Style. London: Batsford. pp. 185–186. ISBN 0 7134 1610 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0_7134_1610_6","url_text":"0 7134 1610 6"}]},{"reference":"Harvey, John (1978). The Perpendicular Style. London: Batsford. p. 13. ISBN 0 7134 1610 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0_7134_1610_6","url_text":"0 7134 1610 6"}]},{"reference":"Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan, eds. (2015), \"Aylmer, John\", A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-967498-5, retrieved 2020-05-16","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001/acref-9780199674985-e-342","url_text":"\"Aylmer, John\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199674985.001.0001","url_text":"10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967498-5","url_text":"978-0-19-967498-5"}]},{"reference":"Harvey, John (1978). The Perpendicular Style. London: Batsford. pp. 63, 71, 153. ISBN 0 7134 1610 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0_7134_1610_6","url_text":"0 7134 1610 6"}]},{"reference":"Bechmann, Roland (2017). Les Racines des Cathédrals (in French). Paris: Payot. ISBN 978-2-228-90651-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-228-90651-7","url_text":"978-2-228-90651-7"}]},{"reference":"Harvey, John (1961). English Cathedrals. Batsford. OCLC 2437034.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harvey_(historian)","url_text":"Harvey, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2437034","url_text":"2437034"}]},{"reference":"Smith, A. Freeman (1922). English Church Architecture of the Middle Ages – an Elementary Handbook. T. Fisher Unwin.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/58736","url_text":"English Church Architecture of the Middle Ages – an Elementary Handbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._Fisher_Unwin","url_text":"T. Fisher Unwin"}]},{"reference":"Martin, G. H.; Highfield, J. R. L. (1997). A history of Merton College, Oxford. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-920183-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-920183-8","url_text":"0-19-920183-8"}]},{"reference":"Watkin, David (1986). A History of Western Architecture. Barrie and Jenkins. ISBN 0-7126-1279-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-1279-3","url_text":"0-7126-1279-3"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricio_Carlos_de_On%C3%ADs_y_Mercklein
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Mauricio Carlos de Onís y Mercklein
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["1 References"]
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Spanish politician and diplomat
Mauricio Carlos de Onís
Mauricio Carlos de Onís y Mercklein (17 September 1790, in Dresden, Kingdom of Saxony – 24 November 1861, in Cantalapiedra, Spain) was a Spanish politician and diplomat who served as Minister of State in 1840 and as President of the Congress of Deputies.
Mauricio was son of Luis de Onís y González-Vara, an important diplomat who signed the Adams-Onís Treaty with the United States in 1819, and of Federika Christina von Mercklein. He married in Cantalapiedra, 11 December 1816, his first cousin Carolina de Onís, and had issue.
References
Mauricio Carlos de Onís. Spanish Senate
Cadenas y Vinent, Vicente de (1986). Extracto de los Expedientes de la Orden de Carlos III (1771-1847). Vol. 9. ISBN 9788400061531. Retrieved 2010-03-17.
Political offices
Preceded byJosé del CastilloActing
Minister of State 20 July 1840 – 29 August 1840
Succeeded byJuan Antoine
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
This Spanish diplomat-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Thompson_Baker
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J. Thompson Baker
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["1 Early life and education","2 Political career","2.1 Congress","3 Death and legacy","4 External links"]
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American politician
Jacob Thompson BakerLewisburg Journal (Lewisburg, PA), August 8, 1913Member of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom New Jersey's 2nd districtIn officeMarch 4, 1913 – March 3, 1915Preceded byJohn J. GardnerSucceeded byIsaac Bacharach1st Mayor of Wildwood, New JerseyIn office1911–1912Preceded byLatimer R. Baker (As mayor of Wildwood Borough)Succeeded byFrank E. Smith
Personal detailsBorn(1847-04-13)April 13, 1847Cowan, PennsylvaniaDiedDecember 7, 1919(1919-12-07) (aged 72)Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaPolitical partyDemocraticChildrenKatharine BakerProfessionAttorneyReal estate developer
Jacob Thompson Baker (April 13, 1847 – December 7, 1919) was an American Democratic Party politician from New Jersey who represented New Jersey's 2nd congressional district for one term from 1913 to 1915.
Early life and education
Baker was born near Cowan, Pennsylvania on April 13, 1847. He attended the public schools and Bucknell University. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1870 and commenced practice in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.
Political career
He was chairman of the Democratic State convention in 1905. Baker moved to New Jersey and was one of the founders of Wildwood and the borough of Wildwood Crest. He was the first Mayor of Wildwood, New Jersey in 1911 and 1912, and was a delegate to the 1912 Democratic National Convention.
Congress
Baker was elected as a Democrat to the Sixty-third Congress, serving in office from March 4, 1913 to March 3, 1915, but was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1914 to the Sixty-fourth Congress.
After leaving Congress, he resumed real estate activities in Wildwood.
Death and legacy
Baker died in Philadelphia on December 7, 1919, and was interred in Cold Spring Presbyterian Cemetery in Cold Spring, New Jersey.
Baker's home, the J. Thompson Baker House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.
External links
United States Congress. "J. Thompson Baker (id: B000065)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
Jacob Thompson Baker at The Political Graveyard
J. Thompson Baker at Find a Grave
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded byJohn J. Gardner
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New Jersey's 2nd congressional district March 4, 1913 – March 3, 1915
Succeeded byIsaac Bacharach
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
People
US Congress
Other
SNAC
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Jamaica
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Jamaica Defence Force
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["1 History","2 Major units of the Jamaica Defence Force","2.1 Bands","3 Army equipment","4 JDF Air Wing","4.1 Current inventory","4.2 Retired","4.3 Incidents","5 JDF Coast Guard","5.1 Equipment","6 Ranks of the JDF","6.1 Commissioned officers","6.2 Enlisted","7 See also","8 References","8.1 Citations","8.2 Bibliography","9 External links"]
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Combined military forces of Jamaica
Jamaica Defence ForceJamaica Defence Force badgeFounded31 July 1962; 61 years ago (1962-07-31)Service branchesThe Jamaica RegimentMaritime, Air and Cyber CommandSupport BrigadeCaribbean Military AcademyJamaica National ReserveHeadquartersUp Park Camp, Kingston, JamaicaWebsitejdfweb.comLeadershipCommander-in-chiefKing Charles IIIPrime MinisterAndrew HolnessMinister of National SecurityHorace ChangChief of Defence StaffRear Admiral Antonette Wemyss GormanPersonnelMilitary age16 years of age for selection process, 17 years of age is actual serving age (as of 2007)Available formilitary service747,043, age 16–49 (2005 est.)Fit formilitary service523,550, age 16–49 (2005 est.)Reaching militaryage annually27,729 (2005 est.)Active personnel5,950Reserve personnel2,580ExpenditureBudget$238 millionRelated articlesRanksMilitary ranks of Jamaica
The Jamaica Defence Force (JDF) is the combined military of Jamaica, consisting of an infantry Regiment and Reserve Corps, an Air Wing, a Coast Guard fleet and a supporting Engineering Unit. The JDF is based upon the British military model, with similar organisation, training, weapons and traditions. Once chosen, officer candidates are sent to one of several British or Canadian basic officer courses depending upon the arm of service. Enlisted soldiers are given basic training at JDF Training Depot Newcastle. As in the British model, NCOs are given several levels of professional training as they rise up the ranks. Additional military schools are available for speciality training in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
History
West Indian soldiers, c. 1861
The JDF is directly descended from the West India Regiments formed during the period of British rule. The regiments were used extensively by the British to garrison the Colony of Jamaica and possessions in the West Indies. Other units in the JDF heritage tree include the early colonial Jamaica Militia, the Kingston Infantry Volunteers of WWI and reorganised into the Jamaican Infantry Volunteers in WWII. The West India Regiments were reformed in 1958 as part of the West Indies Federation. The dissolution of the Federation resulted in the establishment of the JDF.
The Jamaica Defence Force (JDF) comprises an infantry Regiment and Reserve Corps, an Air Wing, a Coast Guard fleet and a supporting Engineering Unit. The infantry regiment contains the 1st, 2nd and 3rd (National Reserve) battalions. The JDF Air Wing is divided into three flight units, a training unit, a support unit and the JDF Air Wing (National Reserve). The Coast Guard element is divided between seagoing crews and support crews. It conducts maritime safety and maritime law enforcement as well as defence-related operations. The support battalion contains a Military Police platoon as well as vehicle, armourers and supply units. The 1st Engineer Regiment provides military engineering support to the JDF. The Headquarters JDF contains the JDF commander, command staff as well as intelligence, judge advocate office, administrative and procurement sections.
On 5 January 1978, the JDF carried out a covert operation that came to be known as the Green Bay Massacre, in which five Jamaica Labour Party (JLF) supporters were shot dead after being lured to a military shooting range. A specially selected team of snipers led by Major Ian Robinson laid an ambush outside the range while members of the JDF's Military Intelligence Unit (MIU) drove a group of JLF supporters towards them in an army ambulance. After the supporters exited the ambulance, an MIU soldier killed one member while the sniper team opened fire on the rest. Four supporters were killed and the remainder fled into nearby bushes.
In recent years the JDF has been called upon to assist the nation's police, the Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF), in fighting drug smuggling and a rising crime rate which includes one of the highest murder rates in the world. JDF units actively conduct armed patrols with the JCF in high-crime areas and known gang neighbourhoods. There has been vocal controversy as well as support of this JDF role. In early 2005, an opposition leader, Edward Seaga, called for the merger of the JDF and JCF. This move did not garner support in either organisation nor among the majority of citizens.
Major units of the Jamaica Defence Force
Headquarters, Jamaica Defence Force (HQ JDF) - divided into the Operations Branch and Adjutant Quartermaster's Branch, this is the main command of the entire JDF.
The Jamaica Regiment - The Jamaica Regiment is the operationalization of a terrestrial and combat focused Regular Force formation with an overarching operational headquarters in command of five battalions; the First, Second, Fourth and Fifth Battalions the Jamaica Regiment (1, 2, 4, 5 JR) and the Combat Support Battalion (Cbt Sp Bn).
The Support Brigade (Sp Bde) - Regular Force formation that provides both combat support and service support functions with an overarching operational headquarters for five units:A Jamaica Defence Force soldier (left) with a Sergeant of the Royal Bermuda Regiment in the Blue Mountains in 1996
Support and Services Battalion
1 Engineer Regiment (JDF)
Health Services Corps
Corps of Military Police
The Maritime, Air and Cyber Command (MACC) - The Maritime, Air and Cyber Command (MACC) is a multi-domain focused Regular Force formation with an operational headquarters in command of six units; the First and Second Districts Jamaica Defence Force Coast Guard (1st and 2nd Dist JDF CG), the Jamaica Defence Force Air Wing (JDF AW), the Military Intelligence Unit (MIU), the Special Activities Regiment (SPEAR) and the Military Cyber Corps (MCC).
Caribbean Military Academy (CMA) - The Caribbean Military Academy (CMA) was established on 1 May 2019 to function as a Military University, becoming the first of its kind in the Caribbean.
The Jamaica National Reserve (JNR) - The Jamaica National Reserve (JNR) is a multi-domain focused Reserve Force formation that has been expanded to include a headquarters element in command of four units; the Third, Sixth and Ninth Battalions the Jamaica Regiment (3, 6 and 9 JR (NR)) in addition to the Support Battalion (National Reserve) (Sp Bn (NR).
Bands
The JDF also supports two military bands:
Jamaica Military Band - this is the band that is descended from the band of the West India Regiment, and was formed in February 1927. It is one of only two units in the world (the other being the Band of the Barbados Regiment) that wears the uniform of the zouaves.
Jamaica Regiment Band - this band was originally formed as the Band of the West India Regiment formed in 1959 as the military force of the West Indies Federation. With the Federation's break up and the independence of Jamaica, it became the Band of the 1st Battalion, Jamaica Regiment. It gained its current name with the formation of the 2nd Battalion in 1979.
Army equipment
M16 Rifle
FN MAG machine gun
Name
Origin
Type
In service
Notes
Small arms
GP35
United States
Pistol
Glock
Austria
Pistol
17
M16 Rifle
United States
Assault rifle
M4
SA80
United Kingdom
Assault rifle
FN MAG
Belgium
Machine gun
L7A1
M2 machine gun
United States
Heavy machine gun
Springfield M79
United States
Grenade launcher
Artillery
L16 81mm Mortar
United Kingdom
Mortar
2-inch mortar
United Kingdom
Mortar
Transport
Land Rover
United Kingdom
Patrol vehicle
Toyota Land Cruiser
Japan
Utility vehicle
Toyota Hiace
Japan
Minibus
Toyota Coaster
Japan
Minibus
Ford L Truck
United States
Heavy-duty truck
LN7000/8000
Toyota Dyna
Japan
Van
Armoured vehicles
Bushmaster Protected Mobility Vehicle
Australia
Infantry mobility vehicle
18
Cadillac Gage Commando
United States
Armoured personnel carrier
Retired
Staff cars
Volvo S90
Sweden
Executive car
1 for use by the Chief of Staff
Toyota Crown
Japan
Executive car
Used by senior staff and commanding officers
Toyota Corona
Japan
Executive car
Used by senior officers
Toyota Hilux
Japan
Pickup truck
Used for administrative purposes
Toyota Camry
Japan
Executive car
Used for senior officers
Toyota Land Cruiser Prado
Japan
Utility vehicle
For administrative purposes
JDF Air Wing
A Super King Air similar to this one is used by the JDF
Roundel of Jamaica Defence Force Air Wing
Current inventory
Aircraft
Origin
Type
Variant
In service
Notes
Maritime Patrol
Super King Air
United States
maritime patrol
350
1
Helicopter
Bell 412
United States
utility / SAR
1 on order
Bell 429
United States
utility / SAR
8
1 on order
Trainer Aircraft
Bell 505
United States
trainer / utitity
6
Diamond DA40
Canada
trainer
DA40 CS
4
Diamond DA42
Canada
multi-engine trainer
DA42 NG
2
Retired
Previous aircraft operated by the JDF Air Wing consisted of the Aero Commander 500 family, BN-2 Islander, Beechcraft Duke, Beechcraft King Air, Cessna Skymaster, Cessna 185 Skywagon, Cessna 210, DHC-6 Twin Otter, Eurocopter AS355 Écureuil 2, Bell UH-1 Iroquois, Bell 47G, Bell 212, Bell 204/205, and the Bell 222UT helicopter.
Incidents
On July 1, 2009, a Jamaica Defence Force Air Wing Bell 412EP helicopter was on its way back to Up Park Camp from a training mission when it began experiencing mechanical issues. The helicopter crashed into the ground at Up Park Camp, injuring the captain, his co-pilot and a crew member.
JDF Coast Guard
Jamaican naval ensign
A year after the JDF was formed in 1962, a naval arm, the Jamaica Sea Squadron was added. The squadron's initial vessels were three 63 ft wooden World War II torpedo recovery boats provided by the United States. They were commissioned “Her Majesty's Jamaican Ship” HMJS Yoruba (P1), HMJS Coromante (P2) and HMJS Mandingo (P3). A training team from the Royal Navy assisted with the unit's early development. In 1966 they changed names from the Jamaica Sea Squadron to the Jamaica Defence Force Coast Guard.
As of 2016, the Jamaica Defence Force Coast Guard was staffed by 241 individuals.
Equipment
Jamaican Coast Guard patrol vessels
Vessel
Origin
Type
In service
Notes
HMJS Nanny of the Maroons
Netherlands
Fast Crew Supplier
1
Honour-class
HMJS Cornwall
Netherlands
Patrol Vessel
1
County-class
HMJS Middlesex
Netherlands
Patrol Vessel
1
County-class
HMJS Fort Charles
United States
Patrol Boat
1
Fort-class
HMJS Paul Bogle
United States
Patrol Boat
1
Hero-class
Boston Whaler
United States
Interceptor
2
37 foot Justice model
Ranks of the JDF
Main article: Military ranks of Jamaica
Commissioned officers
The rank insignia for commissioned officers for the army and Coast Guard respectively.
Rank group
General / flag officers
Senior officers
Junior officers
Officer cadet
Jamaican Armyvte
Lieutenant general
Major general
Brigadier
Colonel
Lieutenant colonel
Major
Captain
Lieutenant
Second lieutenant
Officer Cadet
Jamaican Coast Guardvte
Vice admiral
Rear admiral
Commodore
Captain
Commander
Lieutenant commander
Lieutenant
Lieutenant (junior grade)
Sub-Lieutenant
Midshipman
Jamaican Air Wingvte
Lieutenant Colonel
Major
Captain
First Lieutenant
Second Lieutenant
Officer Cadet
Rank group
General / flag officers
Senior officers
Junior officers
Officer cadet
Enlisted
The rank insignia for enlisted personnel for the army and Coast Guard respectively.
Rank group
Senior NCOs
Junior NCOs
Enlisted
Jamaican Armyvte
No insignia
Warrant officer class 1
Warrant officer class 2
Staff sergeant
Sergeant
Corporal
Lance corporal
Private(or equivalent)
Jamaican Coast Guardvte
No insignia
Master chief petty officer 1
Master chief petty officer
Chief petty officer
Petty officer
Leading seaman
Able seaman
Ordinary seaman
Jamaican Air Wingvte
No insignia
Warrant officer class 1
Warrant officer class 2
Staff sergeant
Sergeant
Corporal
Lance corporal
Private(or equivalent)
Rank group
Senior NCOs
Junior NCOs
Enlisted
See also
Green Bay Massacre
References
Citations
^ a b c International Institute for Strategic Studies (25 February 2021). The Military Balance 2021. London: Routledge. p. 418. ISBN 9781032012278.
^ a b Sanjay Badri-Maharaj (2016-12-11). "Jamaica Defence Force: Balancing Priorities With Resources – Analysis". Eurasia Review. Archived from the original on 2016-12-12. Retrieved 2016-12-11. The Jamaica Defence Force is a brigade-sized unit comprising land, sea and air formations and is possibly the largest military establishment within the English-speaking Caribbean.
^ Gunst, Laurie (2003). Born Fi' Dead: A Journey Through the Yardie Underworld. Canongate Books. ISBN 978-1-8419-5386-1.
^ Dewaegeneer, Matthew (4/7/2024). "Special Operations Forces (SOF) SMEE: U.S. and Canadian Special Forces Forge Partnerships in Jamaica" Defense Visual Information Distribution Service, US Department of Defense, https://www.dvidshub.net/news/468000/special-operations-forces-sof-smee-us-and-canadian-special-forces-forge-partnerships-jamaica
^ "Jamaica Military Band". Jamaica Defence Force. Archived from the original on 2016-04-04.
^ "Jamaica Defense Force Band Archives". Archived from the original on 2018-08-13. Retrieved 2018-08-12.
^ "Jamaica Regiment Band (TU)". Jamaica Defence Force. Archived from the original on 2016-03-08.
^ "Jamaica". Armies of the World. Archived from the original on 2016-12-26. The military budget is 48 million dollars (2001).
^ "Equipment". Jamaica Defence Force. Archived from the original on 2016-06-30.
^ a b "PM Commissions JDF's Protected Mobility Vehicles Squadron". 2016-01-14. Archived from the original on 2018-01-17. Retrieved 2018-01-10.
^ "JDF to Acquire New Fleet of Armoured Vehicles". 2013-12-03. Archived from the original on 2018-01-11. Retrieved 2018-01-10.
^ a b c d e f Hoyle, Craig (2023). "World Air Forces 2024". FlightGlobal. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
^ "Bell 505 delivery to Jamaica Defence Force".
^ "Ministry of National Security invests over US$90 million in border security | the Ministry of National Security".
^ "World Air Forces 1975 pg. 303". flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 14 January 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
^ "World Air Forces 1987 pg. 66". flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
^ "Aerospatiale AS 355 | Jamaican Defence Force".
^ "3 JDF soldiers injured in helicopter crash". The Jamaica Observer. 2 July 2009. Archived from the original on 5 July 2009.
^ "MOTTO:Service for the Lives of Others". Jamaica Defense Fund. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2017-02-20. The Sea Squadron was renamed the Jamaica Defence Force Coast Guard (JDF CG) in 1966 and the naval White Ensign, naval rank insignia and Royal Navy - patterned uniforms were adopted.
^ "JDF welcomes 'HMJS Nanny of the Maroons' to maritime fleet | Buzz". 27 June 2020.
^ a b "Jamaica Defence Force returns to Damen for fleet renewal Share this page". Damen Group. 2016-11-17. Archived from the original on 2017-02-18. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
^ "JDF Coast Guard gets two new vessels from United States". The Jamaica Observer. 27 August 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
^ a b c d "BADGES OF RANK". Official Jamaica Defence Force Website. 2019. Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
Bibliography
"JDF Senior Officers Biography". Jamaica Defence Force.
"JDF Ships". Jamaica Defence Force.
"JDF Aircraft". Jamaica Defence Force. Archived from the original on 2013-05-11. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
"History of the JDF". Jamaica Defence Force. Archived from the original on 2012-07-01. Retrieved 2012-05-06.
"Change of Guard - Jamaica Defence Force (JDF) Chief of Staff, Commish walk". Jamaica Gleaner. 10 October 2007. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011.
"Chronological List of Jamaica Army chiefs". Land Forces of Britain, The Empire and Commonwealth. Archived from the original on 15 September 2006.
"Latin American Light Weapons National Inventories". Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016.
External links
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EurasiaReview2016-12-11-2"}],"text":"Combined military forces of JamaicaThe Jamaica Defence Force (JDF) is the combined military of Jamaica, consisting of an infantry Regiment and Reserve Corps, an Air Wing, a Coast Guard fleet and a supporting Engineering Unit.[2] The JDF is based upon the British military model, with similar organisation, training, weapons and traditions. Once chosen, officer candidates are sent to one of several British or Canadian basic officer courses depending upon the arm of service. Enlisted soldiers are given basic training at JDF Training Depot Newcastle. As in the British model, NCOs are given several levels of professional training as they rise up the ranks. Additional military schools are available for speciality training in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States.","title":"Jamaica Defence Force"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cast-away_in_Jamaica_-_West_Indian_Soldiers.jpg"},{"link_name":"West India Regiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_India_Regiments"},{"link_name":"British rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Colony of Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica"},{"link_name":"possessions in the West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_West_Indies"},{"link_name":"WWI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"WWII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"West Indies Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_Federation"},{"link_name":"infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jamaica_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Green Bay Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Massacre"},{"link_name":"Jamaica Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"shooting range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_range"},{"link_name":"snipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniper"},{"link_name":"Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(rank)"},{"link_name":"Military Intelligence Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_intelligence"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jamaica Constabulary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Constabulary_Force"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Edward Seaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Seaga"}],"text":"West Indian soldiers, c. 1861The JDF is directly descended from the West India Regiments formed during the period of British rule. The regiments were used extensively by the British to garrison the Colony of Jamaica and possessions in the West Indies. Other units in the JDF heritage tree include the early colonial Jamaica Militia, the Kingston Infantry Volunteers of WWI and reorganised into the Jamaican Infantry Volunteers in WWII. The West India Regiments were reformed in 1958 as part of the West Indies Federation. The dissolution of the Federation resulted in the establishment of the JDF.The Jamaica Defence Force (JDF) comprises an infantry Regiment and Reserve Corps, an Air Wing, a Coast Guard fleet and a supporting Engineering Unit. The infantry regiment contains the 1st, 2nd and 3rd (National Reserve) battalions. The JDF Air Wing is divided into three flight units, a training unit, a support unit and the JDF Air Wing (National Reserve). The Coast Guard element is divided between seagoing crews and support crews. It conducts maritime safety and maritime law enforcement as well as defence-related operations. The support battalion contains a Military Police platoon as well as vehicle, armourers and supply units. The 1st Engineer Regiment provides military engineering support to the JDF. The Headquarters JDF contains the JDF commander, command staff as well as intelligence, judge advocate office, administrative and procurement sections.On 5 January 1978, the JDF carried out a covert operation that came to be known as the Green Bay Massacre, in which five Jamaica Labour Party (JLF) supporters were shot dead after being lured to a military shooting range. A specially selected team of snipers led by Major Ian Robinson laid an ambush outside the range while members of the JDF's Military Intelligence Unit (MIU) drove a group of JLF supporters towards them in an army ambulance. After the supporters exited the ambulance, an MIU soldier killed one member while the sniper team opened fire on the rest. Four supporters were killed and the remainder fled into nearby bushes.[3]In recent years the JDF has been called upon to assist the nation's police, the Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF), in fighting drug smuggling and a rising crime rate which includes one of the highest murder rates in the world.[citation needed] JDF units actively conduct armed patrols with the JCF in high-crime areas and known gang neighbourhoods. There has been vocal controversy as well as support of this JDF role. In early 2005, an opposition leader, Edward Seaga, called for the merger of the JDF and JCF. This move did not garner support in either organisation nor among the majority of citizens.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Jamaica Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jamaica_Regiment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jamaican_Defence_Force_%26_Bermuda_Regiment_soldiers.png"},{"link_name":"Royal Bermuda Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bermuda_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Blue Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Mountains_(Jamaica)"},{"link_name":"1 Engineer Regiment (JDF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Engineer_Regiment_(JDF)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Headquarters, Jamaica Defence Force (HQ JDF) - divided into the Operations Branch and Adjutant Quartermaster's Branch, this is the main command of the entire JDF.\nThe Jamaica Regiment - The Jamaica Regiment is the operationalization of a terrestrial and combat focused Regular Force formation with an overarching operational headquarters in command of five battalions; the First, Second, Fourth and Fifth Battalions the Jamaica Regiment (1, 2, 4, 5 JR) and the Combat Support Battalion (Cbt Sp Bn).\nThe Support Brigade (Sp Bde) - Regular Force formation that provides both combat support and service support functions with an overarching operational headquarters for five units:A Jamaica Defence Force soldier (left) with a Sergeant of the Royal Bermuda Regiment in the Blue Mountains in 1996\nSupport and Services Battalion\n1 Engineer Regiment (JDF)\nHealth Services Corps\nCorps of Military Police\nThe Maritime, Air and Cyber Command (MACC) - The Maritime, Air and Cyber Command (MACC) is a multi-domain focused Regular Force formation with an operational headquarters in command of six units; the First and Second Districts Jamaica Defence Force Coast Guard (1st and 2nd Dist JDF CG), the Jamaica Defence Force Air Wing (JDF AW), the Military Intelligence Unit (MIU), the Special Activities Regiment (SPEAR) and the Military Cyber Corps (MCC). [4]\nCaribbean Military Academy (CMA) - The Caribbean Military Academy (CMA) was established on 1 May 2019 to function as a Military University, becoming the first of its kind in the Caribbean.\nThe Jamaica National Reserve (JNR) - The Jamaica National Reserve (JNR) is a multi-domain focused Reserve Force formation that has been expanded to include a headquarters element in command of four units; the Third, Sixth and Ninth Battalions the Jamaica Regiment (3, 6 and 9 JR (NR)) in addition to the Support Battalion (National Reserve) (Sp Bn (NR).","title":"Major units of the Jamaica Defence Force"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"military bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_bands"},{"link_name":"Jamaica Military Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Military_Band"},{"link_name":"West India Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_India_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Barbados Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados_Regiment"},{"link_name":"zouaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zouave"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-militaryband-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skabook-6"},{"link_name":"West Indies Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_Federation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regimentband-7"}],"sub_title":"Bands","text":"The JDF also supports two military bands:Jamaica Military Band - this is the band that is descended from the band of the West India Regiment, and was formed in February 1927. It is one of only two units in the world (the other being the Band of the Barbados Regiment) that wears the uniform of the zouaves.[5][6]\nJamaica Regiment Band - this band was originally formed as the Band of the West India Regiment formed in 1959 as the military force of the West Indies Federation. With the Federation's break up and the independence of Jamaica, it became the Band of the 1st Battalion, Jamaica Regiment. It gained its current name with the formation of the 2nd Battalion in 1979.[7]","title":"Major units of the Jamaica Defence Force"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M16A4.png"},{"link_name":"M16 Rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M16_Rifle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FN_MAG_white_background.jpg"},{"link_name":"FN MAG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FN_MAG"}],"text":"M16 RifleFN MAG machine gun","title":"Army equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:N301HC_1985_Beech_B200_Super_King_Air_C-N_BB-1219_-_Tri-state_Care_Flight_(generic).jpg"},{"link_name":"Super King Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_Super_King_Air"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roundel_of_Jamaica.svg"}],"text":"A Super King Air similar to this one is used by the JDFRoundel of Jamaica Defence Force Air Wing","title":"JDF Air Wing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Current inventory","title":"JDF Air Wing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aero Commander 500 family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aero_Commander_500_family"},{"link_name":"BN-2 Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britten-Norman_BN-2_Islander"},{"link_name":"Beechcraft Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_Duke"},{"link_name":"Beechcraft King Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_King_Air"},{"link_name":"Cessna Skymaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_Skymaster"},{"link_name":"Cessna 185 Skywagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_185_Skywagon"},{"link_name":"Cessna 210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_210"},{"link_name":"DHC-6 Twin Otter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DHC-6_Twin_Otter"},{"link_name":"Eurocopter AS355 Écureuil 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_AS355_%C3%89cureuil_2"},{"link_name":"Bell UH-1 Iroquois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_UH-1_Iroquois"},{"link_name":"Bell 47G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_47"},{"link_name":"Bell 212","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_212"},{"link_name":"Bell 204/205","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_204/205"},{"link_name":"Bell 222","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_222"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flightglobal-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flightglobal22-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Retired","text":"Previous aircraft operated by the JDF Air Wing consisted of the Aero Commander 500 family, BN-2 Islander, Beechcraft Duke, Beechcraft King Air, Cessna Skymaster, Cessna 185 Skywagon, Cessna 210, DHC-6 Twin Otter, Eurocopter AS355 Écureuil 2, Bell UH-1 Iroquois, Bell 47G, Bell 212, Bell 204/205, and the Bell 222UT helicopter.[15][16][17]","title":"JDF Air Wing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soldiersinjured-18"}],"sub_title":"Incidents","text":"On July 1, 2009, a Jamaica Defence Force Air Wing Bell 412EP helicopter was on its way back to Up Park Camp from a training mission when it began experiencing mechanical issues. The helicopter crashed into the ground at Up Park Camp, injuring the captain, his co-pilot and a crew member.[18]","title":"JDF Air Wing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Naval_Ensign_of_Jamaica.svg"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JdfCgHistory-19"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EurasiaReview2016-12-11-2"}],"text":"Jamaican naval ensignA year after the JDF was formed in 1962, a naval arm, the Jamaica Sea Squadron was added. The squadron's initial vessels were three 63 ft wooden World War II torpedo recovery boats provided by the United States. They were commissioned “Her Majesty's Jamaican Ship” HMJS Yoruba (P1), HMJS Coromante (P2) and HMJS Mandingo (P3). A training team from the Royal Navy assisted with the unit's early development. In 1966 they changed names from the Jamaica Sea Squadron to the Jamaica Defence Force Coast Guard.[19]As of 2016, the Jamaica Defence Force Coast Guard was staffed by 241 individuals.[2]","title":"JDF Coast Guard"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jamaican_Coast_Guard_patrol_vessels_built_to_a_Damen_Stan_design_-a.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Equipment","text":"Jamaican Coast Guard patrol vessels","title":"JDF Coast Guard"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ranks of the JDF"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Commissioned officers","text":"The rank insignia for commissioned officers for the army and Coast Guard respectively.","title":"Ranks of the JDF"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Enlisted","text":"The rank insignia for enlisted personnel for the army and Coast Guard respectively.","title":"Ranks of the JDF"}]
|
[{"image_text":"West Indian soldiers, c. 1861","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cast-away_in_Jamaica_-_West_Indian_Soldiers.jpg/220px-Cast-away_in_Jamaica_-_West_Indian_Soldiers.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Jamaica Defence Force soldier (left) with a Sergeant of the Royal Bermuda Regiment in the Blue Mountains in 1996","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/81/Jamaican_Defence_Force_%26_Bermuda_Regiment_soldiers.png/220px-Jamaican_Defence_Force_%26_Bermuda_Regiment_soldiers.png"},{"image_text":"M16 Rifle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/M16A4.png/220px-M16A4.png"},{"image_text":"FN MAG machine gun","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/FN_MAG_white_background.jpg/220px-FN_MAG_white_background.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Super King Air similar to this one is used by the JDF","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/N301HC_1985_Beech_B200_Super_King_Air_C-N_BB-1219_-_Tri-state_Care_Flight_%28generic%29.jpg/220px-N301HC_1985_Beech_B200_Super_King_Air_C-N_BB-1219_-_Tri-state_Care_Flight_%28generic%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Roundel of Jamaica Defence Force Air Wing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Roundel_of_Jamaica.svg/220px-Roundel_of_Jamaica.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Jamaican naval ensign","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Naval_Ensign_of_Jamaica.svg/220px-Naval_Ensign_of_Jamaica.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Jamaican Coast Guard patrol vessels","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jamaican_Coast_Guard_patrol_vessels_built_to_a_Damen_Stan_design_-a.jpg/220px-Jamaican_Coast_Guard_patrol_vessels_built_to_a_Damen_Stan_design_-a.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Green Bay Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Massacre"}]
|
[{"reference":"International Institute for Strategic Studies (25 February 2021). The Military Balance 2021. London: Routledge. p. 418. ISBN 9781032012278.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies","url_text":"International Institute for Strategic Studies"},{"url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance/the-military-balance-2021","url_text":"The Military Balance 2021"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London","url_text":"London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781032012278","url_text":"9781032012278"}]},{"reference":"Sanjay Badri-Maharaj (2016-12-11). \"Jamaica Defence Force: Balancing Priorities With Resources – Analysis\". Eurasia Review. Archived from the original on 2016-12-12. Retrieved 2016-12-11. The Jamaica Defence Force is a brigade-sized unit comprising land, sea and air formations and is possibly the largest military establishment within the English-speaking Caribbean.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eurasiareview.com/11122016-jamaica-defence-force-balancing-priorities-with-resources-analysis/","url_text":"\"Jamaica Defence Force: Balancing Priorities With Resources – Analysis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurasia_Review&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Eurasia Review"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161212135112/http://www.eurasiareview.com/11122016-jamaica-defence-force-balancing-priorities-with-resources-analysis/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gunst, Laurie (2003). Born Fi' Dead: A Journey Through the Yardie Underworld. Canongate Books. ISBN 978-1-8419-5386-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canongate_Books","url_text":"Canongate Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8419-5386-1","url_text":"978-1-8419-5386-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Jamaica Military Band\". Jamaica Defence Force. Archived from the original on 2016-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160404173930/http://www.jdfmil.org/JMB/jmbHome.php","url_text":"\"Jamaica Military Band\""},{"url":"http://www.jdfmil.org/JMB/jmbHome.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jamaica Defense Force Band Archives\". Archived from the original on 2018-08-13. Retrieved 2018-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://skabook.com/foundationska/tag/jamaica-defense-force-band/","url_text":"\"Jamaica Defense Force Band Archives\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180813004340/http://skabook.com/foundationska/tag/jamaica-defense-force-band/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Jamaica Regiment Band (TU)\". Jamaica Defence Force. Archived from the original on 2016-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160308122014/http://jdfmil.org/overview/music/music_home3.php","url_text":"\"Jamaica Regiment Band (TU)\""},{"url":"http://www.jdfmil.org/overview/music/music_home3.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jamaica\". Armies of the World. Archived from the original on 2016-12-26. The military budget is 48 million dollars (2001).","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161226141604/http://topgun.rin.ru/cgi-bin/texts.pl?category=state&mode=show&unit=6011&lng=eng","url_text":"\"Jamaica\""},{"url":"http://topgun.rin.ru/cgi-bin/texts.pl?category=state&mode=show&unit=6011&lng=eng","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Equipment\". Jamaica Defence Force. Archived from the original on 2016-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160630101229/http://www.jdfmil.org/equipment/equip_home.php","url_text":"\"Equipment\""},{"url":"http://www.jdfmil.org/equipment/equip_home.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PM Commissions JDF's Protected Mobility Vehicles Squadron\". 2016-01-14. Archived from the original on 2018-01-17. Retrieved 2018-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://jis.gov.jm/pm-commissions-jdfs-protected-mobility-vehicles-squadron/","url_text":"\"PM Commissions JDF's Protected Mobility Vehicles Squadron\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180117090025/http://jis.gov.jm/pm-commissions-jdfs-protected-mobility-vehicles-squadron/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"JDF to Acquire New Fleet of Armoured Vehicles\". 2013-12-03. Archived from the original on 2018-01-11. Retrieved 2018-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://jis.gov.jm/jdf-acquire-new-fleet-armoured-vehicles/","url_text":"\"JDF to Acquire New Fleet of Armoured Vehicles\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180111055641/http://jis.gov.jm/jdf-acquire-new-fleet-armoured-vehicles/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hoyle, Craig (2023). \"World Air Forces 2024\". FlightGlobal. Retrieved 26 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881","url_text":"\"World Air Forces 2024\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlightGlobal","url_text":"FlightGlobal"}]},{"reference":"\"Bell 505 delivery to Jamaica Defence Force\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/bell-505-delivery-to-jamaica-defence-force","url_text":"\"Bell 505 delivery to Jamaica Defence Force\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ministry of National Security invests over US$90 million in border security | the Ministry of National Security\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mns.gov.jm/ministry-national-security-invests-over-us90-million-border-security","url_text":"\"Ministry of National Security invests over US$90 million in border security | the Ministry of National Security\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Air Forces 1975 pg. 303\". flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 14 January 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1975/1975%20-%201677.html","url_text":"\"World Air Forces 1975 pg. 303\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180114184259/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1975/1975%20-%201677.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"World Air Forces 1987 pg. 66\". flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1987/1987%20-%202516.html","url_text":"\"World Air Forces 1987 pg. 66\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306090012/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1987/1987%20-%202516.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Aerospatiale AS 355 | Jamaican Defence Force\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/user/fleet/jamaica-df-aerospatiale-as-355-ecureuil.htm","url_text":"\"Aerospatiale AS 355 | Jamaican Defence Force\""}]},{"reference":"\"3 JDF soldiers injured in helicopter crash\". The Jamaica Observer. 2 July 2009. Archived from the original on 5 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090705164507/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/html/20090702T020000-0500_154599_OBS___JDF_SOLDIERS_INJURED_IN_HELICOPTER_CRASH.asp","url_text":"\"3 JDF soldiers injured in helicopter crash\""},{"url":"http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/html/20090702T020000-0500_154599_OBS___JDF_SOLDIERS_INJURED_IN_HELICOPTER_CRASH.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MOTTO:Service for the Lives of Others\". Jamaica Defense Fund. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2017-02-20. The Sea Squadron was renamed the Jamaica Defence Force Coast Guard (JDF CG) in 1966 and the naval White Ensign, naval rank insignia and Royal Navy - patterned uniforms were adopted.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051223/http://www.jdfmil.org/Units/coast_guard/cg_history.php","url_text":"\"MOTTO:Service for the Lives of Others\""},{"url":"http://www.jdfmil.org/Units/coast_guard/cg_history.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"JDF welcomes 'HMJS Nanny of the Maroons' to maritime fleet | Buzz\". 27 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://buzz-caribbean.com/news/jdf-welcomes-hmjs-nanny-of-the-maroons-to-maritime-fleet/","url_text":"\"JDF welcomes 'HMJS Nanny of the Maroons' to maritime fleet | Buzz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jamaica Defence Force returns to Damen for fleet renewal Share this page\". Damen Group. 2016-11-17. Archived from the original on 2017-02-18. Retrieved 2017-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170218145153/http://www.damen.com/en/news/2016/11/jamaica_defence_force_returns_to_damen_for_fleet_renewal","url_text":"\"Jamaica Defence Force returns to Damen for fleet renewal Share this page\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damen_Group","url_text":"Damen Group"},{"url":"http://www.damen.com/en/news/2016/11/jamaica_defence_force_returns_to_damen_for_fleet_renewal","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"JDF Coast Guard gets two new vessels from United States\". The Jamaica Observer. 27 August 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210930/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/JDF-Coast-Guard-gets-two-new-vessels-from-United-States_19225930","url_text":"\"JDF Coast Guard gets two new vessels from United States\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jamaica_Observer","url_text":"The Jamaica Observer"},{"url":"http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/JDF-Coast-Guard-gets-two-new-vessels-from-United-States_19225930","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BADGES OF RANK\". Official Jamaica Defence Force Website. 2019. Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200820143541/https://www.jdfweb.com/badges-of-rank/","url_text":"\"BADGES OF RANK\""},{"url":"https://www.jdfweb.com/badges-of-rank/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"JDF Senior Officers Biography\". Jamaica Defence Force.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jdfmil.org/info/bios/officer/bio_officer_home.php","url_text":"\"JDF Senior Officers Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"JDF Ships\". Jamaica Defence Force.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jdfmil.org/equipment/ships/ships_home.php","url_text":"\"JDF Ships\""}]},{"reference":"\"JDF Aircraft\". Jamaica Defence Force. Archived from the original on 2013-05-11. Retrieved 2010-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130511034946/http://www.jdfmil.org/equipment/aircraft/aircraft_home.php","url_text":"\"JDF Aircraft\""},{"url":"http://www.jdfmil.org/equipment/aircraft/aircraft_home.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History of the JDF\". Jamaica Defence Force. Archived from the original on 2012-07-01. Retrieved 2012-05-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120701060306/http://www.jdfmil.org/overview/background/background.php","url_text":"\"History of the JDF\""},{"url":"http://www.jdfmil.org/overview/background/background.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Change of Guard - Jamaica Defence Force (JDF) Chief of Staff, Commish walk\". Jamaica Gleaner. 10 October 2007. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110811233321/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20071010/lead/lead1.html","url_text":"\"Change of Guard - Jamaica Defence Force (JDF) Chief of Staff, Commish walk\""},{"url":"http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20071010/lead/lead1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chronological List of Jamaica Army chiefs\". Land Forces of Britain, The Empire and Commonwealth. Archived from the original on 15 September 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060915041014/http://regiments.org/biography/defchiefs/jmCinC.htm","url_text":"\"Chronological List of Jamaica Army chiefs\""},{"url":"http://regiments.org/biography/defchiefs/jmCinC.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Latin American Light Weapons National Inventories\". Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160315104510/http://fas.org/asmp/campaigns/smallarms/lainven.html","url_text":"\"Latin American Light Weapons National Inventories\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists","url_text":"Federation of American Scientists"},{"url":"http://www.fas.org/asmp/campaigns/smallarms/lainven.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mak%C3%B3w_Podhala%C5%84ski
|
Maków Podhalański
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["1 External links"]
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Coordinates: 49°43′50″N 19°40′51″E / 49.73056°N 19.68083°E / 49.73056; 19.68083Place in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, PolandMaków PodhalańskiChurch of the Transfiguration of Christ
FlagCoat of armsMaków PodhalańskiShow map of PolandMaków PodhalańskiShow map of Lesser Poland VoivodeshipCoordinates: 49°43′50″N 19°40′51″E / 49.73056°N 19.68083°E / 49.73056; 19.68083Country PolandVoivodeship Lesser PolandCountySuchaGminaMaków PodhalańskiGovernment • MayorMichał SurmiakArea • Total20.04 km2 (7.74 sq mi)Elevation455 m (1,493 ft)Population (2006) • Total5,738 • Density290/km2 (740/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code34-220Car platesKSU
Maków Podhalański (known as Maków until 1930) is a town in southern Poland, on the Skawa river. Population: 5,738 (2006).
Since 1999 situated in Sucha County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship. Previously (1975–1998) in Bielsko-Biala Voivodeship.
External links
Municipality home page
Jewish Community in Maków Podhalański on Virtual Shtetl
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maków Podhalański.
vteGmina Maków PodhalańskiTown and seat
Maków Podhalański
Villages
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This Sucha County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈmakuf pɔtxaˈlaɲskʲi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Skawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skawa"},{"link_name":"Sucha County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucha_County"},{"link_name":"Lesser Poland Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Bielsko-Biala Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Biala_Voivodeship"}],"text":"Place in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, PolandMaków Podhalański [ˈmakuf pɔtxaˈlaɲskʲi] (known as Maków until 1930) is a town in southern Poland, on the Skawa river. Population: 5,738 (2006).Since 1999 situated in Sucha County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship. Previously (1975–1998) in Bielsko-Biala Voivodeship.","title":"Maków Podhalański"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomona_Docks
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Manchester docks
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["1 Salford docks","2 Pomona docks","3 See also","4 References"]
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Coordinates: 53°28′00″N 2°16′32″W / 53.4666°N 2.2755°W / 53.4666; -2.2755Series of docks in Manchester, England
Manchester Dock 9 (top left) at the beginning of the 20th century. Dock 8 is to the right, and the ship canal is in the foreground.
Manchester docks were nine docks in Salford, Stretford and Manchester, at the eastern end of the Manchester Ship Canal in North West England, which formed part of the Port of Manchester from 1894 until their closure in 1982. They marked the upper reaches of the ship canal, and were a destination for both coastal and ocean-bound vessels carrying cargo and passengers, often travelling to and from Canada.
Manchester docks were divided into two sections; the larger Salford docks to the west of the Trafford Road swing bridge and Pomona docks to the east. Each section consisted of four docks in total, the largest being to the west; Dock 5 at Pomona was never fully completed. Of the eight working docks only one, Dock 1 at Pomona, was within Manchester itself.
In the 1970s the docks began a rapid decline, largely due to containerisation. The increasing size of freight-carrying ships meant they could no longer navigate the Manchester Ship Canal and this, combined with increased trading with Europe and the East, saw use of Manchester Docks decrease. In 1982, the remaining docks closed and the area became derelict. Salford City Council bought the docks in 1984 using a derelict land grant and their redevelopment as Salford Quays began 1985, transforming the area for commercial, residential and leisure use.
Salford docks
1924 map of Manchester docks
The Salford docks are the western (downstream) block, made of four large docks running ENE from the canal, numbered 9, 8, 7 and 6, the last three off a turning basin. They have now been redeveloped into Salford Quays.
Dock 9 is the largest of the docks and was the site of the Manchester Liners container service to Montreal, Quebec. Today the upper reaches contain cleaned water and have been cut off from their former connection to the ship canal. This cleaned water is accessed from Dock 8 via a new canal through Pier 8, while the lower section remains open to ship canal traffic. This dock was the last to be constructed, built on the former New Barnes site of Manchester Racecourse, and opened in the early years of the 20th century.
Dock 8 remains largely intact, although its entrance to the ship canal has been made considerably narrower. It is now accessed through a lock beneath a pedestrian drawbridge, which is used as a buffer to separate the cleaned water of docks 7, 8 and 9 from the relatively untreated water of the ship canal. This is the only route into the redeveloped basins of docks 9 and 7. The lock and drawbridge are mechanised and controlled from the Salford Quays Operations Tower.
Dock 7 has been cut off from the ship canal and divided into a series of small basins, linking Piers 6 and 7 by road and pedestrian footbridges. The basins provide a habitat for wildlife and the introduced fish stock. Access is again from Dock 8, at its north eastern end.
Dock 6 is retained in largely its original configuration.
The smaller basins into which the docks have been divided are all named after North American lakes, reflecting the area's strong trading links the docks had with North America.
Upstream of Dock 6 there is a triangular depression in the canal wall on a similar alignment to the other docks: this was originally a second navigable channel under a fixed road bridge. At the end of the 19th century the channel was infilled above the bridge and the remainder retained as a wharf. Later this arm was further truncated into the vestige seen today.
While Dock 9 was being built there were plans to construct a further dock (Dock 10) downstream of, and parallel to, Dock 9. Maps from 1921 still show the proposed dock, but it is omitted on later editions.
Pomona docks
Modern office development at Pomona docks in Trafford. Little remains to show that this was once a busy working waterfront.
Dock 3, entrance to the Bridgewater Canal locks
Pomona docks was a set of five docks on the Manchester Ship Canal. Unlike the former docks in what is now Salford Quays, there has been little redevelopment.
Dock 5, Ordsall Dock, was a rectangular dock on the opposite bank to the other docks, and was situated directly opposite docks 3-4. Docks 4-2 left the canal at an angle, running east from the canal, each around 200 yards (180 m) long, whilst Dock 1 (mostly in the City of Manchester) was somewhat longer at 233 yards (213 m), and ran almost parallel to the canal in a NE direction.
Dock 5 was infilled at the end of the 19th century, during the construction of Dock 9.
Dock 4 has now been entirely infilled, and almost no trace remains on the ground, although vague outlines of the dock can still be seen on aerial photographs.
Dock 3 remains intact, having been later used as the point for Pomona Lock (which connects the Manchester Ship Canal to the Bridgewater Canal, replacing the redundant Hulme Lock further upstream).
Dock 2 has been infilled along most of its length, although a short stump of the dock remains connected to the canal.
Dock 1 has been infilled, although a depression in the canal bank exists across the former dock mouth.
The official terminus of the canal is several hundred metres further up the canal, at a point where it is crossed by a footbridge. Between the four main docks and Pomona docks was a swinging road bridge. In the 1960s its openings and closings were announced by a man blowing a hunting horn.
The Pomona docks were built on the site of the Pomona Gardens, named after the Roman goddess Pomona. The swinging roadbridge separating Salford Quays from Pomona docks is now permanently closed, and only small pleasure craft can pass under it into Pomona docks. The gardens gave their name to a public house at Cornbrook. The area is served by the Pomona tram stop on the Manchester Metrolink.
See also
United Kingdom portalTransport portal
River Irwell
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Salford Quays.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pomona Docks.
^ a b "Pomona docks". Archived from the original on 20 November 2008. Retrieved on 20 August 2009.
^ "A walk through Pomona forgotten corner of Manchester". 4 April 2006. Archived from the original on 7 June 2009. Retrieved 20 August 2009.
^ a b "Salford Quays Heritage Trail" (PDF). Retrieved 20 August 2009.
^ "Manchester Ship Canal Introduction". Retrieved 20 August 2009.
^ "Manchester Liners and Docks". Retrieved 20 August 2009.
^ a b "Salford Quays Milestones: The Story of Salford Quays" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
^ Manchester Evening News Syndication. Salford Past.
^ Ashton, Geoffrey Lost Rivers of Manchester. Willow Publishing, Altrincham, 1987, ISBN 0-946361-12-6
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Dock 8 is to the right, and the ship canal is in the foreground.Manchester docks were nine docks in Salford, Stretford and Manchester, at the eastern end of the Manchester Ship Canal in North West England,[1][2][3] which formed part of the Port of Manchester from 1894 until their closure in 1982. They marked the upper reaches of the ship canal,[4] and were a destination for both coastal and ocean-bound vessels carrying cargo and passengers, often travelling to and from Canada.[5]Manchester docks were divided into two sections; the larger Salford docks to the west of the Trafford Road swing bridge and Pomona docks to the east. Each section consisted of four docks in total, the largest being to the west; Dock 5 at Pomona was never fully completed. Of the eight working docks only one, Dock 1 at Pomona, was within Manchester itself.[1]In the 1970s the docks began a rapid decline, largely due to containerisation. The increasing size of freight-carrying ships meant they could no longer navigate the Manchester Ship Canal and this, combined with increased trading with Europe and the East, saw use of Manchester Docks decrease. 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They have now been redeveloped into Salford Quays[citation needed].Dock 9 is the largest of the docks and was the site of the Manchester Liners container service to Montreal, Quebec.[7] Today the upper reaches contain cleaned water and have been cut off from their former connection to the ship canal. This cleaned water is accessed from Dock 8 via a new canal through Pier 8, while the lower section remains open to ship canal traffic. This dock was the last to be constructed, built on the former New Barnes site of Manchester Racecourse, and opened in the early years of the 20th century.\nDock 8 remains largely intact, although its entrance to the ship canal has been made considerably narrower. It is now accessed through a lock beneath a pedestrian drawbridge, which is used as a buffer to separate the cleaned water of docks 7, 8 and 9 from the relatively untreated water of the ship canal. This is the only route into the redeveloped basins of docks 9 and 7. The lock and drawbridge are mechanised and controlled from the Salford Quays Operations Tower.\nDock 7 has been cut off from the ship canal and divided into a series of small basins, linking Piers 6 and 7 by road and pedestrian footbridges. The basins provide a habitat for wildlife and the introduced fish stock. Access is again from Dock 8, at its north eastern end.\nDock 6 is retained in largely its original configuration.The smaller basins into which the docks have been divided are all named after North American lakes, reflecting the area's strong trading links the docks had with North America.[3]Upstream of Dock 6 there is a triangular depression in the canal wall on a similar alignment to the other docks: this was originally a second navigable channel under a fixed road bridge. At the end of the 19th century the channel was infilled above the bridge and the remainder retained as a wharf. 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Little remains to show that this was once a busy working waterfront.Dock 3, entrance to the Bridgewater Canal locksPomona docks was a set of five docks on the Manchester Ship Canal. Unlike the former docks in what is now Salford Quays, there has been little redevelopment.Dock 5, Ordsall Dock, was a rectangular dock on the opposite bank to the other docks, and was situated directly opposite docks 3-4. Docks 4-2 left the canal at an angle, running east from the canal, each around 200 yards (180 m) long, whilst Dock 1 (mostly in the City of Manchester) was somewhat longer at 233 yards (213 m), and ran almost parallel to the canal in a NE direction.Dock 5 was infilled at the end of the 19th century, during the construction of Dock 9.\nDock 4 has now been entirely infilled, and almost no trace remains on the ground, although vague outlines of the dock can still be seen on aerial photographs.\nDock 3 remains intact, having been later used as the point for Pomona Lock (which connects the Manchester Ship Canal to the Bridgewater Canal, replacing the redundant Hulme Lock further upstream).\nDock 2 has been infilled along most of its length, although a short stump of the dock remains connected to the canal.\nDock 1 has been infilled, although a depression in the canal bank exists across the former dock mouth.The official terminus of the canal is several hundred metres further up the canal, at a point where it is crossed by a footbridge. Between the four main docks and Pomona docks was a swinging road bridge. In the 1960s its openings and closings were announced by a man blowing a hunting horn.The Pomona docks were built on the site of the Pomona Gardens,[8] named after the Roman goddess Pomona. The swinging roadbridge separating Salford Quays from Pomona docks is now permanently closed, and only small pleasure craft can pass under it into Pomona docks. The gardens gave their name to a public house at Cornbrook. The area is served by the Pomona tram stop on the Manchester Metrolink.","title":"Pomona docks"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_Boy
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That Boy
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["1 Synopsis","2 Cast","3 External links"]
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Not to be confused with This Boy or Dat Boi.
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "That Boy" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
That Boy is a 1974 gay pornographic film written, produced and directed by Peter Berlin, his first and only feature-length pornographic film. It is also the second and last feature-length porn film in which he appeared as an actor following the huge success of Nights in Black Leather (1973). Although he is credited as director, producer and actor under the name Peter Burian, following the threat of a lawsuit from another actor named Peter Burian he changed his name to Peter Berlin and became hugely popular under the new name.
Synopsis
This was as popular as Berlin's first film. This second feature film tells a more complicated story of Peter Berlin's alter ego Helmut who drifts around south of Market and Polk Street areas of San Francisco.
When Helmut meets a blind boy (Arron Black) and becomes fascinated by him, the film begins a series of fantasies within fantasies that quickly take it out of the realm of standard gay porn.
Cast
Peter Berlin (credited as Peter Burian)
Arron Black as The Blind Boy
Pristine Condition
Chastity White
External links
That Boy at IMDb
This pornographic film–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a film with a lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender theme is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"This Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Boy"},{"link_name":"Dat Boi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dat_Boi"},{"link_name":"gay pornographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_pornography"},{"link_name":"Peter Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Nights in Black Leather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nights_in_Black_Leather"}],"text":"Not to be confused with This Boy or Dat Boi.That Boy is a 1974 gay pornographic film written, produced and directed by Peter Berlin, his first and only feature-length pornographic film. It is also the second and last feature-length porn film in which he appeared as an actor following the huge success of Nights in Black Leather (1973). Although he is credited as director, producer and actor under the name Peter Burian, following the threat of a lawsuit from another actor named Peter Burian he changed his name to Peter Berlin and became hugely popular under the new name.","title":"That Boy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alter ego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alter_ego"}],"text":"This was as popular as Berlin's first film. This second feature film tells a more complicated story of Peter Berlin's alter ego Helmut who drifts around south of Market and Polk Street areas of San Francisco.When Helmut meets a blind boy (Arron Black) and becomes fascinated by him, the film begins a series of fantasies within fantasies that quickly take it out of the realm of standard gay porn.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Berlin"}],"text":"Peter Berlin (credited as Peter Burian)\nArron Black as The Blind Boy\nPristine Condition\nChastity White","title":"Cast"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucca_flaccida
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Yucca flaccida
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["1 Description","2 Taxonomy","3 Ecology","4 Cultivation","5 References"]
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Species of flowering plant
Yucca flaccida
Royal Botanic Garden, Madrid
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Monocots
Order:
Asparagales
Family:
Asparagaceae
Subfamily:
Agavoideae
Genus:
Yucca
Species:
Y. flaccida
Binomial name
Yucca flaccidaHaw.
Synonyms
Yucca filamentosa var. flaccida (Haw.) Engelm.
Yucca concava Haw.
Yucca exigua Baker
Yucca glaucescens Haw.
Yucca puberula Haw.
Yucca orchioides Carrière
Yucca louisianensis Trel.
Yucca smalliana Fern.
Yucca freemanii Shinners
Yucca flaccida, commonly called Adam's needle or weak-leaf yucca, is a species of flowering plant in the asparagus family (Asparagaceae). It is native to south-central and southeastern North America, from the lower Great Plains eastward to the Atlantic seaboard in Virginia, south through Florida and the Gulf states. Its natural habitat is in sandy open woodlands and fields. It is not considered to be threatened by the IUCN.
Description
It is a stemless evergreen shrub growing to 55 cm (22 in) tall by 150 cm (59 in) broad. It has a basal rosette of sharply pointed, swordlike leaves up to 55 cm (22 in) long. In summer, 150 cm (59 in) long panicles of bell-shaped creamy white flowers are held above the foliage.
The Latin specific epithet flaccida means "weak", "feeble", referring to the leaves which often fold under their own weight (the inner leaves may remain erect as they are supported by the outer ones).
Taxonomy
Some authorities regard Y. flaccida as a variety or form of Y. filamentosa, rather than as a separate species.
Populations in the South Central Region of the United States with unusually narrow leaves have been segregated as Y. louisianensis by some authorities. This entity is found in the states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas.
Ecology
A number of yucca moths lay their eggs upon Y. flaccida as a host plant, an example being Tegeticula intermedia.
Cultivation
It is cultivated and valued as an architectural plant. Numerous cultivars are available, some with variegated leaves, of which 'Golden Sword' and 'Ivory' have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Yucca flaccida can be identified by its pubescent inflorescence branches
Western populations have unusually narrow leaves, and are sometimes treated as a separate species called Y. louisianensis
References
^ a b Clary, K.; Salywon, A.; Puente, R.; Hodgson, W. (2021). "Yucca flaccida". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T117427961A117470047. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T117427961A117470047.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^ "International Plant Names Index (IPNI) -Yucca flaccida". Retrieved 17 May 2013.
^ Tropicos, Yucca flaccida
^ a b c "Flora of North America (FNA) - Yucca flaccida". Retrieved 17 May 2013.
^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Yucca flaccida". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
^ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
^ a b RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
^ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. p. 224. ISBN 9781845337315.
^ a b Alan Weakley (2015). "Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States".
^ Diggs, George; Lipscomb, Barney; Reed, Monique; O'Kennon, Robert (2006). Illustrated Flora of East Texas, Volume 1. Botanical Research Institute of Texas. p. 684.
^ "Yucca louisianensis". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
^ "Tegeticula intermedia". tolweb.org. Retrieved 2017-11-16.
^ "RHS Plant Selector - Yucca flaccida 'Golden Sword'". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
^ "RHS Plant Selector - Yucca flaccida 'Ivory'". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 108. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
Wikispecies has information related to Yucca flaccida.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yucca flaccida.
Taxon identifiersYucca flaccida
Wikidata: Q2237972
Wikispecies: Yucca flaccida
APA: 3780
CoL: 7GBH8
EoL: 1083608
EPPO: UCCFL
FNA: 242102063
GBIF: 2775530
GRIN: 42152
iNaturalist: 332548
IPNI: 543694-1
IRMNG: 11346456
ITIS: 523596
IUCN: 117427961
MichiganFlora: 25
Observation.org: 197670
Open Tree of Life: 1081915
Plant List: kew-291746
PLANTS: YUFL2
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:543694-1
Tropicos: 18404069
VASCAN: 2458
WisFlora: 5449
WFO: wfo-0000752230
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It is native to south-central and southeastern North America, from the lower Great Plains eastward to the Atlantic seaboard in Virginia, south through Florida and the Gulf states.[6] Its natural habitat is in sandy open woodlands and fields.[4] It is not considered to be threatened by the IUCN.[1]","title":"Yucca flaccida"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"evergreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen"},{"link_name":"shrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RHSAZ-7"},{"link_name":"specific epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_name#Binary_name"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RHSLG-8"}],"text":"It is a stemless evergreen shrub growing to 55 cm (22 in) tall by 150 cm (59 in) broad. It has a basal rosette of sharply pointed, swordlike leaves up to 55 cm (22 in) long. In summer, 150 cm (59 in) long panicles of bell-shaped creamy white flowers are held above the foliage.[7]The Latin specific epithet flaccida means \"weak\", \"feeble\", referring to the leaves which often fold under their own weight (the inner leaves may remain erect as they are supported by the outer ones).[8]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(botany)"},{"link_name":"form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_(botany)"},{"link_name":"Y. filamentosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucca_filamentosa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FNA-4"},{"link_name":"South Central Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Central_United_States"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weakley-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tx-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BONAP2-11"}],"text":"Some authorities regard Y. flaccida as a variety or form of Y. filamentosa, rather than as a separate species.[4]Populations in the South Central Region of the United States with unusually narrow leaves have been segregated as Y. louisianensis by some authorities.[9][10] This entity is found in the states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas.[11]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tegeticula intermedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegeticula_intermedia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tolweb-12"}],"text":"A number of yucca moths lay their eggs upon Y. flaccida as a host plant, an example being Tegeticula intermedia.[12]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RHSAZ-7"},{"link_name":"cultivars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivars"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RHS3-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RHS2-14"},{"link_name":"Royal Horticultural Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society"},{"link_name":"Award of Garden Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RHS-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yucca_flaccida_Alabama.jpg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weakley-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yucca_louisianensis.jpg"}],"text":"It is cultivated and valued as an architectural plant.[7] Numerous cultivars are available, some with variegated leaves, of which 'Golden Sword'[13] and 'Ivory'[14] have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[15]Yucca flaccida can be identified by its pubescent inflorescence branches[9]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWestern populations have unusually narrow leaves, and are sometimes treated as a separate species called Y. louisianensis","title":"Cultivation"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._T._Dickinson
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H. T. Dickinson
|
["1 Works","2 Notes"]
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English historian
H. T. DickinsonFRSEBornHarry Thomas Dickinson (1939-03-09) 9 March 1939 (age 85)Gateshead, EnglandDiedJanuary 24, 2024(2024-01-24) (aged 84)OccupationWriter, author, historianLanguageEnglishGenreHistory
Harry Thomas Dickinson FRSE (9 March 1939-24 January 2024) was an English historian specialising in British eighteenth century politics. He obtained his BA and MA from the University of Durham and his PhD from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. He was Reader in History and later Richard Lodge Professor of British History at the University of Edinburgh. He was editor of the journal History from 1993 to 2000. Isaac Kramnick wrote that of the biographies of Lord Bolingbroke, Dickinson's was the "most reliable". In the opinion of David Armitage, Dickinson's life of Lord Bolingbroke "replaced all earlier accounts".
Works
(editor), The Correspondence of Sir James Clavering (1967).
Bolingbroke: "The Idea of a Patriot King", History Today 20, I (January 1970), pp. 13–19.
Bolingbroke (1970).
Walpole and the Whig Supremacy (1973).
(editor), Politics and Literature in Eighteenth-Century Britain (1974).
Liberty and Property: Political Ideology in Eighteenth-Century Britain (1977 and 1979).
'Whiggism in the eighteenth century', in John Cannon (ed.), The Whig Ascendancy. Colloquies on Hanoverian Britain (1981), pp. 28–44.
(editor), The Political Works of Thomas Spence (1982).
British Radicalism and the French Revolution, 1789-1815 (1985).
Caricatures and the Constitution, 1760-1832 (1986).
(editor), Britain and the French Revolution, 1789-1815 (1989).
The Politics of the People in Eighteenth-Century Britain (1994 and 1995).
(editor), Britain and the American Revolution (1998).
(editor, with Michael Lynch), The Challenge to Westminster (2000).
'"The Friends of America": British sympathy with the American Revolution', in Michael T. Davis (ed.), Radicalism and Revolution in Britain, 1775-1848 (2000).
(editor), A Companion to Eighteenth-Century Britain (2002).
'Richard Price on reason and revolution', in William Gibson and Robert G. Ingram (eds.), Religion, Politics and Identity, 1660-1832 (2005).
(editor), Constitutional Documents of the United Kingdom, 1782-1835 (2005).
25 entries in Gregory Fremont-Barnes (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies, 1760-1815 (2007).
'The Representation of the People in Eighteenth-Century Britain', in Maia Jansson (ed.), Realities and Representation (2007), pp. 19–44.
(editor), British Pamphlets on the American Revolution, 1763 - 1785. 8 vols. (2007-8).
(co-editor), Reactions to Revolutions (2007).
Notes
^ "In Memoriam - Professor Harry Dickinson". School of History, Classics & Archaeology, The University of Edinburgh. 5 February 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
^ John Cannon (ed.), The Whig Ascendancy. Colloquies on Hanoverian Britain (Edward Arnold, 1981), p. xi.
^ "Staff". shc.ed.ac.uk.
^ Isaac Kramnick (ed.), Lord Bolingbroke. Historical Writings (University of Chicago Press, 1972), p. lii.
^ David Armitage (ed.), Bolingbroke: Political Writings (Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. xxx.
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IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FRSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRSE"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"University of Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Durham"},{"link_name":"University of Newcastle upon Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Isaac Kramnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Kramnick"},{"link_name":"Lord Bolingbroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"David Armitage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Armitage_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Harry Thomas Dickinson FRSE (9 March 1939-24 January 2024)[1] was an English historian specialising in British eighteenth century politics. He obtained his BA and MA from the University of Durham and his PhD from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. He was Reader in History and later Richard Lodge Professor of British History at the University of Edinburgh.[2] He was editor of the journal History from 1993 to 2000.[3] Isaac Kramnick wrote that of the biographies of Lord Bolingbroke, Dickinson's was the \"most reliable\".[4] In the opinion of David Armitage, Dickinson's life of Lord Bolingbroke \"replaced all earlier accounts\".[5]","title":"H. T. Dickinson"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"(editor), The Correspondence of Sir James Clavering (1967).\nBolingbroke: \"The Idea of a Patriot King\", History Today 20, I (January 1970), pp. 13–19.\nBolingbroke (1970).\nWalpole and the Whig Supremacy (1973).\n(editor), Politics and Literature in Eighteenth-Century Britain (1974).\nLiberty and Property: Political Ideology in Eighteenth-Century Britain (1977 and 1979).\n'Whiggism in the eighteenth century', in John Cannon (ed.), The Whig Ascendancy. Colloquies on Hanoverian Britain (1981), pp. 28–44.\n(editor), The Political Works of Thomas Spence (1982).\nBritish Radicalism and the French Revolution, 1789-1815 (1985).\nCaricatures and the Constitution, 1760-1832 (1986).\n(editor), Britain and the French Revolution, 1789-1815 (1989).\nThe Politics of the People in Eighteenth-Century Britain (1994 and 1995).\n(editor), Britain and the American Revolution (1998).\n(editor, with Michael Lynch), The Challenge to Westminster (2000).\n'\"The Friends of America\": British sympathy with the American Revolution', in Michael T. Davis (ed.), Radicalism and Revolution in Britain, 1775-1848 (2000).\n(editor), A Companion to Eighteenth-Century Britain (2002).\n'Richard Price on reason and revolution', in William Gibson and Robert G. Ingram (eds.), Religion, Politics and Identity, 1660-1832 (2005).\n(editor), Constitutional Documents of the United Kingdom, 1782-1835 (2005).\n25 entries in Gregory Fremont-Barnes (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies, 1760-1815 (2007).\n'The Representation of the People in Eighteenth-Century Britain', in Maia Jansson (ed.), Realities and Representation (2007), pp. 19–44.\n(editor), British Pamphlets on the American Revolution, 1763 - 1785. 8 vols. (2007-8).\n(co-editor), Reactions to Revolutions (2007).","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"In Memoriam - Professor Harry Dickinson\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ed.ac.uk/history-classics-archaeology/news-events/news/in-memoriam-professor-harry-dickinson"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Staff\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.shc.ed.ac.uk/staff/hon_fellows/hdickinson/publications.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5628588#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000110325501"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/109865555"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjHdH7cQD9gmj6YtbcwYP"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90881778"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1116703"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12054643c"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12054643c"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/131746200"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007278347705171"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13962033"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n50027316"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000228847&P_CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=vse2012699064&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35035484"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071235221"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/182565"},{"link_name":"CiNii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02644376?l=en"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/028781333"}],"text":"^ \"In Memoriam - Professor Harry Dickinson\". School of History, Classics & Archaeology, The University of Edinburgh. 5 February 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.\n\n^ John Cannon (ed.), The Whig Ascendancy. Colloquies on Hanoverian Britain (Edward Arnold, 1981), p. xi.\n\n^ \"Staff\". shc.ed.ac.uk.\n\n^ Isaac Kramnick (ed.), Lord Bolingbroke. Historical Writings (University of Chicago Press, 1972), p. lii.\n\n^ David Armitage (ed.), Bolingbroke: Political Writings (Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. xxx.Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nBelgium\nUnited States\nLatvia\nCzech Republic\nAustralia\nNetherlands\nVatican\nAcademics\nCiNii\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"In Memoriam - Professor Harry Dickinson\". School of History, Classics & Archaeology, The University of Edinburgh. 5 February 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ed.ac.uk/history-classics-archaeology/news-events/news/in-memoriam-professor-harry-dickinson","url_text":"\"In Memoriam - Professor Harry Dickinson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Staff\". shc.ed.ac.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shc.ed.ac.uk/staff/hon_fellows/hdickinson/publications.html","url_text":"\"Staff\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep_It_to_Yourself_(Kacey_Musgraves_song)
|
Keep It to Yourself (Kacey Musgraves song)
|
["1 Content","2 Critical reception","3 Commercial performance","4 Charts","4.1 Weekly charts","5 References"]
|
2014 single by Kacey Musgraves"Keep It to Yourself"Single by Kacey Musgravesfrom the album Same Trailer Different Park ReleasedMarch 10, 2014GenreCountryLength3:17LabelMercury NashvilleSongwriter(s)
Kacey Musgraves
Shane McAnally
Luke Laird
Producer(s)
Luke Laird
Shane McAnally
Kacey Musgraves
Kacey Musgraves singles chronology
"Follow Your Arrow" (2013)
"Keep It to Yourself" (2014)
"Biscuits" (2015)
"Keep It to Yourself" is a song written by American country music artist Kacey Musgraves, singer Shane McAnally and songwriter Luke Laird, and sung by Musgraves. It was released on March 10, 2014, as the fourth and final single from Musgraves' debut album, Same Trailer Different Park (2013).
Content
"Keep It to Yourself" is a country song addressed to an ex, speaking of how the narrator does not want to hear how her ex is feeling, because she doesn't want to fall for him again. It is musically and lyrically different from Musgraves's other songs, with a more traditional lyric and slight country pop sound. Musgraves stated: “It’s just about knowing and wanting to know how that person feels about you, like, in a situation, but just knowing that it’s not good for you anymore and that you literally have to be the strong person and say, ‘Don’t tell me, because it’s just going to rope me back in.' It’s just like about getting over that hump, that hard part where you feel like you’re just going to die because this person’s not there anymore. Nobody wants to feel naked or uncomfortable, and removing yourself out of a situation that you know is probably not right is really hard, but it’s something that you just have to do.” Instruments used in this song include guitar, banjo, piano, and pedal steel guitar.
Critical reception
The song received generally favorable reviews. Taste of Country contributors praised how the "understated" love song "takes a familiar experience and makes it sound very unique and very fresh," and "expresses how many feel as they begin to get over a broken relationship," noting that "It’s nice to have a song like this that doesn’t involve violence." 59.29% of readers of the country music blog voted "Keep It to Yourself" 5 stars out of 5. Daryl Addison of Great American Country called it one of the four best songs on the album, saying, "The songwriting is consistently superb while stories tend to take on different angles, as in, “Keep It to Yourself,” a deeply empathetic anti-love song where she’d really just rather be left alone in order to move on."
Commercial performance
The song debuted at No. 56 on the Country Airplay chart for the week ending March 29, 2014.
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (2014)
Peakposition
Canada Country (Billboard)
48
US Country Airplay (Billboard)
32
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)
40
References
^ "Kacey Musgraves Gets Personal on "Keep It to Yourself"". Country Weekly. American Media, Inc. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
^ "Kacey Musgraves, 'Keep It to Yourself' ". Taste of Country. Townsquare Media. 13 March 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
^ "GAC Album Review: Kacey Musgraves' Same Trailer Different Park". Great American Country. Scripps Network, LLC. Archived from the original on 16 March 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
^ Trust, Gary. "Chart Highlights: Pharrell's 'Happy' Takes Over A Host Of Airplay Charts". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
^ "Kacey Musgraves Chart History (Canada Country)". Billboard.
^ "Kacey Musgraves Chart History (Country Airplay)". Billboard.
^ "Kacey Musgraves Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
vteKacey Musgraves
Discography
Studio albums
Same Trailer Different Park
Pageant Material
A Very Kacey Christmas
Golden Hour
Star-Crossed
Deeper Well
SoundtracksThe Kacey Musgraves Christmas ShowSingles
"Merry Go 'Round"
"Blowin' Smoke"
"Follow Your Arrow"
"Keep It to Yourself"
"Biscuits"
"Dime Store Cowgirl"
"Space Cowboy"
"Butterflies"
"High Horse"
"Rainbow"
"Easy"
"Justified"
Featured singles
"I Remember Everything"
Other songs
"All Is Found"
"A Spoonful of Sugar"
"Forever Country"
"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree"
Concert tours
Same Tour Different Trailer
Oh, What a World: Tour II
Star-Crossed: Unveiled
Deeper Well World Tour
Television
The Kacey Musgraves Christmas Show
My Kind of Country
Category
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Kacey Musgraves Gets Personal on \"Keep It to Yourself\"\". Country Weekly. American Media, Inc. Retrieved 23 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.countryweekly.com/news/kacey-musgraves-gets-personal-keep-it-yourself","url_text":"\"Kacey Musgraves Gets Personal on \"Keep It to Yourself\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Weekly","url_text":"Country Weekly"}]},{"reference":"\"Kacey Musgraves, 'Keep It to Yourself' [Listen]\". Taste of Country. Townsquare Media. 13 March 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://tasteofcountry.com/kacey-musgraves-keep-it-to-yourself","url_text":"\"Kacey Musgraves, 'Keep It to Yourself' [Listen]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsquare_Media","url_text":"Townsquare Media"}]},{"reference":"\"GAC Album Review: Kacey Musgraves' Same Trailer Different Park\". Great American Country. Scripps Network, LLC. Archived from the original on 16 March 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130316073947/http://blog.gactv.com/blog/2013/03/11/gac-album-review-kacey-musgraves-same-trailer-different-park/","url_text":"\"GAC Album Review: Kacey Musgraves' Same Trailer Different Park\""},{"url":"http://blog.gactv.com/blog/2013/03/11/gac-album-review-kacey-musgraves-same-trailer-different-park","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary. \"Chart Highlights: Pharrell's 'Happy' Takes Over A Host Of Airplay Charts\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 24 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/5937624/chart-highlights-pharrells-happy-takes-over-a-host-of-airplay","url_text":"\"Chart Highlights: Pharrell's 'Happy' Takes Over A Host Of Airplay Charts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.countryweekly.com/news/kacey-musgraves-gets-personal-keep-it-yourself","external_links_name":"\"Kacey Musgraves Gets Personal on \"Keep It to Yourself\"\""},{"Link":"http://tasteofcountry.com/kacey-musgraves-keep-it-to-yourself","external_links_name":"\"Kacey Musgraves, 'Keep It to Yourself' [Listen]\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130316073947/http://blog.gactv.com/blog/2013/03/11/gac-album-review-kacey-musgraves-same-trailer-different-park/","external_links_name":"\"GAC Album Review: Kacey Musgraves' Same Trailer Different Park\""},{"Link":"http://blog.gactv.com/blog/2013/03/11/gac-album-review-kacey-musgraves-same-trailer-different-park","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/5937624/chart-highlights-pharrells-happy-takes-over-a-host-of-airplay","external_links_name":"\"Chart Highlights: Pharrell's 'Happy' Takes Over A Host Of Airplay Charts\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Kacey-Musgraves/chart-history/CCW","external_links_name":"\"Kacey Musgraves Chart History (Canada Country)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Kacey-Musgraves/chart-history/CSA","external_links_name":"\"Kacey Musgraves Chart History (Country Airplay)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Kacey-Musgraves/chart-history/CSI","external_links_name":"\"Kacey Musgraves Chart History (Hot Country Songs)\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanggamala
|
Wanggamala
|
["1 Country","2 Language","3 Economy","4 Alternative names","5 Notes","5.1 Citations","6 Sources"]
|
An Aboriginal Australian people of the Northern Territory
Not to be confused with Wanggumara.
The Wanggamala people, also spelt Wangkamahdla, Wangkamadla, Wangkamanha, Wangkamana, Wonkamala, Wongkamala, Wonkamudla, and other variants, are an Aboriginal Australian people of the Northern Territory and Queensland.
Country
In Norman Tindale's estimate, Wanggamala tribal lands covered some 20,000 square miles (52,000 km2) of territory. They roamed north-west of Annandale, at Kalidawarry and around the lower Field and Hay rivers, along the Plenty river, and on the eastern margins of the Simpson Desert. River waters were ephemeral and they dug native wells (mikari).
In July 2021, the Wanggamala people, spelt Wangkamahdla in the claim, won native title rights to over 3,000,000 ha (7,400,000 acres) west and south-west of Boulia, stretching from around Bedourie, Queensland, across to the Northern Territory border, including Cravens Peak Reserve (named Pilungah Reserve in October 2021) and part of the Munga-Thirri National Park.
Language
Main article: Wanggamala language
Their language was Wanggamala, which is now extinct.
Economy
The Wanggamala lived in areas where the native tobacco pituri grows and, aside from using it themselves, they employed it as a valuable trading resource.
Alternative names
Tharlimanha (Breen 2007)
Wanggamala (AIATSIS and Ethnologue)
Wanggamanha
Wangkamadla
Wangkamahdla
Wangkamala
Wangkamana (Horton, after Tindale; Blake & Breen 1971)
Wangkamanha
Wonggaman (AIAS)
Wonggawan
Wongkamala (Tindale)
Wonkamala (Tindale 1974)
Wonkamudla(Tindale 1974; O'Grady et al 1996; Mathews)
Notes
Citations
^ a b c d e Tindale 1974, p. 238.
^ a b Barry, Derek (15 October 2021). "Boulia's Cravens Peak is renamed Pilungah". The North West Star. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
^ a b "Wangkamahdla People celebrate Queensland Native Title ruling". NITV. 15 July 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k C9 Wanggamala at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
^ Caddy, Amelia (14 October 2021). "Introducing Pilungah Reserve". Bush Heritage Australia. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
^ Horton, David R. (1996). "Map of Indigenous Australia". AIATSIS.
Sources
Horton, David R. (1996). "Map of Indigenous Australia". AIATSIS.
Howitt, Alfred William (1904). The native tribes of south-east Australia (PDF). Macmillan.
Howitt, Alfred William; Siebert, Otto (January–June 1904). "Legends of the Dieri and Kindred Tribes of Central Australia". Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 34. Adelaide: 100–129. doi:10.2307/2843089. JSTOR 2843089.
Mathews, R. H. (January 1900a). "Divisions of the South Australian Aborigines". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 39 (161): 78–91+93. JSTOR 983545.
Mathews, R. H. (October–December 1900b). "Phallic Rites and Initiation Ceremonies of the South Australian Aborigines". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 39 (164): 622–638. JSTOR 983778.
Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Wongkamala (NT)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University Press. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.
vteAboriginal peoples in the Northern Territory
Airiman
Alawa
Alura
Alyawarre
Amarak
Amijangal
Andakerebina
Anindilyakwa
Anmatyerre
Arrernte
Awarai
Awinmul
Beriguruk
Bilingara
Binbinga
Bingongina
Bininj
Burarra
Dagoman
Daii
Dalabon
Dangu
Dhuwal
Dhuwala
Djalakuru
Djaŋu
Djerait
Djerimanga
Djinang
Djinba
Djowei
Doolboong
Emmiyangal
Gaagudju
Gaari
Gadjerong
Gambalang
Garrwa/Karawa
Giimbiyu
Gudanji
Gungorogone
Gunindiri
Gurindji
Iwaidja
Jaako
Jamindjung
Jawoyn
Jingili
Karrangpurru
Kaytetye
Kukatja
Kunapa
Kungarakan
Kunibidji
Kunwinjku
Kwarandji
Larrakia
Madngella
Makarrwanhalmirr
Mangarayi
Mantjintjarra Ngalia
Mariamo
Maridan
Maridjabin
Marimanindji
Marinunggo
Marijedi
Mariu
Marra
Marranunggu
Marrithiyal
Mati Ke
Matuntara
Maung
Menhdheyangal
Mudburra
Mulluk-Mulluk
Muringura
Murngin=Yolgnu
Murrinh-Patha
Nagara
Nanggikorongo
Nangiomeri
Ngaanyatjarra
Ngalakgan
Ngalia
Ngaliwurru
Ngandi
Ngardok
Ngarinman
Ngarnka
Ngarti
Ngolokwangga
Ngormbur
Norweilemil
Nungali
Nunggubuyu
Oitbi
Perrakee?
Pintupi
Pitjantjatjara
Pongaponga
Puneitja
Rembarrnga
Ritharngu/Diakui
Tiwi
Tjial
Waanyi
Wadere
Wadjiginy
Wagoman
Wakaya
Walu
Wambaya
Wandjira
Wardaman
Warlmanpa
Warlpiri
Warndarang
Warumungu
Watta
Wilingura
Wongkamala
Wulwulam
Wurango
Yangman
Yan-nhaŋu/Nango
Yanyuwa
Yaroinga
Yindjilandji
Yolngu
Yukul
Yumu
Yunggor
By state or territory
New South Wales
Northern Territory
Queensland
South Australia
Tasmania
Victoria
Western Australia
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wanggumara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanggumara"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Wanggumara.The Wanggamala people, also spelt Wangkamahdla, Wangkamadla, Wangkamanha, Wangkamana, Wonkamala, Wongkamala, Wonkamudla, and other variants, are an Aboriginal Australian people of the Northern Territory and Queensland.","title":"Wanggamala"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norman Tindale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Tindale"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974238-1"},{"link_name":"Annandale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annandale_Station_(pastoral_lease)"},{"link_name":"Simpson Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpson_Desert"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974238-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"native title rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_title_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Bedourie, Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedourie,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Pilungah Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilungah_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nws2021-2"},{"link_name":"Munga-Thirri National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munga-Thirri_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nitv2021-3"}],"text":"In Norman Tindale's estimate, Wanggamala tribal lands covered some 20,000 square miles (52,000 km2) of territory.[1] They roamed north-west of Annandale, at Kalidawarry and around the lower Field and Hay rivers, along the Plenty river, and on the eastern margins of the Simpson Desert.[1] River waters were ephemeral and they dug native wells (mikari).[citation needed]In July 2021, the Wanggamala people, spelt Wangkamahdla in the claim, won native title rights to over 3,000,000 ha (7,400,000 acres) west and south-west of Boulia, stretching from around Bedourie, Queensland, across to the Northern Territory border, including Cravens Peak Reserve (named Pilungah Reserve in October 2021[2]) and part of the Munga-Thirri National Park.[3]","title":"Country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wanggamala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanggamala_language"},{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_extinction"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aiatsis-4"}],"text":"Their language was Wanggamala, which is now extinct.[4]","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pituri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituri"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974238-1"}],"text":"The Wanggamala lived in areas where the native tobacco pituri grows and, aside from using it themselves, they employed it as a valuable trading resource.[1]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aiatsis-4"},{"link_name":"AIATSIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AUSTLANG"},{"link_name":"Ethnologue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aiatsis-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aiatsis-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bhaintro-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nws2021-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nitv2021-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aiatsis-4"},{"link_name":"Horton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Horton_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aiatsis-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aiatsis-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aiatsis-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aiatsis-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aiatsis-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974238-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974238-1"},{"link_name":"Mathews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Mathews"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aiatsis-4"}],"text":"Tharlimanha (Breen 2007)[4]\nWanggamala (AIATSIS and Ethnologue)[4]\nWanggamanha[4]\nWangkamadla[5][2]\nWangkamahdla[3]\nWangkamala[4]\nWangkamana (Horton, after Tindale;[6] Blake & Breen 1971)[4]\nWangkamanha[4]\nWonggaman (AIAS)[4]\nWonggawan[4]\nWongkamala (Tindale)[4]\nWonkamala (Tindale 1974)[1]\nWonkamudla(Tindale 1974;[1] O'Grady et al 1996; Mathews)[4]","title":"Alternative names"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974238_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974238_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974238_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974238_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974238_1-4"},{"link_name":"Tindale 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTindale1974"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nws2021_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nws2021_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"Boulia's Cravens Peak is renamed Pilungah\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.northweststar.com.au/story/7470548/boulias-cravens-peak-is-renamed-pilungah/"},{"link_name":"The North West Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_North_West_Star&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nitv2021_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nitv2021_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"Wangkamahdla People celebrate Queensland Native Title ruling\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2021/07/15/wangkamahdla-people-celebrate-queensland-native-title-ruling"},{"link_name":"NITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NITV"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aiatsis_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aiatsis_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aiatsis_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aiatsis_4-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aiatsis_4-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aiatsis_4-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aiatsis_4-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aiatsis_4-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aiatsis_4-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aiatsis_4-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aiatsis_4-10"},{"link_name":"C9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/C9"},{"link_name":"Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bhaintro_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"Introducing Pilungah Reserve\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bushheritage.org.au/blog/introducing-pilungah-reserve"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Horton, David R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Horton_(writer)"},{"link_name":"\"Map of Indigenous Australia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aiatsis.gov.au/explore/map-indigenous-australia"},{"link_name":"AIATSIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIATSIS"}],"sub_title":"Citations","text":"^ a b c d e Tindale 1974, p. 238.\n\n^ a b Barry, Derek (15 October 2021). \"Boulia's Cravens Peak is renamed Pilungah\". The North West Star. Retrieved 15 October 2021.\n\n^ a b \"Wangkamahdla People celebrate Queensland Native Title ruling\". NITV. 15 July 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k C9 Wanggamala at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies\n\n^ Caddy, Amelia (14 October 2021). \"Introducing Pilungah Reserve\". Bush Heritage Australia. Retrieved 15 October 2021.\n\n^ Horton, David R. (1996). \"Map of Indigenous Australia\". AIATSIS.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Horton, David R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Horton_(writer)"},{"link_name":"\"Map of Indigenous Australia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aiatsis.gov.au/explore/map-indigenous-australia"},{"link_name":"AIATSIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIATSIS"},{"link_name":"Howitt, Alfred William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_William_Howitt"},{"link_name":"The native tribes of south-east Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:319345/AU0094_NativeTribes_SE_Australia.pdf"},{"link_name":"Macmillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers"},{"link_name":"Howitt, Alfred William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_William_Howitt"},{"link_name":"Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Anthropological_Institute_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2843089","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2843089"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2843089","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2843089"},{"link_name":"Mathews, R. H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hamilton_Mathews"},{"link_name":"Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"983545","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/983545"},{"link_name":"Mathews, R. H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hamilton_Mathews"},{"link_name":"Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"983778","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/983778"},{"link_name":"Tindale, Norman Barnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Tindale"},{"link_name":"\"Wongkamala (NT)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/wongkamala.htm"},{"link_name":"Australian National University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANU_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-708-10741-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-708-10741-6"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_the_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Aboriginal_peoples_of_the_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_the_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Airiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airiman"},{"link_name":"Alawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawa_people"},{"link_name":"Alura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alura_people"},{"link_name":"Alyawarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyawarre"},{"link_name":"Amarak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarak"},{"link_name":"Amijangal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmiyangal"},{"link_name":"Andakerebina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andakerebina"},{"link_name":"Anindilyakwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anindilyakwa_people"},{"link_name":"Anmatyerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anmatyerre"},{"link_name":"Arrernte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrernte_people"},{"link_name":"Awarai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awarai"},{"link_name":"Awinmul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awinmul"},{"link_name":"Beriguruk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beriguruk"},{"link_name":"Bilingara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilinarra"},{"link_name":"Binbinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binbinga"},{"link_name":"Bingongina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingongina"},{"link_name":"Bininj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bininj"},{"link_name":"Burarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burarra_people"},{"link_name":"Dagoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagoman"},{"link_name":"Daii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daii_people"},{"link_name":"Dalabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalabon_people"},{"link_name":"Dangu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangu_people"},{"link_name":"Dhuwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhuwal"},{"link_name":"Dhuwala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhuwala"},{"link_name":"Djalakuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djalakuru"},{"link_name":"Djaŋu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dja%C5%8Bu"},{"link_name":"Djerait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djerait"},{"link_name":"Djerimanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djerimanga"},{"link_name":"Djinang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djinang_people"},{"link_name":"Djinba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djinba_people"},{"link_name":"Djowei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djowei"},{"link_name":"Doolboong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duulngari"},{"link_name":"Emmiyangal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmiyangal"},{"link_name":"Gaagudju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaagudju"},{"link_name":"Gaari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaari_people"},{"link_name":"Gadjerong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadjerong"},{"link_name":"Gambalang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambalang"},{"link_name":"Garrwa/Karawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrwa_people"},{"link_name":"Giimbiyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giimbiyu_people"},{"link_name":"Gudanji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudanji"},{"link_name":"Gungorogone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gungorogone"},{"link_name":"Gunindiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunindiri_people"},{"link_name":"Gurindji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurindji_people"},{"link_name":"Iwaidja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwaidja_people"},{"link_name":"Jaako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaako"},{"link_name":"Jamindjung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamindjung"},{"link_name":"Jawoyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawoyn"},{"link_name":"Jingili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingili_people"},{"link_name":"Karrangpurru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karrangpurru"},{"link_name":"Kaytetye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaytetye_people"},{"link_name":"Kukatja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukatja_(Northern_Territory)"},{"link_name":"Kunapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunapa"},{"link_name":"Kungarakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungarakan_people"},{"link_name":"Kunibidji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunibidji"},{"link_name":"Kunwinjku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunwinjku_people"},{"link_name":"Kwarandji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwarandji"},{"link_name":"Larrakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larrakia_people"},{"link_name":"Madngella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madngella"},{"link_name":"Makarrwanhalmirr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarrwanhalmirr"},{"link_name":"Mangarayi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangarayi"},{"link_name":"Mantjintjarra Ngalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantjintjarra_Ngalia"},{"link_name":"Mariamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariamo"},{"link_name":"Maridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maridan"},{"link_name":"Maridjabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maridjabin"},{"link_name":"Marimanindji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marimanindji"},{"link_name":"Marinunggo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinunggo"},{"link_name":"Marijedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijedi"},{"link_name":"Mariu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariu_people"},{"link_name":"Marra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marra_people"},{"link_name":"Marranunggu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marranunggu"},{"link_name":"Marrithiyal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrithiyal_people"},{"link_name":"Mati Ke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mati_Ke"},{"link_name":"Matuntara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matuntara_people"},{"link_name":"Maung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maung_people"},{"link_name":"Menhdheyangal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menhdheyangal"},{"link_name":"Mudburra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudburra"},{"link_name":"Mulluk-Mulluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulluk-Mulluk"},{"link_name":"Muringura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muringura_people"},{"link_name":"Murngin=Yolgnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murngin_people"},{"link_name":"Murrinh-Patha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murrinh-Patha"},{"link_name":"Nagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagara_people"},{"link_name":"Nanggikorongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanggikorongo"},{"link_name":"Nangiomeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nangiomeri"},{"link_name":"Ngaanyatjarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngaanyatjarra"},{"link_name":"Ngalakgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngalakgan"},{"link_name":"Ngalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngalia_(Northern_Territory)"},{"link_name":"Ngaliwurru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngaliwurru_people"},{"link_name":"Ngandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngandi"},{"link_name":"Ngardok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngardok"},{"link_name":"Ngarinman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngarinman"},{"link_name":"Ngarnka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngarnka"},{"link_name":"Ngarti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngarti"},{"link_name":"Ngolokwangga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngolokwangga"},{"link_name":"Ngormbur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngormbur"},{"link_name":"Norweilemil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norweilemil"},{"link_name":"Nungali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nungali"},{"link_name":"Nunggubuyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunggubuyu_people"},{"link_name":"Oitbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oitbi"},{"link_name":"Perrakee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perrakee"},{"link_name":"Pintupi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintupi"},{"link_name":"Pitjantjatjara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitjantjatjara"},{"link_name":"Pongaponga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongaponga"},{"link_name":"Puneitja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puneitja"},{"link_name":"Rembarrnga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembarrnga"},{"link_name":"Ritharngu/Diakui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritharrngu"},{"link_name":"Tiwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwi_people"},{"link_name":"Tjial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjial"},{"link_name":"Waanyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waanyi"},{"link_name":"Wadere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadere"},{"link_name":"Wadjiginy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadjiginy"},{"link_name":"Wagoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagoman"},{"link_name":"Wakaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakaya_people"},{"link_name":"Walu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walu_people"},{"link_name":"Wambaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wambaya_people"},{"link_name":"Wandjira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanyjirra"},{"link_name":"Wardaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardaman_people"},{"link_name":"Warlmanpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlmanpa"},{"link_name":"Warlpiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlpiri_people"},{"link_name":"Warndarang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warndarrang"},{"link_name":"Warumungu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warumungu"},{"link_name":"Watta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watta_people"},{"link_name":"Wilingura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilingura"},{"link_name":"Wongkamala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wongkamala"},{"link_name":"Wulwulam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulwulam"},{"link_name":"Wurango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurango"},{"link_name":"Yangman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangman"},{"link_name":"Yan-nhaŋu/Nango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan-nha%C5%8Bu"},{"link_name":"Yanyuwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanyuwa_people"},{"link_name":"Yaroinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaroinga"},{"link_name":"Yindjilandji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yindjilandji"},{"link_name":"Yolngu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolngu"},{"link_name":"Yukul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukul_people"},{"link_name":"Yumu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumu_people"},{"link_name":"Yunggor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunggor"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_in_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_the_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_South_Australians"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_in_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Victorian_Aborigines"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Western_Australia"}],"text":"Horton, David R. (1996). \"Map of Indigenous Australia\". AIATSIS.\nHowitt, Alfred William (1904). The native tribes of south-east Australia (PDF). Macmillan.\nHowitt, Alfred William; Siebert, Otto (January–June 1904). \"Legends of the Dieri and Kindred Tribes of Central Australia\". Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 34. Adelaide: 100–129. doi:10.2307/2843089. JSTOR 2843089.\nMathews, R. H. (January 1900a). \"Divisions of the South Australian Aborigines\". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 39 (161): 78–91+93. JSTOR 983545.\nMathews, R. H. (October–December 1900b). \"Phallic Rites and Initiation Ceremonies of the South Australian Aborigines\". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 39 (164): 622–638. JSTOR 983778.\nTindale, Norman Barnett (1974). \"Wongkamala (NT)\". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University Press. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.vteAboriginal peoples in the Northern Territory\nAiriman\nAlawa\nAlura\nAlyawarre\nAmarak\nAmijangal\nAndakerebina\nAnindilyakwa\nAnmatyerre\nArrernte\nAwarai\nAwinmul\nBeriguruk\nBilingara\nBinbinga\nBingongina\nBininj\nBurarra\nDagoman\nDaii\nDalabon\nDangu\nDhuwal\nDhuwala\nDjalakuru\nDjaŋu\nDjerait\nDjerimanga\nDjinang\nDjinba\nDjowei\nDoolboong\nEmmiyangal\nGaagudju\nGaari\nGadjerong\nGambalang\nGarrwa/Karawa\nGiimbiyu\nGudanji\nGungorogone\nGunindiri\nGurindji\nIwaidja\nJaako\nJamindjung\nJawoyn\nJingili\nKarrangpurru\nKaytetye\nKukatja\nKunapa\nKungarakan\nKunibidji\nKunwinjku\nKwarandji\nLarrakia\nMadngella\nMakarrwanhalmirr\nMangarayi\nMantjintjarra Ngalia\nMariamo\nMaridan\nMaridjabin\nMarimanindji\nMarinunggo\nMarijedi\nMariu\nMarra\nMarranunggu\nMarrithiyal\nMati Ke\nMatuntara\nMaung\nMenhdheyangal\nMudburra\nMulluk-Mulluk\nMuringura\nMurngin=Yolgnu\nMurrinh-Patha\nNagara\nNanggikorongo\nNangiomeri\nNgaanyatjarra\nNgalakgan\nNgalia\nNgaliwurru\nNgandi\nNgardok\nNgarinman\nNgarnka\nNgarti\nNgolokwangga\nNgormbur\nNorweilemil\nNungali\nNunggubuyu\nOitbi\nPerrakee?\nPintupi\nPitjantjatjara\nPongaponga\nPuneitja\nRembarrnga\nRitharngu/Diakui\nTiwi\nTjial\nWaanyi\nWadere\nWadjiginy\nWagoman\nWakaya\nWalu\nWambaya\nWandjira\nWardaman\nWarlmanpa\nWarlpiri\nWarndarang\nWarumungu\nWatta\nWilingura\nWongkamala\nWulwulam\nWurango\nYangman\nYan-nhaŋu/Nango\nYanyuwa\nYaroinga\nYindjilandji\nYolngu\nYukul\nYumu\nYunggor\n\nBy state or territory\nNew South Wales\nNorthern Territory\nQueensland\nSouth Australia\nTasmania\nVictoria\nWestern Australia","title":"Sources"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Barry, Derek (15 October 2021). \"Boulia's Cravens Peak is renamed Pilungah\". The North West Star. Retrieved 15 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.northweststar.com.au/story/7470548/boulias-cravens-peak-is-renamed-pilungah/","url_text":"\"Boulia's Cravens Peak is renamed Pilungah\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_North_West_Star&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"The North West Star"}]},{"reference":"\"Wangkamahdla People celebrate Queensland Native Title ruling\". NITV. 15 July 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2021/07/15/wangkamahdla-people-celebrate-queensland-native-title-ruling","url_text":"\"Wangkamahdla People celebrate Queensland Native Title ruling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NITV","url_text":"NITV"}]},{"reference":"Caddy, Amelia (14 October 2021). \"Introducing Pilungah Reserve\". Bush Heritage Australia. Retrieved 15 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bushheritage.org.au/blog/introducing-pilungah-reserve","url_text":"\"Introducing Pilungah Reserve\""}]},{"reference":"Horton, David R. (1996). \"Map of Indigenous Australia\". AIATSIS.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Horton_(writer)","url_text":"Horton, David R."},{"url":"https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/map-indigenous-australia","url_text":"\"Map of Indigenous Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIATSIS","url_text":"AIATSIS"}]},{"reference":"Horton, David R. (1996). \"Map of Indigenous Australia\". AIATSIS.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Horton_(writer)","url_text":"Horton, David R."},{"url":"https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/map-indigenous-australia","url_text":"\"Map of Indigenous Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIATSIS","url_text":"AIATSIS"}]},{"reference":"Howitt, Alfred William (1904). The native tribes of south-east Australia (PDF). Macmillan.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_William_Howitt","url_text":"Howitt, Alfred William"},{"url":"https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:319345/AU0094_NativeTribes_SE_Australia.pdf","url_text":"The native tribes of south-east Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers","url_text":"Macmillan"}]},{"reference":"Howitt, Alfred William; Siebert, Otto (January–June 1904). \"Legends of the Dieri and Kindred Tribes of Central Australia\". Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 34. Adelaide: 100–129. doi:10.2307/2843089. JSTOR 2843089.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_William_Howitt","url_text":"Howitt, Alfred William"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Anthropological_Institute_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland","url_text":"Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2843089","url_text":"10.2307/2843089"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2843089","url_text":"2843089"}]},{"reference":"Mathews, R. H. (January 1900a). \"Divisions of the South Australian Aborigines\". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 39 (161): 78–91+93. JSTOR 983545.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hamilton_Mathews","url_text":"Mathews, R. H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society","url_text":"Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/983545","url_text":"983545"}]},{"reference":"Mathews, R. H. (October–December 1900b). \"Phallic Rites and Initiation Ceremonies of the South Australian Aborigines\". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 39 (164): 622–638. JSTOR 983778.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hamilton_Mathews","url_text":"Mathews, R. H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society","url_text":"Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/983778","url_text":"983778"}]},{"reference":"Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). \"Wongkamala (NT)\". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University Press. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Tindale","url_text":"Tindale, Norman Barnett"},{"url":"http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/wongkamala.htm","url_text":"\"Wongkamala (NT)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANU_Press","url_text":"Australian National University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-708-10741-6","url_text":"978-0-708-10741-6"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Wilson_(Royal_Navy_officer)
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Barry Wilson (Royal Navy officer)
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["1 Naval career","2 Family","3 References"]
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Barry WilsonBorn5 June 1936Died29 August 2018(2018-08-29) (aged 82)Allegiance United KingdomService/branch Royal NavyRankVice admiralCommands heldHMS MohawkHMS CardiffAwardsKnight Commander of the Order of the Bath
Vice Admiral Sir Barry Nigel Wilson KCB (5 June 1936 – 29 August 2018) was a senior Royal Navy officer.
Naval career
Educated at St Edward's School, Oxford and Britannia Royal Naval College, Wilson became commanding officer of the frigate HMS Mohawk in 1973 before becoming the first captain of the destroyer HMS Cardiff in 1978. He went on to be Director of Navy Plans in 1983, Flag Officer Sea Training in 1985 and Assistant Chief of Defence Staff (Programmes) in 1987. His last appointment was as Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Programmes and Personnel) in 1989 before retiring in 1992.
In retirement he became chairman of SSAFA Forces Help.
He died on 29 August 2018 at the age of 82.
Family
In 1961 he married Elizabeth Ann Hardy; they had one son and one daughter.
References
^ "Vice-Admiral Sir Barry Wilson Obit". The Telegraph. 21 October 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
^ "Navy News – The Falklands Conflict – Fact Card – HMS Cardiff". navynews.co.uk. Archived from the original on 7 March 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
^ a b c d Debrett's People of Today
^ "Wilson". Telegraph announcements. 7 September 2018. Archived from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
Military offices
Preceded byMichael Livesay
Flag Officer Sea Training 1985–1987
Succeeded byJohn Coward
Preceded bySir David Parry-Evans
Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Programmes and Personnel) 1989–1992
Succeeded bySir Thomas Boyd-Carpenter
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vice Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_admiral_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"KCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"}],"text":"Vice Admiral Sir Barry Nigel Wilson KCB (5 June 1936 – 29 August 2018)[1] was a senior Royal Navy officer.","title":"Barry Wilson (Royal Navy officer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Edward's School, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Edward%27s_School,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Britannia Royal Naval College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_Royal_Naval_College"},{"link_name":"frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate"},{"link_name":"HMS Mohawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Mohawk_(F125)"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"HMS Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Cardiff_(D108)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Flag Officer Sea Training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_Officer_Sea_Training_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-debrett-3"},{"link_name":"Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Programmes and Personnel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-debrett-3"},{"link_name":"SSAFA Forces Help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSAFA_Forces_Help"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-debrett-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Educated at St Edward's School, Oxford and Britannia Royal Naval College, Wilson became commanding officer of the frigate HMS Mohawk in 1973 before becoming the first captain of the destroyer HMS Cardiff in 1978.[2] He went on to be Director of Navy Plans in 1983, Flag Officer Sea Training in 1985 and Assistant Chief of Defence Staff (Programmes) in 1987.[3] His last appointment was as Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Programmes and Personnel) in 1989 before retiring in 1992.[3]In retirement he became chairman of SSAFA Forces Help.[3]He died on 29 August 2018 at the age of 82.[4]","title":"Naval career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-debrett-3"}],"text":"In 1961 he married Elizabeth Ann Hardy; they had one son and one daughter.[3]","title":"Family"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Vice-Admiral Sir Barry Wilson Obit\". The Telegraph. 21 October 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2018/10/21/vice-admiral-sir-barry-wilson-naval-officer-took-part-blockade/","url_text":"\"Vice-Admiral Sir Barry Wilson Obit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Navy News – The Falklands Conflict – Fact Card – HMS Cardiff\". navynews.co.uk. Archived from the original on 7 March 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070307092759/http://www.navynews.co.uk/falklands/ships/cardiff.asp","url_text":"\"Navy News – The Falklands Conflict – Fact Card – HMS Cardiff\""},{"url":"http://www.navynews.co.uk/falklands/ships/cardiff.asp#","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Wilson\". Telegraph announcements. 7 September 2018. Archived from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180907110344/http://announcements.telegraph.co.uk/deaths/227017/wilson","url_text":"\"Wilson\""},{"url":"http://announcements.telegraph.co.uk/deaths/227017/wilson","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2018/10/21/vice-admiral-sir-barry-wilson-naval-officer-took-part-blockade/","external_links_name":"\"Vice-Admiral Sir Barry Wilson Obit\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070307092759/http://www.navynews.co.uk/falklands/ships/cardiff.asp","external_links_name":"\"Navy News – The Falklands Conflict – Fact Card – HMS Cardiff\""},{"Link":"http://www.navynews.co.uk/falklands/ships/cardiff.asp#","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180907110344/http://announcements.telegraph.co.uk/deaths/227017/wilson","external_links_name":"\"Wilson\""},{"Link":"http://announcements.telegraph.co.uk/deaths/227017/wilson","external_links_name":"the original"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_TSC_Ba%C4%8Dka_Topola
|
FK TSC
|
["1 Name changes","2 History","3 Club colours and crest","4 Stadium","5 Honours","6 Players","6.1 Current squad","6.2 Out on loan","7 European record","8 Club officials","9 Notable players","10 References","11 External links"]
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Football clubTSCFull nameFudbalski klub TSCFounded1913; 111 years ago (1913) as Topolyai Sport ClubGroundTSC ArenaCapacity4,500OwnerMOLChairmanJános ZsemberiHead coachŽarko LazetićLeagueSerbian SuperLiga2022–23Serbian SuperLiga, 2nd of 16WebsiteClub website
Home colours
Away colours
Third colours
Current season
Fudbalski klub TSC (Serbian Cyrillic: Фудбалски клуб ТСЦ, Hungarian: TSC labdarúgó klub), commonly known as TSC (Serbian Cyrillic: Топола Спортски клуб, Hungarian: Topolyai Sport Club), is a Serbian professional football club based in Bačka Topola and currently the second oldest football club in the Serbian SuperLiga.
Name changes
1913–1930: Topolyai Sport Club
1930–1942: JAK Bačka Topola
1942–1945: Topolyai SE
1945–1951: FK Egység
1951–1974: FK Topola
1974–2003: FK AIK Bačka Topola
2005–2013: FK Bačka Topola
2013–present: FK TSC
History
Derby day in Subotica against Spartak in Yugoslav third league in 1978
The first football club in Bačka Topola formed in 1912, but TSC officially exists since 1913, and was founded by István Benis, who was the first president. Back then, the club was named Topolyai Sport Club. The town was part of Kingdom of Hungary, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the first club sponsor was Károly Beer, who also brought the first football to the town. Soon the First World War started and after the war the region of Bačka would become part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, renamed into Yugoslavia in 1929. In 1930, the club changed its name into Jugoslovenski Atletski Klub. In the early 1930s, the stadium where the club still plays nowadays was built. In the Second World War the club competed in the Hungarian Second League, finishing in second place in 1942.
AIK Bačka Topola in 1986
Dušan Tadić, here as a player of Ajax, grew up honing his skills within the youth ranks of his hometown's club TSC.
After the war the region returned to Yugoslavia, and the club was renamed Egység, and counted with Hungarian international Jenő Kalmár among its strongest reinforcements. In 1951, the club changes its name again into Topola. The club played in the Subotica regional league and later achieved promotion to the Serbian League (3rd Yugoslav tier).
In 1974, the club changed its name to FK AIK Bačka Topola. In 1980, AIK was promoted to the Yugoslav Second League, and over the next 6 years competed 5 seasons in the second highest division. In the Yugoslavian Cup competition of the season 1992–93 they entered the 1/8 finals after a win against the First League club Napredak Kruševac 2–1.
In 2003, the club under financial difficulties ceased to compete, and maintained only the youth levels. In 2005, the club merged with FK Bajša and started competing again under a new name, FK Bačka Topola. The club was the champion of the Vojvodina League North in the 2006–07 season. The club has dedicated much effort in the youth squads archiving titles in several levels. The club finished the 2010–11 season in second place, and won the relegation game for the Third League. In 2013, the official name was changed to FK TSC Bačka Topola. On 15 October 2013, the club's anniversary, TSC played against FK Partizan (1–4). The club finished the season 2013–14 in second place, and lost the promotion play-off game for the Third League after a penalty shootout (2–2, 2–2) against FK Cement Beočin. In 2014–2015, TSC won the Bačka League, and returned to the Serbian League Vojvodina, national third tier.
The club finished the 2016–17 Serbian League Vojvodina in third place, but got promoted to the Serbian First League. From the Serbian second tier, they were for the first time ever promoted to the Serbian SuperLiga for the 2019–20 season. There in their first ever top flight match away to FK Voždovac in Belgrade, playing at the modern shopping centre stadium, TSC won 1–2, marking a fine debut and the brightest moment in the club's history. Under manager Zoltan Sabo, the club finished 4th in their first season in the SuperLiga and qualified for the Europa League first qualifying round. Throughout the club's debut season strikers Nenad Lukić and Vladimir Silađi were impressive, finishing the season as triple joint top scorers. Other impressive players in the season for TSC were Janko Tumbasević, Goran Antonić, Saša Tomanović, Srđan Grabež and Đuro Zec.
In the 2022–23 season, the club finished second in the league to qualify to the Champions League third qualifying round for the first time in their history. TSC lost 7–1 on aggregate to S.C. Braga, but were nonetheless assured a spot in the Europa League group stage.
Club colours and crest
The club's original colours were green and white, but later replaced by blue. The lion on the crest is the coat of arms of Bačka Topola, which comes from the coat of arms of Pál Kray who was a nobleman in the town in 18th century.
Stadium
The home ground of TSC was the City Stadium, which held 4,000 people. Construction of the stadium was finished in the 1930s. In 2017, TSC announced its intentions to build a new 4,500-seat stadium. From the 2018–19 to the 2021–22 season, because of the construction of the new stadium, the club's home games were played in City Stadium in Senta. On 3 September 2021 the TSC Arena was opened by the match against Ferencváros.
The official supporters group of the club is the Blue Betyárs.
Honours
Serbian SuperLiga
Runners-up (1): 2022–23
Serbian First League
Champions (1): 2018–19
Serbian League Vojvodina
Runners-up (1): 2015–16
Yugoslav Third League (Vojvodina)
Winners (2): 1979–80, 1984–85
Runners-up (3): 1977–78, 1986–87, 1987–88
Players
Current squad
As of 14 June 2024
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
1
GK
SRB
Nikola Simić
2
DF
SRB
Matija Popović
3
DF
CMR
Macky Bagnack
6
DF
SRB
Aleksa Pejić
7
MF
SRB
Milan Radin
8
FW
SRB
Saša Jovanović
9
FW
SRB
Marko Lazetić (on loan from Milan)
10
FW
MKD
Martin Mirčevski
11
MF
SRB
Ivan Milosavljević
12
GK
SRB
Veljko Ilić
14
MF
SRB
Petar Stanić
16
MF
SRB
Aleksandar Stančić
20
FW
SRB
Aleksa Preradov
21
MF
SRB
Nikola Kuveljić
23
GK
SRB
Nemanja Jorgić
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
25
DF
SRB
Mateja Đorđević
27
MF
SRB
Miloš Pantović
30
DF
SRB
Nemanja Petrović
32
FW
SRB
Aleksandar Ćirković (on loan from Krylia Sovetov Samara)
35
MF
SRB
Ifet Đakovac
37
MF
SRB
Miloš Vulić
44
DF
SRB
Vukašin Krstić
76
FW
SRB
Nikola Čolić
77
DF
SRB
Jovan Vlalukin
88
FW
HUN
Bence Sós
99
FW
SRB
Ognjen Teofilović
—
DF
CRO
Luka Capan
—
FW
SRB
Andrej Petrović
—
DF
SRB
Stefan Jovanović
Out on loan
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
—
DF
SRB
Dušan Pavlović (at Zemun)
—
MF
SRB
Mihajlo Milosavić (at RFK Novi Sad)
European record
The players of West Ham United and TSC Bačka Topola line up before their Europa League match at the London Stadium
Season
Competition
Round
Opponent
Home
Away
Aggregate
2020–21
UEFA Europa League
First qualifying round
Petrocub Hîncești
—
2–0
2–0
Second qualifying round
FCSB
6–6 (a.e.t.)
—
6–6 (4–5 p)
2023–24
UEFA Champions League
Third qualifying round
Braga
1–4
0–3
1–7
UEFA Europa League
Group A
West Ham United
0–1
1–3
4th out of 4
Olympiacos
2–2
2–5
SC Freiburg
1–3
0–5
2024–25
UEFA Europa League
Play-off round
Club officials
Current technical staff
Position
Name
President
János Zsemberi
Sports director
Szabolcs Palágyi
Manager
Žarko Lazetić
Assistant manager
Dražen Bolić Dobrivoje Mutavdžić Goran Žmukić
Secretary of the coaching staff:
Vojislav Stantić
Fitness coach
Mihajlo Kostić David Sabo
General secretary
Borislav Banjac
Goalkeeper coach
Silard Farago
Data analyst
Krsto Jokić
Physiotherapist
Dragan Golubović
Doctor
Dr. Deak Tibor
Secretary
Radomir Šaban
Security commissioner
Zlatko Žemberi
STRUČNI ŠTAB:
Notable players
The following players played for national teams:
Slobodan Batričević
Nikica Klinčarski
Zlatko Krmpotić
Andrija Kaluđerović
Nenad Lukić
Dušan Tadić
Nikola Žigić
Savo Pavićević
Janko Tumbasević
Martin Mirchevski
Jenő Kalmár
Norbert Könyves
Other professional footballers:
Dragoljub Bekvalac
Ištvan Dudaš
Viktor Orsag
Čedomir Pavičević
Mitar Peković
Petar Ratkov
Vladimir Silađi
Zvezdan Terzić
Nenad Todorović
Tamás Takács
For the list of current and former players with Wikipedia article, please see: Category:FK TSC players.
References
^ a b c d e f "FK TSC: 110 godina od osnivanja kluba, jubilej povod za promociju novih dresova (VIDEO)". JMU Radio-televizija Vojvodine. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
^ "100 goodina fudbala u Bačkoj Topoli" page 79 (in Serbian)
^ History Archived 14 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine at official website. (in Serbian)
^ "FK PARTIZAN Beograd » Još jedan stogodišnjak proslavio rođendan". www.sr.partizan.rs. Archived from the original on 18 October 2013.
^ "Mozzart Bet Super liga Srbije | TSC".
^ AIK Bačka Topola at National-Football-Teams.com
External links
Official website
TSC at National-football-teams
TSC at Srbijasport
vteSerbian SuperLiga« First League of Serbia and Montenegro 2024–25 clubs
Čukarički
IMT
Jedinstvo Ub
Mladost Lučani
Napredak Kruševac
Novi Pazar
OFK Beograd
Partizan
Radnički Kragujevac
Radnički Niš
Red Star Belgrade
Spartak Subotica
Tekstilac Odžaci
TSC
Vojvodina
Železničar Pančevo
Former clubs
Banat Zrenjanin
Bežanija
Borac Čačak
BSK Borča
Dinamo Vranje
Donji Srem
Hajduk Kula
Inđija
Jagodina
Javor Ivanjica
Kolubara
Mačva Šabac
Metalac Gornji Milanovac
Mladi Radnik
Mladost Apatin
Mladost Novi Sad
OFK Bačka
Proleter Novi Sad
Rad
Radnik Surdulica
Sloboda Užice
Smederevo
Voždovac
Zemun
Zlatibor Čajetina
Seasons
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
Associated competitions
Serbian Cup
Serbian First League
Serbian League
Belgrade
East
Vojvodina
West
Serbian SuperLiga is the UEFA-recognised official successor of the Yugoslav First League and the First League of Serbia and Montenegro.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Bačka Topola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%8Dka_Topola"},{"link_name":"Serbian SuperLiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_SuperLiga"}],"text":"Football clubFudbalski klub TSC (Serbian Cyrillic: Фудбалски клуб ТСЦ, Hungarian: TSC labdarúgó klub), commonly known as TSC (Serbian Cyrillic: Топола Спортски клуб, Hungarian: Topolyai Sport Club), is a Serbian professional football club based in Bačka Topola and currently the second oldest football club in the Serbian SuperLiga.","title":"FK TSC"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1913–1930: Topolyai Sport Club\n1930–1942: JAK Bačka Topola\n1942–1945: Topolyai SE\n1945–1951: FK Egység\n1951–1974: FK Topola\n1974–2003: FK AIK Bačka Topola\n2005–2013: FK Bačka Topola\n2013–present: FK TSC","title":"Name changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Backa-aik.jpg"},{"link_name":"Subotica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subotica"},{"link_name":"Spartak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Spartak_Subotica"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Bačka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%8Dka"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Hungarian Second League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aikbtopola.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GAE_-_Ajax_-_52788074071.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dušan Tadić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Tadi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Ajax"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Jenő Kalmár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Kalm%C3%A1r"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Serbian League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srpska_Liga_Vojvodina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav Second League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Second_League"},{"link_name":"FK Bajša","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FK_Baj%C5%A1a&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"FK Partizan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Partizan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"FK Cement Beočin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Cement_Beo%C4%8Din"},{"link_name":"Serbian First League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_First_League"},{"link_name":"Serbian SuperLiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_SuperLiga"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"FK Voždovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Vo%C5%BEdovac"},{"link_name":"Zoltan Sabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoltan_Sabo"},{"link_name":"Europa League first qualifying round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_UEFA_Europa_League#First_qualifying_round"},{"link_name":"Nenad Lukić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenad_Luki%C4%87_(footballer,_born_1992)"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Silađi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Sila%C4%91i"},{"link_name":"Janko Tumbasević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janko_Tumbasevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Goran Antonić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goran_Antoni%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Saša Tomanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C5%A1a_Tomanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Srđan Grabež","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sr%C4%91an_Grabe%C5%BE"},{"link_name":"Đuro Zec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90uro_Zec"},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Serbian_SuperLiga"},{"link_name":"Champions League third qualifying round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_UEFA_Champions_League#Third_qualifying_round"},{"link_name":"S.C. Braga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.C._Braga"},{"link_name":"Europa League group stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023-24_UEFA_Europa_League#Group_stage"}],"text":"Derby day in Subotica against Spartak in Yugoslav third league in 1978The first football club in Bačka Topola formed in 1912,[1] but TSC officially exists since 1913, and was founded by István Benis, who was the first president. Back then, the club was named Topolyai Sport Club.[1] The town was part of Kingdom of Hungary, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the first club sponsor was Károly Beer, who also brought the first football to the town. Soon the First World War started and after the war the region of Bačka would become part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, renamed into Yugoslavia in 1929. In 1930, the club changed its name into Jugoslovenski Atletski Klub.[1] In the early 1930s, the stadium where the club still plays nowadays was built. In the Second World War the club competed in the Hungarian Second League, finishing in second place in 1942.AIK Bačka Topola in 1986Dušan Tadić, here as a player of Ajax, grew up honing his skills within the youth ranks of his hometown's club TSC.After the war the region returned to Yugoslavia, and the club was renamed Egység,[1] and counted with Hungarian international Jenő Kalmár among its strongest reinforcements.[2] In 1951, the club changes its name again into Topola. The club played in the Subotica regional league and later achieved promotion to the Serbian League (3rd Yugoslav tier).In 1974, the club changed its name to FK AIK Bačka Topola.[1] In 1980, AIK was promoted to the Yugoslav Second League, and over the next 6 years competed 5 seasons in the second highest division. In the Yugoslavian Cup competition of the season 1992–93 they entered the 1/8 finals after a win against the First League club Napredak Kruševac 2–1.In 2003, the club under financial difficulties ceased to compete, and maintained only the youth levels. In 2005, the club merged with FK Bajša and started competing again under a new name, FK Bačka Topola. The club was the champion of the Vojvodina League North in the 2006–07 season. The club has dedicated much effort in the youth squads archiving titles in several levels. The club finished the 2010–11 season in second place, and won the relegation game for the Third League.[3] In 2013, the official name was changed to FK TSC Bačka Topola. On 15 October 2013, the club's anniversary, TSC played against FK Partizan (1–4).[4] The club finished the season 2013–14 in second place, and lost the promotion play-off game for the Third League after a penalty shootout (2–2, 2–2) against FK Cement Beočin. In 2014–2015, TSC won the Bačka League, and returned to the Serbian League Vojvodina, national third tier.The club finished the 2016–17 Serbian League Vojvodina in third place, but got promoted to the Serbian First League. From the Serbian second tier, they were for the first time ever promoted to the Serbian SuperLiga for the 2019–20 season.[1] There in their first ever top flight match away to FK Voždovac in Belgrade, playing at the modern shopping centre stadium, TSC won 1–2, marking a fine debut and the brightest moment in the club's history. Under manager Zoltan Sabo, the club finished 4th in their first season in the SuperLiga and qualified for the Europa League first qualifying round. Throughout the club's debut season strikers Nenad Lukić and Vladimir Silađi were impressive, finishing the season as triple joint top scorers. Other impressive players in the season for TSC were Janko Tumbasević, Goran Antonić, Saša Tomanović, Srđan Grabež and Đuro Zec.In the 2022–23 season, the club finished second in the league to qualify to the Champions League third qualifying round for the first time in their history. TSC lost 7–1 on aggregate to S.C. Braga, but were nonetheless assured a spot in the Europa League group stage.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bačka Topola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%8Dka_Topola"},{"link_name":"Pál Kray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kray"}],"text":"The club's original colours were green and white, but later replaced by blue. The lion on the crest is the coat of arms of Bačka Topola, which comes from the coat of arms of Pál Kray who was a nobleman in the town in 18th century.","title":"Club colours and crest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Senta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senta"},{"link_name":"TSC Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSC_Arena"},{"link_name":"Ferencváros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferencv%C3%A1rosi_TC"},{"link_name":"supporters group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supporters%27_groups"}],"text":"The home ground of TSC was the City Stadium, which held 4,000 people. Construction of the stadium was finished in the 1930s. In 2017, TSC announced its intentions to build a new 4,500-seat stadium. From the 2018–19 to the 2021–22 season, because of the construction of the new stadium, the club's home games were played in City Stadium in Senta. On 3 September 2021 the TSC Arena was opened by the match against Ferencváros.The official supporters group of the club is the Blue Betyárs.","title":"Stadium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian SuperLiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_SuperLiga"},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Serbian_SuperLiga"},{"link_name":"Serbian First League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_First_League"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Serbian_First_League"},{"link_name":"Serbian League Vojvodina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_League_Vojvodina"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Serbian_League_Vojvodina"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav Third League (Vojvodina)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvodina_League"}],"text":"Serbian SuperLiga\nRunners-up (1): 2022–23\nSerbian First League\nChampions (1): 2018–19\nSerbian League Vojvodina\nRunners-up (1): 2015–16\nYugoslav Third League (Vojvodina)\nWinners (2): 1979–80, 1984–85\nRunners-up (3): 1977–78, 1986–87, 1987–88","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Current squad","text":"As of 14 June 2024[5]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Out on loan","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:West_Ham_v_TSC_Ba%C4%8Dka_Topola.jpeg"},{"link_name":"West Ham United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Ham_United"},{"link_name":"TSC Bačka Topola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSC_Ba%C4%8Dka_Topola"},{"link_name":"London Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stadium"}],"text":"The players of West Ham United and TSC Bačka Topola line up before their Europa League match at the London Stadium","title":"European record"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club officials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Slobodan Batričević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodan_Batri%C4%8Devi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Nikica Klinčarski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikica_Klin%C4%8Darski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Zlatko Krmpotić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatko_Krmpoti%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Andrija Kaluđerović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrija_Kalu%C4%91erovi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Nenad Lukić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenad_Luki%C4%87_(footballer,_born_1992)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Dušan Tadić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Tadi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Nikola Žigić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_%C5%BDigi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Savo Pavićević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savo_Pavi%C4%87evi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Janko Tumbasević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janko_Tumbasevi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Martin Mirchevski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Mirchevski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Jenő Kalmár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Kalm%C3%A1r"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Norbert Könyves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_K%C3%B6nyves"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Dragoljub Bekvalac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragoljub_Bekvalac"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Ištvan Dudaš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1tvan_Duda%C5%A1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Viktor Orsag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Orsag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Čedomir Pavičević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cedomir_Pavi%C4%8Devi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Mitar Peković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitar_Pekovi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Petar Ratkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Ratkov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Silađi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Sila%C4%91i"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Zvezdan Terzić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvezdan_Terzi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Nenad Todorović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenad_Todorovi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Tamás Takács","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam%C3%A1s_Tak%C3%A1cs_(footballer,_born_1991)"},{"link_name":"Category:FK TSC players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:FK_TSC_players"}],"text":"The following players played for national teams:[6]\n\n Slobodan Batričević\n Nikica Klinčarski\n Zlatko Krmpotić\n Andrija Kaluđerović\n Nenad Lukić\n Dušan Tadić\n Nikola Žigić\n Savo Pavićević\n Janko Tumbasević\n Martin Mirchevski\n Jenő Kalmár\n Norbert Könyves\n\n\nOther professional footballers:\n\n Dragoljub Bekvalac\n Ištvan Dudaš\n Viktor Orsag\n Čedomir Pavičević\n Mitar Peković\n Petar Ratkov\n Vladimir Silađi\n Zvezdan Terzić\n Nenad Todorović\n Tamás TakácsFor the list of current and former players with Wikipedia article, please see: Category:FK TSC players.","title":"Notable players"}]
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[{"image_text":"Derby day in Subotica against Spartak in Yugoslav third league in 1978","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Backa-aik.jpg/220px-Backa-aik.jpg"},{"image_text":"AIK Bačka Topola in 1986","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Aikbtopola.jpg/220px-Aikbtopola.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dušan Tadić, here as a player of Ajax, grew up honing his skills within the youth ranks of his hometown's club TSC.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/GAE_-_Ajax_-_52788074071.jpg/220px-GAE_-_Ajax_-_52788074071.jpg"},{"image_text":"The players of West Ham United and TSC Bačka Topola line up before their Europa League match at the London Stadium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/West_Ham_v_TSC_Ba%C4%8Dka_Topola.jpeg/220px-West_Ham_v_TSC_Ba%C4%8Dka_Topola.jpeg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"FK TSC: 110 godina od osnivanja kluba, jubilej povod za promociju novih dresova (VIDEO)\". JMU Radio-televizija Vojvodine. Retrieved 13 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rtv.rs/sr_lat/sport/fudbal/fk-tsc-110-godina-od-osnivanja-kluba-jubilej-povod-za-promociju-novih-dresova-(video)_1416764.html","url_text":"\"FK TSC: 110 godina od osnivanja kluba, jubilej povod za promociju novih dresova (VIDEO)\""}]},{"reference":"\"FK PARTIZAN Beograd » Još jedan stogodišnjak proslavio rođendan\". www.sr.partizan.rs. Archived from the original on 18 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131018191544/http://www.sr.partizan.rs/73271-jos-jedan-stogodisnjak-proslavio-rodendan","url_text":"\"FK PARTIZAN Beograd » Još jedan stogodišnjak proslavio rođendan\""},{"url":"http://www.sr.partizan.rs/73271-jos-jedan-stogodisnjak-proslavio-rodendan/#prettyPhoto","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mozzart Bet Super liga Srbije | TSC\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.superliga.rs/sezone/2023-24/team/8-mozzart-bet-super-liga-srbije-2023-24/22-tsc","url_text":"\"Mozzart Bet Super liga Srbije | TSC\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.fktsc.com/","external_links_name":"Club website"},{"Link":"http://www.fktsc.com/strucni-stab/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.rtv.rs/sr_lat/sport/fudbal/fk-tsc-110-godina-od-osnivanja-kluba-jubilej-povod-za-promociju-novih-dresova-(video)_1416764.html","external_links_name":"\"FK TSC: 110 godina od osnivanja kluba, jubilej povod za promociju novih dresova (VIDEO)\""},{"Link":"http://www.fkbtopola.org.rs/onama","external_links_name":"History"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110114063750/http://www.fkbtopola.org.rs/onama","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131018191544/http://www.sr.partizan.rs/73271-jos-jedan-stogodisnjak-proslavio-rodendan","external_links_name":"\"FK PARTIZAN Beograd » Još jedan stogodišnjak proslavio rođendan\""},{"Link":"http://www.sr.partizan.rs/73271-jos-jedan-stogodisnjak-proslavio-rodendan/#prettyPhoto","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.superliga.rs/sezone/2023-24/team/8-mozzart-bet-super-liga-srbije-2023-24/22-tsc","external_links_name":"\"Mozzart Bet Super liga Srbije | TSC\""},{"Link":"http://www.national-football-teams.com/club/5409/2002_1/Aik_Backa_Topola.html","external_links_name":"AIK Bačka Topola"},{"Link":"http://www.fktsc.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.national-football-teams.com/v2/club.php?id=5527","external_links_name":"TSC"},{"Link":"http://www.srbijasport.net/klub/777-backa-topola-backa-topola/rez","external_links_name":"TSC"}]
|
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