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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Pupienus_Africanus_Maximus
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Marcus Pupienus Africanus Maximus
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["1 Life","2 Family tree","3 References"]
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Consul of the Roman Empire in 236
Marcus Pupienus Africanus Maximus (c. 200 – aft. 236 AD) was a Roman Senator.
Life
He was consul ordinarius in 236 as the colleague of emperor Maximinus I. Maximus was the son of Pupienus, later emperor, and Sextia Cethegilla.
He married Cornelia Marullina, born c. 205, daughter of Lucius Cornelius Cossonius Scipio Salvidius Orfitus and wife, and had two children: Pupiena Sextia Paulina Cethegilla, born c. 225 and named after her paternal aunt, who married Marcus Maecius Probus, and Publius Pupienus Maximus.
Family tree
Quintus Tineius Sacerdos Clemensconsul ordinariusMarcus Pupienus Maximus
Quintus Tineius Clemensconsul ordinariusQuintius Tineius Rufusconsul 182Quintus Tineius Sacerdosconsul suffectus∞ Volusia LaodicePupienusRoman Emperor(238)∞ Sextia CethegillaMarcus Ulpius Leurussenator
TineiaTitus Clodius Pupienus Pulcher Maximusconsul suffectusMarcus Pupienus Africanus Maximusconsul ordinarius∞ Cornelia MarullinaPupiena Sextia Paulina CethegillaMarcus Ulpius Eubiotus Leurussuffect consul
Lucius Clodius Tineius Pupienus Bassusproconsul∞ Ovinia Paterna
References
^ Alison E. Cooley, The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy (Cambridge: University Press, 2012), p. 476
^ Ronald Syme, Emperors and biography : studies in the Historia Augusta (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971), pp. 173f
Christian Settipani. Continuité gentilice et continuité sénatoriale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines à l'époque impériale, 2000
Political offices
Preceded byGnaeus Claudius Severus,and Lucius Titus Claudius Quintianus
Consul of the Roman Empire 236with Maximinus Thrax
Succeeded byLucius Marius Perpetuus, andLucius Mummius Felix Cornelianus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Croiset
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Jules Croiset
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["1 Selected filmography","2 References","3 External links"]
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Dutch actor (born 1937)
Jules CroisetCroiset in 1970BornJulien Gustave Croiset (1937-10-09) 9 October 1937 (age 86)Deventer, Overijssel, NetherlandsOccupationActorYears active1960-present
Jules Croiset (born 9 October 1937) is a Dutch actor. He has appeared in more than 40 films and television shows since 1960. He is also known for having staged his own abduction by neo-Nazis in 1987.
Selected filmography
Help! The Doctor Is Drowning (1974)
Doctor Snuggles (1980) (voice)
De Witte Waan (1984)
Amsterdamned (1988)
Intensive Care (1991)
The Butterfly Lifts the Cat Up (1994)
Nachtvlinder (1999)
Michiel de Ruyter (2015)
References
^ a b "Dutch Actor's Tale Exposes A Nation's Guilt About Jews". NY Times. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
^ (in Dutch) "Volledige cast Michiel de Ruyter bekend", De Telegraaf, 2014. Retrieved on 27 January 2015.
External links
Jules Croiset at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Netherlands
This article about a Dutch actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-power
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Superpower
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["1 Terminology and origin","1.1 Cold War","1.2 Post-Cold War era","2 Proposed early superpowers","2.1 Archaic globalization (before 1500)","2.1.1 Bronze Age","2.1.1.1 Fertile Crescent in the Early Bronze Age","2.1.1.2 Fertile Crescent in the Middle Bronze Age","2.1.1.3 Fertile Crescent and Mediterranean Sea in the Late Bronze Age (known by the Minoans and Mycenaean Greeks)","2.1.1.4 Indian Subcontinent","2.1.1.5 East Asia","2.1.1.6 Mesoamerica","2.1.1.7 Andes","2.1.2 Classical antiquity","2.1.2.1 Indian Subcontinent","2.1.2.2 Known world by the Ancient Greeks before the Hellenistic period","2.1.2.3 Known world by the Ancient Romans in their Republican era","2.1.2.4 Known world by the Ancient Romans in their Imperial era","2.1.2.5 East Asia","2.1.2.6 Mesoamerica","2.1.2.7 Andes","2.1.3 Post-Classical Age","2.1.3.1 Known world by Medieval Europeans and Middle Easterners","2.1.3.2 Sub-Saharan Africa","2.1.3.3 Mesoamerica","2.1.3.4 South America","2.2 Proto-globalization (1500-1800)","2.2.1 Planetary scale","2.3 Modern globalization (1800-1945)","2.3.1 Planetary scale","3 Superpower collapse","3.1 Soviet Union/Russia","3.2 British Empire/United Kingdom","3.3 United States","4 Superpower disengagement","5 Potential superpowers","6 See also","7 References","8 Bibliography","9 External links"]
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State with extensive power or influence over much of the world
This article is about the geographic and political term. For the fictional superhuman abilities, see Superpower (ability). For other uses, see Superpower (disambiguation).
It has been suggested that Potential superpower be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since May 2024.
Superpower describes a sovereign state or supranational union that holds a dominant position characterized by the ability to exert influence or project power on a global scale. This is done through the combined means of economic, military, technological, political, and cultural strength as well as diplomatic and soft power influence. Traditionally, superpowers are preeminent among the great powers. While a great power state is capable of exerting its influence globally, superpowers are states so influential that no significant action can be taken by the global community without first considering the positions of the superpowers on the issue.
In 1944, during World War II, the term was first applied to the United States, the British Empire, and the Soviet Union. During the Cold War, the British Empire dissolved, leaving the United States and the Soviet Union to dominate world affairs. At the end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the United States became, and remains, the world's sole superpower, a position sometimes referred to as that of a "hyperpower". Since the late 2010s and into the 2020s, China has been described as an emerging superpower or even an established one, like the United States, as China poses "the most significant challenge of any nation-state in the world to the United States".
Terminology and origin
A world map in 1945. According to William T. R. Fox, the United States (blue), the Soviet Union (red), and the British Empire (teal) were superpowers.
Prime Minister Winston Churchill, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and General Secretary Joseph Stalin, meeting at the Yalta Conference in Crimea in February 1945, near the end of World War II
No agreed definition of what is a superpower exists and may differ between sources. However, a fundamental characteristic that is consistent with all definitions of a superpower is a nation or state that has mastered the seven dimensions of state power, namely geography, population, economy, resources, military, diplomacy, and national identity.
The term was first used to describe nations with greater than great power status as early as 1944, but only gained its specific meaning with regard to the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II. This was because the United States and the Soviet Union had proved themselves to be capable of casting great influence in global politics and military dominance. The term in its current political meaning was coined by Dutch-American geostrategist Nicholas Spykman in a series of lectures in 1943 about the potential shape of a new post-war world order. This formed the foundation for the book The Geography of the Peace, which referred primarily to the unmatched maritime global supremacy of the British Empire and the United States as essential for peace and prosperity in the world.
A year later, in 1944, William T. R. Fox, an American foreign policy professor, elaborated on the concept in the book The Superpowers: The United States, Britain and the Soviet Union — Their Responsibility for Peace which spoke of the global reach of a super-empowered nation. Fox used the word superpower to identify a new category of power able to occupy the highest status in a world in which—as the war then raging demonstrated—states could challenge and fight each other on a global scale. According to him, at that moment, there were three states that were superpowers, namely the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom. The British Empire was the most extensive empire in world history and considered the foremost great power, holding sway over 25% of the world's population and controlling about 25% of the Earth's total land area, while the United States and the Soviet Union grew in power before and during World War II. The UK would face serious political, financial, and colonial issues after World War II that left it unable to match Soviet or American power. Ultimately, Britain's empire would gradually dissolve over the course of the 20th century, sharply reducing its global power projection.
According to Lyman Miller, "he basic components of superpower stature may be measured along four axes of power: military, economic, political, and cultural (or what political scientist Joseph Nye has termed "soft power")".
In the opinion of Kim Richard Nossal of Queen's University in Canada, "generally, this term was used to signify a political community that occupied a continental-sized landmass; had a sizable population (relative at least to other major powers); a superordinate economic capacity, including ample indigenous supplies of food and natural resources; enjoyed a high degree of non-dependence on international intercourse; and, most importantly, had a well-developed nuclear capacity (eventually, normally defined as second strike capability)".
In the opinion of Professor Paul Dukes, "a superpower must be able to conduct a global strategy, including the possibility of destroying the world; to command vast economic potential and influence; and to present a universal ideology". Although "many modifications may be made to this basic definition". According to Professor June Teufel Dreyer, " superpower must be able to project its power, soft and hard, globally". In his book Superpower: Three Choices for America's Role in the World, Dr. Ian Bremmer, president of the Eurasia Group, argues that a superpower is "a country that can exert enough military, political, and economic power to persuade nations in every region of the world to take important actions they would not otherwise take".
Apart from its common denotation of the foremost post-WWII states, the term superpower has colloquially been applied by some authors retrospectively to describe various preeminent ancient great empires or medieval great powers, in works such as Channel 5 (UK)'s documentary Rome: The World's First Superpower or the reference in The New Cambridge Medieval History to "the other superpower, Sasanian Persia".
Cold War
Main article: Cold War
See also: Soviet Union–United States relations
This section possibly contains synthesis of material which does not verifiably mention or relate to the main topic. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This map shows two global spheres during the Cold War in 1980: NATO member states Other NATO and United States allies × Anti-communist guerrillas Warsaw Pact member states Socialist states allied with the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact Other allies of the Soviet Union × Communist guerrillas Socialist states not allied with the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact Neutral nations × Other conflicts
The 1956 Suez Crisis suggested that Britain, financially weakened by two world wars, could not then pursue its foreign policy objectives on an equal footing with the new superpowers without sacrificing convertibility of its reserve currency as a central goal of policy. As the majority of World War II had been fought far from its national boundaries, the United States had not suffered the industrial destruction nor massive civilian casualties that marked the wartime situation of the countries in Europe or Asia. The war had reinforced the position of the United States as the world's largest long-term creditor nation and its principal supplier of goods; moreover, it had built up a strong industrial and technological infrastructure that had greatly advanced its military strength into a primary position on the global stage. Despite attempts to create multinational coalitions or legislative bodies (such as the United Nations), it became increasingly clear that the superpowers had very different visions about what the post-war world ought to look like and after the withdrawal of British aid to Greece in 1947, the United States took the lead in containing Soviet expansion in the Cold War.
The two countries opposed each other ideologically, politically, militarily, and economically. The Soviet Union promoted the ideology of Marxism–Leninism, planned economy, and a one-party state whilst the United States promoted the ideologies of liberal democracy and the free market in a capitalist market economy. This was reflected in the Warsaw Pact and NATO military alliances, respectively, as most of Europe became aligned with either the United States or the Soviet Union. These alliances implied that these two nations were part of an emerging bipolar world, in contrast with a previously multipolar world.
The idea that the Cold War period revolved around only two blocs, or even only two nations, has been challenged by some scholars in the post–Cold War era, who have noted that the bipolar world only exists if one ignores all of the various movements and conflicts that occurred without influence from either of the two superpowers. Additionally, much of the conflict between the superpowers was fought in proxy wars, which more often than not involved issues more complex than the standard Cold War oppositions.
After the Soviet Union disintegrated in the early 1990s, the term hyperpower began to be applied to the United States as the sole remaining superpower of the Cold War era. This term, popularized by French foreign minister Hubert Védrine in the late 1990s, is controversial and the validity of classifying the United States in this way is disputed. One notable opponent to this theory is Samuel P. Huntington, who rejects this theory in favor of a multipolar balance of power. Other international relations theorists such as Henry Kissinger theorize that because the threat of the Soviet Union no longer exists to formerly American-dominated regions such as Western Europe and Japan, American influence is only declining since the end of the Cold War because such regions no longer need protection or have necessarily similar foreign policies as the United States.
Post-Cold War era
See also: Second Cold War
Countries with the military bases and facilities of the present sole superpower – the United States
The New York Stock Exchange trading floor. Economic power such as a large nominal GDP and a world reserve currency are important factors in the projection of hard power.
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 which ended the Cold War, the post–Cold War world has in the past been considered by some to be a unipolar world, with the United States as the world's sole remaining superpower. In 1999, political scientist and author Samuel P. Huntington wrote: "The United States, of course, is the sole state with preeminence in every domain of power – economic, military, diplomatic, ideological, technological, and cultural – with the reach and capabilities to promote its interests in virtually every part of the world". However, Huntington rejected the claim that the world was unipolar, arguing: "There is now only one superpower. But that does not mean that the world is unipolar", describing it instead as "a strange hybrid, a uni-multipolar system with one superpower and several major powers". He further wrote that "Washington is blind to the fact that it no longer enjoys the dominance it had at the end of the Cold War. It must relearn the game of international politics as a major power, not a superpower, and make compromises".
Experts argue that this older single-superpower assessment of global politics is too simplified, in part because of the difficulty in classifying the European Union at its current stage of development. Others argue that the notion of a superpower is outdated, considering complex global economic interdependencies and propose that the world is multipolar.
A 2012 report by the National Intelligence Council predicted that the United States superpower status will have eroded to merely being first among equals by 2030, but that it would remain highest among the world's most powerful countries because of its influence in many different fields and global connections that the great regional powers of the time would not match. Additionally, some experts have suggested the possibility of the United States losing its superpower status completely in the future, citing speculation of its decline in power relative to the rest of the world, economic hardships, a declining dollar, Cold War allies becoming less dependent on the United States, and the emergence of future powers around the world.
According to a RAND Corporation paper by American diplomat James Dobbins, Professor Howard J. Shatz, and policy analyst Ali Wyne, Russia in the breakdown of a disintegrating unipolar world order, whilst not a peer competitor to the United States, would still remain a player and a potential rogue state that would undermine global affairs. The West could contain Russia with methods like those employed during the Cold War with the Soviet Union, though this would be tested by Russia's overt and covert efforts to destabilize Western alliances and political systems. On the other hand, China is a peer competitor to the United States that cannot be contained, and will be a far more challenging entity for the West to confront. The authors state that China's military dominance in the Asia-Pacific is already eroding American influence at a rapid pace, and the costs for the US to defend its interests there will continue to rise. Moreover, China's economic influence has already broken out of its regional confines long ago and is on track to directly contest the US role as the center for economic trade and commerce.
Proposed early superpowers
Major economies from 1 AD to 2003 AD, according to Angus Maddison's estimates
There have been many attempts by historians to apply the term superpower retrospectively, and sometimes very loosely, to a variety of entities in the past. Recognition by historians of these older states as superpowers may focus on various superlative traits exhibited by them. The first states to actually exert influence and project their power at a global level (and not just regionally) and to be in fact superpowers in the modern sense of the concept were the states of the Iberian peninsula, namely the Kingdom of Portugal and Habsburg Spain, which inaugurated the European overseas expansion in the 16th century, establishing vast colonial empires. The signing of the Treaty of Tordesillas, establishing the division of the lands discovered by Portugal and Spain, nominally divided the world between these superpowers until 1580, when there was the Iberian Union between the crowns of the monarchies of these nations that lasted until 1640. During the 17th century the Portuguese Empire was largely replaced by the Dutch Empire that made much of the 17th century part of the Dutch Golden Age. Soon after the Spanish and Dutch Empires were joined by the French colonial Empire from 1643 until 1815 from the reign of King Louis XIV until the defeat of Napoleon in the Napoleonic Wars though the French would then build a second colonial empire during the 19th century. After 1688, with the end of its Golden Age, the Dutch Empire was largely replaced by the British Empire, after this country went through its Glorious Revolution in 1688 and its pioneering role in the industrialization process in the 18th century that would lead to global hegemony in the 19th century and early 20th century (before the World War I). By the end of the 19th century Germany had also acquired a colonial empire of notable size though smaller than those of Britain and France.
These are proposed examples of ancient or historical superpowers, taking into account that the knowledge of what the "known world" was constitued was extremely limited in past eras (for example, the ancient Romans never knew of the existence of the Americas or Australia and had extremely limited knowledge about East Asia). Many of the nations below were never superpowers in the modern sense (a nation capable of projecting power on a global scale), so in practice many were regional powers.
Archaic globalization (before 1500)
Many of the nations of this historical period were never superpowers, however they were regional powers with influence in their respective regions.
Note: Does not take into account city-states and stateless nomadic peoples.
Bronze Age
Fertile Crescent in the Early Bronze Age
In the early history of both regions contact between these civilization was very limited, long distance trade definitely occurred but primarily through long chains of intermediaries rather than directly.
Akkadian Empire (isolated civilization; first empire recorded in history)
Old Kingdom of Egypt (isolated civilization)
Fertile Crescent in the Middle Bronze Age
Really regular contact between Egypt, Mesopotamia and Anatolia really dates from this period. Mitanni was an important intermediary in the trade between these civilizations.
Old Assyrian Empire
Old Babylonian Empire
Middle Kingdom of Egypt
Kingdom of Mitanni
Hittite Empire
Fertile Crescent and Mediterranean Sea in the Late Bronze Age (known by the Minoans and Mycenaean Greeks)
New Kingdom of Egypt
Hittite Empire
Indian Subcontinent
Contact with other civilizations was very limited, long distance trade with Mesopothamia definitely occurred but primarily through long chains of intermediaries rather than directly.
Indus Valley Civilisation (isolated civilization, no consensus on whether it was a unified state or not)
East Asia
Shang Kingdom (isolated civilization)
Zhou Kingdom (isolated civilization)
Mesoamerica
Olmec Civilization (isolated civilization, little information about their type of government)
Andes
Caral–Supe Civilization (isolated civilization, little information about their type of government)
Classical antiquity
Indian Subcontinent
Magadha Empire (one of the 16 Mahajanapadas, isolated civilizations before contact with the Persians)
Known world by the Ancient Greeks before the Hellenistic period
Kushite Empire (Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt)
Neo-Assyrian Empire
Neo-Babylonian Empire
Achaemenid Empire (Persia)
Macedonian Empire
Known world by the Ancient Romans in their Republican era
The Drachma, minted by many states, most notably in the Ptolemaic Egypt was the reserve currency in the Mediterranean and Near East
Carthaginian Republic
Roman Republic
Ptolemaic Egypt
Seleucid Empire
Parthian Empire (Persia)
Maurya Empire (not fully known by Europeans, that only known frontier regions and later northern regions)
Known world by the Ancient Romans in their Imperial era
Main reserve currency in the Mediterranean and Near East: Roman Denarius, later replaced by the Roman Solidus.
Roman Empire
Parthian Empire (Persia)
Sasanid Empire (Persia)
Aksumite Empire
Gupta Empire
East Asia
Not fully known outside East Asia, However, due to the Silk Road, the existence of these great powers was known, but little information about them reached the West.
Han Empire
Mesoamerica
Isolated civilizations in relation to the Afro-Eurasia.
Olmec Civilization (little information about their type of government)
Zapotec Civilization (little information about their type of government in this time period)
Teotihuacán (little information about their type of government)
Andes
Isolated civilization in relation to the Afro-Eurasia.
Chavín Civilization (little information about their type of government)
Post-Classical Age
Known world by Medieval Europeans and Middle Easterners
Main reserve currency in the Mediterranean and Near East: Roman Solidus, later replaced by the Dinar, minted by the Caliphates.
Eastern Roman Empire
The Caliphates: Rashidun Caliphate, Umayyad Caliphate, Fatimid Caliphate and Abbasid Caliphate
Sultanate of Mogadishu (Known by Arabs, Europeans and East Asians)
Persia (Sassanid Empire, Ilkhanate and the Timurid Empire) (known by Europeans, Indians and East Asians)
Ethiopian Empire (known by the Arabs, Indians, Europeans and later by the Chinese)
Indian empires: Chola Empire and Delhi Sultanate
Mongol Empire (known by Eurasians)
Chinese empires: Tang Empire (known by East Asians, Indians and Middle Easterners but not by Europeans in detailed way), Song Empire (known by the Europeans in its very last years), Yuan Empire, Ming Empire
Sub-Saharan Africa
During the Middle Ages the region was known by Arab merchants. Europeans were aware that the region existed (to the point that Mansa Musa was mentioned in the Catalan Atlas), but little information about the place reached Europe.
Ghana Empire (known by Arabs)
Mali Empire (known by Arabs and Europeans)
Songhai Empire (know by Arabs)
Mesoamerica
Isolated civilization in relation to the Afro-Eurasia.
Toltec Empire
Purépecha Empire
Aztec Empire
South America
Isolated civilizations in relation to the Afro-Eurasia.
Wari Empire
Tiwanaku Empire
Inca Empire
Proto-globalization (1500-1800)
The Age of Discovery brought a broad change in globalization, being the first period in which previously isolated parts of the world became connected to form the world system.
The contact between distant civilizations was highly facilitated as well as the mapping of a large part of the planet, with people in this historical period having a better understanding of the global map of the Planet Earth.
Planetary scale
Portuguese Empire (main reserve currency from c.1450 to 1530: Portuguese real)
Spanish Empire (main reserve currency from 1530 to 1640: Spanish dollar)
Dutch Empire (main reserve currency from 1640 to 1720: Dutch guilder)
French Colonial Empire (main reserve currency from 1720 to 1815: Livre tournois and French franc)
British Empire
Ottoman Empire
Habsburg Empire during the reign of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Persia (Safavid Empire and Afsharid Empire), India (Mughal Empire) and China (Ming Empire and Qing Empire) were important great powers, but not superpowers because these empires was not very significant as blue water forces and could not face up to the navies of European powers on the high seas.
Modern globalization (1800-1945)
Planetary scale
British Empire (main reserve currency from 1815 to 1920: Pound Sterling)
First French Empire of Napoleon I and French Colonial Empire
According to historical statistics and research from the OECD, until the early modern period, Western Europe, China, and India accounted for roughly ⅔ of the world's GDP.
Superpower collapse
Soviet Union/Russia
Dramatic changes occurred in the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc during the 1980s and early 1990s, with perestroika and glasnost, the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, and finally the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991. As early as 1970, Andrei Amalrik had made predictions of Soviet collapse, and Emmanuel Todd made a similar prediction in 1976.
British Empire/United Kingdom
The Suez Crisis of 1956 is considered by some commentators to be the beginning of the end of Britain's period as a superpower, but other commentators have pointed much earlier such as in World War I, the Depression of 1920-21, the Partition of Ireland, the return of the pound sterling to the gold standard at its prewar parity in 1925, the Fall of Singapore, the loss of wealth from World War II, the end of Lend-Lease Aid from the United States in 1945, the postwar Age of Austerity, the Winter of 1946–47, the beginning of decolonization and the independence of British India as other key points in Britain's decline and loss of superpower status.
The Suez Crisis in particular is regarded by historians to be a political and diplomatic disaster for the British Empire, as it led to large-scale international condemnation, including extensive pressure from the United States and Soviet Union. This forced the British and the French to withdraw in embarrassment and cemented the increasingly-bipolar Cold War politics between the Soviet Union and United States. In the 1960s, the movement for decolonization reached its peak, with remaining imperial holdings achieving independence, accelerating the transition from the British Empire to the Commonwealth of Nations. As the Empire continued to crumble, the home islands of the United Kingdom later experienced deindustrialization throughout the 1970s, coupled with high inflation and industrial unrest that unraveled the postwar consensus. This led to some economists to refer to Britain as the Sick Man of Europe. In 1976, the United Kingdom had to seek assistance from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) which it had previously ironically helped create, receiving funding of $3.9 billion, the largest-ever loan to be requested up until that point. In 1979, the country suffered major widespread strikes known as the Winter of Discontent. All these factors were seen by academics, economists and politicians as symbolising Britain's postwar decline. Lastly, the Handover of Hong Kong to China was seen by experts as the definitive end of the British Empire.
Nevertheless, the United Kingdom today has retained global soft power in the 21st century, including a formidable military. The United Kingdom continues to have a permanent seat on the UN Security Council alongside only four other powers, and is one of the nine nuclear powers. Its capital city, London, continues to be regarded as one of the pre-eminent cities in the world, being ranked as a global city by the Mori Foundation. In 2022, the United Kingdom was ranked the foremost European country in terms of soft power by Brand Finance. However, it has been assumed by economists that more recent economic difficulties since the 2010s exacerbated by Brexit, a cost-of-living crisis, political instabilities and industrial disputes and strikes may have caused further permanent damage and erosion to Britain's lingering power.
United States
See also: American decline
In After the Empire: The Breakdown of the American Order (2001), French sociologist Emmanuel Todd predicts the eventual decline and fall of the United States as a superpower. "After years of being perceived as a problem-solver, the US itself has now become a problem for the rest of the world." Since the 2010s, as a result of asymmetric polarization within the United States, as well as globally perceived U.S. foreign policy failures, and China's growing influence around the world, some academics and geopolitical experts have argued that the United States may already be experiencing a decay in its soft power around the world.
Superpower disengagement
Superpower disengagement is a foreign policy option whereby the most powerful nations, the superpowers, reduce their interventions in an area. Such disengagement could be multilateral among superpowers or lesser powers, or bilateral between two superpowers, or unilateral. It could mean an end to either direct or indirect interventions. For instance, disengagement could mean that the superpowers remove their support of proxies in proxy wars in order to de-escalate a superpower conflict back to a local problem based on local disputes. Disengagement can create buffers between superpowers that might prevent conflicts or reduce the intensity of conflicts.
The term usually refers to various policy proposals during the Cold War which attempted to defuse tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States, largely because of the risk of any superpower conflict to escalate to nuclear war. Examples of one-sided disengagement include when Joseph Stalin decided to end Soviet support for the communist guerrillas in Greece during the Greek Civil War, and when Richard Nixon withdrew US troops from Vietnam in the early 1970s.
The more important candidates for disengagement were where Soviet and US forces faced each other directly such as in Germany and Austria. The Austrian State Treaty is an example of formal, multilateral, superpower disengagement which left Austria as neutral for the duration of the Cold War, with Austria staying out of the Warsaw Pact, NATO, and the European Economic Community. The 1952 Stalin Note is perhaps the most controversial proposal of superpower disengagement from Germany.
Potential superpowers
Main article: Potential superpower
Extant superpower United States Potential superpowers—supported in varying degrees by academics China European Union India Russia
The term potential superpowers has been applied by scholars and other qualified commentators to the possibility of several political entities achieving superpower status in the 21st century. Due to their large markets, growing military strength, economic potential, and influence in international affairs, China, the European Union, India, and Russia are among the political entities most cited as having the potential of achieving superpower status in the 21st century. In 2020, a new UBS survey found that 57% of global investors predicted that China would replace the U.S. as the world's biggest superpower by 2030. However, many historians, writers, and critics have expressed doubts whether China or India would ever emerge as a new superpower. Some political scientists and other commentators have even suggested that such countries might simply be emerging powers, as opposed to potential superpowers. The European Union has been called a "regulatory superpower" due to the Brussels effect.
The record of such predictions has not been perfect. For example, in the 1980s, some commentators thought Japan would become a superpower due to its large GDP and high economic growth at the time. However, Japan's economy crashed in 1991, creating a long period of economic slump in the country which has become known as the Lost Decades.
Increasing doubts have emerged around the potential of Russia to gain superpower status given its declining economy, severe military underperformance during the invasion of Ukraine, and its loss of influence in Central Asia, a region once dominated by Moscow for centuries.
See also
Politics portalWorld portal
American Century
Indian Century
Chinese Century
Soviet empire
Middle power
Second superpower
Small power
Group of Two
Historic recurrence
International relations theory
List of modern great powers
Megacorporation (the business equivalent of a powerful nation)
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Erik Ringmar, "The Recognition Game: Soviet Russia Against the West," Cooperation & Conflict, 37:2, 2002. pp. 115–36. – an explanation of the relations between the superpowers in the 20th century based on the notion of recognition.
Sicilia, David B.; Wittner, David G. Strands of Modernization: The Circulation of Technology and Business Practices in East Asia, 1850-1920 (University of Toronto Press, 2021) online review
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Li, Bo; Zheng Yin (Chinese) (2001) 5000 years of Chinese history, Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp, ISBN 7-204-04420-7.
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United Nations (UN)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Superpower (ability)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpower_(ability)"},{"link_name":"Superpower (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpower_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"sovereign state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state"},{"link_name":"supranational union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supranational_union"},{"link_name":"influence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere_of_influence"},{"link_name":"project power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_projection"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Munro1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mark1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"diplomatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations"},{"link_name":"soft power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_power"},{"link_name":"great powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Super-Powers;_The_United_States,_Britain,_and_the_Soviet_Union%E2%80%94Their_Responsibility_for_Peace._By_William_T._R._Fox.-5"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"dissolution of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time-May-28-2015-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nossal-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2010s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010s"},{"link_name":"2020s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"emerging superpower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_superpower"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsj._Blinken_Backs-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"This article is about the geographic and political term. For the fictional superhuman abilities, see Superpower (ability). For other uses, see Superpower (disambiguation).Superpower describes a sovereign state or supranational union that holds a dominant position characterized by the ability to exert influence or project power on a global scale.[1][2][3] This is done through the combined means of economic, military, technological, political, and cultural strength as well as diplomatic and soft power influence. Traditionally, superpowers are preeminent among the great powers. While a great power state is capable of exerting its influence globally, superpowers are states so influential that no significant action can be taken by the global community without first considering the positions of the superpowers on the issue.[4]In 1944, during World War II, the term was first applied to the United States, the British Empire, and the Soviet Union.[5] During the Cold War, the British Empire dissolved, leaving the United States and the Soviet Union to dominate world affairs. At the end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the United States became, and remains, the world's sole superpower, a position sometimes referred to as that of a \"hyperpower\".[6][7][8] Since the late 2010s and into the 2020s, China has been described as an emerging superpower or even an established one,[9][10][11][12][13] like the United States, as China poses \"the most significant challenge of any nation-state in the world to the United States\".[14][15][16]","title":"Superpower"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Superpower_map_1945.png"},{"link_name":"William T. R. Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_T._R._Fox"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"teal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yalta_Conference_1945_Churchill,_Stalin,_Roosevelt_(cropped_4-3).jpg"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"General Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"Yalta Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalta_Conference"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nossal-7"},{"link_name":"geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"},{"link_name":"economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy"},{"link_name":"resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resources"},{"link_name":"military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military"},{"link_name":"diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy"},{"link_name":"national identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_identity"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"great power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"geostrategist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategist"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Spykman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Spykman"},{"link_name":"William T. R. Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_T._R._Fox"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"extensive empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_empires"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Joseph Nye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Nye"},{"link_name":"soft power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_power"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stanford-20"},{"link_name":"Kim Richard Nossal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Richard_Nossal"},{"link_name":"Queen's University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston"},{"link_name":"second strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_strike"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nossal-7"},{"link_name":"Paul Dukes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dukes_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Superpower: Three Choices for America's Role in the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpower:_Three_Choices_for_America%27s_Role_in_the_World"},{"link_name":"Ian Bremmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Bremmer"},{"link_name":"Eurasia Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia_Group"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"ancient great empires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers"},{"link_name":"medieval great powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers"},{"link_name":"Channel 5 (UK)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_5_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Rome: The World's First Superpower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome:_The_World%27s_First_Superpower"},{"link_name":"The New Cambridge Medieval History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Cambridge_Medieval_History"},{"link_name":"Sasanian Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"A world map in 1945. According to William T. R. Fox, the United States (blue), the Soviet Union (red), and the British Empire (teal) were superpowers.Prime Minister Winston Churchill, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and General Secretary Joseph Stalin, meeting at the Yalta Conference in Crimea in February 1945, near the end of World War IINo agreed definition of what is a superpower exists and may differ between sources.[7] However, a fundamental characteristic that is consistent with all definitions of a superpower is a nation or state that has mastered the seven dimensions of state power, namely geography, population, economy, resources, military, diplomacy, and national identity.[17]The term was first used to describe nations with greater than great power status as early as 1944, but only gained its specific meaning with regard to the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II. This was because the United States and the Soviet Union had proved themselves to be capable of casting great influence in global politics and military dominance. The term in its current political meaning was coined by Dutch-American geostrategist Nicholas Spykman in a series of lectures in 1943 about the potential shape of a new post-war world order. This formed the foundation for the book The Geography of the Peace, which referred primarily to the unmatched maritime global supremacy of the British Empire and the United States as essential for peace and prosperity in the world.A year later, in 1944, William T. R. Fox, an American foreign policy professor, elaborated on the concept in the book The Superpowers: The United States, Britain and the Soviet Union — Their Responsibility for Peace which spoke of the global reach of a super-empowered nation.[18] Fox used the word superpower to identify a new category of power able to occupy the highest status in a world in which—as the war then raging demonstrated—states could challenge and fight each other on a global scale. According to him, at that moment, there were three states that were superpowers, namely the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom. The British Empire was the most extensive empire in world history and considered the foremost great power, holding sway over 25% of the world's population[19] and controlling about 25% of the Earth's total land area, while the United States and the Soviet Union grew in power before and during World War II. The UK would face serious political, financial, and colonial issues after World War II that left it unable to match Soviet or American power. Ultimately, Britain's empire would gradually dissolve over the course of the 20th century, sharply reducing its global power projection.According to Lyman Miller, \"[t]he basic components of superpower stature may be measured along four axes of power: military, economic, political, and cultural (or what political scientist Joseph Nye has termed \"soft power\")\".[20]In the opinion of Kim Richard Nossal of Queen's University in Canada, \"generally, this term was used to signify a political community that occupied a continental-sized landmass; had a sizable population (relative at least to other major powers); a superordinate economic capacity, including ample indigenous supplies of food and natural resources; enjoyed a high degree of non-dependence on international intercourse; and, most importantly, had a well-developed nuclear capacity (eventually, normally defined as second strike capability)\".[7]In the opinion of Professor Paul Dukes, \"a superpower must be able to conduct a global strategy, including the possibility of destroying the world; to command vast economic potential and influence; and to present a universal ideology\". Although \"many modifications may be made to this basic definition\".[21] According to Professor June Teufel Dreyer, \"[a] superpower must be able to project its power, soft and hard, globally\".[22] In his book Superpower: Three Choices for America's Role in the World, Dr. Ian Bremmer, president of the Eurasia Group, argues that a superpower is \"a country that can exert enough military, political, and economic power to persuade nations in every region of the world to take important actions they would not otherwise take\".[23]Apart from its common denotation of the foremost post-WWII states, the term superpower has colloquially been applied by some authors retrospectively to describe various preeminent ancient great empires or medieval great powers, in works such as Channel 5 (UK)'s documentary Rome: The World's First Superpower or the reference in The New Cambridge Medieval History to \"the other superpower, Sasanian Persia\".[24]","title":"Terminology and origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soviet Union–United States relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cold_War_Map_1980.svg"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact"},{"link_name":"Suez Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"foreign policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy"},{"link_name":"convertibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convertibility"},{"link_name":"reserve currency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_currency"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"containing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Containment"},{"link_name":"Soviet expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_expansion"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Marxism–Leninism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism"},{"link_name":"planned economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy"},{"link_name":"one-party state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-party_state"},{"link_name":"liberal democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_democracy"},{"link_name":"free market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_market"},{"link_name":"capitalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalist"},{"link_name":"market economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_economy"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"bipolar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarity_(international_relations)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"proxy wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_war"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nossal-7"},{"link_name":"Hubert Védrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_V%C3%A9drine"},{"link_name":"Samuel P. Huntington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington"},{"link_name":"balance of power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)"},{"link_name":"Henry Kissinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Cold War","text":"See also: Soviet Union–United States relationsThis map shows two global spheres during the Cold War in 1980: NATO member states Other NATO and United States allies × Anti-communist guerrillas Warsaw Pact member states Socialist states allied with the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact Other allies of the Soviet Union × Communist guerrillas Socialist states not allied with the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact Neutral nations × Other conflictsThe 1956 Suez Crisis suggested that Britain, financially weakened by two world wars, could not then pursue its foreign policy objectives on an equal footing with the new superpowers without sacrificing convertibility of its reserve currency as a central goal of policy.[25] As the majority of World War II had been fought far from its national boundaries, the United States had not suffered the industrial destruction nor massive civilian casualties that marked the wartime situation of the countries in Europe or Asia. The war had reinforced the position of the United States as the world's largest long-term creditor nation[26] and its principal supplier of goods; moreover, it had built up a strong industrial and technological infrastructure that had greatly advanced its military strength into a primary position on the global stage.[27] Despite attempts to create multinational coalitions or legislative bodies (such as the United Nations), it became increasingly clear that the superpowers had very different visions about what the post-war world ought to look like and after the withdrawal of British aid to Greece in 1947, the United States took the lead in containing Soviet expansion in the Cold War.[28]The two countries opposed each other ideologically, politically, militarily, and economically. The Soviet Union promoted the ideology of Marxism–Leninism, planned economy, and a one-party state whilst the United States promoted the ideologies of liberal democracy and the free market in a capitalist market economy. This was reflected in the Warsaw Pact and NATO military alliances, respectively, as most of Europe became aligned with either the United States or the Soviet Union. These alliances implied that these two nations were part of an emerging bipolar world, in contrast with a previously multipolar world. [citation needed]The idea that the Cold War period revolved around only two blocs, or even only two nations, has been challenged by some scholars in the post–Cold War era, who have noted that the bipolar world only exists if one ignores all of the various movements and conflicts that occurred without influence from either of the two superpowers.[29] Additionally, much of the conflict between the superpowers was fought in proxy wars, which more often than not involved issues more complex than the standard Cold War oppositions.[30]After the Soviet Union disintegrated in the early 1990s, the term hyperpower began to be applied to the United States as the sole remaining superpower of the Cold War era.[7] This term, popularized by French foreign minister Hubert Védrine in the late 1990s, is controversial and the validity of classifying the United States in this way is disputed. One notable opponent to this theory is Samuel P. Huntington, who rejects this theory in favor of a multipolar balance of power. Other international relations theorists such as Henry Kissinger theorize that because the threat of the Soviet Union no longer exists to formerly American-dominated regions such as Western Europe and Japan, American influence is only declining since the end of the Cold War because such regions no longer need protection or have necessarily similar foreign policies as the United States.[31]","title":"Terminology and origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Cold_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_bases_worldwide.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYSE127.jpg"},{"link_name":"New York Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"nominal GDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)"},{"link_name":"reserve currency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_currency"},{"link_name":"hard power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_power"},{"link_name":"dissolution of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"post–Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era"},{"link_name":"unipolar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unipolarity"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krauthammer1-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Samuel P. Huntington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-affairs-35"},{"link_name":"global politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_politics"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"multipolar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarity_(international_relations)#Multipolarity"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Global_list_(No_superpower)-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Washington_Post_(No_superpower)-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Globalpolicy.org_(No_superpower)-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_Times_(No_superpower)-39"},{"link_name":"National Intelligence Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Intelligence_Council"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uiuc-superpower-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"RAND Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation"},{"link_name":"James Dobbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dobbins_(diplomat)"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"rogue state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue_state"},{"link_name":"contain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Containment"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAND_Corporation-October-2018-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sage_Journals-January-16-2018-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deutsche_Welle-September-18-2018-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Conversation-March-22-2019-46"}],"sub_title":"Post-Cold War era","text":"See also: Second Cold WarCountries with the military bases and facilities of the present sole superpower – the United StatesThe New York Stock Exchange trading floor. Economic power such as a large nominal GDP and a world reserve currency are important factors in the projection of hard power.After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 which ended the Cold War, the post–Cold War world has in the past been considered by some to be a unipolar world,[32][33] with the United States as the world's sole remaining superpower.[34] In 1999, political scientist and author Samuel P. Huntington wrote: \"The United States, of course, is the sole state with preeminence in every domain of power – economic, military, diplomatic, ideological, technological, and cultural – with the reach and capabilities to promote its interests in virtually every part of the world\". However, Huntington rejected the claim that the world was unipolar, arguing: \"There is now only one superpower. But that does not mean that the world is unipolar\", describing it instead as \"a strange hybrid, a uni-multipolar system with one superpower and several major powers\". He further wrote that \"Washington is blind to the fact that it no longer enjoys the dominance it had at the end of the Cold War. It must relearn the game of international politics as a major power, not a superpower, and make compromises\".[35]Experts argue that this older single-superpower assessment of global politics is too simplified, in part because of the difficulty in classifying the European Union at its current stage of development. Others argue that the notion of a superpower is outdated, considering complex global economic interdependencies and propose that the world is multipolar.[36][37][38][39]A 2012 report by the National Intelligence Council predicted that the United States superpower status will have eroded to merely being first among equals by 2030, but that it would remain highest among the world's most powerful countries because of its influence in many different fields and global connections that the great regional powers of the time would not match.[citation needed] Additionally, some experts have suggested the possibility of the United States losing its superpower status completely in the future, citing speculation of its decline in power relative to the rest of the world, economic hardships, a declining dollar, Cold War allies becoming less dependent on the United States, and the emergence of future powers around the world.[40][41][42]According to a RAND Corporation paper by American diplomat James Dobbins, Professor Howard J. Shatz, and policy analyst Ali Wyne, Russia in the breakdown of a disintegrating unipolar world order, whilst not a peer competitor to the United States, would still remain a player and a potential rogue state that would undermine global affairs. The West could contain Russia with methods like those employed during the Cold War with the Soviet Union, though this would be tested by Russia's overt and covert efforts to destabilize Western alliances and political systems. On the other hand, China is a peer competitor to the United States that cannot be contained, and will be a far more challenging entity for the West to confront. The authors state that China's military dominance in the Asia-Pacific is already eroding American influence at a rapid pace, and the costs for the US to defend its interests there will continue to rise. Moreover, China's economic influence has already broken out of its regional confines long ago and is on track to directly contest the US role as the center for economic trade and commerce.[43][44][45][46]","title":"Terminology and origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1_AD_to_2003_AD_Historical_Trends_in_global_distribution_of_GDP_China_India_Western_Europe_USA_Middle_East.png"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Iberian peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_peninsula"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Habsburg Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_Spain"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"European overseas expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Discoveries"},{"link_name":"colonial empires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_empire"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Tordesillas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas"},{"link_name":"Iberian Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Union"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire"},{"link_name":"Dutch Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Empire"},{"link_name":"Dutch Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age"},{"link_name":"French colonial Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_Empire"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"Glorious Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Revolution"},{"link_name":"hegemony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemony"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"}],"text":"Major economies from 1 AD to 2003 AD, according to Angus Maddison's estimates[47]There have been many attempts by historians to apply the term superpower retrospectively, and sometimes very loosely, to a variety of entities in the past. Recognition by historians of these older states as superpowers may focus on various superlative traits exhibited by them. The first states to actually exert influence and project their power at a global level (and not just regionally) and to be in fact superpowers in the modern sense of the concept were the states of the Iberian peninsula, namely the Kingdom of Portugal and Habsburg Spain,[48][49] which inaugurated the European overseas expansion in the 16th century, establishing vast colonial empires. The signing of the Treaty of Tordesillas, establishing the division of the lands discovered by Portugal and Spain, nominally divided the world between these superpowers until 1580, when there was the Iberian Union between the crowns of the monarchies of these nations that lasted until 1640. During the 17th century the Portuguese Empire was largely replaced by the Dutch Empire that made much of the 17th century part of the Dutch Golden Age. Soon after the Spanish and Dutch Empires were joined by the French colonial Empire from 1643 until 1815[50][51] from the reign of King Louis XIV until the defeat of Napoleon in the Napoleonic Wars[52] though the French would then build a second colonial empire during the 19th century. After 1688, with the end of its Golden Age, the Dutch Empire was largely replaced by the British Empire,[18] after this country went through its Glorious Revolution in 1688 and its pioneering role in the industrialization process in the 18th century that would lead to global hegemony in the 19th century and early 20th century (before the World War I). By the end of the 19th century Germany had also acquired a colonial empire of notable size though smaller than those of Britain and France.These are proposed examples of ancient or historical superpowers, taking into account that the knowledge of what the \"known world\" was constitued was extremely limited in past eras (for example, the ancient Romans never knew of the existence of the Americas or Australia and had extremely limited knowledge about East Asia). Many of the nations below were never superpowers in the modern sense (a nation capable of projecting power on a global scale), so in practice many were regional powers.","title":"Proposed early superpowers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Archaic globalization (before 1500)","text":"Many of the nations of this historical period were never superpowers, however they were regional powers with influence in their respective regions.Note: Does not take into account city-states and stateless nomadic peoples.","title":"Proposed early superpowers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fertile Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertile_Crescent"},{"link_name":"Early Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superpower&action=edit§ion=7"},{"link_name":"Akkadian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Old Kingdom of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Fertile Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertile_Crescent"},{"link_name":"Middle Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superpower&action=edit§ion=8"},{"link_name":"Old Assyrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Assyrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Old Babylonian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Middle Kingdom of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Mitanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittani"},{"link_name":"Hittite Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittite_Empire"},{"link_name":"Fertile Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertile_Crescent"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Late Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"Minoans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoan_Civilization"},{"link_name":"Mycenaean Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superpower&action=edit§ion=9"},{"link_name":"New Kingdom of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Hittite Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittites"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superpower&action=edit§ion=10"},{"link_name":"Indus Valley Civilisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superpower&action=edit§ion=11"},{"link_name":"Shang Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Zhou Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_dynasty"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superpower&action=edit§ion=12"},{"link_name":"Olmec Civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmec_civilization"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superpower&action=edit§ion=13"},{"link_name":"Caral–Supe Civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization"}],"sub_title":"Archaic globalization (before 1500) - Bronze Age","text":"Fertile Crescent in the Early Bronze Age[edit]In the early history of both regions contact between these civilization was very limited, long distance trade definitely occurred but primarily through long chains of intermediaries rather than directly.Akkadian Empire (isolated civilization; first empire recorded in history)\nOld Kingdom of Egypt (isolated civilization)Fertile Crescent in the Middle Bronze Age[edit]Really regular contact between Egypt, Mesopotamia and Anatolia really dates from this period. Mitanni was an important intermediary in the trade between these civilizations.Old Assyrian Empire\nOld Babylonian Empire\nMiddle Kingdom of Egypt\nKingdom of Mitanni\nHittite EmpireFertile Crescent and Mediterranean Sea in the Late Bronze Age (known by the Minoans and Mycenaean Greeks)[edit]New Kingdom of Egypt[53]\nHittite Empire[54]Indian Subcontinent[edit]Contact with other civilizations was very limited, long distance trade with Mesopothamia definitely occurred but primarily through long chains of intermediaries rather than directly.Indus Valley Civilisation (isolated civilization, no consensus on whether it was a unified state or not)East Asia[edit]Shang Kingdom (isolated civilization)\nZhou Kingdom (isolated civilization)Mesoamerica[edit]Olmec Civilization (isolated civilization, little information about their type of government)Andes[edit]Caral–Supe Civilization (isolated civilization, little information about their type of government)","title":"Proposed early superpowers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superpower&action=edit§ion=15"},{"link_name":"Magadha Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Magadha"},{"link_name":"Mahajanapadas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahajanapadas"},{"link_name":"Known world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_maps"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superpower&action=edit§ion=16"},{"link_name":"Kushite Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushite_Empire"},{"link_name":"Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Neo-Assyrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Neo-Babylonian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Achaemenid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Known world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_maps"},{"link_name":"Ancient Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superpower&action=edit§ion=17"},{"link_name":"Drachma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_drachma"},{"link_name":"Ptolemaic Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Carthaginian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthaginian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Roman Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Ptolemaic Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Seleucid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Parthian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Maurya Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Known world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_maps"},{"link_name":"Ancient Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superpower&action=edit§ion=18"},{"link_name":"reserve currency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_currency"},{"link_name":"Roman Denarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denarius"},{"link_name":"Roman Solidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidus_(coin)"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Parthian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sasanid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Aksumite Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum"},{"link_name":"Gupta Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_Empire"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"East Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superpower&action=edit§ion=19"},{"link_name":"Silk Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road"},{"link_name":"Han Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superpower&action=edit§ion=20"},{"link_name":"Afro-Eurasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Eurasia"},{"link_name":"Olmec Civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmec_civilization"},{"link_name":"Zapotec Civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapotec_civilization"},{"link_name":"Teotihuacán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teotihuac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superpower&action=edit§ion=21"},{"link_name":"Afro-Eurasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Eurasia"},{"link_name":"Chavín Civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_culture"}],"sub_title":"Archaic globalization (before 1500) - Classical antiquity","text":"Indian Subcontinent[edit]Magadha Empire (one of the 16 Mahajanapadas, isolated civilizations before contact with the Persians)Known world by the Ancient Greeks before the Hellenistic period[edit]Kushite Empire (Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt)\nNeo-Assyrian Empire[55][56]\nNeo-Babylonian Empire[57]\nAchaemenid Empire (Persia)[58]\nMacedonian Empire[59]Known world by the Ancient Romans in their Republican era[edit]The Drachma, minted by many states, most notably in the Ptolemaic Egypt was the reserve currency in the Mediterranean and Near EastCarthaginian Republic[60]\nRoman Republic[61]\nPtolemaic Egypt\nSeleucid Empire\nParthian Empire (Persia)\nMaurya Empire (not fully known by Europeans, that only known frontier regions and later northern regions)[62][63]Known world by the Ancient Romans in their Imperial era[edit]Main reserve currency in the Mediterranean and Near East: Roman Denarius, later replaced by the Roman Solidus.Roman Empire\nParthian Empire (Persia)\nSasanid Empire (Persia)\nAksumite Empire\nGupta Empire[64]East Asia[edit]Not fully known outside East Asia, However, due to the Silk Road, the existence of these great powers was known, but little information about them reached the West.Han Empire[65]Mesoamerica[edit]Isolated civilizations in relation to the Afro-Eurasia.Olmec Civilization (little information about their type of government)\nZapotec Civilization (little information about their type of government in this time period)\nTeotihuacán (little information about their type of government)Andes[edit]Isolated civilization in relation to the Afro-Eurasia.Chavín Civilization (little information about their type of government)","title":"Proposed early superpowers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Known world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_maps"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superpower&action=edit§ion=23"},{"link_name":"reserve currency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_currency"},{"link_name":"Roman Solidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidus_(coin)"},{"link_name":"Dinar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_dinar"},{"link_name":"Eastern Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Caliphates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Rashidun Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Umayyad Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Fatimid Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Abbasid Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Mogadishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mogadishu"},{"link_name":"Sassanid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ilkhanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanate"},{"link_name":"Timurid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_India"},{"link_name":"Chola Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola_Empire"},{"link_name":"Delhi Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Mongol Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_China"},{"link_name":"Tang Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Song Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Yuan Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ming Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superpower&action=edit§ion=24"},{"link_name":"Mansa Musa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansa_Musa"},{"link_name":"Catalan Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_Atlas"},{"link_name":"Ghana Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Empire"},{"link_name":"Mali Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Empire"},{"link_name":"Songhai Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_Empire"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superpower&action=edit§ion=25"},{"link_name":"Afro-Eurasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Eurasia"},{"link_name":"Toltec Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toltec_Empire"},{"link_name":"Purépecha Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_Empire"},{"link_name":"Aztec Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_Empire"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superpower&action=edit§ion=26"},{"link_name":"Afro-Eurasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Eurasia"},{"link_name":"Wari Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wari_Empire"},{"link_name":"Tiwanaku Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire"},{"link_name":"Inca Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_Empire"}],"sub_title":"Archaic globalization (before 1500) - Post-Classical Age","text":"Known world by Medieval Europeans and Middle Easterners[edit]Main reserve currency in the Mediterranean and Near East: Roman Solidus, later replaced by the Dinar, minted by the Caliphates.Eastern Roman Empire\nThe Caliphates: Rashidun Caliphate, Umayyad Caliphate,[66] Fatimid Caliphate and Abbasid Caliphate\nSultanate of Mogadishu (Known by Arabs, Europeans and East Asians)\nPersia (Sassanid Empire, Ilkhanate and the Timurid Empire) (known by Europeans, Indians and East Asians)\nEthiopian Empire (known by the Arabs, Indians, Europeans and later by the Chinese)\nIndian empires: Chola Empire and Delhi Sultanate\nMongol Empire (known by Eurasians)\nChinese empires: Tang Empire (known by East Asians, Indians and Middle Easterners but not by Europeans in detailed way),[67] Song Empire (known by the Europeans in its very last years),[68] Yuan Empire, Ming EmpireSub-Saharan Africa[edit]During the Middle Ages the region was known by Arab merchants. Europeans were aware that the region existed (to the point that Mansa Musa was mentioned in the Catalan Atlas), but little information about the place reached Europe.Ghana Empire (known by Arabs)\nMali Empire (known by Arabs and Europeans)\nSonghai Empire (know by Arabs)Mesoamerica[edit]Isolated civilization in relation to the Afro-Eurasia.Toltec Empire\nPurépecha Empire\nAztec EmpireSouth America[edit]Isolated civilizations in relation to the Afro-Eurasia.Wari Empire\nTiwanaku Empire\nInca Empire","title":"Proposed early superpowers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Age of Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Discovery"},{"link_name":"world system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_system"},{"link_name":"Planet Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Earth"}],"sub_title":"Proto-globalization (1500-1800)","text":"The Age of Discovery brought a broad change in globalization, being the first period in which previously isolated parts of the world became connected to form the world system.The contact between distant civilizations was highly facilitated as well as the mapping of a large part of the planet, with people in this historical period having a better understanding of the global map of the Planet Earth.","title":"Proposed early superpowers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire"},{"link_name":"Portuguese real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_real"},{"link_name":"Spanish Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Spanish dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_dollar"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Dutch Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Empire"},{"link_name":"Dutch guilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_guilder"},{"link_name":"French Colonial Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_Empire"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Livre tournois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livre_tournois"},{"link_name":"French franc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_franc"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Habsburg Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_empire"},{"link_name":"Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Safavid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Afsharid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsharid_Empire"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_India"},{"link_name":"Mughal Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_China"},{"link_name":"Ming Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Qing Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"great powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power"},{"link_name":"blue water forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_water_navy"},{"link_name":"high seas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_sea"}],"sub_title":"Proto-globalization (1500-1800) - Planetary scale","text":"Portuguese Empire (main reserve currency from c.1450 to 1530: Portuguese real)\nSpanish Empire (main reserve currency from 1530 to 1640: Spanish dollar) [69][70]\nDutch Empire (main reserve currency from 1640 to 1720: Dutch guilder)\nFrench Colonial Empire[71][72] (main reserve currency from 1720 to 1815: Livre tournois and French franc)[73]\nBritish Empire[74]\nOttoman Empire[75]\nHabsburg Empire during the reign of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor[76]Persia (Safavid Empire and Afsharid Empire), India (Mughal Empire) and China (Ming Empire and Qing Empire) were important great powers, but not superpowers because these empires was not very significant as blue water forces and could not face up to the navies of European powers on the high seas.","title":"Proposed early superpowers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Modern globalization (1800-1945)","title":"Proposed early superpowers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Pound Sterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"First French Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"Napoleon I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"French Colonial Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_empire"},{"link_name":"OECD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development"},{"link_name":"early modern period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_period"},{"link_name":"Western Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_China"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Subcontinent"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maddison_2006_656-79"}],"sub_title":"Modern globalization (1800-1945) - Planetary scale","text":"British Empire (main reserve currency from 1815 to 1920: Pound Sterling)[77][78]\nFirst French Empire of Napoleon I and French Colonial EmpireAccording to historical statistics and research from the OECD, until the early modern period, Western Europe, China, and India accounted for roughly ⅔ of the world's GDP.[79]","title":"Proposed early superpowers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Superpower collapse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Eastern Bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bloc"},{"link_name":"the 1980s and early 1990s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1982%E2%80%9391)"},{"link_name":"perestroika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika"},{"link_name":"glasnost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost"},{"link_name":"fall of the Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"dissolution of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Andrei Amalrik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Amalrik"},{"link_name":"predictions of Soviet collapse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictions_of_the_dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Todd"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"sub_title":"Soviet Union/Russia","text":"Dramatic changes occurred in the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc during the 1980s and early 1990s, with perestroika and glasnost, the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, and finally the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991. As early as 1970, Andrei Amalrik had made predictions of Soviet collapse, and Emmanuel Todd made a similar prediction in 1976.[80]","title":"Superpower collapse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suez Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Depression of 1920-21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_of_1920%E2%80%9321"},{"link_name":"Partition of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"pound sterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"gold standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_standard"},{"link_name":"Fall of Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Lend-Lease Aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lend-Lease"},{"link_name":"Age of Austerity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom#1945%E2%80%931951:_Age_of_Austerity"},{"link_name":"Winter of 1946–47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_of_1946%E2%80%9347_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"bipolar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarity_(international_relations)"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"home islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Islands"},{"link_name":"postwar consensus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postwar_consensus"},{"link_name":"the Sick Man of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sick_Man_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"International Monetary Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NA-SterlingDevalued-86"},{"link_name":"Winter of Discontent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_of_Discontent"},{"link_name":"Handover of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"soft power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_power"},{"link_name":"UN Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"global city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_city"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Global_soft_power_index-88"},{"link_name":"Brexit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit"},{"link_name":"cost-of-living crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%93present_United_Kingdom_cost-of-living_crisis"},{"link_name":"political instabilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_United_Kingdom_government_crisis_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"industrial disputes and strikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_United_Kingdom_industrial_disputes_and_strikes"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"}],"sub_title":"British Empire/United Kingdom","text":"The Suez Crisis of 1956 is considered by some commentators to be the beginning of the end of Britain's period as a superpower,[81][82][83] but other commentators have pointed much earlier such as in World War I, the Depression of 1920-21, the Partition of Ireland, the return of the pound sterling to the gold standard at its prewar parity in 1925, the Fall of Singapore, the loss of wealth from World War II, the end of Lend-Lease Aid from the United States in 1945, the postwar Age of Austerity, the Winter of 1946–47, the beginning of decolonization and the independence of British India as other key points in Britain's decline and loss of superpower status.[84]The Suez Crisis in particular is regarded by historians to be a political and diplomatic disaster for the British Empire, as it led to large-scale international condemnation, including extensive pressure from the United States and Soviet Union. This forced the British and the French to withdraw in embarrassment and cemented the increasingly-bipolar Cold War politics between the Soviet Union and United States. In the 1960s, the movement for decolonization reached its peak, with remaining imperial holdings achieving independence, accelerating the transition from the British Empire to the Commonwealth of Nations. As the Empire continued to crumble, the home islands of the United Kingdom later experienced deindustrialization throughout the 1970s, coupled with high inflation and industrial unrest that unraveled the postwar consensus. This led to some economists to refer to Britain as the Sick Man of Europe. In 1976, the United Kingdom had to seek assistance from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) which it had previously ironically helped create, receiving funding of $3.9 billion, the largest-ever loan to be requested up until that point.[85][86] In 1979, the country suffered major widespread strikes known as the Winter of Discontent. All these factors were seen by academics, economists and politicians as symbolising Britain's postwar decline. Lastly, the Handover of Hong Kong to China was seen by experts as the definitive end of the British Empire.Nevertheless, the United Kingdom today has retained global soft power in the 21st century, including a formidable military. The United Kingdom continues to have a permanent seat on the UN Security Council alongside only four other powers, and is one of the nine nuclear powers. Its capital city, London, continues to be regarded as one of the pre-eminent cities in the world, being ranked as a global city by the Mori Foundation.[87] In 2022, the United Kingdom was ranked the foremost European country in terms of soft power by Brand Finance.[88] However, it has been assumed by economists that more recent economic difficulties since the 2010s exacerbated by Brexit, a cost-of-living crisis, political instabilities and industrial disputes and strikes may have caused further permanent damage and erosion to Britain's lingering power.[89]","title":"Superpower collapse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American decline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_decline"},{"link_name":"After the Empire: The Breakdown of the American Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_the_Empire:_The_Breakdown_of_the_American_Order"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"asymmetric polarization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_polarization"},{"link_name":"U.S. foreign policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._foreign_policy"},{"link_name":"soft power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_power"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foreign_Policy_piece-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stanford_commentary-92"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"See also: American declineIn After the Empire: The Breakdown of the American Order[90] (2001), French sociologist Emmanuel Todd predicts the eventual decline and fall of the United States as a superpower. \"After years of being perceived as a problem-solver, the US itself has now become a problem for the rest of the world.\" Since the 2010s, as a result of asymmetric polarization within the United States, as well as globally perceived U.S. foreign policy failures, and China's growing influence around the world, some academics and geopolitical experts have argued that the United States may already be experiencing a decay in its soft power around the world.[91][92]","title":"Superpower collapse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"foreign policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy"},{"link_name":"proxy wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_war"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"nuclear war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_warfare"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"guerrillas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Greek Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Austrian State Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_State_Treaty"},{"link_name":"multilateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilateralism"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"European Economic Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Community"},{"link_name":"Stalin Note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalin_Note"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"}],"text":"Superpower disengagement is a foreign policy option whereby the most powerful nations, the superpowers, reduce their interventions in an area. Such disengagement could be multilateral among superpowers or lesser powers, or bilateral between two superpowers, or unilateral. It could mean an end to either direct or indirect interventions. For instance, disengagement could mean that the superpowers remove their support of proxies in proxy wars in order to de-escalate a superpower conflict back to a local problem based on local disputes. Disengagement can create buffers between superpowers that might prevent conflicts or reduce the intensity of conflicts.[citation needed]The term usually refers to various policy proposals during the Cold War which attempted to defuse tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States, largely because of the risk of any superpower conflict to escalate to nuclear war. Examples of one-sided disengagement include when Joseph Stalin decided to end Soviet support for the communist guerrillas in Greece during the Greek Civil War, and when Richard Nixon withdrew US troops from Vietnam in the early 1970s.[citation needed]The more important candidates for disengagement were where Soviet and US forces faced each other directly such as in Germany and Austria. The Austrian State Treaty is an example of formal, multilateral, superpower disengagement which left Austria as neutral for the duration of the Cold War, with Austria staying out of the Warsaw Pact, NATO, and the European Economic Community. The 1952 Stalin Note is perhaps the most controversial proposal of superpower disengagement from Germany.[93][94]","title":"Superpower disengagement"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Superpower.svg"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mark1-2"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"UBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBS"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"emerging powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_power"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRICS-103"},{"link_name":"Brussels effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_effect"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Japan's economy crashed in 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble"},{"link_name":"Lost Decades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Decades"},{"link_name":"invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNBC1-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krugman1-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Von_Drehle1-110"}],"text":"Extant superpower United States Potential superpowers—supported in varying degrees by academics China European Union India RussiaThe term potential superpowers has been applied by scholars and other qualified commentators to the possibility of several political entities achieving superpower status in the 21st century. Due to their large markets, growing military strength, economic potential, and influence in international affairs, China,[95][96][97] the European Union,[2] India,[98] and Russia[99] are among the political entities most cited as having the potential of achieving superpower status in the 21st century. In 2020, a new UBS survey found that 57% of global investors predicted that China would replace the U.S. as the world's biggest superpower by 2030.[100] However, many historians, writers, and critics have expressed doubts whether China or India would ever emerge as a new superpower.[101][102] Some political scientists and other commentators have even suggested that such countries might simply be emerging powers, as opposed to potential superpowers.[103] The European Union has been called a \"regulatory superpower\" due to the Brussels effect.[104][105][106]The record of such predictions has not been perfect. For example, in the 1980s, some commentators thought Japan would become a superpower due to its large GDP and high economic growth at the time.[107] However, Japan's economy crashed in 1991, creating a long period of economic slump in the country which has become known as the Lost Decades.Increasing doubts have emerged around the potential of Russia to gain superpower status given its declining economy, severe military underperformance during the invasion of Ukraine, and its loss of influence in Central Asia, a region once dominated by Moscow for centuries.[108][109][110]","title":"Potential superpowers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Geographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Brzezinski, Zbigniew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski"},{"link_name":"The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/grandchessboarda00brze_0"},{"link_name":"Basic Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-465-02726-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-02726-1"},{"link_name":"Fox, William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thornton_Rickert_Fox"},{"link_name":"Central European Superpower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.msz.gov.pl/resource/49da65c5-9917-40de-b542-5c89751cacf6:JCR"},{"link_name":"Penguin Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books"},{"link_name":"Kennedy, Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Great_Powers"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-679-72019-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-72019-7"},{"link_name":"McCormick, John, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCormick_(political_scientist)"},{"link_name":"Russia in the 21st Century: The Prodigal Superpower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//assets.cambridge.org/97805218/36784/excerpt/9780521836784_excerpt.pdf"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-83678-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-83678-6"},{"link_name":"The Recognition Game: Soviet Russia Against the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/download/ErikRingmartheRecognitionGameSovietRussiaAgainstTheWest/ErikRingmarTheRecognitionGame.pdf"},{"link_name":"University of Toronto Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press"},{"link_name":"online review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=57666"},{"link_name":"Todd, Emanuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Todd"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8157-0007-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8157-0007-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7-204-04420-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-204-04420-7"}],"text":"Belt, Don (2004). \"Europe's Big Gamble\". National Geographic. pp. 54–65.\nBrzezinski, Zbigniew (1997). The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-02726-1.\nFox, William (1944). The Super-powers: the United States, Britain, and the Soviet union—their responsibility for peace. Harcourt, Brace a. Co.\nLitwin Henryk, Central European Superpower, BUM Magazine, October 2016.\nKamen, Henry (2003). Spain's Road To Empire: The Making Of A World Power, 1492–1763. Penguin Books.\nKennedy, Paul (1988). The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. ISBN 0-679-72019-7.\nMcCormick, John, John (2007). The European Superpower. Palgrave Macmillan.\nRosefielde, Steven (2005). Russia in the 21st Century: The Prodigal Superpower (PDF). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83678-6. Retrieved 2007-10-07.\nErik Ringmar, \"The Recognition Game: Soviet Russia Against the West,\" Cooperation & Conflict, 37:2, 2002. pp. 115–36. – an explanation of the relations between the superpowers in the 20th century based on the notion of recognition.\nSicilia, David B.; Wittner, David G. Strands of Modernization: The Circulation of Technology and Business Practices in East Asia, 1850-1920 (University of Toronto Press, 2021) online review\nTodd, Emanuel (200X). After the Empire – The Breakdown of the American Order.\nVédrine, Hubert. France in an Age of Globalization, Brookings Institution Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8157-0007-5.\nLi, Bo; Zheng Yin (Chinese) (2001) 5000 years of Chinese history, Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp, ISBN 7-204-04420-7.","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A world map in 1945. According to William T. R. Fox, the United States (blue), the Soviet Union (red), and the British Empire (teal) were superpowers.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Superpower_map_1945.png/290px-Superpower_map_1945.png"},{"image_text":"Prime Minister Winston Churchill, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and General Secretary Joseph Stalin, meeting at the Yalta Conference in Crimea in February 1945, near the end of World War II","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Yalta_Conference_1945_Churchill%2C_Stalin%2C_Roosevelt_%28cropped_4-3%29.jpg/220px-Yalta_Conference_1945_Churchill%2C_Stalin%2C_Roosevelt_%28cropped_4-3%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"This map shows two global spheres during the Cold War in 1980: NATO member states Other NATO and United States allies × Anti-communist guerrillas Warsaw Pact member states Socialist states allied with the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact Other allies of the Soviet Union × Communist guerrillas Socialist states not allied with the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact Neutral nations × Other conflicts","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cold_War_Map_1980.svg/220px-Cold_War_Map_1980.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Countries with the military bases and facilities of the present sole superpower – the United States","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/American_bases_worldwide.svg/290px-American_bases_worldwide.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The New York Stock Exchange trading floor. Economic power such as a large nominal GDP and a world reserve currency are important factors in the projection of hard power.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/NYSE127.jpg/220px-NYSE127.jpg"},{"image_text":"Major economies from 1 AD to 2003 AD, according to Angus Maddison's estimates[47]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/1_AD_to_2003_AD_Historical_Trends_in_global_distribution_of_GDP_China_India_Western_Europe_USA_Middle_East.png/220px-1_AD_to_2003_AD_Historical_Trends_in_global_distribution_of_GDP_China_India_Western_Europe_USA_Middle_East.png"},{"image_text":"Extant superpower United States Potential superpowers—supported in varying degrees by academics China European Union India Russia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Superpower.svg/300px-Superpower.svg.png"}]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg"},{"title":"Politics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg"},{"title":"World portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:World"},{"title":"American Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Century"},{"title":"Indian Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Century"},{"title":"Chinese Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Century"},{"title":"Soviet empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_empire"},{"title":"Middle power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power"},{"title":"Second superpower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_superpower"},{"title":"Small power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_power"},{"title":"Group of Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Two"},{"title":"Historic recurrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_recurrence"},{"title":"International relations theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations_theory"},{"title":"List of modern great powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers"},{"title":"Megacorporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megacorporation"}]
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(2019-11-13), \"The Nature of Siege Warfare in the Neo-Assyrian Period\", Brill's Companion to Sieges in the Ancient Mediterranean, BRILL, pp. 35–52, doi:10.1163/9789004413740_004, ISBN 9789004413740, S2CID 214558514, retrieved 2022-12-27","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004413740_004","url_text":"\"The Nature of Siege Warfare in the Neo-Assyrian Period\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers","url_text":"BRILL"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004413740_004","url_text":"10.1163/9789004413740_004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004413740","url_text":"9789004413740"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214558514","url_text":"214558514"}]},{"reference":"Fantalkin, Alexander (2017-12-01). \"In Defense of Nebuchadnezzar II the Warrior\". 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Pp. xiv+575. $18.95\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F519344","url_text":"10.1086/519344"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2801","url_text":"0022-2801"}]},{"reference":"Suciu, Peter (2022-03-05). \"Turkey Could Be a Naval Power in Europe Again\". The National Interest. Retrieved 2022-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/turkey-could-be-naval-power-europe-again-200991","url_text":"\"Turkey Could Be a Naval Power in Europe Again\""}]},{"reference":"Stone, Norman (2017). Turkey : a short history. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-29299-0. 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The British Empire as a Superpower, 1919–39. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-08609-2. ISBN 978-1-349-08611-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08609-2","url_text":"The British Empire as a Superpower, 1919–39"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-08609-2","url_text":"10.1007/978-1-349-08609-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-08611-5","url_text":"978-1-349-08611-5"}]},{"reference":"Maddison, Angus (2006). The World Economy - Volume 1: A Millennial Perspective and Volume 2: Historical Statistics. OECD Publishing by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. p. 656. 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Pp. xiv+575. $18.95\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F519344","external_links_name":"10.1086/519344"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2801","external_links_name":"0022-2801"},{"Link":"https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/turkey-could-be-naval-power-europe-again-200991","external_links_name":"\"Turkey Could Be a Naval Power in Europe Again\""},{"Link":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/986757557","external_links_name":"Turkey : a short history"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/986757557","external_links_name":"986757557"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691196442.003.0001","external_links_name":"\"The Habsburg Puzzle\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.23943%2Fprinceton%2F9780691196442.003.0001","external_links_name":"10.23943/princeton/9780691196442.003.0001"},{"Link":"https://www.midasgoldgroup.com/news/world-reserve-currencies-since-1450/#:~:text=Since%201450%20there%20have%20been,States%20from%201921%20to%20today","external_links_name":"\"World Reserve Currencies Since 1450\""},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08609-2","external_links_name":"The British Empire as a Superpower, 1919–39"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-08609-2","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-1-349-08609-2"},{"Link":"http://www.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/display.asp?K=5L9ZBQKL5RLW&lang=EN&sort=sort_date%2Fd&stem=true&sf1=Title&st1=world+economy&sf3=SubjectCode&sp1=not&st4=E4+or+E5+or+P5&sf4=SubVersionCode&ds=world+economy%3B+All+Subjects%3B+&m=3&dc=26&plang=en","external_links_name":"The World Economy - Volume 1: A Millennial Perspective and Volume 2: Historical Statistics"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/mar/14/past.education1","external_links_name":"\"1956: Suez and the end of empire\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/5199392.stm","external_links_name":"\"Suez: End of empire\""},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom","external_links_name":"\"United Kingdom | History, Geography, Facts, & Points of Interest\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/imf-crisis.htm","external_links_name":"\"National Archives\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/sterling-devalued-imf-loan.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sterling devalued and the IMF loan\""},{"Link":"http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/ius2/gpci2/2020.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Global Power City Index 2020\""},{"Link":"https://brandfinance.com/press-releases/global-soft-power-index-2022-usa-bounces-back-better-to-top-of-nation-brand-ranking","external_links_name":"\"Global Soft Power Index 2022: USA bounces back better to top of nation brand ranking\""},{"Link":"https://www.politico.eu/article/the-incredible-shrinking-global-britain/","external_links_name":"\"The incredible shrinking Global Britain\""},{"Link":"https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/06/28/us-global-power-values-roe-v-wade-guns/","external_links_name":"\"America Is Losing Its Value Proposition\""},{"Link":"https://fsi.stanford.edu/news/soft-war-america-losing","external_links_name":"\"The Soft War That America Is Losing\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1148767","external_links_name":"\"Superpower Disengagement\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1148767","external_links_name":"10.2307/1148767"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7228","external_links_name":"0015-7228"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1148767","external_links_name":"1148767"},{"Link":"https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/time-disrupt-nato/","external_links_name":"\"It's Time to Disrupt NATO\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19995218","external_links_name":"\"What kind of superpower could China be?\""},{"Link":"http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=848","external_links_name":"\"China as a global power\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1999/china.50/asian.superpower/","external_links_name":"http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1999/china.50/asian.superpower/"},{"Link":"http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/economics/international-economics/russia-21st-century-prodigal-superpower","external_links_name":"Russia in the 21st Century"},{"Link":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/ubs-survey-china-world-superpower-185949233.html","external_links_name":"\"China will replace the US as the world's biggest superpower by 2030: UBS survey\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-17350650","external_links_name":"\"Why India Will Not Become a Superpower\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcrunch.com/business-finance/why-china-is-still-no-superpower/china-usa-economy-superpower-confucius/c2s12860/#.UyNI_j-SxA0","external_links_name":"\"Why China Is Still No Superpower\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011005/http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/China_Monitor_JUNE_2010.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Centre for Chinese Studies – Study of China and East Asia on the African continent\""},{"Link":"http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/China_Monitor_JUNE_2010.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/the-worlds-regulatory-superpower-is-taking-on-a-regulatory-nightmare-artificial-intelligence/","external_links_name":"\"The world's regulatory superpower is taking on a regulatory nightmare: artificial intelligence\""},{"Link":"https://cssh.northeastern.edu/meta-fine-shows-eu-is-regulatory-superpower-northeastern-expert-says/","external_links_name":"\"Meta fine shows EU is 'regulatory superpower,' Northeastern expert says\""},{"Link":"https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/books/232","external_links_name":"\"The Brussels Effect: How the European Union Rules the World\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780190088583.001.0001","external_links_name":"10.1093/oso/9780190088583.001.0001"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930094406/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,967823,00.html?promoid=googlep","external_links_name":"time.com"},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/2017/05/20/eu-foreign-policy-russia-trump-syria.html","external_links_name":"\"EU foreign policy chief dismisses Russia's superpower status, doubts Trump will pay Syria bill\""},{"Link":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/view-russia-is-a-potemkin-superpower-the-ukrainian-invasion-has-made-that-clear/articleshow/89916470.cms","external_links_name":"\"View: Russia is a Potemkin superpower. The Ukrainian invasion has made that clear\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/03/15/ukraine-war-proves-russia-no-longer-a-superpower/","external_links_name":"\"War proves that Russia is no longer a superpower\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/grandchessboarda00brze_0","external_links_name":"The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives"},{"Link":"https://www.msz.gov.pl/resource/49da65c5-9917-40de-b542-5c89751cacf6:JCR","external_links_name":"Central European Superpower"},{"Link":"http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/36784/excerpt/9780521836784_excerpt.pdf","external_links_name":"Russia in the 21st Century: The Prodigal Superpower"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/download/ErikRingmartheRecognitionGameSovietRussiaAgainstTheWest/ErikRingmarTheRecognitionGame.pdf","external_links_name":"The Recognition Game: Soviet Russia Against the West"},{"Link":"http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=57666","external_links_name":"online review"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1922499","external_links_name":"Superpower"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_glass
|
Cathedral glass
|
["1 Manufacture","1.1 Traditional methods of making coloured glass","1.2 Modern methods of making cathedral glass","2 Uses","3 Gallery","4 References"]
|
This article is about the type of glass. For information about glass used in cathedrals, see Stained glass.
A sheet of cathedral glass
Cathedral glass is the name given commercially to monochromatic sheet glass. It is thin by comparison with 'slab glass', may be coloured, and is textured on one side. The name draws from the fact that windows of stained glass were a feature of medieval European cathedrals from the 10th century onward.
The term 'cathedral glass' is sometimes applied erroneously to the windows of cathedrals as an alternative to the term 'stained glass'. Stained glass is the material and the art form of making coloured windows of elaborate or pictorial design.
Manufacture
Traditional methods of making coloured glass
Very early architectural glass, like that sometimes found in excavations of Roman baths, was cast. The molten glass was poured into a mold of wood or stone to make a sheet of glass. The texture of the mold material would be picked up by the glass.
By the time stained glass was being made, the glassblowing pipe was in common use, so hand-blown (or mouth-blown) sheets were made by the cylinder glass and/or crown glass method.
Casting came back as a common technique when rolled glass began to be manufactured in the mid 1830s and as glass jewels (also used for architectural glass) became popular. Rolled glass is not as rich and translucent as hand-blown glass, but it is much cheaper and is made in a variety of colors and textures, making it a useful decorative material.
Modern methods of making cathedral glass
Stencilled cathedral glass in a leadlight window from a chapel
This type of rolled glass is produced by pouring molten glass onto a metal or graphite table and immediately rolling it into a sheet using a large metal cylinder, similar to rolling out a pie crust. The rolling can be done by hand or machine. Glass can be 'double rolled', which means it is passed through two cylinders at once to yield glass of a certain thickness (approximately 3/16" or 5 mm). Glass made this way is never fully transparent, but it does not necessarily have much texture. It can be pushed and tugged while molten to achieve certain effects. For more distinct textures, the metal cylinder is imprinted with a pattern that is pressed into the molten glass as it passes through the rollers. The glass is then annealed.
Rolled glass was first commercially produced around the 1830s and is widely used today. It is often called cathedral glass, but this has nothing to do with medieval cathedrals, where the glass used was hand-blown.
Cathedral glass comes in a wide variety of colours and surface textures including hammered, rippled, seedy, and marine textures. It is made in the US, England, Germany, and China.
Uses
Cathedral glass has been used extensively in churches (often for non-pictorial windows) and for decorative glass in domestic and commercial buildings, both leaded and not, often in conjunction with drawn sheet glass and sometimes with decorative sections of beveled glass. It lets in light while reducing visibility and is a less expensive but still decorative material. While it does not have the richness and versatility of hand-blown glass, it has been used successfully for the creation of modern stained-glass windows in which the texture of the glass is treated, with the colour, as a significant design element.
Gallery
19th-century domestic leadlight with cathedral glass and bull's eyes.
Church window with pale colours typical of early 20th century, Czechoslovakia.
Bride sitting in front of a window of cathedral glass. Photo, Nils Fretwurst, 2005.
Cathedral glass in contrast with other types of glass. 'Dreamscape' by Jeffrey Hamilton, 2010 (by permission).
References
Sarah Brown, Stained Glass, an Illustrated History 1995, Bracken Books, ISBN 1-85891-157-5
Ben Sinclair, Plain Glazing, 2001, the Building Conservation Directory,
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stained glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cathedral_Glass_(cropped).png"},{"link_name":"stained glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass"},{"link_name":"cathedrals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral"}],"text":"This article is about the type of glass. For information about glass used in cathedrals, see Stained glass.A sheet of cathedral glassCathedral glass is the name given commercially to monochromatic sheet glass. It is thin by comparison with 'slab glass', may be coloured, and is textured on one side. The name draws from the fact that windows of stained glass were a feature of medieval European cathedrals from the 10th century onward.The term 'cathedral glass' is sometimes applied erroneously to the windows of cathedrals as an alternative to the term 'stained glass'. Stained glass is the material and the art form of making coloured windows of elaborate or pictorial design.","title":"Cathedral glass"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Manufacture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stained glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass"},{"link_name":"cylinder glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_glass"},{"link_name":"crown glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_glass_(window)"},{"link_name":"rolled glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolled_plate_glass"}],"sub_title":"Traditional methods of making coloured glass","text":"Very early architectural glass, like that sometimes found in excavations of Roman baths, was cast. The molten glass was poured into a mold of wood or stone to make a sheet of glass. The texture of the mold material would be picked up by the glass.By the time stained glass was being made, the glassblowing pipe was in common use, so hand-blown (or mouth-blown) sheets were made by the cylinder glass and/or crown glass method.Casting came back as a common technique when rolled glass began to be manufactured in the mid 1830s and as glass jewels (also used for architectural glass) became popular. Rolled glass is not as rich and translucent as hand-blown glass, but it is much cheaper and is made in a variety of colors and textures, making it a useful decorative material.","title":"Manufacture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chapel_glass_ca1900_a.jpg"},{"link_name":"leadlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadlight"},{"link_name":"annealed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annealing_(glass)"},{"link_name":"rippled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rippled_glass"}],"sub_title":"Modern methods of making cathedral glass","text":"Stencilled cathedral glass in a leadlight window from a chapelThis type of rolled glass is produced by pouring molten glass onto a metal or graphite table and immediately rolling it into a sheet using a large metal cylinder, similar to rolling out a pie crust. The rolling can be done by hand or machine. Glass can be 'double rolled', which means it is passed through two cylinders at once to yield glass of a certain thickness (approximately 3/16\" or 5 mm). Glass made this way is never fully transparent, but it does not necessarily have much texture. It can be pushed and tugged while molten to achieve certain effects. For more distinct textures, the metal cylinder is imprinted with a pattern that is pressed into the molten glass as it passes through the rollers. The glass is then annealed.Rolled glass was first commercially produced around the 1830s and is widely used today. It is often called cathedral glass, but this has nothing to do with medieval cathedrals, where the glass used was hand-blown.Cathedral glass comes in a wide variety of colours and surface textures including hammered, rippled, seedy, and marine textures. It is made in the US, England, Germany, and China.","title":"Manufacture"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Cathedral glass has been used extensively in churches (often for non-pictorial windows) and for decorative glass in domestic and commercial buildings, both leaded and not, often in conjunction with drawn sheet glass and sometimes with decorative sections of beveled glass. It lets in light while reducing visibility and is a less expensive but still decorative material. While it does not have the richness and versatility of hand-blown glass, it has been used successfully for the creation of modern stained-glass windows in which the texture of the glass is treated, with the colour, as a significant design element.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torun_witraz_piast_5_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"leadlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadlight"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cerveny_kostel_okno_adj_straight.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bride_north_america.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dreamscape.jpg"}],"text":"19th-century domestic leadlight with cathedral glass and bull's eyes.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChurch window with pale colours typical of early 20th century, Czechoslovakia.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBride sitting in front of a window of cathedral glass. Photo, Nils Fretwurst, 2005.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCathedral glass in contrast with other types of glass. 'Dreamscape' by Jeffrey Hamilton, 2010 (by permission).","title":"Gallery"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A sheet of cathedral glass","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cathedral_Glass_%28cropped%29.png/220px-Cathedral_Glass_%28cropped%29.png"},{"image_text":"Stencilled cathedral glass in a leadlight window from a chapel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chapel_glass_ca1900_a.jpg/220px-Chapel_glass_ca1900_a.jpg"}]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.buildingconservation.com/","external_links_name":"[1]"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends_Cup_(Russia)
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Legends Cup (Russia)
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["1 Competitions","1.1 Finals","2 Wins by country","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Football tournamentLegends CupOrganising body RFSFounded2009; 15 years ago (2009)RegionInternationalRelated competitionsWorld Cup of MastersCurrent champions Russia (2023)Most successful team(s) Russia(14 titles)Websitelegends-cup.ru
The Legends Cup (Russian: Кубок Легенд) is an unofficial, international friendly six-a-side football tournament that is not recognized by FIFA, for retired senior (35+) players held in Russia since 2009. A match lasts 40 minutes, 20 minutes a half. Half-time takes 10 minutes. There are 5 field players and a goalkeeper.
The tournament is held with the support of the Russian Football Union, the Moscow City Duma and the State Duma. Russia has won the most titles with 14 to date.
Competitions
Finals
Note: All editions held in Moscow
The 2017 Russia team
Ed.
Year
Champions
Score
Runners-up
Venue
1
2009
Russia
8–4
Spain
Megasport Sport Palace
2
2010
Russia
4–2
Spain
Megasport Sport Palace
3
2011
Russia
13–4
Netherlands
Megasport Sport Palace
4
2012
Russia
6–2
Ukraine
Megasport Sport Palace
5
2013
Russia
9–6
Ukraine
Luzhniki Small Sports Arena
6
2014
Russia
9–6
Portugal
Luzhniki Small Sports Arena
7
2015
Russia
8–7
Portugal
Luzhniki Small Sports Arena
8
2016
Russia
15–9
France
Luzhniki Small Sports Arena
9
2017
Russia
8–2
Germany
Megasport Sport Palace
10
2018
Russia
7–6
Italy
Megasport Sport Palace
11
2019
Russia
13–4
Germany
Luzhniki Stadium
12
2020
World All Star
6–5
Russia
13
2021
Russia
13–8
World All Star
14
2022
Russia
9−4
Turkey
15
2023
Russia
6–4
CIS All Star
Wins by country
Team
Winners
Runners-up
Russia
14 (2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023)
1 (2020)
World All Star
1 (2020)
1 (2021)
Portugal
–
2 (2014, 2015)
Ukraine
–
2 (2012, 2013)
Spain
–
2 (2009, 2010)
Germany
–
2 (2017, 2019)
CIS All Star
–
1 (2023)
France
–
1 (2016)
Netherlands
–
1 (2011)
Italy
–
1 (2018)
Turkey
–
1 (2022)
References
^ 2021 Russia Legends Cup ends successfully, the host successfully wins, 21 Aug 2022
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Legends Cup (Russia).
Official website
vteInternational friendly association football tournaments in RussiaClubs
Russian Railways Cup
United Tournament
2013
2014
National teams
Commonwealth of Independent States Cup
Granatkin Memorial
Legends Cup
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"six-a-side football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-a-side_football"},{"link_name":"goalkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Russian Football Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"Moscow City Duma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_City_Duma"},{"link_name":"State Duma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Duma"}],"text":"Football tournamentThe Legends Cup (Russian: Кубок Легенд) is an unofficial, international friendly six-a-side football tournament that is not recognized by FIFA, for retired senior (35+) players held in Russia since 2009. A match lasts 40 minutes, 20 minutes a half. Half-time takes 10 minutes. There are 5 field players and a goalkeeper.The tournament is held with the support of the Russian Football Union, the Moscow City Duma and the State Duma. Russia has won the most titles with 14 to date.","title":"Legends Cup (Russia)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gol_7887.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Finals","text":"Note: All editions held in MoscowThe 2017 Russia team","title":"Competitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Wins by country"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The 2017 Russia team","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Gol_7887.jpg/220px-Gol_7887.jpg"}]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://legends-cup.ru/","external_links_name":"legends-cup.ru"},{"Link":"https://min.news/en/sport/382a55a3b1827007a749d6e1455ce7da.html","external_links_name":"2021 Russia Legends Cup ends successfully, the host successfully wins"},{"Link":"https://legends-cup.ru/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphaproteobacteria
|
Alphaproteobacteria
|
["1 Characteristics","2 Evolution and genomics","3 Incertae sedis","4 Phylogeny","5 Natural genetic transformation","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]
|
Class of bacteria
Alphaproteobacteria
Transmission electron micrograph of Wolbachia within an insect cell.Credit:Public Library of Science / Scott O'Neill
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Pseudomonadota
Class:
AlphaproteobacteriaGarrity et al. 2006
Subclasses and Orders
Rickettsidae Ferla et al. 2013
Rickettsiales Gieszczykiewicz 1939 (Approved Lists 1980)
"Pelagibacterales" Grote et al. 2012
Caulobacteridae Ferla et al. 2013
Caulobacterales Henrici and Johnson 1935 (Approved Lists 1980)
Emcibacterales Iino et al. 2016
Holosporales Szokoli et al. 2020
Hyphomicrobiales Douglas 1957 (Approved Lists 1980)
Iodidimonadales Iino et al. 2016
Kordiimonadales Kwon et al. 2005
Micropepsales Harbison et al. 2017
Parvularculales Garrity et al. 2003
Rhodobacterales Garrity et al. 2006
Rhodospirillales Pfennig and Trüper 1971 (Approved Lists 1980)
Rhodothalassiales Venkata Ramana et al. 2014
Sneathiellales Kurahashi et al. 2008
Sphingomonadales Yabuuchi and Kosako 2006
"Taxa" incertae sedis (see text)
Synonyms
Caulobacteria Cavalier-Smith 2020
Anoxyphotobacteria (Gibbons and Murray 1978) Murray 1988
Photobacteria Gibbons and Murray 1978 (Approved Lists 1980)
Alphabacteria Cavalier-Smith 2002
Alphaproteobacteria is a class of bacteria in the phylum Pseudomonadota (formerly "Proteobacteria"). The Magnetococcales and Mariprofundales are considered basal or sister to the Alphaproteobacteria. The Alphaproteobacteria are highly diverse and possess few commonalities, but nevertheless share a common ancestor. Like all Proteobacteria, its members are gram-negative, although some of its intracellular parasitic members lack peptidoglycan and are consequently gram variable.
Characteristics
The Alphaproteobacteria are a diverse taxon and comprise several phototrophic genera, several genera metabolising C1-compounds (e.g., Methylobacterium spp.), symbionts of plants (e.g., Rhizobium spp.), endosymbionts of arthropods (Wolbachia) and intracellular pathogens (e.g. Rickettsia). Moreover, the class is sister to the protomitochondrion, the bacterium that was engulfed by the eukaryotic ancestor and gave rise to the mitochondria, which are organelles in eukaryotic cells (See endosymbiotic theory). A species of technological interest is Rhizobium radiobacter (formerly Agrobacterium tumefaciens): scientists often use this species to transfer foreign DNA into plant genomes. Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria, such as Pelagibacter ubique, are alphaproteobacteria that are a widely distributed and may constitute over 10% of the open ocean microbial community.
Evolution and genomics
There is some disagreement on the phylogeny of the orders, especially for the location of the Pelagibacterales, but overall there is some consensus. The discord stems from the large difference in gene content (e.g. genome streamlining in Pelagibacter ubique) and the large difference in GC-content between members of several orders. Specifically, Pelagibacterales, Rickettsiales and Holosporales contain species with AT-rich genomes. It has been argued that it could be a case of convergent evolution that would result in an artefactual clustering. However, several studies disagree.
Furthermore, it has been found that the GC-content of ribosomal RNA (the traditional phylogenetic marker for prokaryotes) little reflects the GC-content of the genome. One example of this atypical decorrelation of ribosomal GC-content with phylogeny is that members of the Holosporales have a much higher ribosomal GC-content than members of the Pelagibacterales and Rickettsiales, even though they are more closely related to species with high genomic GC-contents than to members of the latter two orders.
The Class Alphaproteobacteria is divided into three subclasses Magnetococcidae, Rickettsidae and Caulobacteridae. The basal group is Magnetococcidae, which is composed by a large diversity of magnetotactic bacteria, but only one is described, Magnetococcus marinus. The Rickettsidae is composed of the intracellular Rickettsiales and the free-living Pelagibacterales. The Caulobacteridae is composed of the Holosporales, Rhodospirillales, Sphingomonadales, Rhodobacterales, Caulobacterales, Kiloniellales, Kordiimonadales, Parvularculales and Sneathiellales.
Comparative analyses of the sequenced genomes have also led to discovery of many conserved insertion-deletions (indels) in widely distributed proteins and whole proteins (i.e. signature proteins) that are distinctive characteristics of either all Alphaproteobacteria, or their different main orders (viz. Rhizobiales, Rhodobacterales, Rhodospirillales, Rickettsiales, Sphingomonadales and Caulobacterales) and families (viz. Rickettsiaceae, Anaplasmataceae, Rhodospirillaceae, Acetobacteraceae, Bradyrhiozobiaceae, Brucellaceae and Bartonellaceae).
These molecular signatures provide novel means for the circumscription of these taxonomic groups and for identification/assignment of new species into these groups. Phylogenetic analyses and conserved indels in large numbers of other proteins provide evidence that Alphaproteobacteria have branched off later than most other phyla and classes of Bacteria except Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria.
The phylogeny of Alphaproteobacteria has constantly been revisited and updated. There are some debates for the inclusion of Magnetococcidae in Alphaproteobacteria. For example, an independent proteobacterial class ("Candidatus Etaproteobacteria") for Magnetococcidae has been proposed. A recent phylogenomic study suggests the placement of the protomitochondrial clade between Magnetococcidae and all other alphaproteobacterial taxa, which suggests an early divergence of the protomitochondrial lineage from the rest of alphaproteobacteria, except for Magnetococcidae. This phylogeny also suggests that the protomitochondrial lineage does not necessarily have a close relationship to Rickettsidae.
Incertae sedis
The following taxa have been assigned to the Alphaproteobacteria, but have not been assigned to one or more intervening taxonomic ranks:
Orders not assigned to a subclass
Minwuiales Sun et al. 2018
Genera not assigned to a family
"Candidatus Anoxipelagibacter" Ruiz-Perez et al. 2021
"Bilophococcus" Moench 1988
"Charonomicrobium" Csotonyi et al. 2011
"Candidatus Endolissoclinum" Kwan et al. 2012
"Candidatus Endowatersipora" Anderson and Haygood 2007
"Candidatus Halyseomicrobium" Levantesi et al. 2004
"Candidatus Halyseosphaera" Kragelund et al. 2006
"Candidatus Hodgkinia" McCutcheon et al. 2009
"Candidatus Lariskella" Matsuura et al. 2012
"Marinosulfonomonas" Holmes et al. 1997
"Candidatus Mesopelagibacter" Ruiz-Perez et al. 2021
"Methylosulfonomonas" Holmes et al. 1997
"Candidatus Monilibacter" Kragelund et al. 2006
"Nanobacterium" Ciftcioglu et al. 1997
"Oleomonas" Kanamori et al. 2002
"Candidatus Paraholospora" Eschbach et al. 2009
"Candidatus Phycosocius" Tanabe et al. 2015
"Candidatus Puniceispirillum" Oh et al. 2010
"Tetracoccus" Blackall et al. 1997
"Tuberoidobacter" Nikitin 1983
Species not assigned to a genus
Vibrio adaptatus Muir et al. 1990
Vibrio cyclosites Muir et al. 1990
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). The phylogeny is based on whole-genome analysis. Subclass names are based on Ferla et al. (2013).
Bacteria
Alphaproteobacteria
Magnetococcales
Mariprofundales
Rickettsidae
Rickettsiales (including mitochondria)
"Pelagibacterales"
Caulobacteridae
Sphingomonadales
Rhodospirillales
Rhodothalassiales
Iodidimonadales
Kordiimonadales
Emcibacterales
Sneathiellales
Hyphomicrobiales
Rhodobacterales
Micropepsales
"Parvularculales"
Caulobacterales
(outgroup)
Spirochaetota
Natural genetic transformation
Although only a few studies have been reported on natural genetic transformation in the Alphaproteobacteria, this process has been described in Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Methylobacterium organophilum, and Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Natural genetic transformation is a sexual process involving DNA transfer from one bacterial cell to another through the intervening medium, and the integration of the donor sequence into the recipient genome by homologous recombination.
Notes
^ Holosporales and Minwuiales are omitted from this phylogenetic tree.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j Ferla MP, Thrash JC, Giovannoni SJ, Patrick WM (2013). "New rRNA gene-based phylogenies of the Alphaproteobacteria provide perspective on major groups, mitochondrial ancestry and phylogenetic instability". PLOS ONE. 8 (12): e83383. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...883383F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083383. PMC 3859672. PMID 24349502.
^ Grote J, Thrash JC, Huggett MJ, Landry ZC, Carini P, Giovannoni SJ, Rappé MS (2012). "Streamlining and core genome conservation among highly divergent members of the SAR11 clade". mBio. 3 (5): e00252-12. doi:10.1128/mBio.00252-12. PMC 3448164. PMID 22991429.
^ a b c d Euzéby JP, Parte AC. "Alphaproteobacteria". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved May 31, 2021.
^ a b Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley T (July 26, 2005) . Garrity GM (ed.). The Proteobacteria. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 2C (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. p. 1388. ISBN 978-0-387-24145-6. British Library no. GBA561951.
^ a b Martijn J, Vosseberg J, Guy L, Offre P, Ettema TJ (May 2018). "Deep mitochondrial origin outside the sampled alphaproteobacteria". Nature. 557 (7703): 101–105. Bibcode:2018Natur.557..101M. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0059-5. PMID 29695865. S2CID 13740626.
^ a b Hördt A, López MG, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Schleuning M, Weinhold LM, Tindall BJ, et al. (7 April 2020). "Analysis of 1,000+ Type-Strain Genomes Substantially Improves Taxonomic Classification of 'Alphaproteobacteria'". Frontiers in Microbiology. 11: 468. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.00468. PMC 7179689. PMID 32373076.
^ Martijn, Joran; Vosseberg, Julian; Guy, Lionel; Offre, Pierre; Ettema, Thijs J. G. (2018-05-01). "Deep mitochondrial origin outside the sampled alphaproteobacteria". Nature. 557 (7703): 101–105. Bibcode:2018Natur.557..101M. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0059-5. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 29695865. S2CID 13740626.
^ Chilton MD, Drummond MH, Merio DJ, Sciaky D, Montoya AL, Gordon MP, Nester EW (June 1977). "Stable incorporation of plasmid DNA into higher plant cells: the molecular basis of crown gall tumorigenesis". Cell. 11 (2): 263–71. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(77)90043-5. PMID 890735. S2CID 7533482.
^ Rodríguez-Ezpeleta N, Embley TM (2012). "The SAR11 group of alpha-proteobacteria is not related to the origin of mitochondria". PLOS ONE. 7 (1): e30520. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...730520R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030520. PMC 3264578. PMID 22291975.
^ Viklund J, Ettema TJ, Andersson SG (February 2012). "Independent genome reduction and phylogenetic reclassification of the oceanic SAR11 clade". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 29 (2): 599–615. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr203. PMID 21900598.
^ Viklund J, Martijn J, Ettema TJ, Andersson SG (2013). "Comparative and phylogenomic evidence that the alphaproteobacterium HIMB59 is not a member of the oceanic SAR11 clade". PLOS ONE. 8 (11): e78858. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...878858V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078858. PMC 3815206. PMID 24223857.
^ Georgiades K, Madoui MA, Le P, Robert C, Raoult D (2011). "Phylogenomic analysis of Odyssella thessalonicensis fortifies the common origin of Rickettsiales, Pelagibacter ubique and Reclimonas americana mitochondrion". PLOS ONE. 6 (9): e24857. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...624857G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024857. PMC 3177885. PMID 21957463.
^ Thrash JC, Boyd A, Huggett MJ, Grote J, Carini P, Yoder RJ, et al. (2011). "Phylogenomic evidence for a common ancestor of mitochondria and the SAR11 clade". Scientific Reports. 1: 13. Bibcode:2011NatSR...1E..13T. doi:10.1038/srep00013. PMC 3216501. PMID 22355532.
^ Williams KP, Sobral BW, Dickerman AW (July 2007). "A robust species tree for the alphaproteobacteria". Journal of Bacteriology. 189 (13): 4578–86. doi:10.1128/JB.00269-07. PMC 1913456. PMID 17483224.
^ Bazylinski DA, Williams TJ, Lefèvre CT, Berg RJ, Zhang CL, Bowser SS, Dean AJ, Beveridge TJ (2012). "Magnetococcus marinus gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine, magnetotactic bacterium that represents a novel lineage (Magnetococcaceae fam. nov.; Magnetococcales ord. nov.) at the base of the Alphaproteobacteria ". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 63 (Pt 3): 801–808. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.038927-0. PMID 22581902.
^ Gupta RS (2005). "Protein signatures distinctive of alpha proteobacteria and its subgroups and a model for alpha-proteobacterial evolution". Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 31 (2): 101–35. doi:10.1080/10408410590922393. PMID 15986834. S2CID 30170035.
^ Gupta RS (October 2000). "The phylogeny of proteobacteria: relationships to other eubacterial phyla and eukaryotes". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 24 (4): 367–402. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2000.tb00547.x. PMID 10978543.
^ Gupta RS, Sneath PH (January 2007). "Application of the character compatibility approach to generalized molecular sequence data: branching order of the proteobacterial subdivisions". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 64 (1): 90–100. Bibcode:2007JMolE..64...90G. doi:10.1007/s00239-006-0082-2. PMID 17160641. S2CID 32775450.
^ Hördt A, López MG, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Schleuning M, Weinhold LM, Tindall BJ, et al. (2020-04-07). "Analysis of 1,000+ Type-Strain Genomes Substantially Improves Taxonomic Classification of 'Alphaproteobacteria'". Frontiers in Microbiology. 11: 468. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.00468. PMC 7179689. PMID 32373076.
^ Muñoz-Gómez SA, Hess S, Burger G, Lang BF, Susko E, Slamovits CH, Roger AJ (February 2019). Rokas A, Wittkopp PJ, Irisarri I (eds.). "An updated phylogeny of the Alphaproteobacteria reveals that the parasitic Rickettsiales and Holosporales have independent origins". eLife. 8: e42535. doi:10.7554/eLife.42535. PMC 6447387. PMID 30789345.
^ Ji B, Zhang SD, Zhang WJ, Rouy Z, Alberto F, Santini CL, et al. (March 2017). "The chimeric nature of the genomes of marine magnetotactic coccoid-ovoid bacteria defines a novel group of Proteobacteria". Environmental Microbiology. 19 (3): 1103–1119. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.13637. PMID 27902881. S2CID 32324511.
^ Lin W, Zhang W, Zhao X, Roberts AP, Paterson GA, Bazylinski DA, Pan Y (June 2018). "Genomic expansion of magnetotactic bacteria reveals an early common origin of magnetotaxis with lineage-specific evolution". The ISME Journal. 12 (6): 1508–1519. doi:10.1038/s41396-018-0098-9. PMC 5955933. PMID 29581530.
^ Euzéby JP, Parte AC. "Alphaproteobacteria, not assigned to a family". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved June 7, 2021.
^ Rose AH, Tempest DW, Morris JG (1983). Advances in Microbial Physiology. Vol. 24. Academic Press. p. 111. ISBN 0-12-027724-7.
^ Tuberoidobacter, on: IniProt Taxonomy
^ Tuberoidobacter, on: NCBI Taxonomy Browser
^ Roger AJ, Muñoz-Gómez SA, Kamikawa R (November 2017). "The Origin and Diversification of Mitochondria". Current Biology. 27 (21): R1177–R1192. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.015. PMID 29112874.
^ Demanèche S, Kay E, Gourbière F, Simonet P (June 2001). "Natural transformation of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Agrobacterium tumefaciens in soil". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 67 (6): 2617–21. Bibcode:2001ApEnM..67.2617D. doi:10.1128/AEM.67.6.2617-2621.2001. PMC 92915. PMID 11375171.
^ O'Connor M, Wopat A, Hanson RS (January 1977). "Genetic transformation in Methylobacterium organophilum". Journal of General Microbiology. 98 (1): 265–72. doi:10.1099/00221287-98-1-265. PMID 401866.
^ Raina JL, Modi VV (August 1972). "Deoxyribonucleate binding and transformation in Rhizobium jpaonicum". Journal of Bacteriology. 111 (2): 356–60. doi:10.1128/jb.111.2.356-360.1972. PMC 251290. PMID 4538250.
External links
Alphaproteobacteria at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Bacterial (Prokaryotic) Phylogeny Webpage: Alpha Proteobacteria. Archived 2010-05-10 at the Wayback Machine
vteProkaryotes: Bacteria classification
Domain
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukaryota
(major groups
Excavata
Diaphoretickes
Hacrobia
Rhizaria
Alveolata
Stramenopiles
Plants
Amorphea
Amoebozoa
Opisthokonta
Animals
Fungi)
TerrabacteriaBV1, BV3, BV5others
Actinomycetota
Acidimicrobiia
Actinomycetia
"Aquicultoria"
Coriobacteriia
"Geothermincolia"
"Humimicrobiia"
Rubrobacteria
Thermoleophilia
"Bipolaricaulota"
"Bipolaricaulia"
Chloroflexota
"Caldilineia"
Chloroflexia
Dehalococcoidia
Ktedonobacteria
"Limnocylindria"
Deinococcota
"Deinococcia"
"Dormiibacterota"
"Dormibacteria"
Armatimonadota
"Abditibacteriia"
Armatimonadia
Chthonomonadia
Fimbriimonadia
"Heboniibacteriia"
"Zipacnadia"
"Eremiobacterota"
"Eudoremicrobiia"
"Xenobiia"
"Eremiobacteria"
Cyanoprokaryota
Cyanobacteriota
Cyanobacteria
"Sericytochromatia"
"Vampirovibrionophyceae"
"Margulisiibacteriota"
"Marinamargulisbacteria"
"Riflemargulisbacteria"
"Saganbacteria"
"Termititenacia"
FirmicutesBV3Low GC
Bacillota
"Bacillia"
Bacillota A
"Clostridiia"
"Thermoanaerobacteria"
"Thermosediminibacteria"
Bacillota D
"Dethiobacteria"
"Natranaerobiia"
"Proteinivoracia"
Bacillota E
"Sulfobacillia"
"Symbiobacteriia"
"Thermaerobacteria"
Bacillota G
"Hydrogenisporia"
Limnochordia
"Desulfotomaculota"
"Carboxydocellia"
"Carboxydothermia"
"Dehalobacteriia"
"Desulfitobacteriia"
"Desulfotomaculia"
"Moorellia"
"Peptococcia"
"Syntrophomonadia"
"Thermincolia"
"Halanaerobiaeota"
"Halanaerobiia"
"Selenobacteria"
"Selenomonadia"
CPR group
"Elulota"
"Elulimicrobia"
"Patescibacteria"
ABY1
"Absconditabacteria"
"Andersenbacteria"
"Berkelbacteria"
"Dojkabacteria"
"Doudnabacteria"
"Gracilibacteria"
"Howlettbacteria"
"Katanobacteria"
"Kazanbacteria"
"Microgenomatia"
"Paceibacteria"
"Saccharimonadia"
"Torokbacteria"
"Wirthbacteria"
ThermotogidaSynergistetes
Atribacterota
Atribacteria
Synergistota
Synergistia
Thermocalda
Caldisericota
Caldisericia
Coprothermobacterota
Coprothermobacteria
Dictyoglomerota
Dictyoglomeria
"Lithacetigenota"
"Lithacetigenia"
"Thermodesulfobiota"
"Thermodesulfobiia"
Thermotogota
"Thermotogia"
Fusobacterida
Fusobacteriota
Fusobacteriia
"Macinerneyibacteriota"
"Macinerneyibacteriia"
"Muiribacteriota"
"Muiribacteriia"
"Rifleibacteriota"
"Ozemibacteria"
"Walliibacteriota"
Hydrobacteria BV2, BV4Clade 1
"Aerophobota"
"Aerophobia"
"Auribacterota"
"Ancaeobacteria"
"Auribacteria"
"Erginobacteria"
"Tritonobacteria"
"Desantisiibacteriota"
Elusimicrobiota
Elusimicrobiia
Endomicrobiia
"Firestoneibacteriota"
"Goldiibacteriota"
"Omnitrophota"
"Omnitrophia"
"Velamenicoccia"
"Ratteibacteriota"
Clade 2
"Abyssubacteria"
"Hinthialibacterota"
"Hinthialibacteria"
"Hydrogenedentota"
"Hydrogenedentia"
"Poribacteriota"
"Saltatorellota"
"Saltatorellae"
"Sumerlaeota"
"Sumerlaeia"
Spirochaetobacteriobiontes
"Babelota"
"Babeliae"
"Lindowiibacteriota"
Spirochaetota
"Brevinematia"
"Brachyspirae"
"Exilispiria"
"Leptospiria"
"Spirochaetia"
PVC group(Planctobacteria)
Chlamydiota
Chlamydiia
Planctomycetota
"Brocadiia"
Phycisphaeria
Planctomycetia
"Uabimicrobiia"
Verrucomicrobiota
Kiritimatiellia
Lentisphaeria
Verrucomicrobiia
FCB group(Sphingobacteria)
Bacteroidota
Bacteroidia
Chlorobiia
"Ignavibacteriia"
"Kapabacteria"
"Kryptoniia"
Rhodothermia
Calditrichota
Calditrichia
"Cloacimonadota"
"Cloacimonadia"
"Coatesiibacteriota"
"Cosmopoliota"
"Cosmopolitia"
"Delongiibacteriota"
"Edwardsiibacteriota"
"Eiseniibacteriota"
"Electryoneota"
"Electryoneia"
"Tariuqbacteria"
"Fermentibacterota"
"Fermentibacteria"
Fibrobacterota
Chitinivibrionia
Fibrobacteria
"Raymondbacteriia"
Gemmatimonadota
Gemmatimonadia
"Glassbacteria"
"Heilongiota"
"Heilongiia"
"Hydrothermota"
"Hydrothermia"
"Stahlbacteria"
"Krumholzibacteriota"
"Krumholzibacteriia"
"Latescibacterota"
"Handelsmanbacteria"
"Latescibacteria"
"Neomarinimicrobiota"
"Marinisomatota"
"Marinisomatia"
"Tianyaibacteriota"
"Zixiibacteriota"
ProteobacteriaBV2Aquificida
"Acidulodesulfobacteriota"
"Acidulodesulfobacteriia"
Aquificota
Aquificia
"Desulfurobacteriia"
Campylobacterota
"Campylobacteria"
Desulfurellia
"Calescibacteriota"
"Calescibacteriia"
Chrysiogenota
Chrysiogenia
"Dadaibacteriota"
"Dadabacteria"
Deferribacterota
"Deferribacteria"
Desulfobacterota G
Syntrophorhabdia
"Thermosulfidibacterota"
"Thermosulfidibacteria"
Deltaproteobacteria
Bdellovibrionota
Bacteriovoracia
Bdellovibrionia
Oligoflexia
"Binatota"
"Binatia"
"Deferrimicrobiota"
"Anaeroferrophilia"
"Deferrimicrobiia"
"Deferrisomatota"
Deferrisomatia
"Desulfuromonadota"
Desulfuromonadia
"Lernaellota"
"Lernaellia"
"Methylomirabilota"
"Methylomirabilia"
"Moduliflexota"
"Moduliflexia"
Myxococcota
Myxococcia
"Bradymonadia"
Polyangiia
Nitrospinota
Nitrospinia
Nitrospirota
Nitrospiria
"Thermodesulfovibrionia"
SAR324
"Lambdaproteobacteria"
"Schekmaniibacteriota"
"Tectimicrobiota"
"Entotheonellia"
"Thermodesulfobacteriota"
others
Acidobacteriota
"Acidobacteriia"
"Aminicenantia"
Blastocatellia
"Fischerbacteria"
"Guanabaribacteriia"
"Holophagia"
"Polarisedimenticolia"
Thermoanaerobaculia
Vicinamibacteria
"Canglongiota"
"Canglongiia"
"Leptospirillaeota"
"Leptospirillia"
Pseudomonadota
"Caulobacteria"
"Mariprofundia"
"Magnetococcia"
"Pseudomonadia"
others
"Qinglongiota"
"Qinglongiia"
"Salinosulfoleibacteria"
"Teskebacteria"
Source: Bergey's Manual (2001–2012)
Alternative views: Wikispecies
vtePseudomonadota-associated Gram-negative bacterial infectionsαRickettsialesRickettsiaceae/(Rickettsioses)Typhus
Rickettsia typhi
Murine typhus
Rickettsia prowazekii
Epidemic typhus, Brill–Zinsser disease, Flying squirrel typhus
SpottedfeverTick-borne
Rickettsia rickettsii
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Rickettsia conorii
Boutonneuse fever
Rickettsia japonica
Japanese spotted fever
Rickettsia sibirica
North Asian tick typhus
Rickettsia australis
Queensland tick typhus
Rickettsia honei
Flinders Island spotted fever
Rickettsia africae
African tick bite fever
Rickettsia parkeri
American tick bite fever
Rickettsia aeschlimannii
Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection
Mite-borne
Rickettsia akari
Rickettsialpox
Orientia tsutsugamushi
Scrub typhus
Flea-borne
Rickettsia felis
Flea-borne spotted fever
Anaplasmataceae
Ehrlichiosis: Anaplasma phagocytophilum
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis, Anaplasmosis
Ehrlichia chaffeensis
Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis
Ehrlichia ewingii
Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection
HyphomicrobialesBrucellaceae
Brucella abortus
Brucellosis
Bartonellaceae
Bartonellosis: Bartonella henselae
Cat-scratch disease
Bartonella quintana
Trench fever
Either B. henselae or B. quintana
Bacillary angiomatosis
Bartonella bacilliformis
Carrion's disease, Verruga peruana
βNeisserialesM+
Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus
Meningococcal disease, Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome, Meningococcal septicaemia
M−
Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus
Gonorrhea
ungrouped:
Eikenella corrodens/Kingella kingae
HACEK
Chromobacterium violaceum
Chromobacteriosis infection
Burkholderiales
Burkholderia pseudomallei
Melioidosis
Burkholderia mallei
Glanders
Burkholderia cepacia complex
Bordetella pertussis/Bordetella parapertussis
Pertussis
γEnterobacteriales(OX−)Lac+
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Rhinoscleroma, Pneumonia
Klebsiella granulomatis
Granuloma inguinale
Klebsiella oxytoca
Escherichia coli: Enterotoxigenic
Enteroinvasive
Enterohemorrhagic
O157:H7
O104:H4
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
Enterobacter aerogenes/Enterobacter cloacae
Slow/weak
Serratia marcescens
Serratia infection
Citrobacter koseri/Citrobacter freundii
Lac−H2S+
Salmonella enterica
Typhoid fever, Paratyphoid fever, Salmonellosis
H2S−
Shigella dysenteriae/sonnei/flexneri/boydii
Shigellosis, Bacillary dysentery
Proteus mirabilis/Proteus vulgaris
Yersinia pestis
Plague/Bubonic plague
Yersinia enterocolitica
Yersiniosis
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Far East scarlet-like fever
PasteurellalesHaemophilus:
H. influenzae
Haemophilus meningitis
Brazilian purpuric fever
H. ducreyi
Chancroid
H. parainfluenzae
HACEK
Pasteurella multocida
Pasteurellosis
Actinobacillus
Actinobacillosis
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
HACEK
Legionellales
Legionella pneumophila/Legionella longbeachae
Legionnaires' disease
Coxiella burnetii
Q fever
Thiotrichales
Francisella tularensis
Tularemia
Vibrionaceae
Vibrio cholerae
Cholera
Vibrio vulnificus
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Vibrio alginolyticus
Plesiomonas shigelloides
Pseudomonadales
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas infection
Moraxella catarrhalis
Acinetobacter baumannii
Xanthomonadaceae
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Cardiobacteriaceae
Cardiobacterium hominis
HACEK
Aeromonadales
Aeromonas hydrophila/Aeromonas veronii
Aeromonas infection
εCampylobacterales
Campylobacter jejuni
Campylobacteriosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome
Helicobacter pylori
Peptic ulcer, MALT lymphoma, Gastric cancer
Helicobacter cinaedi
Helicobacter cellulitis
Taxon identifiersAlphaproteobacteria
Wikidata: Q306579
Wikispecies: Alphaproteobacteria
CoL: 8ZXTT
EoL: 3346
EPPO: 1ALPBC
GBIF: 197
iNaturalist: 83703
IRMNG: 1110
ITIS: 956129
LPSN: alphaproteobacteria
NCBI: 28211
NZOR: 38a40d44-55c7-4f96-8935-0c2c54fcda9e
Open Tree of Life: 683449
WoRMS: 392750
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_(biology)"},{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"phylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum"},{"link_name":"Pseudomonadota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonadota"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bergey2C-4"},{"link_name":"Magnetococcales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetococcales"},{"link_name":"Mariprofundales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariprofundales"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H%C3%B6rdt-6"},{"link_name":"gram-negative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative"},{"link_name":"peptidoglycan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidoglycan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bergey2C-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Euzeby-3"}],"text":"Alphaproteobacteria is a class of bacteria in the phylum Pseudomonadota (formerly \"Proteobacteria\").[4] The Magnetococcales and Mariprofundales are considered basal or sister to the Alphaproteobacteria.[5][6] The Alphaproteobacteria are highly diverse and possess few commonalities, but nevertheless share a common ancestor. Like all Proteobacteria, its members are gram-negative, although some of its intracellular parasitic members lack peptidoglycan and are consequently gram variable.[4][3]","title":"Alphaproteobacteria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phototrophic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phototroph"},{"link_name":"Rhizobium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizobium"},{"link_name":"endosymbionts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosymbiont"},{"link_name":"Wolbachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolbachia"},{"link_name":"pathogens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen"},{"link_name":"Rickettsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsia"},{"link_name":"protomitochondrion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protomitochondrion"},{"link_name":"mitochondria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondria"},{"link_name":"endosymbiotic theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosymbiotic_theory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferla2013-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Rhizobium radiobacter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizobium_radiobacter"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_anoxygenic_phototrophic_bacteria"},{"link_name":"Pelagibacter ubique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagibacter_ubique"}],"text":"The Alphaproteobacteria are a diverse taxon and comprise several phototrophic genera, several genera metabolising C1-compounds (e.g., Methylobacterium spp.), symbionts of plants (e.g., Rhizobium spp.), endosymbionts of arthropods (Wolbachia) and intracellular pathogens (e.g. Rickettsia). Moreover, the class is sister to the protomitochondrion, the bacterium that was engulfed by the eukaryotic ancestor and gave rise to the mitochondria, which are organelles in eukaryotic cells (See endosymbiotic theory).[1][7] A species of technological interest is Rhizobium radiobacter (formerly Agrobacterium tumefaciens): scientists often use this species to transfer foreign DNA into plant genomes.[8] Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria, such as Pelagibacter ubique, are alphaproteobacteria that are a widely distributed and may constitute over 10% of the open ocean microbial community.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phylogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogeny"},{"link_name":"orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Pelagibacterales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagibacterales"},{"link_name":"genome streamlining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_streamlining"},{"link_name":"GC-content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GC-content"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferla2013-1"},{"link_name":"jargon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Technical_language"},{"link_name":"convergent evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_evolution"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferla2013-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"ribosomal RNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_RNA"},{"link_name":"phylogenetic marker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_marker"},{"link_name":"Holosporales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holosporales"},{"link_name":"Pelagibacterales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagibacterales"},{"link_name":"Rickettsiales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsiales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferla2013-1"},{"link_name":"subclasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subclass_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferla2013-1"},{"link_name":"basal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)"},{"link_name":"Magnetococcidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetococcidae"},{"link_name":"magnetotactic bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetotactic_bacteria"},{"link_name":"Magnetococcus marinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetococcus_marinus"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Rickettsiales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsiales"},{"link_name":"Pelagibacterales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagibacterales"},{"link_name":"Holosporales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holosporales"},{"link_name":"Rhodospirillales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodospirillales"},{"link_name":"Sphingomonadales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingomonadales"},{"link_name":"Rhodobacterales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodobacterales"},{"link_name":"Caulobacterales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulobacterales"},{"link_name":"Kordiimonadales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kordiimonadales"},{"link_name":"Parvularculales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvularculales"},{"link_name":"Sneathiellales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneathiellales"},{"link_name":"sequenced genomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing"},{"link_name":"conserved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conserved_sequence"},{"link_name":"insertion-deletions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indel"},{"link_name":"signature proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Signature_protein&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Betaproteobacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betaproteobacteria"},{"link_name":"Gammaproteobacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"text":"There is some disagreement on the phylogeny of the orders, especially for the location of the Pelagibacterales, but overall there is some consensus. The discord stems from the large difference in gene content (e.g. genome streamlining in Pelagibacter ubique) and the large difference in GC-content between members of several orders.[1] Specifically, Pelagibacterales, Rickettsiales and Holosporales contain species with AT-rich genomes.[jargon] It has been argued that it could be a case of convergent evolution that would result in an artefactual clustering.[9][10][11] However, several studies disagree.[1][12][13][14]Furthermore, it has been found that the GC-content of ribosomal RNA (the traditional phylogenetic marker for prokaryotes) little reflects the GC-content of the genome. One example of this atypical decorrelation of ribosomal GC-content with phylogeny is that members of the Holosporales have a much higher ribosomal GC-content than members of the Pelagibacterales and Rickettsiales, even though they are more closely related to species with high genomic GC-contents than to members of the latter two orders.[1]The Class Alphaproteobacteria is divided into three subclasses Magnetococcidae, Rickettsidae and Caulobacteridae.[1] The basal group is Magnetococcidae, which is composed by a large diversity of magnetotactic bacteria, but only one is described, Magnetococcus marinus.[15] The Rickettsidae is composed of the intracellular Rickettsiales and the free-living Pelagibacterales. The Caulobacteridae is composed of the Holosporales, Rhodospirillales, Sphingomonadales, Rhodobacterales, Caulobacterales, Kiloniellales, Kordiimonadales, Parvularculales and Sneathiellales.Comparative analyses of the sequenced genomes have also led to discovery of many conserved insertion-deletions (indels) in widely distributed proteins and whole proteins (i.e. signature proteins) that are distinctive characteristics of either all Alphaproteobacteria, or their different main orders (viz. Rhizobiales, Rhodobacterales, Rhodospirillales, Rickettsiales, Sphingomonadales and Caulobacterales) and families (viz. Rickettsiaceae, Anaplasmataceae, Rhodospirillaceae, Acetobacteraceae, Bradyrhiozobiaceae, Brucellaceae and Bartonellaceae).These molecular signatures provide novel means for the circumscription of these taxonomic groups and for identification/assignment of new species into these groups.[16] Phylogenetic analyses and conserved indels in large numbers of other proteins provide evidence that Alphaproteobacteria have branched off later than most other phyla and classes of Bacteria except Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria.[17][18]The phylogeny of Alphaproteobacteria has constantly been revisited and updated.[19][20] There are some debates for the inclusion of Magnetococcidae in Alphaproteobacteria. For example, an independent proteobacterial class (\"Candidatus Etaproteobacteria\") for Magnetococcidae has been proposed.[21][22] A recent phylogenomic study suggests the placement of the protomitochondrial clade between Magnetococcidae and all other alphaproteobacterial taxa,[5] which suggests an early divergence of the protomitochondrial lineage from the rest of alphaproteobacteria, except for Magnetococcidae. This phylogeny also suggests that the protomitochondrial lineage does not necessarily have a close relationship to Rickettsidae.","title":"Evolution and genomics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LPSN-23"},{"link_name":"Minwuiales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minwuiales"},{"link_name":"Candidatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidatus"},{"link_name":"Anoxipelagibacter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anoxipelagibacter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bilophococcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilophococcus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charonomicrobium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charonomicrobium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Endolissoclinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endolissoclinum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Endowatersipora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endowatersipora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Halyseomicrobium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halyseomicrobium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Halyseosphaera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halyseosphaera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hodgkinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hodgkinia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lariskella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lariskella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marinosulfonomonas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinosulfonomonas"},{"link_name":"Mesopelagibacter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopelagibacter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Methylosulfonomonas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methylosulfonomonas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Monilibacter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monilibacter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nanobacterium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanobacterium"},{"link_name":"Oleomonas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oleomonas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paraholospora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paraholospora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Phycosocius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phycosocius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Puniceispirillum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puniceispirillum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tetracoccus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracoccus_(bacterium)"},{"link_name":"Tuberoidobacter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuberoidobacter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Vibrio adaptatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrio_adaptatus"},{"link_name":"Vibrio cyclosites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vibrio_cyclosites&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The following taxa have been assigned to the Alphaproteobacteria, but have not been assigned to one or more intervening taxonomic ranks:[23]Orders not assigned to a subclass\nMinwuiales Sun et al. 2018\nGenera not assigned to a family\n\"Candidatus Anoxipelagibacter\" Ruiz-Perez et al. 2021\n\"Bilophococcus\" Moench 1988\n\"Charonomicrobium\" Csotonyi et al. 2011\n\"Candidatus Endolissoclinum\" Kwan et al. 2012\n\"Candidatus Endowatersipora\" Anderson and Haygood 2007\n\"Candidatus Halyseomicrobium\" Levantesi et al. 2004\n\"Candidatus Halyseosphaera\" Kragelund et al. 2006\n\"Candidatus Hodgkinia\" McCutcheon et al. 2009\n\"Candidatus Lariskella\" Matsuura et al. 2012\n\"Marinosulfonomonas\" Holmes et al. 1997\n\"Candidatus Mesopelagibacter\" Ruiz-Perez et al. 2021\n\"Methylosulfonomonas\" Holmes et al. 1997\n\"Candidatus Monilibacter\" Kragelund et al. 2006\n\"Nanobacterium\" Ciftcioglu et al. 1997\n\"Oleomonas\" Kanamori et al. 2002\n\"Candidatus Paraholospora\" Eschbach et al. 2009\n\"Candidatus Phycosocius\" Tanabe et al. 2015\n\"Candidatus Puniceispirillum\" Oh et al. 2010\n\"Tetracoccus\" Blackall et al. 1997\n\"Tuberoidobacter\" Nikitin 1983[24][25][26]\nSpecies not assigned to a genus\nVibrio adaptatus Muir et al. 1990\nVibrio cyclosites Muir et al. 1990","title":"Incertae sedis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prokaryotic_names_with_Standing_in_Nomenclature"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Euzeby-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H%C3%B6rdt-6"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferla2013-1"},{"link_name":"Bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"Magnetococcales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetococcales"},{"link_name":"Mariprofundales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariprofundales"},{"link_name":"Rickettsiales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsiales"},{"link_name":"mitochondria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferla2013-1"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Pelagibacterales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAR11_clade"},{"link_name":"Sphingomonadales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingomonadales"},{"link_name":"Rhodospirillales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodospirillales"},{"link_name":"Rhodothalassiales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodothalassiales"},{"link_name":"Iodidimonadales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodidimonadales"},{"link_name":"Kordiimonadales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kordiimonadales"},{"link_name":"Emcibacterales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emcibacterales"},{"link_name":"Sneathiellales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneathiellales"},{"link_name":"Hyphomicrobiales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphomicrobiales"},{"link_name":"Rhodobacterales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodobacterales"},{"link_name":"Micropepsales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micropepsales"},{"link_name":"Parvularculales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvularculales"},{"link_name":"Caulobacterales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulobacterales"},{"link_name":"outgroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outgroup_(cladistics)"},{"link_name":"Spirochaetota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirochaetota"}],"text":"The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN).[3] The phylogeny is based on whole-genome analysis.[6][a] Subclass names are based on Ferla et al. (2013).[1]Bacteria \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Alphaproteobacteria \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Magnetococcales\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Mariprofundales\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Rickettsidae \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Rickettsiales (including mitochondria[1][27])\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \"Pelagibacterales\"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Caulobacteridae \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Sphingomonadales\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Rhodospirillales\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Rhodothalassiales\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Iodidimonadales\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Kordiimonadales\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Emcibacterales\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Sneathiellales\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Hyphomicrobiales\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Rhodobacterales\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Micropepsales\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \"Parvularculales\"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Caulobacterales\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(outgroup)\n\n\nSpirochaetota","title":"Phylogeny"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"natural genetic transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"Agrobacterium tumefaciens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrobacterium_tumefaciens"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11375171-29"},{"link_name":"Methylobacterium organophilum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylobacterium_organophilum"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid401866-30"},{"link_name":"Bradyrhizobium japonicum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradyrhizobium_japonicum"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid4538250-31"},{"link_name":"sexual process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_reproduction"},{"link_name":"DNA transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_transfer"},{"link_name":"homologous recombination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologous_recombination"}],"text":"Although only a few studies have been reported on natural genetic transformation in the Alphaproteobacteria, this process has been described in Agrobacterium tumefaciens,[28] Methylobacterium organophilum,[29] and Bradyrhizobium japonicum.[30] Natural genetic transformation is a sexual process involving DNA transfer from one bacterial cell to another through the intervening medium, and the integration of the donor sequence into the recipient genome by homologous recombination.","title":"Natural genetic transformation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Holosporales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holosporales"},{"link_name":"Minwuiales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minwuiales"}],"text":"^ Holosporales and Minwuiales are omitted from this phylogenetic tree.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"reference":"Ferla MP, Thrash JC, Giovannoni SJ, Patrick WM (2013). \"New rRNA gene-based phylogenies of the Alphaproteobacteria provide perspective on major groups, mitochondrial ancestry and phylogenetic instability\". PLOS ONE. 8 (12): e83383. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...883383F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083383. PMC 3859672. PMID 24349502.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3859672","url_text":"\"New rRNA gene-based phylogenies of the Alphaproteobacteria provide perspective on major groups, mitochondrial ancestry and phylogenetic instability\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...883383F","url_text":"2013PLoSO...883383F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0083383","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0083383"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3859672","url_text":"3859672"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24349502","url_text":"24349502"}]},{"reference":"Grote J, Thrash JC, Huggett MJ, Landry ZC, Carini P, Giovannoni SJ, Rappé MS (2012). \"Streamlining and core genome conservation among highly divergent members of the SAR11 clade\". mBio. 3 (5): e00252-12. doi:10.1128/mBio.00252-12. PMC 3448164. PMID 22991429.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3448164","url_text":"\"Streamlining and core genome conservation among highly divergent members of the SAR11 clade\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FmBio.00252-12","url_text":"10.1128/mBio.00252-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3448164","url_text":"3448164"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22991429","url_text":"22991429"}]},{"reference":"Euzéby JP, Parte AC. \"Alphaproteobacteria\". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved May 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://lpsn.dsmz.de/class/alphaproteobacteria","url_text":"\"Alphaproteobacteria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prokaryotic_names_with_Standing_in_Nomenclature","url_text":"List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature"}]},{"reference":"Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley T (July 26, 2005) [1984(Williams & Wilkins)]. Garrity GM (ed.). The Proteobacteria. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 2C (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. p. 1388. ISBN 978-0-387-24145-6. British Library no. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Chouteau
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Chouteau
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["1 People","2 Places","3 References","4 External links"]
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French-American family
This article is about the family. For other uses, see Chouteau (disambiguation).
Chouteau was the name of a highly successful, ethnically French fur-trading family based in Saint Louis, Missouri, which they helped found.
Their ancestors Chouteau and Laclède initially settled in New Orleans. They then moved-up the Mississippi river and established posts in the Midwest and Western United States, particularly along the Missouri River and in the Southwest. Various locations were named after this family.
People
Marie-Therese Bourgeois Chouteau (1733-1814), matriarch of the family
children of Marie-Therèse Bourgeois Chouteau and René Augustin Chouteau Sr.
René Auguste Chouteau (1750-1829), founder of St. Louis, Missouri
Auguste Aristide Chouteau (1792-1833), fur trader
Henri Chouteau I (1805-1855), railroad executive, killed in Gasconade Bridge train disaster
Henri Chouteau II (1830-1854), married Julia Deaver
Azby Auguste Chouteau Sr. (1853-?), lawyer and one of the founders of Minnesela, South Dakota, husband of Cora Baker (great-great-granddaughter of Isaac Shelby)
Azby Chouteau Jr. (1884-?)
Henri Arminstead Chouteau III (1889-1952), realtor
Edward Chouteau (1807-1846), trader
Gabriel Chouteau (1794-1887), served in War of 1812
Eulalie Chouteau (1799-1835), married René Paul (1783-1851), first surveyor of St. Louis
Gabriel René Paul (1813-1886), Union Army general in the American Civil War
Louise Chouteau, married Gabriel Paul, French chevalier
Emilie Chouteau, married Thomas Floyd, US officer in the Black Hawk War
Children of Marie-Therèse Bourgeois Chouteau and Pierre Laclède (also founder of St. Louis, Missouri):
Victoire Chouteau, (1760-1825), wife of Charles Gratiot Sr., financier of the Illinois campaign during the American Revolutionary War
Charles Gratiot, (1786-1855), builder of Fort Meigs and Fort Monroe and participant in Battle of Mackinac Island
Henry Gratiot (1789-1856), soldier in the Black Hawk War
Adèle Gratiot (1826-1887), wife of Elihu B. Washburne (1816-1887), U.S. Secretary of State and U.S. Ambassador to France
Jean Pierre Chouteau (1758-1849)
Auguste Pierre Chouteau (1786-1838), founder of posts in Oklahoma and Chouteau, Oklahoma
Emilie Sophie Chouteau (1813-1874), wife of Nicolas DeMenil and owner of Chatillon-DeMenil House
Pierre Chouteau Jr., nicknamed 'Cadet', (1789-1865), founder of posts on Upper Missouri River, including Fort Pierre and Chouteau County, Montana, and partner to Bernard A. Pratte in the Pratte & Chouteau Trading Company.
François Chouteau, first official European settler of Kansas City, Missouri
Yvonne Chouteau (1929-2016), 20th-century Shawnee classical ballerina, one of the "Five Moons" of Oklahoma; 5th-generation descendant of Jean Pierre Chouteau
Marie Pelagie Chouteau (1760-1812), grandmother of Emilie Pratt, wife of Ramsay Crooks (1780-1859), General Manager and President of the American Fur Company and business partner of Jean Pierre Chouteau
Places
Choteau, Montana
Chouteau County, Montana
Chouteau, Oklahoma
Chouteau Creek, Mayes County, Oklahoma
Pierre, South Dakota (named for Pierre Chouteau Jr.)
Chouteau Bridge across the Missouri River in Kansas City
Chouteau's Landing in St. Louis
Chouteau Avenue in St. Louis
The family sold the Chouteau posts along the upper Missouri River in 1865 after the American Civil War to Americans James B. Hubbell, Alpheus F. Hawley, James A. Smith, C. Francis Bates. Hubbell, based in Minnesota, already had some licenses from the federal government to trade with Native Americans in the West. He and his colleague Hawley formed a partnership with these men to set up a business. They formed the Northwestern Fur Company and operated it through posts along the upper Missouri River until 1870. They closed the business due to losses of equipment and furs during the Sioux uprising and warfare during the 1860s, which resulted in a volatile environment that made it too difficult to operate.
References
^ a b Beckwith, Paul Edmond (1893). Creoles of St. Louis. St. Louis: Nixon-Jones.
^ Benedict Richards, Marjorie. Minnesela: The City That Never Happened. Spearfish, SD: Northern Hills Printing, 1972. Print.
^ Kestenbaum, Lawrence (2015). "Cho to Christenberry". The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians. Retrieved 2018-04-29.
^ Lucile M. Kane, "New Light on the Northwestern Fur Company", Minnesota History Magazine, Winter 1955, pp. 325-329
External links
"The Chouteau Family", Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
"Henri Arminstead Chouteau." Find a Grave. N.p., 29 Sept. 2007. Web.
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They then moved-up the Mississippi river and established posts in the Midwest and Western United States, particularly along the Missouri River and in the Southwest. Various locations were named after this family.","title":"Chouteau"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marie-Therese Bourgeois Chouteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Therese_Bourgeois_Chouteau"},{"link_name":"René Auguste Chouteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Auguste_Chouteau"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-creole-1"},{"link_name":"Gasconade Bridge train disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasconade_Bridge_train_disaster"},{"link_name":"lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"Minnesela, South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesela,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Isaac Shelby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Shelby"},{"link_name":"realtor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realtor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mbr-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Gabriel René Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Ren%C3%A9_Paul"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"chevalier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight"},{"link_name":"Black Hawk War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_War"},{"link_name":"Pierre Laclède","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Lacl%C3%A8de"},{"link_name":"Charles Gratiot Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gratiot_Sr."},{"link_name":"Illinois campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_campaign"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Charles Gratiot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gratiot"},{"link_name":"Fort Meigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Meigs"},{"link_name":"Fort Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mackinac Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mackinac_Island"},{"link_name":"Elihu B. Washburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne"},{"link_name":"U.S. Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"U.S. Ambassador to France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Ambassador_to_France"},{"link_name":"Jean Pierre Chouteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Pierre_Chouteau"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-creole-1"},{"link_name":"Auguste Pierre Chouteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Pierre_Chouteau"},{"link_name":"Chouteau, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chouteau,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Chatillon-DeMenil House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatillon-DeMenil_House"},{"link_name":"Pierre Chouteau Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Chouteau_Jr."},{"link_name":"Fort Pierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Pierre,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Chouteau County, Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chouteau_County,_Montana"},{"link_name":"François Chouteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Chouteau"},{"link_name":"Kansas City, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Yvonne Chouteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Chouteau"},{"link_name":"Shawnee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawnee"},{"link_name":"Five Moons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Moons"},{"link_name":"Ramsay Crooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_Crooks"},{"link_name":"American Fur Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Fur_Company"},{"link_name":"Jean Pierre Chouteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Pierre_Chouteau"}],"text":"Marie-Therese Bourgeois Chouteau (1733-1814), matriarch of the familychildren of Marie-Therèse Bourgeois Chouteau and René Augustin Chouteau Sr.\nRené Auguste Chouteau (1750-1829), founder of St. Louis, Missouri[1]Auguste Aristide Chouteau (1792-1833), fur trader\nHenri Chouteau I (1805-1855), railroad executive, killed in Gasconade Bridge train disaster\nHenri Chouteau II (1830-1854), married Julia Deaver\nAzby Auguste Chouteau Sr. (1853-?), lawyer and one of the founders of Minnesela, South Dakota, husband of Cora Baker (great-great-granddaughter of Isaac Shelby)\nAzby Chouteau Jr. (1884-?)\nHenri Arminstead Chouteau III (1889-1952), realtor[2][3]\nEdward Chouteau (1807-1846), trader\nGabriel Chouteau (1794-1887), served in War of 1812\nEulalie Chouteau (1799-1835), married René Paul (1783-1851), first surveyor of St. Louis\nGabriel René Paul (1813-1886), Union Army general in the American Civil War\nLouise Chouteau, married Gabriel Paul, French chevalier\nEmilie Chouteau, married Thomas Floyd, US officer in the Black Hawk WarChildren of Marie-Therèse Bourgeois Chouteau and Pierre Laclède (also founder of St. Louis, Missouri):\nVictoire Chouteau, (1760-1825), wife of Charles Gratiot Sr., financier of the Illinois campaign during the American Revolutionary War\nCharles Gratiot, (1786-1855), builder of Fort Meigs and Fort Monroe and participant in Battle of Mackinac Island\nHenry Gratiot (1789-1856), soldier in the Black Hawk War\nAdèle Gratiot (1826-1887), wife of Elihu B. Washburne (1816-1887), U.S. Secretary of State and U.S. Ambassador to France\nJean Pierre Chouteau (1758-1849)[1]Auguste Pierre Chouteau (1786-1838), founder of posts in Oklahoma and Chouteau, Oklahoma\nEmilie Sophie Chouteau (1813-1874), wife of Nicolas DeMenil and owner of Chatillon-DeMenil House\nPierre Chouteau Jr., nicknamed 'Cadet', (1789-1865), founder of posts on Upper Missouri River, including Fort Pierre and Chouteau County, Montana, and partner to Bernard A. Pratte in the Pratte & Chouteau Trading Company.\nFrançois Chouteau, first official European settler of Kansas City, MissouriYvonne Chouteau (1929-2016), 20th-century Shawnee classical ballerina, one of the \"Five Moons\" of Oklahoma; 5th-generation descendant of Jean Pierre ChouteauMarie Pelagie Chouteau (1760-1812), grandmother of Emilie Pratt, wife of Ramsay Crooks (1780-1859), General Manager and President of the American Fur Company and business partner of Jean Pierre Chouteau","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Choteau, Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choteau,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Chouteau County, Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chouteau_County,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Chouteau, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chouteau,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Chouteau Creek, Mayes County, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chouteau_Creek,_Mayes_County,_Oklahoma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pierre, South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Chouteau Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chouteau_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Chouteau's Landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chouteau%27s_Landing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Chouteau Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chouteau_Avenue&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"James B. Hubbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_B._Hubbell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alpheus F. Hawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alpheus_F._Hawley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. Francis Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C._Francis_Bates&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Choteau, Montana\nChouteau County, Montana\nChouteau, Oklahoma\nChouteau Creek, Mayes County, Oklahoma\nPierre, South Dakota (named for Pierre Chouteau Jr.)\nChouteau Bridge across the Missouri River in Kansas City\nChouteau's Landing in St. Louis\nChouteau Avenue in St. LouisThe family sold the Chouteau posts along the upper Missouri River in 1865 after the American Civil War to Americans James B. Hubbell, Alpheus F. Hawley, James A. Smith, C. Francis Bates. Hubbell, based in Minnesota, already had some licenses from the federal government to trade with Native Americans in the West. He and his colleague Hawley formed a partnership with these men to set up a business. They formed the Northwestern Fur Company and operated it through posts along the upper Missouri River until 1870. They closed the business due to losses of equipment and furs during the Sioux uprising and warfare during the 1860s, which resulted in a volatile environment that made it too difficult to operate.[4]","title":"Places"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Beckwith, Paul Edmond (1893). Creoles of St. Louis. St. Louis: Nixon-Jones.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kestenbaum, Lawrence (2015). \"Cho to Christenberry\". The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians. Retrieved 2018-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/choate-chrisman.html#558.40.79","url_text":"\"Cho to Christenberry\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/choate-chrisman.html#558.40.79","external_links_name":"\"Cho to Christenberry\""},{"Link":"http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/34/v34i08p325-329.pdf","external_links_name":"Lucile M. Kane, \"New Light on the Northwestern Fur Company\""},{"Link":"http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/C/CH056.html","external_links_name":"\"The Chouteau Family\""},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/21836591","external_links_name":"\"Henri Arminstead Chouteau.\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blennerhassett_Hotel
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Blennerhassett Hotel
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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Coordinates: 39°15′53″N 81°33′41″W / 39.26472°N 81.56139°W / 39.26472; -81.56139United States historic placeBlennerhassett HotelU.S. National Register of Historic Places
Front of the hotelShow map of West VirginiaShow map of the United StatesLocation320 Market St., Parkersburg, West VirginiaCoordinates39°15′53″N 81°33′41″W / 39.26472°N 81.56139°W / 39.26472; -81.56139Arealess than one acreArchitectural styleQueen AnneMPSDowntown Parkersburg MRANRHP reference No.82001768
Added to NRHPDecember 10, 1982
Blennerhassett Hotel is a historic hotel located at Parkersburg, Wood County, West Virginia. It opened in 1889 and is in the Queen Anne style. The hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. A full restoration took place in 1986. (The hotel website states that the property is "registered as a national historic landmark". This is undoubtedly a mistake for it being placed on the National Register of Historic Places. Only about three percent of Register listings are NHLs.)
In the late 1800s, money from the oil and natural gas industries flooded into Parkersburg, West Virginia, and the town quickly became a vivacious city that welcomed businessmen and visitors from all over the country. Designed and built by William Chancellor, a prominent Parkersburg businessman, Blennerhassett opened in 1889 and quickly became a grand showplace for what would later be known as the Gaslight Era. The original hotel had approximately 50 guest rooms around a central staircase. Restrooms were common places on each of the four guest floors and the kitchen was located on the fifth floor. What is now the hotel's game room originally housed the First National Bank of Parkersburg and had the luxury of electricity.
The property was named after Harman and Margaret Blennerhassett, who settled on an island in the Ohio River in 1798 and built a Palladian mansion on their European-style estate (the island now called Blennerhassett Island). Their property was the envy of all locals, but they didn't rise to national fame until they allowed former Vice President Aaron Burr to use the island as the base of operations for his controversial military exhibition. Labeled as a conspiracy by some, the Blennerhassetts fled down the Ohio River to escape when militia invaded the island.
References
^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
^ Patrick Andrus (October 1982). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Blennerhassett Hotel" (PDF). State of West Virginia, West Virginia Division of Culture and History, Historic Preservation. Retrieved 2011-09-10.
^ Stanley Turkel: Built to Last: 100+ Year-Old Hotels East of the Mississippi, Authorhouse, 2013, p. 274
External links
Media related to Blennerhassett Hotel at Wikimedia Commons
Blennerhassett Hotel website
vteCity of ParkersburgTopics
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Category:National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia
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This article about a property in Wood County, West Virginia on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parkersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkersburg,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Wood County, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_County,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Queen Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dhr-2"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"national historic landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_historic_landmark"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Harman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harman_Blennerhassett"}],"text":"United States historic placeBlennerhassett Hotel is a historic hotel located at Parkersburg, Wood County, West Virginia. It opened in 1889 and is in the Queen Anne style.[2] The hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.[1] A full restoration took place in 1986.[3] (The hotel website states that the property is \"registered as a national historic landmark\". This is undoubtedly a mistake for it being placed on the National Register of Historic Places. Only about three percent of Register listings are NHLs.)In the late 1800s, money from the oil and natural gas industries flooded into Parkersburg, West Virginia, and the town quickly became a vivacious city that welcomed businessmen and visitors from all over the country. Designed and built by William Chancellor, a prominent Parkersburg businessman, Blennerhassett opened in 1889 and quickly became a grand showplace for what would later be known as the Gaslight Era. The original hotel had approximately 50 guest rooms around a central staircase. Restrooms were common places on each of the four guest floors and the kitchen was located on the fifth floor. What is now the hotel's game room originally housed the First National Bank of Parkersburg and had the luxury of electricity.The property was named after Harman and Margaret Blennerhassett, who settled on an island in the Ohio River in 1798 and built a Palladian mansion on their European-style estate (the island now called Blennerhassett Island). Their property was the envy of all locals, but they didn't rise to national fame until they allowed former Vice President Aaron Burr to use the island as the base of operations for his controversial military exhibition. Labeled as a conspiracy by some, the Blennerhassetts fled down the Ohio River to escape when militia invaded the island.","title":"Blennerhassett Hotel"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Patrick Andrus (October 1982). \"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Blennerhassett Hotel\" (PDF). State of West Virginia, West Virginia Division of Culture and History, Historic Preservation. Retrieved 2011-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wvculture.org/shpo/nr/pdf/wood/82001768.pdf","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Blennerhassett Hotel\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Blennerhassett_Hotel¶ms=39_15_53_N_81_33_41_W_type:landmark_region:US-WV","external_links_name":"39°15′53″N 81°33′41″W / 39.26472°N 81.56139°W / 39.26472; -81.56139"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Blennerhassett_Hotel¶ms=39_15_53_N_81_33_41_W_type:landmark_region:US-WV","external_links_name":"39°15′53″N 81°33′41″W / 39.26472°N 81.56139°W / 39.26472; -81.56139"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/64000960_text","external_links_name":"Downtown Parkersburg MRA"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/82001768","external_links_name":"82001768"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"http://www.wvculture.org/shpo/nr/pdf/wood/82001768.pdf","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Blennerhassett Hotel\""},{"Link":"http://www.theblennerhassett.com/","external_links_name":"Blennerhassett Hotel website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blennerhassett_Hotel&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bram_Tchaikovsky
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Bram Tchaikovsky
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["1 Re-releases","2 Album discography","3 Singles","4 References","5 External links"]
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British vocalist and guitarist
Bram TchaikovskyBirth namePeter BramallBorn (1950-11-10) 10 November 1950 (age 73)Lincolnshire, EnglandGenresPower popYears active1978–1981LabelsRadar Records (UK)Polydor Records (US)Arista RecordsTiger EyeMusical artist
Peter Bramall (born 10 November 1950 in Lincolnshire, England), better known by his stage name Bram Tchaikovsky, is a British vocalist and guitarist.
He first came to prominence as a member of UK punk/pub rock band The Motors, whom he joined in 1977. After he left them, he led an eponymous power pop band, with Micky Broadbent (bass, keyboards) and Keith Boyce (drums). He scored a US Top 40 hit single on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1979, with "Girl of My Dreams" (released February in the UK, June in the US). In the Netherlands, "Sarah Smiles" was a minor hit, reaching number 32 in April 1979. Nick Garvey, Keith Line and Denis Forbes were also involved in later band lineups. In 1979 he played guitar for the Skids hit 'Into The Valley' on the BBC. After disappointing sales, the band split up in 1981 and Tchaikovsky later owned and ran a recording studio near Louth, Lincolnshire, called the Chappel.
Tchaikovsky was also credited with co writing "Solid Ball of Rock", from the 1991 Saxon album of the same name.
Re-releases
In 1998, as part of a "British Rock" reissue series, WEA Japan rereleased both Strange Man, Changed Man and The Russians Are Coming albums on CD, using original master tapes and artwork. In addition to the original artwork and liner notes, each CD contained extensive historical information, song lyrics and musical commentary (albeit in Japanese). These CDs were only available in Japan and are now out of production.
Strange Man, Changed Man had been expanded to 21 tracks and included rare B-sides and live cuts. It is only available on the web. Strange Man, Changed Man included newly remastered tracks, featuring the hit single "Girl of My Dreams", the track "Lonely Dancer" (which were both written by Heavy Metal Kid Ronnie Thomas), and ten bonus tracks. The bonus tracks included hard-to-find singles, B-sides, and live tracks. All tracks are taken from vinyl LPs and some tracks have considerable needle noise - very low-fi sound quality.
In December 2007, Strange Man, Changed Man was issued in the US on the Hip-O Select label (ASIN: B000ZIZ0ZC) in digital sound and with full artwork. This CD release used the original master tapes sequenced for the original US release; the track running order is therefore different from the original UK album, and different from the 1998 Japanese CD version.
In February 2012, a live recording, Live at the Lochem Festival, 1979, appeared on Tiger Eye with the songs "Sarah Smiles", "Robber", "Nobody Knows", "Turn on the Lights" and "Girl of My Dreams".
In April 2018, Cherry Red Records released Bram Tchaikovsky: Strange Men, Changed Men: The Complete Recordings 1978 – 1981, a 3-CD box set fully endorsed by Bram Tchaikovsky.
Album discography
Year
Album
USA Billboard Top 200
AUS KMR
1979
Strange Man, Changed Man
36
92
1980
The Russians are Coming/Pressure (US title)
108
-
1981
Funland
158
-
2012
Live at the Lochem Festival, 1979
-
2018
Strange Men, Changed Men: The Complete Recordings 1978–1981
-
Singles
Year
Name
Billboard Hot 100
1978
"Sarah Smiles"
-
1979
"Lullaby of Broadway"
-
1979
"Girl of My Dreams"
37
1979
"I'm The One That's Leaving"
-
1980
"Let's Dance"
-
1981
"Stand & Deliver"
-
1981
"Shall We Dance?"
109
References
^ "Albums by Bram Tchaikovsky". Rate Your Music. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
^ a b c d e Woodstra, Chris (10 November 1950). "Bram Tchaikovsky - Music Biography, Credits and Discography". AllMusic. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
^ "Bram Tchaikovsky". Unterzuber.com. 10 November 1950. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
^ "Bram Tchaikovsky". Unterzuber.com. 10 November 1950. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
^ "Bram Tchaikovsky - Sarah Smiles". Top40.nl. Stichting Nederlandse Top 40. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
^ Rivadavia, Eduardo. "Solid Ball of Rock - Saxon : Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
^ a b "Bram Tchaikovsky's Strange Man Changed Man". Unterzuber.com. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
^ "Bram Tchaikovsky – The Russians Are Coming". Discogs. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
^ "Bram Tchaikovsky 'Strange Man, Changed Man'". Coolalbumreview.com. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
^ "The Official Heavy Metal Kids Website". Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
^ "Bram Tchaikovsky - Official Store - Live At the Lochem Festival, 1979". Facebook. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
^ "Cherry Red Records - Bram Tchaikovsky: Strange Men, Changed Men: The Complete Recordings 1978 – 1981". Cherry Red Records. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 306. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
External links
The Mod Pop Punk Archives: Bram Tchaikovsky
Strange Man Changed Man - Heavy Metal Kids website
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
2
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"vocalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing"},{"link_name":"guitarist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitarist"},{"link_name":"punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"pub rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub_rock_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"The Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Motors"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-2"},{"link_name":"power pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_pop"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-2"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-2"},{"link_name":"Skids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skids_(band)"},{"link_name":"Into The Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Valley"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Louth, Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louth,_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_(band)"},{"link_name":"album of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_Ball_of_Rock"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Musical artistPeter Bramall[2][3] (born 10 November 1950 in Lincolnshire, England),[4] better known by his stage name Bram Tchaikovsky, is a British vocalist and guitarist.He first came to prominence as a member of UK punk/pub rock band The Motors, whom he joined in 1977.[2] After he left them, he led an eponymous power pop band, with Micky Broadbent (bass, keyboards) and Keith Boyce (drums).[2] He scored a US Top 40 hit single on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1979, with \"Girl of My Dreams\" (released February in the UK, June in the US). In the Netherlands, \"Sarah Smiles\" was a minor hit, reaching number 32 in April 1979.[5] Nick Garvey, Keith Line and Denis Forbes were also involved in later band lineups.[2] In 1979 he played guitar for the Skids hit 'Into The Valley' on the BBC. After disappointing sales, the band split up in 1981 and Tchaikovsky later owned and ran a recording studio near Louth, Lincolnshire, called the Chappel.Tchaikovsky was also credited with co writing \"Solid Ball of Rock\", from the 1991 Saxon album of the same name.[6]","title":"Bram Tchaikovsky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WEA Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Japan"},{"link_name":"Strange Man, Changed Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Man,_Changed_Man"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unterzuber.com-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Heavy Metal Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_Metal_Kids"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Hip-O Select","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-O_Records"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unterzuber.com-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Cherry Red Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_Red_Records"},{"link_name":"box set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_set"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In 1998, as part of a \"British Rock\" reissue series, WEA Japan rereleased both Strange Man, Changed Man and The Russians Are Coming albums on CD, using original master tapes and artwork. In addition to the original artwork and liner notes, each CD contained extensive historical information, song lyrics and musical commentary (albeit in Japanese). These CDs were only available in Japan and are now out of production.[7][8][9]Strange Man, Changed Man had been expanded to 21 tracks and included rare B-sides and live cuts. It is only available on the web. Strange Man, Changed Man included newly remastered tracks, featuring the hit single \"Girl of My Dreams\", the track \"Lonely Dancer\" (which were both written by Heavy Metal Kid Ronnie Thomas), and ten bonus tracks. The bonus tracks included hard-to-find singles, B-sides, and live tracks. All tracks are taken from vinyl LPs and some tracks have considerable needle noise - very low-fi sound quality. [10]In December 2007, Strange Man, Changed Man was issued in the US on the Hip-O Select label (ASIN: B000ZIZ0ZC) in digital sound and with full artwork. This CD release used the original master tapes sequenced for the original US release; the track running order is therefore different from the original UK album, and different from the 1998 Japanese CD version.[7]In February 2012, a live recording, Live at the Lochem Festival, 1979, appeared on Tiger Eye with the songs \"Sarah Smiles\", \"Robber\", \"Nobody Knows\", \"Turn on the Lights\" and \"Girl of My Dreams\".[11]In April 2018, Cherry Red Records released Bram Tchaikovsky: Strange Men, Changed Men: The Complete Recordings 1978 – 1981, a 3-CD box set fully endorsed by Bram Tchaikovsky.[12]","title":"Re-releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-2"}],"text":"[2]","title":"Album discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Singles"}]
|
[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumping_cars
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Bumper cars
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["1 Design","1.1 Power source","2 Bumping","3 History","4 Notable examples","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Amusement ride
"Dodgems" redirects here. For the abstract game, see Dodgem.
For the structure on the front and rear ends of a car, see Bumper (car).
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Bumper carsRide statisticsVehicle typeElectricity-powered carsRiders per vehicle1-2
Bumper cars in Kerava, Finland, powered by pole-mounted contact shoes that supply power from a conductive ceiling
Bumper cars or dodgems are the generic names for a type of flat amusement ride consisting of multiple small electrically powered cars which draw power from the floor or ceiling, and which are turned on and off remotely by an operator. They are also known as bumping cars, dodging cars and dashing cars. The first patent for them was filed in 1921.
Design
The metal floor is usually set up as a rectangular or oval track, and graphite is sprinkled on the floor to decrease friction. A rubber bumper surrounds each vehicle, and drivers either ram or dodge each other as they travel. The controls are usually an accelerator and a steering wheel. The cars can be made to go backwards by turning the steering wheel far enough in either direction, necessary in the frequent pile-ups that occur.
Power source
Bumper cars at a state fair in Raleigh, North Carolina, 1940
The cars are commonly powered by one of three methods. The oldest and most common method, the Over Head System (OHS), uses a conductive floor and ceiling with opposing power polarities. Contacts under the vehicle touch the floor while a pole-mounted contact shoe touches the ceiling, forming a complete circuit.
A newer method, the Floor Pick-Up (FPU) system, uses alternating strips of metal across the floor separated by insulating spacers, and no ceiling grid. The strips carry the supply current, and the cars are large enough so that the vehicle covers at least two strips at all times. An array of brushes under each car makes random contact with the strips, and the voltage polarity on each contact is arranged to always provide a correct and complete circuit to operate the vehicle.
A third method is used on Quantum-class cruise ships, where bumper cars run on electric batteries. This avoids the conductive floor/ceiling of the traditional bumper car setup, allowing the SeaPlex venue to be convertible from a bumper-car ride to a multipurpose gym (basketball court). The disadvantage is that these ships' bumper cars take several hours to recharge.A ride in a bumper car, short video clip
Bumping
Although the idea of the ride is to bump other cars, safety-conscious (or at least litigation-conscious) owners sometimes put up signs reading "This way around" and "No (head on) bumping". Depending on the level of enforcement by operators, these rules are often ignored by bumper car riders, especially younger children and teenagers.
History
In the early 1920s, a patent was granted to Max Stoehrer and his son Harold for an "Amusement Apparatus" which became the basis for
their Dodgem cars. They deliberately equipped their device with "novel instrumentalities to render their manipulation and control difficult and uncertain by the occupant-operator.” They asserted that “in the hands of an unskilled operator," a "plurality of independently manipulated... cars" would “follow a promiscuous, irregular, and undefined path over the floor or other area, to not only produce various sensations during the travel of the vehicle but to collide with other cars as well as with portions of the platform provided for that purpose."
During their heyday, from the late 1920s to 1950s, two major US bumper cars brands were Dodgem by the Stoehrer and the Lusse Brothers' Auto-Skooter by Joseph and Robert 'Ray' Lusse. Lusse Brothers built the first fiberglass body in 1959, in part due to the survival of Chevrolet Corvette bodies over the previous six years. After getting permission from Chevrolet, then subsequently buying the actual Corvette chevrons from local Philadelphia dealers, those were attached to the nose of their product for 1959. In the mid-1960s, Disneyland introduced hovercraft-based bumper cars called Flying Saucers, which worked on the same principle as an air hockey game; however, the ride was a mechanical failure and closed after a few years.
Notable examples
The largest operating bumper car floor currently operating in the United States is at Six Flags Great America in Gurnee, Illinois. Called the Rue Le Dodge (renamed Rue Le Morgue during Fright Fest in the fall), it is 51 feet 9 inches (15.77 m) by 124 feet 9 inches (38.02 m) or a total of 6,455 square feet (599.7 m2). A replica of the ride was built at California's Great America in Santa Clara; in 2005, however, a concrete island was added to the middle of the floor to promote one-way traffic, reducing the floor area. Six Flags Great Adventure's Autobahn is the largest bumper car floor, but it has not operated since 2008.
See also
Bumper boats
Collector pole
Commutator (electric)
Electric vehicle
Go-kart
Witching Waves
References
^ Burton, Anthony (2000). Traction Engines Two Centuries of Steam Power. Silverdale Books. pp. 105–106. ISBN 1856055337.
^ "The overall introduction and safe tips of bumper cars". funfairrides (in Chinese). 17 April 2015. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
^ "How does this Electric Floor work?". physicsforums.com. 29 December 2010. Retrieved 2014-08-31.
^ Dolan, Maura (January 1, 2013). "Ruling over bumper-car injury supports amusement park". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
^ "A Guide To The Rides". Santa's Village Jefferson, New Hampshire. 2013. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
^ "Should You Let Your Kids Ride Amusement Park Bumper Cars?". Premium Amusement Park & Funfair Ground Rides. 2016-03-04. Archived from the original on 2020-08-08. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
^ Pursell, Carroll (2015). From Playgrounds to PlayStation: The Interaction of Technology and Play. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 65–66. ISBN 9781421416502. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
^ (Multiple authors). "Legend/History". Lusse Auto Scooter Bumper Car Web Site. Lusse Auto Scooters, LLC. Retrieved 6 September 2014. Includes many details about Dodgem as well.
^ Stanton, Jeffrey (1997). "Coney Island: Independent Rides". Coney Island History Site. Westland. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
^ "California Supreme Court rejects lawsuit against Great America over bumper car rides". The Mercury News. 2012-12-31. Retrieved 2021-11-24.
External links
Bumping Down Memory Lane: The Lusse Legacy
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bumper cars.
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Amusement park
Animal theme park
Fair
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Traveling carnival
Category
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They are also known as bumping cars, dodging cars and dashing cars. The first patent for them was filed in 1921.[1]","title":"Bumper cars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"graphite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite"},{"link_name":"friction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"rubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastomer"},{"link_name":"bumper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumper_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"accelerator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerator_(car)"},{"link_name":"steering wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel"},{"link_name":"pile-ups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pile-up"}],"text":"The metal floor is usually set up as a rectangular or oval track, and graphite is sprinkled on the floor to decrease friction.[2] A rubber bumper surrounds each vehicle, and drivers either ram or dodge each other as they travel. The controls are usually an accelerator and a steering wheel. The cars can be made to go backwards by turning the steering wheel far enough in either direction, necessary in the frequent pile-ups that occur.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:State_Fair,_October_1940_(21548679213).jpg"},{"link_name":"Raleigh, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Contacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_shoe"},{"link_name":"pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collector_pole"},{"link_name":"circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_network"},{"link_name":"metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Quantum-class cruise ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum-class_cruise_ship"},{"link_name":"electric batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_batteries"}],"sub_title":"Power source","text":"Bumper cars at a state fair in Raleigh, North Carolina, 1940The cars are commonly powered by one of three methods. The oldest and most common method, the Over Head System (OHS), uses a conductive floor and ceiling with opposing power polarities. Contacts under the vehicle touch the floor while a pole-mounted contact shoe touches the ceiling, forming a complete circuit.A newer method, the Floor Pick-Up (FPU) system, uses alternating strips of metal across the floor separated by insulating spacers, and no ceiling grid.[3] The strips carry the supply current, and the cars are large enough so that the vehicle covers at least two strips at all times. An array of brushes under each car makes random contact with the strips, and the voltage polarity on each contact is arranged to always provide a correct and complete circuit to operate the vehicle.A third method is used on Quantum-class cruise ships, where bumper cars run on electric batteries. This avoids the conductive floor/ceiling of the traditional bumper car setup, allowing the SeaPlex venue to be convertible from a bumper-car ride to a multipurpose gym (basketball court). The disadvantage is that these ships' bumper cars take several hours to recharge.A ride in a bumper car, short video clip","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"litigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litigation"},{"link_name":"signs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signage"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Although the idea of the ride is to bump other cars, safety-conscious (or at least litigation-conscious) owners sometimes put up signs reading \"This way around\" and \"No (head on) bumping\".[4][5] Depending on the level of enforcement by operators, these rules are often ignored by bumper car riders, especially younger children and teenagers.[6]","title":"Bumping"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAShist-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JStanton97-9"},{"link_name":"Disneyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland"},{"link_name":"hovercraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovercraft"},{"link_name":"Flying Saucers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Saucers_(attraction)"},{"link_name":"air hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_hockey"}],"text":"In the early 1920s, a patent was granted to Max Stoehrer and his son Harold for an \"Amusement Apparatus\" which became the basis for\ntheir Dodgem cars. They deliberately equipped their device with \"novel instrumentalities to render their manipulation and control difficult and uncertain by the occupant-operator.” They asserted that “in the hands of an unskilled operator,\" a \"plurality of independently manipulated... cars\" would “follow a promiscuous, irregular, and undefined path over the floor or other area, to not only produce various sensations during the travel of the vehicle but to collide with other cars as well as with portions of the platform provided for that purpose.\"[7]During their heyday, from the late 1920s to 1950s, two major US bumper cars brands were Dodgem by the Stoehrer and the Lusse Brothers' Auto-Skooter by Joseph and Robert 'Ray' Lusse.[8][9] Lusse Brothers built the first fiberglass body in 1959, in part due to the survival of Chevrolet Corvette bodies over the previous six years. After getting permission from Chevrolet, then subsequently buying the actual Corvette chevrons from local Philadelphia dealers, those were attached to the nose of their product for 1959. In the mid-1960s, Disneyland introduced hovercraft-based bumper cars called Flying Saucers, which worked on the same principle as an air hockey game; however, the ride was a mechanical failure and closed after a few years.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Six Flags Great America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Flags_Great_America"},{"link_name":"Gurnee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurnee"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"replica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replica"},{"link_name":"California's Great America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_Great_America"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara,_California"},{"link_name":"concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete"},{"link_name":"one-way traffic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-way_traffic"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Six Flags Great Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Flags_Great_Adventure"}],"text":"The largest operating bumper car floor currently operating in the United States is at Six Flags Great America in Gurnee, Illinois. Called the Rue Le Dodge (renamed Rue Le Morgue during Fright Fest in the fall), it is 51 feet 9 inches (15.77 m) by 124 feet 9 inches (38.02 m) or a total of 6,455 square feet (599.7 m2). A replica of the ride was built at California's Great America in Santa Clara; in 2005, however, a concrete island was added to the middle of the floor to promote one-way traffic, reducing the floor area.[10] Six Flags Great Adventure's Autobahn is the largest bumper car floor, but it has not operated since 2008.","title":"Notable examples"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Bumper cars in Kerava, Finland, powered by pole-mounted contact shoes that supply power from a conductive ceiling","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/H2199_Bumper_Cars_-_Autorata_C.JPG/220px-H2199_Bumper_Cars_-_Autorata_C.JPG"},{"image_text":"Bumper cars at a state fair in Raleigh, North Carolina, 1940","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/State_Fair%2C_October_1940_%2821548679213%29.jpg/220px-State_Fair%2C_October_1940_%2821548679213%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A ride in a bumper car, short video clip"}]
|
[{"title":"Bumper boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumper_boats"},{"title":"Collector pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collector_pole"},{"title":"Commutator (electric)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutator_(electric)"},{"title":"Electric vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle"},{"title":"Go-kart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-kart"},{"title":"Witching Waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witching_Waves"}]
|
[{"reference":"Burton, Anthony (2000). Traction Engines Two Centuries of Steam Power. Silverdale Books. pp. 105–106. ISBN 1856055337.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1856055337","url_text":"1856055337"}]},{"reference":"\"The overall introduction and safe tips of bumper cars\". funfairrides (in Chinese). 17 April 2015. Retrieved 2020-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://grey20156.wixsite.com/funfairrides/single-post/2015/04/17/The-overall-introduction-and-safe-tips-of-bumper-cars","url_text":"\"The overall introduction and safe tips of bumper cars\""}]},{"reference":"\"How does this Electric Floor work?\". physicsforums.com. 29 December 2010. Retrieved 2014-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=459773","url_text":"\"How does this Electric Floor work?\""}]},{"reference":"Dolan, Maura (January 1, 2013). \"Ruling over bumper-car injury supports amusement park\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 8 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jan/01/local/la-me-amusement-park-injuries-20130101","url_text":"\"Ruling over bumper-car injury supports amusement park\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Guide To The Rides\". Santa's Village Jefferson, New Hampshire. 2013. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131212233818/http://www.santasvillage.com/public/explore/rides/bumper_cars.cfm","url_text":"\"A Guide To The Rides\""},{"url":"http://www.santasvillage.com/public/explore/rides/bumper_cars.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Should You Let Your Kids Ride Amusement Park Bumper Cars?\". Premium Amusement Park & Funfair Ground Rides. 2016-03-04. Archived from the original on 2020-08-08. Retrieved 2020-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200808130141/https://amusementrides.org/should-you-let-your-kids-ride-amusement-park-bumper-cars/","url_text":"\"Should You Let Your Kids Ride Amusement Park Bumper Cars?\""},{"url":"https://amusementrides.org/should-you-let-your-kids-ride-amusement-park-bumper-cars/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pursell, Carroll (2015). From Playgrounds to PlayStation: The Interaction of Technology and Play. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 65–66. ISBN 9781421416502. Retrieved 24 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DeokBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA66","url_text":"From Playgrounds to PlayStation: The Interaction of Technology and Play"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421416502","url_text":"9781421416502"}]},{"reference":"(Multiple authors). \"Legend/History\". Lusse Auto Scooter Bumper Car Web Site. Lusse Auto Scooters, LLC. Retrieved 6 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lusseautoscooters.com/html/legend_history.html","url_text":"\"Legend/History\""}]},{"reference":"Stanton, Jeffrey (1997). \"Coney Island: Independent Rides\". Coney Island History Site. Westland. Retrieved 6 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.westland.net/coneyisland/articles/independentrides.htm","url_text":"\"Coney Island: Independent Rides\""}]},{"reference":"\"California Supreme Court rejects lawsuit against Great America over bumper car rides\". The Mercury News. 2012-12-31. Retrieved 2021-11-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mercurynews.com/2012/12/31/california-supreme-court-rejects-lawsuit-against-great-america-over-bumper-car-rides/","url_text":"\"California Supreme Court rejects lawsuit against Great America over bumper car rides\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumeau
|
Jumeau
|
["1 History","2 Footnotes","3 References"]
|
French bisque doll company
Jumeau doll
Jumeau advertising from 1885
Jumeau was a French company, founded in the early 1840s, which designed and manufactured high quality bisque dolls.
It was founded by Louis-Desire Belton and Pierre-François Jumeau in the Maison Jumeau of Montreuil-sous-Bois, near Paris, France. While Belton did not remain with the company for long, under Jumeau's leadership (and later, under the leadership of his son, Emile), the company soon gained a reputation for dolls with beautiful faces and "exquisite" clothing which replicated the popular fashions of the time. The dolls are still popular with collectors today, and have sold for over £2,000 at auction.
History
The Jumeau company first emerged as a partnership between Louis-Desire Belton and Pierre-François Jumeau in Paris in the early 1840s.
In 1844, Belton and Jumeau presented their dolls at the Paris Exposition (at which they received an honorable mention), but, by 1846, Belton's name was no longer associated with the dolls, and Jumeau was trading in his own right.
A bronze medal in the 1849 Paris Exposition followed, as did an appearance at the Great Exhibition in London in 1851, at which the company was awarded a First Place Medal. Through much of this period, the firm sold only their own dolls to wholesalers, although during the 1850s and 1860s, the company moved into selling wax dolls imported from Britain.
At the Paris expositions and the Great Exhibition in London, Jumeau dolls received their commendations due largely to the quality of the clothing, and no special significance was attached to the dolls themselves. This changed in 1867, when at the Exposition Universelle of that year, the company was awarded a silver medal, and "special mention was made of the doll's heads". 1867 was also the year that Pierre-François' son, Emile Jumeau, joined the company. By 1873, when they were awarded a gold medal at the Vienna Exposition, the company was producing their own bisque dolls in their factory in Montreuil.
Catalogue engraving of a Jumeau doll from ca 1880
Although the Jumeau firm had won commendations, very few Jumeau dolls can be securely identified dating before the 1870s. However, by 1877 Emile Jumeau had produced the first Bébés (i.e. dolls in the image of a little girl). With realistic glass eyes and "stylish fashions" produced by costumiers, thousands of Bébé dolls were produced for an international market.
In 1878, the Jumeau company won a gold medal at the Exposition Universelle (1878). The award was proudly advertised on the bodies, boxes, shoes and even the dress labels of the dolls. Jumeau won a number of other high awards including the prizes for the best dollmaker at both the Sydney International Exhibition (1879) and Melbourne International Exhibition (1880) in Australia. The dolls were internationally sought after as luxury items and status symbols. The firm also was regarded as an industrial success, with production figures of over three million dolls annually by the mid-1890s.
The "Golden Age" of the Jumeau factory lasted for two decades, from the late 1870s to the late 1890s, when the competition from German dolls sent the firm into financial difficulties. The Jumeau dolls from the later 1890s are of more variable quality. German dolls in the 1890s were cheaper than the French, but still well-made and much loved by little girls, even if they were by no means as elegant or graceful in face or costume as the best Jumeau dolls. The Jumeau company became part of the French conglomerate the Société Française de Fabrication de Bébés et Jouets. The S.F.B.J. still continued to use the Bébé Jumeau trademark throughout the 20th century, even producing dolls in the manner of Jumeau.
Footnotes
^ a b Hoban (2008), p. 12.
^ "Rare French Doll Sells for Amazing Pounds 2,250" (2005).
^ The exact date varies on the source, but 1842 (Whitton, 1980, p. 5) and 1843 (Hoban, 2008, p. 12) are both mentioned in the literature.
^ a b c d Whitton (1980), p. 5.
^ Peers (2004), p. 51.
^ a b Markel (2000), p. 18.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jumeau.
"Rare French Doll Sells for Amazing Pounds 2,250". Western Mail (Wales). September 24, 2005. p. 36.
Hoban, Sally (January 5, 2008). "Antiques & Collecting: Enduring Appeal of Dolls and Teddy Bears". Birmingham Post. p. 12.
Markel, Michelle (2000). Cornhusk, Silk, and Wishbones: A Book of Dolls From Around the World. HMCo Children's Books. ISBN 0-618-05487-1.
Peers, Juliette (2004). The Fashion Doll From Bébé Jumeau to Barbie. Oxford: Berg Publishers. ISBN 1-85973-743-9.
Whitton, Margaret (1980). The Jumeau Doll. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-23954-3.
vteDollsModels andmanufacturersAmericasArgentinaMarilú (1932–1960)United States
American Girl
Barbie
Blythe (1972)
Bratz
Cabbage Patch Kids
Ever After High
Kewpie
Monster High
Playpal
R. John Wright Dolls
Schoenhut doll
AsiaIran
Layli
Sara and Dara dolls
Japan
Blythe (2001–present)
Jenny
Licca-chan
South Korea
Pullip
EuropeFrance
Bleuette
Jumeau
Petitcollin
Société Française de Fabrication de Bébés et Jouets
Germany
Armand Marseille
Bild Lilli
Ernst Heubach
Götz
My Friend Cayla
Simon & Halbig
Other countries
Lenci doll (Italy)
Mariquita Pérez (Spain)
Sasha Morgenthaler (Switzerland)
Sindy (UK)
Types of manufacture
Bisque
Ball-jointed
China
Composition
Crash test dummy
Mannequin
Peg wooden
Rag
Collections in museums
Bangkok Doll Museum
Denver Museum of Miniatures, Dolls and Toys
Doll Asylum
Doll Museum of Castell d'Aro
Dunster Museum & Doll Collection
İstanbul Toy Museum
Judges' Lodgings, Lancaster
Philadelphia Doll Museum
Rochester Guildhall
Shankar's International Dolls Museum
Victoria and Albert Museum
Related topics
Haunted doll
Annabelle
Robert
Category
Commons
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poup%C3%A9e_B%C3%A9b%C3%A9_Jumeau_(Mus%C3%A9e_des_arts_d%C3%A9coratifs,_Paris).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jumeau07a.jpg"},{"link_name":"bisque dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisque_doll"},{"link_name":"Pierre-François Jumeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Fran%C3%A7ois_Jumeau"},{"link_name":"Montreuil-sous-Bois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreuil-sous-Bois"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoban2008-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2500pounds-2"}],"text":"Jumeau dollJumeau advertising from 1885Jumeau was a French company, founded in the early 1840s, which designed and manufactured high quality bisque dolls.It was founded by Louis-Desire Belton and Pierre-François Jumeau in the Maison Jumeau of Montreuil-sous-Bois, near Paris, France. While Belton did not remain with the company for long, under Jumeau's leadership (and later, under the leadership of his son, Emile), the company soon gained a reputation for dolls with beautiful faces and \"exquisite\" clothing which replicated the popular fashions of the time.[1] The dolls are still popular with collectors today, and have sold for over £2,000 at auction.[2]","title":"Jumeau"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pierre-François Jumeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Fran%C3%A7ois_Jumeau"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-date-3"},{"link_name":"Paris Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Industrial_Exposition_of_1844"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitton1980p5-4"},{"link_name":"1849 Paris Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition_des_produits_de_l%27industrie_fran%C3%A7aise#Second_Republic:_11th_exposition_(1849)"},{"link_name":"Great Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitton1980p5-4"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peers2004p51-5"},{"link_name":"Exposition Universelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1867)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitton1980p5-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Markel2000-6"},{"link_name":"Vienna Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Exposition"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitton1980p5-4"},{"link_name":"bisque dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisque_doll"},{"link_name":"Montreuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreuil,_Seine-Saint-Denis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoban2008-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jumeau05.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Markel2000-6"},{"link_name":"Exposition Universelle (1878)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1878)"},{"link_name":"dollmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doll"},{"link_name":"Sydney International Exhibition (1879)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_International_Exhibition_(1879)"},{"link_name":"Melbourne International Exhibition (1880)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_International_Exhibition_(1880)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Société Française de Fabrication de Bébés et Jouets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Fran%C3%A7aise_de_Fabrication_de_B%C3%A9b%C3%A9s_et_Jouets"}],"text":"The Jumeau company first emerged as a partnership between Louis-Desire Belton and Pierre-François Jumeau in Paris in the early 1840s.[3]\nIn 1844, Belton and Jumeau presented their dolls at the Paris Exposition (at which they received an honorable mention), but, by 1846, Belton's name was no longer associated with the dolls, and Jumeau was trading in his own right.[4]\nA bronze medal in the 1849 Paris Exposition followed, as did an appearance at the Great Exhibition in London in 1851, at which the company was awarded a First Place Medal.[4] Through much of this period, the firm sold only their own dolls to wholesalers, although during the 1850s and 1860s, the company moved into selling wax dolls imported from Britain.[5]At the Paris expositions and the Great Exhibition in London, Jumeau dolls received their commendations due largely to the quality of the clothing, and no special significance was attached to the dolls themselves. This changed in 1867, when at the Exposition Universelle of that year, the company was awarded a silver medal, and \"special mention was made of the doll's heads\".[4] 1867 was also the year that Pierre-François' son, Emile Jumeau, joined the company.[6] By 1873, when they were awarded a gold medal at the Vienna Exposition,[4] the company was producing their own bisque dolls in their factory in Montreuil.[1]Catalogue engraving of a Jumeau doll from ca 1880Although the Jumeau firm had won commendations, very few Jumeau dolls can be securely identified dating before the 1870s.[citation needed] However, by 1877 Emile Jumeau had produced the first Bébés (i.e. dolls in the image of a little girl). With realistic glass eyes and \"stylish fashions\" produced by costumiers, thousands of Bébé dolls were produced for an international market.[6]In 1878, the Jumeau company won a gold medal at the Exposition Universelle (1878). The award was proudly advertised on the bodies, boxes, shoes and even the dress labels of the dolls. Jumeau won a number of other high awards including the prizes for the best dollmaker at both the Sydney International Exhibition (1879) and Melbourne International Exhibition (1880) in Australia. The dolls were internationally sought after as luxury items and status symbols. The firm also was regarded as an industrial success, with production figures of over three million dolls annually by the mid-1890s.The \"Golden Age\" of the Jumeau factory lasted for two decades, from the late 1870s to the late 1890s, when the competition from German dolls sent the firm into financial difficulties. The Jumeau dolls from the later 1890s are of more variable quality. German dolls in the 1890s were cheaper than the French, but still well-made and much loved by little girls, even if they were by no means as elegant or graceful in face or costume as the best Jumeau dolls.[citation needed] The Jumeau company became part of the French conglomerate the Société Française de Fabrication de Bébés et Jouets. The S.F.B.J. still continued to use the Bébé Jumeau trademark throughout the 20th century, even producing dolls in the manner of Jumeau.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hoban2008_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hoban2008_1-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2500pounds_2-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-date_3-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Whitton1980p5_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Whitton1980p5_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Whitton1980p5_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Whitton1980p5_4-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Peers2004p51_5-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Markel2000_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Markel2000_6-1"}],"text":"^ a b Hoban (2008), p. 12.\n\n^ \"Rare French Doll Sells for Amazing Pounds 2,250\" (2005).\n\n^ The exact date varies on the source, but 1842 (Whitton, 1980, p. 5) and 1843 (Hoban, 2008, p. 12) are both mentioned in the literature.\n\n^ a b c d Whitton (1980), p. 5.\n\n^ Peers (2004), p. 51.\n\n^ a b Markel (2000), p. 18.","title":"Footnotes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Jumeau doll","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Poup%C3%A9e_B%C3%A9b%C3%A9_Jumeau_%28Mus%C3%A9e_des_arts_d%C3%A9coratifs%2C_Paris%29.jpg/220px-Poup%C3%A9e_B%C3%A9b%C3%A9_Jumeau_%28Mus%C3%A9e_des_arts_d%C3%A9coratifs%2C_Paris%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jumeau advertising from 1885","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Jumeau07a.jpg/220px-Jumeau07a.jpg"},{"image_text":"Catalogue engraving of a Jumeau doll from ca 1880","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Jumeau05.jpg/220px-Jumeau05.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Rare French Doll Sells for Amazing Pounds 2,250\". Western Mail (Wales). September 24, 2005. p. 36.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Mail_(Wales)","url_text":"Western Mail (Wales)"}]},{"reference":"Hoban, Sally (January 5, 2008). \"Antiques & Collecting: Enduring Appeal of Dolls and Teddy Bears\". Birmingham Post. p. 12.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Post","url_text":"Birmingham Post"}]},{"reference":"Markel, Michelle (2000). Cornhusk, Silk, and Wishbones: A Book of Dolls From Around the World. HMCo Children's Books. ISBN 0-618-05487-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cornhusksilkwish00mark","url_text":"Cornhusk, Silk, and Wishbones: A Book of Dolls From Around the World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-05487-1","url_text":"0-618-05487-1"}]},{"reference":"Peers, Juliette (2004). The Fashion Doll From Bébé Jumeau to Barbie. Oxford: Berg Publishers. ISBN 1-85973-743-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fashiondollfromb0000peer","url_text":"The Fashion Doll From Bébé Jumeau to Barbie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford","url_text":"Oxford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berg_Publishers","url_text":"Berg Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85973-743-9","url_text":"1-85973-743-9"}]},{"reference":"Whitton, Margaret (1980). The Jumeau Doll. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-23954-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications","url_text":"Dover Publications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-23954-3","url_text":"0-486-23954-3"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/cornhusksilkwish00mark","external_links_name":"Cornhusk, Silk, and Wishbones: A Book of Dolls From Around the World"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/fashiondollfromb0000peer","external_links_name":"The Fashion Doll From Bébé Jumeau to Barbie"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melinda_McGraw
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Melinda McGraw
|
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","4.1 Film","4.2 Television","5 References","6 External links"]
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American actress (born 1968)
Melinda McGrawBorn (1968-10-25) October 25, 1968 (age 55)Nicosia, CyprusYears active1988–presentSpouse
Steve Pierson (m. 2000)Children1
Melinda McGraw (born October 25, 1968) is an American actress. She has starred in movies such as The Dark Knight (2008), Wrongfully Accused (1998), and Skateland (2010), and is also known for her television performances on Mad Men, Men of a Certain Age, X-Files, The West Wing, and NCIS.
Early life
McGraw was born in Nicosia, Cyprus, to American parents.
The youngest of three daughters, she grew up in Cambridge and Dover in the Boston area. Her father served as a diplomat for the Agency of International Development before becoming an executive with a major hotel in Boston. She attended the Buckingham Browne & Nichols School in Cambridge and got her start in acting with the Boston Children's Theater.
After attending Bennington College, McGraw was accepted to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London (one of only seven women admitted in her year). Theatrical performances in the West End and elsewhere in Britain followed, among them Don Carlos, The Foreigner and Twelfth Night. She returned to the U.S. in 1990.
Career
McGraw's first major on-screen role was as Detective Cydavia "Cyd" Madison on The Commish (1992–1994). While on the set, she met actor Nicholas Lea and the pair dated for a few years. McGraw later earned recognition for her role as Melissa Scully, Dana Scully's ill-fated sister, in four episodes of The X-Files ("One Breath", "The Blessing Way", "Paper Clip", and "Christmas Carol"). Coincidentally, Alex Krycek, the recurring antagonist responsible for Melissa's death, was played by Nicholas Lea.
McGraw has starred in The Pursuit of Happiness (1995), Soul Man (1997–1998), Living in Captivity (1998), Wednesday 9:30 (8:30 Central) (2002), and Center of the Universe (2004). Notable guest appearances include Quantum Leap, Night Court, Seinfeld, Cybill, The Larry Sanders Show, Mad About You, The District, The Practice, and Inconceivable. She has been featured in four episodes of Desperate Housewives as Annabel Foster and was cast in Neighbors, an ABC pilot for 2005-06 that was not picked up.
In 2006, McGraw played Jane Braun, campaign advisor to presidential candidate Arnold Vinick, in several episodes of The West Wing and appeared in an episode of Bones. She played U.S. Attorney Valerie Por in Close to Home and Hartley Green in Saving Grace in 2007, as well as Annette Barron in two episodes of Journeyman.
McGraw appeared in 2008's The Dark Knight (the sequel to Batman Begins) as Lieutenant Gordon's wife, Barbara. She guest-starred in the Law & Order: SVU episode "Crush" as Samantha Copeland. She had a recurring role as seductive adulteress Bobbie Barrett in the second season of AMC's Mad Men. McGraw co-starred with Kelsey Grammer on the ABC sitcom Hank before its cancellation on November 11, 2009. She enjoyed a recurring role as Erin, Scott Bakula's love interest, on the TNT original series Men of a Certain Age in 2010–11. In 2011 and 2012, she made guest appearances in the 9th season of NCIS in the episodes "Devil's Triangle", "Devil's Trifecta" and "Devil's Triad" as Diane Sterling, an ex-wife of both Leroy Jethro Gibbs and Tobias Fornell. In season 12 of the series, her character's arc was closed when she was murdered in the episode "Check". McGraw appeared again as Diane in 2019, but as a ghost in the episode “Daughters” (season 16). In 2013 she appeared in ABC series Scandal.
Personal life
McGraw is married to composer/recording artist Steve Pierson, and they have a daughter Lucy. They all belong to Pierson's band Jambo, which performs roots music for children.
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1996
Albino Alligator
Jenny Ferguson
1998
Wrongfully Accused
Cass Lake
2000
Nutty Professor II: The Klumps
Leanne Guilford
2008
The Dark Knight
Barbara Gordon
2009
Weather Girl
Virginia
2010
Skateland
Debbie Wheeler
2011
Meeting Spencer
Didi Ravenal
2014
The Stockwells
Carol
Short
2017
Izzy Gets the F*ck Across Town
Mrs. Percy
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1988
Rockliffe
WPC Heather Ackroyd
"Top Man"
1988
American Playhouse
Dixie
"The Big Knife"
1990
Quantum Leap
Laura Downey
"A Little Miracle"
1991
Night Court
Wendy
"To Sleep, No More"
1992
Seinfeld
Angela
"The Good Samaritan"
1992
The Human Factor
Rebecca Travis
Main role
1992–94
The Commish
Cyd Madison
Regular role
1994–97
The X-Files
Melissa Scully
"One Breath", "The Blessing Way", "Paper Clip", "Christmas Carol"
1995
The Pursuit of Happiness
Mackenzie 'Mac' Rutledge
Main role
1996
Cybill
Lana
"Cybill, Get Your Gun"
1997
The Larry Sanders Show
Alex
"Larry's New Love"
1997
House of Frankenstein
Det. Maggie Delbo
TV miniseries
1998
Mad About You
Cheryl Gendelman
"Good Old Reliable Nathan"
1998
Millennium
Dr. Stoller
"The Pest House"
1998
Living in Captivity
Becca Marek
Main role
2001
Ally McBeal
Nancy Gower
"Lost and Found"
2001–02
The District
Vicky Montgomery
Recurring role
2002
Wednesday 9:30 (8:30 Central)
Lindsay Urich
Main role
2003
Skins
Zelda Ziti
"Amber Synn", "Blowback"
2003
The Practice
Marcie Bartos
"Goodbye"
2003
It's All Relative
Kate O'Neil
"Thanks, But No Thanks"
2004–05
Center of the Universe
Lily Barnett
Main role
2005
Desperate Housewives
Annabel Foster
"Fear No More", "Sunday in the Park with George", "Goodbye for Now"
2005
Inconceivable
Suzanne Cohen
Recurring role
2006
The West Wing
Jane Braun
Recurring role
2006
Bones
Gayle Seaver
"The Truth in the Lye"
2007
Close to Home
Valerie Por
"Eminent Domain"
2007
Saving Grace
Hartley Green
"Would You Want Me to Tell You?"
2007
Journeyman
Annette Barron
"The Hanged Man", "Perfidia"
2008
Gotham Tonight
Barbara Gordon
"Billionaire Without a Cause", "Top Cop"
2008
Mad Men
Bobbie Barrett
Recurring role
2008
CSI: Miami
Beth Campbell
"Wrecking Crew"
2009
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
Mrs. Griffin
"Miscarriage of Justice"
2009
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Samantha Copeland
"Crush"
2009
Legally Mad
Sylvie
unaired pilot
2009–10
Hank
Tilly Pryor
Main role
2010
Medium
Sondra Hahn-Barker
"Sal"
2010
Pleading Guilty
Elise Malloy
TV pilot
2010–11
Men of a Certain Age
Erin Riley
Main role (season 2)
2011
Have a Little Faith
Janine
TV film
2011–19
NCIS
Diane Sterling
Recurring role
2012
Harry's Law
Amanda
Recurring role
2012
Fairly Legal
Judge Victoria Connors
"Teenage Wasteland"
2012
Hawaii Five-0
Patricia Slater
"Ohuna"
2013
Ben and Kate
Vera Everson
"Girl Problems", "Bake Off", "Ethics 101"
2013
Scandal
Debora Clarkson
"Snake in the Garden"
2013
Lauren
Cynthia
"2.4", "2.11", "2.12"
2013
Family Tools
Beverly
"Book Club Romance"
2014
Glee
Clara Banks
"Old Dog, New Tricks"
2014
Delirium
Lydia
TV film
2014
Crisis
Julia Devore
Recurring role
2014–15
State of Affairs
Sen. Kyle Green
Recurring role
2015
Proof
Sasha Turing
"Private Matters", "Reborn", "Tsunami: Part Two"
2016–18
Outcast
Patricia MacCready
Supporting role
2018
The Crossing
Eve
a.k.a. Greta Pryor
2018
NCIS: New Orleans
Gina Powell
"In the Blood"
2020–21
Charmed
Vivienne Laurent
Recurring role; 6 episodes
2023
Paul T. Goldman
Audrey Munson
Main role; 5 episodes
References
^ a b c d "Melinda McGraw biography". Yahoo!. Archived from the original on April 12, 2013. Retrieved March 27, 2013.
^ a b Laura Prudom (February 28, 2013). "Melinda McGraw To Visit 'Scandal' And More Casting News". The Huffington Post. Retrieved March 27, 2013.
^ Catriona Wightman (September 29, 2011). "Melinda McGraw signs for 'NCIS' role". Digital Spy. Retrieved March 27, 2013.
^ Michael Ausiello (February 27, 2013). "Scandal Exclusive: Mad Men Minx Is Hollis' Wife". TV Line. Retrieved March 27, 2013.
^ Arnold, Chuck; Tauber, Michelle (July 22, 2013). "Picks and Pans: Music". People. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
^ Berick, Michael (March 29, 2013). "Steve Pierson: Life Is A Jambo". laparent.com. Archived from the original on February 25, 2014. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
^ Schneider, Michael (2009-05-11). "NBC passing on 'Legally Mad'". Variety. Retrieved 2019-12-28.
External links
Melinda McGraw at IMDb
Melinda McGraw at AllMovie
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Poland
People
Deutsche Biographie
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"The Dark Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Knight"},{"link_name":"Wrongfully Accused","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrongfully_Accused"},{"link_name":"Skateland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skateland"},{"link_name":"Mad Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Men"},{"link_name":"Men of a Certain Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_of_a_Certain_Age"},{"link_name":"X-Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Files"},{"link_name":"The West Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_West_Wing"},{"link_name":"NCIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCIS_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scnd-2"}],"text":"Melinda McGraw (born October 25, 1968)[1] is an American actress. She has starred in movies such as The Dark Knight (2008), Wrongfully Accused (1998), and Skateland (2010), and is also known for her television performances on Mad Men, Men of a Certain Age, X-Files, The West Wing, and NCIS.[2]","title":"Melinda McGraw"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicosia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicosia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Agency of International Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development"},{"link_name":"Buckingham Browne & Nichols School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_Browne_%26_Nichols"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bennington College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennington_College"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Dramatic Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Dramatic_Art"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"West End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_theatre"},{"link_name":"Don Carlos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Carlos_(play)"},{"link_name":"The Foreigner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Foreigner_(play)"},{"link_name":"Twelfth Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Night,_or_What_You_Will"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"McGraw was born in Nicosia, Cyprus, to American parents.[1]The youngest of three daughters, she grew up in Cambridge and Dover in the Boston area. Her father served as a diplomat for the Agency of International Development before becoming an executive with a major hotel in Boston. She attended the Buckingham Browne & Nichols School in Cambridge and got her start in acting with the Boston Children's Theater.[citation needed]After attending Bennington College, McGraw was accepted to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London (one of only seven women admitted in her year).[1] Theatrical performances in the West End and elsewhere in Britain followed, among them Don Carlos, The Foreigner and Twelfth Night. She returned to the U.S. in 1990.[citation needed]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Commish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Commish"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Lea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Lea"},{"link_name":"Dana Scully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Scully"},{"link_name":"The X-Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files"},{"link_name":"One Breath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Breath_(X-Files_Episode)"},{"link_name":"Alex Krycek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Krycek"},{"link_name":"The Pursuit of Happiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pursuit_of_Happiness_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Soul Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Man_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Living in Captivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_in_Captivity"},{"link_name":"Wednesday 9:30 (8:30 Central)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wednesday_9:30_(8:30_Central)"},{"link_name":"Center of the Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_the_Universe_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Quantum Leap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Leap_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Night Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Court"},{"link_name":"Seinfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinfeld"},{"link_name":"Cybill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybill"},{"link_name":"The Larry Sanders Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Larry_Sanders_Show"},{"link_name":"Mad About You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_About_You"},{"link_name":"The District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_District"},{"link_name":"The Practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Practice"},{"link_name":"Inconceivable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inconceivable_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Desperate Housewives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desperate_Housewives"},{"link_name":"Annabel Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Desperate_Housewives_characters#Lynette's_family"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"The West Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_West_Wing_(television)"},{"link_name":"Bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bones_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney"},{"link_name":"Close to Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_to_Home_(2005_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Saving Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saving_Grace_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Journeyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journeyman_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Dark Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Knight"},{"link_name":"Batman Begins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_Begins"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Gordon's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Gordon_(character)"},{"link_name":"Law & Order: SVU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order:_SVU"},{"link_name":"Samantha Copeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Copeland"},{"link_name":"Bobbie Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mad_Men_characters#Jimmy_and_Bobbie_Barrett"},{"link_name":"AMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Movie_Channel"},{"link_name":"Mad Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Men"},{"link_name":"Kelsey Grammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelsey_Grammer"},{"link_name":"Hank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_(2009_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"Scott Bakula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Bakula"},{"link_name":"TNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNT_(American_TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Men of a Certain Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_of_a_Certain_Age"},{"link_name":"NCIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCIS_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Devil's Triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Triangle_(NCIS)"},{"link_name":"Devil's Trifecta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Trifecta"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCIS_season_12#ep269"},{"link_name":"Scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandal_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scnd-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"McGraw's first major on-screen role was as Detective Cydavia \"Cyd\" Madison on The Commish (1992–1994). While on the set, she met actor Nicholas Lea and the pair dated for a few years. McGraw later earned recognition for her role as Melissa Scully, Dana Scully's ill-fated sister, in four episodes of The X-Files (\"One Breath\", \"The Blessing Way\", \"Paper Clip\", and \"Christmas Carol\"). Coincidentally, Alex Krycek, the recurring antagonist responsible for Melissa's death, was played by Nicholas Lea.McGraw has starred in The Pursuit of Happiness (1995), Soul Man (1997–1998), Living in Captivity (1998), Wednesday 9:30 (8:30 Central) (2002), and Center of the Universe (2004). Notable guest appearances include Quantum Leap, Night Court, Seinfeld, Cybill, The Larry Sanders Show, Mad About You, The District, The Practice, and Inconceivable. She has been featured in four episodes of Desperate Housewives as Annabel Foster and was cast in Neighbors, an ABC pilot for 2005-06 that was not picked up.In 2006, McGraw played Jane Braun, campaign advisor to presidential candidate Arnold Vinick, in several episodes of The West Wing and appeared in an episode of Bones. She played U.S. Attorney Valerie Por in Close to Home and Hartley Green in Saving Grace in 2007, as well as Annette Barron in two episodes of Journeyman.McGraw appeared in 2008's The Dark Knight (the sequel to Batman Begins) as Lieutenant Gordon's wife, Barbara. She guest-starred in the Law & Order: SVU episode \"Crush\" as Samantha Copeland. She had a recurring role as seductive adulteress Bobbie Barrett in the second season of AMC's Mad Men. McGraw co-starred with Kelsey Grammer on the ABC sitcom Hank before its cancellation on November 11, 2009.[1] She enjoyed a recurring role as Erin, Scott Bakula's love interest, on the TNT original series Men of a Certain Age in 2010–11. In 2011 and 2012, she made guest appearances in the 9th season of NCIS in the episodes \"Devil's Triangle\", \"Devil's Trifecta\" and \"Devil's Triad\" as Diane Sterling, an ex-wife of both Leroy Jethro Gibbs and Tobias Fornell.[3] In season 12 of the series, her character's arc was closed when she was murdered in the episode \"Check\". McGraw appeared again as Diane in 2019, but as a ghost in the episode “Daughters” (season 16). In 2013 she appeared in ABC series Scandal.[2][4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"roots music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_folk_music"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"McGraw is married to composer/recording artist Steve Pierson, and they have a daughter Lucy. They all belong to Pierson's band Jambo, which performs roots music for children.[5][6]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_actions_in_the_21st_century
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Chronology of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions in the 21st century
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["1 2000","2 2001","3 2002","4 2003","5 2004","6 2005","7 2006 – 2009","8 2010s","9 See also","10 Notes"]
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This article is about activities from 1992 to 1999. For actions before and after this period, see Chronology of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions.
This is a chronology of activities by the Provisional Irish Republican Army, an Irish republican paramilitary group in the 21st century.
2000
16 March 2000: an IRA engineer defused a bomb left outside the offices of dissident republican party Republican Sinn Féin on the Falls Road, Belfast.
April 2000: an IRA active service unit was intercepted by the Garda Síochána in Dublin and two members were arrested. The unit is believed to have been on its way to kill Dublin drug lord Martin Foley.
30 April 2000: Drug dealer Thomas Byrne was shot dead in central Dublin, by the IRA.
29 May 2000: Edmund McCoy died several hours after being shot at the Motte 'n' Bailey Bar, Kingsway, Dunmurry, County Antrim. He was reportedly a suspected drug dealer. The Royal Ulster Constabulary blamed the IRA for the killing.
29 September 2000: Patrick Quinn was shot dead in The Depot Bar, Union Street, Magherafelt, County Londonderry. Quinn was reportedly a suspected drug dealer and was shot shortly after the IRA had ordered him to leave the area.
13 October 2000: Real IRA member Joseph O'Connor was shot dead while sitting in his car in the Ballymurphy area of Belfast, during a republican dispute. The Provisional IRA is believed responsible.
2001
7 January 2001: the IRA was blamed for carrying out a punishment beating on a convicted criminal in Ballymurphy, Belfast.
21 April 2001: Christopher O'Kane, reportedly a suspected drug dealer, was shot dead near his home, Milldale Crescent, Tullyally, Derry, by four gunmen. It is believed that the IRA was responsible.
14 July 2001: gangland figure Seamus "Shavo" Hogan is gunned down in Crumlin, Dublin, reportedly by the IRA.
2002
2 June 2002: IRA members opened fire during unrest in the Short Strand area of Belfast, injuring two teenagers and a loyalist youth worker, who was seriously injured. The following night republican gunmen shot two more Protestants. Loyalist paramilitaries opened fire on republicans and PSNI officers, and police shot and injured a loyalist. Two days before the initial shootings UDA members armed with firearms, petrol bombs and blast bombs attacked Catholic homes at the peaceline and opened fire on police.
8 September 2002: the IRA was blamed for carrying out a punishment beating on a South Armagh man.
11 October 2002: a five-man IRA unit was captured by Gardaí in Bray, County Wicklow. It is believed the unit, members of the Dublin Brigade, were on their way to carry out an armed hijacking. The men were in a small van dressed in Garda uniforms, and had stun-guns and CS gas.
2003
12 March 2003: Irish republican Keith Rogers was shot dead in Cullaville, South Armagh, during a shootout involving a number of feuding IRA members, according to police. The IRA claimed Rogers had been shot while confronting local criminals.
11 October 2003: The IRA were allegedly responsible for the kidnapping of a dissident republican, Brendan Rice, in Newcastle, County Down; Rice was later released.
2004
19 January 2004: A dissident republican who was shot in the ankles in a punishment shooting blamed the Provisional IRA for the attack. The man from west Belfast was a member of an organisation which provided support to the families of imprisoned Real IRA (RIRA) members .
20 February 2004: The IRA were accused of being responsible for the kidnap and attempted murder of ex-Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) member Bobby Tohill. The van in which he was being transported was rammed by police and four men were arrested. The IRA stated that it had not authorised any action against the man in question. Tohill required 93 stitches following the ordeal and went into hiding.
2005
30 January 2005: Robert McCartney is stabbed to death in a fight with IRA members being involved. Initially Sinn Féin denied IRA involvement but later it suspended 7 Sinn Féin members who had been present and the IRA also cleared witnesses to co-operate with the police investigation. McCartney's family claim they have been intimidated by the IRA.
2 February 2005: The IRA issued a statement summarizing their "ambitious initiatives designed to develop or save the peace process", including three occasions in which they had complied with the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning in putting weapons beyond use. The statement went on to say, "At this time it appears that the two governments are intent on changing the basis of the peace process. They claim that 'the obstacle now to a lasting and durable settlement… is the continuing terrorist and criminal activity of the IRA'. We reject this. It also belies the fact that a possible agreement last December was squandered by both governments pandering to rejectionist unionism instead of upholding their own commitments and honouring their own obligations." The statement concluded with two points: "We are taking all our proposals off the table" and "It is our intention to closely monitor ongoing developments and to protect to the best of our ability the rights of republicans and our support base".
3 February 2005: Following statements from the British and Irish governments, claiming that the new IRA statement was no cause for alarm, the IRA issues a second two-sentence statement: "The two governments are trying to play down the importance of our statement because they are making a mess of the peace process. Do not underestimate the seriousness of the situation".
10 February 2005: The Independent Monitoring Commission reported that it firmly supports the Police Service of Northern Ireland and Garda assessments that the IRA was responsible for the Northern Bank robbery and recommends financial and political sanctions against Sinn Féin.
6 April 2005: Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams calls on the IRA to initiate consultations "as quickly as possible" to move from being a paramilitary organisation to one committed to purely non-military methods.
12 April 2005: A Dublin man, Joseph Rafferty, was shot and killed in a shotgun attack in Dublin. The IMC and the family of the deceased have claimed that the IRA were responsible. The IRA has denied any involvement.
May 2005: The IRA is believed to have been responsible for intimidating a family to leave their home in Belfast.
24 May 2005: The Independent Monitoring Commission claimed the IRA were still recruiting and training new members, and it was still involved in paramilitary and criminal activity.
July 2005: The IMC blamed the IRA for a punishment shooting of an alleged criminal in early July.
28 July 2005: The IRA release a statement that it is ending its armed campaign and will verifiably put its arms beyond use.
26 September 2005: International weapons inspectors issue a statement confirming the full decommissioning of the IRA's weaponry.
2006 – 2009
IRA Colour Party in Dublin – 2009
10 March 2006: The IMC claimed that members of the IRA were responsible for the hijacking of a lorry containing a consignment of spirits in County Meath.
20 October 2007: Paul Quinn, a 21-year-old lorry driver from Cullyhanna in south Armagh, was lured to a farm near Oram, County Monaghan, where he and a friend were ambushed and separated. Quinn was taken to a shed where a group of IRA members beat him with iron bars and nail-studded clubs for half an hour. The assault broke nearly every major bone in his body. Gardaí later found Quinn, barely conscious, and he was taken to hospital in Drogheda where he died. The attack was allegedly revenge for verbal and physical clashes between Quinn and relatives of prominent IRA members in the area and had been sanctioned by the commander of the Provisional IRA South Armagh Brigade and the IRA's Chief of Staff who was based in the region.
31 July 2008: The 32 County Sovereignty Movement (often considered the political arm of the Real IRA), accused the IRA of assaulting one of their members in Derry, leaving the man with serious head and facial injuries.
2010s
9 February 2010: A representative of the IRA using the pseudonym "P. O'Neill" issued a statement confirming that Belfast man Joe Lynskey was "executed" by the organisation in 1972. The statement said that the man had been an IRA member and was "court-martialled for breaches of IRA standing orders" and "was subsequently executed and buried in an unmarked grave." The statement went on to say that Lynskey had an affair with the wife of a Belfast republican and had ordered another IRA member to shoot the man. The IRA said it had not identified Lynskey's grave.
August 2010: The 32 County Sovereignty Movement, the Republican Network for Unity and the Ulster Political Research Group (UPRG), claimed that the IRA were responsible for a shooting incident in Gobnascale, Derry. It is claimed that up to 20 masked men, some armed with handguns, attacked a group of teenagers who were engaging in anti-social behaviour at an interface area. A number of the teenagers were attacked and shots were fired into the air. The men are then reported to have removed their masks when the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) arrived and were subsequently identified as members of the Republican Movement. Sinn Féin denied the IRA were involved.
2 July 2011: An alleged member of the Provisional IRA was arrested for questioning over the stabbing of a man suspected of being linked to dissident republicans in the Markets area of Belfast.
14 February 2013: Former IRA volunteer Sean Kelly was arrested over the punishment shooting of an 18-year-old man in Belfast. He was later released unconditionally. Jim Allister suggested the IRA was involved in the shooting while the Ulster Unionist Party claimed the PSNI had come under pressure to distance mainstream republicans from the attack.
26 August 2013: It was alleged that the IRA were responsible for planting two mortars along the border in South Armagh. Gardaí claimed the primed devices were intended as a warning by the IRA to the PSNI to cease disrupting the Provisional IRA's smuggling and diesel laundering business along the border.
12 August 2015: Police believe members of the IRA were involved in the fatal shooting of former IRA volunteer Kevin McGuigan in East Belfast. The shooting appears to be a revenge killing for the murder of another republican veteran in Belfast four months earlier.
19 October 2015: The Assessment on Paramilitary Groups in Northern Ireland, commissioned by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland on the structure, role and purpose of paramilitary organisations reported the structures of the IRA remain in existence in a much reduced form", including "a senior leadership, the 'Provisional Army Council' and some 'departments'", but that they are not recruiting members. It concluded that the IRA still has access to some weapons, but have not sought to procure more since at least 2011. It also said that IRA members believe the Army Council oversees both the IRA and Sinn Féin.
See also
Timeline of Continuity Irish Republican Army actions
Timeline of Real Irish Republican Army actions
Timeline of Irish National Liberation Army actions
Timeline of Ulster Volunteer Force actions
Timeline of Ulster Defence Association actions
Timeline of the Northern Ireland Troubles
Notes
^ "IRA engineer defuses bomb | An Phoblacht". anphoblacht.com. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
^ "RTÉ News: Foley interviewed by Gardaí following attempt on his life". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 13 September 2000.
^ "Drug dealers dicing with death". The Irish Times.
^ a b "Up to 40 gang murders still unsolved" (reference to Thomas Byrne), independent.ie; accessed 3 November 2015.
^ a b c "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths". Cain.ulst.ac.uk. 10 October 1999.
^ McDonald, Henry (7 January 2001). "Sick mother speaks out over IRA beating of teenage son". The Guardian. London, UK.
^ "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths". Cain.ulst.ac.uk.
^ Sunday Life 9 June 2002.
^ Sunday Tribune 9 June 2002.
^ a b Moloney, Ed (2008). Paisley: From Demagogue to Democrat?. Poolbeg. ISBN 9781842233245.
^ Cusack, Jim (15 September 2002). "Victims of 'punishment' beatings only 14 years old". Irish Independent.
^ "Ó Snodaigh baffled about election posters". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 21 February 2005.
^ Birth of a Nation (28 November 2004). "Sinn Féin-IRA agents spied on McCreevy". Irish Independent.
^ Staff (7 October 2004). "Special Branch head 'believes men were in IRA'". Breakingnews.ie.
^ "CAIN: Issues: Violence – Draft List of Deaths Related to the Conflict in 2003". Cain.ulst.ac.uk.
^ "Abducted man released". BBC News. 12 October 2003. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
^ Staff (13 October 2003). "Police question man over abduction". BreakingNews.ie.
^ "January 2004". Retrieved 22 November 2014.
^ Staff (26 February 2004). "Sinn Féin warned that time running out for end to paramilitary violence". Irish Independent.
^ "Spotlight on McCartney trial". 27 June 2008. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
^ "McCartney 'killer plans US move'". 22 December 2005. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
^ "IRA statement: 2 February 2005". BBC. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
^ "Concern over new IRA warning". CNN. 4 February 2005. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
^ "Fourth Report of the Independent Monitoring Commission" (PDF). Independent Monitoring Commission. 10 February 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2007.
^ "Text of Adams speech in full". BBC. 6 April 2005. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
^ 20 best... (1 February 2006). "IMC report to link Joseph Rafferty's murder to Provos". Irish Independent. Retrieved 3 November 2015.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ a b "318283_HC546_7th Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
^ David McKittrick (25 May 2005). "IRA still recruiting and robbing banks, says commission". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 13 November 2005. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
^ "Full text: IRA statement". The Guardian. London, UK. 28 July 2005. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
^ "IRA 'has destroyed all its arms'". BBC. 26 September 2005.
^ "IMC claims IRA responsible for lorry hijacking in Meath" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
^ "Dissidents blame 'Provo gang' for weekend assault per Derry Journal". Encyclopedia.com. 1 August 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
^ "Forty years later, IRA finally admits to man's 'execution'". Belfast Telegraph. 9 February 2010.
^ "Were Provos behind shooting incident in Gobnascale?", LondonderrySentinel.co.uk; accessed 8 October 2015.
^ Republicans blamed for Gobnascale incident, londonderrysentinel.co.uk; accessed 8 October 2015.
^ The Nolan Show Radio Foyle, bbc.co.uk, 9 August 2010.
^ IRA suspect in McCartney killing arrested after stabbing at weekend, independent.ie; accessed 8 October 2015.
^ "Sisters claim McCartney killer stabbed their brother", nuzhound.com; accessed 8 October 2015.
^ "Tensions mount as IRA bomber released over shooting". Retrieved 22 November 2014.
^ Sean Kelly Arrest – PSNI, Secretary of State, Sinn Féin and First Minister Challenged Archived 23 April 2013 at archive.today, tuv.org.uk; accessed 8 October 2015.
^ "Latest News". Retrieved 22 November 2014.
^ "Provisional IRA behind mortar warning to PSNI". Irish Independent. 1 September 2013.
^ "Kevin McGuigan murder: Police link Provisional IRA to killing in Belfast". BBC News. 20 August 2015.
^ "Paramilitary Groups in Northern Ireland" (PDF). UK Publishing Service. 19 October 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
vteProvisional Irish Republican ArmyGeneral
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Actions1970–1979
Battle of St Matthew's
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1980–1989
Dunmurry train bombing
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1981 Bessbrook attack
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1988 Netherlands attacks
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1990–1991
Derrygorry Gazelle downing
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Operation Conservation
1990 Wembley bombing
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Proxy bombings
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Paddington & Victoria station bombings
Mullacreevie ambush
Glenanne barracks bombing
Coagh ambush
Musgrave Park Hospital bombing
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1992–1997
Teebane bombing
Clonoe ambush
London Bridge bombing
Staples Cnr bombing
Baltic Exchange bombing
Sussex Arms bombing
Cloghoge attack
Coalisland riots
Forensic Science Laboratory bombing
Stoke Newington Road bomb
1992 Manchester bombing
Night of the Long Knives
1993 Harrods bombing
Warrington bombings
Cullaville occupation
Camden bombing
Bishopsgate bombing
Finchley Road bombings
Battle of Newry Road
Shankill Road bombing
1993 Fivemiletown ambush
Heathrow attacks
Crossmaglen Lynx downing
Drumcree conflict
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Aldwych bus bombing
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Osnabrück mortar attack
Thiepval barracks bombing
Coalisland attack
1997 Northern Ireland riots
Personalities (Volunteers)
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Espionage andSupergrasses
Eamon Collins
Denis Donaldson
Joseph Fenton
Kevin Fulton
Raymond Gilmour
Martin McGartland
Sean O'Callaghan
Freddie Scappaticci (allegedly "Stakeknife")
Associates
Cumann na mBan
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Direct Action Against Drugs
NORAID
Clan na Gael
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Derivatives
Continuity Irish Republican Army
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Prominentkillings
Jeffery Stanford Agate
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Joseph Fenton
Billy Fox
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Baroness Brabourne
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Thomas Oliver
Tim Parry
Paul Quinn
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Robert McCartney (allegedly)
Joseph Rafferty (allegedly)
Ray Smallwoods
Sammy Smyth
Nick Spanos
James Stronge
Norman Stronge
Richard Sykes
Stephen Tibble
Sammy Ward
Michael Willetts
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chronology of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_actions"},{"link_name":"Irish republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_republicanism"},{"link_name":"paramilitary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary"}],"text":"This article is about activities from 1992 to 1999. For actions before and after this period, see Chronology of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions.This is a chronology of activities by the Provisional Irish Republican Army, an Irish republican paramilitary group in the 21st century.","title":"Chronology of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions in the 21st century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dissident republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissident_republican"},{"link_name":"Republican Sinn Féin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Sinn_F%C3%A9in"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"active service unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_service_unit"},{"link_name":"Garda Síochána","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na"},{"link_name":"Martin Foley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Foley"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-upto40-4"},{"link_name":"Dunmurry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunmurry"},{"link_name":"Royal Ulster Constabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ch00-5"},{"link_name":"Magherafelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magherafelt"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ch00-5"},{"link_name":"Real IRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_IRA"},{"link_name":"Ballymurphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballymurphy,_Belfast"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ch00-5"}],"text":"16 March 2000: an IRA engineer defused a bomb left outside the offices of dissident republican party Republican Sinn Féin on the Falls Road, Belfast.[1]\nApril 2000: an IRA active service unit was intercepted by the Garda Síochána in Dublin and two members were arrested. The unit is believed to have been on its way to kill Dublin drug lord Martin Foley.[2]\n30 April 2000: Drug dealer Thomas Byrne was shot dead in central Dublin, by the IRA.[3][4]\n29 May 2000: Edmund McCoy died several hours after being shot at the Motte 'n' Bailey Bar, Kingsway, Dunmurry, County Antrim. He was reportedly a suspected drug dealer. The Royal Ulster Constabulary blamed the IRA for the killing.[5]\n29 September 2000: Patrick Quinn was shot dead in The Depot Bar, Union Street, Magherafelt, County Londonderry. Quinn was reportedly a suspected drug dealer and was shot shortly after the IRA had ordered him to leave the area.[5]\n13 October 2000: Real IRA member Joseph O'Connor was shot dead while sitting in his car in the Ballymurphy area of Belfast, during a republican dispute. The Provisional IRA is believed responsible.[5]","title":"2000"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Crumlin, Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crumlin,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-upto40-4"}],"text":"7 January 2001: the IRA was blamed for carrying out a punishment beating on a convicted criminal in Ballymurphy, Belfast.[6]\n21 April 2001: Christopher O'Kane, reportedly a suspected drug dealer, was shot dead near his home, Milldale Crescent, Tullyally, Derry, by four gunmen. It is believed that the IRA was responsible.[7]\n14 July 2001: gangland figure Seamus \"Shavo\" Hogan is gunned down in Crumlin, Dublin, reportedly by the IRA.[4]","title":"2001"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Short Strand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Strand"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"PSNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSNI"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pdd1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Bray, County Wicklow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bray,_County_Wicklow"},{"link_name":"CS gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS_gas"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"2 June 2002: IRA members opened fire during unrest in the Short Strand area of Belfast, injuring two teenagers and a loyalist youth worker, who was seriously injured.[8] The following night republican gunmen shot two more Protestants. Loyalist paramilitaries opened fire on republicans and PSNI officers, and police shot and injured a loyalist. Two days before the initial shootings UDA members armed with firearms, petrol bombs and blast bombs attacked Catholic homes at the peaceline and opened fire on police.[9][10]\n8 September 2002: the IRA was blamed for carrying out a punishment beating on a South Armagh man.[11]\n11 October 2002: a five-man IRA unit was captured by Gardaí in Bray, County Wicklow. It is believed the unit, members of the Dublin Brigade, were on their way to carry out an armed hijacking. The men were in a small van dressed in Garda uniforms, and had stun-guns and CS gas.[12][13][14]","title":"2002"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Newcastle, County Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_County_Down"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"12 March 2003: Irish republican Keith Rogers was shot dead in Cullaville, South Armagh, during a shootout involving a number of feuding IRA members, according to police. The IRA claimed Rogers had been shot while confronting local criminals.[15]\n11 October 2003: The IRA were allegedly responsible for the kidnapping of a dissident republican, Brendan Rice, in Newcastle, County Down; Rice was later released.[16][17]","title":"2003"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Irish National Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"19 January 2004: A dissident republican who was shot in the ankles in a punishment shooting blamed the Provisional IRA for the attack. The man from west Belfast was a member of an organisation which provided support to the families of imprisoned Real IRA (RIRA) members .[18]\n20 February 2004: The IRA were accused of being responsible for the kidnap and attempted murder of ex-Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) member Bobby Tohill. The van in which he was being transported was rammed by police and four men were arrested. The IRA stated that it had not authorised any action against the man in question. Tohill required 93 stitches following the ordeal and went into hiding.[19]","title":"2004"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Robert_McCartney"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Independent International Commission on Decommissioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_International_Commission_on_Decommissioning"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Independent Monitoring Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Monitoring_Commission"},{"link_name":"Police Service of Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Garda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na"},{"link_name":"Northern Bank robbery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Bank_robbery"},{"link_name":"Sinn Féin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Gerry Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Adams"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independentmonitoringcommission.org-27"},{"link_name":"Independent Monitoring Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Monitoring_Commission"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independentmonitoringcommission.org-27"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"30 January 2005: Robert McCartney is stabbed to death in a fight with IRA members being involved. Initially Sinn Féin denied IRA involvement but later it suspended 7 Sinn Féin members who had been present and the IRA also cleared witnesses to co-operate with the police investigation.[20] McCartney's family claim they have been intimidated by the IRA.[21]\n2 February 2005: The IRA issued a statement summarizing their \"ambitious initiatives designed to develop or save the peace process\", including three occasions in which they had complied with the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning in putting weapons beyond use. The statement went on to say, \"At this time it appears that the two governments are intent on changing the basis of the peace process. They claim that 'the obstacle now to a lasting and durable settlement… is the continuing terrorist and criminal activity of the IRA'. We reject this. It also belies the fact that a possible agreement last December was squandered by both governments pandering to rejectionist unionism instead of upholding their own commitments and honouring their own obligations.\" The statement concluded with two points: \"We are taking all our proposals off the table\" and \"It is our intention to closely monitor ongoing developments and to protect to the best of our ability the rights of republicans and our support base\".[22]\n3 February 2005: Following statements from the British and Irish governments, claiming that the new IRA statement was no cause for alarm, the IRA issues a second two-sentence statement: \"The two governments are trying to play down the importance of our statement because they are making a mess of the peace process. Do not underestimate the seriousness of the situation\".[23]\n10 February 2005: The Independent Monitoring Commission reported that it firmly supports the Police Service of Northern Ireland and Garda assessments that the IRA was responsible for the Northern Bank robbery and recommends financial and political sanctions against Sinn Féin.[24]\n6 April 2005: Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams calls on the IRA to initiate consultations \"as quickly as possible\" to move from being a paramilitary organisation to one committed to purely non-military methods.[25]\n12 April 2005: A Dublin man, Joseph Rafferty, was shot and killed in a shotgun attack in Dublin. The IMC and the family of the deceased have claimed that the IRA were responsible. The IRA has denied any involvement.[26]\nMay 2005: The IRA is believed to have been responsible for intimidating a family to leave their home in Belfast.[27]\n24 May 2005: The Independent Monitoring Commission claimed the IRA were still recruiting and training new members, and it was still involved in paramilitary and criminal activity.[28]\nJuly 2005: The IMC blamed the IRA for a punishment shooting of an alleged criminal in early July.[27]\n28 July 2005: The IRA release a statement that it is ending its armed campaign and will verifiably put its arms beyond use.[29]\n26 September 2005: International weapons inspectors issue a statement confirming the full decommissioning of the IRA's weaponry.[30]","title":"2005"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PIRAcolourpartyDublin.JPG"},{"link_name":"County Meath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Meath"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Oram, County Monaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oram,_County_Monaghan"},{"link_name":"Drogheda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogheda"},{"link_name":"Provisional IRA South Armagh Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_IRA_South_Armagh_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pdd1-10"},{"link_name":"32 County Sovereignty Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32_County_Sovereignty_Movement"},{"link_name":"Real IRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_IRA"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"IRA Colour Party in Dublin – 200910 March 2006: The IMC claimed that members of the IRA were responsible for the hijacking of a lorry containing a consignment of spirits in County Meath.[31]20 October 2007: Paul Quinn, a 21-year-old lorry driver from Cullyhanna in south Armagh, was lured to a farm near Oram, County Monaghan, where he and a friend were ambushed and separated. Quinn was taken to a shed where a group of IRA members beat him with iron bars and nail-studded clubs for half an hour. The assault broke nearly every major bone in his body. Gardaí later found Quinn, barely conscious, and he was taken to hospital in Drogheda where he died. The attack was allegedly revenge for verbal and physical clashes between Quinn and relatives of prominent IRA members in the area and had been sanctioned by the commander of the Provisional IRA South Armagh Brigade and the IRA's Chief of Staff who was based in the region.[10]31 July 2008: The 32 County Sovereignty Movement (often considered the political arm of the Real IRA), accused the IRA of assaulting one of their members in Derry, leaving the man with serious head and facial injuries.[32]","title":"2006 – 2009"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pseudonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"32 County Sovereignty Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32_County_Sovereignty_Movement"},{"link_name":"Ulster Political Research Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Political_Research_Group"},{"link_name":"interface area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_area"},{"link_name":"Police Service of Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"dissident republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissident_republicans"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"volunteer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_(Irish_republican)"},{"link_name":"Sean Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Kelly_(Irish_republican)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Jim Allister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Allister"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Ulster Unionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"South Armagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Armagh"},{"link_name":"Gardaí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Assessment on Paramilitary Groups in Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assessment_on_Paramilitary_Groups_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Army Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRA_Army_Council"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"9 February 2010: A representative of the IRA using the pseudonym \"P. O'Neill\" issued a statement confirming that Belfast man Joe Lynskey was \"executed\" by the organisation in 1972. The statement said that the man had been an IRA member and was \"court-martialled for breaches of IRA standing orders\" and \"was subsequently executed and buried in an unmarked grave.\" The statement went on to say that Lynskey had an affair with the wife of a Belfast republican and had ordered another IRA member to shoot the man. The IRA said it had not identified Lynskey's grave.[33]\nAugust 2010: The 32 County Sovereignty Movement, the Republican Network for Unity and the Ulster Political Research Group (UPRG), claimed that the IRA were responsible for a shooting incident in Gobnascale, Derry. It is claimed that up to 20 masked men, some armed with handguns, attacked a group of teenagers who were engaging in anti-social behaviour at an interface area. A number of the teenagers were attacked and shots were fired into the air. The men are then reported to have removed their masks when the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) arrived and were subsequently identified as members of the Republican Movement. Sinn Féin denied the IRA were involved.[34][35][36]\n2 July 2011: An alleged member of the Provisional IRA was arrested for questioning over the stabbing of a man suspected of being linked to dissident republicans in the Markets area of Belfast.[37][38]\n14 February 2013: Former IRA volunteer Sean Kelly was arrested over the punishment shooting of an 18-year-old man in Belfast.[39] He was later released unconditionally. Jim Allister suggested the IRA was involved in the shooting[40] while the Ulster Unionist Party claimed the PSNI had come under pressure to distance mainstream republicans from the attack.[41]\n26 August 2013: It was alleged that the IRA were responsible for planting two mortars along the border in South Armagh. Gardaí claimed the primed devices were intended as a warning by the IRA to the PSNI to cease disrupting the Provisional IRA's smuggling and diesel laundering business along the border.[42]\n12 August 2015: Police believe members of the IRA were involved in the fatal shooting of former IRA volunteer Kevin McGuigan in East Belfast. The shooting appears to be a revenge killing for the murder of another republican veteran in Belfast four months earlier.[43]\n19 October 2015: The Assessment on Paramilitary Groups in Northern Ireland, commissioned by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland on the structure, role and purpose of paramilitary organisations reported the structures of the IRA remain in existence in a much reduced form\", including \"a senior leadership, the 'Provisional Army Council' and some 'departments'\", but that they are not recruiting members. It concluded that the IRA still has access to some weapons, but have not sought to procure more since at least 2011. It also said that IRA members believe the Army Council oversees both the IRA and Sinn Féin.[44]","title":"2010s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"IRA engineer defuses bomb | An Phoblacht\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.anphoblacht.com/contents/5976"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"RTÉ News: Foley interviewed by Gardaí following attempt on his life\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rte.ie/news/2000/0913/viper.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Drug dealers dicing with death\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.irishtimes.com/culture/drug-dealers-dicing-with-death-1.266722"},{"link_name":"The Irish Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-upto40_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-upto40_4-1"},{"link_name":"\"Up to 40 gang murders still unsolved\" (reference to Thomas Byrne)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.independent.ie/opinion/analysis/up-to-40-gang-murders-still-unsolved-26228007.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ch00_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ch00_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ch00_5-2"},{"link_name":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/chron/2000.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Sick mother speaks out over IRA beating of teenage son\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jan/07/northernireland.henrymcdonald"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/chron/2001.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pdd1_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pdd1_10-1"},{"link_name":"Paisley: From Demagogue to Democrat?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=rLCgIQAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781842233245","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781842233245"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Victims of 'punishment' beatings only 14 years old\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.independent.ie/national-news/victims-of-punishment-beatings-only-14-years-old-503665.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Ó Snodaigh baffled about election posters\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rte.ie/news/2005/0221/ira.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Sinn Féin-IRA agents spied on McCreevy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.independent.ie/national-news/sinn-feinira-agents-spied-on-mccreevy-486527.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Special Branch head 'believes men were in IRA'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/special-branch-head-believes-men-were-in-ira-169990.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"CAIN: Issues: Violence – Draft List of Deaths Related to the Conflict in 2003\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/violence/deaths2003draft.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Abducted man released\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/3184812.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Police question man over abduction\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/police-question-man-over-abduction-117096.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"January 2004\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.irishfreedomcommittee.net/NEWS/january_2004.htm#provos_attack_campaigner"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Sinn Féin warned that time running out for end to paramilitary violence\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.independent.ie/national-news/sinn-fein-warned-that-time-running-out-for-end-to-paramilitary-violence-186316.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Spotlight on McCartney trial\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7476244.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"McCartney 'killer plans US move'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4551468.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"IRA statement: 2 February 2005\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4074652.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"Concern over new IRA 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Bratty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Bratty"},{"link_name":"Matthew Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Matthew_Burns"},{"link_name":"Martin Cahill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Cahill"},{"link_name":"Eamon Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eamon_Collins"},{"link_name":"Raymond Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Elder"},{"link_name":"Gerard Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Evans"},{"link_name":"Christopher Ewart-Biggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Ewart-Biggs"},{"link_name":"Joseph Fenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Fenton"},{"link_name":"Billy Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Fox_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Maurice Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Gibson"},{"link_name":"Ian Gow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Gow"},{"link_name":"Heidi Hazell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Heidi_Hazell"},{"link_name":"Donald Kaberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Kaberry,_Baron_Kaberry_of_Adel"},{"link_name":"Andrew Kearney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Andrew_Kearney"},{"link_name":"Baroness Brabourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doreen_Knatchbull,_Baroness_Brabourne"},{"link_name":"William \"Frenchie\" Marchant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Marchant_(loyalist)"},{"link_name":"Martin McBirney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_McBirney"},{"link_name":"Jerry McCabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Jerry_McCabe"},{"link_name":"Robert McConnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_McConnell_(loyalist)"},{"link_name":"Jean McConville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Jean_McConville"},{"link_name":"Columba McVeigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba_McVeigh"},{"link_name":"Ross McWhirter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_McWhirter"},{"link_name":"Stephen Melrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killings_of_Nick_Spanos_and_Stephen_Melrose"},{"link_name":"Lord Mountbatten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma"},{"link_name":"Lenny Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenny_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Robert Nairac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nairac"},{"link_name":"Thomas Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Thomas_Oliver"},{"link_name":"Tim Parry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tim_Parry_Johnathan_Ball_Foundation_for_Peace"},{"link_name":"Paul Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Paul_Quinn"},{"link_name":"Robert Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Seymour_(loyalist)"},{"link_name":"Robert McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Robert_McCartney"},{"link_name":"Joseph Rafferty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Joseph_Rafferty"},{"link_name":"Ray Smallwoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Smallwoods"},{"link_name":"Sammy Smyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Smyth_(loyalist)"},{"link_name":"Nick Spanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killings_of_Nick_Spanos_and_Stephen_Melrose"},{"link_name":"James Stronge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stronge_(Mid-Armagh_MP)"},{"link_name":"Norman Stronge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Stronge"},{"link_name":"Richard Sykes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sykes_(diplomat)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Tibble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Stephen_Tibble"},{"link_name":"Sammy Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Ward"},{"link_name":"Michael Willetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Willetts"}],"text":"^ \"IRA engineer defuses bomb | An Phoblacht\". anphoblacht.com. 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CNN. 4 February 2005. Retrieved 3 November 2015.\n\n^ \"Fourth Report of the Independent Monitoring Commission\" (PDF). Independent Monitoring Commission. 10 February 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2007.\n\n^ \"Text of Adams speech in full\". BBC. 6 April 2005. Retrieved 3 November 2015.\n\n^ 20 best... (1 February 2006). \"IMC report to link Joseph Rafferty's murder to Provos\". Irish Independent. Retrieved 3 November 2015.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)\n\n^ a b \"318283_HC546_7th Report\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2015.\n\n^ David McKittrick (25 May 2005). \"IRA still recruiting and robbing banks, says commission\". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 13 November 2005. Retrieved 3 November 2015.\n\n^ \"Full text: IRA statement\". The Guardian. London, UK. 28 July 2005. Retrieved 3 November 2015.\n\n^ \"IRA 'has destroyed all its arms'\". BBC. 26 September 2005.\n\n^ \"IMC claims IRA responsible for lorry hijacking in Meath\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2014.\n\n^ \"Dissidents blame 'Provo gang' for weekend assault per Derry Journal\". Encyclopedia.com. 1 August 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2015.\n\n^ \"Forty years later, IRA finally admits to man's 'execution'\". Belfast Telegraph. 9 February 2010.\n\n^ \"Were Provos behind shooting incident in Gobnascale?\", LondonderrySentinel.co.uk; accessed 8 October 2015.\n\n^ Republicans blamed for Gobnascale incident[permanent dead link], londonderrysentinel.co.uk; accessed 8 October 2015.\n\n^ The Nolan Show Radio Foyle, bbc.co.uk, 9 August 2010.\n\n^ IRA suspect in McCartney killing arrested after stabbing at weekend, independent.ie; accessed 8 October 2015.\n\n^ \"Sisters claim McCartney killer stabbed their brother\", nuzhound.com; accessed 8 October 2015.\n\n^ \"Tensions mount as IRA bomber released over shooting\". Retrieved 22 November 2014.\n\n^ Sean Kelly Arrest – PSNI, Secretary of State, Sinn Féin and First Minister Challenged Archived 23 April 2013 at archive.today, tuv.org.uk; accessed 8 October 2015.\n\n^ \"Latest News\". Retrieved 22 November 2014.\n\n^ \"Provisional IRA behind mortar warning to PSNI\". Irish Independent. 1 September 2013.\n\n^ \"Kevin McGuigan murder: Police link Provisional IRA to killing in Belfast\". BBC News. 20 August 2015.\n\n^ \"Paramilitary Groups in Northern Ireland\" (PDF). UK Publishing Service. 19 October 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2022.vteProvisional Irish Republican ArmyGeneral\nAnti-Treaty IRA\nSinn Féin\nRepublican News\nAn Phoblacht\nThe Green Book\nThe Troubles (Timeline)\nHaughey arms crisis\nIRA campaign\nChronology of Provisional IRA actions\nArms importation\nWeaponry\nBarrack buster\nImprovised tactical vehicles\nMountjoy Prison helicopter escape\nBlanket protest\nDirty protest\nHM Prison Maze\nAnti H-Block\n1981 Irish hunger strike\nMaze Prison escape\nArmalite and ballot box strategy\nPunishment attacks\nDisappeared\nSmithwick Tribunal\nNorthern Ireland peace process\nGood Friday Agreement\nOrganisation\nChief of Staff\nIRA Army Council\nIRA Northern Command\nIRA Southern Command\nInternal Security Unit\nActive service unit\nBelfast Brigade\nDerry Brigade\nSouth Armagh Brigade\nEast Tyrone Brigade\nBalcombe Street Gang\nActions1970–1979\nBattle of St Matthew's\nFalls Curfew\n1970 Crossmaglen bombing\nScottish soldiers' killings\nRed Lion bombing\nBalmoral showroom bombing\nAbercorn bombing\nDonegall Street bombing\nBattle at Springmartin\nBattle of Lenadoon\nBloody Friday\nClaudy bombing\nNewry customs bombing\nOld Bailey bombing\nHoney Trap killings\nKing's Cross & Euston bombings\nColeraine bombings\n1973 Westminster bombing\nM62 bombing\nClogher attack\nHouses of Parliament bombing\nTower of London bombing\nGuildford pub bombings\nHarrow School bombing\nBrooks's Club bombing\nWoolwich pub bombing\nBritish Airways bombing attempt\nBirmingham pub bombings\nLondon pillar box bombings\nTalbot Arms bombing\nBristol bombing\nTelephone exchange bombings\n1974 Oxford Street bombing\nCarlton Tower & Portman Hotel shootings\nMountainview attack\nBayardo Bar attack\nForkhill attack\nCaterham Arms bombing\nTullyvallen massacre\nLondon Hilton bombing\nPiccadilly bombing\nTrattoria Fiore bombing\nScott's Oyster Bar bombing\nWalton's Restaurant bombing\nDrummuckavall ambush\nBalcombe Street siege\nKingsmill massacre\nWest Ham station attack\nOlympia bombing\nStore bar shooting\nStag Inn attack\nGarryhinch ambush\nJonesborough Gazelle downing\nLa Mon restaurant bombing\nCrossmaglen ambush\nWarrenpoint ambush\nBrussels bombing\nDungannon attack\n1980–1989\nDunmurry train bombing\nLough Foyle attacks\nGlasdrumman ambush\n1981 Bessbrook attack\nChelsea Barracks bombing\nHyde Park & Regent's Park bombings\nHarrods bombing\nRoyal Artillery Barracks bombing\nBrighton hotel bombing\nBallygawley land mine attack\nNewry mortar attack\nBallygawley attack\nEnniskillen mortar attack\nRUC Birches barracks attack\nRheindahlen bombing\nLoughgall ambush\nOperation Flavius\nCorporals killings\nLisburn bombing\nAughanduff Lynx shootdown\n1988 Netherlands attacks\nGlamorgan barracks bombing\nInglis Barracks bombing\nBallygawley bus bombing\nJonesborough ambush\nClive Barracks bombing\nDeal barracks bombing\nMayobridge attack\nDerryard attack\n 1990–1991\nDerrygorry Gazelle downing\nSouth Armagh sniper\nDownpatrick roadside bomb\nOperation Conservation\n1990 Wembley bombing\nCarlton Club bombing\nLondon Stock Exchange bombing\nHonourable Artillery Company bombing\nLichfield gun attack\nRFA Fort Victoria bombing\nProxy bombings\nDowning Street mortar attack\nPaddington & Victoria station bombings\nMullacreevie ambush\nGlenanne barracks bombing\nCoagh ambush\nMusgrave Park Hospital bombing\nCrumlin Road Prison bombing\n1992–1997\nTeebane bombing\nClonoe ambush\nLondon Bridge bombing\nStaples Cnr bombing\nBaltic Exchange bombing\nSussex Arms bombing\nCloghoge attack\nCoalisland riots\nForensic Science Laboratory bombing\nStoke Newington Road bomb\n1992 Manchester bombing\nNight of the Long Knives\n1993 Harrods bombing\nWarrington bombings\nCullaville occupation\nCamden bombing\nBishopsgate bombing\nFinchley Road bombings\nBattle of Newry Road\nShankill Road bombing\n1993 Fivemiletown ambush\nHeathrow attacks\nCrossmaglen Lynx downing\nDrumcree conflict\nDocklands bombing\nAldwych bus bombing\n1996 Manchester bombing\nHammersmith Bridge bombing\nOsnabrück mortar attack\nThiepval barracks bombing\nCoalisland attack\n1997 Northern Ireland riots\nPersonalities (Volunteers)\nPaddy Agnew\nMartina Anderson\nDeclan Arthurs\nThomas Begley\nIvor Bell\nPatricia Black\nCharles Breslin\nEdward Butler\nPaul Butler\nJoe Cahill\nLiam Campbell\nFergal Caraher\nMalachy Carey\nOwen Carron\nGerard Casey\nCarál Ní Chuilín\nGabriel Cleary\nPeter Cleary\nKevin Coen\nEamon Collins\nEddie Copeland\nMarion Coyle\nGerard Davison\nMatt Devlin\nHugh Doherty\nJoe Doherty\nKieran Doherty\nMartin Doherty\nPat Doherty\nColin Duffy\nRose Dugdale\nDessie Ellis\nMairéad Farrell\nWilliam Fleming\nKieran Fleming\nBernard Fox\nAngelo Fusco\nMichael Gaughan\nJohn Francis Green\nDessie Grew\nGeorge Harrison\nBrendan Hughes\nFrancis Hughes\nMartin Hurson\nPearse Jordan\nBrian Keenan\nGerry Kelly\nJohn Kelly\nPatrick Joseph Kelly\nSean Kelly\nJim Lynagh\nProinsias Mac Airt\nBreandán Mac Cionnaith\nAntoine Mac Giolla Bhrighde\nJoseph MacManus\nSeán Mac Stíofáin\nPatrick Magee\nPaul Magee\nDonna Maguire\nLarry Marley\nPaul Marlowe\nLeo Martin\nAlex Maskey\nPearse McAuley\nDaniel McCann\nFra McCann\nJennifer McCann\nRaymond McCartney\nMartin McCaughey\nRaymond McCreesh\nJoe McDonnell\nSéamus McElwaine\nThomas McElwee\nBrendan McFarlane\nTom McFeely\nGerry McGeough\nPat McGeown\nJohn Joe McGirl\nMartin McGuinness\nPádraig McKearney\nTommy McKearney\nBilly McKee\nKevin McKenna\nLaurence McKeown\nMichael McKevitt\nThomas McMahon\nJackie McMullan\nMartin Meehan\nIan Milne\nArthur Morgan\nDanny Morrison\nConor Murphy\nThomas \"Slab\" Murphy\nKieran Nugent\nRuairí Ó Brádaigh\nEd O'Brien\nDáithí Ó Conaill\nÉamonn O'Doherty\nJoe B. O'Hagan\nSiobhán O'Hanlon\nRita O'Hare\nDiarmuid O'Neill\nDolours Price\nMarian Price\nLiam Quinn\nPaddy Quinn\nBilly Reid\nBobby Sands\nSeán Savage\nPat Sheehan\nFrank Stagg\nJimmy Steele\nBobby Storey\nGerard Tuite\nSeamus Twomey\nRoy Walsh\nSéanna Walsh\nEspionage andSupergrasses\nEamon Collins\nDenis Donaldson\nJoseph Fenton\nKevin Fulton\nRaymond Gilmour\nMartin McGartland\nSean O'Callaghan\nFreddie Scappaticci (allegedly \"Stakeknife\")\nAssociates\nCumann na mBan\nFianna Éireann\nSouth Armagh Republican Action Force\nDirect Action Against Drugs\nNORAID\nClan na Gael\nTroops Out Movement\nDerivatives\nContinuity Irish Republican Army\nReal Irish Republican Army\nProminentkillings\nJeffery Stanford Agate\nJohnathan Ball\nAnthony Berry\nRobert Bradford\nJoe Bratty\nMatthew Burns\nMartin Cahill\nEamon Collins\nRaymond Elder\nGerard Evans\nChristopher Ewart-Biggs\nJoseph Fenton\nBilly Fox\nMaurice Gibson\nIan Gow\nHeidi Hazell\nDonald Kaberry\nAndrew Kearney\nBaroness Brabourne\nWilliam \"Frenchie\" Marchant\nMartin McBirney\nJerry McCabe\nRobert McConnell\nJean McConville\nColumba McVeigh\nRoss McWhirter\nStephen Melrose\nLord Mountbatten\nLenny Murphy\nRobert Nairac\nThomas Oliver\nTim Parry\nPaul Quinn\nRobert Seymour\nRobert McCartney (allegedly)\nJoseph Rafferty (allegedly)\nRay Smallwoods\nSammy Smyth\nNick Spanos\nJames Stronge\nNorman Stronge\nRichard Sykes\nStephen Tibble\nSammy Ward\nMichael Willetts","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"IRA Colour Party in Dublin – 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/PIRAcolourpartyDublin.JPG/220px-PIRAcolourpartyDublin.JPG"}]
|
[{"title":"Timeline of Continuity Irish Republican Army actions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Continuity_Irish_Republican_Army_actions"},{"title":"Timeline of Real Irish Republican Army actions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Real_Irish_Republican_Army_actions"},{"title":"Timeline of Irish National Liberation Army actions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_National_Liberation_Army_actions"},{"title":"Timeline of Ulster Volunteer Force actions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Ulster_Volunteer_Force_actions"},{"title":"Timeline of Ulster Defence Association actions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Ulster_Defence_Association_actions"},{"title":"Timeline of the Northern Ireland Troubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Northern_Ireland_Troubles"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"IRA engineer defuses bomb | An Phoblacht\". anphoblacht.com. Retrieved 29 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/5976","url_text":"\"IRA engineer defuses bomb | An Phoblacht\""}]},{"reference":"\"RTÉ News: Foley interviewed by Gardaí following attempt on his life\". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 13 September 2000.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/news/2000/0913/viper.html","url_text":"\"RTÉ News: Foley interviewed by Gardaí following attempt on his life\""}]},{"reference":"\"Drug dealers dicing with death\". The Irish Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/drug-dealers-dicing-with-death-1.266722","url_text":"\"Drug dealers dicing with death\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times","url_text":"The Irish Times"}]},{"reference":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\". Cain.ulst.ac.uk. 10 October 1999.","urls":[{"url":"http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/chron/2000.html","url_text":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\""}]},{"reference":"McDonald, Henry (7 January 2001). \"Sick mother speaks out over IRA beating of teenage son\". The Guardian. London, UK.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jan/07/northernireland.henrymcdonald","url_text":"\"Sick mother speaks out over IRA beating of teenage son\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\". Cain.ulst.ac.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/chron/2001.html","url_text":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\""}]},{"reference":"Moloney, Ed (2008). Paisley: From Demagogue to Democrat?. Poolbeg. ISBN 9781842233245.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rLCgIQAACAAJ","url_text":"Paisley: From Demagogue to Democrat?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781842233245","url_text":"9781842233245"}]},{"reference":"Cusack, Jim (15 September 2002). \"Victims of 'punishment' beatings only 14 years old\". Irish Independent.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.ie/national-news/victims-of-punishment-beatings-only-14-years-old-503665.html","url_text":"\"Victims of 'punishment' beatings only 14 years old\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ó Snodaigh baffled about election posters\". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 21 February 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/news/2005/0221/ira.html","url_text":"\"Ó Snodaigh baffled about election posters\""}]},{"reference":"Birth of a Nation (28 November 2004). \"Sinn Féin-IRA agents spied on McCreevy\". Irish Independent.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.ie/national-news/sinn-feinira-agents-spied-on-mccreevy-486527.html","url_text":"\"Sinn Féin-IRA agents spied on McCreevy\""}]},{"reference":"Staff (7 October 2004). \"Special Branch head 'believes men were in IRA'\". Breakingnews.ie.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/special-branch-head-believes-men-were-in-ira-169990.html","url_text":"\"Special Branch head 'believes men were in IRA'\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAIN: Issues: Violence – Draft List of Deaths Related to the Conflict in 2003\". Cain.ulst.ac.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/violence/deaths2003draft.htm","url_text":"\"CAIN: Issues: Violence – Draft List of Deaths Related to the Conflict in 2003\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abducted man released\". BBC News. 12 October 2003. Retrieved 8 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/3184812.stm","url_text":"\"Abducted man released\""}]},{"reference":"Staff (13 October 2003). \"Police question man over abduction\". BreakingNews.ie.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/police-question-man-over-abduction-117096.html","url_text":"\"Police question man over abduction\""}]},{"reference":"\"January 2004\". Retrieved 22 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishfreedomcommittee.net/NEWS/january_2004.htm#provos_attack_campaigner","url_text":"\"January 2004\""}]},{"reference":"Staff (26 February 2004). \"Sinn Féin warned that time running out for end to paramilitary violence\". Irish Independent.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.ie/national-news/sinn-fein-warned-that-time-running-out-for-end-to-paramilitary-violence-186316.html","url_text":"\"Sinn Féin warned that time running out for end to paramilitary violence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spotlight on McCartney trial\". 27 June 2008. Retrieved 22 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7476244.stm","url_text":"\"Spotlight on McCartney trial\""}]},{"reference":"\"McCartney 'killer plans US move'\". 22 December 2005. Retrieved 22 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4551468.stm","url_text":"\"McCartney 'killer plans US move'\""}]},{"reference":"\"IRA statement: 2 February 2005\". BBC. Retrieved 8 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4074652.stm","url_text":"\"IRA statement: 2 February 2005\""}]},{"reference":"\"Concern over new IRA warning\". CNN. 4 February 2005. Retrieved 3 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/02/04/nireland/index.html?eref=sitesearch","url_text":"\"Concern over new IRA warning\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fourth Report of the Independent Monitoring Commission\" (PDF). Independent Monitoring Commission. 10 February 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070614121443/https://www.independentmonitoringcommission.org/documents/uploads/HC%20308.pdf","url_text":"\"Fourth Report of the Independent Monitoring Commission\""},{"url":"http://www.independentmonitoringcommission.org/documents/uploads/HC%20308.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Text of Adams speech in full\". BBC. 6 April 2005. Retrieved 3 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4417575.stm","url_text":"\"Text of Adams speech in full\""}]},{"reference":"20 best... (1 February 2006). \"IMC report to link Joseph Rafferty's murder to Provos\". Irish Independent. Retrieved 3 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.ie/national-news/imc-report-to-link-joseph-raffertys-murder-to-provos-110776.html","url_text":"\"IMC report to link Joseph Rafferty's murder to Provos\""}]},{"reference":"\"318283_HC546_7th Report\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726180522/http://www.independentmonitoringcommission.org/documents/uploads/7th%20%20IMC%20%20Report.pdf","url_text":"\"318283_HC546_7th Report\""},{"url":"http://www.independentmonitoringcommission.org/documents/uploads/7th%20%20IMC%20%20Report.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"David McKittrick (25 May 2005). \"IRA still recruiting and robbing banks, says commission\". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 13 November 2005. Retrieved 3 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051113224457/http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/ulster/article223066.ece","url_text":"\"IRA still recruiting and robbing banks, says commission\""},{"url":"http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/ulster/article223066.ece","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Full text: IRA statement\". The Guardian. London, UK. 28 July 2005. Retrieved 3 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,,1537996,00.html","url_text":"\"Full text: IRA statement\""}]},{"reference":"\"IRA 'has destroyed all its arms'\". BBC. 26 September 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4283444.stm","url_text":"\"IRA 'has destroyed all its arms'\""}]},{"reference":"\"IMC claims IRA responsible for lorry hijacking in Meath\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726174400/http://www.independentmonitoringcommission.org/documents/uploads/ACFEF3.pdf","url_text":"\"IMC claims IRA responsible for lorry hijacking in Meath\""},{"url":"http://www.independentmonitoringcommission.org/documents/uploads/ACFEF3.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dissidents blame 'Provo gang' for weekend assault per Derry Journal\". Encyclopedia.com. 1 August 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-182228078.html","url_text":"\"Dissidents blame 'Provo gang' for weekend assault per Derry Journal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Forty years later, IRA finally admits to man's 'execution'\". Belfast Telegraph. 9 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/forty-years-later-ira-finally-admits-to-manrsquos-lsquoexecutionrsquo-14673172.html","url_text":"\"Forty years later, IRA finally admits to man's 'execution'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tensions mount as IRA bomber released over shooting\". Retrieved 22 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/headlines/tensions-mount-as-ira-bomber-released-over-shooting-1-4789880","url_text":"\"Tensions mount as IRA bomber released over shooting\""}]},{"reference":"\"Latest News\". Retrieved 22 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://uup.org/news/1543/Elliott-concerned-at-Kelly-link-to-Ardoyne-shooting#.UTVRrWccDVw","url_text":"\"Latest News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Provisional IRA behind mortar warning to PSNI\". Irish Independent. 1 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/provisional-ira-behind-mortar-warning-to-psni-29542402.html","url_text":"\"Provisional IRA behind mortar warning to PSNI\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kevin McGuigan murder: Police link Provisional IRA to killing in Belfast\". BBC News. 20 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-34009501","url_text":"\"Kevin McGuigan murder: Police link Provisional IRA to killing in Belfast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paramilitary Groups in Northern Ireland\" (PDF). UK Publishing Service. 19 October 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/469548/Paramilitary_Groups_in_Northern_Ireland_-_20_Oct_2015.pdf","url_text":"\"Paramilitary Groups in Northern Ireland\""}]}]
|
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of Deaths\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rLCgIQAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Paisley: From Demagogue to Democrat?"},{"Link":"http://www.independent.ie/national-news/victims-of-punishment-beatings-only-14-years-old-503665.html","external_links_name":"\"Victims of 'punishment' beatings only 14 years old\""},{"Link":"https://www.rte.ie/news/2005/0221/ira.html","external_links_name":"\"Ó Snodaigh baffled about election posters\""},{"Link":"http://www.independent.ie/national-news/sinn-feinira-agents-spied-on-mccreevy-486527.html","external_links_name":"\"Sinn Féin-IRA agents spied on McCreevy\""},{"Link":"http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/special-branch-head-believes-men-were-in-ira-169990.html","external_links_name":"\"Special Branch head 'believes men were in IRA'\""},{"Link":"http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/violence/deaths2003draft.htm","external_links_name":"\"CAIN: Issues: Violence – Draft List of Deaths Related to the Conflict in 2003\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/3184812.stm","external_links_name":"\"Abducted man released\""},{"Link":"http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/police-question-man-over-abduction-117096.html","external_links_name":"\"Police question man over abduction\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishfreedomcommittee.net/NEWS/january_2004.htm#provos_attack_campaigner","external_links_name":"\"January 2004\""},{"Link":"http://www.independent.ie/national-news/sinn-fein-warned-that-time-running-out-for-end-to-paramilitary-violence-186316.html","external_links_name":"\"Sinn Féin warned that time running out for end to paramilitary violence\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7476244.stm","external_links_name":"\"Spotlight on McCartney trial\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4551468.stm","external_links_name":"\"McCartney 'killer plans US move'\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4074652.stm","external_links_name":"\"IRA statement: 2 February 2005\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/02/04/nireland/index.html?eref=sitesearch","external_links_name":"\"Concern over new IRA warning\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070614121443/https://www.independentmonitoringcommission.org/documents/uploads/HC%20308.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Fourth Report of the Independent Monitoring Commission\""},{"Link":"http://www.independentmonitoringcommission.org/documents/uploads/HC%20308.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4417575.stm","external_links_name":"\"Text of Adams speech in full\""},{"Link":"http://www.independent.ie/national-news/imc-report-to-link-joseph-raffertys-murder-to-provos-110776.html","external_links_name":"\"IMC report to link Joseph Rafferty's murder to Provos\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726180522/http://www.independentmonitoringcommission.org/documents/uploads/7th%20%20IMC%20%20Report.pdf","external_links_name":"\"318283_HC546_7th Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.independentmonitoringcommission.org/documents/uploads/7th%20%20IMC%20%20Report.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051113224457/http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/ulster/article223066.ece","external_links_name":"\"IRA still recruiting and robbing banks, says commission\""},{"Link":"http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/ulster/article223066.ece","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,,1537996,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Full text: IRA statement\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4283444.stm","external_links_name":"\"IRA 'has destroyed all its arms'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726174400/http://www.independentmonitoringcommission.org/documents/uploads/ACFEF3.pdf","external_links_name":"\"IMC claims IRA responsible for lorry hijacking in Meath\""},{"Link":"http://www.independentmonitoringcommission.org/documents/uploads/ACFEF3.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-182228078.html","external_links_name":"\"Dissidents blame 'Provo gang' for weekend assault per Derry Journal\""},{"Link":"http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/forty-years-later-ira-finally-admits-to-manrsquos-lsquoexecutionrsquo-14673172.html","external_links_name":"\"Forty years later, IRA finally admits to man's 'execution'\""},{"Link":"http://www.londonderrysentinel.co.uk/news/Were-Provos-behind-shooting-incident.6558729.jp","external_links_name":"\"Were Provos behind shooting incident in Gobnascale?\""},{"Link":"http://www.londonderrysentinel.co.uk/news/39Mainstream39-republicans-blamed-for-Gobnascale.6467389.jpMainstream","external_links_name":"Republicans blamed for Gobnascale incident"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00tbxvj","external_links_name":"The Nolan Show Radio Foyle"},{"Link":"http://www.independent.ie/national-news/in-brief-ira-suspect-in-mccartney-killing-arrested-after-stabbing-at-weekend-2811977.html","external_links_name":"IRA suspect in McCartney killing arrested after stabbing at weekend"},{"Link":"http://www.nuzhound.com/articles/breen/arts2011/jul11_Joe_Henry_family__SBreen_Daily-Mirror.php","external_links_name":"\"Sisters claim McCartney killer stabbed their brother\""},{"Link":"http://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/headlines/tensions-mount-as-ira-bomber-released-over-shooting-1-4789880","external_links_name":"\"Tensions mount as IRA bomber released over shooting\""},{"Link":"http://www.tuv.org.uk/press-releases/view/1758/sean-kelly-arrest---psni,-secretary-of-state,-sinn-fein-and-first-minister-challenged","external_links_name":"Sean Kelly Arrest – PSNI, Secretary of State, Sinn Féin and First Minister Challenged"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130423201715/http://www.tuv.org.uk/press-releases/view/1758/sean-kelly-arrest---psni,-secretary-of-state,-sinn-fein-and-first-minister-challenged","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://uup.org/news/1543/Elliott-concerned-at-Kelly-link-to-Ardoyne-shooting#.UTVRrWccDVw","external_links_name":"\"Latest News\""},{"Link":"http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/provisional-ira-behind-mortar-warning-to-psni-29542402.html","external_links_name":"\"Provisional IRA behind mortar warning to PSNI\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-34009501","external_links_name":"\"Kevin McGuigan murder: Police link Provisional IRA to killing in Belfast\""},{"Link":"https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/469548/Paramilitary_Groups_in_Northern_Ireland_-_20_Oct_2015.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Paramilitary Groups in Northern Ireland\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dare_Wilson_Barracks
|
Dare Wilson Barracks
|
["1 History","2 Current units","3 References"]
|
Coordinates: 54°58′10″N 2°06′32″W / 54.96945°N 2.10892°W / 54.96945; -2.10892Military installation in Hexham, Northumberland
Dare Wilson BarracksHexham Hencotes drill hall, HexhamDare Wilson BarracksLocation within NorthumberlandCoordinates54°58′10″N 2°06′32″W / 54.96945°N 2.10892°W / 54.96945; -2.10892TypeDrill hallSite historyBuilt1891Built forWar OfficeIn use1891-Present
Dare Wilson Barracks, is a military installation in Hexham, Northumberland. The building is named after Major General Dare Wilson who was commissioned into the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers and commanded 22 Special Air Service Regiment in the early 1960s.
History
The building was designed as the headquarters of the 1st Volunteer Battalion, The Northumberland Fusiliers and was completed in about 1891. This unit evolved to become the 4th Battalion the Northumberland Fusiliers in 1908. The battalion was mobilised at the drill hall in August 1914 before being deployed to the Western Front.
The battalion was redesignated the 4th/5th Battalion the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers at Hencotes in 1950. The battalion was reduced to a cadre in 1969 but reconstituted at the Fenkle Street drill hall in Alnwick as the 6th (Volunteer) Battalion, The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers in 1975 with a rifle platoon forming part of X Company still located at Hencotes. X Company was transferred to the Tyne-Tees Regiment in 1999 and to 5th Battalion, The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers in 2006.
Current units
British Army
X Company, 5th Battalion, Royal Regiment of Fusiliers
Hexham Troop, 204 (Tyneside Scottish) Battery, 101 (Northumbrian) Regiment, Royal Artillery
Community Cadet Forces
Hexham Detachment, Northumbria Army Cadet Force
224 (Hexham) Squadron, Durham and Northumberland Wing, Air Training Corps
References
^ "Major-General Dare Wilson - obituary". The Telegraph. 2 September 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
^ a b c "4th Battalion, The Royal Northumberland Fusiliers". Regiments.org. Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 8 July 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "Northumberland Fusiliers". The Long, Long Trail. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
^ "The Tyne-Tees Regiment and 5th Battalion, The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers". Regiments.org. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007. Retrieved 8 July 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "Dare Wilson Barracks". Retrieved 17 April 2021.
^ "Northumbria Army Cadets". Retrieved 17 April 2021.
^ "224 (Hexham)". Retrieved 17 April 2021.
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowerton_Comprehensive_School
|
Gowerton Comprehensive School
|
["1 History","1.1 Intermediate School","1.2 Grammar school","1.3 Comprehensive","2 Location","3 School layout","4 Notable former pupils and staff","4.1 Staff","4.2 Pupils","4.3 Pupils of Gowerton Grammar School","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 51°38′33″N 4°02′10″W / 51.64263°N 4.03617°W / 51.64263; -4.03617This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Gowerton Comprehensive School" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Comprehensive school in Gowerton, Swansea, WalesGowerton SchoolAddressCecil RoadGowerton, Swansea, SA4 3DLWalesCoordinates51°38′33″N 4°02′10″W / 51.64263°N 4.03617°W / 51.64263; -4.03617InformationTypeComprehensiveMotto"Mi ddylwn, mi allaf, mi fynnaf"
English translation:- "I should, I can, I shall"Established5 October 1896Local authoritySwanseaHeadteacherKathryn LawlorStaff129GenderCoeducationalAge11 to 19Enrolment1053 pupilsColour(s)Maroon, white and blackFormer nameGowerton Boys' Grammar School
Gowerton Girls' Grammar schoolWebsitegowerton-school.j2bloggy.com
Gowerton School is a comprehensive secondary school located in Gowerton, Swansea, Wales.
History
Intermediate School
The school opened on 5 October 1896 in Talbot Street as a co-educational Intermediate school under the Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889. Later it became Gowerton County School administered by the local (county) authority.
Grammar school
In May 1940, the Talbot Street school became a boys' grammar school when a girls' grammar school opened on Cecil Road.
Comprehensive
The school in its present form was created in 1973 from the merger of Gowerton Girls' Grammar School and Gowerton Boys' Grammar School. The Upper School was at Cecil Road and the Middle School was on Talbot Road. In 1987 the school was centralised on the Cecil Road (former girls' school) site.
Gowerton School today serves pupils from the north and west of the Gower peninsula and from the Swansea suburbs of Gowerton, Waunarlwydd and Dunvant from age 11 to 18, with a successful sixth form specialising in A level and Welsh Baccalaureate courses.
ESTYN inspections in 1994, 2000, 2005, 2011 and 2017 have been consistently good. The 2011 inspection report under the new Welsh inspection framework noted the school's outstanding ethos, inspiring leadership, good performance and excellent prospects, with high academic expectations and achievements, excellent care for pupil welfare and sector leading use of ICT in teaching.
In July 2013, parents supported boys wearing skirts as they had not been permitted to wear school shorts or to roll their trousers up during particularly hot summer weather.
Location
The school is located off Cecil Road in Gowerton. Opposite the school's entrance on Park Road is Ysgol Gyfun Gŵyr, a Welsh speaking school that used to house the Boy's Grammar School.
School layout
The school is large compared to other secondary schools in the UK. It has three main blocks, a block consisting of demountable buildings and an additional block.
'A' block houses the main entrance/reception, office, main hall, canteen, gymnasium and the English and modern foreign language departments.
'B' block houses mathematics, design and technology, religious education and the STF unit. It also houses the main literacy block for those pupils with problems with literacy. It also houses the pupil support offices and houses the sixth form canteen and common room. A pair of science rooms are located in the block.
'C' block houses the arts and humanities departments.
'D' block houses the Welsh language department and also houses the school nurse's room. There is also a drama room, sports hall with male and female changing rooms, weights room and a Business Studies/Psychology room.
'F' block is used for science and is the newest building, constructed in 2009.
In addition to the main blocks there are also the tennis courts, two playing fields and a redgra adjacent to F Block and C Block.
Notable former pupils and staff
Staff
Nia Griffith: Shadow Secretary of State for Defence (2016-), Labour MP for Llanelli (2005- ). Head of Languages from 1986 to 1992.
Pupils
See also: Category:People educated at Gowerton Comprehensive School
Huw Irranca-Davies: Labour MS for Ogmore (2016- ), Formerly MP for the constituency of the same name (2002–16)
Tracy Edwards MBE: yachtswoman
Steve Lovell (Welsh footballer)
Andy Williams: rugby player
Dan Biggar: Wales international rugby player
Liam Williams: Wales international rugby player
Pupils of Gowerton Grammar School
See also: Category:People educated at Gowerton Grammar School
John William Bowen: Labour MP for Crewe (1929–31), Chairman from 1949 to 1952 of London County Council (1949–52)
Willie Davies: rugby union & rugby league player
Haydn Tanner: rugby union player
Onllwyn Brace: rugby player
Alun Talfan Davies: QC, judge and publisher
Ifor Davies: Labour MP for Gower (1959–82)
Roy Evans: General Secretary of the Iron and Steel Trades Confederation (1985–93)
Gwyn Francis: rugby player
Norman Gale (rugby union)
Walter Glynne (1890-1970), operatic tenor and concert singer
Bryan Grenfell: Population biologist
Clive Griffiths: rugby player
Rowe Harding: rugby union player, captained Wales (1924–28), later a barrister, judge, naturalist and philanthropist
Edwina Hart: Minister for Business, Enterprise, Technology and Science (2011–16), Minister for Health and Social Services (2007-11), Labour AM for Gower (1999-2016); Welsh Government minister
Frederick Higginson: WW2 Battle of Britain ace
Alun Hoddinott: composer, Professor of Music at Cardiff University (1967–87)
Karl Jenkins: composer
Lewis Jones: rugby player
John Maddox: Editor of Nature (1966–73, 80–85)
Alan Morgan: Bishop of Sherwood (1989–2006)
Dennis O'Neill: tenor
John Pook: poet
Gareth Roberts: rugby union player
Ceri Richards, artist
Don Shepherd, cricketer
Peter Stead: historian
John Sparkes: comedy writer
Haydn Tanner: international rugby union player for Wales
Bleddyn Taylor: rugby player
Gwyn Thomas (footballer)
Rhys Derrick Chamberlain Walters: Dean of Liverpool (1983–99)
David Williams: Professor of Mathematical Statistics at the University of Cambridge (1985–92), and Director of the university's Statistical Laboratory (1987–91)
Byron Davies: Conservative MP for Gower (2015–17)
References
^ "Gowerton School". Estyn.gov.uk. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
^ "Swansea schoolboys keep cool in skirts after shorts ban". Daily Telegraph. 15 July 2013. Archived from the original on 16 July 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
External links
Official website}
ESTYN Inspection report 2011
Department for Education listing
Gowertonian Society website
Authority control databases
ISNI
|
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Later it became Gowerton County School administered by the local (county) authority.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Grammar school","text":"In May 1940, the Talbot Street school became a boys' grammar school when a girls' grammar school opened on Cecil Road.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Comprehensive","text":"The school in its present form was created in 1973 from the merger of Gowerton Girls' Grammar School and Gowerton Boys' Grammar School. The Upper School was at Cecil Road and the Middle School was on Talbot Road. In 1987 the school was centralised on the Cecil Road (former girls' school) site.Gowerton School today serves pupils from the north and west of the Gower peninsula and from the Swansea suburbs of Gowerton, Waunarlwydd and Dunvant from age 11 to 18, with a successful sixth form specialising in A level and Welsh Baccalaureate courses.ESTYN inspections in 1994, 2000, 2005, 2011 and 2017 have been consistently good. The 2011 inspection report under the new Welsh inspection framework noted the school's outstanding ethos, inspiring leadership, good performance and excellent prospects, with high academic expectations and achievements, excellent care for pupil welfare and sector leading use of ICT in teaching.[1]In July 2013, parents supported boys wearing skirts as they had not been permitted to wear school shorts or to roll their trousers up during particularly hot summer weather.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gowerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowerton"},{"link_name":"Ysgol Gyfun Gŵyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysgol_Gyfun_G%C5%B5yr"}],"text":"The school is located off Cecil Road in Gowerton. Opposite the school's entrance on Park Road is Ysgol Gyfun Gŵyr, a Welsh speaking school that used to house the Boy's Grammar School.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The school is large compared to other secondary schools in the UK. It has three main blocks, a block consisting of demountable buildings and an additional block.'A' block houses the main entrance/reception, office, main hall, canteen, gymnasium and the English and modern foreign language departments.\n'B' block houses mathematics, design and technology, religious education and the STF unit. It also houses the main literacy block for those pupils with problems with literacy. It also houses the pupil support offices and houses the sixth form canteen and common room. A pair of science rooms are located in the block.\n'C' block houses the arts and humanities departments.\n'D' block houses the Welsh language department and also houses the school nurse's room. There is also a drama room, sports hall with male and female changing rooms, weights room and a Business Studies/Psychology room.\n'F' block is used for science and is the newest building, constructed in 2009.In addition to the main blocks there are also the tennis courts, two playing fields and a redgra adjacent to F Block and C Block.","title":"School layout"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable former pupils and staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nia Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nia_Griffith"},{"link_name":"Shadow Secretary of State for Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Secretary_of_State_for_Defence"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Llanelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanelli_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"}],"sub_title":"Staff","text":"Nia Griffith: Shadow Secretary of State for Defence (2016-), Labour MP for Llanelli (2005- ). Head of Languages from 1986 to 1992.","title":"Notable former pupils and staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:People educated at Gowerton Comprehensive School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Gowerton_Comprehensive_School"},{"link_name":"Huw Irranca-Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huw_Irranca-Davies"},{"link_name":"MS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Senedd"},{"link_name":"Ogmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogmore_(Senedd_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Tracy Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Edwards"},{"link_name":"Steve Lovell (Welsh footballer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Lovell_(Welsh_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Andy Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Williams_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Dan Biggar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Biggar"},{"link_name":"Liam Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Williams_(rugby_union)"}],"sub_title":"Pupils","text":"See also: Category:People educated at Gowerton Comprehensive SchoolHuw Irranca-Davies: Labour MS for Ogmore (2016- ), Formerly MP for the constituency of the same name (2002–16)\nTracy Edwards MBE: yachtswoman\nSteve Lovell (Welsh footballer)\nAndy Williams: rugby player\nDan Biggar: Wales international rugby player\nLiam Williams: Wales international rugby player","title":"Notable former pupils and staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:People educated at Gowerton Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Gowerton_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"John William Bowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Bowen"},{"link_name":"Crewe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewe_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"London County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_County_Council"},{"link_name":"Willie Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Davies"},{"link_name":"Haydn Tanner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haydn_Tanner"},{"link_name":"Onllwyn Brace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onllwyn_Brace"},{"link_name":"Alun Talfan Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alun_Talfan_Davies"},{"link_name":"QC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"Ifor Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifor_Davies"},{"link_name":"Gower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gower_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Roy Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Evans_(trade_unionist)"},{"link_name":"Iron and Steel Trades Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_and_Steel_Trades_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Gwyn Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyn_Francis"},{"link_name":"Norman Gale (rugby union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Gale_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Walter Glynne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Glynne"},{"link_name":"Bryan Grenfell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Grenfell"},{"link_name":"Population biologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_biology"},{"link_name":"Clive Griffiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Griffiths_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"Rowe Harding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowe_Harding"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Edwina Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwina_Hart"},{"link_name":"Minister for Business, Enterprise, Technology and Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Government"},{"link_name":"Minister for Health and Social Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Health_and_Social_Services"},{"link_name":"Gower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gower_(National_Assembly_for_Wales_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Frederick Higginson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Higginson"},{"link_name":"WW2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WW2"},{"link_name":"Battle of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"Alun Hoddinott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alun_Hoddinott"},{"link_name":"Cardiff University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College,_Cardiff"},{"link_name":"Karl Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Jenkins"},{"link_name":"Lewis Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Jones_(rugby,_born_1931)"},{"link_name":"John Maddox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maddox"},{"link_name":"Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Alan Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Morgan_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Sherwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Sherwood"},{"link_name":"Dennis O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_O%27Neill_(tenor)"},{"link_name":"tenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor"},{"link_name":"John Pook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pook"},{"link_name":"Gareth Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Roberts_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Ceri Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceri_Richards"},{"link_name":"Don Shepherd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Shepherd"},{"link_name":"Peter Stead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Stead_(writer)"},{"link_name":"John Sparkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sparkes"},{"link_name":"Haydn Tanner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haydn_Tanner"},{"link_name":"Bleddyn Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleddyn_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Gwyn Thomas (footballer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyn_Thomas_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Rhys Derrick Chamberlain Walters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_Derrick_Chamberlain_Walters"},{"link_name":"Dean of Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"David Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Williams_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Byron Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_Davies"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"}],"sub_title":"Pupils of Gowerton Grammar School","text":"See also: Category:People educated at Gowerton Grammar SchoolJohn William Bowen: Labour MP for Crewe (1929–31), Chairman from 1949 to 1952 of London County Council (1949–52)\nWillie Davies: rugby union & rugby league player\nHaydn Tanner: rugby union player\nOnllwyn Brace: rugby player\nAlun Talfan Davies: QC, judge and publisher\nIfor Davies: Labour MP for Gower (1959–82)\nRoy Evans: General Secretary of the Iron and Steel Trades Confederation (1985–93)\nGwyn Francis: rugby player\nNorman Gale (rugby union)\nWalter Glynne (1890-1970), operatic tenor and concert singer\nBryan Grenfell: Population biologist\nClive Griffiths: rugby player\nRowe Harding: rugby union player, captained Wales (1924–28), later a barrister, judge, naturalist and philanthropist\nEdwina Hart: Minister for Business, Enterprise, Technology and Science (2011–16), Minister for Health and Social Services (2007-11), Labour AM for Gower (1999-2016); Welsh Government minister\nFrederick Higginson: WW2 Battle of Britain ace\nAlun Hoddinott: composer, Professor of Music at Cardiff University (1967–87)\nKarl Jenkins: composer\nLewis Jones: rugby player\nJohn Maddox: Editor of Nature (1966–73, 80–85)\nAlan Morgan: Bishop of Sherwood (1989–2006)\nDennis O'Neill: tenor\nJohn Pook: poet\nGareth Roberts: rugby union player\nCeri Richards, artist\nDon Shepherd, cricketer\nPeter Stead: historian\nJohn Sparkes: comedy writer\nHaydn Tanner: international rugby union player for Wales\nBleddyn Taylor: rugby player\nGwyn Thomas (footballer)\nRhys Derrick Chamberlain Walters: Dean of Liverpool (1983–99)\nDavid Williams: Professor of Mathematical Statistics at the University of Cambridge (1985–92), and Director of the university's Statistical Laboratory (1987–91)\nByron Davies: Conservative MP for Gower (2015–17)","title":"Notable former pupils and staff"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Gowerton School\". Estyn.gov.uk. Retrieved 4 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.estyn.gov.uk/english/provider/6704063/","url_text":"\"Gowerton School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swansea schoolboys keep cool in skirts after shorts ban\". Daily Telegraph. 15 July 2013. Archived from the original on 16 July 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130716081050/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/topics/weather/10179859/Swansea-schoolboys-keep-cool-in-skirts-after-shorts-ban.html","url_text":"\"Swansea schoolboys keep cool in skirts after shorts ban\""},{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/topics/weather/10179859/Swansea-schoolboys-keep-cool-in-skirts-after-shorts-ban.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honguedo_Strait
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Honguedo Strait
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 49°15′N 64°00′W / 49.250°N 64.000°W / 49.250; -64.000Strait in Quebec, Canada
The Honguedo Strait (French: Détroit d'Honguedo) is a strait in eastern Quebec, Canada, flowing between Anticosti Island and the Gaspé Peninsula. It is one of the two outlets of the Saint Lawrence River into its estuary, the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. The other is the Jacques Cartier Strait on the north side of Anticosti Island.
The Honguedo Strait is approximately 70 kilometres (43 mi) wide at its narrowest point.
The name Honguedo first appeared in the reports of Jacques Cartier of 1535–1536. In the 16th century, it was known as the Saint-Pierre Strait, especially on maps by Gerardus Mercator (1569) and Cornelius Wytfliet (1597). Only by the 20th century, Honguedo came into use, and in 1934, the Geographic Board of Quebec officially adopted it to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Jacques Cartier's arrival in North America. Yet, the origin of the name is uncertain; it may derive from the Mi'kmaq word for "gathering place", or from the Iroquois word hehonguesto, meaning "one's own nose".
References
^ "Détroit d'Honguedo" (in French). Commission de toponymie du Québec. Retrieved 2010-11-05.
Authority control databases
VIAF
49°15′N 64°00′W / 49.250°N 64.000°W / 49.250; -64.000
This Quebec location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Détroit d'Honguedo\" (in French). Commission de toponymie du Québec. Retrieved 2010-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/ToposWeb/fiche.aspx?no_seq=28928","url_text":"\"Détroit d'Honguedo\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Honguedo_Strait¶ms=49_15_N_64_00_W_region:CA-QC_source:CTQ_scale:2000000","external_links_name":"49°15′N 64°00′W / 49.250°N 64.000°W / 49.250; -64.000"},{"Link":"http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/ToposWeb/fiche.aspx?no_seq=28928","external_links_name":"\"Détroit d'Honguedo\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/248751984","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Honguedo_Strait¶ms=49_15_N_64_00_W_region:CA-QC_source:CTQ_scale:2000000","external_links_name":"49°15′N 64°00′W / 49.250°N 64.000°W / 49.250; -64.000"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honguedo_Strait&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animax_(Latin_America)
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Animax (Latin America)
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["1 History","2 Programming","2.1 Second Iteration","3 Original","3.1 Anime TV series","3.2 TV series","4 Translation and dubbing teams","5 References"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Animax" Latin America – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Television channel
AnimaxCountryBrazil (Independent Feed)VenezuelaBroadcast areaLatin AmericaNetworkAnimaxProgrammingLanguage(s)Spanish, PortuguesePicture format4:3 480i/576i SDTVOwnershipOwnerSony Pictures EntertainmentSister channelsSony Entertainment TelevisionAXNHistoryLaunchedJuly 31, 2005; 18 years ago (2005-07-31)ReplacedLocomotionClosedMay 1, 2011; 13 years ago (2011-05-01)Replaced bySony SpinLinksWebsiteanimaxtv.com
Animax was a Latin American cable television channel, serving as the regional variant of the Japanese network of the same name. It was launched on 31 July 2005, replacing Locomotion, which was acquired by Sony on 18 January of the same year. Animax was divided into four feeds: three in Spanish (each centred on Venezuela, Mexico and Argentina) and one in Portuguese (Brazil).
The channel was replaced by Sony Spin on May 1, 2011, which continued airing anime until March 5, 2012.
History
Logo Animax Latin America used from 2005 to 2010
Logo Animax Latin America used from 2010 to 2011
Being Sony's first attempt to offer a 24-hour anime channel in Latin America, it planned to broadcast series in two formats. The majority of the series containing 25 episodes or more, would be aired on weekdays, whereas series with fewer than 25 episodes would be shown on certain days of the week, much like it's done in Japan. It is usual to find in one day a premiere episode of a series as well as a minimal of two encores. Also, at the end of every series, the channel airs a section called Animedia, which shows video clips of Japanese artists' songs, extra information about anime and other themes, summaries of events dedicated to anime and presentations about future series for the channel. In January 2007, it began to air a segment called Animax Nius (Nius = News), a teaser featuring news related to anime and other topics.
In 2011, anime was moved to late nights, as Western programming took over most of Animax's airtime. On May 1, 2011, the channel was renamed Sony Spin, and changed almost the entirety of its programming.
Programming
Second Iteration
Anime TV Series
86: Eighty-Six
A Condition Called Love
A Couple of Cuckoos
A Galaxy Next Door
A Sign of Affection
Adachi and Shimamura
Aharen-san wa Hakarenai
Akashic Records of Bastard Magic Instructor
Akudama Drive
Appare-Ranman!
Arifureta: From Commonplace to World's Strongest
Ascendance of a Bookworm
Azur Lane
Back Arrow
Banished from the Hero's Party, I Decided to Live a Quiet Life in the Countryside
Battle Game in 5 Seconds
Beast Tamer
Berserk: The Golden Age Arc
Black Butler
Black Clover
Blade
Blood Blockade Battlefront
Blue Lock
Blue Reflection Ray
Bucchigiri?!
Bungō Stray Dogs
By the Grace of the Gods
Campfire Cooking in Another World with My Absurd Skill
Chainsaw Man
Classroom for Heroes
Classroom of the Elite
Claymore
Combatants Will Be Dispatched!
Dance Dance Danseur
Darling in the Franxx
Date A Live
Death March to a Parallel World Rhapsody
Death Parade
DECA-DENCE
Deep Insanity: The Lost Child
Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba
Do It Yourself!!
Don't Toy with Me, Miss Nagatoro
Dr. Stone
Dragon Goes House-Hunting
Dropkick on My Devil!!! X
Fire Force
Free!
Frieren: Beyond Journey's End
Fruits Basket
Full Dive: This Ultimate Next-Gen Full Dive RPG Is Even Shittier than Real Life!
Fuuto PI
Girlfriend, Girlfriend
Given
Gleipnir
Goblin Slayer
Gods' Games We Play
Haikyū!!
Hell's Paradise
Higurashi: When They Cry - GOU
Hokkaido Gals Are Super Adorable!
Horimiya
Horimiya: The Missing Pieces
How a Realist Hero Rebuilt the Kingdom
Hunter x Hunter (2011) (November)
I Got a Cheat Skill in Another World and Became Unrivaled in the Real World, Too
I'm in Love with the Villainess
I'm Standing on a Million Lives
I'm the Villainess, So I'm Taming the Final Boss
I've Been Killing Slimes for 300 Years and Maxed Out My Level
ID - Invaded
In Another World with my Smartphone
In the Land of Leadale
Interviews with Monster Girls
Irina: The Vampire Cosmonaut
Iron Man
Joker Game
Jujutsu Kaisen
Kageki Shoujo!!
Kaguya-sama: Love Is War
Keep Your Hands Off Eizouken!
Kemono Jihen
Knights of Sidonia
Kono Oto Tomare!: Sounds Of Life
KonoSuba!
KonoSuba!: An Explosion on This Wonderful World!
Laid-Back Camp
Life Lessons with Uramichi Oniisan
Link Click
Log Horizon
Love After World Domination
Love of Kill
Lycoris Recoil
Magia Record: Puella Magi Madoka Magica Side Story
Mars Red
Masamune-kun no Revenge
MASHLE: Magic and Muscles
Megalo Box: Nómada
Metallic Rouge
Mieruko-chan
Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid
Mob Psycho 100
More Than a Married Couple, But Not Lovers
Moriarty the Patriot
Mushoku Tensei: Jobless Reincarnation
My Dress-Up Darling
My Home Hero
My Next Life as a Villainess: All Routes Lead to Doom!
My One-Hit Kill Sister
My Unique Skills Make Me OP Even at Level 1
My Tiny Senpai
Nier: Automata Ver1.1a
Ningen Fushin: Adventurers Who Don't Believe in Humanity Will Save the World
Noblesse
Noragami
Odd Taxi
Onyx Equinox
Orange
Orient
Our Last Crusade or the Rise of a New World
Overlord
Platinum End
Plunderer
Radiant
Ranking of Kings
Ranking of Kings: Treasure Chest of Courage
RE-MAIN
Reborn as a Vending Machine, I Now Wander the Dungeon
Recovery of an MMO Junkie
Requiem of the Rose King
Rent-A-Girlfriend
Re:Monster
Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World
Rokka: Braves of the Six Flowers
Rumble Garanndoll
Rurouni Kenshin (Reboot, November)
Sabikui Bisco
Saga of Tanya the Evil
Sakugan
Sasaki and Miyano
Saving 80,000 Gold in Another World for My Retirement
Scarlet Nexus
Schwarzes Marken
Science Fell in Love, So I Tried to Prove It
Seirei Gensouki: Spirit Chronicles
Shadows House
Shangri-La Frontier
Shikimori's Not Just a Cutie
Shinobi no Ittoki
SHY
SK∞ the Infinity
Skip and Loafer
So I'm a Spider, So What?
Solo Leveling
Sonny Boy
Soul Eater
Spice and Wolf
Spy × Family
Stand My Heroes: Piece of Truth
Steins;Gate 0
Super Cub
Suppose a Kid from the Last Dungeon Boonies Moved to a Starter Town?
Sword Art Online: Alicization – War of Underworld
Takt Op. Destiny
Tales of Wedding Rings
That Time I Got Reincarnated as a Slime
The Slime Diaries
The Ancient Magus Bride
The Apothecary Diaries
The Café Terrace and Its Goddesses
The Case Study of Vanitas
The Defective
The Demon Prince of Momochi House
The Detective is Already Dead
The Devil is a Part-Timer!
The Duke of Death and His Maid
The Dungeon of Black Company
The Faraway Paladin
The Fruit of Evolution: Before I Knew It, My Life Had It Made
The Genius Prince's Guide to Raising a Nation Out of Debt
The God of High School
The Great Jahy Will Not Be Defeated!
The Greatest Demon Lord is Reborn as a Typical Nobody
The Hidden Dungeon Only I Can Enter
The Iceblade Sorcerer Shall Rule the World
The Maid I Hired Recently Is Mysterious
The Misfit of Demon King Academy
The Prince Of Tennis (Reboot, November)
The Quintessential Quintuplets
The Rising of the Shield Hero
The Saint's Magic Power is Omnipotent
The Strongest Sage with the Weakest Crest
The Vampire Dies in No Time
The Weakest Tamer Began a Journey to Pick Up Trash
The World's Finest Assassin Gets Reincarnated in Another World as an Aristocrat
The World Ends with You
The Wrong Way to Use Healing Magic
The Yakuza's Guide to Babysitting
To Your Eternity
Toilet-Bound Hanako-kun
Tokyo Ghoul
Tokyo Ghoul: re
Tokyo Revengers
Tomo-chan is a Girl!
TONIKAWA: Over the Moon for You
Tower of God
Trapped in a Dating Sim: The World of Otome Games is Tough for Mobs
Tribe Nine
Trigun Stampede
TSUKIMICHI: Moonlit Fantasy
Uzakichan Wants to Hang Out!
Vinland Saga
Vivy: Fluorite Eye’s Song
Wandering Witch: The Journey of Elaina
Welcome to Demon School! Iruma-kun
Why Raeliana Ended Up at the Duke's Mansion
Wise Man's Grandecito
Wolverine
Wonder Egg Priority
X-Men
Yamada-kun and the Seven Witches
Yuri Is My Job
Inherited Shows
Bleach
Fullmetal Alchemist
Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood
Nodame Cantabile
Original
Anime TV series
.hack//Legend of the Twilight
.hack//Sign
009-1
Babel II: Beyond Infinity
Baby Baa Chan
Barom One
Basilisk
Beast Fighter
Black Cat
Black Jack
Blood+
Bokurano
Burst Angel
Ran, The Samurai Girl
Cosmo Warrior Zero
Crayon Shin-chan
DNA²
Dear Boys
Death Note
Demon Lord Dante
Di Gi Charat Nyo!
Earth Maiden Arjuna
Excel Saga
Fate/stay night
Full Metal Panic? Fumoffu
Galaxy Angel
Gankutsuou: The Count of Monte Cristo
Gantz
Genma Taisen
GetBackers
Gun Frontier
Heat Guy J
Hell Girl
Hellsing
Humanoid Monster Bem
Hungry Heart: Wild Striker
Hunter × Hunter
I'm Gonna Be An Angel!
Initial D
Last Exile
Legend of Blue
Mars, The Terminator
Martian Successor Nadesico
Mushishi
Musumet
Neon Genesis Evangelion
Noir
Panda-Z: The Robonimation
Pita-Ten
R.O.D the TV
Rurouni Kenshin
s-CRY-ed
Saber Marionette J to X
Saber Marionette J
Saikano
Samurai 7
Serial Experiments Lain
SoltyRei
Speed Grapher
Steel Angel Kurumi
Stratos 4
Submarine Super 99
The Mythical Detective Loki Ragnarok
The Prince of Tennis
The Super Milk Chan Show
The Twelve Kingdoms
Trinity Blood
Tsukihime
Twin Spica
Uninhabited Planet Survive!
Vandread
Wild 7: Another
Wolf's Rain
xxxHOLIC
TV series
10 Things I Hate About You
18 to Life
90210 (moving from SET to Sony Spin in May 2011)
American Dreams
Atomix TV
The Best Years
Beverly Hills 90210
Blood Ties
The Boondocks
Clueless
Distraction
Gamers TV
FusionA2 (replaced by Estúdio Coca-Cola on MTV in Brazil)
In the Qube
Is She Really Going Out With Him?
Jake & Blake
Kaya
Lil' Bush
Living Lahaina
Lost
Make It or Break It
Maui Fever
The Middleman
Rock Road
Ruby and the Rockits
SesioneS con Alejandro Franco
Spaceballs: The Animated Series
That '70s Show
Translation and dubbing teams
Several dubbing studios have participated in the translation of the aforementioned series for their premiere on Animax, and are located in key countries like Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia and Venezuela. After Animax's arrival in 2005, numerous series were translated and dubbed into Spanish and Portuguese languages, including Blood+, The Twelve Kingdoms, Steel Angel Kurumi, Noir, Wolf's Rain, Martian Successor Nadesico, Galaxy Angel and others.
References
^ ANMTV - Animax: Sony anuncia regionalização de seus canais no Brasil.
^ "terra | entretenimiento". 2015-07-08. Archived from the original on 2015-07-08. Retrieved 2017-05-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "Animax Latinoamérica cambia de nombre - Anime, Manga y TV". www.anmtvla.com. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
vteAnimaxNetworks
Asia (owned by KC Global Media)
Japan (sale pending to Nojima)
South Korea (owned by JJMediaWorks)
Former networks
Africa
Eastern Europe
Germany, Austria and Switzerland (on demand)
India
Latin America
Portugal
Spain
UK (on demand)
Brands and awards
Animax Taishō
Animax Anison Grand Prix
Original productions
Aishiteruze Baby
Area 88 (Soundtracks)
Astro Boy: Tetsuwan Atom
Dotto! Koni-chan
Ginga Densetsu Weed
Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex
Hell Girl
Hi-sCoool! SeHa Girls
Hungry Heart: Wild Striker
Initial D
Jūsō Kikō Dancouga Nova
Kaiketsu Zorori
Kappa no Kaikata
Kamisama Kazoku
Keroro
Kurozuka
Marvel Anime
Meine Liebe
Ring ni Kakero 1
Robot Girls NEO
Shin Atashin'chi
Tama & Friends: Sagase! Mahō no Punipuni Stone
Tokyo Majin
Ultra Maniac
Ultraviolet: Code 044
Viper's Creed
Whistle!
Yōkai Ningen Bem
Zipang
LaMB
Other broadcast programs
People and companies
Sony
Masao Takiyama
Yoshirō Kataoka
Bandai Namco Filmworks
Toei Animation
TMS Entertainment
Nihon Ad Systems
Nippon Animation
Yukari Tamura
Kōsuke Okano
Sayuri Yahagi
Natsuki Katō
Website: animax.co.jp
|
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Animax was divided into four feeds: three in Spanish (each centred on Venezuela, Mexico and Argentina) and one in Portuguese (Brazil).The channel was replaced by Sony Spin on May 1, 2011,[3] which continued airing anime until March 5, 2012.","title":"Animax (Latin America)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animax.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animax3.png"},{"link_name":"Sony Spin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Spin"}],"text":"Logo Animax Latin America used from 2005 to 2010\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLogo Animax Latin America used from 2010 to 2011Being Sony's first attempt to offer a 24-hour anime channel in Latin America, it planned to broadcast series in two formats. The majority of the series containing 25 episodes or more, would be aired on weekdays, whereas series with fewer than 25 episodes would be shown on certain days of the week, much like it's done in Japan. It is usual to find in one day a premiere episode of a series as well as a minimal of two encores. Also, at the end of every series, the channel airs a section called Animedia, which shows video clips of Japanese artists' songs, extra information about anime and other themes, summaries of events dedicated to anime and presentations about future series for the channel. In January 2007, it began to air a segment called Animax Nius (Nius = News), a teaser featuring news related to anime and other topics.In 2011, anime was moved to late nights, as Western programming took over most of Animax's airtime. On May 1, 2011, the channel was renamed Sony Spin, and changed almost the entirety of its programming.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"86: Eighty-Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=86:_Eighty-Six&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"A Condition Called Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Condition_Called_Love"},{"link_name":"A Couple of Cuckoos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Couple_of_Cuckoos"},{"link_name":"A Galaxy Next Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Galaxy_Next_Door"},{"link_name":"A Sign of Affection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Sign_of_Affection"},{"link_name":"Adachi and Shimamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adachi_and_Shimamura"},{"link_name":"Aharen-san wa Hakarenai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aharen-san_wa_Hakarenai"},{"link_name":"Akashic Records of Bastard Magic Instructor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashic_Records_of_Bastard_Magic_Instructor"},{"link_name":"Akudama Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akudama_Drive"},{"link_name":"Appare-Ranman!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appare-Ranman!"},{"link_name":"Arifureta: From Commonplace to World's Strongest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arifureta:_From_Commonplace_to_World%27s_Strongest"},{"link_name":"Ascendance of a Bookworm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascendance_of_a_Bookworm"},{"link_name":"Azur Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azur_Lane"},{"link_name":"Back Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Arrow"},{"link_name":"Banished from the Hero's Party, I Decided to Live a Quiet Life in the Countryside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banished_from_the_Hero%27s_Party,_I_Decided_to_Live_a_Quiet_Life_in_the_Countryside"},{"link_name":"Battle Game in 5 Seconds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Game_in_5_Seconds"},{"link_name":"Beast Tamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beast_Tamer"},{"link_name":"Berserk: The Golden Age Arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berserk:_The_Golden_Age_Arc"},{"link_name":"Black Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Butler"},{"link_name":"Black Clover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Clover"},{"link_name":"Blade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Anime"},{"link_name":"Blood Blockade Battlefront","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Blockade_Battlefront"},{"link_name":"Blue Lock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Lock"},{"link_name":"Blue Reflection Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Reflection_Ray"},{"link_name":"Bucchigiri?!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucchigiri%3F!"},{"link_name":"Bungō Stray Dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bung%C5%8D_Stray_Dogs"},{"link_name":"By the Grace of the Gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By_the_Grace_of_the_Gods"},{"link_name":"Campfire Cooking in Another World with My Absurd Skill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campfire_Cooking_in_Another_World_with_My_Absurd_Skill"},{"link_name":"Chainsaw Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chainsaw_Man"},{"link_name":"Classroom for Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classroom_for_Heroes"},{"link_name":"Classroom of the Elite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classroom_of_the_Elite"},{"link_name":"Claymore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claymore"},{"link_name":"Combatants Will Be Dispatched!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combatants_Will_Be_Dispatched!"},{"link_name":"Dance Dance Danseur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Dance_Danseur"},{"link_name":"Darling in the Franxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darling_in_the_Franxx"},{"link_name":"Date A Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_A_Live"},{"link_name":"Death March to a Parallel World Rhapsody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Death_March_to_a_Parallel_World_Rhapsody&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Death Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Parade"},{"link_name":"DECA-DENCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DECA-DENCE&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Deep Insanity: The Lost Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Insanity:_The_Lost_Child"},{"link_name":"Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon_Slayer:_Kimetsu_no_Yaiba"},{"link_name":"Do It Yourself!!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_It_Yourself!!"},{"link_name":"Don't Toy with Me, Miss Nagatoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Toy_with_Me,_Miss_Nagatoro"},{"link_name":"Dr. Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Stone"},{"link_name":"Dragon Goes House-Hunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Goes_House-Hunting"},{"link_name":"Dropkick on My Devil!!! X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dropkick_on_My_Devil!!!_X&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fire Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_Force"},{"link_name":"Free!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free!"},{"link_name":"Frieren: Beyond Journey's End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieren:_Beyond_Journey%27s_End"},{"link_name":"Fruits Basket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruits_Basket"},{"link_name":"Full Dive: This Ultimate Next-Gen Full Dive RPG Is Even Shittier than Real Life!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Dive:_This_Ultimate_Next-Gen_Full_Dive_RPG_Is_Even_Shittier_than_Real_Life!"},{"link_name":"Fuuto PI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuuto_PI"},{"link_name":"Girlfriend, Girlfriend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girlfriend,_Girlfriend"},{"link_name":"Given","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_(manga)"},{"link_name":"Gleipnir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleipnir_(manga)"},{"link_name":"Goblin Slayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goblin_Slayer"},{"link_name":"Gods' Games We Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gods%27_Games_We_Play"},{"link_name":"Haikyū!!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiky%C5%AB!!"},{"link_name":"Hell's Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell%27s_Paradise"},{"link_name":"Higurashi: When They Cry - GOU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Higurashi:_When_They_Cry_-_GOU&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hokkaido Gals Are Super Adorable!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido_Gals_Are_Super_Adorable!"},{"link_name":"Horimiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horimiya"},{"link_name":"Horimiya: The Missing Pieces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horimiya:_The_Missing_Pieces"},{"link_name":"How a Realist Hero Rebuilt the Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_a_Realist_Hero_Rebuilt_the_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Hunter x Hunter (2011)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_x_Hunter"},{"link_name":"I Got a Cheat Skill in Another World and Became Unrivaled in the Real World, Too","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Got_a_Cheat_Skill_in_Another_World_and_Became_Unrivaled_in_the_Real_World,_Too"},{"link_name":"I'm in Love with the Villainess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_in_Love_with_the_Villainess"},{"link_name":"I'm Standing on a Million Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Standing_on_a_Million_Lives"},{"link_name":"I'm the Villainess, So I'm Taming the Final Boss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_the_Villainess,_So_I%27m_Taming_the_Final_Boss"},{"link_name":"I've Been Killing Slimes for 300 Years and Maxed Out My Level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ve_Been_Killing_Slimes_for_300_Years_and_Maxed_Out_My_Level"},{"link_name":"ID - Invaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ID_-_Invaded"},{"link_name":"In Another World with my Smartphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_Another_World_with_my_Smartphone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"In the Land of Leadale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Leadale"},{"link_name":"Interviews with Monster Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interviews_with_Monster_Girls"},{"link_name":"Irina: The Vampire Cosmonaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irina:_The_Vampire_Cosmonaut"},{"link_name":"Iron Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Anime"},{"link_name":"Joker Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joker_Game"},{"link_name":"Jujutsu Kaisen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jujutsu_Kaisen"},{"link_name":"Kageki Shoujo!!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kageki_Shoujo!!"},{"link_name":"Kaguya-sama: Love Is War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaguya-sama:_Love_Is_War"},{"link_name":"Keep Your Hands Off Eizouken!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep_Your_Hands_Off_Eizouken!"},{"link_name":"Kemono Jihen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemono_Jihen"},{"link_name":"Knights of Sidonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_Sidonia"},{"link_name":"Kono Oto Tomare!: Sounds Of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kono_Oto_Tomare!:_Sounds_Of_Life&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"KonoSuba!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KonoSuba!&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"KonoSuba!: An Explosion on This Wonderful World!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KonoSuba!:_An_Explosion_on_This_Wonderful_World!&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Laid-Back 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Muscles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MASHLE:_Magic_and_Muscles&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Megalo Box: Nómada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Megalo_Box:_N%C3%B3mada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Metallic Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallic_Rouge"},{"link_name":"Mieruko-chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieruko-chan"},{"link_name":"Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Kobayashi%27s_Dragon_Maid"},{"link_name":"Mob Psycho 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mob_Psycho_100"},{"link_name":"More Than a Married Couple, But Not Lovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_Than_a_Married_Couple,_But_Not_Lovers"},{"link_name":"Moriarty the Patriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moriarty_the_Patriot"},{"link_name":"Mushoku Tensei: Jobless Reincarnation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushoku_Tensei:_Jobless_Reincarnation"},{"link_name":"My Dress-Up Darling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Dress-Up_Darling"},{"link_name":"My Home Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Home_Hero"},{"link_name":"My Next Life as a Villainess: All Routes Lead to Doom!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Next_Life_as_a_Villainess:_All_Routes_Lead_to_Doom!"},{"link_name":"My One-Hit Kill Sister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_One-Hit_Kill_Sister"},{"link_name":"My Unique Skills Make Me OP Even at Level 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Unique_Skills_Make_Me_OP_Even_at_Level_1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"My Tiny Senpai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Tiny_Senpai"},{"link_name":"Nier: Automata Ver1.1a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nier:_Automata_Ver1.1a"},{"link_name":"Ningen Fushin: Adventurers Who Don't Believe in Humanity Will Save the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningen_Fushin:_Adventurers_Who_Don%27t_Believe_in_Humanity_Will_Save_the_World"},{"link_name":"Noblesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noblesse"},{"link_name":"Noragami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noragami"},{"link_name":"Odd Taxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd_Taxi"},{"link_name":"Onyx Equinox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onyx_Equinox"},{"link_name":"Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_(manga)"},{"link_name":"Orient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orient"},{"link_name":"Our Last Crusade or the Rise of a New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Last_Crusade_or_the_Rise_of_a_New_World"},{"link_name":"Overlord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlord"},{"link_name":"Platinum 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Iruma-kun\nWhy Raeliana Ended Up at the Duke's Mansion\nWise Man's Grandecito\nWolverine\nWonder Egg Priority\nX-Men\nYamada-kun and the Seven Witches\nYuri Is My JobInherited ShowsBleach\nFullmetal Alchemist\nFullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood\nNodame Cantabile","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Original"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":".hack//Legend of the Twilight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.hack//Legend_of_the_Twilight"},{"link_name":".hack//Sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.hack//Sign"},{"link_name":"009-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/009-1"},{"link_name":"Babel II: Beyond Infinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babel_II:_Beyond_Infinity"},{"link_name":"Baby Baa Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baby_Baa_Chan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barom One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barom_One"},{"link_name":"Basilisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilisk_(manga)"},{"link_name":"Beast Fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beast_Fighter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Black Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Cat_(manga)"},{"link_name":"Black Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Jack_(manga)"},{"link_name":"Blood+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood%2B"},{"link_name":"Bokurano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokurano"},{"link_name":"Burst Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burst_Angel"},{"link_name":"Ran, The Samurai Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carried_by_the_Wind:_Tsukikage_Ran"},{"link_name":"Cosmo Warrior Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmo_Warrior_Zero"},{"link_name":"Crayon Shin-chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crayon_Shin-chan"},{"link_name":"DNA²","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%C2%B2"},{"link_name":"Dear Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear_Boys"},{"link_name":"Death Note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Note"},{"link_name":"Demon Lord Dante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon_Lord_Dante"},{"link_name":"Di Gi Charat Nyo!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_Gi_Charat_Nyo!"},{"link_name":"Earth Maiden Arjuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Maiden_Arjuna"},{"link_name":"Excel Saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excel_Saga"},{"link_name":"Fate/stay night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate/stay_night"},{"link_name":"Full Metal Panic? Fumoffu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Metal_Panic%3F_Fumoffu"},{"link_name":"Galaxy Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Angel"},{"link_name":"Gankutsuou: The Count of Monte Cristo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gankutsuou:_The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo"},{"link_name":"Gantz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gantz"},{"link_name":"Genma Taisen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genma_Taisen"},{"link_name":"GetBackers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GetBackers"},{"link_name":"Gun Frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_Frontier"},{"link_name":"Heat Guy J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_Guy_J"},{"link_name":"Hell Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_Girl"},{"link_name":"Hellsing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellsing"},{"link_name":"Humanoid Monster Bem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoid_Monster_Bem"},{"link_name":"Hungry Heart: Wild Striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungry_Heart:_Wild_Striker"},{"link_name":"Hunter × Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_%C3%97_Hunter"},{"link_name":"I'm Gonna Be An Angel!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Gonna_Be_An_Angel!"},{"link_name":"Initial D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_D"},{"link_name":"Last Exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Exile"},{"link_name":"Legend of Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legend_of_Blue&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mars, The Terminator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars,_The_Terminator&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Martian Successor Nadesico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian_Successor_Nadesico"},{"link_name":"Mushishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushishi"},{"link_name":"Musumet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musumet"},{"link_name":"Neon Genesis Evangelion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_Genesis_Evangelion"},{"link_name":"Noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noir_(anime)"},{"link_name":"Panda-Z: The Robonimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panda-Z"},{"link_name":"Pita-Ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pita-Ten"},{"link_name":"R.O.D the TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.O.D_the_TV"},{"link_name":"Rurouni Kenshin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rurouni_Kenshin"},{"link_name":"s-CRY-ed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-CRY-ed"},{"link_name":"Saber Marionette J to X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saber_Marionette_J_to_X"},{"link_name":"Saber Marionette J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saber_Marionette_J"},{"link_name":"Saikano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saikano"},{"link_name":"Samurai 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai_7"},{"link_name":"Serial Experiments Lain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Experiments_Lain"},{"link_name":"SoltyRei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoltyRei"},{"link_name":"Speed Grapher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_Grapher"},{"link_name":"Steel Angel Kurumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Angel_Kurumi"},{"link_name":"Stratos 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratos_4"},{"link_name":"Submarine Super 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_Super_99"},{"link_name":"The Mythical Detective Loki Ragnarok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mythical_Detective_Loki_Ragnarok"},{"link_name":"The Prince of Tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prince_of_Tennis"},{"link_name":"The Super Milk Chan Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Super_Milk_Chan_Show"},{"link_name":"The Twelve Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twelve_Kingdoms"},{"link_name":"Trinity Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Blood"},{"link_name":"Tsukihime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukihime"},{"link_name":"Twin Spica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Spica"},{"link_name":"Uninhabited Planet Survive!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uninhabited_Planet_Survive!"},{"link_name":"Vandread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandread"},{"link_name":"Wild 7: Another","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_7"},{"link_name":"Wolf's Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf%27s_Rain"},{"link_name":"xxxHOLIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XxxHOLIC"}],"sub_title":"Anime TV series","text":".hack//Legend of the Twilight\n.hack//Sign\n009-1\nBabel II: Beyond Infinity\nBaby Baa Chan\nBarom One\nBasilisk\nBeast Fighter\nBlack Cat\nBlack Jack\nBlood+\nBokurano\nBurst Angel\nRan, The Samurai Girl\nCosmo Warrior Zero\nCrayon Shin-chan\nDNA²\nDear Boys\nDeath Note\nDemon Lord Dante\nDi Gi Charat Nyo!\nEarth Maiden Arjuna\nExcel Saga\nFate/stay night\nFull Metal Panic? Fumoffu\nGalaxy Angel\nGankutsuou: The Count of Monte Cristo\nGantz\nGenma Taisen\nGetBackers\nGun Frontier\nHeat Guy J\nHell Girl\nHellsing\nHumanoid Monster Bem\nHungry Heart: Wild Striker\nHunter × Hunter\nI'm Gonna Be An Angel!\nInitial D\nLast Exile\nLegend of Blue\nMars, The Terminator\nMartian Successor Nadesico\nMushishi\nMusumet\nNeon Genesis Evangelion\nNoir\nPanda-Z: The Robonimation\nPita-Ten\nR.O.D the TV\nRurouni Kenshin\ns-CRY-ed\nSaber Marionette J to X\nSaber Marionette J\nSaikano\nSamurai 7\nSerial Experiments Lain\nSoltyRei\nSpeed Grapher\nSteel Angel Kurumi\nStratos 4\nSubmarine Super 99\nThe Mythical Detective Loki Ragnarok\nThe Prince of Tennis\nThe Super Milk Chan Show\nThe Twelve Kingdoms\nTrinity Blood\nTsukihime\nTwin Spica\nUninhabited Planet Survive!\nVandread\nWild 7: Another\nWolf's Rain\nxxxHOLIC","title":"Original"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"10 Things I Hate About You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Things_I_Hate_About_You_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"18 to Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_to_Life"},{"link_name":"90210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90210_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"SET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Entertainment_Television_(Latin_America)"},{"link_name":"American Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Dreams"},{"link_name":"Atomix TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atomix_TV&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Best Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_Years_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Beverly Hills 90210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hills_90210"},{"link_name":"Blood Ties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Ties_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Boondocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Clueless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clueless_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Distraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distraction_(game_show)"},{"link_name":"Gamers TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gamers_TV&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"FusionA2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FusionA2&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Brasil"},{"link_name":"In the Qube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_the_Qube&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Is She Really Going Out With Him?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Is_She_Really_Going_Out_With_Him%3F_(TV_series)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jake & Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_%26_Blake"},{"link_name":"Kaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaya_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Lil' Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil%27_Bush"},{"link_name":"Living Lahaina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Lahaina"},{"link_name":"Lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_(2004_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Make It or Break It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_It_or_Break_It"},{"link_name":"Maui Fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maui_Fever"},{"link_name":"The Middleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Middleman_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Rock Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rock_Road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ruby and the Rockits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_and_the_Rockits"},{"link_name":"SesioneS con Alejandro Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SesioneS_con_Alejandro_Franco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/SesioneS_con_Alejandro_Franco"},{"link_name":"Spaceballs: The Animated Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceballs:_The_Animated_Series"},{"link_name":"That '70s Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_%2770s_Show"}],"sub_title":"TV series","text":"10 Things I Hate About You\n18 to Life\n90210 (moving from SET to Sony Spin in May 2011)\nAmerican Dreams\nAtomix TV\nThe Best Years\nBeverly Hills 90210\nBlood Ties\nThe Boondocks\nClueless\nDistraction\nGamers TV\nFusionA2 (replaced by Estúdio Coca-Cola on MTV in Brazil)\nIn the Qube\nIs She Really Going Out With Him?\nJake & Blake\nKaya\nLil' Bush\nLiving Lahaina\nLost\nMake It or Break It\nMaui Fever\nThe Middleman\nRock Road\nRuby and the Rockits\nSesioneS con Alejandro Franco [es]\nSpaceballs: The Animated Series\nThat '70s Show","title":"Original"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blood+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood%2B"},{"link_name":"The Twelve Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twelve_Kingdoms"},{"link_name":"Steel Angel Kurumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Angel_Kurumi"},{"link_name":"Noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noir_(anime)"},{"link_name":"Wolf's Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf%27s_Rain"},{"link_name":"Martian Successor Nadesico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian_Successor_Nadesico"},{"link_name":"Galaxy Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Angel"}],"text":"Several dubbing studios have participated in the translation of the aforementioned series for their premiere on Animax, and are located in key countries like Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia and Venezuela. After Animax's arrival in 2005, numerous series were translated and dubbed into Spanish and Portuguese languages, including Blood+, The Twelve Kingdoms, Steel Angel Kurumi, Noir, Wolf's Rain, Martian Successor Nadesico, Galaxy Angel and others.","title":"Translation and dubbing teams"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmar_ulnocarpal_ligament
|
Palmar ulnocarpal ligament
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Palmar ulnocarpal ligamentLigaments of wrist. Anterior view. (Palmar ulnocarpal ligament visible but not labeled.)DetailsFromUlnar styloid processToCarpusIdentifiersLatinligamentum ulnocarpale palmareTA98A03.5.11.006TA21795FMA40004Anatomical terminology
The palmar ulnocarpal ligament is a ligament of the radiocarpal joint.
It consists of ulnolunate, ulnocapitate, and ulnotriquetal ligaments.
References
^ "Definition: palmar ulnocarpal ligament from Online Medical Dictionary". Retrieved 2008-01-13.
^ Netter, Frank H. (2006). Atlas of Human Anatomy : With netteranatomy.com (Netter Basic Science). Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 454. ISBN 1-4160-3385-8.
External links
http://classes.kumc.edu/sah/resources/handkines/ligaments/wvdpalmulna.htm
vteJoints and ligaments of the armShoulderSternoclavicular
Anterior sternoclavicular
Posterior sternoclavicular
Interclavicular
Costoclavicular
Acromioclavicular
Syndesmoses: Coracoacromial
Superior transverse scapular
Inferior transverse of scapula
Synovial: Acromioclavicular
Coracoclavicular (trapezoid
conoid)
Glenohumeral
Capsule
Coracohumeral
Glenohumeral (superior, middle, and inferior)
Transverse humeral
Glenoid labrum
ElbowHumeroradial
Radial collateral
Humeroulnar
Ulnar collateral
Proximal radioulnar
Anular
Oblique cord
Quadrate
ForearmDistal radioulnar
Palmar radioulnar
Dorsal radioulnar
Interosseous membrane of forearm
HandWrist/radiocarpal
Dorsal radiocarpal/Palmar radiocarpal
Dorsal ulnocarpal/Palmar ulnocarpal
Ulnar collateral/Radial collateral
Intercarpal
Midcarpal
Radiate carpal
Dorsal intercarpal
Palmar intercarpal
Interosseous intercarpal
Scapholunate
Pisiform joint (Pisohamate
Pisometacarpal)
Carpometacarpal
Dorsal carpometacarpal
Palmar carpometacarpal
thumb: Radial collateral
Ulnar collateral
Intermetacarpal
Deep transverse metacarpal
Superficial transverse metacarpal
Metacarpophalangeal
Collateral
Palmar
Interphalangeal
Collateral
Palmar
Other
Carpal tunnel
Ulnar canal
Authority control databases
Terminologia Anatomica
This ligament-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puyallup_Fair
|
Washington State Fair
|
["1 History","2 Attendance","2.1 Figures","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 47°10′55″N 122°17′49″W / 47.182°N 122.297°W / 47.182; -122.297Annual state fair in Puyallup, Washington, U.S.
47°10′55″N 122°17′49″W / 47.182°N 122.297°W / 47.182; -122.297
Washington State FairGenreState fairDatesMain fair in September Spring fair in AprilLocation(s)110 9th Ave SWPuyallup, Washington, U.S.Attendance1,065,208 (2010)Websitewww.thefair.com
This 2005 aerial photo of the Washington State Fairgrounds shows the fair's permanent structures. SR 512 curves across the southeast corner of this photo; SR 161 forms its eastern edge
The Washington State Fair, formerly the Puyallup Fair, is the largest single attraction held annually in the U.S. state of Washington. It continually ranks in the top ten largest fairs in the United States and includes agricultural and pastoral displays and shows, amusement rides, and concert series. The Washington State Fair hosts two annual events: the 21-day Washington State Fair in September, and the four-day two weekend Washington State Spring Fair in April.
Situated in the city of Puyallup, 35 miles (56 km) south of Seattle and 10 miles (16 km) east of Tacoma near Mount Rainier, the fairgrounds cover an area of 160 acres (0.65 km2) with buildings and land valued at more than $54 million. The facilities are available for rent throughout the year, making the grounds a valuable community resource. They also host various seasonal festivals such as the Victorian Country Christmas, as well as races, concerts, car shows, and sporting expositions, including the International Sportsman's Exposition. The site employs 55 year-round staff members. Over 7,500 employees are hired each September during the Fair.
History
The fair started out under the name "Puyallup Valley Fair", with the first event taking place October 4–6, 1900. In 1913, it was renamed "The Western Washington Fair", but remained primarily known as the "Puyallup Fair" until the early 1980s. In 2006, the name was changed again to "The Puyallup Fair", and the venue became known as "The Puyallup Fair and Events Center." In 2013 the fair received its current name, the "Washington State Fair"; however, the marketing tagline "Do the Puyallup" was retained and many local people continue to refer to the fair by its previous name.
During World War II, the fair did not take place. The fairgrounds closed after the 1941 fair and were occupied by the army, which set up Camp Harmony, a temporary assembly center within the system of concentration camps for Japanese Americans. A total of 7,390 Japanese Americans from the Seattle-Tacoma area and Alaska were confined in converted horse stables and barracks constructed on adjacent parking lots, the racing track and under the grandstand. In September 1942, the Japanese Americans were sent to other locations and the camp was torn down. The fairgrounds were briefly occupied by the U.S. Army 943rd Signal Service Battalion until they were transferred to Fort Lewis, then closed until 1946, when the fair set an attendance record of 100,000 people on opening day.
The cancellation of the Fair's 2020 season was announced on July 8, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was the first edition of the Fair to be cancelled since World War II. The fair returned in 2021 with masking requirements and limited capacity, drawing 816,000 total attendees—a 20 percent decrease.
Attendance
Young fair attendees can participate in mutton busting
Attendance has grown significantly since the first fair in 1900; today the event draws more than one million people each year.
Figures
2021: 816,000
2020: 0
2012: 1,117,323
2011: 1,059,182
2010: 1,065,208
2009: 1,183,035
2008: 1,163,969
2007: 1,182,937
2006: 1,131,276
2005: 1,117,707
2004: 1,073,581
2003: About 1,160,000
2002: About 1,180,000
2000: About 1,300,000
1993: 1,420,037 (highest attendance ever)
1991: 1,414,487
1989: About 1,300,000
1980-1988: Between 1,100,000 and 1,200,000
Late 1930s: About 400,000
1922: About 130,000
1900: About 5,500 families
See also
United States portal
Pacific National Exhibition in Vancouver, B.C., whose grounds were also a Japanese Internment Center during World War II
Evergreen State Fair in nearby Snohomish County, which has around a third of the size and attendance of the Washington State Fair
References
^ "Historical Facts: 1900-2000". TheFair.com. June 10, 2019.
^ a b c "Puyallup Fair attendance down slightly". Puget Sound Business Journal. September 22, 2003. Retrieved September 23, 2008.
^ Gulepi, ark (September 12, 1982). "Do the Western Washington? Straight from the pig's mouth: It's 'The Puyallup Fair'". The News Tribune. p. A6. Retrieved March 28, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b "About the Fair". June 10, 2019. Retrieved August 31, 2019.
^ Trujillo, Joshua (September 20, 2012). "Puyallup Fair getting a new name". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. SeattlePI.com. Retrieved September 23, 2012.
^ Fiset, Louis. "Puyallup (detention facility)" Densho Encyclopedia. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
^ Burton, J., et al (National Park Service, 2000). Confinement and Ethnicity: An Overview of World War II Japanese American Relocation Sites, "Puyallup Assembly Center, Washington." Retrieved June 19, 2014.
^ Peterson, Josephine (July 8, 2020). "Washington State Fair has been canceled over COVID-19 concerns". The News Tribune. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
^ a b Relente, Angelica (October 1, 2021). "A million people usually attend the State Fair. This year was different". The News Tribune. Retrieved March 28, 2022.
^ "Puyallup Fair Attendance Tops 1.1 Million Beats Last Year". September 24, 2012. Retrieved October 2, 2012.
^ "Puyallup Fair draws just over one-million visitors". September 25, 2011. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
^ Schilling, Sara (September 28, 2010). "Rain, economy cut into Puyallup Fair numbers". The News Tribune. Retrieved October 8, 2010.
^ Santos, Melissa (September 28, 2009). "Final Puyallup Fair attendance". The News Tribune. Retrieved September 28, 2009.
^ a b c d e f Santos, Melissa (September 23, 2008). "Despite nice weather, fewer do the Puyallup". The News Tribune. Retrieved September 23, 2008.
^ a b c d e f g "Washington State Fair History". thefair.com. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Puyallup Fair.
Official website
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|
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SR 512 curves across the southeast corner of this photo; SR 161 forms its eastern edgeThe Washington State Fair, formerly the Puyallup Fair, is the largest single attraction held annually in the U.S. state of Washington. It continually ranks in the top ten largest fairs in the United States and includes agricultural and pastoral displays and shows, amusement rides, and concert series.[1] The Washington State Fair hosts two annual events: the 21-day Washington State Fair in September, and the four-day two weekend Washington State Spring Fair in April.Situated in the city of Puyallup, 35 miles (56 km) south of Seattle and 10 miles (16 km) east of Tacoma near Mount Rainier, the fairgrounds cover an area of 160 acres (0.65 km2) with buildings and land valued at more than $54 million. The facilities are available for rent throughout the year, making the grounds a valuable community resource. They also host various seasonal festivals such as the Victorian Country Christmas, as well as races, concerts, car shows, and sporting expositions, including the International Sportsman's Exposition. The site employs 55 year-round staff members. Over 7,500 employees are hired each September during the Fair.[2]","title":"Washington State Fair"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_the_Fair-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Camp Harmony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Harmony"},{"link_name":"concentration camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_American_internment"},{"link_name":"Japanese Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Americans"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_the_Fair-4"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1991att-9"}],"text":"The fair started out under the name \"Puyallup Valley Fair\", with the first event taking place October 4–6, 1900. In 1913, it was renamed \"The Western Washington Fair\", but remained primarily known as the \"Puyallup Fair\" until the early 1980s.[3] In 2006, the name was changed again to \"The Puyallup Fair\", and the venue became known as \"The Puyallup Fair and Events Center.\"[4] In 2013 the fair received its current name, the \"Washington State Fair\"; however, the marketing tagline \"Do the Puyallup\" was retained and many local people continue to refer to the fair by its previous name.[5]During World War II, the fair did not take place. The fairgrounds closed after the 1941 fair and were occupied by the army, which set up Camp Harmony, a temporary assembly center within the system of concentration camps for Japanese Americans. A total of 7,390 Japanese Americans from the Seattle-Tacoma area and Alaska were confined in converted horse stables and barracks constructed on adjacent parking lots, the racing track and under the grandstand.[6][7] In September 1942, the Japanese Americans were sent to other locations and the camp was torn down. The fairgrounds were briefly occupied by the U.S. Army 943rd Signal Service Battalion until they were transferred to Fort Lewis, then closed until 1946, when the fair set an attendance record of 100,000 people on opening day.[4]The cancellation of the Fair's 2020 season was announced on July 8, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was the first edition of the Fair to be cancelled since World War II.[8] The fair returned in 2021 with masking requirements and limited capacity, drawing 816,000 total attendees—a 20 percent decrease.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hold_on_to_the_sheep.jpg"},{"link_name":"mutton busting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutton_busting"}],"text":"Young fair attendees can participate in mutton bustingAttendance has grown significantly since the first fair in 1900; today the event draws more than one million people each year.","title":"Attendance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1991att-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trib2012-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tacoma_Index_2011-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trib2010-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trib2009-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trib2008-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trib2008-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trib2008-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trib2008-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trib2008-14"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bizjournal-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bizjournal-2"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trib2008-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-15"}],"sub_title":"Figures","text":"2021: 816,000[9]\n2020: 0\n2012: 1,117,323[10]\n2011: 1,059,182[11]\n2010: 1,065,208[12]\n2009: 1,183,035[13]\n2008: 1,163,969[14]\n2007: 1,182,937[14]\n2006: 1,131,276[14]\n2005: 1,117,707[14]\n2004: 1,073,581[14]\n2003: About 1,160,000[2]\n2002: About 1,180,000[2]\n2000: About 1,300,000[15]\n1993: 1,420,037 (highest attendance ever)[14]\n1991: 1,414,487[15]\n1989: About 1,300,000[15]\n1980-1988: Between 1,100,000 and 1,200,000[15]\nLate 1930s: About 400,000[15]\n1922: About 130,000[15]\n1900: About 5,500 families[15]","title":"Attendance"}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Ice_Baby
|
Ice Ice Baby
|
["1 Lyrics and music","2 Release","3 Reception","4 Legacy","5 Track listings","5.1 1990 release","5.2 2001 remixes","5.3 2008 remixes","6 Charts","6.1 Weekly charts","6.2 Year-end charts","7 Certifications","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
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1990 single by Vanilla Ice
"Ice Ice Baby"Single by Vanilla Icefrom the album To the Extreme A-side"Play That Funky Music" (US)B-side"It's a Party" (UK)ReleasedAugust 22, 1990GenreHip hopLength3:46 (radio edit)4:31 (album version)LabelSBKSongwriter(s)
Robert Van Winkle
Mario Johnson
Brian May
David Bowie
Freddie Mercury
John Deacon
Roger Taylor
Producer(s)Vanilla IceVanilla Ice singles chronology
"Ice Ice Baby" (1990)
"Play That Funky Music" (1990)
Music video"Ice Ice Baby" on YouTube
"Ice Ice Baby" is the debut single by American rapper Vanilla Ice, K. Kennedy and DJ Earthquake. It samples the bassline of the song "Under Pressure" by British rock band Queen and British singer David Bowie, who did not receive songwriting credit or royalties until after it had become a hit. Released on Vanilla Ice's debut album, To the Extreme (1990), it is his best-known song. It has appeared in remixed form on Platinum Underground and Vanilla Ice Is Back! A live version appears on the album Extremely Live, while a nu metal version appears on the album Hard to Swallow, under the title "Too Cold".
"Ice Ice Baby" was first released as the B-side to Vanilla Ice's cover of "Play That Funky Music", but the single was not initially successful. When disc jockey David Morales played "Ice Ice Baby" instead, it began to gain success. "Ice Ice Baby" was the first hip-hop single to top the Billboard Hot 100. Outside of the United States, "Ice Ice Baby" topped the charts in Australia, Belgium, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the Republic of Ireland, and the United Kingdom, thus helping the song diversify hip hop by introducing it to a mainstream audience.
Lyrics and music
Vanilla Ice based the song's lyrics upon the South Florida area in which he lived.
Robert Van Winkle, better known by his stage name Vanilla Ice, wrote "Ice Ice Baby" in 1983 at the age of 16, basing its lyrics upon his experiences in South Florida. The lyrics describe a shooting and Van Winkle's rhyming skills. The chorus of "Ice Ice Baby" originates from the signature chant of the national African American fraternity Alpha Phi Alpha. Of the song's lyrics, Van Winkle stated in a 2001 interview that "If you released 'Ice Ice Baby' today, it would fit in today's lyrical respect among peers, you know what I'm sayin'? My lyrics aren't, 'Pump it up, go! Go!' At least I'm sayin' somethin'."
Further information: List of songs subject to plagiarism disputes
The song's hook samples the bassline of the 1981 song "Under Pressure" by Queen and David Bowie, who did not receive credit or royalties for the sample. In a 1990 interview, Van Winkle claimed the two melodies were slightly different because he had added an additional note on the "and" of the fourth beat. In later interviews, Van Winkle readily admitted he sampled the song and claimed his 1990 statement was a joke; others, however, suggested he had been serious. After representatives for Queen and Bowie threatened a copyright infringement suit against him, the matter was settled out of court, with Van Winkle being required to pay financial recompense to the original artists. Bowie and all members of Queen were also given songwriting credit for the sample. "Ice Ice Baby" is written in the key of D minor.
In December 1990, Van Winkle told British youth music magazine Smash Hits where he came up with the idea of sampling "Under Pressure":
The way I do stuff is to go through old records that my brother has. He used to listen to rock 'n' roll and stuff like that. I listened to funk and hip hop because rock wasn't really my era. But having a brother like that, well, I just mixed the two, and he had a copy of 'Under Pressure'. And putting those sounds to hip hop was great. — Robert Van Winkle, Smash Hits
Van Winkle described himself as the first rapper to cross into the pop market and said that although his pioneer status forced him to "take the heat for a lot of people" for his music's use of samples, the criticism he received over sample use allowed sampling to become acceptable in mainstream hip hop.
Release
"Ice Ice Baby" was initially released by Ichiban Records as the B-side to Van Winkle's cover of "Play That Funky Music". The 12-inch single featured the radio, instrumental and a cappella versions of "Play That Funky Music" and the radio version and "Miami Drop" remix of "Ice Ice Baby". When a disc jockey named David Morales played "Ice Ice Baby" instead of the single's A-side, the song gained more success than "Play That Funky Music". A music video for "Ice Ice Baby" was produced for $5000. The video was financed by Van Winkle's manager, Tommy Quon, and shot on the roof of a warehouse in Dallas, Texas. In the video, Van Winkle is shown rapping the lyrics while he and others dance to the song. Heavy airplay of the video by The Box while Van Winkle was still unknown increased public interest in the song. "Ice Ice Baby" was given its own single, released in 1990 by SBK Records in the United States, and EMI Records in the United Kingdom. The SBK single contained the "Miami Drop", instrumental and radio mixes of "Ice Ice Baby" and the album version of "It's a Party". The EMI single contained the club and radio mixes of the song, and the shortened radio edit. The single was quickly pulled from the American market soon after the song reached number one, in a successful attempt to drive consumers to buy the album instead.
Reception
"Ice Ice Baby" garnered critical acclaim, was the first hip hop single to top the Billboard charts, and has been credited for helping diversify hip hop by introducing it to a mainstream audience.
Larry Flick from Billboard commented, "Photogenic white rapper rocks impressively over a sparse beat-bed that borrows heavily from Queen's "Under Pressure". Could pack a powerful multiformat punch." The Daily Vault's Christopher Thelen said it "did more for overexposure than New Coke did for soft drinks". Entertainment Weekly reviewer Mim Udovitch wrote that " probably would have scored with his hit rap single "Ice Ice Baby" even if he hadn't been white. There's just something about the way its hook – a sample from Queen and David Bowie's "Under Pressure" — grabs you and flings you out onto the dance floor." Selina Webb from Music Week said, "Equally lacking in originality yet holding the same commercial appeal". She added, "The catchy part is borrowed from Queen's "Under Pressure", the vocal is a cool white rap. Slightly more street cred than the New Kids, yet falling squarely into the same huge market." A reviewer from The Network Forty said that "like Mellow Man Ace, the rap melts slowly and is as much a mood piece as it is a cruising tune. A motocross champion from Dallas via Miami, the 22-year-old Ice says it's time to chill out." Stephen Dalton from NME complimented it as a "catchy pop thumper".
Following the song's success, California rapper Mario "Chocolate" Johnson, an associate of record producer Suge Knight, claimed that he had helped in writing the song, and had not received credit or royalties. Knight and two bodyguards arrived at The Palm in West Hollywood, where Van Winkle was eating. After shoving Van Winkle's bodyguards aside, Knight and his own bodyguards sat down opposite Van Winkle, staring at him before finally asking "How you doin'?" Similar incidents were repeated several times before Knight showed up at Van Winkle's suite on the fifteenth floor of the Bel Age Hotel, accompanied by Johnson and a member of the Los Angeles Raiders. According to Van Winkle, Knight took him out on the balcony by himself, and implied that he would throw Van Winkle off unless he signed the rights to the song over to Knight.
Legacy
Detroit-based rapper Eminem states that when he first heard "Ice Ice Baby", "I felt like I didn't want to rap anymore. I was so mad, because he was making it real hard for me."
After audiences began to view Van Winkle as a novelty act and a pop star rather than a legitimate rapper, his popularity began to decline. Van Winkle lost some credibility among hip hop fans, but later began to regain some success, attracting a new audience outside of the mainstream audience that had formerly accepted him and then rejected him. "Ice Ice Baby" continues to be the song that Van Winkle is best known for internationally, although Van Winkle states that his American fans like his newer music better.
According to Rolling Stone, the "Ice Ice Baby"–"Under Pressure" controversy is a landmark music copyright case since it "sparked discussion about the punitive actions taken in plagiarism cases". The magazine's Jordan Runtagh added: "Though paid the price, some argue that isn't enough to make up for the potential credibility lost by Queen and David Bowie, who are now linked to him through a collaboration they had no choice in joining."
A live version of the song appeared on the album Extremely Live. "Ice Ice Baby" was rerecorded in a nu metal version titled "Too Cold". Originally intended to be released as a hidden track or B-side, "Too Cold" was featured on Van Winkle's 1998 album Hard to Swallow, and received radio play in some markets. In 2000, a remix titled "Ice Ice Baby 2001" was released in Europe as a single, with a newly produced music video. The remix generated new international interest in Van Winkle's music.
VH1 and Blender ranked "Ice Ice Baby" fifth on its list of the "50 Most Awesomely Bad Songs Ever". It was also given the distinction by the Houston Press as being the worst song ever to emanate from Texas. In 1999, the song's music video was "retired" on the MTV special 25 Lame, in which Van Winkle himself appeared to destroy the video's master tape. Given a baseball bat, Van Winkle ended up destroying the show's set. However, in December 2007, VH1 ranked the song in 29th place of their 100 Greatest Songs of the 90's.
In November 2011, MTV Dance ranked "Ice Ice Baby" No. 71 in their list of "The 100 Biggest 90's Dance Anthems of All Time".
In 2019, Billboard listed it at No. 108 in their ranking of "Billboard's Top Songs of the '90s".
In 1991, Alvin and the Chipmunks released a cover version entitled "Ice Ice Alvin" for their album The Chipmunks Rock the House. "Weird Al" Yankovic included the chorus as the final song in "Polka Your Eyes Out", the polka medley from his 1992 album Off the Deep End. In 2004, the song was featured in the film 13 Going on 30. In 2010, the song was featured in the Glee episode "Bad Reputation" as performed by Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison). In 2012, several references to the song were made in the film That's My Boy, where Van Winkle guest starred as himself – Donny Berger (Adam Sandler), an old friend of Van Winkle, asks him for money, claiming he should be "loaded" with the royalties he receives from the song; however, Van Winkle tells him that "Queen took 50 percent, Suge took the other 60 percent, I f***ing owe money when that sh*t gets played, man!" Later on, Berger and Van Winkle drive in Van Winkle's Ford Mustang 5.0, a reference to the car he drove in the music video (but not the same car), then listen to the song on Van Winkle's Walkman as they run.
Track listings
1990 release
7" single
"Ice Ice Baby" (radio mix) – 4:29
"Ice Ice Baby" (radio mix edit) – 3:49
12" maxi – US
"Ice Ice Baby" (radio mix) – 4:28
"Ice Ice Baby" (Miami drop mix) – 4:59
"Play That Funky Music" (radio mix) – 4:39
"Play That Funky Music" (instrumental mix) – 4:36
"Play That Funky Music" (a cappella mix) – 4:32
12" maxi / CD maxi – US
"Ice Ice Baby" (radio mix) – 4:28
"Ice Ice Baby" (Miami drop mix) – 4:59
"Ice Ice Baby" (Miami drop instrumental) – 4:59
"Ice Ice Baby" (a cappella mix) – 3:46
"Play That Funky Music" (radio mix) – 4:39
"Play That Funky Music" (instrumental mix) – 4:36
"Play That Funky Music" (a cappella mix) – 4:32
CD maxi – Europe
"Ice Ice Baby" (radio edit) – 3:46
"Ice Ice Baby" (Miami drop mix) – 5:00
"Play That Funky Music" (radio mix) – 4:41
12" maxi – Europe
"Ice Ice Baby" (club mix) – 5:02
"Ice Ice Baby" (radio mix) – 4:30
"Ice Ice Baby" (radio mix edit) – 3:49
12" maxi – UK
"Ice Ice Baby" (Miami drop mix) – 4:58
"Ice Ice Baby" (instrumental mix) – 4:59
"It's a Party" – 4:39
"Ice Ice Baby" (radio mix) – 4:28
Cassette
"Ice Ice Baby" (radio edit) – 3:46
"It's a Party" – 4:39
"Ice Ice Baby" (radio edit) – 3:46
"It's a Party" – 4:39
German CD maxi
"Ice Ice Baby" (Miami Drop Mix)
"Ice Ice Baby" (Acapella Mix)
"Ice Ice Baby" (Miami Drop Mix Instrumental)
"Play That Funky Music" (Acapella Mix)
2001 remixes
12" maxi
"Ice Ice Baby 2001" (Gigi D'Agostino remix) – 7:17
"Ice Ice Baby 2001" (Funky 9ers club dub) – 4:53
"Ice Ice Baby 2001" (House of Wax club-mix) – 6:06
"Ice Ice Baby 2001" (Debart Style re-e-mix) – 6:42
CD maxi
"Ice Ice Baby 2001" (House of Wax radio-mix) – 3:36
"Ice Ice Baby 2001" (Gigi D'Agostino remix-edit) – 3:45
"Ice Ice Baby 2001" (Silverwater & Shaw remix) – 3:42
"Ice Ice Baby 2001" (Prepay remix) – 3:54
"Ice Ice Baby 2001" (Steve Baltes remix) – 3:53
"Everytime (album version) (feat. 4BY4) – 3:58
2008 remixes
12" maxi
"Ice Ice Baby 2008" (Mondo Electro remix)
"Ice Ice Baby 2008" (7th Heaven House remix)
"Ice Ice Baby 2008" (Rico NL Jumpstyle remix)
"Ice Ice Baby 2008" (Mendezz and Andrew remix)
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (1990–1991)
Peakposition
Australia (ARIA)
1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)
3
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)
1
Canada Top Singles (RPM)
11
Denmark (IFPI)
9
Europe (Eurochart Hot 100)
1
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)
2
France (SNEP)
10
Germany (Official German Charts)
2
Greece (IFPI)
2
Ireland (IRMA)
1
Italy (Musica e dischi)
15
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)
1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
1
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)
1
Norway (VG-lista)
2
Spain (AFE)
3
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)
4
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)
2
UK Singles (OCC)
1
US Billboard Hot 100
1
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)
28
US Dance Singles Sales (Billboard)
6
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)
6
Zimbabwe (ZIMA)
1
Chart (2004–2005)
Peakposition
US Billboard Hot Ringtones
11
Chart (2006)
Peakposition
France (SNEP)
65
Chart (2008)
Peakposition
US Billboard Hot Ringtones
32
Chart (2014)
Peakposition
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)
5
Year-end charts
Chart (1990)
Position
Australia (ARIA)
34
Canada Top Singles (RPM)
98
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
66
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)
29
US Billboard Hot 100
45
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)
98
Chart (1991)
Position
Australia (ARIA)
22
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)
22
Belgium (Ultratop Flanders)
16
Europe (European Hot 100 Singles)
7
Europe (European Hit Radio)
60
Germany (Official German Charts)
7
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)
31
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
22
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)
9
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)
Platinum
70,000^
Austria (IFPI Austria)
Gold
25,000*
Canada (Music Canada)
Gold
50,000^
Germany (BVMI)
Gold
250,000^
Netherlands (NVPI)
Platinum
100,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)
Platinum
15,000*
Sweden (GLF)
Gold
25,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)
Platinum
600,000^
United States (RIAA)
Platinum
1,000,000^
United States (RIAA) Digital sales
Gold
500,000*
* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
See also
U Can't Touch This, 1990 sample of 1981 Super Freak
Under Pressure (Ice Ice Baby)
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External links
"Ice Ice Baby" music video on YouTube
vteVanilla IceMain albums
Hooked/To the Extreme
Mind Blowin'
Hard to Swallow
Bi-Polar
Platinum Underground
W.T.F. (Wisdom, Tenacity and Focus)
Live album
Extremely Live
Compilations
Back 2 Back Hits
The Best of Vanilla Ice
Remix album
Vanilla Ice Is Back!
Singles
"Play That Funky Music"
"Ice Ice Baby"
"I Love You"
"Rollin' in My 5.0"
"Ninja Rap"
"Cool as Ice (Everybody Get Loose)"
"Roll 'Em Up"
"Ice Ice Baby 2001"
"Ninja Rap 2"
"Under Pressure (Ice Ice Baby)"
"Jump Around"
Tours
To the Extreme World Tour
Related articles
Discography
Cool as Ice
soundtrack
The Vanilla Ice Project
The Surreal Life
List of motocross riders
vteKids' Choice Award for Favorite Song1980s
"La Bamba" – Los Lobos (1988)
"Kokomo" – The Beach Boys (1989)
1990s
"Hangin' Tough" – New Kids on the Block (1990)
"Ice Ice Baby" – Vanilla Ice (1991)
"Jump" – Kris Kross (1992)
No Award (1993)
"Whoomp! (There It Is)" – Tag Team (1994)
"Creep" – TLC (1995)
"Gangsta's Paradise" – Coolio (1996)
"Killing Me Softly" – Fugees (1997)
"MMMBop" – Hanson (1998)
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" – Backstreet Boys (1999)
2000s
"Wild Wild West" – Will Smith (2000)
"Who Let the Dogs Out" – Baha Men (2001)
"Get the Party Started" – P!nk (2002)
"Sk8er Boi" – Avril Lavigne (2003)
"Hey Ya!" – Outkast (2004)
"Burn" – Usher (2005)
"Wake Me Up When September Ends" – Green Day (2006)
"Irreplaceable" – Beyoncé (2007)
"Girlfriend" – Avril Lavigne (2008)
"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" – Beyoncé (2009)
2010s
"You Belong with Me" – Taylor Swift (2010)
"Baby" – Justin Bieber featuring Ludacris (2011)
"Party Rock Anthem" – LMFAO (2012)
"What Makes You Beautiful" – One Direction (2013)
"Story of My Life" – One Direction (2014)
"Bang Bang" – Jessie J, Ariana Grande and Nicki Minaj (2015)
"Hello" – Adele (2016)
"Work from Home" – Fifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla $ign (2017)
"Shape of You" – Ed Sheeran (2018)
"Thank U, Next" – Ariana Grande (2019)
2020s
"Bad Guy" – Billie Eilish (2020)
"Dynamite" – BTS (2021)
"Happier Than Ever" – Billie Eilish (2022)
"As It Was" – Harry Styles (2023)
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
MusicBrainz work
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapping"},{"link_name":"Vanilla Ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_Ice"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"bassline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassline"},{"link_name":"Under Pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_Pressure"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(band)"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"To the Extreme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_the_Extreme"},{"link_name":"Platinum Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum_Underground"},{"link_name":"Vanilla Ice Is Back!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_Ice_Is_Back!"},{"link_name":"Extremely Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremely_Live"},{"link_name":"nu metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu_metal"},{"link_name":"Hard to Swallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_to_Swallow"},{"link_name":"B-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-side_and_B-side"},{"link_name":"Play That Funky Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_That_Funky_Music"},{"link_name":"David Morales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Morales"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJname-4"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"1990 single by Vanilla Ice\"Ice Ice Baby\" is the debut single by American rapper Vanilla Ice, K. Kennedy and DJ Earthquake.[2][3] It samples the bassline of the song \"Under Pressure\" by British rock band Queen and British singer David Bowie, who did not receive songwriting credit or royalties until after it had become a hit. Released on Vanilla Ice's debut album, To the Extreme (1990), it is his best-known song. It has appeared in remixed form on Platinum Underground and Vanilla Ice Is Back! A live version appears on the album Extremely Live, while a nu metal version appears on the album Hard to Swallow, under the title \"Too Cold\".\"Ice Ice Baby\" was first released as the B-side to Vanilla Ice's cover of \"Play That Funky Music\", but the single was not initially successful. When disc jockey David Morales[4] played \"Ice Ice Baby\" instead, it began to gain success. \"Ice Ice Baby\" was the first hip-hop single to top the Billboard Hot 100.[citation needed] Outside of the United States, \"Ice Ice Baby\" topped the charts in Australia, Belgium, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the Republic of Ireland, and the United Kingdom, thus helping the song diversify hip hop by introducing it to a mainstream audience.[5][6]","title":"Ice Ice Baby"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vanilla_Ice.jpg"},{"link_name":"South Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Florida_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"South Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Florida"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PerulloFenn-8"},{"link_name":"Alpha Phi Alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Alpha"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salon-11"},{"link_name":"List of songs subject to plagiarism disputes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_songs_subject_to_plagiarism_disputes"},{"link_name":"samples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_(music)"},{"link_name":"bassline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassline"},{"link_name":"Under Pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_Pressure"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(band)"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hess-12"},{"link_name":"royalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalties"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westfahl-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stillman-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stillman-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"copyright infringement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_infringement"},{"link_name":"settled out of court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settled_out_of_court"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Runtagh/RollingStone-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stillman-14"},{"link_name":"D minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_minor"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Smash Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smash_Hits"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smash_Hits_Feature-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Vanilla Ice based the song's lyrics upon the South Florida area in which he lived.Robert Van Winkle, better known by his stage name Vanilla Ice, wrote \"Ice Ice Baby\" in 1983 at the age of 16, basing its lyrics upon his experiences in South Florida.[7] The lyrics describe a shooting and Van Winkle's rhyming skills.[8] The chorus of \"Ice Ice Baby\" originates from the signature chant of the national African American fraternity Alpha Phi Alpha.[9][10] Of the song's lyrics, Van Winkle stated in a 2001 interview that \"If you released 'Ice Ice Baby' today, it would fit in today's lyrical respect among peers, you know what I'm sayin'? [...] My lyrics aren't, 'Pump it up, go! Go!' At least I'm sayin' somethin'.\"[11]Further information: List of songs subject to plagiarism disputesThe song's hook samples the bassline of the 1981 song \"Under Pressure\" by Queen and David Bowie,[12] who did not receive credit or royalties for the sample.[13] In a 1990 interview, Van Winkle claimed the two melodies were slightly different because he had added an additional note on the \"and\" of the fourth beat.[14] In later interviews, Van Winkle readily admitted he sampled the song and claimed his 1990 statement was a joke; others, however, suggested he had been serious.[14][15] After representatives for Queen and Bowie threatened a copyright infringement suit against him, the matter was settled out of court, with Van Winkle being required to pay financial recompense to the original artists.[16] Bowie and all members of Queen were also given songwriting credit for the sample.[14] \"Ice Ice Baby\" is written in the key of D minor.[17]In December 1990, Van Winkle told British youth music magazine Smash Hits where he came up with the idea of sampling \"Under Pressure\":[18]The way I do stuff is to go through old records that my brother has. He used to listen to rock 'n' roll and stuff like that. I listened to funk and hip hop because rock wasn't really my era. But having a brother like that, well, I just mixed the two, and he had a copy of 'Under Pressure'. And putting those sounds to hip hop was great. — Robert Van Winkle, Smash HitsVan Winkle described himself as the first rapper to cross into the pop market and said that although his pioneer status forced him to \"take the heat for a lot of people\" for his music's use of samples, the criticism he received over sample use allowed sampling to become acceptable in mainstream hip hop.[19]","title":"Lyrics and music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ichiban Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichiban_Records"},{"link_name":"B-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-side_and_B-side"},{"link_name":"Play That Funky Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_That_Funky_Music"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westfahl-13"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"12-inch single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-inch_single"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_edit"},{"link_name":"instrumental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental"},{"link_name":"a cappella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_cappella"},{"link_name":"remix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJname-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westfahl-13"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"The Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Box_(US_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"SBK Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBK_Records"},{"link_name":"EMI Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI_Records"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"\"Ice Ice Baby\" was initially released by Ichiban Records as the B-side to Van Winkle's cover of \"Play That Funky Music\".[13][20] The 12-inch single featured the radio, instrumental and a cappella versions of \"Play That Funky Music\" and the radio version and \"Miami Drop\" remix of \"Ice Ice Baby\".[21] When a disc jockey named David Morales[4] played \"Ice Ice Baby\" instead of the single's A-side, the song gained more success than \"Play That Funky Music\".[13] A music video for \"Ice Ice Baby\" was produced for $5000.[22][23] The video was financed by Van Winkle's manager, Tommy Quon, and shot on the roof of a warehouse in Dallas, Texas.[24] In the video, Van Winkle is shown rapping the lyrics while he and others dance to the song. Heavy airplay of the video by The Box while Van Winkle was still unknown increased public interest in the song.[25] \"Ice Ice Baby\" was given its own single, released in 1990 by SBK Records in the United States, and EMI Records in the United Kingdom. The SBK single contained the \"Miami Drop\", instrumental and radio mixes of \"Ice Ice Baby\" and the album version of \"It's a Party\".[26] The EMI single contained the club and radio mixes of the song, and the shortened radio edit.[27] The single was quickly pulled from the American market soon after the song reached number one, in a successful attempt to drive consumers to buy the album instead.[28]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_charts"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Larry Flick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Flick"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(band)"},{"link_name":"Under Pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_Pressure"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"New Coke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Coke"},{"link_name":"soft drinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_drinks"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Music Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week"},{"link_name":"New Kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kids_on_the_Block"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Mellow Man Ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellow_Man_Ace"},{"link_name":"motocross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motocross"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Musical_Express"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Suge Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suge_Knight"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sullivan-37"},{"link_name":"The Palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Palm_(restaurant)"},{"link_name":"West Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hollywood,_California"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sullivan-37"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Raiders"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sullivan-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"\"Ice Ice Baby\" garnered critical acclaim, was the first hip hop single to top the Billboard charts,[29] and has been credited for helping diversify hip hop by introducing it to a mainstream audience.[30]Larry Flick from Billboard commented, \"Photogenic white rapper rocks impressively over a sparse beat-bed that borrows heavily from Queen's \"Under Pressure\". Could pack a powerful multiformat punch.\"[31] The Daily Vault's Christopher Thelen said it \"did more for overexposure than New Coke did for soft drinks\".[32] Entertainment Weekly reviewer Mim Udovitch wrote that \"[Vanilla Ice] probably would have scored with his hit rap single \"Ice Ice Baby\" even if he hadn't been white. There's just something about the way its hook – a sample from Queen and David Bowie's \"Under Pressure\" — grabs you and flings you out onto the dance floor.\"[33] Selina Webb from Music Week said, \"Equally lacking in originality yet holding the same commercial appeal\". She added, \"The catchy part is borrowed from Queen's \"Under Pressure\", the vocal is a cool white rap. Slightly more street cred than the New Kids, yet falling squarely into the same huge market.\"[34] A reviewer from The Network Forty said that \"like Mellow Man Ace, the rap melts slowly and is as much a mood piece as it is a cruising tune. A motocross champion from Dallas via Miami, the 22-year-old Ice says it's time to chill out.\"[35] Stephen Dalton from NME complimented it as a \"catchy pop thumper\".[36]Following the song's success, California rapper Mario \"Chocolate\" Johnson, an associate of record producer Suge Knight, claimed that he had helped in writing the song, and had not received credit or royalties.[37] Knight and two bodyguards arrived at The Palm in West Hollywood, where Van Winkle was eating. After shoving Van Winkle's bodyguards aside, Knight and his own bodyguards sat down opposite Van Winkle, staring at him before finally asking \"How you doin'?\"[37] Similar incidents were repeated several times before Knight showed up at Van Winkle's suite on the fifteenth floor of the Bel Age Hotel, accompanied by Johnson and a member of the Los Angeles Raiders.[37] According to Van Winkle, Knight took him out on the balcony by himself, and implied that he would throw Van Winkle off unless he signed the rights to the song over to Knight.[38]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eminem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminem"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WashingtonPost-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WashingtonPost-40"},{"link_name":"song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_signature_songs"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Runtagh/RollingStone-16"},{"link_name":"Extremely Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremely_Live"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"nu metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu_metal"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"hidden track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_track"},{"link_name":"Hard to Swallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_to_Swallow"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"VH1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1"},{"link_name":"Blender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blender_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VH1-45"},{"link_name":"Houston Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Press"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"MTV Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Dance"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Alvin and the Chipmunks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_and_the_Chipmunks"},{"link_name":"The Chipmunks Rock the House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chipmunks_Rock_the_House"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"\"Weird Al\" Yankovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic"},{"link_name":"Polka Your Eyes Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polka_Your_Eyes_Out"},{"link_name":"Off the Deep End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off_the_Deep_End"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"13 Going on 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_Going_on_30"},{"link_name":"Glee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glee_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Bad Reputation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Reputation_(Glee)"},{"link_name":"Will Schuester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Schuester"},{"link_name":"Matthew Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Morrison"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"That's My Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s_My_Boy_(2012_film)"},{"link_name":"Adam Sandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Sandler"},{"link_name":"Ford Mustang 5.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Mustang_(third_generation)"},{"link_name":"Walkman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkman"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"Detroit-based rapper Eminem states that when he first heard \"Ice Ice Baby\", \"I felt like I didn't want to rap anymore. I was so mad, because he was making it real hard for me.\"[39]After audiences began to view Van Winkle as a novelty act and a pop star rather than a legitimate rapper, his popularity began to decline.[40] Van Winkle lost some credibility among hip hop fans, but later began to regain some success, attracting a new audience outside of the mainstream audience that had formerly accepted him and then rejected him.[40] \"Ice Ice Baby\" continues to be the song that Van Winkle is best known for internationally, although Van Winkle states that his American fans like his newer music better.[41]According to Rolling Stone, the \"Ice Ice Baby\"–\"Under Pressure\" controversy is a landmark music copyright case since it \"sparked discussion about the punitive actions taken in plagiarism cases\". The magazine's Jordan Runtagh added: \"Though [Vanilla Ice] paid the price, some argue that isn't enough to make up for the potential credibility lost by Queen and David Bowie, who are now linked to him through a collaboration they had no choice in joining.\"[16]A live version of the song appeared on the album Extremely Live.[42] \"Ice Ice Baby\" was rerecorded in a nu metal version titled \"Too Cold\".[43] Originally intended to be released as a hidden track or B-side, \"Too Cold\" was featured on Van Winkle's 1998 album Hard to Swallow, and received radio play in some markets. In 2000, a remix titled \"Ice Ice Baby 2001\" was released in Europe as a single, with a newly produced music video. The remix generated new international interest in Van Winkle's music.[44]VH1 and Blender ranked \"Ice Ice Baby\" fifth on its list of the \"50 Most Awesomely Bad Songs Ever\".[45] It was also given the distinction by the Houston Press as being the worst song ever to emanate from Texas.[46] In 1999, the song's music video was \"retired\" on the MTV special 25 Lame, in which Van Winkle himself appeared to destroy the video's master tape. Given a baseball bat, Van Winkle ended up destroying the show's set.[47][48] However, in December 2007, VH1 ranked the song in 29th place of their 100 Greatest Songs of the 90's.[49]In November 2011, MTV Dance ranked \"Ice Ice Baby\" No. 71 in their list of \"The 100 Biggest 90's Dance Anthems of All Time\".[50]In 2019, Billboard listed it at No. 108 in their ranking of \"Billboard's Top Songs of the '90s\".[51]In 1991, Alvin and the Chipmunks released a cover version entitled \"Ice Ice Alvin\" for their album The Chipmunks Rock the House.[52] \"Weird Al\" Yankovic included the chorus as the final song in \"Polka Your Eyes Out\", the polka medley from his 1992 album Off the Deep End.[53] In 2004, the song was featured in the film 13 Going on 30. In 2010, the song was featured in the Glee episode \"Bad Reputation\" as performed by Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison).[54] In 2012, several references to the song were made in the film That's My Boy, where Van Winkle guest starred as himself – Donny Berger (Adam Sandler), an old friend of Van Winkle, asks him for money, claiming he should be \"loaded\" with the royalties he receives from the song; however, Van Winkle tells him that \"Queen took 50 percent, Suge took the other 60 percent, I f***ing owe money when that sh*t gets played, man!\" Later on, Berger and Van Winkle drive in Van Winkle's Ford Mustang 5.0, a reference to the car he drove in the music video (but not the same car), then listen to the song on Van Winkle's Walkman as they run.[55][56][57]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ice_Ice_Baby&action=edit§ion=7"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ice_Ice_Baby&action=edit§ion=8"}],"sub_title":"1990 release","text":"7\" single\n\"Ice Ice Baby\" (radio mix) – 4:29\n\"Ice Ice Baby\" (radio mix edit) – 3:49\n12\" maxi – US\n\"Ice Ice Baby\" (radio mix) – 4:28\n\"Ice Ice Baby\" (Miami drop mix) – 4:59\n\"Play That Funky Music\" (radio mix) – 4:39\n\"Play That Funky Music\" (instrumental mix) – 4:36\n\"Play That Funky Music\" (a cappella mix) – 4:32\n12\" maxi / CD maxi – US\n\"Ice Ice Baby\" (radio mix) – 4:28\n\"Ice Ice Baby\" (Miami drop mix) – 4:59\n\"Ice Ice Baby\" (Miami drop instrumental) – 4:59\n\"Ice Ice Baby\" (a cappella mix) – 3:46\n\"Play That Funky Music\" (radio mix) – 4:39\n\"Play That Funky Music\" (instrumental mix) – 4:36\n\"Play That Funky Music\" (a cappella mix) – 4:32\nCD maxi – Europe\n\"Ice Ice Baby\" (radio edit) – 3:46\n\"Ice Ice Baby\" (Miami drop mix) – 5:00\n\"Play That Funky Music\" (radio mix) – 4:41\n\n\n12\" maxi – Europe\n\"Ice Ice Baby\" (club mix) – 5:02\n\"Ice Ice Baby\" (radio mix) – 4:30\n\"Ice Ice Baby\" (radio mix edit) – 3:49\n12\" maxi – UK\n\"Ice Ice Baby\" (Miami drop mix) – 4:58\n\"Ice Ice Baby\" (instrumental mix) – 4:59\n\"It's a Party\" – 4:39\n\"Ice Ice Baby\" (radio mix) – 4:28\nCassette\n\"Ice Ice Baby\" (radio edit) – 3:46\n\"It's a Party\" – 4:39\n\"Ice Ice Baby\" (radio edit) – 3:46\n\"It's a Party\" – 4:39\nGerman CD maxi\n\"Ice Ice Baby\" (Miami Drop Mix)\n\"Ice Ice Baby\" (Acapella Mix)\n\"Ice Ice Baby\" (Miami Drop Mix Instrumental)\n\"Play That Funky Music\" (Acapella Mix)2001 remixes[edit]\n12\" maxi\n\"Ice Ice Baby 2001\" (Gigi D'Agostino remix) – 7:17\n\"Ice Ice Baby 2001\" (Funky 9ers club dub) – 4:53\n\"Ice Ice Baby 2001\" (House of Wax club-mix) – 6:06\n\"Ice Ice Baby 2001\" (Debart Style re-e-mix) – 6:42\nCD maxi\n\"Ice Ice Baby 2001\" (House of Wax radio-mix) – 3:36\n\"Ice Ice Baby 2001\" (Gigi D'Agostino remix-edit) – 3:45\n\"Ice Ice Baby 2001\" (Silverwater & Shaw remix) – 3:42\n\"Ice Ice Baby 2001\" (Prepay remix) – 3:54\n\"Ice Ice Baby 2001\" (Steve Baltes remix) – 3:53\n\"Everytime (album version) (feat. 4BY4) – 3:58\n2008 remixes[edit]\n12\" maxi\n\"Ice Ice Baby 2008\" (Mondo Electro remix)\n\"Ice Ice Baby 2008\" (7th Heaven House remix)\n\"Ice Ice Baby 2008\" (Rico NL Jumpstyle remix)\n\"Ice Ice Baby 2008\" (Mendezz and Andrew remix)","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ice_Ice_Baby&action=edit§ion=10"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Australia_Vanilla_Ice-58"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Austria_Vanilla_Ice-59"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Vanilla_Ice-60"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Denmark"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Eurochart Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurochart_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomen_virallinen_lista"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FIN-64"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_France_Vanilla_Ice-65"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Germany_Vanilla_Ice-66"},{"link_name":"IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Greece"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Recorded_Music_Association"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Musica e dischi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_e_dischi"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_Vanilla_Ice-70"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Vanilla_Ice-71"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_Vanilla_Ice-72"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Norway_Vanilla_Ice-73"},{"link_name":"AFE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Sweden_Vanilla_Ice-75"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Swiss_Vanilla_Ice-76"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UKsinglesbyname_Vanilla_Ice-77"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_Vanilla_Ice-78"},{"link_name":"Dance Club Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddanceclubplay_Vanilla_Ice-79"},{"link_name":"Dance Singles Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Singles_Sales"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddancesales_Vanilla_Ice-80"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardrandbhiphop_Vanilla_Ice-81"},{"link_name":"ZIMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_record_charts"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"US Billboard Hot Ringtones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Ringtones"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard-83"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNEP"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lescharts-84"},{"link_name":"US Billboard Hot Ringtones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Ringtones"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard-83"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_Vanilla_Ice-72"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ice_Ice_Baby&action=edit§ion=11"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1990–1991)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[58]\n\n1\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[59]\n\n3\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[60]\n\n1\n\n\nCanada Top Singles (RPM)[61]\n\n11\n\n\nDenmark (IFPI)[62]\n\n9\n\n\nEurope (Eurochart Hot 100)[63]\n\n1\n\n\nFinland (Suomen virallinen lista)[64]\n\n2\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[65]\n\n10\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[66]\n\n2\n\n\nGreece (IFPI)[67]\n\n2\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[68]\n\n1\n\n\nItaly (Musica e dischi)[69]\n\n15\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[70]\n\n1\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[71]\n\n1\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[72]\n\n1\n\n\nNorway (VG-lista)[73]\n\n2\n\n\nSpain (AFE)[74]\n\n3\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[75]\n\n4\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[76]\n\n2\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[77]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[78]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[79]\n\n28\n\n\nUS Dance Singles Sales (Billboard)[80]\n\n6\n\n\nUS Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[81]\n\n6\n\n\nZimbabwe (ZIMA)[82]\n\n1\n\n\n\n\nChart (2004–2005)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot Ringtones[83]\n\n11\n\n\n\nChart (2006)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[84]\n\n65\n\n\n\nChart (2008)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot Ringtones[83]\n\n32\n\n\n\nChart (2014)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[72]\n\n5\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1990)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[85]\n\n34\n\n\nCanada Top Singles (RPM)[86]\n\n98\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[87]\n\n66\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[88]\n\n29\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[89]\n\n45\n\n\nUS Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[90]\n\n98\n\n\n\n\nChart (1991)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[91]\n\n22\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[92]\n\n22\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop Flanders)[93]\n\n16\n\n\nEurope (European Hot 100 Singles)[94]\n\n7\n\n\nEurope (European Hit Radio)[95]\n\n60\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[96]\n\n7\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[97]\n\n31\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[98]\n\n22\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[99]\n\n9","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Vanilla Ice based the song's lyrics upon the South Florida area in which he lived.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Vanilla_Ice.jpg/170px-Vanilla_Ice.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"U Can't Touch This","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_Can%27t_Touch_This"},{"title":"Super Freak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Freak"},{"title":"Under Pressure (Ice Ice Baby)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_Pressure_(Ice_Ice_Baby)"}]
|
[{"reference":"Mark Elibert (June 8, 2022). \"'ICE ICE BABY' CO-WRITER CALLS VANILLA ICE A LIAR\". HipHopDX. Retrieved June 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.70874/title.ice-ice-baby-writer-calls-vanilla-ice-a-liar","url_text":"\"'ICE ICE BABY' CO-WRITER CALLS VANILLA ICE A LIAR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HipHopDX","url_text":"HipHopDX"}]},{"reference":"\"DJ Earthquake talks about his discovery of Vanilla Ice and how it feels to be referred to as a legend\". April 4, 2016. Archived from the original on September 3, 2021. Retrieved April 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210903230821/https://accessunlocked.com/access-unlocked-dj-earthquake-discovered-vanilla-ice/","url_text":"\"DJ Earthquake talks about his discovery of Vanilla Ice and how it feels to be referred to as a legend\""},{"url":"https://accessunlocked.com/access-unlocked-dj-earthquake-discovered-vanilla-ice/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jedward to release debut single Under Pressure (Ice Ice Baby)\". January 22, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/music/music-news/jedward-to-release-debut-single-under-1048409","url_text":"\"Jedward to release debut single Under Pressure (Ice Ice Baby)\""}]},{"reference":"\"First Rap Number 1 Billboard Hot 100 (Ice Ice Baby)\". XXL. November 3, 2016. Retrieved September 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2016/11/today-hip-hop-ice-ice-baby-first-rap-single-no-1-billboard-hot-100/","url_text":"\"First Rap Number 1 Billboard Hot 100 (Ice Ice Baby)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXL_(magazine)","url_text":"XXL"}]},{"reference":"\"Hitparade.ch: Vanilla Ice (Ice Ice Baby)\". swisscharts.com. Retrieved October 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://swisscharts.com/osong/Vanilla-Ice/Ice-Ice-Baby-2187","url_text":"\"Hitparade.ch: Vanilla Ice (Ice Ice Baby)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Charts Company: Vanilla Ice\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/vanilla%20ice/","url_text":"\"Official Charts Company: Vanilla Ice\""}]},{"reference":"Rayner, Alex (November 3, 2007). \"Is this it?\". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved February 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/nov/03/popandrock.exhibition","url_text":"\"Is this it?\""}]},{"reference":"Perullo, Alex; Fenn, John (2003). \"Ideologies, Choices, and Practicies in Eastern African Hip Hop\". In Harris M., Berger; Michael Thomas, Carroll (eds.). Global Pop, Local Language. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 25. ISBN 1-57806-536-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/globalpoplocalla0000unse/page/25","url_text":"\"Ideologies, Choices, and Practicies in Eastern African Hip Hop\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/globalpoplocalla0000unse/page/25","url_text":"25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57806-536-4","url_text":"1-57806-536-4"}]},{"reference":"Keyes, Cheryl L (2004). \"Blending and Shaping Styles: Rap and Other Musical Voices\". Rap Music and Street Consciousness. University of Illinois Press. p. 107. ISBN 0-252-07201-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rapmusicstreetco0000keye/page/107","url_text":"\"Blending and Shaping Styles: Rap and Other Musical Voices\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rapmusicstreetco0000keye/page/107","url_text":"107"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-07201-4","url_text":"0-252-07201-4"}]},{"reference":"Fine, Elizabeth Calvert (2003). \"The Cultural Politics of Step Shows\". Soulstepping: African American Step Shows. University of Illinois Press. p. 145. ISBN 0-252-02475-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/soulsteppingafri0000fine/page/145","url_text":"\"The Cultural Politics of Step Shows\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/soulsteppingafri0000fine/page/145","url_text":"145"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-02475-3","url_text":"0-252-02475-3"}]},{"reference":"Vontz, Andrew (2001). \"Ice capades\". Salon.com. Archived from the original on November 21, 2007. Retrieved February 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071121221641/http://dir.salon.com/story/ent/music/feature/2002/01/03/ice/index.html","url_text":"\"Ice capades\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon.com","url_text":"Salon.com"},{"url":"http://dir.salon.com/story/ent/music/feature/2002/01/03/ice/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hess, Mickey (2007). \"Vanilla Ice: The Elvis of Rap\". Is Hip Hop Dead?. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-275-99461-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ishiphopdeadpast00hess_0/page/118","url_text":"\"Vanilla Ice: The Elvis of Rap\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ishiphopdeadpast00hess_0/page/118","url_text":"118"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99461-7","url_text":"978-0-275-99461-7"}]},{"reference":"Westfahl, Gary (2000). \"Legends of the Fall: Behind the Music\". Science Fiction, Children's Literature, and Popular Culture. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 100. ISBN 0-313-30847-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sciencefictionch00west_0/page/100","url_text":"\"Legends of the Fall: Behind the Music\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sciencefictionch00west_0/page/100","url_text":"100"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30847-0","url_text":"0-313-30847-0"}]},{"reference":"Stillman, Kevin (February 27, 2006). \"Word to your mother\". Iowa State Daily. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304173901/http://www.iowastatedaily.com/news/article_766d27d2-dc56-5ff3-9040-47e44d46094f.html","url_text":"\"Word to your mother\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_State_Daily","url_text":"Iowa State Daily"},{"url":"http://www.iowastatedaily.com/news/article_766d27d2-dc56-5ff3-9040-47e44d46094f.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Nick (2006). \"When White Rappers Attack\". Making Friends with Black People. Kensington Books. p. 75. ISBN 0-7582-1295-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Adams_(comedian)","url_text":"Adams, Nick"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7582-1295-X","url_text":"0-7582-1295-X"}]},{"reference":"Runtagh, Jordan (June 8, 2016). \"Songs on Trial: 10 Landmark Music Copyright Cases\" > \"Vanilla Ice vs. Queen and David Bowie (1990)\". rollingstone.com. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035315/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/songs-on-trial-10-landmark-music-copyright-cases-20160608/vanilla-ice-vs-queen-and-david-bowie-1990-20160608","url_text":"\"Songs on Trial: 10 Landmark Music Copyright Cases\" > \"Vanilla Ice vs. Queen and David Bowie (1990)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"rollingstone.com"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/songs-on-trial-10-landmark-music-copyright-cases-20160608/vanilla-ice-vs-queen-and-david-bowie-1990-20160608","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"David, Bowie; John, Deacon; Roger, Taylor; Freddie, Mercury; Brian, May; M, Smooth; Earthquake; Ice, Vanilla; Ice, Vanilla (June 9, 2008). \"Ice Ice Baby\". Musicnotes.com. Retrieved July 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtd.asp?ppn=MN0065982","url_text":"\"Ice Ice Baby\""}]},{"reference":"\"Feature: Has Vanilla Ice been stealing other people's songs?\". Smash Hits (12–25 December 1990). EMAP Metro: 59.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smash_Hits","url_text":"Smash Hits"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMAP","url_text":"EMAP Metro"}]},{"reference":"Hoebee, Alida (December 24, 2007). \"Vanilla Ice – He's Still Cool\". Australia: Inside Out. Archived from the original on February 26, 2008. Retrieved February 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080226000354/http://www.samesame.com.au/features/1790/Vanilla-Ice-Hes-Still-Cool.htm","url_text":"\"Vanilla Ice – He's Still Cool\""},{"url":"http://www.samesame.com.au/features/1790/Vanilla-Ice-Hes-Still-Cool.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wartofsky, Alona (November 22, 1998). \"The Iceman Returneth; Vanilla Ice: Once Hated, He's Back With a Different Rap\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved February 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121023110920/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-696609.html","url_text":"\"The Iceman Returneth; Vanilla Ice: Once Hated, He's Back With a Different Rap\""},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-696609.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Information for \"Ice Ice Baby\" (12\")\". Discogs. 1990. 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1990\""},{"Link":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.9139&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=1990&cat=s","external_links_name":"\"Jaaroverzichten – Single 1990\""},{"Link":"https://nztop40.co.nz/index.php/chart/?chart=3879","external_links_name":"\"End of Year Charts 1990\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090706053853/http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1990","external_links_name":"\"Billboard Top 100 – 1990\""},{"Link":"http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1990","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1990/hot-r-and-and-b-hip-hop-songs","external_links_name":"\"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs – Year-End 1990\""},{"Link":"http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-50-singles-1991.htm","external_links_name":"\"1991 Australian Singles Chart\""},{"Link":"https://austriancharts.at/year.asp?cat=s&id=1991","external_links_name":"\"Jahreshitparade Singles 1991\""},{"Link":"http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=1991&cat=s","external_links_name":"\"Jaaroverzichten 1991\""},{"Link":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1991/MM-1991-12-21.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 1991\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1991/MM-1991-12-21.pdf","external_links_name":"\"EHR Year-End Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/single-jahr/for-date-1991","external_links_name":"\"Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts\""},{"Link":"https://www.top40.nl/bijzondere-lijsten/top-100-jaaroverzichten/1991","external_links_name":"\"Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1991\""},{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=1991&cat=s","external_links_name":"\"Jaaroverzichten – Single 1991\""},{"Link":"https://hitparade.ch/charts/jahreshitparade/1991","external_links_name":"\"Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1991 – hitparade.ch\""},{"Link":"http://www.ariacharts.com.au/annual-charts/1991/singles-chart","external_links_name":"\"1991 ARIA Singles Chart\""},{"Link":"https://ifpi.at/auszeichnungen/?fwp_per_page=100&fwp_interpret=Vanilla+Ice&fwp_titel=Ice+Ice+Baby&fwp_format=single&","external_links_name":"\"Austrian single certifications – Vanilla Ice – Ice Ice Baby\""},{"Link":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Ice+Ice+Baby%20Vanilla+Ice","external_links_name":"\"Canadian single certifications – Vanilla Ice – Ice Ice Baby\""},{"Link":"https://www.musikindustrie.de/wie-musik-zur-karriere-werden-kann/markt-bestseller/gold-/platin-und-diamond-auszeichnung/datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=Ice+Ice+Baby&strInterpret=Vanilla+Ice&strTtArt=alle&strAwards=checked","external_links_name":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Vanilla Ice; 'Ice Ice Baby')\""},{"Link":"https://nvpi.nl/nvpi-audio/marktinformatie/goud-platina-diamant/","external_links_name":"\"Dutch single certifications – Vanilla Ice – Ice Ice Baby\""},{"Link":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=2583","external_links_name":"\"New Zealand single certifications – Vanilla Ice – Ice Ice Baby\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110517224028/http://www.ifpi.se/wp/wp-content/uploads/guld-platina-1987-1998.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Guld- och Platinacertifikat − År 1987−1998\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifpi.se/wp/wp-content/uploads/guld-platina-1987-1998.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/3185-1610-1","external_links_name":"\"British single certifications – Vanilla Ice – Ice Ice Baby\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Vanilla+Ice&ti=Ice+Ice+Baby&format=Single&type=#search_section","external_links_name":"\"American single certifications – Vanilla Ice – Ice Ice Baby\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rog8ou-ZepE","external_links_name":"\"Ice Ice Baby\" music video"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/b4cb5c5d-ba9b-37f3-8f06-97bae67e3812","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/e0ebb61d-7f69-3667-a2b1-dcd447d80f3d","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_School
|
Junior school
|
["1 Australia","2 Canada","3 United Kingdom","4 See also","5 References"]
|
Type of school which provides primary education to children
Not to be confused with Junior high school or Junior college.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Junior school" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
A junior school is a type of school which provides primary education to children, often in the age range from 8 and 13, following attendance at an infant school, which covers the age range 5–7. Since both infant and junior schools provide primary education, pupils are commonly placed in a unified building – a primary school.
Australia
In Australia, a junior school is usually a part of a private school that educates children between the ages of 2 and 5.
In South Australia a junior primary school, it is where a child will begin their education, usually in or before the year level preceding Year 1. Depending on the school, a child will move to the main primary school between the ages of 3 in 8
In most primary schools, the junior primary is located within the same buildings and grounds as the primary school, although some junior schools are located on an adjacent or separate site.
Canada
In Canada, mostly in Toronto, the term junior school is used by the former Etobicoke Board of Education to refer to public schools from kindergarten to grade 5. Most of the schools in the former Scarborough Board of Education and the Toronto Board of Education use the term junior public school for schools from kindergarten to grade 6.
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom a junior school is usually a small school serving a particular locality, and is also used by independent schools to refer to the nursery and primary school services they offer.
A junior school forms part of the local pattern of provision for primary education. Most junior schools cater for pupils moving from infant schools from the September following their seventh birthday, after they have taken their Key stage 1 SATs. Pupils join in Year 3, and stay at the school for four years, leaving at the end of Year 6 when most pupils are aged 11. These four years form Key Stage 2 in the English education system. At the end of this time, most pupils will move to a secondary school.
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, a significant number of junior schools were abolished in favour of 9-14 middle schools, and while some of these remain open today the majority of them have been abolished in favour of a return to traditional 7–11 junior schools.
In some London boroughs, a JMI is a "junior mixed infant school" which caters to children aged 4 to 11. Some have been renamed to the more common "primary school".
See also
Education in the United Kingdom
Education in Australia
Primary education
Infant school
Primary school
Middle school
Three-tier education
References
^ "Primary". The Education Website. 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
^ "Primary education (4 to 11 years)". Cambridgeshire County Council. 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
vteSchool typesBy educational stageEarly childhood
Preschool
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First school
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Junior school
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By style / purpose
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Schools imposed onindigenous peoples
in Canada
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Informal or illegal
in Ireland
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in South Tyrol
Related topics
K–12
Educational institution
Schools portal
Category
Commons
|
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|
[]
|
[{"title":"Education in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Education in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Australia"},{"title":"Primary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_education"},{"title":"Infant school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_school"},{"title":"Primary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_school"},{"title":"Middle school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_school"},{"title":"Three-tier education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-tier_education"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Primary\". The Education Website. 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theeducationwebsite.co.uk/index.php?page=primary","url_text":"\"Primary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Primary education (4 to 11 years)\". Cambridgeshire County Council. 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/residents/children-and-families/schools-&-learning/education-system/primary-education-4-to-11-years/","url_text":"\"Primary education (4 to 11 years)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgeshire_County_Council","url_text":"Cambridgeshire County Council"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retropinnidae
|
Retropinnidae
|
["1 References"]
|
Family of fishes
Retropinnidae
New Zealand smelt, Retropinna retropinna
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Osmeriformes
Suborder:
Galaxoidei
Family:
Retropinnidae
Genera
Prototroctes
Retropinna
Stokellia
Synonyms
Prototroctidae
The Retropinnidae are a family of bony fishes that contains the Southern Hemisphere smelts and graylings. They are closely related to the northern smelts (Osmeridae), which they greatly resemble, but not to the northern graylings (Thymallus). Species from this family are only found in southeastern Australia and New Zealand. Although a few species are partly marine, most inhabit fresh or brackish water.
References
^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). "Retropinnidae" in FishBase. February 2012 version.
Taxon identifiersRetropinnidae
Wikidata: Q1365448
Wikispecies: Retropinnidae
AFD: Retropinnidae
BOLD: 1339
CoL: FLY
EoL: 5396
GBIF: 8483
iNaturalist: 86042
IRMNG: 112634
ITIS: 162119
NCBI: 130260
NZOR: f37f811f-98c0-4b1a-8f1f-3c4a707cb578
Open Tree of Life: 95066
Paleobiology Database: 265832
WoRMS: 154214
Authority control databases: National
Israel
This Osmeriformes-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/FamilySummary.php?Family=Retropinnidae","external_links_name":"\"Retropinnidae\""},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Retropinnidae","external_links_name":"Retropinnidae"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=1339","external_links_name":"1339"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/FLY","external_links_name":"FLY"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/5396","external_links_name":"5396"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/8483","external_links_name":"8483"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/86042","external_links_name":"86042"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=112634","external_links_name":"112634"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=162119","external_links_name":"162119"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=130260","external_links_name":"130260"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/f37f811f-98c0-4b1a-8f1f-3c4a707cb578","external_links_name":"f37f811f-98c0-4b1a-8f1f-3c4a707cb578"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=95066","external_links_name":"95066"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=265832","external_links_name":"265832"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=154214","external_links_name":"154214"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007534511105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Retropinnidae&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Valentine_(journalist)
|
James Valentine (journalist)
|
["1 Biography","1.1 Musical collaborations","1.2 Radio and TV presenter","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Australian musician and radio/TV presenter
James ValentineBirth nameJames Matthew ValentineBorn1961 (age 62–63)Ballarat, Victoria, AustraliaOccupation(s)Musicianradio and television presenterwriterInstrumentsSaxophoneYears active1980–presentFormerly ofJo Jo Zep & the FalconsModelsAbsent FriendsMusical artist
James Matthew Valentine (born 1961) is an Australian musician, and radio and television presenter. As a saxophonist he was a member of Jo Jo Zep (1982), Models (1984–87) and Absent Friends (1989–90).
Biography
James Matthew Valentine was born on October 5th, 1962 in Ballarat, Victoria. His father was a car salesman and his mother taught elocution and was a part-time radio announcer. He has two older brothers. He attended Ballarat Grammar School where he learned saxophone, he described his performances in the local area, "a really bad jazz rock fusion gig." In the early 1980s Valentine relocated to Melbourne to attend university, he later recalled "First year I spent studying, and then I started getting gigs, and I didn't pay much attention to uni after that because I wanted to be a jazz musician."
Valentine is also the author of a series of books for teenage boys, including the sci-fi novel trilogy JumpMan.
Musical collaborations
In 1982 James Valentine joined Joe Camilleri's group, Jo Jo Zep.
Valentine, on saxophone, and Kate Ceberano (of I'm Talking), on lead vocals, were members of Diana Boss and the Extremes, a covers band which performed The Supremes material. Other members included James Freud (of Models) on bass guitar, Barton Price (also of Models) on drums and Zan Abeyratne (of I'm Talking, with Ceberano) on co-lead vocals. He described his experience, "The rhythm section of that band was The Models. When that finished, they asked me to go on tour with them and then I never left. All of a sudden I was in this pop band wearing black leather jackets."
Valentine joined Models in late 1984, when they relocated to Sydney and he played saxophone with them until 1987, the group broke up in June of the following year. As a member of Models he appears on their studio albums, Out of Mind, Out of Sight (September 1985) and Models' Media (October 1986).
Valentine joined Absent Friends on saxophone and clarinet in 1989, they recorded a lone album, Here's Looking Up Your Address (April 1990). He also worked for Wendy Matthews (ex-Models, Absent Friends) on her debut solo album, Émigré (November 1990).
Radio and TV presenter
Valentine has been a radio and TV presenter. He was the host of The Afternoon Show on ABC TV, children's afternoon TV series, from February 1987 until 1990. He continued at the ABC as a presenter of TV TV. As a radio presenter he worked on 666 ABC Canberra and has also spent more than 20 years presenting the Afternoons show on ABC Radio Sydney and Upbeat, each Sunday morning on ABC Jazz. Valentine wrote and presented comedy sketches on air for the ABC's Humour Australia website.
Valentine narrated Come Dine with Me Australia from 2010 to 2013 and Celebrity Come Dine With Me Australia from 2012 to 2014. He took over from Wendy Harmer and Robbie Buck as host of ABC Radio Sydney's Breakfast from Monday 13 December 2021 after the pair ended their run on Friday 10 December 2021.
At the end of 2023, it was announced that Valentine would return to the afternoon program, with Craig Reucassel taking over the breakfast show.
References
General
McFarlane, Ian (1999). "Whammo Homepage". Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-072-1. Archived from the original on 5 April 2004. Retrieved 11 June 2015. Note: Archived copy has limited functionality.
Specific
^ Dominic (28 May 2024). "James Valentine Bio, Wiki, Age, Height, Wife, Music Man, ABC, Net Worth". informationcradle.com. Archived from the original on 12 June 2024.
^ a b Javes, Sue (20 July 2004). "Valentine's day". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 12 June 2024. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
^ Rollason, Bridgit (17 July 2013). "A Valentine for the Exhumed". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 12 June 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
^ a b c d Shanahan, Brendan; Throsby, Corin (21 February 1997). "Flipside: Be My Valentine". Woroni. Vol. 49, no. 1. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. p. 42. Retrieved 11 June 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
^ McFarlane, 'Jo Jo Zep and the Falcons' entry. Archived from the original on 13 August 2004. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
^ a b c James Valentine at Australian Rock Database:
Jo Jo Zep (1982): Holmgren, Magnus; Baird, Paul. "Joe Camilleri aka Joey Vincent aka Jo Jo Zep". passagen.se. Australian Rock Database (Magnus Holmgren). Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
Models (1984–87): Holmgren, Magnus; Baird, Paul; Aubrey, Ross; Acosta, Lisa. "The Models". passagen.se. Australian Rock Database (Magnus Holmgren). Archived from the original on 12 June 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
Absent Friends (1989–90): Holmgren, Magnus; Francois, Ron. "Absent Friends". passagen.se. Australian Rock Database (Magnus Holmgren). Archived from the original on 29 October 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
^ Warren, Rachel (18 July 1985). "Models proving that opposites equal". The Canberra Times. Vol. 59, no. 18, 189. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. p. 15. Retrieved 11 June 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
^ a b McFarlane, 'Models' entry. Archived from the original on 4 June 2004. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
^ "Band Members". Angelfire.com. Archived from the original on 1 September 1999. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
^ McFarlane, 'Absent Friends' entry. Archived from the original on 3 August 2004. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
^ Manning, James (8 October 2021). "ABC Radio reveals James Valentine new host of ABC Sydney breakfast". Mediaweek. Archived from the original on 12 June 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
^ "Humour Australia History". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 29 May 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
^ "James Valentine took over as Breakfast presenter for 2022". ABC Radio Sydney Breakfast. 8 October 2021. Archived from the original on 12 June 2024. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
^ Quinn, Karl (28 November 2023). "Craig Reucassel to host ABC breakfast radio, Valentine back to afternoons". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 12 June 2024. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
External links
Official website
James Valentine It Takes Two biography
James Valentine ABC biography
vteABC Radio Sydney
James Valentine
Sabra Lane
Sarah Macdonald
Richard Fidler
Sarah Kanowski
Eleanor Hall
Josh Szeps
Richard Glover
Philip Clark
Suzanne Hill
Trevor Chappell
Rod Quinn
Simon Marnie
Elizabeth Jackson
Felicity Urquhart
Ian McNamara
Larissa Behrendt
Australian Broadcasting Corporation
ABC Local Radio
ABC New South Wales
vteJo Jo Zep and the Falcons
Joe Camilleri
Gary Young
Wilbur Wilde
Jane Clifton
Studio albums
Don't Waste It
Whip It Out
So Young
Screaming Targets
Hats Off Step Lively
Dexterity
Cha
Ricochet
Reissued albums
Step Lively
Live albums
Live!! Loud and Clear
Let's Drip Awhile
Compilations
The Sound of Jo Jo Zep & The Falcons
Shape I'm In: The Complete Anthology
The Best of Jo Jo Zep & The Falcons
Singles
"Run Rudolph Run"
"Beating Around the Bush"
"(I'm in a) Dancing Mood"
"Honey Dripper"
"So Young"
"Hit and Run"
"Shape I'm In"
"All I Wanna Do"
"Puppet on a String"
"I Will Return"
"But It's Alright"
"Gimme Little Sign"
"Taxi Mary"
"Walk On By"
Related articles
Discography
The Black Sorrows
vteModels
Sean Kelly
Ash Wednesday
Andrew Duffield
James Freud
James Valentine
Roger Mason
Kate Ceberano
Zan Abeyratne
Wendy Matthews
Studio albums
Alphabravocharliedeltaechofoxtrotgolf
Local &/or General
The Pleasure of Your Company
Out of Mind, Out of Sight
Models' Media
Singles
"I Hear Motion"
"Big on Love"
"Barbados"
"Out of Mind, Out of Sight"
"Oh! Darling"
EPs
Cut Lunch
Compilation albums
Melbourne
Category
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
Netherlands
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jo Jo Zep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Jo_Zep_%26_The_Falcons"},{"link_name":"Models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models_(band)"},{"link_name":"Absent Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absent_Friends_(band)"}],"text":"Musical artistJames Matthew Valentine (born 1961) is an Australian musician, and radio and television presenter. As a saxophonist he was a member of Jo Jo Zep (1982), Models (1984–87) and Absent Friends (1989–90).","title":"James Valentine (journalist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ballarat, Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Javes-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Javes-2"},{"link_name":"Ballarat Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rollason-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shanahan-4"}],"text":"James Matthew Valentine was born on October 5th, 1962 in Ballarat, Victoria.[1][2] His father was a car salesman and his mother taught elocution and was a part-time radio announcer. He has two older brothers.[2] He attended Ballarat Grammar School where he learned saxophone, he described his performances in the local area, \"a really bad jazz rock fusion gig.\"[3] In the early 1980s Valentine relocated to Melbourne to attend university, he later recalled \"First year I spent studying, and then I started getting gigs, and I didn't pay much attention to uni after that because I wanted to be a jazz musician.\"[4]Valentine is also the author of a series of books for teenage boys, including the sci-fi novel trilogy JumpMan.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe Camilleri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Camilleri"},{"link_name":"Jo Jo Zep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Jo_Zep_%26_The_Falcons"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_JJZTF-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holmgren-6"},{"link_name":"Kate Ceberano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Ceberano"},{"link_name":"I'm Talking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Talking"},{"link_name":"The Supremes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Supremes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shanahan-4"},{"link_name":"James Freud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Freud"},{"link_name":"Models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models_(band)"},{"link_name":"Zan Abeyratne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zan_Abeyratne"},{"link_name":"I'm Talking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Talking"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warren-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shanahan-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holmgren-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_M-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OldMembers-9"},{"link_name":"Out of Mind, Out of Sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_Mind,_Out_of_Sight_(album)"},{"link_name":"Models' Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models%27_Media"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holmgren-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_M-8"},{"link_name":"Absent Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absent_Friends_(band)"},{"link_name":"Here's Looking Up Your Address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here%27s_Looking_Up_Your_Address"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_AF-10"},{"link_name":"Wendy Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Matthews"},{"link_name":"Émigré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9_(album)"}],"sub_title":"Musical collaborations","text":"In 1982 James Valentine joined Joe Camilleri's group, Jo Jo Zep.[5][6]Valentine, on saxophone, and Kate Ceberano (of I'm Talking), on lead vocals, were members of Diana Boss and the Extremes, a covers band which performed The Supremes material.[4] Other members included James Freud (of Models) on bass guitar, Barton Price (also of Models) on drums and Zan Abeyratne (of I'm Talking, with Ceberano) on co-lead vocals.[7] He described his experience, \"The rhythm section of that band was The Models. When that finished, they asked me to go on tour with them and then I never left. All of a sudden I was in this pop band wearing black leather jackets.\"[4]Valentine joined Models in late 1984, when they relocated to Sydney and he played saxophone with them until 1987, the group broke up in June of the following year.[6][8][9] As a member of Models he appears on their studio albums, Out of Mind, Out of Sight (September 1985) and Models' Media (October 1986).[6][8]Valentine joined Absent Friends on saxophone and clarinet in 1989, they recorded a lone album, Here's Looking Up Your Address (April 1990).[10] He also worked for Wendy Matthews (ex-Models, Absent Friends) on her debut solo album, Émigré (November 1990).","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Afternoon Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Afternoon_Show_(Australian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"ABC TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Television_(Australian_TV_network)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shanahan-4"},{"link_name":"666 ABC Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/666_ABC_Canberra"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"ABC Radio Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Radio_Sydney"},{"link_name":"ABC Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Jazz"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Humour-12"},{"link_name":"Come Dine with Me Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_Dine_with_Me_Australia"},{"link_name":"Celebrity Come Dine With Me Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_Come_Dine_With_Me_Australia"},{"link_name":"Wendy Harmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Harmer"},{"link_name":"Robbie Buck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Buck"},{"link_name":"ABC Radio Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Radio_Sydney"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Craig Reucassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Reucassel"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Radio and TV presenter","text":"Valentine has been a radio and TV presenter. He was the host of The Afternoon Show on ABC TV, children's afternoon TV series, from February 1987 until 1990. He continued at the ABC as a presenter of TV TV.[4] As a radio presenter he worked on 666 ABC Canberra and has also spent more than 20 years[11] presenting the Afternoons show on ABC Radio Sydney and Upbeat, each Sunday morning on ABC Jazz. Valentine wrote and presented comedy sketches on air for the ABC's Humour Australia website.[12]Valentine narrated Come Dine with Me Australia from 2010 to 2013 and Celebrity Come Dine With Me Australia from 2012 to 2014. He took over from Wendy Harmer and Robbie Buck as host of ABC Radio Sydney's Breakfast[13] from Monday 13 December 2021 after the pair ended their run on Friday 10 December 2021.[citation needed]At the end of 2023, it was announced that Valentine would return to the afternoon program, with Craig Reucassel taking over the breakfast show.[14]","title":"Biography"}]
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[]
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Retrieved 9 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mediaweek.com.au/abc-radio-reveals-james-valentine-new-host-of-abc-sydney-breakfast/","url_text":"\"ABC Radio reveals James Valentine new host of ABC Sydney breakfast\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediaweek_(Australia)","url_text":"Mediaweek"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240612131819/https://www.mediaweek.com.au/abc-radio-reveals-james-valentine-new-host-of-abc-sydney-breakfast/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Humour Australia History\". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 29 May 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130529063731/http://www.abc.net.au/humouraustralia/history.htm","url_text":"\"Humour Australia History\""},{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/humouraustralia/history.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"James Valentine took over as Breakfast presenter for 2022\". ABC Radio Sydney Breakfast. 8 October 2021. Archived from the original on 12 June 2024. Retrieved 8 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/radio/sydney/programs/breakfast/jv/13576478","url_text":"\"James Valentine took over as Breakfast presenter for 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Radio_Sydney","url_text":"ABC Radio Sydney Breakfast"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240612130829/https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/sydney-breakfast/jv/13576478","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Quinn, Karl (28 November 2023). \"Craig Reucassel to host ABC breakfast radio, Valentine back to afternoons\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 12 June 2024. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai-Kadai_languages
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Kra–Dai languages
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["1 Names","2 Origin","3 Internal classification","3.1 Edmondson and Solnit (1988)","3.2 Ostapirat (2005); Norquest (2007)","3.3 Norquest (2015, 2020)","3.4 Norquest (2021)","4 Hypotheses regarding external relationships","4.1 Austro-Tai","4.2 Sino-Tai","4.3 Hmong–Mien","4.4 Japonic","5 Reconstruction","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 Sources","10 Further reading","11 External links"]
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Language family of mainland Southeast Asia
Kra–DaiTai–Kadai, DaicEthnicityDaic peopleGeographicdistributionSouthern China, Hainan Island,Indochina, and Northeast IndiaLinguistic classificationOne of the world's primary language familiesProto-languageProto-Kra–DaiSubdivisions
Kra
Kam–Sui
Biao–Lakkia
Be–Jizhao
Tai
Hlai–Jiamao
Glottologtaik1256Distribution of the Tai–Kadai language family.
Kra
Kam–Sui
Be
Hlai
Northern Tai
Central Tai
Southwestern Tai
The Kra–Dai languages (/ˈkrɑː.daɪ/ KRAH-dy, also known as Tai–Kadai /ˈtaɪ.kəˌdaɪ/ TIE-kə-DYE and Daic /ˈdaɪ.ɪk/ DYE-ik), are a language family in mainland Southeast Asia, southern China, and northeastern India. All languages in the family are tonal, including Thai and Lao, the national languages of Thailand and Laos, respectively. Around 93 million people speak Kra–Dai languages; 60% of those speak Thai. Ethnologue lists 95 languages in the family, with 62 of these being in the Tai branch.
Names
The name "Kra–Dai" was proposed by Weera Ostapirat (2000), as Kra and Dai are the reconstructed autonyms of the Kra and Tai branches, respectively. "Kra–Dai" has since been used by the majority of specialists working on Southeast Asian linguistics, including Norquest (2007), Pittayaporn (2009), Baxter & Sagart (2014), and Enfield & Comrie (2015).
The name "Tai–Kadai" is used in many references, as well as Ethnologue and Glottolog, but Ostapirat (2000) and others suggest that it is problematic and confusing, preferring the name "Kra–Dai" instead. "Tai–Kadai" comes from an obsolete bifurcation of the family into two branches, Tai and Kadai, which had first been proposed by Paul K. Benedict (1942). In 1942, Benedict placed three Kra languages (Gelao, Laqua (Qabiao), and Lachi) together with Hlai in a group that he called "Kadai", from ka, meaning "person" in Gelao and Laqua and dai, a form of a Hlai autonym. Benedict's (1942) "Kadai" group was based on his observation that Kra and Hlai languages have Austronesian-like numerals. However, this classification is now universally rejected as obsolete after Ostapirat (2000) demonstrated the coherence of the Kra branch, which does not subgroup with the Hlai branch as Benedict (1942) had proposed. "Kadai" is sometimes used to refer to the entire Kra–Dai family, including by Solnit (1988). Adding to the confusion, some other references restrict the usage of "Kadai" to only the Kra branch of the family.
The name "Daic" is used by Roger Blench (2008).
Origin
Tai–Kadai migration route, according to Matthias Gerner's Northeast to Southwest Hypothesis.
James R. Chamberlain (2016) proposes that the Tai–Kadai (Kra–Dai) language family was formed as early as the 12th century BCE in the middle of the Yangtze basin, coinciding roughly with the establishment of the Chu fiefdom and the beginning of the Zhou dynasty. The high diversity of Kra–Dai languages in southern China, especially in Guizhou and Hainan, points to that being an origin of the Kra–Dai language family, founding the nations that later became Thailand and Laos in what had been Austroasiatic territory. Genetic and linguistic analyses show great homogeneity among Kra–Dai-speaking people in Thailand.
Although the position of Kra–Dai in relation to Austronesian is still contested, some propose that Kra–Dai and Austronesian are genetically connected. Weera Ostapirat (2005) sets out a series of regular sound correspondences between them, assuming a model of a primary split between the two; they would then be co-ordinate branches. Ostapirat (2013) continues to maintain that Kra–Dai and Austronesian are sister language families, based on certain phonological correspondences. On the other hand, Laurent Sagart (2008) proposes that Kra–Dai is a later form of what he calls "FATK" (Formosan Ancestor of Tai–Kadai) a branch of Austronesian belonging to the subgroup "Puluqic", developed in Taiwan, whose speakers migrated back to the mainland, to Guangdong, Hainan, and north Vietnam, around the second half of the 3rd millennium BCE. Upon their arrival in this region, they underwent linguistic contact with an unknown population, resulting in a partial relexification of FATK vocabulary. Erica Brindley (2015) supports Sagart's hypothesis, arguing that the radically different Kra-Dai history of migration to the mainland (as opposed to the Philippines for Proto-Austronesian) and extended contact with Austro-Asiatic and Sinitic speakers would make the relationship appear more distant. She also suggests that the presence of only the most basic Austronesian vocabulary in Kra-Dai makes this scenario of relexification more plausible.
Besides various concrete pieces of evidence for a Kra–Dai existence in present-day Guangdong, remnants of Kra–Dai languages spoken further north can be found in unearthed inscriptional materials and non-Han substrata in Min and Wu Chinese.
Wolfgang Behr (2002, 2006, 2009, 2017) points out that most non-Sinitic words found in Chu inscriptional materials are of Kra–Dai origin. For example, the Chu graph for 'one, once' written as (? < OC *nnəŋ) in the E jun qijie 鄂君啟筯 bronze tally and in Warring States bamboo inscriptions, which represents a Kra–Dai areal word; compare Proto-Tai *hnïŋ = *hnɯŋ (Siamese 22nɯŋ, Dai 33nɯŋ, Longzhou nəəŋA etc.) 'one, once'.
In the early 1980s, Wei Qingwen (韦庆稳), a Zhuang linguist, proposed that the Old Yue language recorded in the Song of the Yue Boatman is in fact a language ancestral to Zhuang. Wei used reconstructed Old Chinese for the characters and discovered that the resulting vocabulary showed strong resemblance to modern Zhuang. Later, Zhengzhang Shangfang (1991) followed Wei's proposal but used Thai script for comparison, since this orthography dates from the 13th century and preserves archaisms not found in modern pronunciation. Zhengzhang notes that 'evening, night, dark' bears the C tone in Wuming Zhuang xamC2 and ɣamC2 'night'. The item raa normally means 'we (inclusive)' but in some places, e.g., Tai Lue and White Tai, it means 'I'. However, Laurent Sagart criticizes Zhengzhang's interpretation as anachronistic, because however archaic the Thai script is, the Thai language was only written 2,000 years after the song had been recorded; even if Proto-Kam–Tai had emerged by the 6th century BCE, its pronunciation would have been substantially different from Thai.
Map of the Chinese plain at the start of the Warring States Period, in the 5th century BC.
Internal classification
Example of the divergence among the Kra-Dai languages, using the word for "tooth".
Kra–Dai consists of at least five well-established branches, namely Kra, Kam–Sui, Tai, Be, and Hlai (Ostapirat 2005:109).
Tai
southern China and Southeast Asia
Kra
southern China, northern Vietnam; called Kadai in Ethnologue and Geyang (仡央) in Chinese
Kam–Sui
Guizhou and Guangxi, China
Be
Hainan; possibly also includes Jizhao of Guangdong
Hlai
Hainan
Chinese linguists have also proposed a Kam–Tai group that includes Kam–Sui, Tai, and Be.
Kra–Dai languages that are not securely classified and may constitute independent Kra–Dai branches include the following:
Lakkia and Biao, which may or may not subgroup with each other, are difficult to classify due to aberrant vocabulary but are sometimes classified as sisters of Kam–Sui (Solnit 1988).
Jiamao of southern Hainan, China, is an aberrant Kra–Dai language traditionally classified as a Hlai language, although Jiamao contains many words of non-Hlai origin.
Jizhao of Guangdong, China, is currently unclassified within Kra–Dai but appears to be most closely related to Be (Ostapirat 1998).
Kra–Dai languages of mixed origins are:
Hezhang Buyi: Northern Tai and Kra
E: Northern Tai and Pinghua Chinese
Caolan: Northern Tai and Central Tai
Jiamao: Hlai and other unknown elements (Austroasiatic?)
Edmondson and Solnit (1988)
An early but influential classification, with the traditional Kam–Tai clade, was Edmondson and Solnit's classification from 1988:
Kra–Dai
Kra (Geyang)
Hlai
Kam–Tai
Lakkia–Biao
Kam–Sui
Be
Tai
This classification is also used by Liang and Zhang (1996), Chamberlain (2016: 38), and Ethnologue, though by 2009 Lakkia was made a third branch of Kam–Tai and Biao was moved into Kam–Sui.
Ostapirat (2005); Norquest (2007)
Weera Ostapirat (2005:128) suggests the possibility of Kra and Kam–Sui being grouped together as Northern Kra–Dai and Hlai with Tai as Southern Kra–Dai. Norquest (2007) has further updated this classification to include Lakkia and Be. Norquest notes that Lakkia shares some similarities with Kam–Sui, while Be shares some similarities with Tai. Norquest (2007:15) notes that Be shares various similarities with Northern Tai languages in particular. Following Ostapirat, Norquest adopts the name Kra–Dai for the family as a whole. The following tree of Kra–Dai is from Norquest (2007:16):
Kra–Dai
Northern
Kra
Northeastern
Lakkia
Kam–Sui
Southern
Hlai
Be–Tai
Tai
Be
Additionally, Norquest (2007) also proposes a reconstruction for Proto-Southern Kra–Dai.
Norquest (2015, 2020)
A classification of Kra–Dai by Norquest (2015, 2020) is provided as follows:
Kra–Dai
Kra
Eastern Kra–Dai
Biao
Lakkja–Kam–Tai
Lakkja
Kam–Tai
Kam–Sui
Western Kam–Tai
Hlai
Be–Tai
Ong-Be
Tai
Norquest (2021)
Based on shared lexical innovations, Norquest (2021) significantly revised his classification of Kra–Dai. Together, Biao and Lakkja form the most divergent subgroup of Kra–Dai. Be–Tai and Hlai are placed together as part of a "Hlai–Tai" group.
Kra–Dai
Biao–Lakkja
Kam–Tai
Kam–Sui
Kra–Tai
Kra
Hlai–Tai
Hlai
Be–Tai
Be
Tai
Hypotheses regarding external relationships
Austro-Tai
Main article: Austro-Tai languages
Proposed genesis of Daic languages and their relation to Austronesian languages (Blench, 2018)
Several scholars have presented evidence that Kra–Dai may be related to, or even a branch of, the Austronesian language family. There are a number of possible cognates in the core vocabulary, displaying regular sound correspondences. Among proponents, there is yet no agreement as to whether they are a sister group to Austronesian in a family called Austro-Tai, a back-migration from Taiwan to the mainland or a later migration from the Philippines to Hainan during the Austronesian expansion.
The inclusion of Japanese in the Austro-Tai family, as proposed by Paul K. Benedict in the late 20th century, is not supported by the current proponents of the Austro-Tai hypothesis.
Sino-Tai
The Kra–Dai languages were formerly considered to be part of the Sino-Tibetan family, partly because they contain large numbers of words that are similar to Sino-Tibetan languages. However, Western scholars generally consider them to be Sinitic loanwords and note that basic vocabulary words in Kra–Dai languages often have cognates with Austronesian instead. Outside China, the Kra–Dai languages are now classified as an independent family. In China, they are called Dong–Tai (侗台) or Zhuang–Dong (壮侗) languages and are generally included, along with the Hmong–Mien languages, in the Sino-Tibetan family.
Hmong–Mien
Kosaka (2002) has argued specifically for a Miao–Dai family. Based on proposed lexical cognates, he proposes a genetic relation between Hmong–Mien and Kra–Dai languages. He further suggests that similarities between Kra–Dai and Austronesian are due to later areal contact in the coastal areas of eastern and southeastern China or an older ancestral relation (Proto-East Asian).
Japonic
Vovin (2014) has proposed that the location of the Japonic Urheimat (linguistic homeland) is in southern China. He argues for typological evidence that Proto-Japanese may have been a monosyllabic, SVO syntax and isolating language, which is also characteristic of Kra–Dai languages. According to him, these common features are however not due to a genetic relationship but rather the result of intense contact.
Reconstruction
Main article: Proto-Kra–Dai language
See also
Austric languages
Proto-Hlai language
Proto-Hmong–Mien language
Proto-Kam–Sui language
Proto-Kra language
Proto-Tibeto-Burman language
Proto-Tai language
Sino-Austronesian languages
Notes
^ Formosan ancestor of Tai–Kadai.
References
^ Diller, Anthony, Jerry Edmondson, Yongxian Luo. (2008). The Tai–Kadai Languages. London : Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1457-5
^ "Taikadai". www.languagesgulper.com. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
^ "Ethnologue Tai–Kadai family tree".
^ a b Ostapirat, Weera. (2000). "Proto-Kra." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 23 (1): 1–251.
^ a b Norquest, Peter K. 2007. A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona.
^ Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 2009. The phonology of Proto-Tai. Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell University
^ Peter Jenks and Pittayawat Pittayaporn. Kra-Dai Languages. Oxford Bibliographies in "Linguistics", Ed. Mark Aranoff. New York: Oxford University Press.
^ Baxter, William H.; Sagart, Laurent (2014), Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-994537-5.
^ N. J. Enfield and B. Comrie, Eds. 2015. Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia: The State of the Art. Berlin, Mouton de Gruyter.
^ a b Benedict, Paul K. (1942). "Thai, Kadai, and Indonesian: A New Alignment in Southeastern Asia". American Anthropologist. 44 (4): 576–601. doi:10.1525/aa.1942.44.4.02a00040. JSTOR 663309.
^ a b Solnit, David B. 1988. "The position of Lakkia within Kadai." In Comparative Kadai: Linguistic studies beyond Tai, Jerold A. Edmondson and David B. Solnit (eds.). pages 219–238. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics 86. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
^ a b Edmondson, Jerold A. and David B. Solnit, editors. 1988. Comparative Kadai: Linguistic studies beyond Tai. Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics, 86. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. vii, 374 p.
^ Blench, Roger. 2008. The Prehistory of the Daic (Tai-Kadai) Speaking Peoples Archived 29 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Presented at the 12th EURASEAA meeting Leiden, 1–5 September 2008. (PPT slides)
^ Gerner, Matthias (2014). Project Discussion: The Austro-Tai Hypothesis (PDF). The 14th International Symposium on Chinese Languages and Linguistics (IsCLL-14). p. 158.
^ Chamberlain, James R. (2016). "Kra-Dai and the Proto-History of South China and Vietnam", pp. 27–77. In Journal of the Siam Society, Vol. 104, 2016.
^ Srithawong, Suparat; Srikummool, Metawee; Pittayaporn, Pittayawat; Ghirotto, Silvia; Chantawannakul, Panuwan; Sun, Jie; Eisenberg, Arthur; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Kutanan, Wibhu (July 2015). "Genetic and linguistic correlation of the Kra-Dai-speaking groups in Thailand". Journal of Human Genetics. 60 (7): 371–380. doi:10.1038/jhg.2015.32. ISSN 1435-232X. PMID 25833471. S2CID 21509343.
^ Blench 2017, p. 11.
^ a b Ostapirat 2013, pp. 1–10.
^ Sagart 2008, pp. 146–152.
^ Sagart 2008, p. 151.
^ Brindley 2015, p. 51.
^ Behr 2002.
^ Behr 2006.
^ Behr 2009.
^ Behr 2017, p. 12.
^ Holm 2013, p. 785.
^ a b Edmondson 2007, p. 16.
^ Zhengzhang 1991, pp. 159–168.
^ Edmondson 2007, p. 17.
^ Sagart 2008, p. 143.
^ Liang Min 梁敏 & Zhang Junru 张均如. 1996. Dongtai yuzu gailun 侗台语族概论 / An introduction to the Kam–Tai languages. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press 中国社会科学出版社. ISBN 9787500416814
^ Ni Dabai 倪大白. 1990. Dongtai yu gailun 侗台语概论 / An introduction to the Kam–Tai languages. Beijing: Central Nationalities Research Institute Press 中央民族学院出版社.
^ Ostapirat, W. (1998). A Mainland Bê Language? / 大陆的Bê语言?. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 26(2), 338–344
^ Edmondson, Jerold A. and David B. Solnit, editors. 1997. Comparative Kadai: the Tai branch. Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics, 124. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. vi, 382 p.
^ Liang Min & Zhang Junru. 1996. An introduction to the Kam–Tai languages. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press.
^ Chamberlain, James R. 2016. Kra–Dai and the proto-history of South China and Vietnam. Journal of the Siam Society 104. 27–77.
^ a b Ostapirat, Weera. (2005). "Kra–Dai and Austronesian: Notes on phonological correspondences and vocabulary distribution", pp. 107–131 in Sagart, Laurent, Blench, Roger & Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia (eds.), The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics. London/New York: Routledge-Curzon.
^ Norquest, Peter (29 September 2015). A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai. Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004300521. hdl:10150/194203. ISBN 978-90-04-30052-1.
^ Norquest, Peter. 2020. A Hypothesis on the Origin of Preglottalized Sonorants in Kra–Dai. 38th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. Vancouver: Department of Linguistics, University of British Columbia. doi:10.14288/1.0389866
^ Norquest, Peter (2021). "Classification of (Tai–)Kadai/Kra–Dai languages". The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia. De Gruyter. pp. 225–246. doi:10.1515/9783110558142-013. ISBN 9783110558142. S2CID 238672319.
^ Blench, Roger (2018). Tai-Kadai and Austronesian are Related at Multiple Levels and their Archaeological Interpretation (draft). The volume of cognates between Austronesian and Daic, notably in fundamental vocabulary, is such that they must be related. Borrowing can be excluded as an explanation
^ Sagart, Laurent (2004). "The higher phylogeny of Austronesian and the position of Tai–Kadai" (PDF). Oceanic Linguistics. 43 (2): 411–440. doi:10.1353/ol.2005.0012. S2CID 49547647.
^ Benedict, Paul K. (1990). Japanese/Austro-Tai. Karoma. ISBN 978-0-89720-078-3.
^ Luo, Yongxian. 2008. Sino-Tai and Tai-Kadai: Another look. In Anthony V. N. Diller and Jerold A. Edmondson and Yongxian Luo (eds.), The Tai-Kadai Languages, 9–28. London & New York: Routledge.
^ Kosaka, Ryuichi. 2002. "On the affiliation of Miao-Yao and Kadai: Can we posit the Miao–Dai family." Mon–Khmer Studies 32:71–100.
^ Vovin, Alexander (2014). Out Of Southern China? --some linguistic and philological musings on the possible Urheimat of the Japonic language family-- XXVIIes Journées de Linguistique d'Asie Orientale 26–27 juin 2014.
Sources
Behr, Wolfgang (2017). "The language of the bronze inscriptions". In Shaughnessy, Edward L. (ed.). Kinship: Studies of Recently Discovered Bronze Inscritpions from Ancient China. The Chinese University Press of Hong Kong. pp. 9–32. ISBN 978-9-629-96639-3.
——— (2009). "Dialects, diachrony, diglossia or all three? Tomb text glimpses into the language(s) of Chǔ". TTW-3, Zürich, 26.-29.VI.2009, "Genius Loci": 1–48.
——— (2006). "Some Chŭ 楚 words in early Chinese literature". EACL-4, Budapest: 1–21.
——— (2002). "Stray loanword gleanings from two Ancient Chinese fictional texts". 16e Journées de Linguistique d'Asie Orientale, Centre de Recherches Linguistiques Sur l'Asie Orientale (E.H.E.S.S.), Paris: 1–6.
Blench, Roger. 2004. Stratification in the peopling of China: how far does the linguistic evidence match genetics and archaeology? Paper for the Symposium "Human migrations in continental East Asia and Taiwan: genetic, linguistic and archaeological evidence". Geneva 10–13 June 2004. Université de Genève.
Blench, Roger (2017) . "Origins of Ethnolinguistic Identity in Southeast Asia" (PDF). In Habu, Junko; Lape, Peter; Olsen, John (eds.). Handbook of East and Southeast Asian Archaeology. Springer. ISBN 978-1-493-96521-2.
Brindley, Erica F. (2015). Ancient China and the Yue. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-08478-0.
Edmondson, J.A. and D.B. Solnit eds. 1997. Comparative Kadai: the Tai branch. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. ISBN 0-88312-066-6
Edmondson, Jerold A. (2007). "The power of language over the past: Tai settlement and Tai linguistics in southern China and northern Vietnam" (PDF). Studies in Southeast Asian Languages and Linguistics, Jimmy G. Harris, Somsonge Burusphat and James E. Harris, ed. Bangkok, Thailand: Ek Phim Thai Co. LTD.: 1–25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
Holm, David (2014). "A Layer of Old Chinese Readings in the Traditional Zhuang Script". Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities. 79: 1–45.
——— (2013). Mapping the Old Zhuang Character Script: A Vernacular Writing System from Southern China. BRILL. ISBN 978-9-004-22369-1.
Li, Hui (2001). "Daic Background Vocabulary in Shanghai Maqiao Dialect" (PDF). Proceedings for Conference of Minority Cultures in Hainan and Taiwan, Haikou: Research Society for Chinese National History: 15–26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
Ostapirat, Weera (2013). "Austro-Tai revisited" (PDF). Plenary Session 2: Going Beyond History: Reassessing Genetic Grouping in SEA the 23rd Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, May 29–31, 2013, Chulalongkorn University: 1–10.
Sagart, Laurent (2008). "The expansion of Setaria farmers in East Asia". In Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia; Blench, Roger; Ross, Malcolm D.; Peiros, Ilia; Lin, Marie (eds.). Past Human Migrations in East Asia: Matching Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics (Routledge Studies in the Early History of Asia) 1st Edition. Routledge. pp. 133–157. ISBN 978-0-415-39923-4.
Zhengzhang, Shangfang (1991). "Decipherment of Yue-Ren-Ge (Song of the Yue boatman)". Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale. 20 (2): 159–168. doi:10.3406/clao.1991.1345.
Further reading
Chamberlain, James R. (2016). Kra-Dai and the Proto-History of South China and Vietnam. Journal of the Siam Society, 104, 27-76.
Diller, A., J. Edmondson, & Yongxian Luo, ed., (2005). The Tai–Kadai languages. London : Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1457-X
Edmondson, J. A. (1986). Kam tone splits and the variation of breathiness.
Edmondson, J. A., & Solnit, D. B. (eds.) (1988). Comparative Kadai: linguistic studies beyond Tai. Summer Institute of Linguistics publications in linguistics, no. 86. Arlington, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 0-88312-066-6
Mann, Noel, Wendy Smith and Eva Ujlakyova. 2009. Linguistic clusters of Mainland Southeast Asia: an overview of the language families. Archived 24 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine Chiang Mai: Payap University.
Norquest, Peter (2021). "Classification of (Tai-)Kadai/Kra-Dai languages". The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia. De Gruyter. pp. 225–246. doi:10.1515/9783110558142-013. ISBN 9783110558142. S2CID 238672319.
Ostapirat, Weera. (2000). "Proto-Kra." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 23 (1): 1-251.
Somsonge Burusphat, & Sinnott, M. (1998). Kam–Tai oral literatures: collaborative research project between. Salaya Nakhon Pathom, Thailand: Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University. ISBN 974-661-450-9
External links
Word lists of Tai–Kadai languages from the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database
Tai–Kadai word lists by Ilya Peiros (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)
StarLing: Tai–Kadai 100-word lists and etymology
StarLing: Zhuang–Tai 100-word lists and etymology
StarLing: Kam–Sui 100-word lists and etymology
Appendix:Kra–Dai Swadesh lists (from Wiktionary's Swadesh list appendix)
Kra–Dai vocabulary lists (from Wiktionary's Vocabulary lists appendix)
vteKra–Dai languagesKra
Laha
Lachi
Paha
Buyang
En
Qabiao
Gelao
Vandu
A'ou
Mulao
Hagei
Telue
Qau
Kam–Sui
Mulam
Kam (Dong)
Cao Miao
Nuoxi (Naxi Yao)
Then
Maonan
Chadong
Sui
Mak
Ai-Cham
Biao
Biao
Lakkia
Lakkia
Hlai
Bouhin
Ha Em
Lauhut
Tongzha
Zandui
Baoting
Cun
Nadou
Changjiang
Moyfaw
Baisha
Yuanmen
Jiamao
Jiamao
Be–Jizhao
Be
Jizhao
Tai(Zhuang, etc.)Northern
Standard Zhuang
Bouyei
Hezhang Buyi
Yei Zhuang
Longsang Zhuang
E
Saek
Tai Yo (Nyaw)
Yoy
Tai Pao
Central
Nong Zhuang
Dai Zhuang
Min Zhuang
Yang Zhuang
Pyang Zhuang
Myang Zhuang
Nùng
Tày
Tsʻün-Lao
Southwestern(Thai)Northwestern
Shan
Tai Ya
Tai Nuea
Tai Long
Tai Hongjin
Khamti
Tai Laing
Phake
Aiton
Khamyang
Ahom
Turung
Lao–Phutai
Lao
Phu Thai
Isan
Tai Yo (Nyaw)
Lao Nyo
Kaloeng
Chiang Saen
Thai (Siamese)
Northern Thai
Tai Daeng
Tai Meuay
Tai Dón
Tai Hang Tong
Tai Lue
Yong
Tai Dam
Khün
Phuan
Thai Song
Tày Tac
Southern
Southern Thai
(other)
Sapa
Pa Di
Tai Muong Vat
Tai Thanh
Tai Khang
Kuan
(mixed)
Cao Lan
(mixed origins)
Hezhang Buyi
E
Cao Lan
Jiamao
proposed groupings
Kam–Tai
Proto-languages
Proto-Kra–Dai
Proto-Kra
Proto-Tai
Proto-Kam–Sui
Proto-Hlai
Italics indicate extinct languages
vtePrimary language familiesAfrica
Afroasiatic
Austronesian
Khoe–Kwadi
Kx'a
Niger–Congo
Nilo-Saharan?
Tuu
Mande?
Songhay?
Ijaw?
Ubangian?
Kadu?
Isolates
Bangime
Hadza
Jalaa
Sandawe
Laal?
Shabo?
Eurasia(Europeand Asia)
Afroasiatic
Ainu
Austroasiatic
Austronesian
Chukotko-Kamchatkan
Dravidian
Eskaleut
Great Andamanese
Hmong–Mien
Hurro-Urartian
Indo-European
Japonic
Kartvelian
Koreanic
Kra–Dai
Mongolic
Nivkh
Northeast Caucasian
Northwest Caucasian
Ongan
Sino-Tibetan
Tungusic
Turkic
Tyrsenian
Uralic
Yeniseian
Yukaghir
Digaro?
Hrusish?
Kho-Bwa?
Mijiic?
Miju?
Siangic?
Isolates
Basque
Burushaski
Elamite
Hattic
Kenaboi?
Kusunda
Minoan?
Nihali
Shompen?
Sumerian
Tambora?
New Guineaand the Pacific
Arai–Samaia
Austronesian
Binanderean–Goilalan
Border
Bulaka River
Central Solomons
Chimbu–Wahgi
Demta–Sentani
Doso–Turumsa
East Geelvink Bay
East New Britain
East Strickland
Eleman
Engan
Fas
Foja Range
Kaure–Kosare
Kiwaian
Kutubuan
Lakes Plain
Lower Mamberamo
Lower Sepik
Madang
Mairasi
North Bougainville
Pauwasi
Ramu
Senagi
Senu River
Sepik
Skou
South Bougainville
Teberan
Torricelli
Trans-Fly
Trans–New Guinea
Turama–Kikorian
Upper Yuat
West Papuan
Yam
Yawa
Yuat
Northwest Papuan?
Papuan Gulf?
Isolates
Abinomn
Abun
Anêm?
Ata?
Kol
Kuot
Maybrat
Mpur
Pawaia
Porome
Sulka?
Taiap?
Tambora?
Wiru
Australia
Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan?
Bunuban
Darwin Region?
Eastern Daly
Eastern Tasmanian
Garawan
Iwaidjan
Jarrakan
Marrku–Wurrugu?
Mirndi
Northern Tasmanian
Northeastern Tasmanian
Nyulnyulan
Pama–Nyungan
Southern Daly?
Tangkic
Wagaydyic
Western Daly
Western Tasmanian
Worrorran
Yangmanic (incl. Wagiman)?
Isolates
Giimbiyu
Malak-Malak (Northern Daly?)
Tiwi
NorthAmerica
Algic
Alsea
Caddoan
Chimakuan
Chinookan
Chumashan
Comecrudan
Coosan
Eskaleut
Iroquoian
Kalapuyan
Keres
Maiduan
Muskogean
Na-Dene
Palaihnihan
Plateau Penutian
Pomoan
Salishan
Shastan
Siouan
Tanoan
Tsimshianic
Utian
Uto-Aztecan
Wakashan
Wintuan
Yukian
Yuman–Cochimí
Isolates
Chimariko
Esselen
Haida
Karuk
Kutenai
Seri
Siuslaw
Takelma
Timucua
Tonkawa
Waikuri
Washo
Yana
Yokuts
Yuchi
Zuni
Mesoamerica
Chibchan
Jicaquean
Lencan
Mayan
Misumalpan
Mixe–Zoque
Oto-Manguean
Tequistlatecan
Totonacan
Uto-Aztecan
Xincan
Isolates
Cuitlatec
Huave
Tarascan/Purépecha
SouthAmerica
Andoque–Urequena
Arauan
Araucanian
Arawakan
Arutani–Sape
Aymaran
Barbacoan
Boran
Cahuapanan
Cariban
Catacaoan
Chapacuran
Charruan
Chibchan
Choco
Chonan
Guaicuruan
Guajiboan
Harákmbut–Katukinan
Jirajaran
Jivaroan
Katembri–Taruma
Mascoian
Matacoan
Nadahup
Nambikwaran
Otomákoan
Pano-Tacanan
Peba–Yaguan
Quechuan
Piaroa–Saliban
Ticuna–Yuri
Timotean
Tiniguan
Tucanoan
Tupian
Uru–Chipaya
Witotoan
Yanomaman
Zamucoan
Zaparoan
Bora-Witoto?
Chimuan?
Esmeralda–Yaruro?
Hibito–Cholón?
Lule–Vilela?
Macro-Jê?
Tequiraca–Canichana?
Isolates (extant in 2000)
Aikanã?
Alacalufan
Camsá
Candoshi
Chimane
Chiquitano
Cofán?
Fulniô
Guató
Hodï/Joti
Irantxe?
Itonama
Kunza
Leco
Maku (Maku-Auari/Jukude)
Movima
Mura-Pirahã
Nukak?
Páez
Puinave
Huaorani/Waorani
Trumai
Urarina
Warao
Yamana
Yuracaré
Signlanguages
Arab
BANZSL
Chinese
Francosign
Germanosign
Indo-Pakistani
Japanese
Original Thai
Swedish
Tanzanian?
Isolates
See list of sign languages
See also
Constructed languages
Creoles
Language isolates
Mixed languages
Pidgins
Unclassified languages
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.Families in italics have no living members.Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.
vteLanguage families of EurasiaEurope
Indo-European
Uralic
Basque
Iberian
Tartessian
Paleo-Corsican
Paleo-Sardinian
Camunic
Ligurian
North Picene
Sicani
Tyrsenian
Eteocretan
Eteocypriot
Minoan
West Asia
Indo-European
Afroasiatic
Hattic
Kaskian
Hurro-Urartian
Kassite
Gutian
Philistine
Sumerian
Proto-Euphratean ?
Elamite
Caucasus
Kartvelian
North Caucasian
Northeast Caucasian
Northwest Caucasian
South Asia
Indo-European
Dravidian
Sino-Tibetan
Austroasiatic
Nihali
Burushaski
Kusunda
Harappan ?
East Asia
Sino-Tibetan
Austroasiatic
Hmong–Mien
Kra–Dai
Austronesian
Turkic
Mongolic
Tungusic
Koreanic
Japonic
Indian Ocean rim
Great Andamanese
Ongan
Sentinelese
Kenaboi
North Asia"Paleosiberian"
Ainu
Nivkh
Chukotko-Kamchatkan
Yukaghir
Yeniseian
Other North Asia
Uralic
Rouran ?
Eskaleut
Proposed groupings
Alarodian
Altaic
Borean
Nostratic
Dené–Caucasian
Eurasiatic
Dené–Yeniseian
Dravido-Korean
Elamo-Dravidian
Ibero-Caucasian
Indo-Hittite
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Semitic
Indo-Uralic
Karasuk
Serbi–Mongolic
Pontic
Turanian
Ural-Altaic
Uralo-Siberian
Uralic–Yukaghir
Eskimo–Uralic
Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric
Arunachal
Greater Siangic
Siangic
Digaro
Mijiic
Miju
Hrusish
Kho-Bwa
East and Southeast Asia
Andamanese
Austric
Austro-Tai
Austronesian–Ongan
East Asian
Sino-Austronesian
Substrata
Atlantic
Pre-Celtic
Pre-Germanic
Pre-Goidelic
Pre-Greek
Vasconic
Pre-Vedic
Pre-Finno-Ugric
Paleo-Laplandic
Families in italics have no living members.Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.
Authority control databases National
Germany
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈkrɑː.daɪ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"KRAH-dy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"/ˈtaɪ.kəˌdaɪ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"TIE-kə-DYE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"/ˈdaɪ.ɪk/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"DYE-ik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"language family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family"},{"link_name":"mainland Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"southern China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_China"},{"link_name":"northeastern India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_India"},{"link_name":"tonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonal_language"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"Lao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_language"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ethnologue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue"},{"link_name":"Tai branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_languages"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Kra–Dai languages (/ˈkrɑː.daɪ/ KRAH-dy, also known as Tai–Kadai /ˈtaɪ.kəˌdaɪ/ TIE-kə-DYE and Daic /ˈdaɪ.ɪk/ DYE-ik), are a language family in mainland Southeast Asia, southern China, and northeastern India. All languages in the family are tonal, including Thai and Lao, the national languages of Thailand and Laos, respectively.[1] Around 93 million people speak Kra–Dai languages; 60% of those speak Thai.[2] Ethnologue lists 95 languages in the family, with 62 of these being in the Tai branch.[3]","title":"Kra–Dai languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"autonyms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym"},{"link_name":"Kra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kra_languages"},{"link_name":"Tai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_languages"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ostapirat2000-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-norquest-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pittayaporn-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jenks-7"},{"link_name":"Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Baxter"},{"link_name":"Sagart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Sagart"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Comrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Comrie"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ethnologue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue"},{"link_name":"Glottolog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottolog"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ostapirat2000-4"},{"link_name":"Paul K. Benedict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_K._Benedict"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benedict1942-10"},{"link_name":"Gelao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelao_languages"},{"link_name":"Qabiao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qabiao_language"},{"link_name":"Lachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachi_language"},{"link_name":"Hlai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlai_languages"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benedict1942-10"},{"link_name":"Austronesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Solnit1988-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edmondson1988-12"},{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"Roger Blench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Blench"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The name \"Kra–Dai\" was proposed by Weera Ostapirat (2000), as Kra and Dai are the reconstructed autonyms of the Kra and Tai branches, respectively.[4] \"Kra–Dai\" has since been used by the majority of specialists working on Southeast Asian linguistics, including Norquest (2007),[5] Pittayaporn (2009),[6][7] Baxter & Sagart (2014),[8] and Enfield & Comrie (2015).[9]The name \"Tai–Kadai\" is used in many references, as well as Ethnologue and Glottolog, but Ostapirat (2000) and others suggest that it is problematic and confusing, preferring the name \"Kra–Dai\" instead.[4] \"Tai–Kadai\" comes from an obsolete bifurcation of the family into two branches, Tai and Kadai, which had first been proposed by Paul K. Benedict (1942).[10] In 1942, Benedict placed three Kra languages (Gelao, Laqua (Qabiao), and Lachi) together with Hlai in a group that he called \"Kadai\", from ka, meaning \"person\" in Gelao and Laqua and dai, a form of a Hlai autonym.[10] Benedict's (1942) \"Kadai\" group was based on his observation that Kra and Hlai languages have Austronesian-like numerals. However, this classification is now universally rejected as obsolete after Ostapirat (2000) demonstrated the coherence of the Kra branch, which does not subgroup with the Hlai branch as Benedict (1942) had proposed. \"Kadai\" is sometimes used to refer to the entire Kra–Dai family, including by Solnit (1988).[11][12] Adding to the confusion, some other references[which?] restrict the usage of \"Kadai\" to only the Kra branch of the family.The name \"Daic\" is used by Roger Blench (2008).[13]","title":"Names"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gerner_Tai-Kadai_migration_route.png"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Yangtze basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_basin"},{"link_name":"Chu fiefdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_(state)"},{"link_name":"Zhou dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chamberlain-Kra-Dai-15"},{"link_name":"Guizhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guizhou"},{"link_name":"Hainan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan"},{"link_name":"Austroasiatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlench201711-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstapirat20131%E2%80%9310-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESagart2008146%E2%80%93152-19"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FATK-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESagart2008151-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrindley201551-22"},{"link_name":"inscriptional materials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions"},{"link_name":"substrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)#Substratum"},{"link_name":"Min","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Wu Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Chinese"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehr2002-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehr2006-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehr2009-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neng2.svg"},{"link_name":"OC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Chinese"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehr201712-26"},{"link_name":"Zhuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuang_language"},{"link_name":"Old Yue language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Yue_language"},{"link_name":"Song of the Yue Boatman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_Yue_Boatman"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolm2013785-27"},{"link_name":"Old Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Chinese"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmondson200716-28"},{"link_name":"Zhengzhang Shangfang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengzhang_Shangfang"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmondson200716-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhengzhang1991159%E2%80%93168-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmondson200717-30"},{"link_name":"Laurent Sagart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Sagart"},{"link_name":"Proto-Kam–Tai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam%E2%80%93Tai_languages"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESagart2008143-31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese_plain_5c._BC_with_Yue-en.png"},{"link_name":"Warring States Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_Period"}],"text":"Tai–Kadai migration route, according to Matthias Gerner's Northeast to Southwest Hypothesis.[14]James R. Chamberlain (2016) proposes that the Tai–Kadai (Kra–Dai) language family was formed as early as the 12th century BCE in the middle of the Yangtze basin, coinciding roughly with the establishment of the Chu fiefdom and the beginning of the Zhou dynasty.[15] The high diversity of Kra–Dai languages in southern China, especially in Guizhou and Hainan, points to that being an origin of the Kra–Dai language family, founding the nations that later became Thailand and Laos in what had been Austroasiatic territory. Genetic and linguistic analyses show great homogeneity among Kra–Dai-speaking people in Thailand.[16]Although the position of Kra–Dai in relation to Austronesian is still contested, some propose that Kra–Dai and Austronesian are genetically connected. Weera Ostapirat (2005) sets out a series of regular sound correspondences between them, assuming a model of a primary split between the two; they would then be co-ordinate branches.[17] Ostapirat (2013) continues to maintain that Kra–Dai and Austronesian are sister language families, based on certain phonological correspondences.[18] On the other hand, Laurent Sagart (2008) proposes that Kra–Dai is a later form of what he calls \"FATK\" (Formosan Ancestor of Tai–Kadai) a branch of Austronesian belonging to the subgroup \"Puluqic\", developed in Taiwan, whose speakers migrated back to the mainland, to Guangdong, Hainan, and north Vietnam, around the second half of the 3rd millennium BCE.[19] Upon their arrival in this region, they underwent linguistic contact with an unknown population, resulting in a partial relexification of FATK[a] vocabulary.[20] Erica Brindley (2015) supports Sagart's hypothesis, arguing that the radically different Kra-Dai history of migration to the mainland (as opposed to the Philippines for Proto-Austronesian) and extended contact with Austro-Asiatic and Sinitic speakers would make the relationship appear more distant. She also suggests that the presence of only the most basic Austronesian vocabulary in Kra-Dai makes this scenario of relexification more plausible.[21]Besides various concrete pieces of evidence for a Kra–Dai existence in present-day Guangdong, remnants of Kra–Dai languages spoken further north can be found in unearthed inscriptional materials and non-Han substrata in Min and Wu Chinese.[citation needed]Wolfgang Behr (2002, 2006, 2009, 2017)[22][23][24] points out that most non-Sinitic words found in Chu inscriptional materials are of Kra–Dai origin. For example, the Chu graph for 'one, once' written as (? < OC *nnəŋ) in the E jun qijie 鄂君啟筯 bronze tally and in Warring States bamboo inscriptions, which represents a Kra–Dai areal word; compare Proto-Tai *hnïŋ = *hnɯŋ (Siamese 22nɯŋ, Dai 33nɯŋ, Longzhou nəəŋA etc.) 'one, once'.[25]In the early 1980s, Wei Qingwen (韦庆稳), a Zhuang linguist, proposed that the Old Yue language recorded in the Song of the Yue Boatman is in fact a language ancestral to Zhuang.[26] Wei used reconstructed Old Chinese for the characters and discovered that the resulting vocabulary showed strong resemblance to modern Zhuang.[27] Later, Zhengzhang Shangfang (1991) followed Wei's proposal but used Thai script for comparison, since this orthography dates from the 13th century and preserves archaisms not found in modern pronunciation.[27][28] Zhengzhang notes that 'evening, night, dark' bears the C tone in Wuming Zhuang xamC2 and ɣamC2 'night'. The item raa normally means 'we (inclusive)' but in some places, e.g., Tai Lue and White Tai, it means 'I'.[29] However, Laurent Sagart criticizes Zhengzhang's interpretation as anachronistic, because however archaic the Thai script is, the Thai language was only written 2,000 years after the song had been recorded; even if Proto-Kam–Tai had emerged by the 6th century BCE, its pronunciation would have been substantially different from Thai.[30]Map of the Chinese plain at the start of the Warring States Period, in the 5th century BC.","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22tooth%22_in_Kra-Dai_languages.svg"},{"link_name":"Tai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_languages"},{"link_name":"Kra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kra_languages"},{"link_name":"Ethnologue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue"},{"link_name":"Kam–Sui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam%E2%80%93Sui_languages"},{"link_name":"Guizhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guizhou"},{"link_name":"Guangxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangxi"},{"link_name":"Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_languages"},{"link_name":"Hainan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan"},{"link_name":"Jizhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizhao_language"},{"link_name":"Guangdong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong"},{"link_name":"Hlai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlai_languages"},{"link_name":"Hainan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan"},{"link_name":"Kam–Tai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam%E2%80%93Tai_languages"},{"link_name":"Kam–Sui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam%E2%80%93Sui_languages"},{"link_name":"Tai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_languages"},{"link_name":"Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_languages"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Lakkia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakkia_language"},{"link_name":"Biao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biao_language"},{"link_name":"sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_group"},{"link_name":"Kam–Sui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam%E2%80%93Sui_languages"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Solnit1988-11"},{"link_name":"Jiamao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiamao_language"},{"link_name":"Hlai language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlai_languages"},{"link_name":"Jizhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizhao_language"},{"link_name":"Guangdong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong"},{"link_name":"Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_languages"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ostapirat1998-34"},{"link_name":"Hezhang Buyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezhang_Buyi_language"},{"link_name":"Northern Tai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Tai_languages"},{"link_name":"Kra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kra_languages"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_language"},{"link_name":"Northern Tai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Tai_languages"},{"link_name":"Pinghua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinghua"},{"link_name":"Caolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caolan_language"},{"link_name":"Northern Tai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Tai_languages"},{"link_name":"Central Tai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Tai_languages"},{"link_name":"Jiamao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiamao_language"},{"link_name":"Hlai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlai_languages"},{"link_name":"Austroasiatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages"}],"text":"Example of the divergence among the Kra-Dai languages, using the word for \"tooth\".Kra–Dai consists of at least five well-established branches, namely Kra, Kam–Sui, Tai, Be, and Hlai (Ostapirat 2005:109).Tai\nsouthern China and Southeast Asia\nKra\nsouthern China, northern Vietnam; called Kadai in Ethnologue and Geyang (仡央) in Chinese\nKam–Sui\nGuizhou and Guangxi, China\nBe\nHainan; possibly also includes Jizhao of Guangdong\nHlai\nHainanChinese linguists have also proposed a Kam–Tai group that includes Kam–Sui, Tai, and Be.[31][32]Kra–Dai languages that are not securely classified and may constitute independent Kra–Dai branches include the following:Lakkia and Biao, which may or may not subgroup with each other, are difficult to classify due to aberrant vocabulary but are sometimes classified as sisters of Kam–Sui (Solnit 1988).[11]\nJiamao of southern Hainan, China, is an aberrant Kra–Dai language traditionally classified as a Hlai language, although Jiamao contains many words of non-Hlai origin.\nJizhao of Guangdong, China, is currently unclassified within Kra–Dai but appears to be most closely related to Be (Ostapirat 1998).[33]Kra–Dai languages of mixed origins are:Hezhang Buyi: Northern Tai and Kra\nE: Northern Tai and Pinghua Chinese\nCaolan: Northern Tai and Central Tai\nJiamao: Hlai and other unknown elements (Austroasiatic?)","title":"Internal classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edmondson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerold_A._Edmondson"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edmondson1988-12"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tai-35"},{"link_name":"Kra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kra_languages"},{"link_name":"Hlai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlai_languages"},{"link_name":"Kam–Tai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam%E2%80%93Tai_languages"},{"link_name":"Lakkia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakkia_language"},{"link_name":"Biao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biao_language"},{"link_name":"Kam–Sui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam%E2%80%93Sui_languages"},{"link_name":"Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_languages"},{"link_name":"Tai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_languages"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Edmondson and Solnit (1988)","text":"An early but influential classification, with the traditional Kam–Tai clade, was Edmondson and Solnit's classification from 1988:[12][34]Kra–Dai\nKra (Geyang)\nHlai\nKam–Tai\n\nLakkia–Biao\nKam–Sui\n\nBe\nTaiThis classification is also used by Liang and Zhang (1996),[35] Chamberlain (2016: 38),[36] and Ethnologue, though by 2009 Lakkia was made a third branch of Kam–Tai and Biao was moved into Kam–Sui.","title":"Internal classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ostapirat2005-38"},{"link_name":"Norquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_K._Norquest"},{"link_name":"Lakkia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakkia_language"},{"link_name":"Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_languages"},{"link_name":"Northern Tai languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Tai_languages"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-norquest-5"},{"link_name":"Kra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kra_languages"},{"link_name":"Lakkia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakkia_language"},{"link_name":"Kam–Sui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam%E2%80%93Sui_languages"},{"link_name":"Hlai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlai_languages"},{"link_name":"Tai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_languages"},{"link_name":"Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_languages"}],"sub_title":"Ostapirat (2005); Norquest (2007)","text":"Weera Ostapirat (2005:128) suggests the possibility of Kra and Kam–Sui being grouped together as Northern Kra–Dai and Hlai with Tai as Southern Kra–Dai.[37] Norquest (2007) has further updated this classification to include Lakkia and Be. Norquest notes that Lakkia shares some similarities with Kam–Sui, while Be shares some similarities with Tai. Norquest (2007:15) notes that Be shares various similarities with Northern Tai languages in particular.[5] Following Ostapirat, Norquest adopts the name Kra–Dai for the family as a whole. The following tree of Kra–Dai is from Norquest (2007:16):Kra–Dai\nNorthern\nKra\nNortheastern \nLakkia\nKam–Sui\nSouthern\nHlai\nBe–Tai\nTai\nBeAdditionally, Norquest (2007) also proposes a reconstruction for Proto-Southern Kra–Dai.","title":"Internal classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norquest-Brill-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Kra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kra_languages"},{"link_name":"Biao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biao_language"},{"link_name":"Lakkja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakkia_language"},{"link_name":"Kam–Tai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam%E2%80%93Tai_languages"},{"link_name":"Kam–Sui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam%E2%80%93Sui_languages"},{"link_name":"Hlai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlai_languages"},{"link_name":"Ong-Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_languages"},{"link_name":"Tai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_languages"}],"sub_title":"Norquest (2015, 2020)","text":"A classification of Kra–Dai by Norquest (2015, 2020) is provided as follows:[38][39]Kra–Dai\nKra\nEastern Kra–Dai\nBiao\nLakkja–Kam–Tai\nLakkja\nKam–Tai \nKam–Sui\nWestern Kam–Tai \nHlai\nBe–Tai\nOng-Be\nTai","title":"Internal classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biao_language"},{"link_name":"Lakkja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakkia_language"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WOL-MSEA-13-41"},{"link_name":"Biao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biao_language"},{"link_name":"Lakkja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakkia_language"},{"link_name":"Kam–Tai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam%E2%80%93Tai_languages"},{"link_name":"Kam–Sui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam%E2%80%93Sui_languages"},{"link_name":"Kra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kra_languages"},{"link_name":"Hlai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlai_languages"},{"link_name":"Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_languages"},{"link_name":"Tai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_languages"}],"sub_title":"Norquest (2021)","text":"Based on shared lexical innovations, Norquest (2021) significantly revised his classification of Kra–Dai. Together, Biao and Lakkja form the most divergent subgroup of Kra–Dai. Be–Tai and Hlai are placed together as part of a \"Hlai–Tai\" group.[40]Kra–Dai\nBiao–Lakkja\nKam–Tai\nKam–Sui\nKra–Tai\nKra\nHlai–Tai\nHlai\nBe–Tai\nBe\nTai","title":"Internal classification"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Hypotheses regarding external relationships"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Genesis_of_Daic_languages_and_their_relation_with_Austronesians.png"},{"link_name":"Austronesian languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages"},{"link_name":"Blench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Blench"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blench2018-42"},{"link_name":"Austronesian language family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Austro-Tai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Tai_languages"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosan_languages"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstapirat20131%E2%80%9310-18"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonic_languages"},{"link_name":"Paul K. Benedict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_K._Benedict"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Austro-Tai","text":"Proposed genesis of Daic languages and their relation to Austronesian languages (Blench, 2018)[41]Several scholars have presented evidence that Kra–Dai may be related to, or even a branch of, the Austronesian language family.[42] There are a number of possible cognates in the core vocabulary, displaying regular sound correspondences. Among proponents, there is yet no agreement as to whether they are a sister group to Austronesian in a family called Austro-Tai, a back-migration from Taiwan to the mainland or a later migration from the Philippines to Hainan during the Austronesian expansion.[18]The inclusion of Japanese in the Austro-Tai family, as proposed by Paul K. Benedict in the late 20th century,[43] is not supported by the current proponents of the Austro-Tai hypothesis.","title":"Hypotheses regarding external relationships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sino-Tibetan family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ostapirat2005-38"},{"link_name":"Hmong–Mien languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Sino-Tai","text":"The Kra–Dai languages were formerly considered to be part of the Sino-Tibetan family, partly because they contain large numbers of words that are similar to Sino-Tibetan languages. However, Western scholars generally consider them to be Sinitic loanwords and note that basic vocabulary words in Kra–Dai languages often have cognates with Austronesian instead.[37] Outside China, the Kra–Dai languages are now classified as an independent family. In China, they are called Dong–Tai (侗台) or Zhuang–Dong (壮侗) languages and are generally included, along with the Hmong–Mien languages, in the Sino-Tibetan family.[44]","title":"Hypotheses regarding external relationships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miao–Dai family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Hmong%E2%80%93Mien#Kra-Dai"},{"link_name":"East Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_languages"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kosaka-46"}],"sub_title":"Hmong–Mien","text":"Kosaka (2002) has argued specifically for a Miao–Dai family. Based on proposed lexical cognates, he proposes a genetic relation between Hmong–Mien and Kra–Dai languages. He further suggests that similarities between Kra–Dai and Austronesian are due to later areal contact in the coastal areas of eastern and southeastern China or an older ancestral relation (Proto-East Asian).[45]","title":"Hypotheses regarding external relationships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vovin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Vovin"},{"link_name":"Japonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonic_languages"},{"link_name":"Urheimat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheimat"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vovin-47"}],"sub_title":"Japonic","text":"Vovin (2014) has proposed that the location of the Japonic Urheimat (linguistic homeland) is in southern China. He argues for typological evidence that Proto-Japanese may have been a monosyllabic, SVO syntax and isolating language, which is also characteristic of Kra–Dai languages. According to him, these common features are however not due to a genetic relationship but rather the result of intense contact.[46]","title":"Hypotheses regarding external relationships"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reconstruction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FATK_20-0"}],"text":"^ Formosan ancestor of Tai–Kadai.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The language of the bronze inscriptions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/3824366"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9-629-96639-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-629-96639-3"},{"link_name":"\"Dialects, diachrony, diglossia or all three? Tomb text glimpses into the language(s) of Chǔ\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/1693898"},{"link_name":"\"Some Chŭ 楚 words in early Chinese literature\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/1693898"},{"link_name":"\"Stray loanword gleanings from two Ancient Chinese fictional texts\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/1693935"},{"link_name":"Blench, Roger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Blench"},{"link_name":"Stratification in the peopling of China: how far does the linguistic evidence match genetics and archaeology?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rogerblench.info/Language/China/Geneva%20paper%202004%20submit.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"Origins of Ethnolinguistic Identity in Southeast Asia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology/SE%20Asia/Blench%20Springer%20Handbook%20chapter%20final%20Dec%202014.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-493-96521-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-493-96521-2"},{"link_name":"Ancient China and the Yue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=iiBTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-107-08478-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-08478-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-88312-066-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88312-066-6"},{"link_name":"\"The power of language over the past: Tai settlement and Tai linguistics in southern China and northern Vietnam\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140101150947/http://www.uta.edu/faculty/jerry/pol.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uta.edu/faculty/jerry/pol.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"A Layer of Old Chinese Readings in the Traditional Zhuang Script\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.researchgate.net/publication/277325470"},{"link_name":"Mapping the Old Zhuang Character Script: A Vernacular Writing System from Southern China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=fblyTyd9PlsC&q=Mapping%20the%20Old%20Zhuang%20Character%20Script%3A%20A%20Vernacular%20Writing%20System%20from&pg=PA785"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9-004-22369-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-22369-1"},{"link_name":"\"Daic Background Vocabulary in Shanghai Maqiao Dialect\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180327144856/http://loca.fudan.edu.cn/lh/Doc/D02.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//loca.fudan.edu.cn/lh/Doc/D02.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"Austro-Tai revisited\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//jseals.org/seals23/ostapirat2013austro-taih.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"The expansion of Setaria farmers in East Asia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/3077307"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-415-39923-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39923-4"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3406/clao.1991.1345","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3406%2Fclao.1991.1345"}],"text":"Behr, Wolfgang (2017). \"The language of the bronze inscriptions\". In Shaughnessy, Edward L. (ed.). Kinship: Studies of Recently Discovered Bronze Inscritpions from Ancient China. The Chinese University Press of Hong Kong. pp. 9–32. ISBN 978-9-629-96639-3.\n——— (2009). \"Dialects, diachrony, diglossia or all three? Tomb text glimpses into the language(s) of Chǔ\". TTW-3, Zürich, 26.-29.VI.2009, \"Genius Loci\": 1–48.\n——— (2006). \"Some Chŭ 楚 words in early Chinese literature\". EACL-4, Budapest: 1–21.\n——— (2002). \"Stray loanword gleanings from two Ancient Chinese fictional texts\". 16e Journées de Linguistique d'Asie Orientale, Centre de Recherches Linguistiques Sur l'Asie Orientale (E.H.E.S.S.), Paris: 1–6.\nBlench, Roger. 2004. Stratification in the peopling of China: how far does the linguistic evidence match genetics and archaeology? Paper for the Symposium \"Human migrations in continental East Asia and Taiwan: genetic, linguistic and archaeological evidence\". Geneva 10–13 June 2004. Université de Genève.\nBlench, Roger (2017) [2015]. \"Origins of Ethnolinguistic Identity in Southeast Asia\" (PDF). In Habu, Junko; Lape, Peter; Olsen, John (eds.). Handbook of East and Southeast Asian Archaeology. Springer. ISBN 978-1-493-96521-2.\nBrindley, Erica F. (2015). Ancient China and the Yue. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-08478-0.\nEdmondson, J.A. and D.B. Solnit eds. 1997. Comparative Kadai: the Tai branch. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. ISBN 0-88312-066-6\nEdmondson, Jerold A. (2007). \"The power of language over the past: Tai settlement and Tai linguistics in southern China and northern Vietnam\" (PDF). Studies in Southeast Asian Languages and Linguistics, Jimmy G. Harris, Somsonge Burusphat and James E. Harris, ed. Bangkok, Thailand: Ek Phim Thai Co. LTD.: 1–25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2021.\nHolm, David (2014). \"A Layer of Old Chinese Readings in the Traditional Zhuang Script\". Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities. 79: 1–45.\n——— (2013). Mapping the Old Zhuang Character Script: A Vernacular Writing System from Southern China. BRILL. ISBN 978-9-004-22369-1.\nLi, Hui (2001). \"Daic Background Vocabulary in Shanghai Maqiao Dialect\" (PDF). Proceedings for Conference of Minority Cultures in Hainan and Taiwan, Haikou: Research Society for Chinese National History: 15–26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2021.\nOstapirat, Weera (2013). \"Austro-Tai revisited\" (PDF). Plenary Session 2: Going Beyond History: Reassessing Genetic Grouping in SEA the 23rd Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, May 29–31, 2013, Chulalongkorn University: 1–10.\nSagart, Laurent (2008). \"The expansion of Setaria farmers in East Asia\". In Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia; Blench, Roger; Ross, Malcolm D.; Peiros, Ilia; Lin, Marie (eds.). Past Human Migrations in East Asia: Matching Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics (Routledge Studies in the Early History of Asia) 1st Edition. Routledge. pp. 133–157. ISBN 978-0-415-39923-4.\nZhengzhang, Shangfang (1991). \"Decipherment of Yue-Ren-Ge (Song of the Yue boatman)\". Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale. 20 (2): 159–168. doi:10.3406/clao.1991.1345.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7007-1457-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1457-X"},{"link_name":"Edmondson, J. A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerold_A._Edmondson"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-88312-066-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88312-066-6"},{"link_name":"Linguistic clusters of Mainland Southeast Asia: an overview of the language families.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/Linguistic%20Clusters%20of%20Mainland%20Southeast%20Asia%20A%20Description%20of%20the%20Clusters.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190324073521/http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/Linguistic%20Clusters%20of%20Mainland%20Southeast%20Asia%20A%20Description%20of%20the%20Clusters.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1515/9783110558142-013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110558142-013"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9783110558142","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110558142"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"238672319","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238672319"},{"link_name":"Proto-Kra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/weera2000proto.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"974-661-450-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-661-450-9"}],"text":"Chamberlain, James R. (2016). Kra-Dai and the Proto-History of South China and Vietnam. Journal of the Siam Society, 104, 27-76.\nDiller, A., J. Edmondson, & Yongxian Luo, ed., (2005). The Tai–Kadai languages. London [etc.]: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1457-X\nEdmondson, J. A. (1986). Kam tone splits and the variation of breathiness.\nEdmondson, J. A., & Solnit, D. B. (eds.) (1988). Comparative Kadai: linguistic studies beyond Tai. Summer Institute of Linguistics publications in linguistics, no. 86. Arlington, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 0-88312-066-6\nMann, Noel, Wendy Smith and Eva Ujlakyova. 2009. Linguistic clusters of Mainland Southeast Asia: an overview of the language families. Archived 24 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine Chiang Mai: Payap University.\nNorquest, Peter (2021). \"Classification of (Tai-)Kadai/Kra-Dai languages\". The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia. De Gruyter. pp. 225–246. doi:10.1515/9783110558142-013. ISBN 9783110558142. S2CID 238672319.\nOstapirat, Weera. (2000). \"Proto-Kra.\" Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 23 (1): 1-251.\nSomsonge Burusphat, & Sinnott, M. (1998). Kam–Tai oral literatures: collaborative research project between. Salaya Nakhon Pathom, Thailand: Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University. ISBN 974-661-450-9","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Tai–Kadai migration route, according to Matthias Gerner's Northeast to Southwest Hypothesis.[14]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Gerner_Tai-Kadai_migration_route.png/300px-Gerner_Tai-Kadai_migration_route.png"},{"image_text":"Map of the Chinese plain at the start of the Warring States Period, in the 5th century BC.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chinese_plain_5c._BC_with_Yue-en.png/350px-Chinese_plain_5c._BC_with_Yue-en.png"},{"image_text":"Example of the divergence among the Kra-Dai languages, using the word for \"tooth\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/%22tooth%22_in_Kra-Dai_languages.svg/300px-%22tooth%22_in_Kra-Dai_languages.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Proposed genesis of Daic languages and their relation to Austronesian languages (Blench, 2018)[41]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Genesis_of_Daic_languages_and_their_relation_with_Austronesians.png/220px-Genesis_of_Daic_languages_and_their_relation_with_Austronesians.png"}]
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[{"title":"Austric languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austric_languages"},{"title":"Proto-Hlai language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Hlai_language"},{"title":"Proto-Hmong–Mien language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_language"},{"title":"Proto-Kam–Sui language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Kam%E2%80%93Sui_language"},{"title":"Proto-Kra language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Kra_language"},{"title":"Proto-Tibeto-Burman language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Tibeto-Burman_language"},{"title":"Proto-Tai language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Tai_language"},{"title":"Sino-Austronesian languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Austronesian_languages"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Taikadai\". www.languagesgulper.com. Retrieved 15 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Taikadai.html","url_text":"\"Taikadai\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ethnologue Tai–Kadai family tree\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=818-16","url_text":"\"Ethnologue Tai–Kadai family tree\""}]},{"reference":"Baxter, William H.; Sagart, Laurent (2014), Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-994537-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-994537-5","url_text":"978-0-19-994537-5"}]},{"reference":"Benedict, Paul K. (1942). \"Thai, Kadai, and Indonesian: A New Alignment in Southeastern Asia\". American Anthropologist. 44 (4): 576–601. doi:10.1525/aa.1942.44.4.02a00040. JSTOR 663309.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_K._Benedict","url_text":"Benedict, Paul K."},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1942.44.4.02a00040","url_text":"\"Thai, Kadai, and Indonesian: A New Alignment in Southeastern Asia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1942.44.4.02a00040","url_text":"10.1525/aa.1942.44.4.02a00040"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/663309","url_text":"663309"}]},{"reference":"Gerner, Matthias (2014). Project Discussion: The Austro-Tai Hypothesis (PDF). The 14th International Symposium on Chinese Languages and Linguistics (IsCLL-14). p. 158.","urls":[{"url":"http://iscll-14.ling.sinica.edu.tw/files-pdf/Papers/Session4/Gerner.pdf","url_text":"Project Discussion: The Austro-Tai Hypothesis"}]},{"reference":"Srithawong, Suparat; Srikummool, Metawee; Pittayaporn, Pittayawat; Ghirotto, Silvia; Chantawannakul, Panuwan; Sun, Jie; Eisenberg, Arthur; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Kutanan, Wibhu (July 2015). \"Genetic and linguistic correlation of the Kra-Dai-speaking groups in Thailand\". Journal of Human Genetics. 60 (7): 371–380. doi:10.1038/jhg.2015.32. ISSN 1435-232X. PMID 25833471. S2CID 21509343.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fjhg.2015.32","url_text":"\"Genetic and linguistic correlation of the Kra-Dai-speaking groups in Thailand\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fjhg.2015.32","url_text":"10.1038/jhg.2015.32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1435-232X","url_text":"1435-232X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25833471","url_text":"25833471"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21509343","url_text":"21509343"}]},{"reference":"Norquest, Peter (29 September 2015). A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai. Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004300521. hdl:10150/194203. ISBN 978-90-04-30052-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004300521","url_text":"10.1163/9789004300521"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10150%2F194203","url_text":"10150/194203"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30052-1","url_text":"978-90-04-30052-1"}]},{"reference":"Norquest, Peter (2021). \"Classification of (Tai–)Kadai/Kra–Dai languages\". The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia. De Gruyter. pp. 225–246. doi:10.1515/9783110558142-013. ISBN 9783110558142. S2CID 238672319.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110558142-013","url_text":"10.1515/9783110558142-013"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110558142","url_text":"9783110558142"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238672319","url_text":"238672319"}]},{"reference":"Blench, Roger (2018). Tai-Kadai and Austronesian are Related at Multiple Levels and their Archaeological Interpretation (draft). The volume of cognates between Austronesian and Daic, notably in fundamental vocabulary, is such that they must be related. Borrowing can be excluded as an explanation","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/37593287","url_text":"Tai-Kadai and Austronesian are Related at Multiple Levels and their Archaeological Interpretation (draft)"}]},{"reference":"Sagart, Laurent (2004). \"The higher phylogeny of Austronesian and the position of Tai–Kadai\" (PDF). Oceanic Linguistics. 43 (2): 411–440. doi:10.1353/ol.2005.0012. S2CID 49547647.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Sagart","url_text":"Sagart, Laurent"},{"url":"http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/09/09/06/PDF/THE_HIGHER_PHYLOGENY_OF_AUSTRONESIAN.pdf","url_text":"\"The higher phylogeny of Austronesian and the position of Tai–Kadai\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fol.2005.0012","url_text":"10.1353/ol.2005.0012"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49547647","url_text":"49547647"}]},{"reference":"Benedict, Paul K. (1990). Japanese/Austro-Tai. Karoma. ISBN 978-0-89720-078-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89720-078-3","url_text":"978-0-89720-078-3"}]},{"reference":"Behr, Wolfgang (2017). \"The language of the bronze inscriptions\". In Shaughnessy, Edward L. (ed.). Kinship: Studies of Recently Discovered Bronze Inscritpions from Ancient China. The Chinese University Press of Hong Kong. pp. 9–32. ISBN 978-9-629-96639-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/3824366","url_text":"\"The language of the bronze inscriptions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-629-96639-3","url_text":"978-9-629-96639-3"}]},{"reference":"——— (2009). \"Dialects, diachrony, diglossia or all three? Tomb text glimpses into the language(s) of Chǔ\". TTW-3, Zürich, 26.-29.VI.2009, \"Genius Loci\": 1–48.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/1693898","url_text":"\"Dialects, diachrony, diglossia or all three? Tomb text glimpses into the language(s) of Chǔ\""}]},{"reference":"——— (2006). \"Some Chŭ 楚 words in early Chinese literature\". EACL-4, Budapest: 1–21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/1693898","url_text":"\"Some Chŭ 楚 words in early Chinese literature\""}]},{"reference":"——— (2002). \"Stray loanword gleanings from two Ancient Chinese fictional texts\". 16e Journées de Linguistique d'Asie Orientale, Centre de Recherches Linguistiques Sur l'Asie Orientale (E.H.E.S.S.), Paris: 1–6.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/1693935","url_text":"\"Stray loanword gleanings from two Ancient Chinese fictional texts\""}]},{"reference":"Blench, Roger (2017) [2015]. \"Origins of Ethnolinguistic Identity in Southeast Asia\" (PDF). In Habu, Junko; Lape, Peter; Olsen, John (eds.). Handbook of East and Southeast Asian Archaeology. Springer. ISBN 978-1-493-96521-2.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology/SE%20Asia/Blench%20Springer%20Handbook%20chapter%20final%20Dec%202014.pdf","url_text":"\"Origins of Ethnolinguistic Identity in Southeast Asia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-493-96521-2","url_text":"978-1-493-96521-2"}]},{"reference":"Brindley, Erica F. (2015). Ancient China and the Yue. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-08478-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iiBTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51","url_text":"Ancient China and the Yue"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-08478-0","url_text":"978-1-107-08478-0"}]},{"reference":"Edmondson, Jerold A. (2007). \"The power of language over the past: Tai settlement and Tai linguistics in southern China and northern Vietnam\" (PDF). Studies in Southeast Asian Languages and Linguistics, Jimmy G. Harris, Somsonge Burusphat and James E. Harris, ed. Bangkok, Thailand: Ek Phim Thai Co. LTD.: 1–25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140101150947/http://www.uta.edu/faculty/jerry/pol.pdf","url_text":"\"The power of language over the past: Tai settlement and Tai linguistics in southern China and northern Vietnam\""},{"url":"http://www.uta.edu/faculty/jerry/pol.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Holm, David (2014). \"A Layer of Old Chinese Readings in the Traditional Zhuang Script\". Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities. 79: 1–45.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277325470","url_text":"\"A Layer of Old Chinese Readings in the Traditional Zhuang Script\""}]},{"reference":"——— (2013). Mapping the Old Zhuang Character Script: A Vernacular Writing System from Southern China. BRILL. ISBN 978-9-004-22369-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fblyTyd9PlsC&q=Mapping%20the%20Old%20Zhuang%20Character%20Script%3A%20A%20Vernacular%20Writing%20System%20from&pg=PA785","url_text":"Mapping the Old Zhuang Character Script: A Vernacular Writing System from Southern China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-22369-1","url_text":"978-9-004-22369-1"}]},{"reference":"Li, Hui (2001). \"Daic Background Vocabulary in Shanghai Maqiao Dialect\" (PDF). Proceedings for Conference of Minority Cultures in Hainan and Taiwan, Haikou: Research Society for Chinese National History: 15–26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180327144856/http://loca.fudan.edu.cn/lh/Doc/D02.pdf","url_text":"\"Daic Background Vocabulary in Shanghai Maqiao Dialect\""},{"url":"http://loca.fudan.edu.cn/lh/Doc/D02.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ostapirat, Weera (2013). \"Austro-Tai revisited\" (PDF). Plenary Session 2: Going Beyond History: Reassessing Genetic Grouping in SEA the 23rd Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, May 29–31, 2013, Chulalongkorn University: 1–10.","urls":[{"url":"http://jseals.org/seals23/ostapirat2013austro-taih.pdf","url_text":"\"Austro-Tai revisited\""}]},{"reference":"Sagart, Laurent (2008). \"The expansion of Setaria farmers in East Asia\". In Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia; Blench, Roger; Ross, Malcolm D.; Peiros, Ilia; Lin, Marie (eds.). Past Human Migrations in East Asia: Matching Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics (Routledge Studies in the Early History of Asia) 1st Edition. Routledge. pp. 133–157. ISBN 978-0-415-39923-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/3077307","url_text":"\"The expansion of Setaria farmers in East Asia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39923-4","url_text":"978-0-415-39923-4"}]},{"reference":"Zhengzhang, Shangfang (1991). \"Decipherment of Yue-Ren-Ge (Song of the Yue boatman)\". Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale. 20 (2): 159–168. doi:10.3406/clao.1991.1345.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fclao.1991.1345","url_text":"10.3406/clao.1991.1345"}]},{"reference":"Norquest, Peter (2021). \"Classification of (Tai-)Kadai/Kra-Dai languages\". The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia. De Gruyter. pp. 225–246. doi:10.1515/9783110558142-013. ISBN 9783110558142. S2CID 238672319.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110558142-013","url_text":"10.1515/9783110558142-013"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110558142","url_text":"9783110558142"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238672319","url_text":"238672319"}]}]
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the past: Tai settlement and Tai linguistics in southern China and northern Vietnam\""},{"Link":"http://www.uta.edu/faculty/jerry/pol.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277325470","external_links_name":"\"A Layer of Old Chinese Readings in the Traditional Zhuang Script\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fblyTyd9PlsC&q=Mapping%20the%20Old%20Zhuang%20Character%20Script%3A%20A%20Vernacular%20Writing%20System%20from&pg=PA785","external_links_name":"Mapping the Old Zhuang Character Script: A Vernacular Writing System from Southern China"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180327144856/http://loca.fudan.edu.cn/lh/Doc/D02.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Daic Background Vocabulary in Shanghai Maqiao Dialect\""},{"Link":"http://loca.fudan.edu.cn/lh/Doc/D02.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://jseals.org/seals23/ostapirat2013austro-taih.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Austro-Tai 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lists"},{"Link":"http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?baseid=+97&root=config&morpho=0&text_proto=&method_proto=substring&ic_proto=on&text_meaning=&method_meaning=substring&ic_meaning=on&text_any=&method_any=substring&sort=proto&ic_any=on&first=1","external_links_name":"etymology"},{"Link":"http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?baseid=+100&root=config&morpho=0&text_proto=&method_proto=substring&ic_proto=on&text_meaning=&method_meaning=substring&ic_meaning=on&text_any=&method_any=substring&sort=proto&ic_any=on&first=1","external_links_name":"StarLing: Kam–Sui 100-word lists"},{"Link":"http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?baseid=+99&root=config&morpho=0&text_proto=&method_proto=substring&ic_proto=on&text_meaning=&method_meaning=substring&ic_meaning=on&text_any=&method_any=substring&sort=proto&ic_any=on&first=1","external_links_name":"etymology"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4120357-4","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/142351482","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-British_League
|
All-British League
|
["1 Background","2 League objectives","3 Supporters","4 Opposition","5 References"]
|
Organisation in South Australia during World War I
The All-British League was an organisation in South Australia during World War I. Its objectives were to promote British traditions and culture at the expense of others in the state, especially to suppress any social or political influence from German Australian citizens and residents, whether born in Australia or not.
Background
The Colony of South Australia was settled beginning in 1836 as a free colony. Immigrants were encouraged from Great Britain, and also migrants were encouraged from Europe, in particular German and Wendish Lutherans from Silesia who were seeking to escape religious oppression by Prussia. Over 5400 Germans immigrated in the 1850s. Many of these settled in their own communities including Klemzig, Hahndorf, the Barossa Valley and Lobethal. Over time, these farmers and tradesmen and their families spread across more of the colony (state after 1901). In many of these communities, the Lutheran church had a Lutheran school nearby, quite a few of which taught in the German language.
League objectives
The league began in Port Adelaide and also established a branch in Adelaide itself. It was supported by several community leaders, including the Governor of South Australia, Sir Henry Galway.
The All-British League sought to intern all "subjects of enemy origin" and remove voting rights, prohibit from parliaments, and remove status as Justice of the Peace. The League referred as "alien enemies" not only immigrants from Germany, regardless of whether they had sworn allegiance and been naturalised as British subjects or Australian citizens, but also to their Australian-born descendants.
The league held meetings and recruitment drives in Semaphore Town Hall during the course of the war.
It was explicitly non-partisan in politics, but sought to influence whatever politicians were in power.
Supporters
The league received support from senior officials. These included
Sir Henry Galway, Governor of South Australia
Sir Samuel Way, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of South Australia
John Verran member for Wallaroo and former premier of South Australia
J. P. Wilson MLC
Opposition
Not all British Australians supported the objects of the All-British League. One contributor to a newspaper noted that the entire British Royal Family would fail the parentage test to join the All-British League due to intermarrying with other European royalty, and that there were already Australians of German parentage killed or injured fighting for the British side.
References
^ a b c "All-British League". The Advertiser. Adelaide. 17 June 1915. p. 13. Retrieved 27 April 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "AT THE OUTER HARBOUR". The Register. Adelaide. 7 August 1916. p. 7. Retrieved 27 April 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "All-British League". Daily Herald (Adelaide). Vol. 7, no. 2116. South Australia. 1 January 1917. p. 2. Retrieved 31 December 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "All-British League". Daily Herald. Adelaide. 5 July 1917. p. 2. Retrieved 27 April 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
^ ""DARED" BY A GERMAN". The Register. Adelaide. 21 February 1916. p. 4. Retrieved 29 April 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "ALL-BRITISH LEAGUE". The Advertiser. Adelaide. 6 July 1916. p. 8. Retrieved 28 April 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "THE ALL-BRITISH LEAGUE". The Register. Adelaide. 18 June 1915. p. 3. Retrieved 27 April 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
|
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Its objectives were to promote British traditions and culture at the expense of others in the state, especially to suppress any social or political influence from German Australian citizens and residents, whether born in Australia or not.","title":"All-British League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colony of South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Wendish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wends"},{"link_name":"Lutherans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutherans"},{"link_name":"Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesia"},{"link_name":"Klemzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemzig,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Hahndorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hahndorf,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Barossa Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barossa_Valley"},{"link_name":"Lobethal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobethal,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"German language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"}],"text":"The Colony of South Australia was settled beginning in 1836 as a free colony. Immigrants were encouraged from Great Britain, and also migrants were encouraged from Europe, in particular German and Wendish Lutherans from Silesia who were seeking to escape religious oppression by Prussia. Over 5400 Germans immigrated in the 1850s. Many of these settled in their own communities including Klemzig, Hahndorf, the Barossa Valley and Lobethal. Over time, these farmers and tradesmen and their families spread across more of the colony (state after 1901). In many of these communities, the Lutheran church had a Lutheran school nearby, quite a few of which taught in the German language.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Governor of South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Henry Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Galway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1915-06-17-1"},{"link_name":"Justice of the Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace"},{"link_name":"British subjects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_subject"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1916-08-07-2"},{"link_name":"Semaphore Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1917-07-05-4"}],"text":"The league began in Port Adelaide and also established a branch in Adelaide itself. It was supported by several community leaders, including the Governor of South Australia, Sir Henry Galway.[1]The All-British League sought to intern all \"subjects of enemy origin\" and remove voting rights, prohibit from parliaments, and remove status as Justice of the Peace. The League referred as \"alien enemies\" not only immigrants from Germany, regardless of whether they had sworn allegiance and been naturalised as British subjects or Australian citizens, but also to their Australian-born descendants.[2]The league held meetings and recruitment drives in Semaphore Town Hall during the course of the war.[3]It was explicitly non-partisan in politics, but sought to influence whatever politicians were in power.[4]","title":"League objectives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Galway"},{"link_name":"Governor of South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1915-06-17-1"},{"link_name":"Samuel Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Way"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1915-06-17-1"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"John Verran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Verran"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1916-02-21-5"},{"link_name":"Wallaroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Wallaroo"},{"link_name":"premier of South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"J. P. Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Phillips_Wilson"},{"link_name":"MLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1916-07-06-6"}],"text":"The league received support from senior officials. These includedSir Henry Galway, Governor of South Australia[1]\nSir Samuel Way,[1] Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of South Australia\nJohn Verran[5] member for Wallaroo and former premier of South Australia\nJ. P. Wilson MLC[6]","title":"Supporters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Royal Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Royal_Family"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1915-06-18-7"}],"text":"Not all British Australians supported the objects of the All-British League. One contributor to a newspaper noted that the entire British Royal Family would fail the parentage test to join the All-British League due to intermarrying with other European royalty, and that there were already Australians of German parentage killed or injured fighting for the British side.[7]","title":"Opposition"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louth_Bay
|
Louth Bay, South Australia
|
["1 History","2 Incidents","3 See also","4 References"]
|
Coordinates: 34°32′41″S 135°55′47″E / 34.544636°S 135.929811°E / -34.544636; 135.929811
Town in South AustraliaLouth BaySouth AustraliaLouth BayCoordinates34°32′41″S 135°55′47″E / 34.544636°S 135.929811°E / -34.544636; 135.929811Population125 (SAL 2016)Established24 June 1909 (town)16 October 2003 (locality)Postcode(s)5607Time zoneACST (UTC+9:30) • Summer (DST)ACST (UTC+10:30)Location 247 km (153 mi) W of Adelaide 21 km (13 mi) N of Port Lincoln LGA(s)District Council of Lower Eyre PeninsulaRegionEyre WesternCountyFlindersState electorate(s)FlindersFederal division(s)Grey
Mean max temp
Mean min temp
Annual rainfall
21.2 °C 70 °F
11.3 °C 52 °F
383.2 mm 15.1 in
Localities around Louth Bay:
Whites Flat
Whites River
Whites River
Whites Flat
Louth Bay
Spencer Gulf
Poonindie
Poonindie
Spencer Gulf
FootnotesLocationAdjoining localities
Louth Bay (formerly Laurence) is a town and locality in the Australian state of South Australia. It is named after the bay named by Matthew Flinders on 26 February 1802 which itself is derived from a place in Lincolnshire. At the 2006 census, Louth Bay had a population of 408.
A town was surveyed in March 1909 and proclaimed on 24 June 1909. It was named 'Laurence' after Laurence O'Loughlin, a South Australian politician. In November 1940, the District Council of Lincoln formally endorsed a recommendation to rename the town 'Louth Bay' in order to be in line with common use. The name change was gazetted on 20 February 1941. Boundaries were created in October 2003 for a locality with the name 'Louth Bay and which included the site of Government Town of Louth Bay.
Louth Island is a large privately owned island located within Louth Bay. 3 km to the south east of Louth Island lies the smaller Rabbit Island, which is part of the Lincoln National Park.
History
The bay was a popular picnic destination in the early 20th century, but retained its serenity and wildness throughout.
In the early 20th century, the bay was dredged for oysters.
A jetty was proposed for Louth Bay in the 1878, and was constructed around that time. In 1908, the structure was damaged, allegedly by a ship. In 1949, the Government announced that it was seeking to demolish the Louth Bay jetty, and called for tenders. This was met by objections and a petition, leading to a delayed decision.
In the late 20th century, aquaculture became an important industry for Louth Bay, though fishermen and local residents have expressed concerned about stock escapees and pollution impacts from existing operations. Concerns included algal growth and seagrass degradation, plastic pollution and the loss of amenity.
Incidents
On 12 February 2007 Phillip Kerkhof wrestled a 1.3 metre long Bronze whaler shark in Louth Bay, catching it and dragging it onto the jetty before cheering fishermen. He admitted to being drunk at the time and recommended that others not engage in such activities.
On 21 August 2014 the decapitated bodies of two New Zealand fur seals were found near Louth Bay. The circumstances surrounding their death were considered suspicious and an investigation was undertaken.
See also
Louth (disambiguation)
Eyre Peninsula bushfire
References
^ a b c d e f g h i "Search results for 'Louth Bay, LOCB' with the following datasets selected - 'Suburbs and localities', 'Counties', 'Hundreds', 'Local Government Areas', 'SA Government Regions' and 'Gazetteer'". Location SA Map Viewer. South Australian Government. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Louth Bay (suburb and locality)". Australian Census 2016.
^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Louth Bay (suburb and locality)". Australian Census 2016 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
^ a b Mitchell, S.J. (24 June 1909). "Town of Laurence" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. Government of South Australia. p. 1152. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
^ a b "Postcode for Louth Bay, South Australia". Postcodes Australia. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
^ "District of Flinders Background Profile". Electoral Commission SA. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
^ "Federal electoral division of Grey" (PDF). Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
^ a b c "Monthly climate statistics: Summary statistics NORTH SHIELDS (PORT LINCOLN AWS)". Commonwealth of Australia , Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (25 October 2007). "Louth Bay (State Suburb)". 2006 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
^ "Name of Township of Lawrence To be Altered to Louth Bay". Port Lincoln Times (SA : 1927 - 1954). 21 November 1940. p. 1. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
^ McEwin, A. Lyell (20 February 1941). "Alteration of Names of Towns and Places" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. Government of South Australia. p. 225. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
^ "Name of Township of Lawrence To be Altered to Louth Bay". Port Lincoln Times. Vol. XIV, no. 680. South Australia. 21 November 1940. p. 1. Retrieved 18 September 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "Search result for "Laurence (GTWN)" (Record no. SA0038919) with the following layers selected - "Government Towns" and " Place names (gazetteer)"". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
^ "Waterside Workers". Port Lincoln Times (SA : 1927 - 1954). 23 January 1931. p. 13. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
^ "COMBINED PICNIC AT LOUTH BAY". Port Lincoln Times (SA : 1927 - 1954). 9 December 1938. p. 9. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
^ "Chop Picnic at Louth Bay". Port Lincoln Times (SA : 1927 - 1954). 23 January 1941. p. 1. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
^ "Convent Picnic at Louth Bay". Port Lincoln Times (SA : 1927 - 1954). 8 December 1949. p. 1. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
^ "Louth Bay". Chronicle (Adelaide, SA : 1895 - 1954). 8 December 1949. p. 64. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
^ "THE YSTR FISHERIES". Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1889 - 1931). 13 February 1902. p. 4. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
^ "HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY". South Australian Register (Adelaide, SA : 1839 - 1900). 18 July 1878. p. 1. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
^ "NESSELS AND DECREPIT JETTIES". Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1889 - 1931). 24 July 1908. p. 7. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
^ "Louth Bay Jetty To Be Demolished". Port Lincoln Times (SA : 1927 - 1954). 26 May 1949. p. 1. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
^ "Reprieve For Louth Bay Jetty". Port Lincoln Times (SA : 1927 - 1954). 2 June 1949. p. 1. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
^ "Anglers worried about aquaculture" ABC News (31 January 2008). Retrieved 2014-01-19.
^ "Aquaculture accused of causing bay pollution" ABC News (7 April 2006). Retrieved 2014-01-19.
^ "Man catches shark with bare hands". News.com.au. 16 February 2007. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
^ Holroyd, Jane (16 February 2007). "Shark-eating man 'just snapped'". The Age. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
^ Jeanes, Tim (16 February 2007). "The World Today - Man attacks shark". ABC. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
^ "Vodka, shark chaser". News.com.au. 17 February 2007. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
^ "Headless fur seals found on beach in SA treated as suspicious by authorities". ABC. 25 August 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
vteTowns and localities of the District Council of Lower Eyre Peninsula
Boston
Charlton Gully
Coffin Bay
Coomunga
Coulta
Cummins
Duck Ponds
Edillilie
Farm Beach
Fountain
Green Patch
Hawson
Kapinnie
Karkoo
Kellidie Bay
Kiana
Lincoln National Park
Little Douglas (formerly Horse Peninsula)
Louth Bay
Mitchell
Mount Drummond
Mount Dutton Bay
Mount Hope
North Shields
Pearlah
Point Boston
Poonindie
Sleaford
Tiatukia
Tootenilla
Tulka
Uley
Wangary
Wanilla
Whites Flat
Whites River
Yeelanna
vteCoastal bays and inlets of South AustraliaWest coast
Anxious
Baird
Coffin
Denial
Fowlers
Head of the Bight
Laura
Murat
Sceale
Sleaford
Fishery
Smoky
Streaky
Tourville
Venus
Spencer Gulf
Arno
Blanche Harbor
False
Germein
Hardwicke
Lipson Cove
Louth
Lucky
Memory
Moonta
Pondalowie
Tumby
Wallaroo
Investigator Strait
Emu
Marion
Nepean
Pelican Lagoon
Bay of Shoals
Eastern Cove
Western Cove
Smith
Stenhouse
Stokes
Kangaroo Island south and west coasts
D'Estrees
Maupertuis
Moncrieff
Pink
Seal
Vivonne
Gulf St Vincent
Aldinga
Barker Inlet
Holdfast
Rapid
Wool
Backstairs Passage
Antechamber
Cuttlefish
South east coast
Discovery (part)
Racecourse
Encounter
Guichen
Lacepede
Nora Creina
Rivoli
MainlandMurray River
Loveday
Category
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LMV-1"},{"link_name":"Matthew Flinders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Flinders"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LMV-1"},{"link_name":"2006 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_in_Australia#2006"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2006Y-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAGG-1909-4"},{"link_name":"Laurence O'Loughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_O%27Loughlin"},{"link_name":"District Council of Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Council_of_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAGG-1941-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LMV-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GTWN-13"},{"link_name":"Louth Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louth_Island"},{"link_name":"Rabbit Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit_Island_(South_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Lincoln National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_National_Park"}],"text":"Town in South AustraliaLouth Bay (formerly Laurence) is a town and locality in the Australian state of South Australia.[1] It is named after the bay named by Matthew Flinders on 26 February 1802 which itself is derived from a place in Lincolnshire.[1] At the 2006 census, Louth Bay had a population of 408.[9]A town was surveyed in March 1909 and proclaimed on 24 June 1909.[4] It was named 'Laurence' after Laurence O'Loughlin, a South Australian politician. In November 1940, the District Council of Lincoln formally endorsed a recommendation to rename the town 'Louth Bay' in order to be in line with common use.[10] The name change was gazetted on 20 February 1941.[11] Boundaries were created in October 2003 for a locality with the name 'Louth Bay and which included the site of Government Town of Louth Bay.[12][1][13]Louth Island is a large privately owned island located within Louth Bay. 3 km to the south east of Louth Island lies the smaller Rabbit Island, which is part of the Lincoln National Park.","title":"Louth Bay, South Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"oysters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"plastic pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_pollution"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"The bay was a popular picnic destination in the early 20th century,[14][15][16][17] but retained its serenity and wildness throughout.[18]In the early 20th century, the bay was dredged for oysters.[19]A jetty was proposed for Louth Bay in the 1878,[20] and was constructed around that time. In 1908, the structure was damaged, allegedly by a ship.[21] In 1949, the Government announced that it was seeking to demolish the Louth Bay jetty, and called for tenders.[22] This was met by objections and a petition, leading to a delayed decision.[23]In the late 20th century, aquaculture became an important industry for Louth Bay, though fishermen and local residents have expressed concerned about stock escapees and pollution impacts from existing operations. Concerns included algal growth and seagrass degradation, plastic pollution and the loss of amenity.[24][25]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bronze whaler shark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_whaler_shark"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"New Zealand fur seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Fur_Seal"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"On 12 February 2007 Phillip Kerkhof wrestled a 1.3 metre long Bronze whaler shark in Louth Bay, catching it and dragging it onto the jetty before cheering fishermen. He admitted to being drunk at the time and recommended that others not engage in such activities.[26][27][28][29]On 21 August 2014 the decapitated bodies of two New Zealand fur seals were found near Louth Bay. The circumstances surrounding their death were considered suspicious and an investigation was undertaken.[30]","title":"Incidents"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Louth (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louth_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Eyre Peninsula bushfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyre_Peninsula_bushfire"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Search results for 'Louth Bay, LOCB' with the following datasets selected - 'Suburbs and localities', 'Counties', 'Hundreds', 'Local Government Areas', 'SA Government Regions' and 'Gazetteer'\". Location SA Map Viewer. South Australian Government. Retrieved 16 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://location.sa.gov.au/viewer/?map=roads&x=135.9562&y=-34.55554&z=13&uids=19,2,115,8,11,20,105&pinx=135.931200&piny=-34.543210&pinTitle=Location&pinText=Louth+Bay,+Locb","url_text":"\"Search results for 'Louth Bay, LOCB' with the following datasets selected - 'Suburbs and localities', 'Counties', 'Hundreds', 'Local Government Areas', 'SA Government Regions' and 'Gazetteer'\""}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). \"Louth Bay (suburb and locality)\". Australian Census 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC40773","url_text":"\"Louth Bay (suburb and locality)\""}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). \"Louth Bay (suburb and locality)\". Australian Census 2016 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL40780","url_text":"\"Louth Bay (suburb and locality)\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, S.J. (24 June 1909). \"Town of Laurence\" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. Government of South Australia. p. 1152. Retrieved 27 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www8.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1909/31/1152.pdf","url_text":"\"Town of Laurence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Postcode for Louth Bay, South Australia\". Postcodes Australia. Retrieved 20 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.postcodes-australia.com/areas/sa/country+south+australia/louth+bay","url_text":"\"Postcode for Louth Bay, South Australia\""}]},{"reference":"\"District of Flinders Background Profile\". Electoral Commission SA. Retrieved 9 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ecsa.sa.gov.au/component/edocman/?task=document.download&id=551&Itemid=0","url_text":"\"District of Flinders Background Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Federal electoral division of Grey\" (PDF). Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 24 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/sa/files/2011/2011-aec-a4-map-sa-grey.pdf","url_text":"\"Federal electoral division of Grey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monthly climate statistics: Summary statistics NORTH SHIELDS (PORT LINCOLN AWS)\". Commonwealth of Australia , Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 23 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_018192_All.shtml","url_text":"\"Monthly climate statistics: Summary statistics NORTH SHIELDS (PORT LINCOLN AWS)\""}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (25 October 2007). \"Louth Bay (State Suburb)\". 2006 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 23 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2006/SSC44016","url_text":"\"Louth Bay (State Suburb)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Name of Township of Lawrence To be Altered to Louth Bay\". Port Lincoln Times (SA : 1927 - 1954). 21 November 1940. p. 1. Retrieved 5 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article96745159","url_text":"\"Name of Township of Lawrence To be Altered to Louth Bay\""}]},{"reference":"McEwin, A. Lyell (20 February 1941). \"Alteration of Names of Towns and Places\" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. Government of South Australia. p. 225. Retrieved 27 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www8.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1941/8/225.pdf","url_text":"\"Alteration of Names of Towns and Places\""}]},{"reference":"\"Name of Township of Lawrence To be Altered to Louth Bay\". Port Lincoln Times. Vol. XIV, no. 680. South Australia. 21 November 1940. p. 1. Retrieved 18 September 2016 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article96745159","url_text":"\"Name of Township of Lawrence To be Altered to Louth Bay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Lincoln_Times","url_text":"Port Lincoln Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Search result for \"Laurence (GTWN)\" (Record no. SA0038919) with the following layers selected - \"Government Towns\" and \" Place names (gazetteer)\"\". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161012010923/http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/","url_text":"\"Search result for \"Laurence (GTWN)\" (Record no. SA0038919) with the following layers selected - \"Government Towns\" and \" Place names (gazetteer)\"\""},{"url":"http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/#","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Waterside Workers\". Port Lincoln Times (SA : 1927 - 1954). 23 January 1931. p. 13. Retrieved 5 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article96609394","url_text":"\"Waterside Workers\""}]},{"reference":"\"COMBINED PICNIC AT LOUTH BAY\". Port Lincoln Times (SA : 1927 - 1954). 9 December 1938. p. 9. Retrieved 5 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article96733907","url_text":"\"COMBINED PICNIC AT LOUTH BAY\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chop Picnic at Louth Bay\". Port Lincoln Times (SA : 1927 - 1954). 23 January 1941. p. 1. Retrieved 5 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article96753153","url_text":"\"Chop Picnic at Louth Bay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Convent Picnic at Louth Bay\". Port Lincoln Times (SA : 1927 - 1954). 8 December 1949. p. 1. Retrieved 5 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article96779471","url_text":"\"Convent Picnic at Louth Bay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Louth Bay\". Chronicle (Adelaide, SA : 1895 - 1954). 8 December 1949. p. 64. Retrieved 5 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93751853","url_text":"\"Louth Bay\""}]},{"reference":"\"THE [?]YST[?]R[?] FISHERIES[?]\". Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1889 - 1931). 13 February 1902. p. 4. Retrieved 5 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4909340","url_text":"\"THE [?]YST[?]R[?] FISHERIES[?]\""}]},{"reference":"\"HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY\". South Australian Register (Adelaide, SA : 1839 - 1900). 18 July 1878. p. 1. Retrieved 5 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article42981834","url_text":"\"HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY\""}]},{"reference":"\"NESSELS AND DECREPIT JETTIES\". Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1889 - 1931). 24 July 1908. p. 7. Retrieved 5 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5165144","url_text":"\"NESSELS AND DECREPIT JETTIES\""}]},{"reference":"\"Louth Bay Jetty To Be Demolished\". Port Lincoln Times (SA : 1927 - 1954). 26 May 1949. p. 1. Retrieved 5 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article96779211","url_text":"\"Louth Bay Jetty To Be Demolished\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reprieve For Louth Bay Jetty\". Port Lincoln Times (SA : 1927 - 1954). 2 June 1949. p. 1. Retrieved 5 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article96779110","url_text":"\"Reprieve For Louth Bay Jetty\""}]},{"reference":"\"Man catches shark with bare hands\". News.com.au. 16 February 2007. Retrieved 26 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news.com.au/national/man-catches-shark-with-bare-hands/story-e6frfkp9-1111113006423","url_text":"\"Man catches shark with bare hands\""}]},{"reference":"Holroyd, Jane (16 February 2007). \"Shark-eating man 'just snapped'\". The Age. Retrieved 26 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/sharkeating-man-just-snapped/2007/02/16/1171405416209.html","url_text":"\"Shark-eating man 'just snapped'\""}]},{"reference":"Jeanes, Tim (16 February 2007). \"The World Today - Man attacks shark\". ABC. Retrieved 26 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2007/s1849824.htm","url_text":"\"The World Today - Man attacks shark\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vodka, shark chaser\". News.com.au. 17 February 2007. Retrieved 26 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news.com.au/national/vodka-shark-chaser/story-e6frfkp9-1111113010236","url_text":"\"Vodka, shark chaser\""}]},{"reference":"\"Headless fur seals found on beach in SA treated as suspicious by authorities\". ABC. 25 August 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-08-25/headless-seals-discovered-in-sa/5693974","url_text":"\"Headless fur seals found on beach in SA treated as suspicious by authorities\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauber_C16
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Sauber C16
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["1 Summary","2 Complete Formula One results","3 References"]
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Formula One racing car
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Sauber C16" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Racing car model
Sauber C16The C16 of Johnny Herbert on display at the Hangar-7 Museum.CategoryFormula OneConstructorSauberDesigner(s)Leo Ress (Technical Director) Ian Thomson (Head of Chassis Design)Rene Hilhorst (Head of Aerodynamics) Mike Jennings (Principal Aerodynamicist)PredecessorSauber C15SuccessorSauber C17Technical specificationsChassiscarbon-fibre and honeycomb composite structureSuspension (front)double wishbones, pushrod, coil spring/damperSuspension (rear)double wishbones, pushrod, coil spring/damperEnginePetronas (Ferrari) 3.0-litre 75-degree V10TransmissionSauber six-speed longitudinally-mounted sequential semi-automaticPower720–730 hp (536.9–544.4 kW) @ 16,500 rpmFuelPetronasTyresGoodyearCompetition historyNotable entrantsRed Bull Sauber PetronasNotable drivers16. Johnny Herbert17. Nicola Larini17. Gianni Morbidelli17. Norberto FontanaDebut1997 Australian Grand PrixLast event1997 European Grand Prix
RacesWinsPodiumsPolesF/Laps
170100Constructors' Championships0Drivers' Championships0
The Sauber C16 was the car with which the Sauber team competed in the 1997 Formula One World Championship. It was initially driven by Briton Johnny Herbert, who was in his second season with the team, and Italian Nicola Larini.
Summary
Larini's place in the team was secured via an arrangement that gave the team the previous year's Ferrari customer engines that were used in the F310 that scored three wins in 1996, badged as Petronas in deference to the team's major Malaysian sponsor. This agreement to use Ferrari engines lasted until the team's purchase by BMW for 2006.
However, Larini, Ferrari's test driver, was unhappy with the team's ambience and quit after five Grands Prix. Fellow Italian Gianni Morbidelli was brought in as a replacement, but he broke his arm on two occasions during the year and had to be replaced by Argentine rookie Norberto Fontana whilst he recovered. All three drivers were comprehensively out-performed by Herbert.
Initially the C16 car was designed to accommodate Ford Zetec engine but the decision to change from Ford to Ferrari engines in November 1996 brought with it several challenges for the design team led by Sauber technical director Leo Ress. Where the Ford engine featured the V8 mounted to the back of the engine, the additional two-cylinders positioned in the V shape of the cylinder bank, the Petronas-branded Ferrari engine included all three components attached to the rear of the engine and thus required Sauber to change their design approach. In order to accommodate the SPE-01, Sauber had to redevelop their engine bay, gearbox and the rear suspension geometry due to lateness in the engine switch deal. The SPE-01 engine allowed the team more flexibility with the size and position of the fuel cell and allowed the engine to be positioned closer to the driver, however the additional 2 cylinders position on the engine created difficulties as it protruded into the space occupied by the gearbox housing. The team were subsequently required to redesign the gearbox and completely overhaul the rear suspension mounting points in order to fit the engine.
The changes required to accommodate the SPE-01 allowed Sauber to develop a radical design to the rear suspension geometry as well as wheelbase elongation. The design combined all of the upper elements of the suspension into a single piece, thus minimizing the amount of bodywork in a key area of the chassis and in turn reducing drag whilst giving the team a greater degree of control over air flowing over the rear diffuser and producing more aerodynamic grip.
The switch to Petronas-branded Ferrari engines resulted in few problems for the team. During pre-season testing, the C16 was observed to have burn marks on the rear of the engine cowling caused by the semi-tight packaging and insufficient cooling for the peak engine temperature. The team introduced a temporary cooling package for the duration of the test ahead of a planned update to the car's bodywork, and later expressed confidence that the engine reliability issues had been resolved.
Against some expectations, the car was competitive at the beginning of the season, but fell away slightly as the season progressed due to lack of development compared with better-funded rivals. Herbert's impressive season culminated in the team's third-ever podium finish at the 1997 Hungarian Grand Prix (where he also beat both works Ferraris). He scored all but one of the team's tally of points.
The team eventually finished seventh in the Constructors' Championship, with 16 points.
Many years later, some photos were leaked showing a top secret test carried out by Michael Schumacher in the C16 at Ferrari's test track at Fiorano in Italy. The test took place in September 1997 in a de-badged C16.
Complete Formula One results
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position)
Year
Team
Engine
Tyres
Drivers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Points
WCC
1997
Red Bull Sauber Petronas
Petronas V10
G
AUS
BRA
ARG
SMR
MON
ESP
CAN
FRA
GBR
GER
HUN
BEL
ITA
AUT
LUX
JPN
EUR
16
7th
Johnny Herbert
Ret
7
4
Ret
Ret
5
5
8
Ret
Ret
3
4
Ret
8
7
6
8
Nicola Larini
6
11
Ret
7
Ret
Gianni Morbidelli
14
10
Ret
9
12
9
9
DNS
Norberto Fontana
Ret
9
9
14
References
AUTOCOURSE 1997-98, Henry, Alan (ed.), Hazleton Publishing Ltd. (1997) ISBN 1-874557-47-0
^ Young, Andy (14 October 2012). "Richland's Road of Nostalgia: Michael Schumacher's Secret 1997 Sauber Test".
^ Deviantart, F1-history. "Michael Schumacher (Italy Test 1997)". Archived from the original on 2016-06-04. Retrieved 2013-11-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
vte Stake F1 Team Kick SauberFounder
Peter Sauber
Current
Andreas Seidl (Chief Executive Officer)
Alessandro Alunni Bravi (Team Principal)
James Key (Technical Director)
2024 drivers
Valtteri Bottas
Zhou Guanyu
Notable personnel
Mariano Alperin
Alessandro Alunni Bravi
Ruth Buscombe
Elliot Dason-Barber
Dirk de Beer
André de Cortanze
Jost Capito
Jacky Eeckelaert
Luca Furbatto
Eric Gandelin
René Hilhorst
Nicolas Hennel
Monisha Kaltenborn
James Key
Mike Krack
Jan Monchaux
Matt Morris
Seamus Mullarkey
Steve Nichols
Tom McCullough
John Owen
Xevi Pujolar
Willy Rampf
Leo Ress
Simone Resta
Sergio Rinland
Andreas Seidl
Loïc Serra
Mark Smith
Julien Simon-Chautemps
Willem Toet
Mario Theissen
Frédéric Vasseur
Pierre Waché
Ben Waterhouse
Max Welti
Ian Wright
Jörg Zander
Beat Zehnder
Christoph Zimmermann
Notable drivers
Karl Wendlinger
Heinz-Harald Frentzen
Johnny Herbert
Jean Alesi
Nick Heidfeld
Kimi Räikkönen
Felipe Massa
Giancarlo Fisichella
Jacques Villeneuve
Robert Kubica
Sebastian Vettel
Kamui Kobayashi
Sergio Pérez
Marcus Ericsson
Charles Leclerc
Former drivers
See category
Sportscars
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
SHS C6
C7
C8
C9
C11
C291
C292
Formula One cars
C12
C13
C14
C15
C16
C17
C18
C19
C20
C21
C22
C23
C24
F1.06
F1.07
F1.08
F1.09
C29
C30
C31
C32
C33
C34
C35
C36
C37
As Alfa Romeo
C38
C39
C41
C42
C43
C44
vte« previous Cars that competed in the 1997 Formula One World Championship next »
Arrows A18
Benetton B197
Ferrari F310B
Jordan 197
Lola T97/30
McLaren MP4/12
Minardi M197
Prost JS45
Sauber C16
Stewart SF01
Tyrrell 025
Williams FW19
This Formula One–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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The team were subsequently required to redesign the gearbox and completely overhaul the rear suspension mounting points in order to fit the engine.The changes required to accommodate the SPE-01 allowed Sauber to develop a radical design to the rear suspension geometry as well as wheelbase elongation. The design combined all of the upper elements of the suspension into a single piece, thus minimizing the amount of bodywork in a key area of the chassis and in turn reducing drag whilst giving the team a greater degree of control over air flowing over the rear diffuser and producing more aerodynamic grip.The switch to Petronas-branded Ferrari engines resulted in few problems for the team. During pre-season testing, the C16 was observed to have burn marks on the rear of the engine cowling caused by the semi-tight packaging and insufficient cooling for the peak engine temperature. The team introduced a temporary cooling package for the duration of the test ahead of a planned update to the car's bodywork, and later expressed confidence that the engine reliability issues had been resolved.Against some expectations, the car was competitive at the beginning of the season, but fell away slightly as the season progressed due to lack of development compared with better-funded rivals. Herbert's impressive season culminated in the team's third-ever podium finish at the 1997 Hungarian Grand Prix (where he also beat both works Ferraris). He scored all but one of the team's tally of points.The team eventually finished seventh in the Constructors' Championship, with 16 points.Many years later, some photos were leaked showing a top secret test carried out by Michael Schumacher in the C16 at Ferrari's test track at Fiorano in Italy. 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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Liedts
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Charles Liedts
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["1 Honours","2 See also","3 References","4 Sources"]
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Belgian politician
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Charles Liedts" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Charles LiedtsPresident of the Chamber of RepresentativesIn office17 November 1843 – 28 June 1848Preceded byJean-Joseph RaikemSucceeded byPierre-Théodore Verhaegen
Personal detailsBorn(1802-12-02)2 December 1802Oudenaarde, France(now Belgium)Died21 March 1878(1878-03-21) (aged 75)Brussels, BelgiumPolitical partyLiberal PartyAlma materGhent University
Charles Augustin Baron Liedts (2 December 1802 in Oudenaarde – 21 March 1878) was a Belgian liberal politician.
Born into the Bourgeoisie of Oudenaarde he became only 28 years young member of the National Congress of Belgium. After he became governor of Antwerp.
He was President of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives from 17 November 1843 until 20 May 1848. By royal Command he was created Baron Liedts by King Leopold II. He was Minister of Finance from 1852 to 1855.
He was married to Lady Rose de Haen 1815–1876.
Honours
1847: Minister of state, by Royal Decree.
1870: Created Baron Liedts, by Royal Decree.
Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold.
1ste Class in the Order of the Red Eagle.
Knight Grand Cross in the Order of the Netherlands Lion.
Knight Grand Cross in the Order of the Iron Crown.
Grand Officer in the Legion of Honour.
Grand Officer in the Saxe-Ernestine House Order.
See also
Liberal Party
Liberalism in Belgium
References
^ a b c d e "LIEDTS". www.ars-moriendi.be. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
^ Almanach royal officiel: 1875
Sources
Media related to Charles Liedts at Wikimedia Commons
Charles Liedts (Dutch)
Political offices
Preceded byJean-Joseph Raikem
President of the Chamber of Representatives 1843–1848
Succeeded byPierre-Théodore Verhaegen
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Belgium
This article about a Flemish politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
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[{"title":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Belgium)"},{"title":"Liberalism in Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternovsky_District
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Ternovsky District
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["1 References","1.1 Notes","1.2 Sources"]
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Coordinates: 51°40′35″N 41°37′51″E / 51.67639°N 41.63083°E / 51.67639; 41.63083District in Voronezh Oblast, RussiaTernovsky District
Терновский районDistrictThe Savala River near the selo of Bratki in Ternovsky District
FlagCoat of armsLocation of Ternovsky District in Voronezh OblastCoordinates: 51°40′35″N 41°37′51″E / 51.67639°N 41.63083°E / 51.67639; 41.63083CountryRussiaFederal subjectVoronezh OblastEstablished1929Administrative centerTernovkaArea • Total1,391 km2 (537 sq mi)Population (2010 Census) • Total22,125 • Estimate (2018)18,754 (−15.2%) • Density16/km2 (41/sq mi) • Urban0% • Rural100%Administrative structure • Administrative divisions14 Rural settlements • Inhabited localities41 rural localitiesMunicipal structure • Municipally incorporated asTernovsky Municipal District • Municipal divisions0 urban settlements, 14 rural settlementsTime zoneUTC+3 (MSK )OKTMO ID20654000Websitehttp://ternovadmin.ru/
Ternovsky District (Russian: Терно́вский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Voronezh Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northeast of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,391 square kilometers (537 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Ternovka. Population: 17,761 (2021 Census); 22,125 (2010 Russian census); 25,696 (2002 Census); 29,642 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Ternovka accounts for 28.0% of the district's total population.
Within the Ternovsky district there are nature historical and cultural monuments that are protected by the state. These are the churches: Michael the Archangel (1802), Kazan (1861) and Vvedenskaya (1711), and also archaeological: Settlement (4000 BC)
References
Notes
^ a b c d e Law #87-OZ
^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
^ a b c Law #63-ZO
^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (in Russian).
^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров . Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики . 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
Sources
Воронежская областная Дума. Закон №87-ОЗ от 27 октября 2006 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Воронежской области и порядке его изменения», в ред. Закона №41-ОЗ от 13 апреля 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Воронежской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Воронежской области и порядке его изменения"». Вступил в силу по истечении 10 дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Молодой коммунар", №123, 3 ноября 2006 г. (Voronezh Oblast Duma. Law #87-OZ of October 27, 2006 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Voronezh Oblast and on the Procedures of Changing It, as amended by the Law #41-OZ of April 13, 2015 On Amending the Law of Voronezh Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Voronezh Oblast and on the Procedures of Changing It". Effective as of after 10 days from the day of the official publication.).
Воронежская областная Дума. Закон №63-ОЗ от 15 октября 2004 г. «Об определении границ, наделении соответствующим статусом, определении административных центров отдельных муниципальных образований Воронежской области», в ред. Закона №77-ОЗ от 4 июня 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Воронежской области в связи с изменением границ некоторых муниципальных образований Воронежской области». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Коммуна", №166, 26 октября 2004 г. (Voronezh Oblast Duma. Law #63-OZ of October 15, 2004 On Establishing the Borders, Granting Appropriate Status, Establishing the Administrative Centers of Various Municipal Formations of Voronezh Oblast, as amended by the Law #77-OZ of June 4, 2015 On Amending Various Legislative Acts of Voronezh Oblast Due to Changing the Borders of Several Municipal Formations in Voronezh Oblast. Effective as of the official publication date.).
vteAdministrative divisions of Voronezh OblastAdministrative center: Voronezh • Rural localitiesCities and towns
Bobrov
Boguchar
Borisoglebsk
Buturlinovka
Ertil
Kalach
Liski
Novokhopyorsk
Novovoronezh
Ostrogozhsk
Pavlovsk
Povorino
Rossosh
Semiluki
Voronezh
Districts
Anninsky
Bobrovsky
Bogucharsky
Buturlinovsky
Ertilsky
Gribanovsky
Kalacheyevsky
Kamensky
Kantemirovsky
Kashirsky
Khokholsky
Liskinsky
Nizhnedevitsky
Novokhopyorsky
Novousmansky
Olkhovatsky
Ostrogozhsky
Paninsky
Pavlovsky
Petropavlovsky
Podgorensky
Povorinsky
Ramonsky
Repyovsky
Rossoshansky
Semiluksky
Talovsky
Ternovsky
Verkhnekhavsky
Verkhnemamonsky
Vorobyovsky
Urban-type settlements
Anna
Davydovka
Gribanovsky
Kamenka
Kantemirovka
Khokholsky
Latnaya
Nizhny Kislyay
Novokhopyorsky
Olkhovatka
Panino
Perelyoshinsky
Podgorensky
Ramon
Strelitsa
Talovaya
Yelan-Kolenovsky
vteRural localities in Ternovsky District
Aleshki
Alexandrovka
Babino
Bratki
Chubrovka
Dolina
Dubrovka
Kiselnoye
Korshunovka
Kostino-Otdelets
Lipyagi
Lunacharovka
Narodnoye
Nikitskaya
Nikolayevka
Novokirsanovka
Novotroitskoye
Orlovka
Platonovka
Polyana
Popovka
Rusanovo
Rzhavets
Savalskogo lesnichestva
Semigorovka
Sergeyevka
Tambovka
Ternovka
Yesipovo
Zarechye
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VoronezhO_adm-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VoronezhO_mun1-4"},{"link_name":"raion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raion"},{"link_name":"thirty-two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Voronezh_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Voronezh Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voronezh_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblast"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"administrative center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_center"},{"link_name":"rural locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Ternovka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternovka,_Ternovsky_District,_Voronezh_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VoronezhO_adm-1"},{"link_name":"2021 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Russian_census"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021Census-6"},{"link_name":"2010 Russian census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Russian_census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010Census-2"},{"link_name":"2002 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Russian_census"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PopCensus-7"},{"link_name":"1989 Soviet census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Soviet_census"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census1989-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021Census-6"},{"link_name":"nature historical and cultural monuments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD"}],"text":"District in Voronezh Oblast, RussiaTernovsky District (Russian: Терно́вский райо́н) is an administrative[1] and municipal[4] district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Voronezh Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northeast of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,391 square kilometers (537 sq mi).[citation needed] Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Ternovka.[1] Population: 17,761 (2021 Census);[6] 22,125 (2010 Russian census);[2] 25,696 (2002 Census);[7] 29,642 (1989 Soviet census).[8] The population of Ternovka accounts for 28.0% of the district's total population.[6]Within the Ternovsky district there are nature historical and cultural monuments that are protected by the state. These are the churches: Michael the Archangel (1802), Kazan (1861) and Vvedenskaya (1711), and also archaeological: Settlement (4000 BC)","title":"Ternovsky District"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm","url_text":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"}]},{"reference":"\"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года\". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2018/bul_dr/mun_obr2018.rar","url_text":"\"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года\""}]},{"reference":"\"Об исчислении времени\". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085","url_text":"\"Об исчислении времени\""}]},{"reference":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn/2020/Tom1_Chislennost_i_razmeshchenie_naseleniya","url_text":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"}]},{"reference":"Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"},{"url":"http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls","url_text":"Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек"}]},{"reference":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php","url_text":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ternovsky_District¶ms=51_40_35_N_41_37_51_E_type:adm2nd_region:RU","external_links_name":"51°40′35″N 41°37′51″E / 51.67639°N 41.63083°E / 51.67639; 41.63083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ternovsky_District¶ms=51_40_35_N_41_37_51_E_type:adm2nd_region:RU","external_links_name":"51°40′35″N 41°37′51″E / 51.67639°N 41.63083°E / 51.67639; 41.63083"},{"Link":"http://ternovadmin.ru/","external_links_name":"http://ternovadmin.ru/"},{"Link":"https://ru.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD","external_links_name":"nature historical and cultural monuments"},{"Link":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm","external_links_name":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1"},{"Link":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2018/bul_dr/mun_obr2018.rar","external_links_name":"\"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года\""},{"Link":"http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085","external_links_name":"\"Об исчислении времени\""},{"Link":"https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn/2020/Tom1_Chislennost_i_razmeshchenie_naseleniya","external_links_name":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1"},{"Link":"http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls","external_links_name":"Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек"},{"Link":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php","external_links_name":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6ssbauer-Lamb_factor
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Lamb–Mössbauer factor
|
["1 References"]
|
In physics, the Lamb–Mössbauer factor (LMF, after Willis Lamb and Rudolf Mössbauer) or elastic incoherent structure factor (EISF) is the ratio of elastic to total incoherent neutron scattering, or the ratio of recoil-free to total nuclear resonant absorption in Mössbauer spectroscopy. The corresponding factor for coherent neutron or X-ray scattering is the Debye–Waller factor; often, that term is used in a more generic way to include the incoherent case as well.
When first reporting on recoil-free resonance absorption, Mössbauer (1959) cited relevant theoretical work by Lamb (1939). The first use of the term "Mössbauer–Lamb factor" seems to be by Tzara (1961); from 1962 on, the form "Lamb–Mössbauer factor" came into widespread use.
Singwi and Sjölander (1960) pointed out the close relation to incoherent neutron scattering. With the invention of backscattering spectrometers, it became possible to measure the Lamb–Mössbauer factor as a function of the wavenumber (whereas Mössbauer spectroscopy operates at a fixed wavenumber). Subsequently, the term elastic incoherent structure factor became more frequent.
References
^
Mössbauer, R. L. (1958), "Kernresonanzabsorption von Gammastrahlung in Ir191", Naturwissenschaften (in German), 45 (22): 538–539, Bibcode:1958NW.....45..538M, doi:10.1007/BF00632050, S2CID 41767686
^
Lamb, W. E. (1939), "Capture of Neutrons by Atoms in a Crystal", Physical Review, 55 (2): 190–197, Bibcode:1939PhRv...55..190L, doi:10.1103/PhysRev.55.190
^
Tzara, C. (1961), "Diffusion des photons sur les atomes et les noyaux dans les cristaux" (PDF), Journal de Physique et le Radium (in French), 22 (5): 303–307, doi:10.1051/jphysrad:01961002205030300
^
Singwi, K.; Sjölander, A. (1960), "Resonance Absorption of Nuclear Gamma Rays and the Dynamics of Atomic Motions", Physical Review, 120 (4): 1093, Bibcode:1960PhRv..120.1093S, doi:10.1103/PhysRev.120.1093
^
Alefeld, B.; Birr, M.; Heidemann, A. (1969), "Ein neues hochauflösendes Neutronenkristallspektrometer und seine Anwendung", Naturwissenschaften (in German), 56 (8): 410, Bibcode:1969NW.....56..410A, doi:10.1007/BF00593617, S2CID 42571268
This condensed matter physics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This scattering–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This spectroscopy-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mossbauer1959-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lamb1939-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tzara1961-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"backscattering spectrometers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_backscattering"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"wavenumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavenumber"}],"text":"When first reporting on recoil-free resonance absorption, Mössbauer (1959)[1] cited relevant theoretical work by Lamb (1939).[2] The first use of the term \"Mössbauer–Lamb factor\" seems to be by Tzara (1961);[3] from 1962 on, the form \"Lamb–Mössbauer factor\" came into widespread use.Singwi and Sjölander (1960)[4] pointed out the close relation to incoherent neutron scattering. With the invention of backscattering spectrometers,[5] it became possible to measure the Lamb–Mössbauer factor as a function of the wavenumber (whereas Mössbauer spectroscopy operates at a fixed wavenumber). Subsequently, the term elastic incoherent structure factor became more frequent.","title":"Lamb–Mössbauer factor"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Mössbauer, R. L. (1958), \"Kernresonanzabsorption von Gammastrahlung in Ir191\", Naturwissenschaften (in German), 45 (22): 538–539, Bibcode:1958NW.....45..538M, doi:10.1007/BF00632050, S2CID 41767686","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturwissenschaften","url_text":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958NW.....45..538M","url_text":"1958NW.....45..538M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00632050","url_text":"10.1007/BF00632050"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41767686","url_text":"41767686"}]},{"reference":"Lamb, W. E. (1939), \"Capture of Neutrons by Atoms in a Crystal\", Physical Review, 55 (2): 190–197, Bibcode:1939PhRv...55..190L, doi:10.1103/PhysRev.55.190","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Review","url_text":"Physical Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1939PhRv...55..190L","url_text":"1939PhRv...55..190L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.55.190","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRev.55.190"}]},{"reference":"Tzara, C. (1961), \"Diffusion des photons sur les atomes et les noyaux dans les cristaux\" (PDF), Journal de Physique et le Radium (in French), 22 (5): 303–307, doi:10.1051/jphysrad:01961002205030300","urls":[{"url":"http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/23/64/50/PDF/ajp-jphysrad_1961_22_5_303_0.pdf","url_text":"\"Diffusion des photons sur les atomes et les noyaux dans les cristaux\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_de_Physique_et_le_Radium","url_text":"Journal de Physique et le Radium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fjphysrad%3A01961002205030300","url_text":"10.1051/jphysrad:01961002205030300"}]},{"reference":"Singwi, K.; Sjölander, A. (1960), \"Resonance Absorption of Nuclear Gamma Rays and the Dynamics of Atomic Motions\", Physical Review, 120 (4): 1093, Bibcode:1960PhRv..120.1093S, doi:10.1103/PhysRev.120.1093","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Review","url_text":"Physical Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1960PhRv..120.1093S","url_text":"1960PhRv..120.1093S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.120.1093","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRev.120.1093"}]},{"reference":"Alefeld, B.; Birr, M.; Heidemann, A. (1969), \"Ein neues hochauflösendes Neutronenkristallspektrometer und seine Anwendung\", Naturwissenschaften (in German), 56 (8): 410, Bibcode:1969NW.....56..410A, doi:10.1007/BF00593617, S2CID 42571268","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturwissenschaften","url_text":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969NW.....56..410A","url_text":"1969NW.....56..410A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00593617","url_text":"10.1007/BF00593617"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42571268","url_text":"42571268"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958NW.....45..538M","external_links_name":"1958NW.....45..538M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00632050","external_links_name":"10.1007/BF00632050"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41767686","external_links_name":"41767686"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1939PhRv...55..190L","external_links_name":"1939PhRv...55..190L"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.55.190","external_links_name":"10.1103/PhysRev.55.190"},{"Link":"http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/23/64/50/PDF/ajp-jphysrad_1961_22_5_303_0.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Diffusion des photons sur les atomes et les noyaux dans les cristaux\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fjphysrad%3A01961002205030300","external_links_name":"10.1051/jphysrad:01961002205030300"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1960PhRv..120.1093S","external_links_name":"1960PhRv..120.1093S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.120.1093","external_links_name":"10.1103/PhysRev.120.1093"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969NW.....56..410A","external_links_name":"1969NW.....56..410A"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00593617","external_links_name":"10.1007/BF00593617"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42571268","external_links_name":"42571268"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lamb%E2%80%93M%C3%B6ssbauer_factor&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lamb%E2%80%93M%C3%B6ssbauer_factor&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lamb%E2%80%93M%C3%B6ssbauer_factor&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Wrestling_Torch
|
Wade Keller
|
["1 Pro Wrestling Torch","2 MMA Torch","3 Personal life","4 Awards and accomplishments","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
|
American wrestling journalist (born 1971)
Wade KellerBorn (1971-05-22) May 22, 1971 (age 53)Bloomington, Minnesota, U.S.OccupationProfessional wrestling journalistPeriod1987–presentSubjectProfessional wrestlingMixed martial artsNotable worksThe Pro Wrestling TorchChildren1
Wade Keller (born May 22, 1971) is an American professional wrestling journalist who runs the Pro Wrestling Torch newsletter. Keller has hosted The Wade Keller Pro Wrestling Podcast on PodcastOne since 2017.
Pro Wrestling Torch
Keller founded Pro Wrestling Torch Newsletter (aka PWTorch, or simply The Torch) in October 1987, when he was a junior in high school. The newsletter is published weekly from his Minnesota home, with the content also published to an accompanying website which was launched in 1999. Keller's work includes weekly columns, news reporting and analysis, as well as interviews in both print and audio format. He works closely with wrestlers, promoters and wrestling fans to gather the information for his features. The Pro Wrestling Torch Livecast was broadcast via BlogTalkRadio until 2017.
One of the first Keller's yearly features is the Torch Talk, in which he conducts interviews with wrestlers. Keller is also the host of Pro Wrestling's Ultimate Insiders, a series of interviews with prominent wrestling personalities that are released on DVD. The first edition featured Vince Russo and Ed Ferrara, former writers for WWE and WCW, while the second edition was conducted with Jeff and Matt Hardy. Another was conducted with ECW and XPW wrestler New Jack.
MMA Torch
Wade Keller also created and oversees MMA Torch, a website devoted to the world of mixed martial arts (MMA). The site has been around since the early 2000s and was one of the first sites to ever devote coverage to the world of MMA. He has interviewed Dana White, original UFC matchmaker Art Davie and UFC announcer Mike Goldberg. Before the MMA Torch website was launched, Keller's MMA coverage was included in the pages of the Pro Wrestling Torch Newsletter, including coverage of the first UFC pay-per-view. The site provides news, interviews, analysis and opinions as well as a message board feature.
Personal life
Keller is openly gay. He and longtime partner Cory have a son named Bowie. Keller is also a lifelong practitioner of martial arts.
Awards and accomplishments
George Tragos/Lou Thesz International Wrestling Institute
Jim Melby Award (2015)
See also
List of professional wrestling websites
References
^ a b Aaron Rupar (April 2, 2014). "Wade Keller: The man holding up the Pro Wrestling Torch". City Pages. Archived from the original on June 29, 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
^ "The first Wade Keller Pro Wrestling Podcast on Podcast One with Dot Net's Jason Powell as a guest". ProWrestling.net. July 18, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
^ Stuever, Hank (September 12, 2002). "Wrestlers Going to the Mat For Gay Rights? Not Exactly". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
^ "#262—Wade Keller: 30 years of wrestling journalism". ItsAllJournalism.com. July 20, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
^ "Home". MMATorch. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
^ "About Us: Our history, our staff, our exclusive features, what sets us apart from the rest". MMA Torch. April 17, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
^ a b Bixenspan, David (April 16, 2017). "Vince Russo, One Of Pro Wrestling's Biggest Bullshit Artists, Is Back Where He Started". Deadspin. Archived from the original on April 18, 2017. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
^ "HOF news: PWTorch editor Wade Keller to receive Jim Melby award at National Wrestling Hall of Fame weekend". Pro Wrestling Torch. February 3, 2015. Archived from the original on February 3, 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
^ Shelley Bonin Melby (July 13, 2015). "Torch's Wade Keller worthy of Melby Award". SLAM! Wrestling. Canadian Online Explorer. Archived from the original on July 15, 2015. Retrieved 2017-12-29.
External links
Official website
Pro Wrestling Torch
The Wade Keller Pro Wrestling Podcast at PodcastOne
PWTorch Livecast at BlogTalkRadio
|
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Keller has hosted The Wade Keller Pro Wrestling Podcast on PodcastOne since 2017.[2]","title":"Wade Keller"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"BlogTalkRadio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlogTalkRadio"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"Vince Russo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Russo"},{"link_name":"Ed Ferrara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Ferrara"},{"link_name":"WWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"WCW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Jeff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Hardy"},{"link_name":"and","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hardy_Boyz"},{"link_name":"Matt Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Hardy"},{"link_name":"ECW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_Championship_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"XPW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xtreme_Pro_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"New Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jack"}],"text":"Keller founded Pro Wrestling Torch Newsletter[3] (aka PWTorch, or simply The Torch) in October 1987,[4] when he was a junior in high school. The newsletter is published weekly from his Minnesota home, with the content also published to an accompanying website which was launched in 1999. Keller's work includes weekly columns, news reporting and analysis, as well as interviews in both print and audio format. He works closely with wrestlers, promoters and wrestling fans to gather the information for his features. The Pro Wrestling Torch Livecast was broadcast via BlogTalkRadio until 2017.One of the first Keller's yearly features is the Torch Talk, in which he conducts interviews with wrestlers. Keller is also the host of Pro Wrestling's Ultimate Insiders, a series of interviews with prominent wrestling personalities that are released on DVD. The first edition featured Vince Russo and Ed Ferrara, former writers for WWE and WCW, while the second edition was conducted with Jeff and Matt Hardy. Another was conducted with ECW and XPW wrestler New Jack.","title":"Pro Wrestling Torch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"mixed martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Dana White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_White"},{"link_name":"UFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"},{"link_name":"Art Davie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Davie"},{"link_name":"Mike Goldberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Goldberg"},{"link_name":"first UFC pay-per-view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_1"}],"text":"Wade Keller also created and oversees MMA Torch,[5] a website devoted to the world of mixed martial arts (MMA). The site has been around since the early 2000s[6] and was one of the first sites to ever devote coverage to the world of MMA. He has interviewed Dana White, original UFC matchmaker Art Davie and UFC announcer Mike Goldberg. Before the MMA Torch website was launched, Keller's MMA coverage was included in the pages of the Pro Wrestling Torch Newsletter, including coverage of the first UFC pay-per-view. The site provides news, interviews, analysis and opinions as well as a message board feature.","title":"MMA Torch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deadspin-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kellerkel-1"},{"link_name":"martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_arts"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deadspin-7"}],"text":"Keller is openly gay.[7] He and longtime partner Cory have a son named Bowie.[1] Keller is also a lifelong practitioner of martial arts.[7]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Tragos/Lou Thesz International Wrestling Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Tragos/Lou_Thesz_Professional_Wrestling_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"George Tragos/Lou Thesz International Wrestling Institute\nJim Melby Award (2015)[8][9]","title":"Awards and accomplishments"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of professional wrestling websites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_professional_wrestling_websites"}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goblet_drum
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Goblet drum
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["1 History","2 Technique","3 Use in Western classical music","4 Notable goblet drum musicians","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 References"]
|
Middle Eastern drum
"Darbuka" redirects here. For other uses, see Darbuka (disambiguation).
Goblet drumPercussion instrumentOther nameschalice drum, tarabuka (tarambuka), tarabaki, darbuka, derbake, debuka, doumbek, dumbec, dumbeg, dumbelek, dumbul, toumperleki (tumberleki), tumbak, zerbaghaliClassification
hand percussion, MembranophoneHornbostel–Sachs classification211.26DevelopedEgypt
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Egypt portalvte
The goblet drum (also chalice drum, tarabuka, tarabaki, darbuka, darabuka, derbake, debuka, doumbek, dumbec, dumbeg, dumbelek, toumperleki, tumbak, or zerbaghali; Egyptian Arabic: دربوكة / Romanized: darbuka) is a single-head membranophone with a goblet-shaped body. It is most commonly used in the traditional music of Egypt, where it is considered the national symbol of Egyptian Shaabi Music. The instrument is also featured in traditional music from West Asia, North Africa, South Asia, and Eastern Europe. The West African djembe is also a goblet membranophone. This article focuses on the Middle Eastern and North African goblet drum.
History
The origin of the term Darbuka lies in the rural Egyptian Arabic slang word that changed "darb" meaning "to strike" into "darabuka".
Goblet drums have been around for thousands of years and were used in Mesopotamian and Ancient Egyptian cultures.
They were also seen in Babylonia and Sumer from as early as 1100 BCE. On Sulawesi, large goblet drums are used as temple instruments and placed on the floor when played, which may reflect ancient use of the drum.
Technique
Darabukka from Egypt, 1825~35. From Lane 1836, p. 363
Sound of Darbuka
The Eastern and North-African goblet drums are played under the arm or resting on the player's leg, with a much lighter touch and quite different strokes (sometimes including rolls or quick rhythms articulated with the fingertips) to hand drums such as the djembe, found in West Africa.
There are two main types of goblet drums. The Egyptian style, Darbuka, is also known as Tabla and is very popular; it has rounded edges around the head, whereas the Turkish style exposes the edge of the head. The exposed edge allows closer access to the head so finger-snapping techniques can be done, but the hard edge discourages the rapid rolls possible with the Egyptian style.
The goblet drum may be played while held under one arm (usually the non-dominant arm) or by placing it sideways upon the lap (with the head towards the player's knees) while seated. Some drums are also made with strap mounts so the drum may be slung over the shoulder, to facilitate playing while standing or dancing. It produces a resonant, low-sustain sound while played lightly with the fingertips and palm. Some players move their fists in and out of the bell to alter the tone. Some players also place their hands on the surface of the drum to produce a muted sound. There are a variety of rhythms (see dumbek rhythms) that form the basis of the folkloric and modern music and dance styles of the Middle East.
There are three main sounds produced by the goblet drum. The first is called a "doom". It is the deeper bass sound produced by striking the head near the center with the length of the fingers and palm and taking off the hand for an open sound. The second is called the "tak" and is the higher-pitched sound produced by hitting near the edge of the head with the fingertips. A "tak" struck with the secondary hand is also known as a "ka". The third is the closed sound "pa" (also called "sak"), for which the hand is briefly rested on the head so as not to permit an open sound. Additionally, there are more complex techniques including snaps, slaps, pops and rolls that are used to ornament the basic rhythm. Hand clapping and hitting the sides of the drum can be used in addition to drumhead sounds.
Another technique commonly used in Greece, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Albania and Turkey is to tap with the fingers of one hand and with a thin drum stick in the other.
In Turkey the stick is called the çubuk, which means wand, or stick, and where the Romanis there occasionally use this technique.
Use in Western classical music
The first known Western classical composition to feature a goblet drum is the opera Les Troyens (1856–1858) by the French composer Hector Berlioz, which calls for a tarbuka in the Dance of the Nubian Slaves in Act IV.
The first compositions for goblet drum and orchestra were composed by the Egyptian-American musician Halim El-Dabh in the 1950s; his Fantasia-Tahmeel for goblet drum and strings was premiered in New York City in 1958, with a string orchestra conducted by Leopold Stokowski.
Notable goblet drum musicians
Setrak Sarkissian
Said El Artist
Hossam Ramzy
Rony Barrak
Carmine Guida
Djamchid Chemirani
Pettik Ádám
Bilal Göregen
Gallery
Cambodian skor daey, also known as skor arak. This is the smaller of two Cambodian goblet drums, the other being called skor chhaiyam (Khmer: ស្គរឆៃយ៉ាំ).
Egyptian tabla and darabuka
Indian tumbaknaer
Iranian/Persian tombak or zarb
West African djembe
Libyan darbuka
Turkish darbuka
Moroccan taarija
Man playing a tombak
TOYMBELEKI Museum of Popular Instruments, Research Centre for Ethnomusicology. In Plaka, Athens, Greece.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Goblet drums, Tonbak, Djembe and Ashiko (drum).
Ashiko
Duhulla
Taarija
Tonbak
Toubeleki
References
^ Silverman, Carol (2012). Romani Routes: Cultural Politics and Balkan Music in Diaspora. Oxford University Press. pp. 258, 393.
^ Karaol, Esra; Doğrusöz, Nilgün (2014-04-15). "Mısırlı Ahmet: The Clay Darbuka Technique and Its Performance Analysis". Rast Müzikoloji Dergisi. 2 (1): 50–67. doi:10.12975/rastmd.2014.02.01.00020.
^ The colours of the tabla: history, workshop and new enthusiasts of Egypt's unique percussive instrument
^ Blades, James (1970). Percussion Instruments and Their History. New York. p. 175.
^ Garland Encyclopedia of World Music). Routledge; Har/Com edition (November 1999). ISBN 978-0-8240-4946-1.
^ نخلة, أشرف سعد (July 2013), "الغناء البلدي في مصر", مجلة الثقافة الشعبية (22)
^ Sadie, Stanley, (1980). "Darbuka". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Vol. 5. p. 239. ISBN 1-56159-174-2.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darbuka (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darbuka_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization"},{"link_name":"membranophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membranophone"},{"link_name":"goblet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goblet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"national symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_symbol"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Shaabi Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaabi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"West Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Asia"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"Eastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"djembe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djembe"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"\"Darbuka\" redirects here. For other uses, see Darbuka (disambiguation).The goblet drum (also chalice drum, tarabuka, tarabaki, darbuka, darabuka, derbake, debuka, doumbek, dumbec, dumbeg, dumbelek, toumperleki, tumbak, or zerbaghali;[1] Egyptian Arabic: دربوكة / Romanized: darbuka) is a single-head membranophone with a goblet-shaped body.[2] It is most commonly used in the traditional music of Egypt, where it is considered the national symbol of Egyptian Shaabi Music.[3] The instrument is also featured in traditional music from West Asia, North Africa, South Asia, and Eastern Europe.[4] The West African djembe is also a goblet membranophone.[5] This article focuses on the Middle Eastern and North African goblet drum.","title":"Goblet drum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Egyptian Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic"},{"link_name":"slang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slang"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ancient Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Babylonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia"},{"link_name":"Sumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer"},{"link_name":"Sulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The origin of the term Darbuka lies in the rural Egyptian Arabic slang word that changed \"darb\" meaning \"to strike\" into \"darabuka\".[6]Goblet drums have been around for thousands of years and were used in Mesopotamian and Ancient Egyptian cultures.\nThey were also seen in Babylonia and Sumer from as early as 1100 BCE. On Sulawesi, large goblet drums are used as temple instruments and placed on the floor when played, which may reflect ancient use of the drum.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wooden_Darabukkeh,_Earthen_Darabukkeh_(Lane_(1836),_2010,_pp._363).jpg"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"djembe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djembe"},{"link_name":"West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa"},{"link_name":"Egyptian style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_music"},{"link_name":"dumbek rhythms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbek_rhythms"},{"link_name":"folkloric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkloric"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_(sound)"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"thin drum stick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_stick"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Romanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Darabukka from Egypt, 1825~35. From Lane 1836, p. 363Sound of DarbukaThe Eastern and North-African goblet drums are played under the arm or resting on the player's leg, with a much lighter touch and quite different strokes (sometimes including rolls or quick rhythms articulated with the fingertips) to hand drums such as the djembe, found in West Africa.There are two main types of goblet drums. The Egyptian style, Darbuka, is also known as Tabla and is very popular; it has rounded edges around the head, whereas the Turkish style exposes the edge of the head. The exposed edge allows closer access to the head so finger-snapping techniques can be done, but the hard edge discourages the rapid rolls possible with the Egyptian style.The goblet drum may be played while held under one arm (usually the non-dominant arm) or by placing it sideways upon the lap (with the head towards the player's knees) while seated. Some drums are also made with strap mounts so the drum may be slung over the shoulder, to facilitate playing while standing or dancing. It produces a resonant, low-sustain sound while played lightly with the fingertips and palm. Some players move their fists in and out of the bell to alter the tone. Some players also place their hands on the surface of the drum to produce a muted sound. There are a variety of rhythms (see dumbek rhythms) that form the basis of the folkloric and modern music and dance styles of the Middle East.There are three main sounds produced by the goblet drum. The first is called a \"doom\". It is the deeper bass sound produced by striking the head near the center with the length of the fingers and palm and taking off the hand for an open sound. The second is called the \"tak\" and is the higher-pitched sound produced by hitting near the edge of the head with the fingertips. A \"tak\" struck with the secondary hand is also known as a \"ka\". The third is the closed sound \"pa\" (also called \"sak\"), for which the hand is briefly rested on the head so as not to permit an open sound. Additionally, there are more complex techniques including snaps, slaps, pops and rolls that are used to ornament the basic rhythm. Hand clapping and hitting the sides of the drum can be used in addition to drumhead sounds.Another technique commonly used in Greece, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Albania and Turkey is to tap with the fingers of one hand and with a thin drum stick in the other.\nIn Turkey the stick is called the çubuk, which means wand, or stick, and where the Romanis there occasionally use this technique.[citation needed]","title":"Technique"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Les Troyens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Troyens"},{"link_name":"Hector Berlioz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Berlioz"},{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Halim El-Dabh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halim_El-Dabh"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Leopold Stokowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski"}],"text":"The first known Western classical composition to feature a goblet drum is the opera Les Troyens (1856–1858) by the French composer Hector Berlioz, which calls for a tarbuka in the Dance of the Nubian Slaves in Act IV.The first compositions for goblet drum and orchestra were composed by the Egyptian-American musician Halim El-Dabh in the 1950s; his Fantasia-Tahmeel for goblet drum and strings was premiered in New York City in 1958, with a string orchestra conducted by Leopold Stokowski.","title":"Use in Western classical music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Setrak Sarkissian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setrak_Sarkissian"},{"link_name":"Said El Artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Said_El_Artist"},{"link_name":"Hossam Ramzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hossam_Ramzy"},{"link_name":"Rony Barrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rony_Barrak"},{"link_name":"Carmine Guida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmine_Guida"},{"link_name":"Djamchid Chemirani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemirani_Ensemble"},{"link_name":"Pettik Ádám","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Pettik"},{"link_name":"Bilal Göregen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilal_G%C3%B6regen"}],"text":"Setrak Sarkissian\nSaid El Artist\nHossam Ramzy\nRony Barrak\nCarmine Guida\nDjamchid Chemirani\nPettik Ádám\nBilal Göregen","title":"Notable goblet drum musicians"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khmer_drum_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"skor daey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skor_daey"},{"link_name":"skor chhaiyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skor_chhaiyam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darbouka_%C3%A9gyptienne_recadr%C3%A9e.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tumbaknaer.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tombak_Tonbak_Persian_percussion_Instrument.jpg"},{"link_name":"tombak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombak"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Djembe_2_20231001.jpg"},{"link_name":"djembe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djembe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Enkelvellige_bekertrom_van_aardewerk_TMnr_3492-3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darabuka2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Enkelvellige_bekertrom_van_aardewerk_TMnr_2439-34.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nimadoumbek.jpg"},{"link_name":"tombak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombak"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TOYMBELEKI_(Pottery_drum).jpg"}],"text":"Cambodian skor daey, also known as skor arak. This is the smaller of two Cambodian goblet drums, the other being called skor chhaiyam (Khmer: ស្គរឆៃយ៉ាំ).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEgyptian tabla and darabuka\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIndian tumbaknaer\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIranian/Persian tombak or zarb\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWest African djembe\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLibyan darbuka\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTurkish darbuka\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMoroccan taarija\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMan playing a tombak\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTOYMBELEKI Museum of Popular Instruments, Research Centre for Ethnomusicology. In Plaka, Athens, Greece.","title":"Gallery"}]
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[{"image_text":"Darabukka from Egypt, 1825~35. From Lane 1836, p. 363","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Wooden_Darabukkeh%2C_Earthen_Darabukkeh_%28Lane_%281836%29%2C_2010%2C_pp._363%29.jpg/220px-Wooden_Darabukkeh%2C_Earthen_Darabukkeh_%28Lane_%281836%29%2C_2010%2C_pp._363%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sound of Darbuka"}]
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[{"title":"Goblet drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Goblet_drums"},{"title":"Tonbak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tonbak"},{"title":"Djembe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Djembe"},{"title":"Ashiko (drum)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ashiko_(drum)"},{"title":"Ashiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashiko"},{"title":"Duhulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duhulla"},{"title":"Taarija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taarija"},{"title":"Tonbak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonbak"},{"title":"Toubeleki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toubeleki"}]
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[{"reference":"Silverman, Carol (2012). Romani Routes: Cultural Politics and Balkan Music in Diaspora. Oxford University Press. pp. 258, 393.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Karaol, Esra; Doğrusöz, Nilgün (2014-04-15). \"Mısırlı Ahmet: The Clay Darbuka Technique and Its Performance Analysis\". Rast Müzikoloji Dergisi. 2 (1): 50–67. doi:10.12975/rastmd.2014.02.01.00020.","urls":[{"url":"https://rastmd.net/index.php/Rast/article/view/27/24","url_text":"\"Mısırlı Ahmet: The Clay Darbuka Technique and Its Performance Analysis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12975%2Frastmd.2014.02.01.00020","url_text":"10.12975/rastmd.2014.02.01.00020"}]},{"reference":"The colours of the tabla: history, workshop and new enthusiasts of Egypt's unique percussive instrument","urls":[{"url":"http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/386246.aspx","url_text":"The colours of the tabla: history, workshop and new enthusiasts of Egypt's unique percussive instrument"}]},{"reference":"نخلة, أشرف سعد (July 2013), \"الغناء البلدي في مصر\", مجلة الثقافة الشعبية (22)","urls":[{"url":"https://folkculturebh.org/ar/index.php?issue=22&page=article&id=420","url_text":"\"الغناء البلدي في مصر\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://rastmd.net/index.php/Rast/article/view/27/24","external_links_name":"\"Mısırlı Ahmet: The Clay Darbuka Technique and Its Performance Analysis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.12975%2Frastmd.2014.02.01.00020","external_links_name":"10.12975/rastmd.2014.02.01.00020"},{"Link":"http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/386246.aspx","external_links_name":"The colours of the tabla: history, workshop and new enthusiasts of Egypt's unique percussive instrument"},{"Link":"https://folkculturebh.org/ar/index.php?issue=22&page=article&id=420","external_links_name":"\"الغناء البلدي في مصر\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/instrument/909f7bde-b162-450f-9252-6fb81cc85b9b","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz instrument"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Kitching
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Theodore Kitching
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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The Right Honourable CommissionerTheodore KitchingCBEPersonal detailsBorn(1866-12-29)29 December 1866Ackworth, YorkshireDied10 February 1930(1930-02-10) (aged 63)Paris, France
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Commissioner Theodore Hopkins Kitching CBE (29 December 1866 – 10 February 1930) was a prominent officer in The Salvation Army, acting as Secretary and confidant to Generals William Booth and Bramwell Booth, and was The Salvation Army's International Secretary for Europe from 1914 to 1916.
Born in Ackworth in Yorkshire, the third of eleven children born to school teachers William Kitching and his wife Louisa (née Wilmot), Theodore Kitching was originally a school teacher and a Quaker. He joined The Salvation Army in 1882 aged 16 at a meeting in Bristol, England, and became a Salvation Army officer in 1888, serving in Britain, France, Switzerland, and Belgium. He was Secretary to William Booth, the Founder and first General of The Salvation Army, from 1909 to 1912, Secretary to General Bramwell Booth from 1912 to 1914, and was the Salvation Army's International Secretary for Europe from 1914 to 1916, Salvation Army Editor-in-Chief 1921 to 1929, and head of The Salvation Army Literary Department and Translations Bureau. In addition, Kitching was a close confidant of both William Booth and his son Bramwell.
Kitching accompanied General William Booth on his last tour of the United States in 1907, when they were both filmed working in an "office" - actually a set in an open-air studio. He wrote numerous hymns including How Wonderful It Is to Walk with God Kitching was appointed a Companion of the British Empire (CBE) in 1920.
Commissioner Theodore Kitching married Jane Cranshaw and with her had four children, the oldest of whom was Wilfred Kitching, who became the 7th General of The Salvation Army.
The grave of Theodore Kitching in Abney Park Cemetery
General Edward Higgins decided to send Kitching to Switzerland on a delicate mission which required a man with diplomatic skills. Therefore, early on 10 February 1930 Kitching left his Ealing home for Paris en route for Geneva.
In Paris he was met by an old Salvationist friend who took him to the restaurant at the Gare du Nord. Kitching suddenly slumped forward, as if overcome by fatigue, his head resting on his friend's shoulder. He had died of a heart attack.
Theodore Kitching died in Paris on 10 February 1930, and, like many prominent Salvation Army officers, was buried in Abney Park Cemetery in Stoke Newington.
References
^ Wiggins, Arch. R, T. H. K. : Theodore Hopkins Kitching Published by Salvationist Publishing and Supplies Ltd, London (1956)
^ a b Theodore Kitching on the Public Domain Music website
^ Kitching in the Edinburgh Gazette 1 April 1920
^ Wiggins, pp 97–8
External links
Kitching on 'The Salvation Army Collectables' website
'Colonel Kitching of The Salvation Army Gives His Impressions Gained in Many Cities' The New York Times 14 August 1915
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He joined The Salvation Army in 1882 aged 16 at a meeting in Bristol, England, and became a Salvation Army officer in 1888, serving in Britain, France, Switzerland, and Belgium. He was Secretary to William Booth, the Founder and first General of The Salvation Army, from 1909 to 1912, Secretary to General Bramwell Booth from 1912 to 1914, and was the Salvation Army's International Secretary for Europe from 1914 to 1916, Salvation Army Editor-in-Chief 1921 to 1929, and head of The Salvation Army Literary Department and Translations Bureau. In addition, Kitching was a close confidant of both William Booth and his son Bramwell.[2]Kitching accompanied General William Booth on his last tour of the United States in 1907, when they were both filmed working in an \"office\" - actually a set in an open-air studio. He wrote numerous hymns including How Wonderful It Is to Walk with God[2] Kitching was appointed a Companion of the British Empire (CBE) in 1920.[3]Commissioner Theodore Kitching married Jane Cranshaw and with her had four children, the oldest of whom was Wilfred Kitching, who became the 7th General of The Salvation Army.The grave of Theodore Kitching in Abney Park CemeteryGeneral Edward Higgins decided to send Kitching to Switzerland on a delicate mission which required a man with diplomatic skills. Therefore, early on 10 February 1930 Kitching left his Ealing home for Paris en route for Geneva.In Paris he was met by an old Salvationist friend who took him to the restaurant at the Gare du Nord. Kitching suddenly slumped forward, as if overcome by fatigue, his head resting on his friend's shoulder. He had died of a heart attack.[4]Theodore Kitching died in Paris on 10 February 1930, and, like many prominent Salvation Army officers, was buried in Abney Park Cemetery in Stoke Newington.","title":"Theodore Kitching"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_tit
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Japanese tit
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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Species of bird
Japanese tit
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Passeriformes
Family:
Paridae
Genus:
Parus
Species:
P. minor
Binomial name
Parus minorTemminck & Schlegel, 1848
Distributions of Parus minor (blue-green), Parus major (orange-red), and Parus cinereus (grey)
The Japanese tit (Parus minor), also known as the Oriental tit, is a passerine bird which replaces the similar great tit in Japan and the Russian Far East beyond the Amur River, including the Kuril Islands. Until recently, this species was classified as a subspecies of great tit (Parus major), but studies indicated that the two species coexist in the Russian Far East without intermingling or frequent hybridization.
The species made headlines in March 2016, when Toshitaka Suzuki et al. reported in Nature Communications that they had found experimental evidence for compositional syntax in bird calls, marking the first such evidence for that type of syntax in nonhuman animals. They demonstrated that the Japanese tit will respond to the recruitment call of the willow tit but only as long as it follows the Japanese tit alert call in the correct alert+recruitment order, evidence that Japanese tits recognize the parts of the combination.
References
^ Päckert, M.; Martens, J.; Eck, S.; Nazarenko, A. A.; Valchuk, O. P.; Petri, B.; Veith, M. (2005). "The great tit (Parus major) – a misclassified ring species". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 86 (2): 153. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00529.x.
^ a b Suzuki, TN; et al. (2016), "Experimental evidence for compositional syntax in bird calls", Nature Communications, 7: 10986, doi:10.1038/ncomms10986, PMC 4786783, PMID 26954097.
^ Mason, Betsy (15 February 2022). "Do birds have language? It depends on how you define it". Knowable Magazine. Annual Reviews. doi:10.1146/knowable-021522-1. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parus minor.
Japanese tit Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine at Avibase
Taxon identifiersParus minor
Wikidata: Q177798
Wikispecies: Parus minor
Avibase: C512DE4F412172BF
BirdLife: 22735369
BOW: gretit4
CoL: 75SW7
eBird: gretit4
EoL: 45518810
GBIF: 5844847
iNaturalist: 339692
ITIS: 916512
NCBI: 213890
Observation.org: 156727
Open Tree of Life: 387300
Xeno-canto: Parus-minor
This Paridae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-eighth
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Five-eighth
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["1 Etymology","2 Notable stand-offs","3 See also","4 References"]
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Half back position in rugby league
This article is about the rugby league position. For the rugby union positions, see First five-eighths and Second five-eighths. For other uses, see 5/8.
Stand-offs such as France's Thomas Bosc require good passing skills. Five-eighth or Stand-off is one of the positions in a rugby league football team. Wearing jersey number 6, this player is one of the two half backs in a team, partnering the scrum-half. Sometimes known as the pivot or second receiver, in a traditional attacking 'back-line' (No. 1-7) play, the five-eighth would receive the ball from the scrum half, who is the first receiver of the ball from the dummy-half or hooker following a tackle.
The role of the five-eighth is often to pass the ball away from the congested area around the tackle, further out along the 'back-line' to the outside backs, the centres and wingers, who have more space to run with it. Furthermore, players in this position typically assume responsibility for kicking the ball for field position in general play. The five-eighth is therefore considered one of the most important positions, often referred to as a 'play maker', assuming a decision-making role on the field. Over time, however, as the game has evolved, the roles of the two halves have grown more aligned and difficult to distinguish. Along with other key positions – fullback, hooker and scrum half – the five-eighth makes up what is known as a team's spine.
One book published in 1996 stated that in senior rugby league, the five-eighth and hooker handled the ball more often than any other positions.
The Rugby League International Federation's Laws of the Game state that the "Stand-off half or Five-eighth" is to be numbered 6. However, traditionally players' jersey numbers have varied, and in the modern Super League, each squad's players are assigned individual numbers regardless of position.
Etymology
Wally Lewis was voted Australia's greatest ever five-eighth in 2008.
Traditionally in rugby football, there have always been two half-backs as well as scrums involving the forwards. Of the two half backs, the name "scrum half" was given to the one which was involved in the scrum by feeding the ball into it and the name "stand-off half" was given to the one which stood off to the side of the scrum. In Britain, where rugby league originated, this terminology has been retained. In Australian English, however, "five-eighth" is the term used for the number 6, to differentiate from the "half back" which is the name commonly given to the number 7. In New Zealand, both terms appear to be used interchangeably.
Notable stand-offs
Five-eighths that feature in their respective nations' rugby league halls of fame are England's Roger Millward, Australia's Wally Lewis, Bob Fulton, Brett Kenny, Albert Rosenfeld and Vic Hey, and New Zealand's George Menzies.
Rugby league's first known black player, Lucius Banks, played in the position for Hunslet R.L.F.C. in 1912-13.
See also
Rugby league positions
Rugby league gameplay
References
^ "The NRL's 10 best halves combos". NRL.com. National Rugby League. 6 March 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
^ McDonald, Margie (11 November 2006). "Finch to be five-eighth". The Australian. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
^ Jancetic, Steve (12 May 2010). "Lyon backs away from five-eighth role". Wide World of Sports. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
^ Dillon, Robert (1 April 2012). "Mullen finds a home in pivotal role for Knights". The Newcastle Herald. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
^ Hickey, Julia (2006). Understanding Rugby League. UK: Coachwise. ISBN 9781905540105.
^ Thompson, Michael (21 July 2011). "Thompson now calling the shots". Townsville Bulletin. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
^ Gould, Phil (22 February 2004). "Why is their number up?". The Sun-Herald. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
^ Hickie, David (1 March 1987). "The Trend toward Robot League". The Sun-Herald. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
^ Ryan, Nathan (8 May 2013). "James Maloney backed for NSW five-eighth based on his kicking game says Nathan Hindmarsh". The Australian. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
^ Ritchie, Dean (9 June 2011). "NSW five-eighth Jamie Soward vows dominant kicking game in State of Origin II". Herald Sun. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
^ "Positions guide: Stand-off". Rugby league: Laws & Equipment. BBC News. 12 September 2005. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
^ Gardini, Adam (8 January 2008). "Rogers eager to play five-eighth". goldcoast.com.au. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
^ Knox, Ron (20 February 2006). "The Role of half backs: Where we are strongest". comeallwithin.co.uk. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
^ Badel, Peter (1 September 2013). "Darren Lockyer urges Anthony Griffin to stop tinkering with the spine of the Brisbane Broncos". The Courier-Mail. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
^ Tim Rogers and Richard Beesley (2006). Fitness for Rugby League (PDF). Australia: coachrugbyleague.com.au. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-21. Retrieved 2013-09-04.
^ The International Laws of the Game and Notes of the Laws (PDF). RLIF. 2007. p. 9.
^ Crego, Robert (2003). Sports and Games of the 18th and 19th Centuries. USA: Greenwood Press. pp. 101–104. ISBN 978-0-313-31610-4.
^ Hickey, Julia (2006). Understanding Rugby League. UK: Coachwise. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-905540-10-5.
^ Australian Language & Culture. Australia: Lonely Planet. 2007. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-74059-099-0.
^ Collins, Tony (1998). "Racial minorities in a marginalized sport: Race, discrimination and integration in British rugby league football". Immigrants & Minorities. 17: 151–169. doi:10.1080/02619288.1998.9974933.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First five-eighths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_five-eighths"},{"link_name":"Second five-eighths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_five-eighths"},{"link_name":"5/8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5/8_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Bosc.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Bosc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bosc"},{"link_name":"positions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"scrum-half","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Scrum-half"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"hooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooker_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"tackle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tackle_(football_move)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"fullback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullback_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Rugby League International Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_International_Federation"},{"link_name":"Laws of the Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_rugby_league"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League"}],"text":"This article is about the rugby league position. For the rugby union positions, see First five-eighths and Second five-eighths. For other uses, see 5/8.Stand-offs such as France's Thomas Bosc require good passing skills.Five-eighth or Stand-off is one of the positions in a rugby league football team. Wearing jersey number 6, this player is one of the two half backs in a team, partnering the scrum-half.[1][2][3] Sometimes known as the pivot or second receiver,[4] in a traditional attacking 'back-line' (No. 1-7)[5] play, the five-eighth would receive the ball from the scrum half,[6] who is the first receiver of the ball from the dummy-half or hooker following a tackle.The role of the five-eighth is often to pass the ball away from the congested area around the tackle, further out along the 'back-line' to the outside backs, the centres and wingers, who have more space to run with it.[7][8] Furthermore, players in this position typically assume responsibility for kicking the ball for field position in general play.[9][10] The five-eighth is therefore considered one of the most important positions, often referred to as a 'play maker', assuming a decision-making role on the field.[11][12] Over time, however, as the game has evolved, the roles of the two halves have grown more aligned and difficult to distinguish.[13] Along with other key positions – fullback, hooker and scrum half – the five-eighth makes up what is known as a team's spine.[14]One book published in 1996 stated that in senior rugby league, the five-eighth and hooker handled the ball more often than any other positions.[15]The Rugby League International Federation's Laws of the Game state that the \"Stand-off half or Five-eighth\" is to be numbered 6.[16] However, traditionally players' jersey numbers have varied, and in the modern Super League, each squad's players are assigned individual numbers regardless of position.","title":"Five-eighth"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wally_Lewis_(29_April_2004,_Brisbane).jpg"},{"link_name":"Wally Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Lewis"},{"link_name":"rugby football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_football"},{"link_name":"scrums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrum_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Australian English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_English"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Wally Lewis was voted Australia's greatest ever five-eighth in 2008.Traditionally in rugby football, there have always been two half-backs as well as scrums involving the forwards. Of the two half backs, the name \"scrum half\" was given to the one which was involved in the scrum by feeding the ball into it and the name \"stand-off half\" was given to the one which stood off to the side of the scrum.[17] In Britain, where rugby league originated, this terminology has been retained.[18] In Australian English, however, \"five-eighth\" is the term used for the number 6, to differentiate from the \"half back\" which is the name commonly given to the number 7.[19] In New Zealand, both terms appear to be used interchangeably.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roger Millward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Millward"},{"link_name":"Wally Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Bob Fulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Fulton"},{"link_name":"Brett Kenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kenny"},{"link_name":"Albert Rosenfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Rosenfeld"},{"link_name":"Vic Hey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Hey"},{"link_name":"George Menzies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Menzies"},{"link_name":"Lucius Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Banks"},{"link_name":"Hunslet R.L.F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunslet_R.L.F.C."},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Five-eighths that feature in their respective nations' rugby league halls of fame are England's Roger Millward, Australia's Wally Lewis, Bob Fulton, Brett Kenny, Albert Rosenfeld and Vic Hey, and New Zealand's George Menzies.Rugby league's first known black player, Lucius Banks, played in the position for Hunslet R.L.F.C. in 1912-13.[20]","title":"Notable stand-offs"}]
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[{"image_text":"Stand-offs such as France's Thomas Bosc require good passing skills.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Thomas_Bosc.jpg/175px-Thomas_Bosc.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wally Lewis was voted Australia's greatest ever five-eighth in 2008.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Wally_Lewis_%2829_April_2004%2C_Brisbane%29.jpg/150px-Wally_Lewis_%2829_April_2004%2C_Brisbane%29.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Rugby league positions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions"},{"title":"Rugby league gameplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_gameplay"}]
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[{"reference":"\"The NRL's 10 best halves combos\". NRL.com. National Rugby League. 6 March 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nrl.com/the-nrls-10-best-halves-combos/tabid/10874/newsid/70978/default.aspx","url_text":"\"The NRL's 10 best halves combos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rugby_League","url_text":"National Rugby League"}]},{"reference":"McDonald, Margie (11 November 2006). \"Finch to be five-eighth\". The Australian. Retrieved 4 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foxsports.com.au/league/finch-to-be-five-eighth/story-e6frf3ou-1111112503273#.UiZ6FjZmiSo","url_text":"\"Finch to be five-eighth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian","url_text":"The Australian"}]},{"reference":"Jancetic, Steve (12 May 2010). \"Lyon backs away from five-eighth role\". Wide World of Sports. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141016153826/http://wwos.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=1051684","url_text":"\"Lyon backs away from five-eighth role\""},{"url":"http://wwos.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=1051684","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dillon, Robert (1 April 2012). \"Mullen finds a home in pivotal role for Knights\". The Newcastle Herald. Retrieved 4 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/114901/mullen-finds-a-home-in-pivotal-role-for-knights/","url_text":"\"Mullen finds a home in pivotal role for Knights\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Newcastle_Herald","url_text":"The Newcastle Herald"}]},{"reference":"Hickey, Julia (2006). Understanding Rugby League. UK: Coachwise. ISBN 9781905540105.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GU3ezfInjVwC","url_text":"Understanding Rugby League"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781905540105","url_text":"9781905540105"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Michael (21 July 2011). \"Thompson now calling the shots\". Townsville Bulletin. Retrieved 4 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.townsvillebulletin.com.au/article/2011/07/21/250061_sport.html","url_text":"\"Thompson now calling the shots\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsville_Bulletin","url_text":"Townsville Bulletin"}]},{"reference":"Gould, Phil (22 February 2004). \"Why is their number up?\". The Sun-Herald. Retrieved 4 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/02/21/1077072893307.html","url_text":"\"Why is their number up?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun-Herald","url_text":"The Sun-Herald"}]},{"reference":"Hickie, David (1 March 1987). \"The Trend toward Robot League\". The Sun-Herald. Retrieved 4 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sCtWAAAAIBAJ&pg=2240,246054","url_text":"\"The Trend toward Robot League\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun-Herald","url_text":"The Sun-Herald"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Nathan (8 May 2013). \"James Maloney backed for NSW five-eighth based on his kicking game says Nathan Hindmarsh\". The Australian. Retrieved 4 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/james-maloney-backed-for-nsw-five-eighth-based-on-his-kicking-game-says-nathan-hindmarsh/story-e6frg6n6-1226637897412","url_text":"\"James Maloney backed for NSW five-eighth based on his kicking game says Nathan Hindmarsh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian","url_text":"The Australian"}]},{"reference":"Ritchie, Dean (9 June 2011). \"NSW five-eighth Jamie Soward vows dominant kicking game in State of Origin II\". Herald Sun. Retrieved 4 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/nrl/soward-set-me-free/story-e6frfghx-1226071994111","url_text":"\"NSW five-eighth Jamie Soward vows dominant kicking game in State of Origin II\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_Sun","url_text":"Herald Sun"}]},{"reference":"\"Positions guide: Stand-off\". Rugby league: Laws & Equipment. BBC News. 12 September 2005. Retrieved 4 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_league/rules_and_equipment/4215818.stm","url_text":"\"Positions guide: Stand-off\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Gardini, Adam (8 January 2008). \"Rogers eager to play five-eighth\". goldcoast.com.au. Retrieved 4 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goldcoast.com.au/article/2008/01/08/6612_gold-coast-titans.html","url_text":"\"Rogers eager to play five-eighth\""}]},{"reference":"Knox, Ron (20 February 2006). \"The Role of half backs: Where we are strongest\". comeallwithin.co.uk. Retrieved 4 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rugbynetwork.net/main/s98/st89643.htm","url_text":"\"The Role of half backs: Where we are strongest\""}]},{"reference":"Badel, Peter (1 September 2013). \"Darren Lockyer urges Anthony Griffin to stop tinkering with the spine of the Brisbane Broncos\". The Courier-Mail. Retrieved 4 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news.com.au/sport/nrl/darren-lockyer-urges-anthony-griffin-to-stop-tinkering-with-the-spine-of-the-brisbane-broncos/story-fndv2w3r-1226708284068","url_text":"\"Darren Lockyer urges Anthony Griffin to stop tinkering with the spine of the Brisbane Broncos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Mail","url_text":"The Courier-Mail"}]},{"reference":"Tim Rogers and Richard Beesley (2006). Fitness for Rugby League (PDF). Australia: coachrugbyleague.com.au. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-21. Retrieved 2013-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121021064758/http://coachrugbyleague.com.au/Documents/International/Fitness%20for%20Rugby%20League.pdf","url_text":"Fitness for Rugby League"},{"url":"http://coachrugbyleague.com.au/Documents/International/Fitness%20for%20Rugby%20League.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"The International Laws of the Game and Notes of the Laws (PDF). RLIF. 2007. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"http://rlifmedia.dyndns.org/docs/rugby_laws_book_2007_%20(2).pdf","url_text":"The International Laws of the Game and Notes of the Laws"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RLIF","url_text":"RLIF"}]},{"reference":"Crego, Robert (2003). Sports and Games of the 18th and 19th Centuries. USA: Greenwood Press. pp. 101–104. ISBN 978-0-313-31610-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7w-IdhWKi_oC","url_text":"Sports and Games of the 18th and 19th Centuries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31610-4","url_text":"978-0-313-31610-4"}]},{"reference":"Hickey, Julia (2006). Understanding Rugby League. UK: Coachwise. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-905540-10-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GU3ezfInjVwC","url_text":"Understanding Rugby League"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905540-10-5","url_text":"978-1-905540-10-5"}]},{"reference":"Australian Language & Culture. Australia: Lonely Planet. 2007. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-74059-099-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/australianlangua0000unse","url_text":"Australian Language & Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonely_Planet","url_text":"Lonely Planet"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/australianlangua0000unse/page/83","url_text":"83"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-099-0","url_text":"978-1-74059-099-0"}]},{"reference":"Collins, Tony (1998). \"Racial minorities in a marginalized sport: Race, discrimination and integration in British rugby league football\". Immigrants & Minorities. 17: 151–169. doi:10.1080/02619288.1998.9974933.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02619288.1998.9974933","url_text":"10.1080/02619288.1998.9974933"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Airlines_(OA)
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Macedonian Airlines
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["1 History","1.1 1992–2003","1.2 2010: Relaunch","2 Former fleet","3 References","4 External links"]
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Defunct charter airline of Greece (1992–2003)
For the national flag carrier airline of the Republic of North Macedonia, see MAT Macedonian Airlines.
Macedonian Airlines
IATA
ICAO
Callsign
MC
MCS
MACAIR
Founded1992 (1992)Ceased operations12 December 2003 (2003-12-12)HubsAthens–Ellinikon (1992—2001)Athens–Spata (2001—2003)Focus citiesThessalonikiFrequent-flyer programIcarus Frequent Flyer ProgramFleet size3Parent companyOlympic AirlinesHeadquartersAthens, Greece
Macedonian Airlines (Greek: Mακεδονικές Αερογραμμές, transliterated Makedonikes Aerogrammes) was a subsidiary of Olympic Airways, the former national flag carrier of Greece. The company ceased operations in 2003, when it took over the operations of Olympic Airways and was renamed Olympic Airlines.
After the privatization of Olympic Airways and the formation of Olympic Air, it was announced by the new CEO Andreas Vgenopoulos that a subsidiary of the company will be established in Northern Greece bearing the name Macedonian Airlines. However, there have been no more official announcements about this to date.
History
1992–2003
Macedonian Airlines was created in 1992 as the charter subsidiary of the Greek national airline, Olympic Airways. The Olympic Airways management board decided to rename the charter subsidiary of the Group, Olympic AirTours in 1992, and the Macedonian Airlines brand name was created. The company had nothing to do with MAT Macedonian Airlines, which was founded two years later, in 1994, in neighbouring Republic of North Macedonia.
Macedonian followed the trails of its predecessor, Olympic AirTours, mainly for vacation planning until 1998. This year the airline acquired two B727-200 from Olympic Airways. Starting with these aircraft, Macedonian offered charter flights of the Greek islands and the mainland abroad European. The society had reached agreements with different large tour operators. One year later, in 1999, the airline used new aircraft, by leasing two B737-400 to replace the already aged Boeing 727s. Since the company was an Olympic Airways subsidiary, all maintenance and handling were operated by the parent company, Olympic Airways.
Until 2003, Macedonian's fleet was also used on OA scheduled services, especially after the older Boeing 737-200s were phased out. In July 2003, the company leased two McDonnell Douglas MD-82 that also used on charter flights. On 12 December 2003, due to the mounting problems of the Olympic Airways Group, a restructuring plan was formed. Macedonian Airlines was separated from the Group, renamed Olympic Airlines and took over all the data and flight operations of Olympic Airways (including the IATA and ICAO codes).
2010: Relaunch
On 1 October 2009, speaking after Olympic Air΄s inaugural flight in Thessaloniki, MIG΄s CEO Andreas Vgenopoulos said that Olympic Air will relaunch in the near future Macedonian Airlines. Mr. Vgenopoulos mentioned that Olympic Air holds the exclusive rights to the Macedonian Airlines brand name. Mr. Vgenopoulos said that Macedonian Airlines would be up-and-running in the coming two or three months while its first routes would include Germany and Amsterdam. There have been no more official announcements about this up until now.
Former fleet
Macedonian Airlines Fleet
Aircraft
Operated
InService
Notes
Boeing 727-200
4
1998
Two were leased from Aviogenex
Boeing 737-400
4
1999
McDonnell Douglas MD-82
2
2003
Both leased from Safair
Total
10
-
References
^ "Operators by state" (PDF). icao.int. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
^ "Olympic Air: Official first landing in Thessaloniki" (in Greek). Imerisia Online. 1 October 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
^ for Macedonian Airlines
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Macedonian Airlines.
Macedonian Airlines official site
Macedonian Airlines Virtual (in Greek and English)
Olympic Air
History of the Macedonian Airlines (in Greek)
MIG To Relaunch Macedonian Airlines
Portals: Greece Companies Aviation
vteAirlines of GreeceScheduled
Aegean Airlines
Bluebird Airways
Lumiwings
Olympic Air
Sky Express
Charter
Air Mediterranean
Amjet Executive
GainJet
Marathon Airlines
Olympus Airways
Cargo
Swiftair Hellas
Other
Hellenic Seaplanes
Defunct
Aegean Aviation
Aeolian Airlines
Aeroland Airways
Air Greece
Air Transport of Greece
AirSea Lines
Alexandair
ArGo Airways
Astra Airlines
Athens Airways
Cretan Airlines
Cronus Airlines
Daedalus Airlines
Electra Airlines
Ellinair
EuroAir
Fly Hellas
Galaxy Airways
Greece Airways
Hellas Jet
Hellenic Airlines
Hellenic Imperial Airways
Hermes Airlines
InterJet
Macedonian Airlines
Minoan Air
Olympic Airlines
Olympic Aviation
Orange2Fly
Sky Wings Airlines
SkyGreece Airlines
TAE Greek National Airlines
Technical and Aeronautical Holdings
Viking Hellas Aviation
vteOlympic AirMain airline
Olympic Air
Subsidiaries
Macedonian Airlines
Destinations
Olympic Air destinations
Airline support
Olympic Ground Handling
Olympic Engineering
History
Olympic Airways (1957–2003)
Olympic Airlines (2003–2009)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MAT Macedonian Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAT_Macedonian_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Olympic Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Airlines"},{"link_name":"flag carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_carrier"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Olympic Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Airways"},{"link_name":"Olympic Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Olympic Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Air"},{"link_name":"Andreas Vgenopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Vgenopoulos_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the national flag carrier airline of the Republic of North Macedonia, see MAT Macedonian Airlines.Macedonian Airlines (Greek: Mακεδονικές Αερογραμμές, transliterated Makedonikes Aerogrammes) was a subsidiary of Olympic Airways, the former national flag carrier of Greece. The company ceased operations in 2003, when it took over the operations of Olympic Airways and was renamed Olympic Airlines.After the privatization of Olympic Airways and the formation of Olympic Air, it was announced by the new CEO Andreas Vgenopoulos that a subsidiary of the company will be established in Northern Greece bearing the name Macedonian Airlines.[2] However, there have been no more official announcements about this to date.","title":"Macedonian Airlines"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"MAT Macedonian Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAT_Macedonian_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Republic of North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"B727-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_727"},{"link_name":"charter flights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_airline"},{"link_name":"B737-400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737"},{"link_name":"Olympic Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Airways"},{"link_name":"Olympic Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Airways"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas MD-82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-82"},{"link_name":"Olympic Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Airlines"},{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO"}],"sub_title":"1992–2003","text":"Macedonian Airlines was created in 1992 as the charter subsidiary of the Greek national airline, Olympic Airways. The Olympic Airways management board decided to rename the charter subsidiary of the Group, Olympic AirTours in 1992, and the Macedonian Airlines brand name was created. The company had nothing to do with MAT Macedonian Airlines, which was founded two years later, in 1994, in neighbouring Republic of North Macedonia.Macedonian followed the trails of its predecessor, Olympic AirTours, mainly for vacation planning until 1998. This year the airline acquired two B727-200 from Olympic Airways. Starting with these aircraft, Macedonian offered charter flights of the Greek islands and the mainland abroad European. The society had reached agreements with different large tour operators. One year later, in 1999, the airline used new aircraft, by leasing two B737-400 to replace the already aged Boeing 727s. Since the company was an Olympic Airways subsidiary, all maintenance and handling were operated by the parent company, Olympic Airways.Until 2003, Macedonian's fleet was also used on OA scheduled services, especially after the older Boeing 737-200s were phased out. In July 2003, the company leased two McDonnell Douglas MD-82 that also used on charter flights. On 12 December 2003, due to the mounting problems of the Olympic Airways Group, a restructuring plan was formed. Macedonian Airlines was separated from the Group, renamed Olympic Airlines and took over all the data and flight operations of Olympic Airways (including the IATA and ICAO codes).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andreas Vgenopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Vgenopoulos_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"Olympic Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Air"}],"sub_title":"2010: Relaunch","text":"On 1 October 2009, speaking after Olympic Air΄s inaugural flight in Thessaloniki, MIG΄s CEO Andreas Vgenopoulos said that Olympic Air will relaunch in the near future Macedonian Airlines. Mr. Vgenopoulos mentioned that Olympic Air holds the exclusive rights to the Macedonian Airlines brand name. Mr. Vgenopoulos said that Macedonian Airlines would be up-and-running in the coming two or three months while its first routes would include Germany and Amsterdam. There have been no more official announcements about this up until now.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Former fleet"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Operators by state\" (PDF). icao.int. Retrieved 16 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.icao.int/safety/ism/Accident%20Incident%20Reporting%20Guidance/R4CDOperatorsbystate.pdf","url_text":"\"Operators by state\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olympic Air: Official first landing in Thessaloniki\" (in Greek). Imerisia Online. 1 October 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.imerisia.gr/article.asp?catid=12334&subid=2&pubid=17499139","url_text":"\"Olympic Air: Official first landing in Thessaloniki\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.icao.int/safety/ism/Accident%20Incident%20Reporting%20Guidance/R4CDOperatorsbystate.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Operators by state\""},{"Link":"http://www.imerisia.gr/article.asp?catid=12334&subid=2&pubid=17499139","external_links_name":"\"Olympic Air: Official first landing in Thessaloniki\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010421190932/http://www.macedonian-airlines.gr/macfrontuk.htm","external_links_name":"Macedonian Airlines official site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080603222906/http://www.macedonianva.gr/new/","external_links_name":"Macedonian Airlines Virtual"},{"Link":"http://www.olympicair.com/","external_links_name":"Olympic Air"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110630190147/http://www.airliners.gr/el/airlines/airlines.php?id=5","external_links_name":"History of the Macedonian Airlines"},{"Link":"http://english.capital.gr/news.asp?id=824234","external_links_name":"MIG To Relaunch Macedonian Airlines"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirsi_Corporation
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SirsiDynix
|
["1 Origins","2 History","3 Products","4 References","5 External links"]
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SirsiDynixCompany typePrivateIndustrySoftwareHeadquartersLehi, Utah, United StatesArea servedWorldwideKey people
Bill Davison, (CEO)
ProductsIntegrated library systemsParentICV PartnersWebsitewww.sirsidynix.com
SirsiDynix is a United States company which produces integrated library system (ILS) software and associated services for libraries.
Origins
The Sirsi Corporation was founded in Huntsville, Alabama in 1979 by Mike Murdock, Jacky Young, and Jim Young. The Unicorn library automation system they developed was first installed at Georgia Tech. Sirsi acquired Data Research Associates (DRA) for $51.5 million in 2001.
The Dynix Corporation was founded in 1983. Their major product was the Dynix Automated Library System.
In January 1992, Dynix Systems was acquired by Ameritech. Dynix and NOTIS Systems (maker of NOTIS), which Ameritech purchased in October 1991, were consolidated into Ameritech Library Services (ALS) in 1994.
In November 1999, Ameritech sold Ameritech Library Systems to a pair of investment companies, the 21st Century Group and Green Leaf Ridge Company, which rebranded ALS as epixtech. In 2003, epixtech reverted to using the Dynix name.
History
SirsiDynix was formed by the merger of the Dynix Corporation and the Sirsi Corporation in June 2005. The company is based in Lehi, Utah, and employs approximately 400 in offices worldwide.
It was bought out by Vista Equity Partners in December 2006, a private equity firm based in San Francisco, California.
SirsiDynix and Stanford University libraries worked together for over a year to upgrade Stanford's library environment to support Asian and other multi-byte character sets. SirsiDynix has also partnered with 3M to provide radio-frequency identification systems for libraries.
On October 29, 2009, the WikiLeaks Project obtained a document from SirsiDynix taking a negative view of open source projects as compared to proprietary products, including risks of instability and insecurity. The document, which its author, Stephen Abrams, claimed was not intended to be secret, set off a debate on open source within the library technology community.
In May 2010, the company performed an upgrade of its systems at the Ottawa Public Library, involving a scheduled two-day closure of all library branches, accompanied by an 11-day shutdown of online systems. However, the actual upgrade required closure of the library system for an additional two days. Jan Harder, chair of Ottawa's library board, stated an intention to seek compensation from SirsiDynix for the unexpected additional upgrade work.
Bill Davison was named SirsiDynix CEO in October 2011.
In January 2015 ICV Partners announced their acquisition of SirsiDynix from Vista Equity Partners.
As of 2020, SirsiDynix was competing in both the academic library realm, where it was well behind the sector leader Ex Libris Group in terms of marketshare; and in the public library space, where its Symphony product was very popular although its older Horizon and DynixClassic products were fading in use.
Products
Integrated library system software supports various library functions: cataloging, circulation, acquisitions, reserves, outreach, etc. SirsiDynix currently supports two ILS products: Symphony (the successor of Unicorn) and Horizon.
BLUEcloud LSP
SirsiDynix announced the BLUEcloud Library Services Platform (LSP) at the annual users group conference, COSUGI. It is a browser-based system that will integrate SirsiDynix's "administration, discovery, acquisition, and collection management applications." It can be accessed from a desktop, laptop, tablet or smart phone. BLUEcloud can integrate with both SaaS and locally hosted Horizon and Symphony systems. The BLUEcloud LSP is made up of three major components: BLUEcloud Staff, BLUEcloud Marketplace, and BLUEcloud Discovery. This approach will stop the duplication of data and will integrate all searches across products. The majority of the new features of BLUEcloud will be included in the annual maintenance fee.
Other
Other products include Director's Station and Web Reporter
Previous products include Unicorn, DialCat and SchoolRooms.
References
^ "Vista Equity". Retrieved 2011-03-27.
^ "SirsiDynix: Company Overview". Retrieved 2008-12-19.
^ Rogers, Michael (15 June 2001). "Sirsi buys data research assocs". Library Journal. 126 (11). ProQuest 196825064.
^ "SIRSI Completes DRA Acquisition". InformationToday. October 2001. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
^ a b c Breeding, Marshall (January 2000). "Epixtech: A New Beginning for ALS". Information Today. 17 (1). Retrieved 30 August 2015.
^ Rogers, Michael (1 March 2003). "Dynix investing in future growth". Library Journal. 128 (4). ProQuest 196923873.
^ Barack, Lauren (2008-12-01). "INFOhio, SirsiDynix launch singular portal statewide". School Library Journal. London: Reed Elsevier. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
^ Marshal Breeding (2007-02-01). "Vista Equity Partners acquires SirsiDynix". Smart Libraries Newsletter. Retrieved 2011-03-27.
^ "Stanford University Libraries and SirsiDynix Partner for State-of-the-Art, Original Script Access". Biblio Tech Review. 2008-10-31. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
^ "High-tech checkout is OK'd for Provo library". Deseret News. 2007-01-08. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
^ Fitzpatrick, Sean (11 November 2009). "Open Source Advocates Reject SirsiDynix's Warning". American Libraries. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
^ "Late, but libraries finally back online". Ottawa Citizen. 2010-05-07. Archived from the original on May 26, 2010.
^ "ICV Partners Announces Acquisition of SirsiDynix" (Press release). Lehi, Utah: ICV Partners. PRN Newswire. 7 January 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
^ Breeding, Marshall (June 2020). "Market Share Dynamics: US Public and Academic Libraries". Smart Libraries Newsletter.
^ Breeding, Marshall (19 March 2013). "BLUEcloud Suite". Product Announcements. Retrieved 2013-06-10.
^ Kelley, Michael. "At COSUGI, SirsiDynix Touts New Cloud-Based System". Library Journal. Retrieved 2013-06-10.
^ Hadro, Josh (2008-10-15). "Director's Station for Usage Stats". Library Journal. London: Reed Elsevier. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
^ Hadro, Josh (2008-11-01). "Updates Emerge from SirsiDynix". Library Journal. London: Reed Elsevier. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
^ "DialCat Offers Library Research by Telephone" (PDF). Houston Public Library. 1991-11-01.Retrieved 2011-4-9
^ Kenney, Brian (December 2005). "A Web Portal Just for Kids". School Library Journal. London: Reed Elsevier. pp. 22–23. Archived from the original on 2006-10-25. Retrieved 2010-06-06. Alt URL
External links
Official website
Profile of SirsiDynix on Library Technology Guides, maintained by Marshall Breeding
The history of mergers and acquisitions in the library automation industry. Created by Marshall Breeding
Authority control databases
ISNI
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"integrated library system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_library_system"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vista-1"}],"text":"SirsiDynix is a United States company which produces integrated library system (ILS) software and associated services for libraries.[1]","title":"SirsiDynix"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huntsville, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sirsi-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infotoday-4"},{"link_name":"Dynix Automated Library System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynix_(software)"},{"link_name":"Ameritech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameritech"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Breeding2000-5"},{"link_name":"NOTIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOTIS"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Breeding2000-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Breeding2000-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Sirsi Corporation was founded in Huntsville, Alabama in 1979 by Mike Murdock, Jacky Young, and Jim Young.[2] The Unicorn library automation system they developed was first installed at Georgia Tech. Sirsi acquired Data Research Associates (DRA) for $51.5 million in 2001.[3][4]The Dynix Corporation was founded in 1983. Their major product was the Dynix Automated Library System.\nIn January 1992, Dynix Systems was acquired by Ameritech.[5] Dynix and NOTIS Systems (maker of NOTIS), which Ameritech purchased in October 1991, were consolidated into Ameritech Library Services (ALS) in 1994.[5]\nIn November 1999, Ameritech sold Ameritech Library Systems to a pair of investment companies, the 21st Century Group and Green Leaf Ridge Company, which rebranded ALS as epixtech.[5] In 2003, epixtech reverted to using the Dynix name.[6]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barack-7"},{"link_name":"Vista Equity Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vista_Equity_Partners"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"character sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_set"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stanford-9"},{"link_name":"3M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3M"},{"link_name":"radio-frequency identification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deseret-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-al-11"},{"link_name":"Ottawa Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"Jan Harder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Harder"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"academic library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_library"},{"link_name":"Ex Libris Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_Libris_Group"},{"link_name":"public library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_library"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sln-jun2020-14"}],"text":"SirsiDynix was formed by the merger of the Dynix Corporation and the Sirsi Corporation in June 2005. The company is based in Lehi, Utah, and employs approximately 400 in offices worldwide.[7]It was bought out by Vista Equity Partners in December 2006, a private equity firm based in San Francisco, California.[8]SirsiDynix and Stanford University libraries worked together for over a year to upgrade Stanford's library environment to support Asian and other multi-byte character sets.[9] SirsiDynix has also partnered with 3M to provide radio-frequency identification systems for libraries.[10]On October 29, 2009, the WikiLeaks Project obtained a document from SirsiDynix taking a negative view of open source projects as compared to proprietary products, including risks of instability and insecurity. The document, which its author, Stephen Abrams, claimed was not intended to be secret, set off a debate on open source within the library technology community.[11]In May 2010, the company performed an upgrade of its systems at the Ottawa Public Library, involving a scheduled two-day closure of all library branches, accompanied by an 11-day shutdown of online systems. However, the actual upgrade required closure of the library system for an additional two days. Jan Harder, chair of Ottawa's library board, stated an intention to seek compensation from SirsiDynix for the unexpected additional upgrade work.[12]Bill Davison was named SirsiDynix CEO in October 2011.[citation needed]In January 2015 ICV Partners announced their acquisition of SirsiDynix from Vista Equity Partners.[13]As of 2020, SirsiDynix was competing in both the academic library realm, where it was well behind the sector leader Ex Libris Group in terms of marketshare; and in the public library space, where its Symphony product was very popular although its older Horizon and DynixClassic products were fading in use.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BCS1-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LJ_COSUGI-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-libraryjournal-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-updates-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dialcat-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolLibraryJournal-20"}],"text":"Integrated library system software supports various library functions: cataloging, circulation, acquisitions, reserves, outreach, etc. SirsiDynix currently supports two ILS products: Symphony (the successor of Unicorn) and Horizon.BLUEcloud LSPSirsiDynix announced the BLUEcloud Library Services Platform (LSP) at the annual users group conference, COSUGI. It is a browser-based system that will integrate SirsiDynix's \"administration, discovery, acquisition, and collection management applications.\" It can be accessed from a desktop, laptop, tablet or smart phone. BLUEcloud can integrate with both SaaS and locally hosted Horizon and Symphony systems. The BLUEcloud LSP is made up of three major components: BLUEcloud Staff, BLUEcloud Marketplace, and BLUEcloud Discovery.[15] This approach will stop the duplication of data and will integrate all searches across products. The majority of the new features of BLUEcloud will be included in the annual maintenance fee.[16]OtherOther products include Director's Station and Web Reporter[17][18]Previous products include Unicorn, DialCat and SchoolRooms.[19][20]","title":"Products"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Vista Equity\". Retrieved 2011-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vistaequitypartners.com/?q=company/sirsidynix","url_text":"\"Vista Equity\""}]},{"reference":"\"SirsiDynix: Company Overview\". Retrieved 2008-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sirsidynix.com/Company/","url_text":"\"SirsiDynix: Company Overview\""}]},{"reference":"Rogers, Michael (15 June 2001). \"Sirsi buys data research assocs\". Library Journal. 126 (11). ProQuest 196825064.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/196825064","url_text":"196825064"}]},{"reference":"\"SIRSI Completes DRA Acquisition\". InformationToday. October 2001. Retrieved 2008-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.infotoday.com/it/oct01/news1.htm","url_text":"\"SIRSI Completes DRA Acquisition\""}]},{"reference":"Breeding, Marshall (January 2000). \"Epixtech: A New Beginning for ALS\". Information Today. 17 (1). Retrieved 30 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.infotoday.com/IT/jan00/breeding.htm","url_text":"\"Epixtech: A New Beginning for ALS\""}]},{"reference":"Rogers, Michael (1 March 2003). \"Dynix investing in future growth\". Library Journal. 128 (4). ProQuest 196923873.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/196923873","url_text":"196923873"}]},{"reference":"Barack, Lauren (2008-12-01). \"INFOhio, SirsiDynix launch singular portal statewide\". School Library Journal. London: Reed Elsevier. Retrieved 2008-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.schoollibraryjournal.com/article/CA6617677.html","url_text":"\"INFOhio, SirsiDynix launch singular portal statewide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_Library_Journal","url_text":"School Library Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Elsevier","url_text":"Reed Elsevier"}]},{"reference":"Marshal Breeding (2007-02-01). \"Vista Equity Partners acquires SirsiDynix\". Smart Libraries Newsletter. Retrieved 2011-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://librarytechnology.org/document/12741","url_text":"\"Vista Equity Partners acquires SirsiDynix\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stanford University Libraries and SirsiDynix Partner for State-of-the-Art, Original Script Access\". Biblio Tech Review. 2008-10-31. Retrieved 2008-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ringgold.com/biblio-tech/si_pd.cfm?pid=10&articleid=1923&issueno=95&xsection=BTR_Business","url_text":"\"Stanford University Libraries and SirsiDynix Partner for State-of-the-Art, Original Script Access\""}]},{"reference":"\"High-tech checkout is OK'd for Provo library\". Deseret News. 2007-01-08. Retrieved 2008-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,650221280,00.html","url_text":"\"High-tech checkout is OK'd for Provo library\""}]},{"reference":"Fitzpatrick, Sean (11 November 2009). \"Open Source Advocates Reject SirsiDynix's Warning\". American Libraries. Retrieved 30 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/2009/11/11/open-source-advocates-reject-sirsidynixs-warning/","url_text":"\"Open Source Advocates Reject SirsiDynix's Warning\""}]},{"reference":"\"Late, but libraries finally back online\". Ottawa Citizen. 2010-05-07. Archived from the original on May 26, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100526195745/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Late+libraries+finally+back+online/2996845/story.html","url_text":"\"Late, but libraries finally back online\""},{"url":"https://ottawacitizen.com/news/Late+libraries+finally+back+online/2996845/story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ICV Partners Announces Acquisition of SirsiDynix\" (Press release). Lehi, Utah: ICV Partners. PRN Newswire. 7 January 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/icv-partners-announces-acquisition-of-sirsidynix-300017251.html","url_text":"\"ICV Partners Announces Acquisition of SirsiDynix\""}]},{"reference":"Breeding, Marshall (June 2020). \"Market Share Dynamics: US Public and Academic Libraries\". Smart Libraries Newsletter.","urls":[{"url":"https://librarytechnology.org/document/25243","url_text":"\"Market Share Dynamics: US Public and Academic Libraries\""}]},{"reference":"Breeding, Marshall (19 March 2013). \"BLUEcloud Suite\". Product Announcements. Retrieved 2013-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://librarytechnology.org/pr/17776","url_text":"\"BLUEcloud Suite\""}]},{"reference":"Kelley, Michael. \"At COSUGI, SirsiDynix Touts New Cloud-Based System\". Library Journal. Retrieved 2013-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2013/03/technology/at-cosugi-sirsidynix-touts-new-cloud-based-system/","url_text":"\"At COSUGI, SirsiDynix Touts New Cloud-Based System\""}]},{"reference":"Hadro, Josh (2008-10-15). \"Director's Station for Usage Stats\". Library Journal. London: Reed Elsevier. Retrieved 2008-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA6602837.html","url_text":"\"Director's Station for Usage Stats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_Journal","url_text":"Library Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Elsevier","url_text":"Reed Elsevier"}]},{"reference":"Hadro, Josh (2008-11-01). \"Updates Emerge from SirsiDynix\". Library Journal. London: Reed Elsevier. Retrieved 2008-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA6606474.html","url_text":"\"Updates Emerge from SirsiDynix\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_Journal","url_text":"Library Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Elsevier","url_text":"Reed Elsevier"}]},{"reference":"\"DialCat Offers Library Research by Telephone\" (PDF). Houston Public Library. 1991-11-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.friendsofhpl.org/newsletters/bfNovDec1991.pdf","url_text":"\"DialCat Offers Library Research by Telephone\""}]},{"reference":"Kenney, Brian (December 2005). \"A Web Portal Just for Kids\". School Library Journal. London: Reed Elsevier. pp. 22–23. Archived from the original on 2006-10-25. Retrieved 2010-06-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061025080456/http://www.schoollibraryjournal.com/article/CA6286452.html","url_text":"\"A Web Portal Just for Kids\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_Library_Journal","url_text":"School Library Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Elsevier","url_text":"Reed Elsevier"},{"url":"http://www.schoollibraryjournal.com/article/CA6286452.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motsameta_monastery
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Motsameta monastery
|
["1 History","2 See also","3 References"]
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Coordinates: 42°16′55″N 42°45′33″E / 42.28194°N 42.75917°E / 42.28194; 42.75917Motsameta monasteryThe Motsameta MonasteryReligionAffiliationGeorgian Orthodox ChurchLocationLocation Kutaisi, GeorgiaShown within ImeretiShow map of ImeretiMotsameta monastery (Georgia)Show map of GeorgiaGeographic coordinates42°16′55″N 42°45′33″E / 42.28194°N 42.75917°E / 42.28194; 42.75917ArchitectureTypeMonastery, church, castleStyleGeorgian
Motsameta (Georgian: მოწამეთა) also known as Motsameta monastery is a complex of monasteries at the Imereti region, approximately 6 km northeast of the center of Kutaisi, Georgia. The monastery is picturesquely located on the cliff of a promontory in the curve of the Tskaltsitela river, a tributary of the Rioni river.
History
Its name, whose meaning is the "Place of the Martyrs", is related to the brothers of a noble family of Argveti, David and Constantine, who organized a rebellion against the occupying Arabs in the 8th century.
When the rebellion failed, they were captured and then they were promised forgiveness in exchange for converting to Islam. None accepted the offer, and they were later tortured and killed, and their bodies were thrown into the river. The water turned red and in memory of this event, the river was called Ckalcitela, which means red water. According to the story, the brothers' remains were captured by the lions and taken to the hill, where the Gelati monastery is located. Later, the Orthodox Church of Georgia recognized them as Saints, and in the 11th century, the king Bagrat IV of Georgia founded a temple there. Officials from the Bolshevik secret police in 1923 took the remains of David and Constantine from the Gelati monastery to the museum in Kutaisi, but this caused such a scandal that the relics were delivered quickly and are still in the monasteries today. According to legend, there is a secret passage between the Motsameta monasteries and the Gelati monastery, used during the wars.
Monastery buildings
Monastery church
Georgian inscription of the Motsameta monastery
See also
Gelati Monastery
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Motsameta monastery.
^ "Motsameta Monastery, Georgia". eurasia.travel. Retrieved 2019-08-06.
^ a b Gruzja, Armenia i Azerbejdżan - Magiczne Zakaukazie. 2012. pp. 149–150. ISBN 978-83-246-7447-3.
^ a b Sławomir, Adamczak (2013). Gruzja, Armenia i Azerbejdżan. p. 181. ISBN 978-83-7642-141-4.
^ Grzegorz, Petryszat (2013). Gruzja w pigułce. p. 149. ISBN 978-83-62460-37-3.
vteHistorical Georgian monasteries and churchesGeorgia
Abkhazia
Aba-Ata
Ambara
Akhali Atoni (Simeon)
Akhali Atoni Monastery
Bedia
Bichvinta
Bzyb
Chkhortoli
Chlou
Chuburkhinji
Dranda
Gagra
Gantiadi
Ghumurishi
Ilori
Iveria
Khopi
Kvitouli
Lashkendari
Lidzava
Likhni
Marmariskari
Megobroba
Mokvi
Mtiskalta
Mugudzirkhva
Nabakevi
Nakhshiri
Odishi (Constantine, Mary)
Otkhara
Pichori
Pitchu-Okhvame
Sakeni
Tsebelda (Andrew, Catherine, George, Theodore)
Adjara
Kvirike
Skhalta
Guria
Achi
Erketi
Jumati
Likhauri
Shemokmedi
Imereti
Bagrati
Bajiti
Chala
Chikha
Darkveti
Derchi
Devadze
Ekhvevi
Gelati
Jruchi
Katskhi
Katskhis Sveti
Kisoreti
Koreti
Mghvimevi
Motsameta
Savane
Speti
Tabakini
Ubisi
Zarati
Zemo Simoneti
Kakheti
Akhmeta
Akura
Alaverdi
Argokhi
Bochorma
Bodbe
Chabukauri
Cheremi
Dartlo
David Gareja
David Gareja Lavra
Dodo
Dolochopi
Dzveli Diklo
Dzveli Gavazi
Gremi
Ikalto (Monastery, Stephen)
Intsoba
Kardanakhi
Khashmi (Mary, Trinity)
Khirsa
Kochalo
Kvelatsminda
Kvetera
Machi
Manavi
Matani
Matni
Natlismtsemeli
Nekresi
Ninotsminda
Ozaani
Ruispiri
Sabatsminda
Sanagire
Sagarejo
Shildi
Shuamta (New)
Shuamta (Old)
Vachnadziani
Vartsani
Vazisubani (Assumption, Davitiani)
Zegaani
Zemo Alvani
Zemo Khodashani
Kvemo Kartli
Abelia
Akaurti
Akhalsheni
Akvanebi
Ayazmi
Bolnisi Sioni
Chatakhi
Chochiani
Dashbashi
Dmanisi Sioni
Draneti
Ganakhlebi
Ghobani
Gomareti (Mary, Nicholas)
Gudarekhi
Kakliani
Kazreti
Kolagiri
Kukhi
Kushchi
Liparitisubani
Mamkhuti (Lower, Upper)
Manglisi
Martqopi
Pirghebuli
Pitareti
Revazasheni
Sakdrioni
Samghereti
Samshvilde Sioni
Sarkineti (Ascension, Basil)
Satkhi
Shavnabada
Sikhuaant
Sori
Tandzia
Tejisi
Tserakvi
Tsalka
Tskhnari
Tsughrughasheni
Ukangori
Vanati
Vardisubani
Zemo Karabulaghi
Mtskheta-Mtianeti
Akhatna
Alevi
Ananuri
Antioki
Archili
Bochorma
Davati
Garbani
Gergeti
Jvari
Kabeni
Khevi Sioni
Korogho
Ksani
Lomisa
Machkhani
Mtetsveri
Nedzikhi
Samtavro
Shio-Mgvime
Svetitskhoveli
Telovani
Tserovni
Tsilkani
Zedazeni
Zhameti
Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti
Barakoni
Bugeuli
Chikhareshi
Chukuli
Kldisubani
Mami
Mravaldzali
Nakuraleshi
Nikortsminda
Raketi
Sasashi
Tvibi
Zemo Krikhi
Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti
Adishi (Archangel, George, George, Saviour)
Agara
Atsquri
Baraleti
Bieti
Chvibiani
Ienashi
Iprari
Khobi
Khvilisha
Lagurka
Lashtkhveri
Matskhvarishi
Mestia
Martvili
Murqmeli
Nakipari
Otsindale
Sepieti
Svipi
Taringzel
Tavrali
Tsaishi
Tsalenjikha
Tsvirmi (Archangel, George, Saviour)
Ushguli
Zhamushi
Samtskhe–Javakheti
Abuli
Akhalsheni
Alandzia
Alastani
Arjevan-Sarvani
Azureti
Bavri
Bezhano
Burnasheti
Chikhorisi
Chulevi
Daba
Damala
Didi Ateni
Didi Samsari
Gandzani (Church, Church, Church, Temple, Ekvderiani, John)
Gaveti
Gorguli
Jakismani
Karneti
Karzameti
Kavtaroghli
Khorenia
Khospio
Kizildere
Kochio
Koshkigheli
Kvabiskhevi
Kvarshi
Likani
Mchadijvari
Mtsvane
Naisa
Nedzvi
Poki
Potoleti
Saghamos (Church, Church)
Sapara
Saro
Shavnabada
Shoreti
Sirgva
Skhaltbi
Tabatskuri
Tadzrisi
Tavparavani
Timotesubani
Tiseli
Tmogvi
Tontio
Tori
Tsunda
Vale
Vanis Kvabebi
Vardzia
Zarzma
Zeda Vardzia
Zeda Tmogvi
Zveli
Shida Kartli
Aghaiani
Ali
Aradeti
Ateni Sioni
Bieti
Bobnevi
Breti (George, Piros)
Chandrebi
Eredvi
Ertatsminda
Gigo
Idleti
Ikorta
Ikvi
Inauri
Kaberi
Kavti
Kheiti
Khopa
Khoveli
Khtsisi
Kintsvisi
Koshkebi
Kumurdo
Kvakhvreli
Kvatakhevi
Largvisi
Lavriskhevi
Magalaant
Mesveti
Metekhi
Nabakhtevi
Niabi
Noste
Pavnisi
Rkoni
Ruisi
Samtavisi
Samtsevrisi
Saorbisi
Tavkavta
Tigva
Tiri
Tsirkoli
Tskhinvali
Tsromi
Urbnisi
Urtkhva
Usaneti
Vaka
Vere
Zemo Nikozi (Archangel, Deity)
Tbilisi
Anchiskhati
Betania
Betlehemi
Kldisubani
Lurji
Metekhi
Narikala
Tbilisi Sioni
Armenia
List of churches
Azerbaijan
List of churches
Bulgaria
Petritsoni
Cyprus
Gialia
Greece
Iviron
Israel
Monastery of the Cross
North Caucasus
Alby-Yerdy
Datuna Church
Tkhaba-Yerdy
Turkey
List of churches
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_language"},{"link_name":"Imereti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imereti"},{"link_name":"region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mkhare"},{"link_name":"Kutaisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutaisi"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"promontory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promontory"},{"link_name":"Rioni river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rioni_River"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Motsameta (Georgian: მოწამეთა) also known as Motsameta monastery is a complex of monasteries at the Imereti region, approximately 6 km northeast of the center of Kutaisi, Georgia. The monastery is picturesquely located on the cliff of a promontory in the curve of the Tskaltsitela river, a tributary of the Rioni river.[1]","title":"Motsameta monastery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argveti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argveti"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_leo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Gelati monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelati_monastery"},{"link_name":"Orthodox Church of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Bagrat IV of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagrat_IV_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Gelati monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelati_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Kutaisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutaisi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Georgia_2011_099_Motsameta_(5681262040).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Motsameta_monastery_(panorama_photo).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg"}],"text":"Its name, whose meaning is the \"Place of the Martyrs\", is related to the brothers of a noble family of Argveti, David and Constantine, who organized a rebellion against the occupying Arabs in the 8th century.[2]When the rebellion failed, they were captured and then they were promised forgiveness in exchange for converting to Islam. None accepted the offer, and they were later tortured and killed, and their bodies were thrown into the river. The water turned red and in memory of this event, the river was called Ckalcitela, which means red water. According to the story, the brothers' remains were captured by the lions and taken to the hill,[3] where the Gelati monastery is located. Later, the Orthodox Church of Georgia recognized them as Saints, and in the 11th century, the king Bagrat IV of Georgia founded a temple there.[2][3] Officials from the Bolshevik secret police in 1923 took the remains of David and Constantine from the Gelati monastery to the museum in Kutaisi, but this caused such a scandal that the relics were delivered quickly and are still in the monasteries today.[4] According to legend, there is a secret passage between the Motsameta monasteries and the Gelati monastery, used during the wars.Monastery buildings\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMonastery church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGeorgian inscription of the Motsameta monastery","title":"History"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Gelati Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelati_Monastery"}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_of_Montalegre
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Montalegre Castle
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["1 External links"]
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Coordinates: 41°49′34″N 7°47′28″W / 41.826°N 7.791°W / 41.826; -7.791Portuguese castle
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Castelo de MontalegreMontalegre, Portugal TypeMedieval fortressSite informationOwnerPortuguese RepublicConditionIntactSite historyBuilt1279-1325Built byDinis of PortugalEventsPortuguese Restoration War
The Montalegre Castle is a Portuguese medieval castle and National monument in Montalegre, Vila Real.
External links
Montalegre Castle at IPPAR (in Portuguese)
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Castelo de Tomar
Castelo de Torre de Moncorvo
Castle of Torres Novas
Tower of Bera
Tower of Ferreira de Aves
Castle of Trancoso
Castle of Valongo
Castle of Viana do Alentejo
Castle of Vidigueira
Castle of Vidigueiras
Castle of Vila Flor
Castle of Vila Nova de Cerveira
Castle of Vila Nova de Foz Côa
Castle of Vila Verde dos Francos
Castle of Vila Viçosa
Castle of Vilar Maior
Castle of Vinhais
Also See: Castles in Portugal This article about a castle in Portugal is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"National monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monuments_of_Portugal#National_monuments"},{"link_name":"Montalegre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montalegre"},{"link_name":"Vila Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vila_Real_(district)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castelo_de_Montalegre_2020_25.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_photographs_of_Castelo_de_Montalegre_(1).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castelo_de_Montalegre_-_Portugal_(11024635733).jpg"}],"text":"Portuguese castleThe Montalegre Castle is a Portuguese medieval castle and National monument in Montalegre, Vila Real.","title":"Montalegre Castle"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Montalegre_Castle¶ms=41.826_N_7.791_W_source:ptwiki","external_links_name":"41°49′34″N 7°47′28″W / 41.826°N 7.791°W / 41.826; -7.791"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCastelo_de_Montalegre&sl=pt&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716151538/http://www.igespar.pt/en/patrimonio/pesquisa/geral/patrimonioimovel/detail/70167/","external_links_name":"Montalegre Castle"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Montalegre_Castle¶ms=41.826_N_7.791_W_source:ptwiki","external_links_name":"41°49′34″N 7°47′28″W / 41.826°N 7.791°W / 41.826; -7.791"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montalegre_Castle&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leif_Thybo
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Leif Thybo
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["1 Notable works","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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Danish organist and composer
Leif Thybo (12 June 1922 – 24 January 2001) was a Danish organist and composer. He studied theory with Vagn Holmboe before entering the Royal Danish Academy of Music where he was taught instrumentation by Poul Schierbeck, organ by Emilius Bangert, and theory by Finn Høffding. His music is characterized by a clarity of expression and stringency of construction.
He was a professor of music theory at the Royal Danish Academy of Music from 1965 to 1990. Amongst his pupils are the composers María Luisa Ozaita and Frederik Magle.
Notable works
Preludio, pastorale e fugato, op.11 (1948)
Preludium (1950)
Concerto per organo (1953–54)
Concerto (1956)
Passacaglia con Intermedios (1961)
Contrasti per organo (1965)
Liber organi (1967)
Compenius-suite (1968)
Mouvement Symphonique (1979)
See also
List of Danish composers
References
^ Beyer, Anders. "In search of the ultimate simplification". NOMUS. Archived from the original on December 8, 2014. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
External links
A Portrait of Danish Composer Leif Thybo
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Germany
Israel
Belgium
United States
Sweden
Artists
MusicBrainz
This article about a Danish composer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Vagn Holmboe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagn_Holmboe"},{"link_name":"Royal Danish Academy of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Danish_Academy_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Poul Schierbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poul_Schierbeck"},{"link_name":"Emilius Bangert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilius_Bangert"},{"link_name":"Finn Høffding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finn_H%C3%B8ffding"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dvm-1"},{"link_name":"María Luisa Ozaita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Luisa_Ozaita"},{"link_name":"Frederik Magle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Magle"}],"text":"Leif Thybo (12 June 1922 – 24 January 2001) was a Danish organist and composer. He studied theory with Vagn Holmboe before entering the Royal Danish Academy of Music where he was taught instrumentation by Poul Schierbeck, organ by Emilius Bangert, and theory by Finn Høffding.[1] His music is characterized by a clarity of expression and stringency of construction.He was a professor of music theory at the Royal Danish Academy of Music from 1965 to 1990. Amongst his pupils are the composers María Luisa Ozaita and Frederik Magle.","title":"Leif Thybo"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Preludio, pastorale e fugato, op.11 (1948)\nPreludium (1950)\nConcerto per organo (1953–54)\nConcerto (1956)\nPassacaglia con Intermedios (1961)\nContrasti per organo (1965)\nLiber organi (1967)\nCompenius-suite (1968)\nMouvement Symphonique (1979)","title":"Notable works"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of Danish composers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Danish_composers"}]
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[{"reference":"Beyer, Anders. \"In search of the ultimate simplification\". NOMUS. Archived from the original on December 8, 2014. Retrieved December 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141208074306/http://dvm.nu/periodical/ns/ns_1994/ns_1994_02/in-search-of-the-ultimate-simplification/","url_text":"\"In search of the ultimate simplification\""},{"url":"http://dvm.nu/periodical/ns/ns_1994/ns_1994_02/in-search-of-the-ultimate-simplification/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141208074306/http://dvm.nu/periodical/ns/ns_1994/ns_1994_02/in-search-of-the-ultimate-simplification/","external_links_name":"\"In search of the ultimate simplification\""},{"Link":"http://dvm.nu/periodical/ns/ns_1994/ns_1994_02/in-search-of-the-ultimate-simplification/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://dvm.nu/hierarchy/periodical/ns/1994/02/?show=data/periodical/ns/1994/ns1994_2XML/periodical-ns1994_2_07.tkl&type=periodical","external_links_name":"A Portrait of Danish Composer Leif Thybo"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000082237247","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/43219142","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbH3vQxBkTk9p3mCFMQMP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/98068439","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1089834187","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007322241105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14405476","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83172209","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/khwz0zv33scj7jr","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/c9b8771c-de3c-4d73-844a-8b5a65d4f428","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leif_Thybo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Fianc%C3%A9e
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Tokyo Fiancée
|
["1 Plot","2 Awards","3 Press","4 Adaptations","5 References"]
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Novel by Amélie Nothomb
For the 2014 film, see Tokyo Fiancée (film).
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Tokyo Fiancée First editionAuthorAmélie NothombOriginal titleNi d'Ève ni d'AdamTranslatorAlison AndersonLanguageFrenchGenreNovelPublisherAlbin MichelPublication date2007Publication placeBelgiumPages238ISBN978-2-226-17964-7
Tokyo Fiancée (French: Ni d'Ève ni d'Adam "Neither Eve nor Adam") is an autobiographical novel by the Belgian writer Amélie Nothomb. It appeared on 20 August 2007 published by Éditions Albin Michel. A film adaptation was released in 2014.
The novel is partially concurrent with Nothomb's earlier novel, Fear and Trembling.
Plot
Amélie, a Belgian woman born in Japan, returns to her childhood home of Tokyo and dreams of living there. Amélie believes that the most effective way to learn Japanese is to teach French, so she meets Rinri, a sophomore studying French. The two become friends and lovers as they go from teacher to student.
The couple experience cultural differences. Amélie likes to taste Japanese food, while Rinri likes Western food. He prepares Japanese food for Amélie, but does not eat it himself. The Japanese things that Amélie admires are of no interest to Rinri. Rinri takes Amélie back to her memories of Japan. Amélie's Japanese improves rapidly thanks to Rinri, and so does Rinri's French.
When Rinri proposes to Amélie, she accepts but feels uncertain about how she feels about him. Instead of going through with the marriage, Amélie returns to Europe when her employment contract with Yumimoto ends and does not contact Rinri. Many years later, she returns to Japan on to promote her latest book. She is reunited with Rinri at a book signing, where she warmly greets him as a long-lost brother.
Awards
The novel was nominated for the Prix Goncourt in 2007 and the Prix Renaudot 2007. It won Prix de Flore in 2007.
Press
30 May 2009 Lotus Reads: "a contemporary love story, where the woman's love of independence trumps her desire to be loved and needed."
5 May 2009 Raintaxi: "Nothomb offers no false resolution of the novel’s conflict between personal freedom and emotional intimacy, and this unresolved tension makes Tokyo Fiancée convincing and compelling."
4 April 2009 Amélie Nothomb Live on the Leonard Lopate Show
19 February 2009 The Asian Review of Books: "Tokyo Fiancee is sparse, sardonic, intelligent, cross-culturally aware, simultaneously detached and engage"
19 February 2009 The Temple News: "Tokyo Fiancée is either a love story about language or a language story about love."
15 February 2009 Metropolis (Japan): "Nothomb skillfully uses the pair’s language exchange and intercultural relationship to offer deep insights into, and make sharp comments on, Japanese traditional culture and Bubble Era society."
Adaptations
Tokyo Fiancée was adapted to the cinema in 2015 by Stefan Liberski. Amélie is played by the Belgian actress Pauline Étienne.
References
^ "Quarterly conversation. com, Review by Matthew Jakubowski". Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
^ Fay, Sarah (2 January 2009). "East Meets West, East Loses West". The New York Times Book Review. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
^ "Tokyo Fiancée (Ni d'Ève Ni d'Adam) – Amélie Nothomb". www.complete-review.com. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
^ "The Seattle Times | Local news, sports, business, politics, entertainment, travel, restaurants and opinion for Seattle and the Pacific Northwest". www.seattletimes.com. Archived from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
^ "Asian review of books". Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
^ Fisher, Barbara. "Short takes". Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2016 – via The Boston Globe.
^ "SEEING THE WORLD THROUGH BOOKS » Blog Archive » Amelie Nothomb–TOKYO FIANCEE". Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
^ Finbow, Steve (28 June 2009). "Seduced by the stereotype: a meeting and parting of East and West". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
Portals: Literature Belgium
vteAmélie NothombNovels
Hygiène de l'assassin (1992)
Le Sabotage amoureux (1993)
Les Catilinaires (1995)
Péplum (1996)
Attentat (1997)
Mercure (1998)
Stupeur et tremblements (1999)
Métaphysique des tubes (2000)
Cosmétique de l'ennemi (2001)
Robert des noms propres (2002)
Antéchrista (2003)
Biographie de la faim (2004)
Acide sulfurique (2005)
Journal d'Hirondelle (2006)
Ni d'Eve, ni d'Adam (2007)
Le Fait du prince (2008)
Le Voyage d'Hiver (2009)
Une forme de vie (2010)
Tuer le père (2011)
Barbe bleue (2012)
La nostalgie heureuse (2013)
Petronille (2014)
Le Crime du comte Neville (2015)
Riquet à la houppe (2016)
Strike your Heart (2017)
Les prénoms épicènes (2018)
Soif (2019)
Les aérostats (2020)
Premier sang (2021)
Le Livre des soeurs (2022)
Plays
Les Combustibles (1994)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Poland
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[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale_Halawai_O_Holualoa
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Hale Halawai O Holualoa
|
["1 History","2 Today","3 References"]
|
Historic Place in Hawaii County, Hawaii
United States historic placeHale Halawai o HolualoaU.S. National Register of Historic Places
LocationHawaii County, HawaiiNearest cityKailua-KonaArealess than one acreArchitectJohn D. ParisNRHP reference No.87000794Added to NRHPJune 5, 1987
Hale Halawai O Holualoa is the former name of Living Stones Church located in the Kona District on the Big Island of Hawaii.
History
The name means "Meeting house near the long slide" in the Hawaiian Language.
There might have been a wooden church on the site from about 1825. A coral lime and stone building, of about 30 by 60 feet, was finished by 1855, under the supervision of Reverend John D. Paris. It was in continuous use until the 1940s. There is also a small grave site, some old stone walls, and a canoe landing. Several Kōnane boards have been discovered during excavation, indicating a long occupation of the site.
Today
The site was added to the state register of historic places on November 26, 1986, as site 10-37-7234, and the national register on June 5, 1987, as site 87000794.
The Holualoa Bay Congregational Church reconstructed the building in the early 1990s under the direction of Norman Kenneth Smith. The land is leased from the state, and is near the North end of Holualoa Bay.
The church grounds are currently used by Living Stones Church with several events each week, often on the lawn right on the edge of the ocean.
References
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
^ http://www.wehewehe.org Hawaiian Dictionary
^ a b Holualoa Bay Congregational Church. "Environmental Assessment report for reconstruction of the Church" (PDF). Hawaii state Department of Land and Natural Resources. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
^ Hawaii State registry of historic places
^ N. Ken Smith (May 28, 1986). "Hale Halawai O Holualoa Church nomination form". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. Retrieved 2009-10-15.
^ http://trinity-aloha.org/Ken_Bio/body_ken_bio.htm Biography of Ken Smith
^ http://livingstones.us/ Current Congregation web site
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This Hawaiʻi state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roving_Enterprises
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Roving Enterprises
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["1 Productions","2 Fire","3 References","4 External links"]
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Roving Enterprises Pty Ltd is an Australian television production company, owned by television presenter, producer and comedian Rove McManus and his business partner Craig Campbell and managed by General Manager Kevin Whyte. The company is responsible for producing many shows and events, particularly for Network Ten.
Productions
Programs with a shaded background indicate the program is still in production.
Title
Network
Years
Format
Duration
Rove
Nine Network Network Ten
1999 2000–2009
Variety show
11 seasons, 354 episodes
Silverchair: Beyond the Diorama
Network Ten
2002
Music documentary
1 interview special
ARIA Music Awards
Network Ten Nine Network
2002–2008, 2023–present
Music awards
8 annual awards ceremonies
Skithouse
Network Ten
2003–2004
Sketch comedy
2 seasons, 19 episodes
Before the Game
Network Ten
2003–2013
AFL talk show
11 seasons, 303 episodes
TEN: Seriously 40
Network Ten
2005
Nostalgia special
1 special
Real Stories
Network Ten
2006
Comedy
1 season, 8 episodes
Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader?
Network Ten
2007–2009
Game show
3 seasons, 34 episodes
Hamish & Andy's American Caravan of Courage
Network Ten
2008
Comedy special
1 special
Hamish & Andy: Re-Gifted
Network Ten
2008–2009
Comedy specials
2 annual specials
The Project
Network Ten
2009–present
News panel show
9 seasons, 2400+ episodes
Rove LA
FOX8
2011–2012
Talk show
2 seasons, 23 episodes
Saturday Night Rove
Network Ten
2019
Variety show
2 episodes, 1 pilot
Fire
In October 2004, one of Roving Enterprises production offices in Abbotsford, a Melbourne suburb, was destroyed by a large fire that caused up to $2 million damage and required 16 fire engines and over 50 firefighters to extinguish it. The offices were used for production, graphics editing and wardrobe/props and among the many things lost, the fire destroyed pieces that were to be used for the ARIA Music Awards of 2004 ceremony. The company also lost its costume department, valuable editing equipment, computers and irreplaceable video tapes and digital footage.
References
^ ASIC Company name search
^ Hornery, Andrew (22 March 2014). "Charlie Pickering's exit from The Project over blow up just a beat up". The Age. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
^ "Show must go on, says Rove after blaze". Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. 7 October 2004. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
^ Wells, Rachel (7 October 2004). "Rove stunned by office blaze". The Age. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
External links
Roving Enterprises official website
The Project official website
vteShows produced by Roving EnterprisesCurrent television productions
The Project (originally The 7PM Project) (2009–present)
Former television productions
Before the Game (originally After the Game) (2003–2013)
Real Stories (2006)
Rove (originally Rove Live) (1999, 2000–2009)
ARIA Music Awards (2002–2008, 2010)
skitHOUSE (2003–2004)
Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (2007–2009)
Rove LA (2011–2012)
This Week Live (2013)
Saturday Night Rove (2019)
Radio productions
Rove Live Radio (2002–2005)
This article about an Australian corporation or company is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Australian television-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"Hornery, Andrew (22 March 2014). \"Charlie Pickering's exit from The Project over blow up just a beat up\". The Age. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 22 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/lifestyle/private-sydney/charlie-pickerings-exit-from-the-project-over-blow-up-just-a-beat-up-20140321-3596q.html","url_text":"\"Charlie Pickering's exit from The Project over blow up just a beat up\""}]},{"reference":"\"Show must go on, says Rove after blaze\". Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. 7 October 2004. Retrieved 22 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/10/07/1097089466655.html?from=storylhs","url_text":"\"Show must go on, says Rove after blaze\""}]},{"reference":"Wells, Rachel (7 October 2004). \"Rove stunned by office blaze\". The Age. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 22 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/10/06/1096949589176.html?from=storylhs","url_text":"\"Rove stunned by office blaze\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_(died_1174)
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Nur al-Din Zengi
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["1 War against Crusaders","2 Unification of sultanate","2.1 Conquest of Egypt","3 Death and succession","4 Legacy","5 Notes","6 References","7 Sources","8 Bibliography"]
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Emir of Aleppo (1146–1174) and Damascus (1154–1174)
For other people named Nur al-Din, see Nur al-Din.
Nur ad-DinEmirCoinage of Nur al-Din (Aleppo mint). Obverse: Two Byzantine-style imperial figures standing facing, holding between them labarum set on three steps; stars, name and titles of Nur al-Din Mahmud, and blundered Greek legends in field. Reverse: Christ standing facing; titles of Nur al-Din Mahmud and blundered Greek legends in field.Emir of AleppoReign1146 – 15 May 1174PredecessorImad ad-Din ZengiSuccessorAs-Salih Ismail al-MalikEmir of DamascusReign1154 – 15 May 1174PredecessorMujir ad-Din AbaqSuccessorAs-Salih Ismail al-MalikBorn1118Died15 May 1174 (aged 56)Damascus, Seljuk EmpireBurialNur al-Din Madrasa, Damascus, SyriaSpouseIsmat ad-Din KhatunIssueAs-Salih Ismail al-MalikRegnal nameal-Malik al-Adil Abul-Qasim Nur ad-Din Mahmud Ibn 'Imad ad-Din ZengiDynastyZengid dynastyFatherImad al-Din ZengiReligionSunni Islam
Nūr al-Dīn Maḥmūd Zengī (نور الدين محمود زنگي; February 1118 – 15 May 1174), commonly known as Nur ad-Din (lit. 'Light of the Faith' in Arabic), was a kurdish member of the Zengid dynasty, who ruled the Syrian province (Shām) of the Seljuk Empire. He reigned from 1146 to 1174. He is regarded as an important figure of the Second Crusade.
War against Crusaders
Nur ad-Din was the second son of Imad al-Din Zengi, the Turkmen atabeg of Aleppo and Mosul, who was a devoted enemy of the crusader presence in Syria. After the assassination of his father in 1146, Nur ad-Din and his older brother Saif ad-Din Ghazi I divided the kingdom between themselves, with Nur ad-Din governing Aleppo and Saif ad-Din Ghazi establishing himself in Mosul. The border between the two new kingdoms was formed by the Khabur River. Almost as soon as he began his rule, Nur ad-Din attacked the Principality of Antioch, seizing several castles in the north of Syria, while at the same time he defeated an attempt by Joscelin II to recover the County of Edessa, which had been conquered by Zengi in 1144. In 1146, after the Frankish attempt to reoccupy Edessa, Nur ad-Din massacred the local Armenian Christian population of the city and destroyed its fortifications, in punishment for assisting Joscelin in this attempt. The women and children of Edessa were enslaved.
Battle of Edessa in 1146, by Richard de Montbaston (1337), Bibliothèque Nationale de France
Nur ad-Din sought to make alliances with his Muslim neighbours in northern Iraq and Syria in order to strengthen the Muslim front against their Crusader enemies. In 1147, he signed a bilateral treaty with Mu'in ad-Din Unur, governor of Damascus. As part of this agreement, he also married Mu'in ad-Din's daughter Ismat ad-Din Khatun. Together Mu'in ad-Din and Nur ad-Din besieged the cities of Bosra and Salkhad, which had been captured by a rebellious vassal of Mu'in ad-Din named Altuntash, but Mu'in ad-Din was always suspicious of Nur ad-Din's intentions and did not want to offend his former crusader allies in Jerusalem, who had helped defend Damascus against Zengi. To reassure Mu'in ad-Din, Nur ad-Din curtailed his stay in Damascus and turned instead towards the Principality of Antioch, where he was able to seize Artah, Kafar Latha, Basarfut, and Bara.
Nūr-ad-Din's victory at the Battle of Inab, 1149. Illustration from the Passages d'outremer, c. 1490.
In 1148, the Second Crusade arrived in Syria, led by Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany. Nur ad-Din's victories and the Crusader's losses in Asia Minor however had made the recovery of Edessa – their original goal – practically impossible. Given that Aleppo was too far off from Jerusalem for an attack and Damascus, recently allied with the Kingdom of Jerusalem against Zengi, had entered into an alliance with Nur ad-Din, the Crusaders decided to attack Damascus, the conquest of which would preclude a combination of Jerusalem's enemies. Mu'in ad-Din threatened to turn the city over to Nur ad-Din if he was unable to defend it, but the crusader siege collapsed after only four days.
Nur ad-Din took advantage of the failure of the Crusade to prepare another attack against Antioch. In 1149, he launched an offensive against the territories dominated by the castle of Harim, situated on the eastern bank of the Orontes, after which he besieged the castle of Inab. The Prince of Antioch, Raymond of Poitiers, quickly came to the aid of the besieged citadel. The Muslim army destroyed the Crusader army at the Battle of Inab, during which Raymond was killed, moreover, Raymond's head was sent to Nur ad-Din, who sent it along to the Caliph Al-Muqtafi in Baghdad. Nur ad-Din marched all the way to the coast and expressed his dominance of Syria by symbolically bathing in the Mediterranean. He did not, however, attack Antioch itself; he was content with capturing all Antiochene territory east of the Orontes and leaving a rump state around the city, which in any case soon fell under the suzerainty of the Byzantine Empire. In 1150, he defeated Joscelin II for a final time, after allying with the Seljuk Sultan of Rüm, Mas'ud (whose daughter he also married). Joscelin was blinded and died in his prison in Aleppo in 1159. In the Battle of Aintab, Nur ad-Din tried but failed to prevent King Baldwin III of Jerusalem's evacuation of the Latin Christian residents of Turbessel. In 1152, Nur ad-Din captured and burned Tortosa, briefly occupying the town.
Unification of sultanate
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Nur al-Din Zengi" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
A brother of Nur al-Din, Qutb al-Din Mawdud ruled concurrently in the Mosul region from 1149 to 1170. Coinage dated to AH 556 (1160-1161 CE).
It was Nur ad-Din's dream to unite the various Muslim forces between the Euphrates and the Nile to make a common front against the crusaders. In 1149 Saif ad-Din Ghazi died, and a younger brother, Qutb ad-Din Mawdud, succeeded him. Qutb ad-Din recognized Nur ad-Din as overlord of Mosul, so that the major cities of Mosul and Aleppo were united under one man. Damascus was all that remained as an obstacle to the unification of Syria.
After the failure of the Second Crusade, Mu'in ad-Din had renewed his treaty with the crusaders, and after his death in 1149, his successor Mujir ad-Din Abaq followed the same policy. In 1150 and 1151, Nur ad-Din besieged the city, but retreated each time with no success, aside from empty recognition of his suzerainty. When Ascalon was captured by the crusaders in 1153, Mujir ad-Din forbade Nur ad-Din from travelling across his territory. Mujir ad-Din, however, was a weaker ruler than his predecessor, and he also agreed to pay an annual tribute to the crusaders in exchange for their protection. The growing weakness of Damascus under Mujir ad-Din allowed Nur ad-Din to overthrow him in 1154, with help from the population of the city. Damascus was annexed to Zengid territory, and all of Syria was unified under the authority of Nur ad-Din, from Edessa in the north to the Hauran in the south. Nur ad-Din was generous in his victory, and allowed Abaq to flee with his property, later granting him fiefdoms in the vicinity of Homs. He was cautious not to attack Jerusalem right away, and even continued to send the yearly tribute established by Mujir ad-Din; meanwhile he briefly became involved in affairs to the north of Mosul, where a succession dispute in the Sultanate of Rum threatened Edessa and other cities.
In 1157, Nur ad-Din besieged the Knights Hospitaller in the crusader fortress of Banias, routed a relief army from Jerusalem led by King Baldwin III, and captured Grand Master Bertrand de Blanquefort. However, he fell ill that year and the crusaders were given a brief respite from his attacks. In 1159, the Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus arrived to assert his authority in Antioch, and the crusaders hoped he would send an expedition against Aleppo. However, Nur ad-Din sent ambassadors and negotiated an alliance with the emperor against the Seljuks, much to the crusaders' dismay. Nur ad-Din, along with the Danishmends of eastern Anatolia, attacked the Seljuk sultan Kilij Arslan II from the east the next year, while Manuel attacked from the west. Later in 1160, Nur ad-Din captured the Prince of Antioch, Raynald of Châtillon after a raid in the Anti-Taurus mountains; Raynald remained in captivity for the next sixteen years. By 1162, with Antioch under nominal Byzantine control and the crusader states further south powerless to make any further attacks on Syria, Nur ad-Din made a pilgrimage to Mecca. Soon after he returned, he learned of the death of King Baldwin III of Jerusalem, and out of respect for such a formidable opponent he refrained from attacking the crusader kingdom: William of Tyre reports that Nur ad-Din said "We should sympathize with their grief and in pity spare them, because they have lost a prince such as the rest of the world does not possess today."
Conquest of Egypt
Main article: Crusader invasion of Egypt
The Zengid state under Zengi in 1145, and expansion under Nur al-Din Zengi in 1174 CE.
Mail-coated Nur al-Din Zengi at the victorious Battle of Harim (1164). "Histoire d'Outremer" (1232-1261) - BL Yates Thompson MS 12
As there was now nothing the crusaders could do in Syria, they were forced to look to the south if they wanted to expand their territory. The capture of Ascalon had already succeeded in cutting off Egypt from Syria, and Egypt had been politically weakened by a series of very young Fatimid caliphs. By 1163, the caliph was the young al-Adid, but the country was ruled by the vizier Shawar. That year, Shawar was overthrown by Dirgham; soon afterwards, the King of Jerusalem, Amalric I, led an offensive against Egypt, on the pretext that the Fatimids were not paying the tribute they had promised to pay during the reign of Baldwin III. This campaign failed and he was forced to return to Jerusalem, but it provoked Nur ad-Din to lead a campaign of his own against the crusaders in Syria in order to turn their attention away from Egypt. Nur ad-Din's attack on Tripoli was unsuccessful, but he was soon visited by the exiled Shawar, who begged him to send an army and restore him to the vizierate. Nur ad-Din did not want to spare his own army for a defense of Egypt, but his Kurdish general Shirkuh was given permission to invade in 1164. In response, Dirgham allied with Amalric, but the king could not mobilize in time to save him. Dirgham was killed during Shirkuh's invasion and Shawar was restored as vizier.
Shawar immediately expelled Shirkuh and allied with Amalric, who arrived to besiege Shirkuh at Bilbeis. Shirkuh agreed to abandon Egypt when Amalric was forced to return home, after Nur ad-Din attacked Antioch and besieged the castle of Harenc. There, Nur ad-Din routed the combined armies of Antioch and Tripoli and captured most of the Crusader armies' leadership, including Raymond III, Joscelin III and Bohemond III, leaving three major principalities of the Crusader states leaderless. However, he refused to attack Antioch itself, fearing reprisals from the Byzantines. Instead he besieged and captured Banias, and for the next two years continually raided the frontiers of the crusader states. In 1166, Nur ad-Din's Kurdish general Shirkuh was sent again to Egypt. Amalric followed him at the beginning of 1167, and a formal treaty was established between Amalric and Shawar, with the nominal support of the caliph. The crusaders occupied Alexandria and Cairo and made Egypt a tributary state, but due to the unpopularity of the Egyptian alliance with the Crusaders, Shirkuh managed to take Alexandria without bloodshed. The Crusaders besieged Alexandria and famine set in quickly due to the city's limited stores of food. Shirkuh organized a sortie and broke through the enemy lines, leaving command of Alexandria to his nephew, Saladin. In the same year, Nur ad-Din raided the County of Tripoli, in which he temporarily captured Areimeh Castle, Chastel Blanc and Gibelacar, exploiting the captivity of Raymond III. Ultimately, Amalric could not hold Egypt while Nur ad-Din still held Syria, and he was forced to return to Jerusalem. The siege of Alexandria was lifted, and Shirkuh's forces withdrew from Egypt as well.
In 1168, Amalric sought an alliance with Emperor Manuel and invaded Egypt once more. Shawar's son Khalil had had enough, and with support from Caliph al-Adid requested help from Nur ad-Din and Shirkuh. At the beginning of 1169, Shirkuh arrived and the crusaders once more were forced to retreat. This time Nur ad-Din's commander gained full control of Egypt. Shawar was executed and Shirkuh was named vizier of the newly conquered territory. Shirkuh died later that year and was succeeded by his nephew Saladin. One last invasion of Egypt was launched by Amalric and Manuel, but it was disorganized and came to nothing. Saladin continued to swear nominal fealty to Nur ad-Din until his death in 1174, but their relationship became increasingly tense. Saladin was reluctant to join forces with Nur ad-Din against Crusader armies or holdings, withdrawing his own armies on several occasions when Nur ad-Din's forces arrived to assist him. Nur ad-Din's insistence that Saladin abolish the Shia Caliphate further raised tensions between them. Saladin was reluctant to do so because the authority of the Caliphate in Egypt was a source of legitimacy for his rule. He feared popular backlash, and was bound by friendship and obligation to the Caliph al-Adid. Nonetheless, Saladin capitulated to Nur ad-Din and the Fatimid Caliphate was abolished in 1171.
Death and succession
Domes of Nur al-Din Mahmud's madrasa complex in Damascus (his burial place)
During this time Nur ad-Din was busy in the north, fighting the Artuqids, and in 1170 he had to settle a dispute between his nephews when his brother Qutb ad-Din died. With Egypt conquered in his name, Nur ad-Din believed that he had accomplished his goal of uniting the Arab states of the Levant. However, near the end of his life, especially after the death of Saladin's father Najm al-Din Ayyub, Nur ad-Din believed he could no longer trust anyone in Saladin's court to maintain the young ruler's fealty to him. Nur ad-Din began preparations to invade Egypt and depose Saladin, but he was seized by a fever due to complications from a peritonsillar abscess. He died at the age of 56 on 15 May 1174 in the Citadel of Damascus. He was initially buried there, before being reburied in the Nur al-Din Madrasa. His young son As-Salih Ismail al-Malik became his legitimate heir, and Saladin declared himself his vassal, maintaining the de jure unity of Syria and Egypt under As-Salih's rule. When As-Salih died suddenly at the age of eighteen, Saladin defeated the other claimants to the throne and took power in Syria in 1185, uniting Syria and Egypt not just in name, as they were during Nur ad-Din's reign, but in fact.
Legacy
Mihrab from al-Nuri Mosque in Mosul, founded by Nur al-Din Zengi, 12th century CE, Iraq Museum.
According to William of Tyre, although Nur ad-Din was "a mighty persecutor of the Christian name and faith," he was also "a just prince, valiant and wise, and according to the traditions of his race, a religious man." His sense of justice was never denied to anyone, regardless of their creed or origins. As a result of his justice, a Christian foreigner was said to have settled into Damascus, which was under Nur ad-Din's reign. Nur ad-Din was especially religious after his illness and his pilgrimage. He considered the crusaders foreigners in Muslim territory, who had come to Outremer to plunder the land and profane its sacred places. Nevertheless, he tolerated the Christians who lived under his authority, aside from the Armenians of Edessa, and regarded Emperor Manuel with deep respect. In contrast to Nur ad-Din's respectful reaction to the death of Baldwin III, Amalric I immediately besieged Banias upon learning of the emir's death, and extorted a vast amount of money from his widow.
During Nur ad-Din's reign, forty-two madrasas were built in Syria, of which half he personally sponsored. Through the construction of these madrasas Nur ad-Din was ensuring the creation of Sunni Islamic qadis and imams. Nur ad-Din himself enjoyed having specialists read to him from the Hadith, and his professors even awarded him a diploma in Hadith narration. He had bimaristans (hospitals) constructed in his cities as well, one of them is Nur al-Din Bimaristan and built caravanserais on the roads for travelers and pilgrims. He held court several times a week so that people could seek justice from him against his generals, governors, or other employees who had committed some crime.
Nur ad-Din's tomb
Nur ad-Din's Sunni orthodoxy can be seen in his public works. His repair of the Roman aqueduct in Aleppo insinuated an anti-Shia polemic, and the conversion of two Shia mosques into madrasas, one Shafi'i another Hanafi, reinforce his insistence of promoting Sunni Islam. Consequently, in November 1148, he forbade the Shia call to prayer in Aleppo and any public displays of Shi'ism.
In the Muslim world he remains a legendary figure of military courage, piety, and modesty. Sir Steven Runciman said that he loved, above all else, justice.
The Damascene chronicler Ibn al-Qalanisi generally speaks of Nur ad-Din in majestic terms, although he himself died in 1160, and did not witness the later events of Nur ad-Din's reign.
The Islamist group Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki, active in the Syrian Civil War in Aleppo since 2011, is named after Nur ad-Din.
Notes
^ A Frankish attempt to take advantage of the situation by reoccupying Edessa in November 1146, led by Joscelin II and Baldwin of Marash, failed utterly, the count fleeing ignominiously, Baldwin meeting a heroic death, the city's walls being levelled and the local Armenian Christians suffering the massacre they had avoided two years earlier.
References
^ Whelan Type II, 202-5; S&S Type 73; Album 1850.
^ "Copper alloy fals of Nur al-Din Mahmud ibn Zengi, Halab, nd H. 1971.75.1". numismatics.org. American Numismatic Society.
^ Altan 2014, p. 60.
^ Jaspert 2006, p. 73.
^ a b Tyerman 2006, p. 268.
^ Asbridge 2012, p. 1140.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Maalouf, Amin (1984). The crusades through Arab eyes. Internet Archive. New York : Schocken Books. pp. 146–184. ISBN 978-0-8052-0898-6.
^ Tyerman 2006, p. 195.
^ Barber 1994, p. 81.
^ "Copper alloy dirham of Qutb al-Din Mawdud ibn Zengi, al-Mawsil, 556 H. 1917.215.1000". numismatics.org. American Numismatic Society.
^ Riley-Smith, Jonathan Simon Christopher (1991). The atlas of the Crusades. New York : Facts on File. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-8160-2186-4.
^ a b Jiwa, Shainool (26 January 2023). The Fatimids 2: The Rule from Egypt. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 198–199. ISBN 978-0-7556-4675-3.
^ Oldenbourg, Zoé (1966). The crusades. Internet Archive. New York, Pantheon Books. p. 364.
^ Murray 2015, p. 231
^ Elisseeff 1995, p. 132.
^ Gabrieli 1984, p. 68
^ "Reconstruction & Rehabilitation of the Al Nouri Complex in Mosul" (PDF).
^ Altan 2014, p. 72.
^ Uzayr, Sufyan bin (6 March 2021). "Remembering Nur ad-Din Zengi: The Light of Faith". Political Periscope. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
^ a b Jotischky 2017, p. 121.
^ Raby 2004, p. 300.
^ Raby 2004, p. 299.
^ Raby 2004, p. 296.
^ Raby 2004, pp. 296–297.
^ Raby 2004, p. 297.
^ Runciman 1952, p. 398.
Sources
Altan, Ebru (2014). "Nur al-Din Mahmud b. Zangi (1146–1174): One of the prominent leaders of the struggle against the Crusaders". Tarih Dergisi.
Asbridge, Thomas (2012). The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land. Simon & Schuster.
Barber, Malcolm (1994). The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple. Cambridge University Press.
Elisseeff, N. (1995). "Nur al-Din Mahmud b. Zanki". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VIII: Ned–Sam. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09834-3.
The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades, Extracted and Translated from the Chronicle of Ibn al-Qalanisi. H.A.R. Gibb, 1932 (reprint, Dover Publications, 2002)
Jaspert, Nikolas (2006). The Crusades. Taylor & Francis.
Jotischky, Andrew (2017). Crusading and the Crusader States. Routledge. 121
Kök, Bahattin (2007). "Nûredd İn Zengî, Mahmud". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 33 (Nesi̇h – Osmanlilar) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 259–262. ISBN 978-975-389-455-5.
Raby, Julian (2004). "Nur Al-Din, the Qstal al-Shu-aybiyya, and the "Classical Revival"". Muqarnas: Essays in Honor of J.M. Rogers. 21. Brill.
Runciman, Steven (1952). A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tyerman, Christopher (2006). God's War: A New History of the Crusades. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674023871.
William of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, trans. E.A. Babcock and A.C. Krey. Columbia University Press, 1943.
Bibliography
Gabrieli, Francesco (1984), Arab Historians of the Crusades, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0520052246.
Murray, Alan V. (2015), The Crusades to the Holy Land: The Essential Reference Guide, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-1610697804.
Regnal titles
Preceded byZengi
Emir of Aleppo 1146–1174
Succeeded byAs-Salih Ismail al-Malik
Preceded byMujir ad-Din
Emir of Damascus 1154–1174
Succeeded byAs-Salih Ismail al-Malik
vteMaturidi school of Sunni theologyMaturidi scholars3rd AH/9th AD
Abu Bakr al-Samarqandi (d. 268 AH)
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Yusuf Hamadani (d. 535 AH)
Sheikh Ahmad-e Jami (d. 536 AH)
Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi (d. 537 AH)
Ahmad Yasawi (d. 561 AH)
Nur al-Din Zengi (d. 569 AH)
Siraj al-Din al-Ushi (d. 575 AH)
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14th AH/20th AD
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Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi (d. 1403 AH)
Abdul Haq Akorwi (d. 1409 AH)
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Muhammad Ayyub Ali (d. 1415 AH)
Anzar Shah Kashmiri (d. 1428 AH)
Wahbah al-Zuhayli (d. 1436 AH)
Muhammad Salim Qasmi (d. 1439 AH)
Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri (d. 1441 AH)
Muhammad Ali al-Sabuni (d. 1442 AH)
Nur Hossain Kasemi (d. 1442 AH)
Usmankhan Alimov (d. 1443 AH)
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2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny
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Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Edessa_(1146)"},{"link_name":"Richard de Montbaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_de_Montbaston"},{"link_name":"Bibliothèque Nationale de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale_de_France"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Mu'in ad-Din Unur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27in_ad-Din_Unur"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Ismat ad-Din Khatun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismat_ad-Din_Khatun"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"besieged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bosra_(1147)"},{"link_name":"Bosra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosra"},{"link_name":"Salkhad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salkhad"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Artah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artah"},{"link_name":"Kafar Latha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafr_Latah"},{"link_name":"Basarfut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basarfut&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bara,_Syria"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BattleOfInab.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nūr-ad-Din's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_(died_1174)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Inab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Inab"},{"link_name":"Passages d'outremer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passages_d%27outremer"},{"link_name":"Second Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Louis VII of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Conrad III of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"crusader siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(1148)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Orontes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orontes_river"},{"link_name":"Inab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inab"},{"link_name":"Raymond of Poitiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_of_Poitiers"},{"link_name":"Battle of Inab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Inab"},{"link_name":"Al-Muqtafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muqtafi"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman2006195-9"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"Orontes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orontes_River"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sultan of Rüm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum"},{"link_name":"Mas'ud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas%27ud_of_R%C3%BCm"},{"link_name":"Battle of Aintab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aintab"},{"link_name":"Baldwin III of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_III_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Turbessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbessel"},{"link_name":"Tortosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartus"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber199481-10"}],"text":"Nur ad-Din was the second son of Imad al-Din Zengi, the Turkmen atabeg of Aleppo and Mosul,[4] who was a devoted enemy of the crusader presence in Syria. After the assassination of his father in 1146, Nur ad-Din and his older brother Saif ad-Din Ghazi I divided the kingdom between themselves, with Nur ad-Din governing Aleppo and Saif ad-Din Ghazi establishing himself in Mosul. The border between the two new kingdoms was formed by the Khabur River. Almost as soon as he began his rule, Nur ad-Din attacked the Principality of Antioch, seizing several castles in the north of Syria, while at the same time he defeated an attempt by Joscelin II to recover the County of Edessa, which had been conquered by Zengi in 1144. In 1146, after the Frankish attempt to reoccupy Edessa, Nur ad-Din massacred the local Armenian Christian population of the city and destroyed its fortifications,[a][5] in punishment for assisting Joscelin in this attempt. The women and children of Edessa were enslaved.[6]Battle of Edessa in 1146, by Richard de Montbaston (1337), Bibliothèque Nationale de FranceNur ad-Din sought to make alliances with his Muslim neighbours in northern Iraq and Syria in order to strengthen the Muslim front against their Crusader enemies. In 1147, he signed a bilateral treaty with Mu'in ad-Din Unur, governor of Damascus. As part of this agreement, he also married Mu'in ad-Din's daughter Ismat ad-Din Khatun.[7] Together Mu'in ad-Din and Nur ad-Din besieged the cities of Bosra and Salkhad, which had been captured by a rebellious vassal of Mu'in ad-Din named Altuntash, but Mu'in ad-Din was always suspicious of Nur ad-Din's intentions and did not want to offend his former crusader allies in Jerusalem, who had helped defend Damascus against Zengi. To reassure Mu'in ad-Din, Nur ad-Din curtailed his stay in Damascus and turned instead towards the Principality of Antioch, where he was able to seize Artah, Kafar Latha, Basarfut, and Bara.[citation needed]Nūr-ad-Din's victory at the Battle of Inab, 1149. Illustration from the Passages d'outremer, c. 1490.In 1148, the Second Crusade arrived in Syria, led by Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany. Nur ad-Din's victories and the Crusader's losses in Asia Minor however had made the recovery of Edessa – their original goal – practically impossible. Given that Aleppo was too far off from Jerusalem for an attack and Damascus, recently allied with the Kingdom of Jerusalem against Zengi, had entered into an alliance with Nur ad-Din, the Crusaders decided to attack Damascus, the conquest of which would preclude a combination of Jerusalem's enemies. Mu'in ad-Din threatened to turn the city over to Nur ad-Din if he was unable to defend it, but the crusader siege collapsed after only four days.[7]Nur ad-Din took advantage of the failure of the Crusade to prepare another attack against Antioch. In 1149, he launched an offensive against the territories dominated by the castle of Harim, situated on the eastern bank of the Orontes, after which he besieged the castle of Inab. The Prince of Antioch, Raymond of Poitiers, quickly came to the aid of the besieged citadel. The Muslim army destroyed the Crusader army at the Battle of Inab, during which Raymond was killed, moreover, Raymond's head was sent to Nur ad-Din, who sent it along to the Caliph Al-Muqtafi in Baghdad.[8] Nur ad-Din marched all the way to the coast and expressed his dominance of Syria by symbolically bathing in the Mediterranean. He did not, however, attack Antioch itself; he was content with capturing all Antiochene territory east of the Orontes and leaving a rump state around the city, which in any case soon fell under the suzerainty of the Byzantine Empire. In 1150, he defeated Joscelin II for a final time, after allying with the Seljuk Sultan of Rüm, Mas'ud (whose daughter he also married). Joscelin was blinded and died in his prison in Aleppo in 1159. In the Battle of Aintab, Nur ad-Din tried but failed to prevent King Baldwin III of Jerusalem's evacuation of the Latin Christian residents of Turbessel. In 1152, Nur ad-Din captured and burned Tortosa,[9] briefly occupying the town.","title":"War against Crusaders"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qutb_al-Din_Mawdud_ibn_Zengi,_al-Mawsil,_556_H_(Obverse).jpg"},{"link_name":"Qutb al-Din Mawdud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_Mawdud"},{"link_name":"Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Euphrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates"},{"link_name":"Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile"},{"link_name":"Qutb ad-Din Mawdud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb_ad-Din_Mawdud"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mujir ad-Din Abaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujir_ad-Din_Abaq"},{"link_name":"Ascalon was captured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ascalon"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa,_Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Hauran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauran"},{"link_name":"Homs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Knights Hospitaller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller"},{"link_name":"Banias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banias"},{"link_name":"Baldwin III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_III_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Grand Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Master_(order)"},{"link_name":"Bertrand de Blanquefort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_de_Blanquefort"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Byzantine emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_emperor"},{"link_name":"Manuel I Comnenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_I_Comnenus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Danishmends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danishmends"},{"link_name":"Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"Kilij Arslan II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilij_Arslan_II"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Raynald of Châtillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raynald_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"Baldwin III of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_III_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"William of Tyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Tyre"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A brother of Nur al-Din, Qutb al-Din Mawdud ruled concurrently in the Mosul region from 1149 to 1170. Coinage dated to AH 556 (1160-1161 CE).[10]It was Nur ad-Din's dream to unite the various Muslim forces between the Euphrates and the Nile to make a common front against the crusaders. In 1149 Saif ad-Din Ghazi died, and a younger brother, Qutb ad-Din Mawdud, succeeded him. Qutb ad-Din recognized Nur ad-Din as overlord of Mosul, so that the major cities of Mosul and Aleppo were united under one man.[citation needed] Damascus was all that remained as an obstacle to the unification of Syria.After the failure of the Second Crusade, Mu'in ad-Din had renewed his treaty with the crusaders, and after his death in 1149, his successor Mujir ad-Din Abaq followed the same policy. In 1150 and 1151, Nur ad-Din besieged the city, but retreated each time with no success, aside from empty recognition of his suzerainty. When Ascalon was captured by the crusaders in 1153, Mujir ad-Din forbade Nur ad-Din from travelling across his territory. Mujir ad-Din, however, was a weaker ruler than his predecessor, and he also agreed to pay an annual tribute to the crusaders in exchange for their protection.[citation needed] The growing weakness of Damascus under Mujir ad-Din allowed Nur ad-Din to overthrow him in 1154, with help from the population of the city. Damascus was annexed to Zengid territory, and all of Syria was unified under the authority of Nur ad-Din, from Edessa in the north to the Hauran in the south. Nur ad-Din was generous in his victory, and allowed Abaq to flee with his property, later granting him fiefdoms in the vicinity of Homs.[7] He was cautious not to attack Jerusalem right away, and even continued to send the yearly tribute established by Mujir ad-Din; meanwhile he briefly became involved in affairs to the north of Mosul, where a succession dispute in the Sultanate of Rum threatened Edessa and other cities.[citation needed]In 1157, Nur ad-Din besieged the Knights Hospitaller in the crusader fortress of Banias, routed a relief army from Jerusalem led by King Baldwin III, and captured Grand Master Bertrand de Blanquefort.[citation needed] However, he fell ill that year and the crusaders were given a brief respite from his attacks. In 1159, the Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus arrived to assert his authority in Antioch, and the crusaders hoped he would send an expedition against Aleppo.[7] However, Nur ad-Din sent ambassadors and negotiated an alliance with the emperor against the Seljuks, much to the crusaders' dismay. Nur ad-Din, along with the Danishmends of eastern Anatolia, attacked the Seljuk sultan Kilij Arslan II from the east the next year, while Manuel attacked from the west.[citation needed] Later in 1160, Nur ad-Din captured the Prince of Antioch, Raynald of Châtillon after a raid in the Anti-Taurus mountains; Raynald remained in captivity for the next sixteen years.[7] By 1162, with Antioch under nominal Byzantine control and the crusader states further south powerless to make any further attacks on Syria, Nur ad-Din made a pilgrimage to Mecca. Soon after he returned, he learned of the death of King Baldwin III of Jerusalem, and out of respect for such a formidable opponent he refrained from attacking the crusader kingdom: William of Tyre reports that Nur ad-Din said \"We should sympathize with their grief and in pity spare them, because they have lost a prince such as the rest of the world does not possess today.\"[citation needed]","title":"Unification of sultanate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zengid_territory.png"},{"link_name":"Zengi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imad_al-Din_Zengi"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nur_ad-Din_Zangi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Harim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Harim"},{"link_name":"Fatimid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid"},{"link_name":"caliphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliph"},{"link_name":"al-Adid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Adid"},{"link_name":"Shawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawar"},{"link_name":"Dirgham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirgham"},{"link_name":"King of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Amalric I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalric_I_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_people"},{"link_name":"Shirkuh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirkuh"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SJ-13"},{"link_name":"Bilbeis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbeis"},{"link_name":"besieged the castle of Harenc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Harim"},{"link_name":"Raymond III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_III,_Count_of_Tripoli"},{"link_name":"Joscelin III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joscelin_III"},{"link_name":"Bohemond III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemond_III_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds"},{"link_name":"Shirkuh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirkuh"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Saladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"County of Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Tripoli"},{"link_name":"Areimeh Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Areimeh_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chastel Blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chastel_Blanc"},{"link_name":"Gibelacar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibelacar"},{"link_name":"Raymond III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_III,_Count_of_Tripoli"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SJ-13"},{"link_name":"Shia Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"al-Adid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Adid"},{"link_name":"Fatimid Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"sub_title":"Conquest of Egypt","text":"The Zengid state under Zengi in 1145, and expansion under Nur al-Din Zengi in 1174 CE.[11]Mail-coated Nur al-Din Zengi at the victorious Battle of Harim (1164). \"Histoire d'Outremer\" (1232-1261) - BL Yates Thompson MS 12As there was now nothing the crusaders could do in Syria, they were forced to look to the south if they wanted to expand their territory. The capture of Ascalon had already succeeded in cutting off Egypt from Syria, and Egypt had been politically weakened by a series of very young Fatimid caliphs. By 1163, the caliph was the young al-Adid, but the country was ruled by the vizier Shawar. That year, Shawar was overthrown by Dirgham; soon afterwards, the King of Jerusalem, Amalric I, led an offensive against Egypt, on the pretext that the Fatimids were not paying the tribute they had promised to pay during the reign of Baldwin III. This campaign failed and he was forced to return to Jerusalem, but it provoked Nur ad-Din to lead a campaign of his own against the crusaders in Syria in order to turn their attention away from Egypt. Nur ad-Din's attack on Tripoli was unsuccessful, but he was soon visited by the exiled Shawar, who begged him to send an army and restore him to the vizierate. Nur ad-Din did not want to spare his own army for a defense of Egypt, but his Kurdish general Shirkuh was given permission to invade in 1164. In response, Dirgham allied with Amalric, but the king could not mobilize in time to save him. Dirgham was killed during Shirkuh's invasion and Shawar was restored as vizier.[12]Shawar immediately expelled Shirkuh and allied with Amalric, who arrived to besiege Shirkuh at Bilbeis. Shirkuh agreed to abandon Egypt when Amalric was forced to return home, after Nur ad-Din attacked Antioch and besieged the castle of Harenc. There, Nur ad-Din routed the combined armies of Antioch and Tripoli and captured most of the Crusader armies' leadership, including Raymond III, Joscelin III and Bohemond III, leaving three major principalities of the Crusader states leaderless. However, he refused to attack Antioch itself, fearing reprisals from the Byzantines.[13] Instead he besieged and captured Banias, and for the next two years continually raided the frontiers of the crusader states. In 1166, Nur ad-Din's Kurdish general Shirkuh was sent again to Egypt. Amalric followed him at the beginning of 1167, and a formal treaty was established between Amalric and Shawar, with the nominal support of the caliph. The crusaders occupied Alexandria and Cairo and made Egypt a tributary state, but due to the unpopularity of the Egyptian alliance with the Crusaders, Shirkuh managed to take Alexandria without bloodshed. The Crusaders besieged Alexandria and famine set in quickly due to the city's limited stores of food. Shirkuh organized a sortie and broke through the enemy lines, leaving command of Alexandria to his nephew, Saladin.[7] In the same year, Nur ad-Din raided the County of Tripoli, in which he temporarily captured Areimeh Castle, Chastel Blanc and Gibelacar, exploiting the captivity of Raymond III.[14] Ultimately, Amalric could not hold Egypt while Nur ad-Din still held Syria, and he was forced to return to Jerusalem. The siege of Alexandria was lifted, and Shirkuh's forces withdrew from Egypt as well.[7]In 1168, Amalric sought an alliance with Emperor Manuel and invaded Egypt once more. Shawar's son Khalil had had enough, and with support from Caliph al-Adid requested help from Nur ad-Din and Shirkuh. At the beginning of 1169, Shirkuh arrived and the crusaders once more were forced to retreat. This time Nur ad-Din's commander gained full control of Egypt. Shawar was executed and Shirkuh was named vizier of the newly conquered territory. Shirkuh died later that year and was succeeded by his nephew Saladin. One last invasion of Egypt was launched by Amalric and Manuel, but it was disorganized and came to nothing.[12] Saladin continued to swear nominal fealty to Nur ad-Din until his death in 1174, but their relationship became increasingly tense. Saladin was reluctant to join forces with Nur ad-Din against Crusader armies or holdings, withdrawing his own armies on several occasions when Nur ad-Din's forces arrived to assist him. Nur ad-Din's insistence that Saladin abolish the Shia Caliphate further raised tensions between them. Saladin was reluctant to do so because the authority of the Caliphate in Egypt was a source of legitimacy for his rule. He feared popular backlash, and was bound by friendship and obligation to the Caliph al-Adid. Nonetheless, Saladin capitulated to Nur ad-Din and the Fatimid Caliphate was abolished in 1171.[7]","title":"Unification of sultanate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kuppel_Nur_ad-Din_Madrasa.JPG"},{"link_name":"Nur al-Din Mahmud's madrasa complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Madrasa"},{"link_name":"Artuqids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artuqid"},{"link_name":"Najm al-Din Ayyub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najm_al-Din_Ayyub"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"peritonsillar abscess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritonsillar_abscess"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElisseeff1995132-16"},{"link_name":"Citadel of Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadel_of_Damascus"},{"link_name":"Nur al-Din Madrasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Madrasa"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"As-Salih Ismail al-Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As-Salih_Ismail_al-Malik"},{"link_name":"Saladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"text":"Domes of Nur al-Din Mahmud's madrasa complex in Damascus (his burial place)During this time Nur ad-Din was busy in the north, fighting the Artuqids, and in 1170 he had to settle a dispute between his nephews when his brother Qutb ad-Din died. With Egypt conquered in his name, Nur ad-Din believed that he had accomplished his goal of uniting the Arab states of the Levant. However, near the end of his life, especially after the death of Saladin's father Najm al-Din Ayyub, Nur ad-Din believed he could no longer trust anyone in Saladin's court to maintain the young ruler's fealty to him. Nur ad-Din began preparations to invade Egypt and depose Saladin,[7] but he was seized by a fever due to complications from a peritonsillar abscess.[15] He died at the age of 56 on 15 May 1174 in the Citadel of Damascus. He was initially buried there, before being reburied in the Nur al-Din Madrasa.[16] His young son As-Salih Ismail al-Malik became his legitimate heir, and Saladin declared himself his vassal, maintaining the de jure unity of Syria and Egypt under As-Salih's rule. When As-Salih died suddenly at the age of eighteen, Saladin defeated the other claimants to the throne and took power in Syria in 1185, uniting Syria and Egypt not just in name, as they were during Nur ad-Din's reign, but in fact.[7]","title":"Death and succession"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Niche_from_the_Great_Mosque_of_al-Nuri_in_Mosul,_Iraq,_12th_century_CE,_Iraq_Museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"al-Nuri Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_al-Nuri,_Mosul"},{"link_name":"Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"William of Tyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Tyre"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltan201472-19"},{"link_name":"pilgrimage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj"},{"link_name":"Outremer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outremer"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"madrasas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJotischky2017121-21"},{"link_name":"qadis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadi"},{"link_name":"imams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJotischky2017121-21"},{"link_name":"bimaristans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimaristan"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby2004300-22"},{"link_name":"Nur al-Din Bimaristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Bimaristan"},{"link_name":"caravanserais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravanserai"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF.JPG"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby2004299-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby2004296-24"},{"link_name":"Shafi'i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafi%27i"},{"link_name":"Hanafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanafi"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby2004296%E2%80%93297-25"},{"link_name":"Shi'ism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby2004297-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1952398-27"},{"link_name":"Ibn al-Qalanisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Qalanisi"},{"link_name":"Islamist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamist"},{"link_name":"Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harakat_Nour_al-Din_al-Zenki"},{"link_name":"Syrian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"}],"text":"Mihrab from al-Nuri Mosque in Mosul, founded by Nur al-Din Zengi, 12th century CE, Iraq Museum.[17]According to William of Tyre, although Nur ad-Din was \"a mighty persecutor of the Christian name and faith,\" he was also \"a just prince, valiant and wise, and according to the traditions of his race, a religious man.\" His sense of justice was never denied to anyone, regardless of their creed or origins. As a result of his justice, a Christian foreigner was said to have settled into Damascus, which was under Nur ad-Din's reign.[18] Nur ad-Din was especially religious after his illness and his pilgrimage. He considered the crusaders foreigners in Muslim territory, who had come to Outremer to plunder the land and profane its sacred places. Nevertheless, he tolerated the Christians who lived under his authority,[19] aside from the Armenians of Edessa, and regarded Emperor Manuel with deep respect. In contrast to Nur ad-Din's respectful reaction to the death of Baldwin III, Amalric I immediately besieged Banias upon learning of the emir's death, and extorted a vast amount of money from his widow.[citation needed]During Nur ad-Din's reign, forty-two madrasas were built in Syria, of which half he personally sponsored.[20] Through the construction of these madrasas Nur ad-Din was ensuring the creation of Sunni Islamic qadis and imams.[20] Nur ad-Din himself enjoyed having specialists read to him from the Hadith, and his professors even awarded him a diploma in Hadith narration. He had bimaristans (hospitals)[21] constructed in his cities as well, one of them is Nur al-Din Bimaristan and built caravanserais on the roads for travelers and pilgrims. He held court several times a week so that people could seek justice from him against his generals, governors, or other employees who had committed some crime.[citation needed]Nur ad-Din's tombNur ad-Din's Sunni orthodoxy can be seen in his public works.[22] His repair of the Roman aqueduct in Aleppo insinuated an anti-Shia polemic,[23] and the conversion of two Shia mosques into madrasas, one Shafi'i another Hanafi, reinforce his insistence of promoting Sunni Islam.[24] Consequently, in November 1148, he forbade the Shia call to prayer in Aleppo and any public displays of Shi'ism.[25]In the Muslim world he remains a legendary figure of military courage, piety, and modesty. Sir Steven Runciman said that he loved, above all else, justice.[26]The Damascene chronicler Ibn al-Qalanisi generally speaks of Nur ad-Din in majestic terms, although he himself died in 1160, and did not witness the later events of Nur ad-Din's reign.The Islamist group Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki, active in the Syrian Civil War in Aleppo since 2011, is named after Nur ad-Din.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman2006268-5"}],"text":"^ A Frankish attempt to take advantage of the situation by reoccupying Edessa in November 1146, led by Joscelin II and Baldwin of Marash, failed utterly, the count fleeing ignominiously, Baldwin meeting a heroic death, the city's walls being levelled and the local Armenian Christians suffering the massacre they had avoided two years earlier.[5]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Nur al-Din Mahmud b. Zangi (1146–1174): One of the prominent leaders of the struggle against the Crusaders\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/102244"},{"link_name":"\"Nur al-Din Mahmud b. Zanki\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//referenceworks.brill.com/search?q=Nur+al-Din+Mahmud+b.+Zanki&source=%2Fdb%2Feieo"},{"link_name":"Bosworth, C. E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._E._Bosworth"},{"link_name":"van Donzel, E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel"},{"link_name":"Heinrichs, W. P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs"},{"link_name":"Lecomte, G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Lecomte"},{"link_name":"The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-09834-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09834-3"},{"link_name":"Ibn al-Qalanisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Qalanisi"},{"link_name":"\"Nûredd İn Zengî, Mahmud\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/nureddin-zengi-mahmud"},{"link_name":"Turkiye Diyanet Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_of_Religious_Affairs"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-975-389-455-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-389-455-5"},{"link_name":"Runciman, Steven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman"},{"link_name":"Tyerman, Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Tyerman"},{"link_name":"God's War: A New History of the Crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/godswarnewhistor00tyer"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0674023871","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674023871"},{"link_name":"William of Tyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Tyre"},{"link_name":"Columbia University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Press"}],"text":"Altan, Ebru (2014). \"Nur al-Din Mahmud b. Zangi (1146–1174): One of the prominent leaders of the struggle against the Crusaders\". Tarih Dergisi.\nAsbridge, Thomas (2012). The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land. Simon & Schuster.\nBarber, Malcolm (1994). The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple. Cambridge University Press.\nElisseeff, N. (1995). \"Nur al-Din Mahmud b. Zanki\". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VIII: Ned–Sam. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09834-3.\nThe Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades, Extracted and Translated from the Chronicle of Ibn al-Qalanisi. H.A.R. Gibb, 1932 (reprint, Dover Publications, 2002)\nJaspert, Nikolas (2006). The Crusades. Taylor & Francis.\nJotischky, Andrew (2017). Crusading and the Crusader States. Routledge. 121\nKök, Bahattin (2007). \"Nûredd İn Zengî, Mahmud\". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 33 (Nesi̇h – Osmanlilar) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 259–262. ISBN 978-975-389-455-5.\nRaby, Julian (2004). \"Nur Al-Din, the Qstal al-Shu-aybiyya, and the \"Classical Revival\"\". Muqarnas: Essays in Honor of J.M. Rogers. 21. Brill.\nRunciman, Steven (1952). A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\nTyerman, Christopher (2006). God's War: A New History of the Crusades. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674023871.\nWilliam of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, trans. E.A. Babcock and A.C. Krey. Columbia University Press, 1943.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arab Historians of the Crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/arabhistoriansof00gabr"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0520052246","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520052246"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1610697804","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610697804"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Maturidi"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Maturidi"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maturidi"},{"link_name":"Maturidi school of Sunni theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maturidism"},{"link_name":"Maturidi scholars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ash%27aris_and_Maturidis#Maturidis"},{"link_name":"Abu Bakr al-Samarqandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Samarqandi"},{"link_name":"Abu Mansur al-Maturidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Maturidi"},{"link_name":"Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_al-Samarqandi"},{"link_name":"Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Kalabadhi"},{"link_name":"Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Layth_al-Samarqandi"},{"link_name":"Abu Zayd al-Dabusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Zayd_al-Dabusi"},{"link_name":"Ali Hujwiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Hujwiri"},{"link_name":"Yūsuf Balasaguni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%ABsuf_Balasaguni"},{"link_name":"Fakhr al-Islam al-Bazdawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Bazdawi"},{"link_name":"Al-Sarakhsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sarakhsi"},{"link_name":"Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Yusr_al-Bazdawi"},{"link_name":"Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Mu%27in_al-Nasafi"},{"link_name":"Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Saffar_al-Bukhari"},{"link_name":"Yusuf Hamadani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Hamadani"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Ahmad-e Jami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Ahmad-e_Jami"},{"link_name":"Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hafs_Umar_al-Nasafi"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Yasawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Yasawi"},{"link_name":"Nur al-Din Zengi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_(died_1174)"},{"link_name":"Siraj al-Din al-Ushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siraj_al-Din_al-Ushi"},{"link_name":"Nur al-Din al-Sabuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_al-Din_al-Sabuni"},{"link_name":"Fatima al-Samarqandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_al-Samarqandi"},{"link_name":"Al-Kasani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kasani"},{"link_name":"Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Ghaznawi"},{"link_name":"Abu al-Thana' al-Lamishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Thana%27_al-Lamishi"},{"link_name":"Al-Mu'azzam 'Isa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27azzam_Isa"},{"link_name":"Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutbuddin_Bakhtiar_Kaki"},{"link_name":"Mu'in al-Din Chishti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27in_al-Din_Chishti"},{"link_name":"Saif ed-Din al-Boharsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saif_ed-Din_al-Boharsi"},{"link_name":"Baba Farid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Farid"},{"link_name":"Rumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumi"},{"link_name":"Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shams_al-Din_al-Samarqandi"},{"link_name":"Abu al-Barakat al-Nasafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Barakat_al-Nasafi"},{"link_name":"Sultan Walad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Walad"},{"link_name":"Nizamuddin Auliya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizamuddin_Auliya"},{"link_name":"Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadr_al-Shari%27a_al-Asghar"},{"link_name":"Akmal al-Din al-Babarti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akmal_al-Din_al-Babarti"},{"link_name":"Baha' al-Din Naqshband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha%27_al-Din_Naqshband"},{"link_name":"Kadi Burhan al-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadi_Burhan_al-Din"},{"link_name":"Bande Nawaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bande_Nawaz"},{"link_name":"Shams al-Din al-Fanari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shams_al-Din_al-Fanari"},{"link_name":"'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ala%27_al-Din_al-Bukhari"},{"link_name":"Yaqub al-Charkhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqub_al-Charkhi"},{"link_name":"Ahmad ibn Arabshah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Arabshah"},{"link_name":"Badr al-Din al-'Ayni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badr_al-Din_al-Ayni"},{"link_name":"Al-Kamal ibn al-Humam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kamal_ibn_al-Humam"},{"link_name":"Khidr Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khidr_Bey"},{"link_name":"Ali al-Bistami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Bistami"},{"link_name":"'Ali al-Qushji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Qushji"},{"link_name":"Mehmed II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II"},{"link_name":"Khwaja Ahrar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwaja_Ahrar"},{"link_name":"Ali-Shir Nava'i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali-Shir_Nava%27i"},{"link_name":"Husayn Kashifi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_Kashifi"},{"link_name":"Ibn Kemal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Kemal"},{"link_name":"Abdul Quddus Gangohi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Quddus_Gangohi"},{"link_name":"Ibrāhīm al-Ḥalabī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibr%C4%81h%C4%ABm_al-%E1%B8%A4alab%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"Taşköprüzade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C5%9Fk%C3%B6pr%C3%BCzade"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Birgivi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Birgivi"},{"link_name":"Ebussuud Efendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebussuud_Efendi"},{"link_name":"Khwaja Baqi Billah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwaja_Baqi_Billah"},{"link_name":"'Ali al-Qari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Qari"},{"link_name":"Hasan Kafi al-Aqhisari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_Kafi_Pru%C5%A1%C4%8Dak"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Sirhindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindi"},{"link_name":"Mahmud Hudayi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Hudayi"},{"link_name":"'Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Abd_al-Haqq_al-Dehlawi"},{"link_name":"Mulla Mahmud Jaunpuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulla_Mahmud_Jaunpuri"},{"link_name":"'Abd al-Hakim al-Siyalkoti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hakim_Sialkoti"},{"link_name":"Wang Daiyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Daiyu"},{"link_name":"Kâtip Çelebi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A2tip_%C3%87elebi"},{"link_name":"Shihab al-Din al-Khafaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_al-Khafaji"},{"link_name":"Khayr al-Din al-Ramli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khayr_al-Din_al-Ramli"},{"link_name":"Aurangzeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb"},{"link_name":"Ma Zhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Zhu"},{"link_name":"Ismail Haqqi Bursevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Haqqi_Bursevi"},{"link_name":"Shah Abdur Rahim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Abdur_Rahim"},{"link_name":"Liu Zhi of Nanjing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Zhi_(scholar)"},{"link_name":"Nizamuddin Sihalivi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizamuddin_Sihalivi"},{"link_name":"Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhdoom_Muhammad_Hashim_Thattvi"},{"link_name":"Shah Waliullah Dehlawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi"},{"link_name":"'Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Nabulsi"},{"link_name":"İbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0brahim_Hakk%C4%B1_Erzurumi"},{"link_name":"Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Mazhar_Jan-e-Janaan"},{"link_name":"Gelenbevi Ismail Efendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelenbevi_Ismail_Efendi"},{"link_name":"Murtada al-Zabidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtada_al-Zabidi"},{"link_name":"Sanaullah Panipati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaullah_Panipati"},{"link_name":"Ghabdennasir Qursawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghabdennasir_Qursawi"},{"link_name":"Ghulam Ali Dehlavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Ali_Dehlavi"},{"link_name":"Shah Abdul Aziz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Aziz"},{"link_name":"Shah Ismail Dehlvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Ismail_Dehlvi"},{"link_name":"Syed Ahmad Barelvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Barelvi"},{"link_name":"Ibn 'Abidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Abidin"},{"link_name":"Muhammad 'Abid al-Sindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_%27Abid_al-Sindi"},{"link_name":"Mamluk Ali Nanautawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Ali_Nanautawi"},{"link_name":"Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazl-e-Haq_Khairabadi"},{"link_name":"Yusuf Ma Dexin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Ma_Dexin"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Qasim_Nanautavi"},{"link_name":"Naqi Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqi_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"'Abd al-Ghani al-Maydani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Ghunaymi_al-Maydani"},{"link_name":"'Abd al-Hayy al-Lucknawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Hayy_al-Lucknawi"},{"link_name":"Shihab al-Din al-Marjani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eihabetdin_M%C3%A4rcani"},{"link_name":"Rahmatullah al-Kairanawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahmatullah_Kairanawi"},{"link_name":"Giritli Sırrı Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giritli_S%C4%B1rr%C4%B1_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Cevdet Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Cevdet_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Imdadullah Muhajir Makki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imdadullah_Muhajir_Makki"},{"link_name":"Abai Qunanbaiuly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abai_Qunanbaiuly"},{"link_name":"Rashid Ahmad Gangohi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Ahmad_Gangohi"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Hasan Amrohi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Hasan_Amrohi"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Anwaarullah Farooqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Anwaarullah_Farooqui"},{"link_name":"Mahmud Hasan Deobandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Hasan_Deobandi"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan_Barelvi"},{"link_name":"Shakarim Qudayberdiuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakarim_Qudayberdiuli"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali Mungeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Mungeri"},{"link_name":"Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalil_Ahmad_Saharanpuri"},{"link_name":"Anwar Shah Kashmiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Shah_Kashmiri"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Bakhit al-Muti'i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Bakhit_al-Muti%27i"},{"link_name":"Fatma Aliye Topuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatma_Aliye_Topuz"},{"link_name":"Meher Ali Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meher_Ali_Shah"},{"link_name":"Muhammed Hamdi Yazır","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_Hamdi_Yaz%C4%B1r"},{"link_name":"Ashraf Ali Thanwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Ali_Thanwi"},{"link_name":"Ubaidullah Sindhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi"},{"link_name":"Shabbir Ahmad Usmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbir_Ahmad_Usmani"},{"link_name":"Musa Bigiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Bigiev"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zahid_al-Kawthari"},{"link_name":"Kifayatullah Dehlawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kifayatullah_Dehlawi"},{"link_name":"Mustafa Sabri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Sabri"},{"link_name":"Husayn Ahmad al-Madani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussain_Ahmed_Madani"},{"link_name":"Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Hilmi_Tunahan"},{"link_name":"Ömer Nasuhi Bilmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96mer_Nasuhi_Bilmen"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Abu Zahra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Abu_Zahra"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Shafi' Deobandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Shafi%27_Deobandi"},{"link_name":"Abul Wafa Al Afghani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul_Wafa_Al_Afghani"},{"link_name":"Abdul Majid Daryabadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Majid_Daryabadi"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zakariyya_al-Kandhlawi"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Tayyib_Qasmi"},{"link_name":"Abdul Haq Akorwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Haq_Akorwi"},{"link_name":"Habib al-Rahman al-'Azmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habib_al-Rahman_al-%27Azmi"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ayyub Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayub_Ali"},{"link_name":"Anzar Shah Kashmiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzar_Shah_Kashmiri"},{"link_name":"Wahbah al-Zuhayli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahbah_al-Zuhayli"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Salim Qasmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Salim_Qasmi"},{"link_name":"Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeed_Ahmad_Palanpuri"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali al-Sabuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_al-Sabuni"},{"link_name":"Nur Hossain Kasemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_Hossain_Kasemi"},{"link_name":"Usmankhan Alimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usmankhan_Alimov"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Rafi' Usmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Rafi%27_Usmani"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Tahir-ul-Qadri"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Taqi Usmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Taqi_Usmani"},{"link_name":"Husein Kavazović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husein_Kavazovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Salah Mezhiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salah_Mezhiev"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Imammaturidi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Al-Fiqh al-Akbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fiqh_al-Akbar"},{"link_name":"Kitab al-Tawhid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_al-Tawhid"},{"link_name":"Tafsir al-Maturidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir_al-Maturidi"},{"link_name":"Al-'Aqida al-Tahawiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqidah_al-Tahawiyyah"},{"link_name":"Al-Sawad al-A'zam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sawad_al-A%27zam"},{"link_name":"Tabsirat al-Adilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabsirat_al-Adilla"},{"link_name":"'Aqa'id al-Nasafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharh_al-%27Aqa%27id_al-Nasafiyya"},{"link_name":"Talkhis al-Adilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talkhis_al-Adilla"},{"link_name":"Masnavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masnavi"},{"link_name":"Fihi Ma Fihi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fihi_Ma_Fihi"},{"link_name":"Han Kitab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Kitab"},{"link_name":"Qingzhen Zhinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingzhen_Zhinan"},{"link_name":"Kutadgu Bilig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutadgu_Bilig"},{"link_name":"Tafsir al-Mazhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir_al-Mazhari"},{"link_name":"Izhar ul-Haqq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izhar_ul-Haqq"},{"link_name":"Al-Muhannad ala al-Mufannad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muhannad_ala_al-Mufannad"},{"link_name":"Hak Dīni Kur'an Dili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_D%C4%ABni_Kur%27an_Dili"},{"link_name":"2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_international_conference_on_Sunni_Islam_in_Grozny"},{"link_name":"2020 International Maturidi Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_International_Maturidi_Conference"},{"link_name":"Ahl al-Ra'y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl_al-Ra%27y"},{"link_name":"Kalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam"},{"link_name":"Tawhid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhid"},{"link_name":"Gedimu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedimu"},{"link_name":"Firangi Mahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firangi_Mahal"},{"link_name":"Deobandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deobandi"},{"link_name":"Barelvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barelvi"},{"link_name":"Hanafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hanafi_scholars"},{"link_name":"Ash'ari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ash%27ari"},{"link_name":"Sufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sufi"},{"link_name":"Islamic theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Islamic_theology"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312973#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/135123/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000116838420"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/90039925"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmP4XXfgg66hbG3J8mjmd"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/136516106"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007307186205171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n84010710"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p239538684"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/116346"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/131872028"},{"link_name":"İslâm Ansiklopedisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/nureddin-zengi-mahmud"}],"text":"Gabrieli, Francesco (1984), Arab Historians of the Crusades, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0520052246.\nMurray, Alan V. (2015), The Crusades to the Holy Land: The Essential Reference Guide, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-1610697804.vteMaturidi school of Sunni theologyMaturidi scholars3rd AH/9th AD\nAbu Bakr al-Samarqandi (d. 268 AH)\nAbu Mansur al-Maturidi (d. 333 AH)\nAl-Hakim al-Samarqandi (d. 342 AH)\nAbu Bakr al-Kalabadhi (d. 379 AH)\nAbu al-Layth al-Samarqandi (d. 396 AH)\n4th AH/10th AD\nAbu Zayd al-Dabusi (d. 429 AH)\nAli Hujwiri (d. 464 AH)\nYūsuf Balasaguni (d. 469 AH)\nFakhr al-Islam al-Bazdawi (d. 482 AH)\nAl-Sarakhsi (d. 483 AH)\nAbu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi (d. 493 AH)\n5th AH/11th AD\nAbu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi (d. 508 AH)\nAbu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari (d. 534 AH)\nYusuf Hamadani (d. 535 AH)\nSheikh Ahmad-e Jami (d. 536 AH)\nAbu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi (d. 537 AH)\nAhmad Yasawi (d. 561 AH)\nNur al-Din Zengi (d. 569 AH)\nSiraj al-Din al-Ushi (d. 575 AH)\nNur al-Din al-Sabuni (d. 580 AH)\nFatima al-Samarqandi (d. 581 AH)\nAl-Kasani (d. 587 AH)\nJamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi (d. 593 AH)\n6th AH/12th AD\nAbu al-Thana' al-Lamishi (d. beginning of the 6th century AH)\nAl-Mu'azzam 'Isa (d. 624 AH)\nQutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki (d. 632 AH)\nMu'in al-Din Chishti (d. 633 AH)\nSaif ed-Din al-Boharsi (d. 659 AH)\nBaba Farid (d. 664 AH)\nRumi (d. 671 AH)\nShams al-Din al-Samarqandi (d. after 690 AH)\n7th AH/13th AD\nAbu al-Barakat al-Nasafi (d. 710 AH)\nSultan Walad (d. 711 AH)\nNizamuddin Auliya (d. 725 AH)\nSadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar (d. 747 AH)\nAkmal al-Din al-Babarti (d. 786 AH)\nBaha' al-Din Naqshband (d. 791 AH)\nKadi Burhan al-Din (d. 800 AH)\n8th AH/14th AD\nBande Nawaz (d. 825 AH)\nShams al-Din al-Fanari (d. 834 AH)\n'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari (d. 841 AH)\nYaqub al-Charkhi (d. 851 AH)\nAhmad ibn Arabshah (d. 861 AH)\nBadr al-Din al-'Ayni (d. 855 AH)\nAl-Kamal ibn al-Humam (d. 861 AH)\nKhidr Bey (d. 863 AH)\nAli al-Bistami (d. 874 AH)\n'Ali al-Qushji (d. 879 AH)\nMehmed II (d. 886 AH)\nKhwaja Ahrar (d. 895 AH)\n9th AH/15th AD\nAli-Shir Nava'i (d. 906 AH)\nHusayn Kashifi (d. 910 AH)\nIbn Kemal (d. 940 AH)\nAbdul Quddus Gangohi (d. 943 AH)\nIbrāhīm al-Ḥalabī (d. 955 AH)\nTaşköprüzade (d. 968 AH)\nMuhammad Birgivi (d. 980 AH)\nEbussuud Efendi (d. 982 AH)\n10th AH/16th AD\nKhwaja Baqi Billah (d. 1011 AH)\n'Ali al-Qari (d. 1014 AH)\nHasan Kafi al-Aqhisari (d. 1025 AH)\nAhmad Sirhindi (d. 1034 AH)\nMahmud Hudayi (d. 1037 AH)\n'Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi (d. 1052 AH)\nMulla Mahmud Jaunpuri (d. 1061 AH)\n'Abd al-Hakim al-Siyalkoti (d. 1067 AH)\nWang Daiyu (d. around 1068 AH)\nKâtip Çelebi (d. 1068 AH)\nShihab al-Din al-Khafaji (d. 1069 AH)\nKhayr al-Din al-Ramli (d. 1081 AH)\n11th AH/17th AD\nAurangzeb (d. 1118 AH)\nMa Zhu (d. around 1123 AH)\nIsmail Haqqi Bursevi (d. 1127 AH)\nShah Abdur Rahim (d. 1131 AH)\nLiu Zhi of Nanjing (d. 1158 AH, or 1178 AH)\nNizamuddin Sihalivi (d. 1161 AH)\nMakhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattvi (d. 1174 AH)\nShah Waliullah Dehlawi (d. 1176 AH)\n'Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi (d. 1176 AH)\nİbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi (d. 1193 AH)\nMirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan (d. 1195 AH)\n12th AH/18th AD\nGelenbevi Ismail Efendi (d. 1204 AH)\nMurtada al-Zabidi (d. 1205 AH)\nSanaullah Panipati (d. 1225 AH)\nGhabdennasir Qursawi (d. 1226 AH)\nGhulam Ali Dehlavi (d. 1239 AH)\nShah Abdul Aziz (d. 1239 AH)\nShah Ismail Dehlvi (d. 1246 AH)\nSyed Ahmad Barelvi (d. 1246 AH)\nIbn 'Abidin (d. 1252 AH)\nMuhammad 'Abid al-Sindi (d. 1257 AH)\nMamluk Ali Nanautawi (d. 1267 AH)\nFazl-e-Haq Khairabadi (d. 1278 AH)\nYusuf Ma Dexin (d. 1291 AH)\nMuhammad Qasim Nanautavi (d. 1297 AH)\nNaqi Ali Khan (d. 1297 AH)\n'Abd al-Ghani al-Maydani (d. 1298 AH)\n13th AH/19th AD\n'Abd al-Hayy al-Lucknawi (d. 1304 AH)\nShihab al-Din al-Marjani (d. 1306 AH)\nRahmatullah al-Kairanawi (d. 1308 AH)\nGiritli Sırrı Pasha (d. 1312 AH)\nAhmed Cevdet Pasha (d. 1312 AH)\nImdadullah Muhajir Makki (d. 1317 AH)\nAbai Qunanbaiuly (d. 1321 AH)\nRashid Ahmad Gangohi (d. 1323 AH)\nAhmad Hasan Amrohi (d. 1330 AH)\nMuhammad Anwaarullah Farooqui (d. 1335 AH)\nMahmud Hasan Deobandi (d. 1338 AH)\nAhmed Raza Khan Barelvi (d. 1340 AH)\nShakarim Qudayberdiuli (d. 1344 AH)\nMuhammad Ali Mungeri (d. 1346 AH)\nKhalil Ahmad Saharanpuri (d. 1346 AH)\nAnwar Shah Kashmiri (d. 1352 AH)\nMuhammad Bakhit al-Muti'i (d. 1354 AH)\nFatma Aliye Topuz (d. 1354 AH)\nMeher Ali Shah (d. 1356 AH)\nMuhammed Hamdi Yazır (d. 1361 AH)\nAshraf Ali Thanwi (d. 1361 AH)\nUbaidullah Sindhi (d. 1364 AH)\nShabbir Ahmad Usmani (d. 1368 AH)\nMusa Bigiev (d. 1368 AH)\nMuhammad Zahid al-Kawthari (d. 1371 AH)\nKifayatullah Dehlawi (d. 1371 AH)\nMustafa Sabri (d. 1373 AH)\nHusayn Ahmad al-Madani (d. 1377 AH)\nSüleyman Hilmi Tunahan (d. 1378 AH)\nÖmer Nasuhi Bilmen (d. 1391 AH)\nMuhammad Abu Zahra (d. 1394 AH)\nMuhammad Shafi' Deobandi (d. 1395 AH)\nAbul Wafa Al Afghani (d. 1395 AH)\nAbdul Majid Daryabadi (d. 1397 AH)\n14th AH/20th AD\nMuhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi (d. 1402 AH)\nMuhammad Tayyib Qasmi (d. 1403 AH)\nAbdul Haq Akorwi (d. 1409 AH)\nHabib al-Rahman al-'Azmi (d. 1412 AH)\nMuhammad Ayyub Ali (d. 1415 AH)\nAnzar Shah Kashmiri (d. 1428 AH)\nWahbah al-Zuhayli (d. 1436 AH)\nMuhammad Salim Qasmi (d. 1439 AH)\nSaeed Ahmad Palanpuri (d. 1441 AH)\nMuhammad Ali al-Sabuni (d. 1442 AH)\nNur Hossain Kasemi (d. 1442 AH)\nUsmankhan Alimov (d. 1443 AH)\nMuhammad Rafi' Usmani\nMuhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri\nMuhammad Taqi Usmani\nHusein Kavazović\nSalah Mezhiev\nTheology books\nAl-Fiqh al-Akbar\nKitab al-Tawhid\nTafsir al-Maturidi\nAl-'Aqida al-Tahawiyya\nAl-Sawad al-A'zam\nTabsirat al-Adilla\n'Aqa'id al-Nasafi\nTalkhis al-Adilla\nMasnavi\nFihi Ma Fihi\nHan Kitab\nQingzhen Zhinan\nKutadgu Bilig\nTafsir al-Mazhari\nIzhar ul-Haqq\nAl-Muhannad ala al-Mufannad\nHak Dīni Kur'an Dili\nSee also\n2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny\n2020 International Maturidi Conference\nAhl al-Ra'y\nKalam\nTawhid\nGedimu\nFirangi Mahal\nDeobandi\nBarelvi\nMaturidi-related templates\nHanafi\nAsh'ari\nSufi\nIslamic theologyAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nNetherlands\nVatican\nOther\nIdRef\nİslâm Ansiklopedisi","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Battle of Edessa in 1146, by Richard de Montbaston (1337), Bibliothèque Nationale de France","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Battle_of_Edeesa_1146.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Edeesa_1146.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nūr-ad-Din's victory at the Battle of Inab, 1149. Illustration from the Passages d'outremer, c. 1490.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/BattleOfInab.jpg/170px-BattleOfInab.jpg"},{"image_text":"A brother of Nur al-Din, Qutb al-Din Mawdud ruled concurrently in the Mosul region from 1149 to 1170. Coinage dated to AH 556 (1160-1161 CE).[10]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Qutb_al-Din_Mawdud_ibn_Zengi%2C_al-Mawsil%2C_556_H_%28Obverse%29.jpg/220px-Qutb_al-Din_Mawdud_ibn_Zengi%2C_al-Mawsil%2C_556_H_%28Obverse%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Zengid state under Zengi in 1145, and expansion under Nur al-Din Zengi in 1174 CE.[11]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Zengid_territory.png/220px-Zengid_territory.png"},{"image_text":"Mail-coated Nur al-Din Zengi at the victorious Battle of Harim (1164). \"Histoire d'Outremer\" (1232-1261) - BL Yates Thompson MS 12","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nur_ad-Din_Zangi.jpg/220px-Nur_ad-Din_Zangi.jpg"},{"image_text":"Domes of Nur al-Din Mahmud's madrasa complex in Damascus (his burial place)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kuppel_Nur_ad-Din_Madrasa.JPG/250px-Kuppel_Nur_ad-Din_Madrasa.JPG"},{"image_text":"Mihrab from al-Nuri Mosque in Mosul, founded by Nur al-Din Zengi, 12th century CE, Iraq Museum.[17]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Niche_from_the_Great_Mosque_of_al-Nuri_in_Mosul%2C_Iraq%2C_12th_century_CE%2C_Iraq_Museum.jpg/170px-Niche_from_the_Great_Mosque_of_al-Nuri_in_Mosul%2C_Iraq%2C_12th_century_CE%2C_Iraq_Museum.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nur ad-Din's tomb","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF.JPG/170px-%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF.JPG"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Copper alloy fals of Nur al-Din Mahmud ibn Zengi, Halab, nd H. 1971.75.1\". numismatics.org. American Numismatic Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://numismatics.org/collection/1971.75.1","url_text":"\"Copper alloy fals of Nur al-Din Mahmud ibn Zengi, Halab, nd H. 1971.75.1\""}]},{"reference":"Maalouf, Amin (1984). The crusades through Arab eyes. Internet Archive. New York : Schocken Books. pp. 146–184. ISBN 978-0-8052-0898-6.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/crusadesthrougha0000maal","url_text":"The crusades through Arab eyes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0898-6","url_text":"978-0-8052-0898-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Copper alloy dirham of Qutb al-Din Mawdud ibn Zengi, al-Mawsil, 556 H. 1917.215.1000\". numismatics.org. American Numismatic Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://numismatics.org/collection/1917.215.1000","url_text":"\"Copper alloy dirham of Qutb al-Din Mawdud ibn Zengi, al-Mawsil, 556 H. 1917.215.1000\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Numismatic_Society","url_text":"American Numismatic Society"}]},{"reference":"Riley-Smith, Jonathan Simon Christopher (1991). The atlas of the Crusades. New York : Facts on File. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-8160-2186-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/atlasofcrusadesc00jona/page/59/mode/1up","url_text":"The atlas of the Crusades"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-2186-4","url_text":"978-0-8160-2186-4"}]},{"reference":"Jiwa, Shainool (26 January 2023). The Fatimids 2: The Rule from Egypt. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 198–199. ISBN 978-0-7556-4675-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9_6mEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA198","url_text":"The Fatimids 2: The Rule from Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-4675-3","url_text":"978-0-7556-4675-3"}]},{"reference":"Oldenbourg, Zoé (1966). The crusades. Internet Archive. New York, Pantheon Books. p. 364.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/crusades00olde","url_text":"The crusades"}]},{"reference":"\"Reconstruction & Rehabilitation of the Al Nouri Complex in Mosul\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uia-architectes.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Final_architectural_brief_mosul_competition.pdf","url_text":"\"Reconstruction & Rehabilitation of the Al Nouri Complex in Mosul\""}]},{"reference":"Uzayr, Sufyan bin (6 March 2021). \"Remembering Nur ad-Din Zengi: The Light of Faith\". Political Periscope. Retrieved 15 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://politicalperiscope.com/nuruddin-zengi/","url_text":"\"Remembering Nur ad-Din Zengi: The Light of Faith\""}]},{"reference":"Altan, Ebru (2014). \"Nur al-Din Mahmud b. Zangi (1146–1174): One of the prominent leaders of the struggle against the Crusaders\". Tarih Dergisi.","urls":[{"url":"https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/102244","url_text":"\"Nur al-Din Mahmud b. Zangi (1146–1174): One of the prominent leaders of the struggle against the Crusaders\""}]},{"reference":"Asbridge, Thomas (2012). The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land. Simon & Schuster.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Barber, Malcolm (1994). The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple. Cambridge University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Elisseeff, N. (1995). \"Nur al-Din Mahmud b. Zanki\". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VIII: Ned–Sam. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09834-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://referenceworks.brill.com/search?q=Nur+al-Din+Mahmud+b.+Zanki&source=%2Fdb%2Feieo","url_text":"\"Nur al-Din Mahmud b. Zanki\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._E._Bosworth","url_text":"Bosworth, C. E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel","url_text":"van Donzel, E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs","url_text":"Heinrichs, W. P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Lecomte","url_text":"Lecomte, G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2","url_text":"The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09834-3","url_text":"978-90-04-09834-3"}]},{"reference":"Jaspert, Nikolas (2006). The Crusades. Taylor & Francis.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jotischky, Andrew (2017). Crusading and the Crusader States. Routledge.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kök, Bahattin (2007). \"Nûredd İn Zengî, Mahmud\". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 33 (Nesi̇h – Osmanlilar) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 259–262. ISBN 978-975-389-455-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/nureddin-zengi-mahmud","url_text":"\"Nûredd İn Zengî, Mahmud\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_of_Religious_Affairs","url_text":"Turkiye Diyanet Foundation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-389-455-5","url_text":"978-975-389-455-5"}]},{"reference":"Raby, Julian (2004). \"Nur Al-Din, the Qstal al-Shu-aybiyya, and the \"Classical Revival\"\". Muqarnas: Essays in Honor of J.M. Rogers. 21. Brill.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Runciman, Steven (1952). A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman","url_text":"Runciman, Steven"}]},{"reference":"Tyerman, Christopher (2006). God's War: A New History of the Crusades. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674023871.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Tyerman","url_text":"Tyerman, Christopher"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/godswarnewhistor00tyer","url_text":"God's War: A New History of the Crusades"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674023871","url_text":"978-0674023871"}]},{"reference":"Gabrieli, Francesco (1984), Arab Historians of the Crusades, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0520052246","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/arabhistoriansof00gabr","url_text":"Arab Historians of the Crusades"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520052246","url_text":"978-0520052246"}]},{"reference":"Murray, Alan V. (2015), The Crusades to the Holy Land: The Essential Reference Guide, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-1610697804","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610697804","url_text":"978-1610697804"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Nur+al-Din+Zengi%22","external_links_name":"\"Nur al-Din Zengi\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Nur+al-Din+Zengi%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Nur+al-Din+Zengi%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Nur+al-Din+Zengi%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Nur+al-Din+Zengi%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Nur+al-Din+Zengi%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://numismatics.org/collection/1971.75.1","external_links_name":"\"Copper alloy fals of Nur al-Din Mahmud ibn Zengi, Halab, nd H. 1971.75.1\""},{"Link":"http://archive.org/details/crusadesthrougha0000maal","external_links_name":"The crusades through Arab eyes"},{"Link":"https://numismatics.org/collection/1917.215.1000","external_links_name":"\"Copper alloy dirham of Qutb al-Din Mawdud ibn Zengi, al-Mawsil, 556 H. 1917.215.1000\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/atlasofcrusadesc00jona/page/59/mode/1up","external_links_name":"The atlas of the Crusades"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9_6mEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA198","external_links_name":"The Fatimids 2: The Rule from Egypt"},{"Link":"http://archive.org/details/crusades00olde","external_links_name":"The crusades"},{"Link":"https://www.uia-architectes.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Final_architectural_brief_mosul_competition.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Reconstruction & Rehabilitation of the Al Nouri Complex in Mosul\""},{"Link":"https://politicalperiscope.com/nuruddin-zengi/","external_links_name":"\"Remembering Nur ad-Din Zengi: The Light of Faith\""},{"Link":"https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/102244","external_links_name":"\"Nur al-Din Mahmud b. Zangi (1146–1174): One of the prominent leaders of the struggle against the Crusaders\""},{"Link":"https://referenceworks.brill.com/search?q=Nur+al-Din+Mahmud+b.+Zanki&source=%2Fdb%2Feieo","external_links_name":"\"Nur al-Din Mahmud b. Zanki\""},{"Link":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/nureddin-zengi-mahmud","external_links_name":"\"Nûredd İn Zengî, Mahmud\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/godswarnewhistor00tyer","external_links_name":"God's War: A New History of the Crusades"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/arabhistoriansof00gabr","external_links_name":"Arab Historians of the Crusades"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/135123/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000116838420","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/90039925","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmP4XXfgg66hbG3J8mjmd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/136516106","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007307186205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84010710","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p239538684","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/116346","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/131872028","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/nureddin-zengi-mahmud","external_links_name":"İslâm Ansiklopedisi"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_Georg_Weidmann
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Moritz Georg Weidmann
|
["1 References"]
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German bookseller and publisher
New Testament published by Weidmann in 1718
Moritz Georg Weidmann (January 23, 1686 – May 3, 1743 ) was a German bookseller and publisher based in Leipzig, accredited to the courts of Poland and the Electorate of Saxony.
He was the son of the Moritz Georg Weidmann Senior. He entered the business in 1713 as a partner, and in 1717 took complete control of his father's bookstore, which his stepfather, Johann Ludwig Gleditsch, had managed for him since 1694.
Moritz Georg Weidmann was born in 1686, son of the elder Moritz Georg Weidmann who died in 1693.
The family firm of Weidmannsche Buchhandlung had been established in Frankfurt by his father in 1680, moving to Leipzig in 1681.
Johann Ludwig Gleditsch, brother of Johann Friedrich Gleditsch, married his father's widow and built up the business of the house, while training the younger Moritz Georg to take over the business.
Gleditsch published authors such as Wieland, Gellert, Lessing, Lavater and Heyne.
The most significant achievement of the Gleditsch brothers was to persuade the leading Dutch booksellers to send their works to the Leipzig fair instead of to Frankfurt.
After his stepson had taken control in 1717, Gleditsch withdrew from the book trade.
Early in 1734, Weidmann introduced a magazine of news of the European states, Europäischen Staats-Secretarius, in competition with Johann Heinrich Zedler's monthly Cabinet magazine.
When Zedler attempted to boost sales through a book lottery, Weidmann was the leader of the booksellers opposing the innovation.
Weidmannsche Buchhandlung continued to publish in Leipzig until 1854, reaching its height under Philipp Erasmus Reich, called the "nation's bookseller". The firm later moved to Berlin and in 1983 was taken over by Georg Olms.
References
^ a b "WEIDMANNSCHEN VERLAGSBUCHHANDLUNG". Georg Olms. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
^ a b Tanya Kevorkian (2007). Baroque piety: religion, society, and music in Leipzig, 1650-1750. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-7546-5490-2.
^ Allen Kent, Harold Lancour, William Z. Nasri, Jay Elwood Daily (1968). Encyclopedia of library and information science, Volume 23. M. Dekker. p. 456.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Quedenbaum, Gerd (1977). Der Verleger und Buchhändler Johann Heinrich Zedler 1706–1751: ein Buchunternehmer in den Zwängen seiner Zeit; ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des deutschen Buchhandels im 18. Jahrhundert. Hildesheim. p. 168ff. ISBN 3-487-06241-0.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
Catalonia
Germany
Israel
Belgium
United States
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Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Das_Neue_Testament_-_Weidmann_1718.jpg"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_people"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Electorate of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Weidmannsche Buchhandlung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weidmannsche_Buchhandlung"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olms-1"},{"link_name":"Johann Friedrich Gleditsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Gleditsch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kevorkian2007-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kevorkian2007-2"},{"link_name":"Johann Heinrich Zedler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Zedler"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Philipp Erasmus Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philipp_Erasmus_Reich&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Georg Olms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Olms&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olms-1"}],"text":"New Testament published by Weidmann in 1718Moritz Georg Weidmann (January 23, 1686 – May 3, 1743 ) was a German bookseller and publisher based in Leipzig, accredited to the courts of Poland and the Electorate of Saxony.\nHe was the son of the Moritz Georg Weidmann Senior. He entered the business in 1713 as a partner, and in 1717 took complete control of his father's bookstore, which his stepfather, Johann Ludwig Gleditsch, had managed for him since 1694.Moritz Georg Weidmann was born in 1686, son of the elder Moritz Georg Weidmann who died in 1693.\nThe family firm of Weidmannsche Buchhandlung had been established in Frankfurt by his father in 1680, moving to Leipzig in 1681.[1]\nJohann Ludwig Gleditsch, brother of Johann Friedrich Gleditsch, married his father's widow and built up the business of the house, while training the younger Moritz Georg to take over the business.[2]\nGleditsch published authors such as Wieland, Gellert, Lessing, Lavater and Heyne.\nThe most significant achievement of the Gleditsch brothers was to persuade the leading Dutch booksellers to send their works to the Leipzig fair instead of to Frankfurt.[3]\nAfter his stepson had taken control in 1717, Gleditsch withdrew from the book trade.[2]Early in 1734, Weidmann introduced a magazine of news of the European states, Europäischen Staats-Secretarius, in competition with Johann Heinrich Zedler's monthly Cabinet magazine.\nWhen Zedler attempted to boost sales through a book lottery, Weidmann was the leader of the booksellers opposing the innovation.[4]Weidmannsche Buchhandlung continued to publish in Leipzig until 1854, reaching its height under Philipp Erasmus Reich, called the \"nation's bookseller\". The firm later moved to Berlin and in 1983 was taken over by Georg Olms.[1]","title":"Moritz Georg Weidmann"}]
|
[{"image_text":"New Testament published by Weidmann in 1718","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Das_Neue_Testament_-_Weidmann_1718.jpg/220px-Das_Neue_Testament_-_Weidmann_1718.jpg"}]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priyaa_Lal
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Priyaa Lal
|
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Filmography","3.1 Film","3.2 Television","4 References","5 External links"]
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British actress
Priyaa LalBornPriyanka Lalaji (1993-08-01) 1 August 1993 (age 30)Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab EmiratesNationalityBritishOther namesPriyaOccupation(s)Actress Sports PresenterYears active2010–present
Priyanka Lalaji, better known as Priyaa Lal is a British actress who primarily appears in Malayalam films. She made her cinematic debut in the Malayalam film Janakan in 2010, directed by N. R. Sanjeev with Mohanlal and Suresh Gopi.
Early life
Priyaa Lal was born in Ras al-Khaimah in the United Arab Emirates to a Christian family. Her parents Lalaji and Beena are from Kerala. She has an elder brother Deepak Lalaji. When Priyaa was a young child, her family migrated to the United Kingdom, to Liverpool, England.
Career
Priyaa debuted with Janakan in 2011 which was a commercial success. She later did a couple of movies in Malayalam film industry including Killadi Raman (2011) and Lord Livingstone 7000 Kandi (2015).
Filmography
Film
Year
Film
Role
Language
Notes
2010
Janakan
Seetha/Anu
Malayalam
Debut Film
2011
Killadi Raman
Radhika
Malayalam
2015
Lord Livingstone 7000 Kandi
Meenkanni
Malayalam
2018
Genius
Jasmine
Tamil
2019
Lots of Love (LOL)
Nagalakshmi (Telugu) Harini (Tamil)
Telugu & Tamil
Web Series for MX Player
2020
Guvva Gorinka
Shirisha
Telugu
Released on Amazon Prime Video
2023
Gentleman2
unknown
Tamil
Announced
Television
Year
Title
Role
Channel
2016
Comedy Super Nite 2
Host
Flowers TV
2019
Champions Boat League (CBL)
Sports Presenter
Star Sports
2019-2020
Indian Super League (ISL)
Sports Presenter
Star Sports
References
^ "Priyaa Lal". Times of India. 14 April 2022.
^ "From Liverpool to Kochi". The Times of India. 14 January 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
^ Sreekumar, Priya (18 June 2016). "Rumours of romance not true: Priyaa Lal". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
^ Adivi, Sridhar (30 October 2017). "Liverpool girl Priyaa Lal to foray into Telugu cinema". The Times of India. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Priyaa Lal.
External links
Priya Lal at IMDb
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinovac
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Sinovac Biotech
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["1 Vaccines","1.1 COVID-19 vaccine development","1.1.1 U.S. disinformation campaign","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 40°01′52″N 116°18′01″E / 40.031°N 116.3003°E / 40.031; 116.3003Chinese biopharmaceutical company
This article is about the pharmaceutical company. For the COVID-19 vaccine that it developed, see CoronaVac.
"Sinovac" redirects here. Not to be confused with Sinopharm (company).
40°01′52″N 116°18′01″E / 40.031°N 116.3003°E / 40.031; 116.3003
Sinovac BiotechCompany typePublicTraded asNasdaq: SVAFounded1999; 25 years ago (1999)FounderYin WeidongHeadquarters39 Shang Di West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, ChinaNumber of employees4,281 (as of 2022)Chinese nameSimplified Chinese科兴控股生物技术有限公司Traditional Chinese科興控股生物技術有限公司Literal meaningKexing Holdings Biotechnology Co., Ltd.TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinKē Xìng Kònggǔ Shēngwù Jìshù Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī
Websitewww.sinovac.com
Sinovac Biotech Ltd. (Chinese: 科兴控股生物技术有限公司) is a Chinese biopharmaceutical company based in Haidian District, Beijing that focuses on the research, development, manufacture, and commercialization of vaccines that protect against human infectious diseases. The company was listed on the Nasdaq but the exchange halted Sinovac's trading in February 2019 due to a proxy fight. The company has faced bribery probes in China. Its COVID-19 vaccine was also the target of a covert disinformation campaign by the US government.
Vaccines
Sinovac's commercialized vaccines include CoronaVac (COVID-19 vaccine), Inlive (Enterovirus 71 vaccine), Anflu (influenza vaccine), Healive (hepatitis A vaccine), varicella vaccine and mumps vaccine.
COVID-19 vaccine development
Main article: CoronaVac
CoronaVac is an inactivated virus COVID-19 vaccine developed by Sinovac. It has been in Phase III clinical trials in Brazil, Chile, Indonesia, Philippines, and Turkey.
It relies on traditional technology similar to the Sinopharm BIBP vaccine and Covaxin, otherwise known as inactivated-virus COVID-19 vaccines in Phase III trials. CoronaVac does not need to be frozen, and both the vaccine and raw material for formulating the new doses could be transported and refrigerated at 2–8 °C (36–46 °F), temperatures at which flu vaccines are kept.
A real-world study of ten millions of Chileans who received CoronaVac found it 66% effective against symptomatic COVID-19, 88% against hospitalization, 90% against ICU admissions, and 86% against deaths. In Brazil, after 75% of the population in Serrana, São Paulo received CoronaVac, preliminary results show deaths fell by 95%, hospitalizations by 86%, and symptomatic cases by 80%. In Indonesia, real world data from 128,290 healthcare workers showed 94% protection against symptomatic infection by the vaccine, beating results in clinical trials.
Phase III results from Turkey published in The Lancet showed an efficacy of 84% based on 10,218 participants in the trials. Phase III results from Brazil previously showed 50.7% efficacy at preventing symptomatic infections and 83.7% effective in preventing mild cases needing treatment. Efficacy against symptomatic infections increased to 62.3% with an interval of 21 days or more between the doses.
CoronaVac is being used in vaccination campaigns in various countries in Asia, South America, North America, and Europe. By April 2021, Sinovac had a production capacity of two billion doses a year and had delivered 600 million total doses. It is currently being manufactured at several facilities in China, Brazil, and Egypt. On 1 June 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) validated the vaccine for emergency use. Sinovac has signed purchase agreements for 380 million doses from COVAX.
U.S. disinformation campaign
According to an investigative report by Reuters, the United States ran a propaganda campaign to discredit the China's Sinovac COVID-19 inoculation, including using fake social media accounts to spread disinformation that the Sinovac vaccine contained pork-derived ingredients and was therefore haram under Islamic law. The campaign was described as "payback" for COVID-19 disinformation by China directed against the U.S. The campaign primarily targeted people in the Philippines and used a social media hashtag for "China is the virus" in Tagalog. The campaign ran from the spring of 2020 to mid-2021. The primary contractor for the U.S. military on the project was General Dynamics IT, which received $493 million for its role. After some American public health experts were briefed by Reuters on the Pentagon's covert anti-vax campaign, they condemned the campaign as unjustifiable, and that it had unethically endangered innocent lives for potential geopolitical gain.
See also
CanSino Biologics
Sinopharm
References
^ "China's Vaccine Front-Runner Aims to Beat Covid the Old-Fashioned Way". Bloomberg. 24 August 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-09-27. Retrieved 2020-08-27.
^ "Submission Proof - tv479639" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-01-14. Retrieved 2023-06-03.
^ a b Dou, Eva (December 4, 2020). "As China nears a coronavirus vaccine, bribery cloud hangs over drugmaker Sinovac". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved 2020-12-06.
^ Levine, Matt (May 22, 2020). "A Vaccine With a Poison Pill". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on June 21, 2020. Retrieved December 6, 2020.
^ a b c d e f Bing, Chris; Schechtman, Joel (June 14, 2024). "Pentagon Ran Secret Anti-Vax Campaign to Undermine China during Pandemic". Reuters.
^ "Vaccines". sinovac.com. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
^ Nidhi Parekh (22 July 2020). "CoronaVac: A COVID-19 Vaccine Made From Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Virus". Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
^ "New coronavirus vaccine trials start in Brazil". AP News. 21 July 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-10-16. Retrieved 2020-10-07.
^ "Chile initiates clinical study for COVID-19 vaccine". Chile Reports. 4 August 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-10-11. Retrieved 2020-10-07.
^ "248 volunteers have received Sinovac vaccine injections in Bandung". Antara News. 30 August 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-09-30. Retrieved 2020-10-07.
^ "DOH eyes 5 hospitals for Sinovac vaccine Phase 3 clinical trial". PTV News. 16 September 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-12-16. Retrieved 2020-10-07.
^ "Turkey begins phase three trials of Chinese Covid-19 vaccine". TRT World News. 1 September 2020. Retrieved 2020-10-07.
^ Zimmer, Carl; Corum, Jonathan; Wee, Sui-Lee (10 June 2020). "Coronavirus Vaccine Tracker". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2020-12-24. Retrieved 2021-02-12.
^ "CoronaVac: Doses will come from China on nine flights and can..." AlKhaleej Today (in Arabic). 2020-11-01. Archived from the original on 2020-12-16. Retrieved 2021-02-12.
^ Jara A, Undurraga EA, González C, Paredes F, Fontecilla T, Jara G, et al. (July 2021). "Effectiveness of an Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Chile". The New England Journal of Medicine. 385 (10): 875–884. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2107715. PMC 8279092. PMID 34233097. S2CID 235766915.
^ Savarese M (2021-06-01). "Sinovac vaccine restores a Brazilian city to near normal". CTV News. Archived from the original on 2021-06-01. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
^ Pearson S (2021-05-31). "Brazil's Experiment to Vaccinate Town With Chinese CoronaVac Reduced Covid-19 Deaths by 95%". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 2022-02-03. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
^ "China Sinovac Shot Seen Highly Effective in Real World Study". Bloomberg News. 3 June 2023. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
^ Tanriover MD, Doğanay HL, Akova M, Güner HR, Azap A, Akhan S, et al. (8 July 2021). "Efficacy and safety of an inactivated whole-virion SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac): interim results of a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial in Turkey". The Lancet. 398 (10296): 213–222. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01429-X. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 8266301. PMID 34246358. S2CID 235770533.
^ Evidence Assessment: Sinovac/CoronaVac COVID-19 vaccine (PDF) (Presentation). World Health Organization. 29 April 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
^ Costa A (2021-04-11). "Estudo clínico que comprova maior eficácia da Coronavac é enviado para Lancet" . CNN Brasil (in Portuguese). São Paulo. Archived from the original on 2021-04-29. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
^ TARIGAN, EDNA; MILKO, VICTORIA (13 January 2021). "Indonesia starts mass COVID vaccinations over vast territory". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
^ "Thailand Kicks Off Covid-19 Vaccine Program With Sinovac Shots". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 2021-02-28. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
^ "China approves Sinovac vaccines for general public use". South China Morning Post. 6 February 2021. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
^ Rochabrun, Marcelo. "Brazil health ministry says plans to order 30 million more Coronavac doses | The Chronicle Herald". www.thechronicleherald.ca. Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
^ Miranda, Natalia A. Ramos (28 January 2021). "Chile receives two million-dose first delivery of Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine". Reuters. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
^ "BNamericas - Uruguay prepares to launch COVID-19 vaccinat..." BNamericas.com. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
^ "Venustiano Carranza next up for Covid vaccination in Mexico City". Mexico News Daily. 2021-03-15. Archived from the original on 2021-03-15. Retrieved 2021-03-16.
^ "Anticovid vaccines run out as Dominican Republic awaits arrival of more doses". Dominican Today. Archived from the original on 2021-03-11. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
^ "Llegan a El Salvador un millón de dosis de la vacuna china CoronaVac contra el covid-19 de la farmacéutica Sinovac". Noticias de El Salvador - La Prensa Gráfica | Informate con la verdad (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 2021-04-21. Retrieved 2021-03-28.
^ "Turkey aims to vaccinate 60 percent of population: Minister – Turkey News". Hürriyet Daily News. 11 February 2021. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
^ "Vaccination with CoronaVac launched in Ukraine on April 13 – Health minister". www.unian.info. Archived from the original on 2021-04-15. Retrieved 2021-04-15.
^ Semini, Llazar. "Albania starts mass COVID vaccinations before tourist season". ABC News. Archived from the original on 2021-04-28. Retrieved 2021-03-28.
^ a b Liu, Roxanne (2021-04-02). "China Sinovac says it reached two billion doses annual capacity for COVID-19 vaccine". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2021-04-12. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
^ Nebehay, Stephanie (2021-06-01). "WHO approves Sinovac COVID vaccine, the second Chinese-made dose listed". Reuters. Geneva. Archived from the original on 2021-06-01. Retrieved 2021-06-01.
^ Mano A, Simões (10 December 2020). "Chinese vaccine draws demand across Latin America, say Brazilian officials". Reuters. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
^ "Egypt to produce up to 80 million Sinovac vaccine doses annually". Arab News. 2021-04-08. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
^ Nebehay S (2021-06-01). "WHO approves Sinovac COVID vaccine, the second Chinese-made dose listed". Reuters. Geneva. Archived from the original on 2021-06-01. Retrieved 2021-06-01.
^ "WHO recommendation Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine (Vero Cell ) – CoronaVac". World Health Organization (WHO). 1 May 2021. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
^ "WHO validates Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use and issues interim policy recommendations". World Health Organization (WHO) (Press release). Archived from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
^ "Chinese drugmakers agree to supply more than half a billion vaccines to COVAX". Reuters. 2021-07-12. Archived from the original on 2023-03-06. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
^ Toropin, Konstantin (2024-06-14). "Pentagon Stands by Secret Anti-Vaccination Disinformation Campaign in Philippines After Reuters Report". Military.com. Archived from the original on 2024-06-14. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
External links
Official website
Business data for Sinovac Biotech: BloombergGoogleReutersSEC filingsYahoo!
vte Pharmaceutical companies of China
CanSino Biologics
CSPC Zhongrun
China Nepstar
Fosun Pharmaceutical
Guangzhou Pharmaceuticals
Guangyuyuan
Guizhentang Pharmaceutical Company
Harbin Pharmaceutical Group
Hebei Yuxing Bio-Engineering Co. Ltd
Huadong Medicine
Jilin Aodong Medicine
Lijun International Pharmaceutical (Holding) Co. Ltd.
Kunming Pharmaceutical Corporation
Nanjing Ange Pharmaceutical
North China Pharmaceutical Group
Salubris Pharmaceuticals
Shanghai Pharmaceuticals Holding Co., Ltd.
Shenzhen Kangtai Biological Products
Shijiazhuang Pharma Group
Sihuan Pharmaceutical
Simcere Pharmaceutical
China National Pharmaceutical Group
Sinopharm Group
Sinovac Biotech
Tasly
Tong Ren Tang
Xiangxue Pharmaceutical
Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group
Yunnan Baiyao Group
WuXi AppTec
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III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sinopharm BIBP vaccine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine"},{"link_name":"Covaxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covaxin"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEJMoa2107715-15"},{"link_name":"Serrana, São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serrana,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:272-18"},{"link_name":"The Lancet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S0140-6736(21)01429-X-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who-evidence-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apne_Indo-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:152-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:162-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:182-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:172-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:202-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:212-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:262-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-34"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-37"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:26-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO_recommendation-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO_PR_20210601-40"},{"link_name":"COVAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVAX"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"COVID-19 vaccine development","text":"CoronaVac is an inactivated virus COVID-19 vaccine developed by Sinovac.[7] It has been in Phase III clinical trials in Brazil,[8] Chile,[9] Indonesia,[10] Philippines,[11] and Turkey.[12]It relies on traditional technology similar to the Sinopharm BIBP vaccine and Covaxin, otherwise known as inactivated-virus COVID-19 vaccines in Phase III trials.[13] CoronaVac does not need to be frozen, and both the vaccine and raw material for formulating the new doses could be transported and refrigerated at 2–8 °C (36–46 °F), temperatures at which flu vaccines are kept.[14]A real-world study of ten millions of Chileans who received CoronaVac found it 66% effective against symptomatic COVID-19, 88% against hospitalization, 90% against ICU admissions, and 86% against deaths.[15] In Brazil, after 75% of the population in Serrana, São Paulo received CoronaVac, preliminary results show deaths fell by 95%, hospitalizations by 86%, and symptomatic cases by 80%.[16][17] In Indonesia, real world data from 128,290 healthcare workers showed 94% protection against symptomatic infection by the vaccine, beating results in clinical trials.[18]Phase III results from Turkey published in The Lancet showed an efficacy of 84% based on 10,218 participants in the trials.[19][20] Phase III results from Brazil previously showed 50.7% efficacy at preventing symptomatic infections and 83.7% effective in preventing mild cases needing treatment. Efficacy against symptomatic infections increased to 62.3% with an interval of 21 days or more between the doses.[21]CoronaVac is being used in vaccination campaigns in various countries in Asia,[22][23][24] South America,[25][26][27] North America,[28][29][30] and Europe.[31][32][33] By April 2021, Sinovac had a production capacity of two billion doses a year[34] and had delivered 600 million total doses.[35] It is currently being manufactured at several facilities in China,[34] Brazil,[36] and Egypt.[37] On 1 June 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) validated the vaccine for emergency use.[38][39][40] Sinovac has signed purchase agreements for 380 million doses from COVAX.[41]","title":"Vaccines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reuters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters"},{"link_name":"propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"haram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haram"},{"link_name":"Islamic law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-5"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 disinformation by China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_China"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"hashtag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashtag"},{"link_name":"Tagalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-5"},{"link_name":"General Dynamics IT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-5"}],"sub_title":"COVID-19 vaccine development - U.S. disinformation campaign","text":"According to an investigative report by Reuters, the United States ran a propaganda campaign to discredit the China's Sinovac COVID-19 inoculation, including using fake social media accounts to spread disinformation that the Sinovac vaccine contained pork-derived ingredients and was therefore haram under Islamic law.[5] The campaign was described as \"payback\" for COVID-19 disinformation by China directed against the U.S.[42] The campaign primarily targeted people in the Philippines and used a social media hashtag for \"China is the virus\" in Tagalog.[5] The campaign ran from the spring of 2020 to mid-2021.[5] The primary contractor for the U.S. military on the project was General Dynamics IT, which received $493 million for its role.[5] After some American public health experts were briefed by Reuters on the Pentagon's covert anti-vax campaign, they condemned the campaign as unjustifiable, and that it had unethically endangered innocent lives for potential geopolitical gain.[5]","title":"Vaccines"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"CanSino Biologics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CanSino_Biologics"},{"title":"Sinopharm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm"}]
|
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website"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/SVA:US","external_links_name":"Bloomberg"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/finance/quote/Nasdaq:SVA","external_links_name":"Google"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/markets/companies/SVA.OQ","external_links_name":"Reuters"},{"Link":"https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=SVA","external_links_name":"SEC filings"},{"Link":"https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/SVA","external_links_name":"Yahoo!"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magnificent_Moodies
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The Magnificent Moodies
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["1 Background","2 Release history","3 Track listing","3.1 British version (The Magnificent Moodies)","3.2 American and Canadian version (Go Now: The Moody Blues #1)","3.3 50th Anniversary Editions","4 Musical personnel","4.1 The Moody Blues","4.2 Additional personnel","5 Technical personnel","6 Charts","7 Release history","8 References","9 External links"]
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1965 debut studio album by the Moody Blues
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "The Magnificent Moodies" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2016)
The Magnificent MoodiesStudio album by the Moody BluesReleased23 July 1965 (1965-07-23)RecordedOctober 1964 – March 1965GenreBeatLength34:23LabelDeccaProducerDenny CordellAlex MurrayThe Moody Blues chronology
The Magnificent Moodies(1965)
Days of Future Passed(1967)
The Magnificent Moodies is the 1965 debut album by British rock band the Moody Blues, released on Decca Records.
Background
The Magnificent Moodies is the only album by the original line-up of Denny Laine (guitar/vocals), Clint Warwick (bass/vocals), Mike Pinder (keyboards/vocals), Ray Thomas (flute/harmonica/percussion/vocals) and Graeme Edge (drums). Lead vocals were shared by Laine, Pinder and Thomas. The album is a mix of rhythm and blues covers, including "Go Now" which had been a Number 1 hit single for the band earlier that year, and original songs by Laine and Pinder which show more of a Merseybeat influence. Also included is a cover of the George and Ira Gershwin standard "It Ain't Necessarily So".
The album was produced by Denny Cordell, with the exception of "Go Now" which was produced by Alex Wharton. In-between "Go Now" and The Magnificent Moodies the band had released two more singles, "I Don't Want to Go On Without You" and "From the Bottom of My Heart", neither of which were included on the album. For the American and Canadian release on London Records, with the title Go Now: The Moody Blues #1, four songs were replaced with those two preceding singles and two B-sides, with a different running order of the tracks. One of the tracks that was replaced, "Stop", was released as a single in America and Canada later that year. The American and Canadian album also titled three of the songs incorrectly ("I'll Go Crazy" became "I Go Crazy", "I've Got a Dream" became "I Had a Dream" and "Bye Bye Bird" became "Bye Bye Burd").
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicRecord Mirror
Release history
The sleeve notes on the back cover of the original UK release include an (undated) review by Virginia Ironside, music critic of Daily Mail, which concludes, "With the Moody Blues, all you need to write is "MAGNIFICENT" in pink lipstick and leave it at that". A specially-written prose poem by Donovan recommending the band was also included. The Donovan poem was also included on the back cover of the US release.
The band held a launch party for the album, with guests including George Harrison and Paul McCartney of The Beatles and Marianne Faithfull.
The album did not make the Record Retailer/Music Week chart even though it reached number 5 in August 1965 in the New Musical Express album chart. The US album did not make the Billboard chart. It did however reach number 8 in Finland during the spring of 1966.
After the album's release, the original line-up would release three more singles, though Laine and Warwick had left the group by the time the last of these, "Life's Not Life", was released in January 1967. They had both departed by late summer in 1966 and were replaced by Justin Hayward (guitar/vocals) and John Lodge (bass/vocals). The new line-up would release two more singles during 1967, "Fly Me High" in May and "Love and Beauty" in September, before releasing the Moody Blues' second album Days of Future Passed in November that year.
At the height of The Moody Blues' U.S. success in 1970, Deram Records reissued the US version of the album with a new cover and title, In the Beginning (DES-18051). As with the original album, the reissue did not chart.
In 1976, a double compilation album entitled A Dream, which included the entire Magnificent Moodies album as well as single A- and B- sides from the pre-Days of Future Passed 1964 to 1967 period, was issued in much of western Europe, but only available on import in the UK.
In 1985 Intermediate Records reissued the album on vinyl and cassette as Go Now, with a mixture of songs from the original UK and US albums plus some of the non-album singles and B-sides from the 1964 to 1965 period. Decca Records UK first issued The Magnificent Moodies on CD in 1988 with 13 bonus tracks, with mastering by Anthony Hawkins. Repertoire Records issued an abridged version of the CD in 1992 with only 7 bonus tracks. In 2006 the CD was reissued again, this time with 14 bonus tracks including the rare "People Gotta Go" not found on the 1988 Decca version. The CD also included, for the first time, a speed-corrected and undistorted version of "Go Now". The 2006 Repertoire CD was remastered by Eroc, who was the leader of the 1970s German rock band Grobschnitt.
Track listing
British version (The Magnificent Moodies)
All lead vocals by Denny Laine except where noted
Side oneNo.TitleWriterLength1."I'll Go Crazy"James Brown2:132."Something You Got"Chris Kenner2:493."Go Now!"Larry Banks, Milton Bennett3:144."Can't Nobody Love You"James Mitchell4:065."I Don't Mind" (lead vocals: Mike Pinder)James Brown3:266."I've Got a Dream" (lead vocals: Denny Laine and Clint Warwick)Jeff Barry, Ellie Greenwich2:50
Side twoNo.TitleWriterLength1."Let Me Go"Denny Laine, Mike Pinder3:142."Stop"Laine, Pinder2:053."Thank You Baby"Laine, Pinder2:304."It Ain't Necessarily So" (lead vocals: Ray Thomas)George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin3:215."True Story"Laine, Pinder1:466."Bye Bye Bird"Sonny Boy Williamson II, Willie Dixon2:49Total length:34:23
American and Canadian version (Go Now: The Moody Blues #1)
Go Now: The Moody Blues #1Studio album by The Moody BluesReleased28 July 1965 (1965-07-28)RecordedOctober 1964 – March 1965GenreBeatLength34:03LabelLondonProducerDenny CordellAlex Murray
Side oneNo.TitleWriterLength1."I'll Go Crazy (mistitled "I Go Crazy")"James Brown2:082."And My Baby's Gone"Laine, Pinder2:153."Go Now!"Banks, Bennett3:104."It's Easy Child"Kay Bennett, Sue Sandler, Gene Redd3:105."Can't Nobody Love You"Mitchell4:006."I've Got a Dream (mistitled "I Had a Dream")"Barry, Greenwich2:50
Side twoNo.TitleWriterLength1."Let Me Go"Laine, Pinder3:082."I Don't Want to Go On Without You"Bert Berns, Jerry Wexler2:453."True Story"Laine, Pinder1:404."It Ain't Necessarily So"G Gershwin, I Gershwin2:475."Bye Bye Bird (mistitled "Bye Bye Burd")"Williamson, Dixon2:506."From the Bottom of My Heart"Laine, Pinder3:20Total length:34:03
50th Anniversary Editions
On 15 December 2014, Esoteric Recordings issued a single CD version (ECLEC 2474) as well as a double CD deluxe version (ECLEC 22473) of the album in honor of the Moody Blues' 50th anniversary and the album's upcoming 50th anniversary. The single CD version and the first CD from the double CD version are identical and both versions utilize the original UK album artwork.
The single CD version and the first CD on the double CD version comprises the complete discography of the original 1964–1966 line-up of the Moody Blues. Tracks 1–12 are the original British Magnificent Moodies album, while the remaining tracks are single A- and B-sides and EP tracks. It also includes a previously unreleased early take of "Go Now".
Tracks 1–7 on the second CD are a previously unreleased demo session on 24 July 1964, tracks 8-19 are from the BBC's Saturday Club radio sessions in 1965, track 20 is a Coca-Cola commercial the band recorded in 1965 and the remaining tracks are previously unreleased 1966 recordings for a proposed second album.
All tracks are in mono except for tracks 21–29 on CD 2, which are in stereo.
CD 1No.TitleLength1."I'll Go Crazy" (The Magnificent Moodies 1965)2:122."Something You Got" (The Magnificent Moodies 1965)2:533."Go Now" (single 1964 and The Magnificent Moodies 1965)3:134."Can't Nobody Love You?" (The Magnificent Moodies 1965)4:035."I Don't Mind" (The Magnificent Moodies 1965)3:286."I've Got a Dream" (The Magnificent Moodies 1965)3:287."Let Me Go" (The Magnificent Moodies 1965)3:138."Stop" (The Magnificent Moodies 1965)2:069."Thank You Baby" (The Magnificent Moodies 1965)2:2910."It Ain't Necessarily So" (The Magnificent Moodies 1965)3:2111."True Story" (The Magnificent Moodies 1965)1:4512."Bye Bye Bird" (The Magnificent Moodies 1965)2:5413."Lose Your Money (But Don't Lose Your Mind)" (single 1964)2:0014."Steal Your Heart Away" (single B-side ("Lose Your Money") 1964)2:1515."Go Now!" (first version recorded 1964, previously unreleased)3:4916."It's Easy Child" (single B-side ("Go Now") 1964)2:5417."I Don't Want to Go on Without You" (single 1965)2:4718."Time Is On My Side" (single B-side ("I Don't Want to Go on Without You") 1965)3:0419."From the Bottom of My Heart (I Love You)" (single 1965)3:2720."And My Baby's Gone" (single B-side ("From the Bottom of My Heart") 1965)2:2221."Everyday" (single 1965)1:4922."You Don't (All The Time)" (single B-side ("Everyday") 1965)2:2223."Boulevard de la Madeleine" (single and France-only Boulevard de la Madeleine EP 1966)2:5524."This Is My House (But Nobody Calls)" (single B-side ("Boulevard de la Madeleine") and France-only Boulevard de la Madeleine EP 1966)2:3525."People Gotta Go" (France-only Boulevard de la Madeleine EP 1966)2:3626."Life's Not Life" (France-only Boulevard de la Madeleine EP 1966 and single 1967)2:3627."He Can Win" (single B-side ("Life's Not Life") recorded 1966 and released 1967)2:25Total length:75:01
CD 2 (all tracks previously unreleased)No.TitleLength1."Go Now!" (second version 1964)3:542."Lose Your Money (But Don't Lose Your Mind)" (early version 1964)2:043."Steal Your Heart Away" (early version 1964)2:204."I'll Go Crazy" (first version 1964)2:125."You Better Move On" (recorded 1964)4:006."Can't Nobody Love You" (first version 1964)3:327."23rd Psalm" (recorded 1964)2:348."Go Now" (Saturday Club radio session 1965)3:129."I Don't Want To Go On Without You" (Saturday Club radio session 1965)2:4410."I'll Go Crazy" (Saturday Club radio session 1965)1:5811."From The Bottom Of My Heart (I Love You)" (Saturday Club radio session 1965)3:2512."Jump Back" (Saturday Club radio session 1965)2:4213."I've Got A Dream" (Saturday Club radio session 1965)2:4214."And My Baby's Gone" (Saturday Club radio session 1965)2:1615."It's Easy Child" (Saturday Club radio session 1965)3:0616."Stop" (Saturday Club radio session 1965)1:5817."Everyday" (Saturday Club radio session 1965)1:4118."Interview with Ray Thomas and Graeme Edge / You Don't (All The Time)" (Saturday Club radio session 1965)3:2519."I Want You to Know" (Saturday Club radio session 1965)1:5220."Coca Cola Commercial" (recorded 1965)1:0521."Sad Song" (recorded 1966)2:2122."This Is My House (But Nobody Calls)" (first version 1966)2:4723."How Can We Hang On to a Dream" (first version 1966)2:1724."How Can We Hang On to a Dream" (remake 1966)2:2225."Jago & Jilly" (recorded 1966)2:4526."We're Broken" (recorded 1966)3:1227."I Really Haven't Got the Time" (early version 1966)3:1828."Red Wine" (recorded 1966)2:5929."This Is My House (But Nobody Calls)" (stereo mix 1966)2:25Total length:77:08
Musical personnel
The Moody Blues
Source:
Denny Laine – guitars, harmonica, vocals
Mike Pinder – piano, organ, backing vocals
Ray Thomas – flutes, harmonica, percussion, vocals
Clint Warwick – bass guitar, backing vocals
Graeme Edge – drums, percussion, backing vocals
Additional personnel
Elaine Caswell – percussion
Technical personnel
Denny Cordell – producer
A. Wharton – producer ("Go Now")
Nicholas Wright – photographer (UK issue)
Shirley Scott-James – designer (UK issue)
Donovan, Virginia Ironside – sleeve notes (UK issue)
Charts
Chart (1965-1966)
Peak position
Finnish Albums (The Official Finnish Charts)
8
French Albums (SNEP)
60
Release history
Date
Label
Format
Country
Catalog
Notes
23 July 1965
Decca
LP
UK
LK 4711
Original release.
1970
Decca
LP
UK
LK 4711
Repress of the original release.
1988
London
CD
US
820 758-2
Original CD release including thirteen bonus tracks.
1 June 1989
London
CD
Japan
P25L-25026
10 July 2006
Repertoire
CD
UK
REP 5077
Reissue including fourteen bonus tracks.
15 July 2006
Air Mail Archive
CD
Japan
AIRAC-1228
Reissue including seven bonus tracks.
2007
The Great American Music Company
CD
US
085 350 063 3
Reissue missing "Bye Bye Bird," includes five bonus tracks.
15 December 2014
Esoteric Recordings
CD
Europe
ECLEC 22473
50th anniversary deluxe edition.
CD
ECLEC 2474
Reissue including fifteen bonus tracks.
18 April 2015
LP
ECLECLP 2474
Reissue of the original release.
References
^ Liner notes on Decca 4711.
^ https://www.allmusic.com/album/go-now-mw0000856265#trackListing
^ Eder, Bruce. "The Moody Blues: The Magnificent Moodies". www.allmusic.com. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
^ Jones, Peter; Jopling, Norman (24 July 1965). "The Moodyblues: The Magnificent Moodles" (PDF). Record Mirror. No. 228. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
^ The Magnificent Moodies 50th Anniversary Edition liner notes page 18 (Media notes).
^ Nyman, Jake (2005). Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. p. 179. ISBN 951-31-2503-3.
^ "Go Now - the Moody Blues | Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic.
^ Pennanen, Timo (2006). Sisältää hitin – levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava. ISBN 978-951-1-21053-5.
^ "Le Détail des Albums de chaque Artiste – M". Infodisc.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2012. Select Moody Blues from the menu, then press OK.
External links
"The Magnificent Moodies" - cover images at discogs.com
vteThe Moody Blues
Graeme Edge
Mike Pinder
Ray Thomas
Justin Hayward
John Lodge
Denny Laine
Clint Warwick
Rodney Clark
Patrick Moraz
Studio albums
The Magnificent Moodies
Days of Future Passed
In Search of the Lost Chord
On the Threshold of a Dream
To Our Children's Children's Children
A Question of Balance
Every Good Boy Deserves Favour
Seventh Sojourn
Octave
Long Distance Voyager
The Present
The Other Side of Life
Sur la Mer
Keys of the Kingdom
Strange Times
December
Live albums
Caught Live + 5
A Night at Red Rocks with the Colorado Symphony Orchestra
Hall of Fame
Lovely to See You: Live
Live at the BBC: 1967-1970
Live at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970
Days of Future Passed Live
Compilations
This Is The Moody Blues
Voices in the Sky: The Best of The Moody Blues
Prelude
Greatest Hits
Time Traveller
The Best of The Moody Blues
Anthology
Gold
An Introduction to The Moody Blues
Singles
"Go Now"
"I Don't Want to Go On Without You"
"Life's Not Life"
"Nights in White Satin"
"Tuesday Afternoon"
"Voices in the Sky"
"Ride My See-Saw"
"Never Comes the Day"
"Watching and Waiting"
"Question"
"Melancholy Man"
"The Story in Your Eyes"
"Isn't Life Strange"
"I'm Just a Singer (In a Rock and Roll Band)"
"Steppin' in a Slide Zone"
"Driftwood"
"Gemini Dream"
"The Voice"
"Talking Out of Turn"
"Blue World"
"Sitting at the Wheel"
"Running Water
"Your Wildest Dreams"
"The Other Side of Life"
"I Know You're Out There Somewhere"
"Here Comes the Weekend"
"No More Lies"
"Say It with Love"
"Bless the Wings (That Bring You Back)"
"English Sunset"
Related articles
Band members
Discography
Threshold Records
Justin Hayward and Friends Sing the Moody Blues Classic Hits
Moody Bluegrass
Blue Jays
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"the Moody Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moody_Blues"},{"link_name":"Decca Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decca_Records"}],"text":"The Magnificent Moodies is the 1965 debut album by British rock band the Moody Blues, released on Decca Records.","title":"The Magnificent Moodies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denny Laine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_Laine"},{"link_name":"Clint Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Warwick"},{"link_name":"Mike Pinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pinder"},{"link_name":"Ray Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Graeme Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme_Edge"},{"link_name":"rhythm and blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues"},{"link_name":"Go Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Now"},{"link_name":"Merseybeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_music"},{"link_name":"George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gershwin"},{"link_name":"Ira Gershwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Gershwin"},{"link_name":"It Ain't Necessarily So","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Ain%27t_Necessarily_So"},{"link_name":"Denny Cordell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_Cordell"},{"link_name":"Alex Wharton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Wharton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"I Don't Want to Go On Without You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Don%27t_Want_to_Go_On_Without_You"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"London Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Records"},{"link_name":"I'll Go Crazy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll_Go_Crazy_(James_Brown_song)"},{"link_name":"Bye Bye Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bye_Bye_Bird"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Magnificent Moodies is the only album by the original line-up of Denny Laine (guitar/vocals), Clint Warwick (bass/vocals), Mike Pinder (keyboards/vocals), Ray Thomas (flute/harmonica/percussion/vocals) and Graeme Edge (drums). Lead vocals were shared by Laine, Pinder and Thomas. The album is a mix of rhythm and blues covers, including \"Go Now\" which had been a Number 1 hit single for the band earlier that year, and original songs by Laine and Pinder which show more of a Merseybeat influence. Also included is a cover of the George and Ira Gershwin standard \"It Ain't Necessarily So\".The album was produced by Denny Cordell, with the exception of \"Go Now\" which was produced by Alex Wharton.[1] In-between \"Go Now\" and The Magnificent Moodies the band had released two more singles, \"I Don't Want to Go On Without You\" and \"From the Bottom of My Heart\", neither of which were included on the album. For the American and Canadian release on London Records, with the title Go Now: The Moody Blues #1, four songs were replaced with those two preceding singles and two B-sides, with a different running order of the tracks. One of the tracks that was replaced, \"Stop\", was released as a single in America and Canada later that year. The American and Canadian album also titled three of the songs incorrectly (\"I'll Go Crazy\" became \"I Go Crazy\", \"I've Got a Dream\" became \"I Had a Dream\" and \"Bye Bye Bird\" became \"Bye Bye Burd\").[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virginia Ironside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Ironside"},{"link_name":"Daily Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mail"},{"link_name":"Donovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donovan"},{"link_name":"George Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Paul McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Marianne Faithfull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Faithfull"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Record Retailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Retailer"},{"link_name":"Music Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week"},{"link_name":"New Musical Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Life's Not Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life%27s_Not_Life"},{"link_name":"Justin Hayward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Hayward"},{"link_name":"John Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lodge_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Days of Future Passed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_of_Future_Passed"},{"link_name":"Deram Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deram_Records"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Decca Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decca_Records"},{"link_name":"Repertoire Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repertoire_Records"},{"link_name":"Eroc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eroc"},{"link_name":"Grobschnitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grobschnitt"}],"text":"The sleeve notes on the back cover of the original UK release include an (undated) review by Virginia Ironside, music critic of Daily Mail, which concludes, \"With the Moody Blues, all you need to write is \"MAGNIFICENT\" in pink lipstick and leave it at that\". A specially-written prose poem by Donovan recommending the band was also included. The Donovan poem was also included on the back cover of the US release.The band held a launch party for the album, with guests including George Harrison and Paul McCartney of The Beatles and Marianne Faithfull.[5]The album did not make the Record Retailer/Music Week chart even though it reached number 5 in August 1965 in the New Musical Express album chart. The US album did not make the Billboard chart. It did however reach number 8 in Finland during the spring of 1966.[6]After the album's release, the original line-up would release three more singles, though Laine and Warwick had left the group by the time the last of these, \"Life's Not Life\", was released in January 1967. They had both departed by late summer in 1966 and were replaced by Justin Hayward (guitar/vocals) and John Lodge (bass/vocals). The new line-up would release two more singles during 1967, \"Fly Me High\" in May and \"Love and Beauty\" in September, before releasing the Moody Blues' second album Days of Future Passed in November that year.At the height of The Moody Blues' U.S. success in 1970, Deram Records reissued the US version of the album with a new cover and title, In the Beginning (DES-18051). As with the original album, the reissue did not chart.In 1976, a double compilation album entitled A Dream, which included the entire Magnificent Moodies album as well as single A- and B- sides from the pre-Days of Future Passed 1964 to 1967 period, was issued in much of western Europe, but only available on import in the UK.In 1985 Intermediate Records reissued the album on vinyl and cassette as Go Now, with a mixture of songs from the original UK and US albums plus some of the non-album singles and B-sides from the 1964 to 1965 period.[citation needed] Decca Records UK first issued The Magnificent Moodies on CD in 1988 with 13 bonus tracks, with mastering by Anthony Hawkins. Repertoire Records issued an abridged version of the CD in 1992 with only 7 bonus tracks. In 2006 the CD was reissued again, this time with 14 bonus tracks including the rare \"People Gotta Go\" not found on the 1988 Decca version. The CD also included, for the first time, a speed-corrected and undistorted version of \"Go Now\". The 2006 Repertoire CD was remastered by Eroc, who was the leader of the 1970s German rock band Grobschnitt.","title":"Release history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denny Laine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_Laine"},{"link_name":"I'll Go Crazy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll_Go_Crazy_(James_Brown_song)"},{"link_name":"James Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brown"},{"link_name":"Chris Kenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Kenner"},{"link_name":"Go Now!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Now!"},{"link_name":"Larry Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Banks"},{"link_name":"I Don't Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Don%27t_Mind_(James_Brown_song)"},{"link_name":"Mike Pinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pinder"},{"link_name":"Clint Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Warwick"},{"link_name":"Jeff Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Barry"},{"link_name":"Ellie Greenwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellie_Greenwich"},{"link_name":"Denny Laine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_Laine"},{"link_name":"Mike Pinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pinder"},{"link_name":"It Ain't Necessarily So","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Ain%27t_Necessarily_So"},{"link_name":"Ray Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Thomas"},{"link_name":"George Gershwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gershwin"},{"link_name":"Ira Gershwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Gershwin"},{"link_name":"Bye Bye Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bye_Bye_Bird"},{"link_name":"Sonny Boy Williamson II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Boy_Williamson_II"},{"link_name":"Willie Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Dixon"}],"sub_title":"British version (The Magnificent Moodies)","text":"All lead vocals by Denny Laine except where notedSide oneNo.TitleWriterLength1.\"I'll Go Crazy\"James Brown2:132.\"Something You Got\"Chris Kenner2:493.\"Go Now!\"Larry Banks, Milton Bennett3:144.\"Can't Nobody Love You\"James Mitchell4:065.\"I Don't Mind\" (lead vocals: Mike Pinder)James Brown3:266.\"I've Got a Dream\" (lead vocals: Denny Laine and Clint Warwick)Jeff Barry, Ellie Greenwich2:50Side twoNo.TitleWriterLength1.\"Let Me Go\"Denny Laine, Mike Pinder3:142.\"Stop\"Laine, Pinder2:053.\"Thank You Baby\"Laine, Pinder2:304.\"It Ain't Necessarily So\" (lead vocals: Ray Thomas)George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin3:215.\"True Story\"Laine, Pinder1:466.\"Bye Bye Bird\"Sonny Boy Williamson II, Willie Dixon2:49Total length:34:23","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I'll Go Crazy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll_Go_Crazy_(James_Brown_song)"},{"link_name":"Go Now!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Now!"},{"link_name":"I Don't Want to Go On Without You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Don%27t_Want_to_Go_On_Without_You"},{"link_name":"Bert Berns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Berns"},{"link_name":"Jerry Wexler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Wexler"},{"link_name":"It Ain't Necessarily So","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Ain%27t_Necessarily_So"},{"link_name":"Bye Bye Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bye_Bye_Bird"}],"sub_title":"American and Canadian version (Go Now: The Moody Blues #1)","text":"Side oneNo.TitleWriterLength1.\"I'll Go Crazy (mistitled \"I Go Crazy\")\"James Brown2:082.\"And My Baby's Gone\"Laine, Pinder2:153.\"Go Now!\"Banks, Bennett3:104.\"It's Easy Child\"Kay Bennett, Sue Sandler, Gene Redd3:105.\"Can't Nobody Love You\"Mitchell4:006.\"I've Got a Dream (mistitled \"I Had a Dream\")\"Barry, Greenwich2:50Side twoNo.TitleWriterLength1.\"Let Me Go\"Laine, Pinder3:082.\"I Don't Want to Go On Without You\"Bert Berns, Jerry Wexler2:453.\"True Story\"Laine, Pinder1:404.\"It Ain't Necessarily So\"G Gershwin, I Gershwin2:475.\"Bye Bye Bird (mistitled \"Bye Bye Burd\")\"Williamson, Dixon2:506.\"From the Bottom of My Heart\"Laine, Pinder3:20Total length:34:03","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Esoteric Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric_Recordings"},{"link_name":"Saturday Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Club_(BBC_Radio)"},{"link_name":"Coca-Cola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola"},{"link_name":"Life's Not Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life%27s_Not_Life"}],"sub_title":"50th Anniversary Editions","text":"On 15 December 2014, Esoteric Recordings issued a single CD version (ECLEC 2474) as well as a double CD deluxe version (ECLEC 22473) of the album in honor of the Moody Blues' 50th anniversary and the album's upcoming 50th anniversary. The single CD version and the first CD from the double CD version are identical and both versions utilize the original UK album artwork.The single CD version and the first CD on the double CD version comprises the complete discography of the original 1964–1966 line-up of the Moody Blues. Tracks 1–12 are the original British Magnificent Moodies album, while the remaining tracks are single A- and B-sides and EP tracks. It also includes a previously unreleased early take of \"Go Now\".Tracks 1–7 on the second CD are a previously unreleased demo session on 24 July 1964, tracks 8-19 are from the BBC's Saturday Club radio sessions in 1965, track 20 is a Coca-Cola commercial the band recorded in 1965 and the remaining tracks are previously unreleased 1966 recordings for a proposed second album.All tracks are in mono except for tracks 21–29 on CD 2, which are in stereo.CD 1No.TitleLength1.\"I'll Go Crazy\" (The Magnificent Moodies 1965)2:122.\"Something You Got\" (The Magnificent Moodies 1965)2:533.\"Go Now\" (single 1964 and The Magnificent Moodies 1965)3:134.\"Can't Nobody Love You?\" (The Magnificent Moodies 1965)4:035.\"I Don't Mind\" (The Magnificent Moodies 1965)3:286.\"I've Got a Dream\" (The Magnificent Moodies 1965)3:287.\"Let Me Go\" (The Magnificent Moodies 1965)3:138.\"Stop\" (The Magnificent Moodies 1965)2:069.\"Thank You Baby\" (The Magnificent Moodies 1965)2:2910.\"It Ain't Necessarily So\" (The Magnificent Moodies 1965)3:2111.\"True Story\" (The Magnificent Moodies 1965)1:4512.\"Bye Bye Bird\" (The Magnificent Moodies 1965)2:5413.\"Lose Your Money (But Don't Lose Your Mind)\" (single 1964)2:0014.\"Steal Your Heart Away\" (single B-side (\"Lose Your Money\") 1964)2:1515.\"Go Now!\" (first version recorded 1964, previously unreleased)3:4916.\"It's Easy Child\" (single B-side (\"Go Now\") 1964)2:5417.\"I Don't Want to Go on Without You\" (single 1965)2:4718.\"Time Is On My Side\" (single B-side (\"I Don't Want to Go on Without You\") 1965)3:0419.\"From the Bottom of My Heart (I Love You)\" (single 1965)3:2720.\"And My Baby's Gone\" (single B-side (\"From the Bottom of My Heart\") 1965)2:2221.\"Everyday\" (single 1965)1:4922.\"You Don't (All The Time)\" (single B-side (\"Everyday\") 1965)2:2223.\"Boulevard de la Madeleine\" (single and France-only Boulevard de la Madeleine EP 1966)2:5524.\"This Is My House (But Nobody Calls)\" (single B-side (\"Boulevard de la Madeleine\") and France-only Boulevard de la Madeleine EP 1966)2:3525.\"People Gotta Go\" (France-only Boulevard de la Madeleine EP 1966)2:3626.\"Life's Not Life\" (France-only Boulevard de la Madeleine EP 1966 and single 1967)2:3627.\"He Can Win\" (single B-side (\"Life's Not Life\") recorded 1966 and released 1967)2:25Total length:75:01CD 2 (all tracks previously unreleased)No.TitleLength1.\"Go Now!\" (second version 1964)3:542.\"Lose Your Money (But Don't Lose Your Mind)\" (early version 1964)2:043.\"Steal Your Heart Away\" (early version 1964)2:204.\"I'll Go Crazy\" (first version 1964)2:125.\"You Better Move On\" (recorded 1964)4:006.\"Can't Nobody Love You\" (first version 1964)3:327.\"23rd Psalm\" (recorded 1964)2:348.\"Go Now\" (Saturday Club radio session 1965)3:129.\"I Don't Want To Go On Without You\" (Saturday Club radio session 1965)2:4410.\"I'll Go Crazy\" (Saturday Club radio session 1965)1:5811.\"From The Bottom Of My Heart (I Love You)\" (Saturday Club radio session 1965)3:2512.\"Jump Back\" (Saturday Club radio session 1965)2:4213.\"I've Got A Dream\" (Saturday Club radio session 1965)2:4214.\"And My Baby's Gone\" (Saturday Club radio session 1965)2:1615.\"It's Easy Child\" (Saturday Club radio session 1965)3:0616.\"Stop\" (Saturday Club radio session 1965)1:5817.\"Everyday\" (Saturday Club radio session 1965)1:4118.\"Interview with Ray Thomas and Graeme Edge / You Don't (All The Time)\" (Saturday Club radio session 1965)3:2519.\"I Want You to Know\" (Saturday Club radio session 1965)1:5220.\"Coca Cola Commercial\" (recorded 1965)1:0521.\"Sad Song\" (recorded 1966)2:2122.\"This Is My House (But Nobody Calls)\" (first version 1966)2:4723.\"How Can We Hang On to a Dream\" (first version 1966)2:1724.\"How Can We Hang On to a Dream\" (remake 1966)2:2225.\"Jago & Jilly\" (recorded 1966)2:4526.\"We're Broken\" (recorded 1966)3:1227.\"I Really Haven't Got the Time\" (early version 1966)3:1828.\"Red Wine\" (recorded 1966)2:5929.\"This Is My House (But Nobody Calls)\" (stereo mix 1966)2:25Total length:77:08","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Musical personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Denny Laine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_Laine"},{"link_name":"Mike Pinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pinder"},{"link_name":"organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(music)"},{"link_name":"Ray Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Thomas"},{"link_name":"flutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_concert_flute"},{"link_name":"Clint Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Warwick"},{"link_name":"Graeme Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme_Edge"}],"sub_title":"The Moody Blues","text":"Source:[7]Denny Laine – guitars, harmonica, vocals\nMike Pinder – piano, organ, backing vocals\nRay Thomas – flutes, harmonica, percussion, vocals\nClint Warwick – bass guitar, backing vocals\nGraeme Edge – drums, percussion, backing vocals","title":"Musical personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Additional personnel","text":"Elaine Caswell – percussion","title":"Musical personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denny Cordell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_Cordell"},{"link_name":"A. Wharton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Wharton"},{"link_name":"Donovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donovan"},{"link_name":"Virginia Ironside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Ironside"}],"text":"Denny Cordell – producer\nA. Wharton – producer (\"Go Now\")\nNicholas Wright – photographer (UK issue)\nShirley Scott-James – designer (UK issue)\nDonovan, Virginia Ironside – sleeve notes (UK issue)","title":"Technical personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]
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[{"reference":"Eder, Bruce. \"The Moody Blues: The Magnificent Moodies\". www.allmusic.com. Retrieved 1 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-magnificent-moodies-mw0000653053","url_text":"\"The Moody Blues: The Magnificent Moodies\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Peter; Jopling, Norman (24 July 1965). \"The Moodyblues: The Magnificent Moodles\" (PDF). Record Mirror. No. 228. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jones_(journalist)","url_text":"Jones, Peter"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220401225446/https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Record-Mirror/60s/65/Record-Mirror-1965-07-24-I.pdf","url_text":"\"The Moodyblues: The Magnificent Moodles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Mirror","url_text":"Record Mirror"},{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Record-Mirror/60s/65/Record-Mirror-1965-07-24-I.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"The Magnificent Moodies 50th Anniversary Edition liner notes page 18 (Media notes).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nyman, Jake (2005). Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. p. 179. ISBN 951-31-2503-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-31-2503-3","url_text":"951-31-2503-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Go Now - the Moody Blues | Credits | AllMusic\". AllMusic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/go-now-mw0000856265/credits","url_text":"\"Go Now - the Moody Blues | Credits | AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Pennanen, Timo (2006). Sisältää hitin – levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava. ISBN 978-951-1-21053-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-1-21053-5","url_text":"978-951-1-21053-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Le Détail des Albums de chaque Artiste – M\". Infodisc.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141022124902/http://infodisc.fr/Album_M.php","url_text":"\"Le Détail des Albums de chaque Artiste – M\""},{"url":"http://www.infodisc.fr/Album_M.php","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist%27s_Church,_Burslem
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St John the Baptist's Church, Burslem
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["1 History","2 Churchyard","3 See also","4 References"]
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Coordinates: 53°2′33″N 2°11′47″W / 53.04250°N 2.19639°W / 53.04250; -2.19639
Church in Stoke-on-Trent, United KingdomChurch of St John the Baptist, BurslemViewed from the west53°2′33″N 2°11′47″W / 53.04250°N 2.19639°W / 53.04250; -2.19639OS grid referenceSJ 869 495LocationBurslem, Stoke-on-TrentCountryUnited KingdomDenominationChurch of EnglandHistoryDedicationSaint John the BaptistArchitectureHeritage designationGrade IIDesignated2 October 1951AdministrationDioceseDiocese of Lichfield
St John the Baptist's Church is an Anglican church in Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England. It is a Grade II listed building.
History
Burslem became a parish in 1809; before that it was a chapelry in the parish of Stoke-upon-Trent, but often regarded as a parish, having its own churchwardens from 1553.
The stone tower of St John's was built in 1536. It is late perpendicular; the low west door has a Tudor arch.
The body of the church is of brick, built in 1717, replacing an earlier timber-framed building destroyed in a fire. The sides have tall windows with round arches. The chancel was added in 1788; it has an apsidal east end with a Venetian window. It is thought that Enoch Wood, the churchwarden, instigated the building of the chancel.
Churchyard
Viewed from the south-east
The churchyard was extended in 1804 and again in 1847; the older part has around it brick walls of the late 18th or early 19th century.
Among the graves in the churchyard are those of the potters William Adams (1746–1805) and Enoch Wood (1759–1840).
It also contains the grave of Margaret (or Mollie) Leigh (died 1748), who was reputed to be a witch. Her tomb has its axis set north–south. It is thought that it was re-orientated by the rector of St John's (who had earlier officiated at the funeral) in order to lay her ghost to rest, after a rumour that she had been seen after her death.
See also
Listed buildings in Stoke-on-Trent
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to St John's Church, Burslem.
^ a b c d e "Burslem: Churches", in A History of the County of Stafford: Volume 8, ed. J G Jenkins (London, 1963), pp. 121-125 British History Online. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
^ a b Historic England. "Church of St John the Baptist (1291065)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
^ "Molly Leigh – the witch of Burslem"" BBC Stoke and Staffordshire, 3 March 2006. Retrieved 28 September 2019.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism"},{"link_name":"Burslem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burslem"},{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"}],"text":"Church in Stoke-on-Trent, United KingdomSt John the Baptist's Church is an Anglican church in Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England. It is a Grade II listed building.","title":"St John the Baptist's Church, Burslem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chapelry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapelry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bho-1"},{"link_name":"late perpendicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bho-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-listing-2"},{"link_name":"chancel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancel"},{"link_name":"apsidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apsidal"},{"link_name":"Venetian window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_window"},{"link_name":"Enoch Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Wood"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bho-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-listing-2"}],"text":"Burslem became a parish in 1809; before that it was a chapelry in the parish of Stoke-upon-Trent, but often regarded as a parish, having its own churchwardens from 1553.[1]The stone tower of St John's was built in 1536. It is late perpendicular; the low west door has a Tudor arch.[1][2]The body of the church is of brick, built in 1717, replacing an earlier timber-framed building destroyed in a fire. The sides have tall windows with round arches. The chancel was added in 1788; it has an apsidal east end with a Venetian window. It is thought that Enoch Wood, the churchwarden, instigated the building of the chancel.[1][2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_John%27s_Church_Burslem_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bho-1"},{"link_name":"William Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Adams_(potter)"},{"link_name":"Enoch Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Wood"},{"link_name":"Margaret (or Mollie) Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Leigh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bho-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Viewed from the south-eastThe churchyard was extended in 1804 and again in 1847; the older part has around it brick walls of the late 18th or early 19th century.[1]Among the graves in the churchyard are those of the potters William Adams (1746–1805) and Enoch Wood (1759–1840).It also contains the grave of Margaret (or Mollie) Leigh (died 1748), who was reputed to be a witch. Her tomb has its axis set north–south. It is thought that it was re-orientated by the rector of St John's (who had earlier officiated at the funeral) in order to lay her ghost to rest, after a rumour that she had been seen after her death.[1][3]","title":"Churchyard"}]
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[{"image_text":"Viewed from the south-east","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/St_John%27s_Church_Burslem_3.jpg/220px-St_John%27s_Church_Burslem_3.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Listed buildings in Stoke-on-Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Stoke-on-Trent"}]
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[{"reference":"Historic England. \"Church of St John the Baptist (1291065)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 27 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1291065","url_text":"\"Church of St John the Baptist (1291065)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_Huron_and_Bruce_Railway
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London, Huron and Bruce Railway
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["1 History","1.1 Origins","1.2 GWR involvement","1.3 Construction","1.4 Changing hands","1.5 Abandonment","2 Route","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","5.1 Citations","5.2 Bibliography","6 Further reading"]
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London, Huron and Bruce RailwayOverviewHeadquartersIldertonReporting markLH&BRLocaleOntario, CanadaDates of operation1876–merged into GWR in 1893, into CNR in 1923, short section remains in service by Goderich-Exeter RailwayTechnicalTrack gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
The London, Huron and Bruce Railway (LH&BR) was a short line railway in Ontario, Canada. It started in London, Ontario, running northward for 70 miles (110 km) to the small town of Wingham. It originally planned to continue north to Southampton or Kincardine, but instead joined the Wellington, Grey and Bruce Railway (WG&BR) at Wingham. The route was primarily used for farm shipments, and was nicknamed the "Butter and Egg Special", while passengers complaining about the rough ride constructed the backronym "Let 'er Hit and Bounce".
The line started and ended on lines operated by the Great Western Railway (Ontario) (GWR), and the route and construction was supervised by that company. Construction began in early 1875 and completed by the end of the year, officially opening for passenger traffic in January 1876. In 1882, the line fell under the control of the Grand Trunk Railway (GTR) as part of their purchase of the GWR, and its original name disappeared as part of the 1 April 1893 GTR amalgamation.
GTR's 1918 bankruptcy and subsequent reformation as part of Canadian National Railways (CNR) led to the line becoming the Exeter Subdivision. The central section was abandoned in 1941, leaving the 7.5 miles (12.1 km) portion from London to Ilderton at the south end of the route as the Ilderton Spur. The northern section from Clinton to a grain silo in Centralia retained the Exeter name. The Ilderton Spur was abandoned in 1988, and the Exeter Sub was purchased in 1990 by RailTex, who continues operation as part of their Goderich-Exeter Railway.
History
Origins
One of the main promoters of the LH&BR was Patrick Kelly, a reeve who operated a sawmill and factory at Blyth, about 60 miles (97 km) north of London. At that time the closest railway was the Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway (B&LH) at Clinton, some 11 miles (18 km) away and only reachable by wagon, making export unprofitable. The B&LH had no need to run through Blyth, so Kelly began discussions with businessmen in London, pitching them the idea of opening up the vast agricultural areas north of the city, as well as potentially capturing some of the laker trade on the upper Great Lakes.
Kelly was able to interest a number of London businessmen in the idea, including John Carling and his brother William, sons of Thomas Carling, founder of the Carling brewery. On 22 November 1880 a meeting was held in London, Ontario to judge interest in the idea of a line running through the farms north of the city and then on to a port on Lake Huron. Having seen the town's fortunes improve with the arrival of the Great Western Railway (GWR) in 1854, the proposal had strong support. The company was incorporated on 15 February 1871, with the charter proposal having two options for the northern end at either Southampton or Kincardine. Given the short route, and the lower cost of construction, a narrow gauge line was initially considered.
When it was learned that the Wellington, Grey and Bruce Railway (WG&BR) would be building branches to both of these port towns, the plans changed to meet the WG&BR on its southern branch, running to Kincardine. The actual meeting point was not selected, although it would be somewhere in Stanley or Tuckersmith townships in Huron County.
GWR involvement
Further progress proved difficult. The directors knew they were unqualified to plan and build the line themselves, so they first approached the Grand Trunk Railway (GTR), who at that time were building a new route to Sarnia to the north of London. The GTR proved uninterested, so the group next approached the GWR, which was helped due to John Carling being a member of the GWR board. The GWR was interested in the idea, but were concerned that the line might draw traffic off the Wellington, Grey and Bruce, which they had recently leased. They proposed ending the line at Blyth.
At the time there was a basic formula used for fundraising, where townships along the route would buy shares in the company and then have them matched approximately 50% by the provincial government. The eventual subscriptions came to $311,500, leading to a payment of $178,630 from the government. A significant amount of the subscriptions came from townships on the northern end of the route, including Wingham and Kincardine, so the longer route to Wingham was eventually approved.
Biddulph Township, and the town of Lucan within it, dithered on whether to fund the line. Situated just north of Ilderton, they were originally part of the surveyed route. But intense competition between the GTR and the GWR led the GTR to begin their Sarnia line, which passed through Lucan. The locals argued that there was no need to put up more money for another line.
After repeatedly trying to get the township on-side, Lucan eventually decided to raise funds themselves. But as the process dragged on into 1873, the GWR gave up and moved the line 2 miles (3.2 km) to the west. Bypassing the township produced the long, gentle curve to the west, north of Ilderton. Lucan realized this was a problem, and 10 years later offered $18,000 to anyone that would build a spur to the LH&BR, without success.
Construction
Construction finally began in early 1875, with the last spike driven at Wingham on 11 December 1875. Minor improvements were required, and the line opened for freight on 31 December 1875. The official opening train travelled from London to Wingham and back on 12 January 1876, meeting with great fanfare at the towns along the route. Passenger service opened on 17 January. Built to the exacting standards of the GWR's later work, the line was well built and came in on budget, rare for that era.
The route was used primarily for shipping agricultural products, which gave it the nickname the "Butter and Egg Special". This proved rather profitable, and in 1879 it was stated that "the London-Huron&Bruce, in proportion to its length (74 miles) is the best paying road in the Dominion of Canada". Passengers were not so impressed, and called it the "Let 'er Hit and Bounce", a play on its acronym, LH&B.
Changing hands
The line operated under the GWR lease until August 1892, when the Grand Trunk Railway's (GTR) hostile takeover of the Great Western occurred. It remained nominally independent within the GTR until 1 April 1893, when the GTR amalgamated its operating companies in Ontario. This became part of Canadian National Railways (CNR) in 1923 when they assumed control of the now-bankrupt GTR. CNR continued operation of the line as their Exeter Subdivision.
Abandonment
Lower rates of train travel, especially during the Great Depression, led to losses on what had previously been a very profitable line; in 1939 the line lost $9,000. In December 1940, CNR informed the towns along the northern section of the line that they would be abandoning the 24 miles (39 km) section between Clinton and Wingham, which included the section through Blyth. In spite of protests, a last ceremonial passenger train ran on 26 April 1941, an event that was widely covered in the local papers. Passenger service along the rest of the line ended in April 1956.
In December 1987, the company applied for permission to abandon the section between Ilderton to Centralia, closing the section in 1988 and lifting the rails the next year. By 1 June 1989 the section was gone, with the metal shipped to a smelter in Pennsylvania.
The short section between Hyde Park and Ilderton remained in use, as the Ilderton Subdivision, especially to service the collection of lumberyards at Ontario Highway 22, a short distance north of the wye in Hyde Park. The section south from Clinton to Centrailia also remained in service, retaining the original Exeter Subdivision name. This section was purchased by the Goderich-Exeter Railway, who continues to operate it as the Exeter Subdivision. The Ilderton Sub was abandoned some time in the early 1990s.
Route
From the Ontario Railway Map Collection, unless otherwise noted.
The LH&BR officially starts at the former GWR station in downtown London, a length of 75 miles (121 km) to Wingham Junction. However, the physical line starts at Hyde Park, a short distance west of London and now on the edge of its extended subdivisions. Measured from this point, the line is 69.75 miles (112.25 km).
From Hyde Park it runs north-northwest through Ilderton, Denfield and just west of Clandeboye. From there it turns more northward, running perfectly straight through Exeter (which gave it its later name), Hensall and Clinton. The land north of Clinton is somewhat hilly, and the line begins a somewhat more wandering route to the northeast, through Blyth and Belgrave before ending at Wingham Junction, just southeast of Wingham.
There were two major connections, with the Buffalo and Lake Huron at Clinton, and the Wellington Grey and Bruce at Wingham Junction. It crosses the Guelph and Goderich Railway and the Grand Trunk Railway mainline to Sarnia, but did not connect with these. There were also two major spurs, one servicing a quarry a short distance north of Hyde Park, and much later, one servicing RCAF Station Centralia during World War II.
See also
Railways portalOntario portal
List of Ontario railways
Notes
^ Other sources say 4 January.
^ None of the available sources state when this was abandoned, but Google satellite images show several relatively new houses have been built on the right-of-way south of Ilderton, and the sections closer to town have been paved as a trail.
^ It also passed just west of CFB Clinton, but photographs of the area do not seem to show a spur.
References
Citations
^ a b c d Patrick 1993, p. 24.
^ a b c d e Smith 2014.
^ a b c d e Patrick 1993, p. 25.
^ a b c d e Patrick 1993, p. 26.
^ "Kelly's railway". North Huron Publishing Company.
^ a b c Patrick 1993, p. 27.
^ Patrick 1993, p. 28.
^ CFB Clinton in 1958.
Bibliography
Patrick, Calvin (1993). "The London Huron & Bruce Railway Company" (PDF). Huron Historical Notes. ISSN 0822-9503.
Smith, Jeffrey (11 October 2014). "C.N.Rys. Exeter Subdivision". CNR in Ontario.
Further reading
Bowers, Peter (1983). Two Divisions to Bluewater: The Story of the CNR to the Bruce. Boston Mills Press. ISBN 0-919822-57-6.
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It started in London, Ontario, running northward for 70 miles (110 km) to the small town of Wingham. It originally planned to continue north to Southampton or Kincardine, but instead joined the Wellington, Grey and Bruce Railway (WG&BR) at Wingham. The route was primarily used for farm shipments, and was nicknamed the \"Butter and Egg Special\", while passengers complaining about the rough ride constructed the backronym \"Let 'er Hit and Bounce\".The line started and ended on lines operated by the Great Western Railway (Ontario) (GWR), and the route and construction was supervised by that company. Construction began in early 1875 and completed by the end of the year, officially opening for passenger traffic in January 1876. In 1882, the line fell under the control of the Grand Trunk Railway (GTR) as part of their purchase of the GWR, and its original name disappeared as part of the 1 April 1893 GTR amalgamation.GTR's 1918 bankruptcy and subsequent reformation as part of Canadian National Railways (CNR) led to the line becoming the Exeter Subdivision. The central section was abandoned in 1941, leaving the 7.5 miles (12.1 km) portion from London to Ilderton at the south end of the route as the Ilderton Spur. The northern section from Clinton to a grain silo in Centralia retained the Exeter name. The Ilderton Spur was abandoned in 1988, and the Exeter Sub was purchased in 1990 by RailTex, who continues operation as part of their Goderich-Exeter Railway.","title":"London, Huron and Bruce Railway"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reeve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeve_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Blyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blyth,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buffalo_and_Lake_Huron_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"wagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick199324-1"},{"link_name":"laker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_freighter"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick199324-1"},{"link_name":"John Carling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carling"},{"link_name":"Carling brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carling_brewery"},{"link_name":"London, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Lake Huron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Huron"},{"link_name":"Great Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Kincardine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kincardine,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"narrow gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2014-2"},{"link_name":"Wellington, Grey and Bruce Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington,_Grey_and_Bruce_Railway"},{"link_name":"Huron County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huron_County,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2014-2"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"One of the main promoters of the LH&BR was Patrick Kelly, a reeve who operated a sawmill and factory at Blyth, about 60 miles (97 km) north of London. At that time the closest railway was the Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway (B&LH) at Clinton, some 11 miles (18 km) away and only reachable by wagon, making export unprofitable.[1] The B&LH had no need to run through Blyth, so Kelly began discussions with businessmen in London, pitching them the idea of opening up the vast agricultural areas north of the city, as well as potentially capturing some of the laker trade on the upper Great Lakes.[1]Kelly was able to interest a number of London businessmen in the idea, including John Carling and his brother William, sons of Thomas Carling, founder of the Carling brewery. On 22 November 1880 a meeting was held in London, Ontario to judge interest in the idea of a line running through the farms north of the city and then on to a port on Lake Huron. Having seen the town's fortunes improve with the arrival of the Great Western Railway (GWR) in 1854, the proposal had strong support. The company was incorporated on 15 February 1871, with the charter proposal having two options for the northern end at either Southampton or Kincardine. Given the short route, and the lower cost of construction, a narrow gauge line was initially considered.[2]When it was learned that the Wellington, Grey and Bruce Railway (WG&BR) would be building branches to both of these port towns, the plans changed to meet the WG&BR on its southern branch, running to Kincardine. The actual meeting point was not selected, although it would be somewhere in Stanley or Tuckersmith townships in Huron County.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Trunk Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Railway"},{"link_name":"Sarnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarnia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick199324-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick199324-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick199325-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick199325-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick199325-3"}],"sub_title":"GWR involvement","text":"Further progress proved difficult. The directors knew they were unqualified to plan and build the line themselves, so they first approached the Grand Trunk Railway (GTR), who at that time were building a new route to Sarnia to the north of London. The GTR proved uninterested, so the group next approached the GWR, which was helped due to John Carling being a member of the GWR board. The GWR was interested in the idea, but were concerned that the line might draw traffic off the Wellington, Grey and Bruce, which they had recently leased. They proposed ending the line at Blyth.[1]At the time there was a basic formula used for fundraising, where townships along the route would buy shares in the company and then have them matched approximately 50% by the provincial government. The eventual subscriptions came to $311,500, leading to a payment of $178,630 from the government.[1] A significant amount of the subscriptions came from townships on the northern end of the route, including Wingham and Kincardine, so the longer route to Wingham was eventually approved.[3]Biddulph Township, and the town of Lucan within it, dithered on whether to fund the line. Situated just north of Ilderton, they were originally part of the surveyed route. But intense competition between the GTR and the GWR led the GTR to begin their Sarnia line, which passed through Lucan. The locals argued that there was no need to put up more money for another line.[3]After repeatedly trying to get the township on-side, Lucan eventually decided to raise funds themselves. But as the process dragged on into 1873, the GWR gave up and moved the line 2 miles (3.2 km) to the west. Bypassing the township produced the long, gentle curve to the west, north of Ilderton. Lucan realized this was a problem, and 10 years later offered $18,000 to anyone that would build a spur to the LH&BR, without success.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick199325-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick199326-4"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick199326-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick199326-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick199326-4"}],"sub_title":"Construction","text":"Construction finally began in early 1875, with the last spike driven at Wingham on 11 December 1875. Minor improvements were required, and the line opened for freight on 31 December 1875.[3] The official opening train travelled from London to Wingham and back on 12 January 1876, meeting with great fanfare at the towns along the route. Passenger service opened on 17 January.[4][a] Built to the exacting standards of the GWR's later work, the line was well built and came in on budget, rare for that era.The route was used primarily for shipping agricultural products, which gave it the nickname the \"Butter and Egg Special\".[4] This proved rather profitable, and in 1879 it was stated that \"the London-Huron&Bruce, in proportion to its length (74 miles) is the best paying road in the Dominion of Canada\".[4] Passengers were not so impressed, and called it the \"Let 'er Hit and Bounce\", a play on its acronym, LH&B.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Trunk Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Railway"},{"link_name":"hostile takeover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostile_takeover"},{"link_name":"Canadian National Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_National_Railways"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick199326-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2014-2"}],"sub_title":"Changing hands","text":"The line operated under the GWR lease until August 1892, when the Grand Trunk Railway's (GTR) hostile takeover of the Great Western occurred. It remained nominally independent within the GTR until 1 April 1893, when the GTR amalgamated its operating companies in Ontario. This became part of Canadian National Railways (CNR) in 1923 when they assumed control of the now-bankrupt GTR.[4] CNR continued operation of the line as their Exeter Subdivision.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick199327-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick199327-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick199327-7"},{"link_name":"Ontario Highway 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_22"},{"link_name":"Goderich-Exeter Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goderich-Exeter_Railway"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick199328-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2014-2"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Abandonment","text":"Lower rates of train travel, especially during the Great Depression, led to losses on what had previously been a very profitable line; in 1939 the line lost $9,000.[5] In December 1940, CNR informed the towns along the northern section of the line that they would be abandoning the 24 miles (39 km) section between Clinton and Wingham, which included the section through Blyth.[6] In spite of protests, a last ceremonial passenger train ran on 26 April 1941, an event that was widely covered in the local papers. Passenger service along the rest of the line ended in April 1956.[6]In December 1987, the company applied for permission to abandon the section between Ilderton to Centralia, closing the section in 1988 and lifting the rails the next year. By 1 June 1989 the section was gone, with the metal shipped to a smelter in Pennsylvania.[6]The short section between Hyde Park and Ilderton remained in use, as the Ilderton Subdivision, especially to service the collection of lumberyards at Ontario Highway 22, a short distance north of the wye in Hyde Park. The section south from Clinton to Centrailia also remained in service, retaining the original Exeter Subdivision name. This section was purchased by the Goderich-Exeter Railway, who continues to operate it as the Exeter Subdivision.[7] The Ilderton Sub was abandoned some time in the early 1990s.[2][b]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ontario Railway Map Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ontariomap.webs.com"},{"link_name":"subdivisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivision_(land)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick199325-3"},{"link_name":"Guelph and Goderich Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guelph_and_Goderich_Railway"},{"link_name":"Sarnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarnia"},{"link_name":"RCAF Station Centralia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCAF_Station_Centralia"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"From the Ontario Railway Map Collection, unless otherwise noted.The LH&BR officially starts at the former GWR station in downtown London, a length of 75 miles (121 km) to Wingham Junction. However, the physical line starts at Hyde Park, a short distance west of London and now on the edge of its extended subdivisions. Measured from this point, the line is 69.75 miles (112.25 km).[3]From Hyde Park it runs north-northwest through Ilderton, Denfield and just west of Clandeboye. From there it turns more northward, running perfectly straight through Exeter (which gave it its later name), Hensall and Clinton. The land north of Clinton is somewhat hilly, and the line begins a somewhat more wandering route to the northeast, through Blyth and Belgrave before ending at Wingham Junction, just southeast of Wingham.There were two major connections, with the Buffalo and Lake Huron at Clinton, and the Wellington Grey and Bruce at Wingham Junction. It crosses the Guelph and Goderich Railway and the Grand Trunk Railway mainline to Sarnia, but did not connect with these. There were also two major spurs, one servicing a quarry a short distance north of Hyde Park, and much later, one servicing RCAF Station Centralia during World War II.[c]","title":"Route"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2014-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"CFB Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFB_Clinton"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"^ Other sources say 4 January.[2]\n\n^ None of the available sources state when this was abandoned, but Google satellite images show several relatively new houses have been built on the right-of-way south of Ilderton, and the sections closer to town have been paved as a trail.\n\n^ It also passed just west of CFB Clinton, but photographs of the area do not seem to show a spur.[8]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-919822-57-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919822-57-6"}],"text":"Bowers, Peter (1983). Two Divisions to Bluewater: The Story of the CNR to the Bruce. Boston Mills Press. ISBN 0-919822-57-6.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"Railways portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Railways"},{"title":"Ontario portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ontario"},{"title":"List of Ontario railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ontario_railways"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Kelly's railway\". North Huron Publishing Company.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.northhuron.on.ca/kelly-s-railway","url_text":"\"Kelly's railway\""}]},{"reference":"Patrick, Calvin (1993). \"The London Huron & Bruce Railway Company\" (PDF). Huron Historical Notes. ISSN 0822-9503.","urls":[{"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/content.sitezoogle.com/u/131959/2ee8347d259f2fbc55de8200c937e442f8767abb/original/22c-london-huron-bruce-ry-huron-historical-notes-1993-xxix.pdf?response-content-type=application/pdf&scheme=&X-Amz-Expires=7200&X-Amz-Date=20180215T174422Z&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAJUKM2ICUMTYS6ISA/20180215/us-east-1/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=4244a12100c321705addca559b74c18de4cf76a68853e58c317a07a0c7cf6205","url_text":"\"The London Huron & Bruce Railway Company\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0822-9503","url_text":"0822-9503"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Jeffrey (11 October 2014). \"C.N.Rys. Exeter Subdivision\". CNR in Ontario.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnr-in-ontario.com/Subdivisions/Exeter.html","url_text":"\"C.N.Rys. Exeter Subdivision\""}]},{"reference":"Bowers, Peter (1983). Two Divisions to Bluewater: The Story of the CNR to the Bruce. Boston Mills Press. ISBN 0-919822-57-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919822-57-6","url_text":"0-919822-57-6"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://ontariomap.webs.com/","external_links_name":"Ontario Railway Map Collection"},{"Link":"http://www.northhuron.on.ca/kelly-s-railway","external_links_name":"\"Kelly's railway\""},{"Link":"https://farm9.static.flickr.com/8237/8596277350_35d9fbdefb_b.jpg","external_links_name":"CFB Clinton in 1958"},{"Link":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/content.sitezoogle.com/u/131959/2ee8347d259f2fbc55de8200c937e442f8767abb/original/22c-london-huron-bruce-ry-huron-historical-notes-1993-xxix.pdf?response-content-type=application/pdf&scheme=&X-Amz-Expires=7200&X-Amz-Date=20180215T174422Z&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAJUKM2ICUMTYS6ISA/20180215/us-east-1/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=4244a12100c321705addca559b74c18de4cf76a68853e58c317a07a0c7cf6205","external_links_name":"\"The London Huron & Bruce Railway Company\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0822-9503","external_links_name":"0822-9503"},{"Link":"http://www.cnr-in-ontario.com/Subdivisions/Exeter.html","external_links_name":"\"C.N.Rys. Exeter Subdivision\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_Heights,_California
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San Antonio Heights, California
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["1 Geography","1.1 Climate","2 Demographics","2.1 2010","2.2 2000","3 Public safety","4 Star house and Community","5 Government","6 References"]
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Coordinates: 34°09′20″N 117°39′23″W / 34.15556°N 117.65639°W / 34.15556; -117.65639
Census-designated place in California, United StatesSan Antonio Heightscensus-designated placeLocation in San Bernardino County and the state of CaliforniaSan Antonio HeightsLocation in the United StatesCoordinates: 34°09′20″N 117°39′23″W / 34.15556°N 117.65639°W / 34.15556; -117.65639Country United StatesState CaliforniaCountySan BernardinoArea • Total2.619 sq mi (6.781 km2) • Land2.458 sq mi (6.365 km2) • Water0.162 sq mi (0.416 km2) 6.13%Elevation2,103 ft (641 m)Population (2010) • Total3,371 • Density1,300/sq mi (500/km2)Time zoneUTC-8 (PST) • Summer (DST)UTC-7 (PDT)ZIP code91784Area code909FIPS code06-64462GNIS feature IDs1661373, 2409248
San Antonio Heights is a census-designated place (CDP) in the San Bernardino County, California. It is in the northern Pomona Valley and the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains. The population was 3,371 at the 2010 census, up from 3,122 at the 2000 census.
Geography
San Antonio Heights is an area located at 34°9′11″N 117°39′41″W / 34.15306°N 117.66139°W / 34.15306; -117.66139 (34.153008, -117.661433). The area is north of the city of Upland.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2.6 square miles (6.7 km2). 2.5 square miles (6.5 km2) of it is land and 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2) of it (6.13%) is water.
Climate
This region experiences hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters, receiving more rainfall than most areas in Metro Los Angeles due to being situated in the upslope foothill regions and experiencing orographic effects which increase precipitation. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, San Antonio Heights has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csa" on climate maps.
Climate data for San Antonio Canyon, California (1917-1967 averages)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
61.9(16.6)
63.8(17.7)
66.4(19.1)
70.7(21.5)
75.0(23.9)
82.0(27.8)
91.6(33.1)
91.6(33.1)
88.8(31.6)
79.9(26.6)
71.2(21.8)
65.1(18.4)
75.7(24.3)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
41.7(5.4)
42.2(5.7)
43.1(6.2)
46.1(7.8)
49.0(9.4)
53.5(11.9)
61.3(16.3)
61.8(16.6)
60.8(16.0)
54.8(12.7)
48.5(9.2)
44.7(7.1)
50.6(10.4)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
4.36(111)
4.52(115)
4.00(102)
2.76(70)
0.77(20)
0.11(2.8)
0.03(0.76)
0.07(1.8)
0.45(11)
1.07(27)
2.59(66)
4.35(110)
25.08(637.36)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
0.7(1.8)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.1(0.25)
0.8(2.05)
Source:
Demographics
2010
The 2010 United States Census reported that San Antonio Heights had a population of 3,371. The population density was 1,287.6 inhabitants per square mile (497.1/km2). The racial makeup of San Antonio Heights was 2,765 (82.0%) White (69.3% Non-Hispanic White), 67 (2.0%) African American, 24 (0.7%) Native American, 284 (8.4%) Asian, 15 (0.4%) Pacific Islander, 115 (3.4%) from other races, and 101 (3.0%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 612 persons (18.2%).
The Census reported that 3,358 people (99.6% of the population) lived in households, 13 (0.4%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.
There were 1,198 households, out of which 390 (32.6%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 786 (65.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 94 (7.8%) had a female householder with no husband present, 75 (6.3%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 53 (4.4%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 17 (1.4%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 175 households (14.6%) were made up of individuals, and 88 (7.3%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.80. There were 955 families (79.7% of all households); the average family size was 3.08.
The population was spread out, with 700 people (20.8%) under the age of 18, 281 people (8.3%) aged 18 to 24, 639 people (19.0%) aged 25 to 44, 1,182 people (35.1%) aged 45 to 64, and 569 people (16.9%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.2 males.
There were 1,239 housing units at an average density of 473.3 per square mile (182.7/km2), of which 1,004 (83.8%) were owner-occupied, and 194 (16.2%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0.8%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.4%. 2,851 people (84.6% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 507 people (15.0%) lived in rental housing units.
According to the 2010 United States Census, San Antonio Heights had a median household income of $106,905, with 2.9% of the population living below the federal poverty line.
2000
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,122 people, 1,081 households, and 891 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 2,228.7 inhabitants per square mile (860.5/km2). There were 1,121 housing units at an average density of 800.3 per square mile (309.0/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 85.4% White, 1.4% African American, 0.7% Native American, 6.1% Asian, <0.1% Pacific Islander, 3.1% from other races, and 3.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.5% of the population.
There were 1,081 households, out of which 35.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.3% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.5% were non-families. 12.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.9 and the average family size was 3.1.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 24.4% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 24.1% from 25 to 44, 29.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.8 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $75,557, and the median income for a family was $80,975. Males had a median income of $56,576 versus $30,929 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $36,267. About 4.8% of families and 6.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.1% of those under age 18 and 0.4% of those age 65 or over.
Public safety
Law enforcement is provided by the San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department.
Fire, rescue, and EMS is provided by the San Bernardino County Fire Department.
American Medical Response provides additional EMS and patient transportation.
Star house and Community
Beginning in 1958, a private residence directly north of Euclid Avenue in San Antonio Heights displayed an enormous five-point star of lights each holiday season. Traditionally the 35-foot star was lit each night between Thanksgiving and New Year's Day and was visible for miles throughout the Pomona Valley.
The star and the two-story home to which it was attached were destroyed October 25, 2003 in the Grand Prix Fire that swept through the area. More than $20,000 was raised to assist the property owner in rebuilding the star, so a temporary replacement measuring 65 feet tall was erected with a crane during the 2003-2005 holiday seasons. The star was not lit in 2006 after its copper wiring was stolen from the site. Because of this, hundreds of residents of San Antonio Heights purchased smaller stars that year and put those on their houses during the holiday season. It's a tradition that has continued.
Ken Petschow, a commercial airline pilot who owns the property, lit the star again beginning in 2007.
The community holds three annual events: A pancake breakfast on the weekend preceding Memorial Day, a Steakfest in mid-September—both at San Antonio Park—and a Holiday Sing-Along on Christmas Eve at Local Fire Station 12.
Government
In the California State Legislature, San Antonio Heights is in the 25th Senate District, represented by Democrat Anthony Portantino, and in the 41st Assembly District, represented by Democrat Chris Holden.
In the United States House of Representatives, San Antonio Heights is in California's 27th congressional district, represented by Republican Mike Garcia.
The unincorporated community is in San Bernardino County's Second District and is overseen by the county. A homeowners' group, San Antonio Heights Association, advocates for various issues related to the Heights community.
References
^ a b "San Antonio Heights". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
^ "2010 Census U.S. Gazetteer Files – Places – California". United States Census Bureau.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ "Western Regional Climate Center". Retrieved March 21, 2022.
^ "2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - San Antonio Heights CDP". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
^ a b c "U.S. Census Bureau". www.census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 31, 2008. Retrieved June 10, 2023.
^ DiMartino, Mediha Fejzagic: "Star kept shining for 50 years Archived 2011-09-29 at the Wayback Machine", The Sun, 27 November 2008
^ "Statewide Database". UC Regents. Archived from the original on February 1, 2015. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
^ "California's 27th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map". Civic Impulse, LLC.
Places adjacent to San Antonio Heights, California
San Gabriel Mountains
San Gabriel Mountains & Mount San Antonio
San Gabriel Mountains
Claremont
San Antonio Heights
Rancho Cucamonga
Claremont
Upland
Ontario
vteMunicipalities and communities of San Bernardino County, California, United StatesCounty seat: San BernardinoCities and towns
Adelanto
Apple Valley
Barstow
Big Bear Lake
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Grand Terrace
Hesperia
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Loma Linda
Montclair
Needles
Ontario
Rancho Cucamonga
Redlands
Rialto
San Bernardino
Twentynine Palms
Upland
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San Bernardino County mapCDPs
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Muscoy
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Oak Hills
Phelan
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Chase
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Ghost towns
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_County,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Pomona Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomona_Valley"},{"link_name":"San Gabriel Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Gabriel_Mountains"}],"text":"Census-designated place in California, United StatesSan Antonio Heights is a census-designated place (CDP) in the San Bernardino County, California. It is in the northern Pomona Valley and the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains. The population was 3,371 at the 2010 census, up from 3,122 at the 2000 census.","title":"San Antonio Heights, California"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"34°9′11″N 117°39′41″W / 34.15306°N 117.66139°W / 34.15306; -117.66139","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=San_Antonio_Heights,_California¶ms=34_9_11_N_117_39_41_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-3"},{"link_name":"Upland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upland,_California"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"San Antonio Heights is an area located at 34°9′11″N 117°39′41″W / 34.15306°N 117.66139°W / 34.15306; -117.66139 (34.153008, -117.661433).[3] The area is north of the city of Upland.According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2.6 square miles (6.7 km2). 2.5 square miles (6.5 km2) of it is land and 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2) of it (6.13%) is water.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen Climate Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification"},{"link_name":"hot-summer Mediterranean climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate#hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"This region experiences hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters, receiving more rainfall than most areas in Metro Los Angeles due to being situated in the upslope foothill regions and experiencing orographic effects which increase precipitation. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, San Antonio Heights has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated \"Csa\" on climate maps.Climate data for San Antonio Canyon, California (1917-1967 averages)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n61.9(16.6)\n\n63.8(17.7)\n\n66.4(19.1)\n\n70.7(21.5)\n\n75.0(23.9)\n\n82.0(27.8)\n\n91.6(33.1)\n\n91.6(33.1)\n\n88.8(31.6)\n\n79.9(26.6)\n\n71.2(21.8)\n\n65.1(18.4)\n\n75.7(24.3)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n41.7(5.4)\n\n42.2(5.7)\n\n43.1(6.2)\n\n46.1(7.8)\n\n49.0(9.4)\n\n53.5(11.9)\n\n61.3(16.3)\n\n61.8(16.6)\n\n60.8(16.0)\n\n54.8(12.7)\n\n48.5(9.2)\n\n44.7(7.1)\n\n50.6(10.4)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n4.36(111)\n\n4.52(115)\n\n4.00(102)\n\n2.76(70)\n\n0.77(20)\n\n0.11(2.8)\n\n0.03(0.76)\n\n0.07(1.8)\n\n0.45(11)\n\n1.07(27)\n\n2.59(66)\n\n4.35(110)\n\n25.08(637.36)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n0.7(1.8)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.1(0.25)\n\n0.8(2.05)\n\n\nSource: [4]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 United States Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-6"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"opposite-sex married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"unmarried opposite-sex partnerships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSSLQ"},{"link_name":"same-sex married couples or partnerships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_partnerships"},{"link_name":"families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-6"}],"sub_title":"2010","text":"The 2010 United States Census[5] reported that San Antonio Heights had a population of 3,371. The population density was 1,287.6 inhabitants per square mile (497.1/km2). The racial makeup of San Antonio Heights was 2,765 (82.0%) White (69.3% Non-Hispanic White),[6] 67 (2.0%) African American, 24 (0.7%) Native American, 284 (8.4%) Asian, 15 (0.4%) Pacific Islander, 115 (3.4%) from other races, and 101 (3.0%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 612 persons (18.2%).The Census reported that 3,358 people (99.6% of the population) lived in households, 13 (0.4%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.There were 1,198 households, out of which 390 (32.6%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 786 (65.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 94 (7.8%) had a female householder with no husband present, 75 (6.3%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 53 (4.4%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 17 (1.4%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 175 households (14.6%) were made up of individuals, and 88 (7.3%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.80. There were 955 families (79.7% of all households); the average family size was 3.08.The population was spread out, with 700 people (20.8%) under the age of 18, 281 people (8.3%) aged 18 to 24, 639 people (19.0%) aged 25 to 44, 1,182 people (35.1%) aged 45 to 64, and 569 people (16.9%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.2 males.There were 1,239 housing units at an average density of 473.3 per square mile (182.7/km2), of which 1,004 (83.8%) were owner-occupied, and 194 (16.2%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0.8%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.4%. 2,851 people (84.6% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 507 people (15.0%) lived in rental housing units.According to the 2010 United States Census, San Antonio Heights had a median household income of $106,905, with 2.9% of the population living below the federal poverty line.[6]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-6"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000","text":"As of the census[6] of 2000, there were 3,122 people, 1,081 households, and 891 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 2,228.7 inhabitants per square mile (860.5/km2). There were 1,121 housing units at an average density of 800.3 per square mile (309.0/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 85.4% White, 1.4% African American, 0.7% Native American, 6.1% Asian, <0.1% Pacific Islander, 3.1% from other races, and 3.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.5% of the population.There were 1,081 households, out of which 35.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.3% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.5% were non-families. 12.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.9 and the average family size was 3.1.In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 24.4% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 24.1% from 25 to 44, 29.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.8 males.The median income for a household in the CDP was $75,557, and the median income for a family was $80,975. Males had a median income of $56,576 versus $30,929 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $36,267. About 4.8% of families and 6.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.1% of those under age 18 and 0.4% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_County_Sheriff%27s_Department"},{"link_name":"American Medical Response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Medical_Response"}],"text":"Law enforcement is provided by the San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department.\nFire, rescue, and EMS is provided by the San Bernardino County Fire Department.\nAmerican Medical Response provides additional EMS and patient transportation.","title":"Public safety"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Euclid Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_83"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Thanksgiving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"New Year's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_Fire"}],"text":"Beginning in 1958, a private residence directly north of Euclid Avenue in San Antonio Heights displayed an enormous five-point star of lights each holiday season.[7] Traditionally the 35-foot star was lit each night between Thanksgiving and New Year's Day and was visible for miles throughout the Pomona Valley.The star and the two-story home to which it was attached were destroyed October 25, 2003 in the Grand Prix Fire that swept through the area. More than $20,000 was raised to assist the property owner in rebuilding the star, so a temporary replacement measuring 65 feet tall was erected with a crane during the 2003-2005 holiday seasons. The star was not lit in 2006 after its copper wiring was stolen from the site. Because of this, hundreds of residents of San Antonio Heights purchased smaller stars that year and put those on their houses during the holiday season. It's a tradition that has continued.Ken Petschow, a commercial airline pilot who owns the property, lit the star again beginning in 2007.The community holds three annual events: A pancake breakfast on the weekend preceding Memorial Day, a Steakfest in mid-September—both at San Antonio Park—and a Holiday Sing-Along on Christmas Eve at Local Fire Station 12.","title":"Star house and Community"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California State Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"the 25th Senate District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_25th_State_Senate_district"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Anthony Portantino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Portantino"},{"link_name":"the 41st Assembly District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_41st_State_Assembly_district"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Chris Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Holden"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"California's 27th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_27th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Mike Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Garcia_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In the California State Legislature, San Antonio Heights is in the 25th Senate District, represented by Democrat Anthony Portantino, and in the 41st Assembly District, represented by Democrat Chris Holden.[8]In the United States House of Representatives, San Antonio Heights is in California's 27th congressional district, represented by Republican Mike Garcia.[9]The unincorporated community is in San Bernardino County's Second District and is overseen by the county. A homeowners' group, San Antonio Heights Association, advocates for various issues related to the Heights community.","title":"Government"}]
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[{"image_text":"San Bernardino County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Map_of_California_highlighting_San_Bernardino_County.svg/87px-Map_of_California_highlighting_San_Bernardino_County.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"San Antonio Heights\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved November 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1661373","url_text":"\"San Antonio Heights\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Census U.S. Gazetteer Files – Places – California\". United States Census Bureau.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2010_place_list_06.txt","url_text":"\"2010 Census U.S. Gazetteer Files – Places – California\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Western Regional Climate Center\". Retrieved March 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?ca7711","url_text":"\"Western Regional Climate Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - San Antonio Heights CDP\". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140715032903/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0664462","url_text":"\"2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - San Antonio Heights CDP\""},{"url":"http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0664462","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census Bureau\". www.census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 31, 2008. Retrieved June 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census Bureau\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080131071323/http://www2.census.gov/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Statewide Database\". UC Regents. Archived from the original on February 1, 2015. Retrieved December 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150201113744/http://statewidedatabase.org/gis/gis2011/index_2011.html","url_text":"\"Statewide Database\""},{"url":"http://statewidedatabase.org/gis/gis2011/index_2011.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"California's 27th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map\". Civic Impulse, LLC.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/CA/27","url_text":"\"California's 27th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudjimba,_Queensland
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Mudjimba, Queensland
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["1 Geography","2 History","3 Education","4 Transport","5 Amenities","6 Attractions","7 References","8 External links"]
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Coordinates: 26°37′07″S 153°05′33″E / 26.6186°S 153.0925°E / -26.6186; 153.0925 (Mudjimba (centre of suburb))
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap
Download coordinates as:
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Suburb of Sunshine Coast, Queensland, AustraliaMudjimbaSunshine Coast, QueenslandMudjimba Island and Mudjimba Beach, 2004MudjimbaCoordinates26°37′07″S 153°05′33″E / 26.6186°S 153.0925°E / -26.6186; 153.0925 (Mudjimba (centre of suburb))Population2,540 (2016 census) • Density794/km2 (2,060/sq mi)Postcode(s)4564Area3.2 km2 (1.2 sq mi)Time zoneAEST (UTC+10:00)Location 11.0 km (7 mi) N of Maroochydore 29.6 km (18 mi) N of Caloundra 113 km (70 mi) N of Brisbane CBD LGA(s)Sunshine Coast RegionCountyCanningParishMaroochyState electorate(s)MaroochydoreFederal division(s)Fairfax
Suburbs around Mudjimba:
Marcoola
Marcoola
Coral Sea
Pacific Paradise
Mudjimba
Coral Sea
Twin Waters
Twin Waters
Coral Sea
Mudjimba is a coastal suburb in the Sunshine Coast Region, Queensland, Australia, and forms part of the Maroochydore urban centre. Mudjimba had a population of 2,540 people in the 2016 census and 2,664 in the 2021 census.
Geography
The suburb is bounded by Mudjimba Beach on the Coral Sea to the east, the David Low Way to the north and north-west, and Ocean Drive to the south.
There are two main residential areas in the suburb, one in the north-east beside the beach and the one along Najoor Road in the west of the suburb. The southern part of the suburb is a protected area within the Maroochy River Conservation Park. There are various small areas of marshland throughout the suburb.
Mudjimba Island sits about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) off the coast. (26°36′53″S 153°06′53″E / 26.6147°S 153.1147°E / -26.6147; 153.1147 (Mudjimba Island)). The island forms part of the suburb and is protected as part of the Maroochy River Conservation Park. The island is known as Old Woman Island, and is associated with an Aboriginal legend of two women who stranded on the island who gathered the Midyam berries as food.
History
The name Mudjimba is derived from the Kabi language word midyim/mudjim for a local plant, the Midyam (Austromyrtus tenuifolia) bush, which has sweet white berries with green spots. The Kabi legend is that two women were stranded on Mudjimba island and gathered the berries as food.
The Mudjimba Residents Association was established on 13 October 1960.
The initial development of the area as a beachside suburb was under the name Surfrider Estate.
Mudjimba Rural Fire Brigade was established in February 1985 with Harry Stuart the first fire warden.
Mudjimba Surf Life Saving Club was founded in 1996.
HMAS Brisbane, 1995
In January 2003, the Queensland Government decided to sink the decommissioned HMAS Brisbane off the Sunshine Coast to become an artificial reef and dive site. On 31 July 2005 the ship was scuttled in approximately 2.8 nautical miles (5.2 km; 3.2 mi) off the coast of Mudjimba in 27 metres (89 ft) of water. The ship was filled with 200 to 250 tonnes (200 to 250 long tons; 220 to 280 short tons) of concrete, and 38 small charges were detonated to breach the hull. The ship sank in two minutes and ten seconds, coming to rest with the keel embedded a metre into the seabed and facing the ocean currents, and the uppermost part of the ship 3 metres (9.8 ft) below sea level. A 2009 study of the value of protected areas estimated that the wreck had contributed A$18 million to the Sunshine Coast economy. In July 2010, the Queensland Government was forced to step up patrols of the wreck site because people were illegally using the dive exclusion zone as a fishing site. As part of celebrations for the tenth anniversary of the ship's scuttling, 92.7 MIX FM conducted the world's first live underwater radio broadcast from the wreck on 31 July 2015.
Education
There are no schools in Mudjimba. The nearest primary school is Pacific Paradise State School in neighbouring Pacific Paradise to the west. The nearest secondary school is Maroochydore State High School in Maroochydore to the south.
Transport
Sunshine Coast Airport is located adjacent to the suburb; the Kinetic Group depot is near the airport.
Only a small fraction of residents, approximately 0.2%, rely on public transport for their daily commute to work or school, while households typically have an average of 2 vehicles each.
Amenities
Mudjimba Community Hall is 41 Cottonwood Street (26°37′08″S 153°05′46″E / 26.6188°S 153.0960°E / -26.6188; 153.0960 (Mudjimba Community Hall)). The hall is operated by the Mudjimba Residents' Association and is available for hire.
Mudjimba Surf Life Saving Club is at 20 Mudjimba Esplanade (26°36′53″S 153°06′03″E / 26.6148°S 153.1008°E / -26.6148; 153.1008 (Mudjimba Surf Life Saving Club)).
Mudjimba Rural Fire Station is at Cottonwood Street (26°37′06″S 153°05′48″E / 26.6184°S 153.0967°E / -26.6184; 153.0967 (Mudjimba Rural Fire Station)). The brigade is operated by volunteers.
North Shore Multi Sports Complex and North Shore Community Centre at 701 David Low Way (26°36′47″S 153°05′06″E / 26.6131°S 153.0849°E / -26.6131; 153.0849 (North Shore Multi Sports Complex)). A range of sporting and recreational activities are available.
North Shore Football Club has a soccer field at 53 Nojoor Road (26°37′17″S 153°05′29″E / 26.6214°S 153.0914°E / -26.6214; 153.0914 (North Shore Soccer Club)).
Mudjimba War Memorial is at Power Memorial Park on the foreshore opposite 11 Mudjimba Esplanade (26°36′56″S 153°06′03″E / 26.6155°S 153.1009°E / -26.6155; 153.1009 (Mudjimba War Memorial)). The park also has beach access, car parking, barbeque facilities, toilets and a children's playground.
The Mudjimba RSL sub-branch is at 43 Cottonwood Street (26°37′09″S 153°05′45″E / 26.6193°S 153.0957°E / -26.6193; 153.0957 (Mudjimba RSL)). It coordinates the annual dawn service on Anzac Day at the war memorial.
Attractions
Mudjimba Island seen from Mudjimba Beach, 2018
Although a buffer of coastal bushland has been maintained along the foreshore, Mudjimba Beach (26°36′54″S 153°06′07″E / 26.6150°S 153.1019°E / -26.6150; 153.1019 (Mudjimba Beach)) can be accessed from Mudjimba Esplanade via a series of paths through the bushland. It is known as a good beach break for surfing. Mudjimba Island is also known as a surfing area but only for expert surfers; a boat is recommended to access the island.
Ex-HMAS Brisbane is a 36.6-hectare (90-acre) dive site (26°37′00″S 153°10′08″E / 26.6167°S 153.1689°E / -26.6167; 153.1689 (Ex-HMAS Brisbane)). The wreck site has been colonised by sponges, soft corals, and hard corals, while over 200 different species of fish have been sighted in the area. It is a restricted access area requiring a dive permit. Commercial dive tours are available and can provide transport, equipment, guides and permits.
A 4-kilometre (2.5 mi) walking track through the Maroochy River Conservation Park commences at Cottonwood Street (corner Coolibah Street, 26°37′05″S 153°05′50″E / 26.6180°S 153.0973°E / -26.6180; 153.0973 (Walking track, Maroochy River Conservation Park). It passes through a variety of natural vegetation types and includes boardwalks and bridges to traverse the paperbark swamp.
The Mudjimba Beach Holiday Park on Cottonwood Street (26°37′03″S 153°05′56″E / 26.6174°S 153.0990°E / -26.6174; 153.0990 (Mudjimba Beach Holiday Park)) provides cabins and site for caravans and campers.
References
^ a b Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Mudjimba (SSC)". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
^ a b "Mudjimba – suburb in Sunshine Coast Region (entry 48793)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
^ "2021 Mudjimba, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics". abs.gov.au. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
^ a b c d "Queensland Globe". State of Queensland. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
^ a b "Mudjimba Island – island in the Sunshine Coast Region (entry 23297)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
^ "Midgen Berry". Amber Leaf Landscaping. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
^ a b c d e "History". Mudjimba Residents' Association. 22 May 2016. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
^ a b "The Brisbane, Wreck to Reef... one year on" (PDF). Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
^ a b "Nature, culture and history". Ex-HMAS Brisbane Regional Park. Queensland Government. Department of National Parks, Sport and Racing. 10 February 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
^ a b "EX HMAS Brisbane". Snorkel Safari Brisbane. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
^ "Dive wreck makes $18m for Sun Coast". ABC News. 19 August 2009. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
^ "Government failing to stop illegal fishing at dive site". Australia: ABC News. 28 July 2010. Archived from the original on 30 October 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
^ Sunreef Scuba Diving Services, Sunreef and Mix FM to celebrate ex-HMAS anniversary with world-first live broadcast from a wreck
^ "People & Lifestyle Mudjimba Qld 4564". www.microburbs.com.au. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
^ a b "Community facilities - Queensland". Queensland Open Data. Queensland Government. 22 October 2020. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Community Hall". Mudjimba Residents' Association. 10 June 2020. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
^ "Mudjimba Surf Life Saving Club". Archived from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
^ "Home". Mudjimba Surf Life Saving Club. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
^ "Emergency services facilities - Queensland". Queensland Open Data. Queensland Government. 18 November 2020. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
^ a b "Building points - Queensland". Queensland Open Data. Queensland Government. 17 November 2020. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
^ "Be Involved Be Inspired Be Connected". North Shore Community Centre. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
^ "North Shore Football Club, Sunshine Coast Soccer". northshorefootball.com.au. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
^ "Mudjimba War Memorial". Monument Australia. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
^ "Mudjimba RSL Sub Branch". RSL Sunshine Coast & Regional District. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
^ "Mudjimba Beach – beach in the Sunshine Coast Region (entry 23296)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
^ "Mudjimba". WannaSurf. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
^ "Mudjimba Island Spot Guide". Magicseaweed.com. Archived from the original on 7 April 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
^ "Artificial reef sites - Queensland". Queensland Open Data. Queensland Government. 18 November 2020. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
^ "Dive and permit information: Ex-HMAS Brisbane Conservation Park". Parks and forests, Department of Environment and Science. Queensland Government. 21 October 2009. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
^ "Maroochy River Conservation Park: Management Plan" (PDF). Parks and Forests, Department of Environment and Science. Queensland Government. pp. 1, 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
^ "Mudjimba Beach Holiday Park". Sunshine Coast Holiday Parks. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mudjimba, Queensland.
"Mudjimba". Queensland Places. Centre for the Government of Queensland, University of Queensland.
"Ex-HMAS Brisbane Conservation Park, Sunshine Coast". Parks and Forests, Department of Environment and Science. Queensland Government. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020.
vteSuburbs and towns in the Sunshine Coast Region, South East Queensland
Alexandra Headland
Aroona
Bald Knob
Balmoral Ridge
Banya
Baringa
Battery Hill
Beerburrum
Beerwah
Belli Park
Bells Creek
Birtinya
Bli Bli
Bokarina
Booroobin
Bribie Island North
Bridges
Buddina
Buderim (suburb)
Buderim (urban area)
Burnside
Caloundra (suburb)
Caloundra (urban area)
Caloundra West
Cambroon
Chevallum
Coes Creek
Conondale
Coochin Creek
Coolabine
Cooloolabin
Coolum Beach
Corbould Park
Cotton Tree
Crohamhurst
Curramore
Currimundi
Diamond Valley
Dicky Beach
Diddillibah
Doonan
Dulong
Eerwah Vale
Elaman Creek
Eudlo
Eumundi
Flaxton
Forest Glen
Gagalba
Gheerulla
Glass House Mountains
Glenview
Golden Beach
Highworth
Hunchy
Ilkley
Image Flat
Kenilworth
Kiamba
Kidaman Creek
Kiels Mountain
Kings Beach
Kulangoor
Kuluin
Kunda Park
Kureelpa
Landers Shoot
Landsborough
Little Mountain
Maleny
Mapleton
Marcoola
Maroochy River
Maryoochydore (town)
Maryoochydore (suburb)
Meridan Plains
Minyama
Moffat Beach
Mons
Montville
Mooloolaba
Mooloolah
Mooloolah Valley
Mount Coolum
Mount Mellum
Mountain Creek
Mudjimba
Nambour
Ninderry
Nirimba
North Arm
North Maleny
Obi Obi
Pacific Paradise
Palmview
Palmwoods
Parklands
Parrearra
Peachester
Pelican Waters
Peregian Beach
Peregian Springs
Perwillowen
Point Arkwright
Reesville
Rosemount
Shelly Beach
Sippy Downs
Tanawha
Towen Mountain
Twin Waters
Valdora
Verrierdale
Warana
West Woombye
Weyba Downs
Witta
Woombye
Wootha
Wurtulla
Yandina Creek
Yandina
Yaroomba
Main article: Local government areas of Queensland
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbs_and_localities_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Sunshine Coast Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_Coast_Region"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"Maroochydore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroochydore"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qpnl-2"},{"link_name":"2016 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2016-1"}],"text":"Suburb of Sunshine Coast, Queensland, AustraliaMudjimba is a coastal suburb in the Sunshine Coast Region, Queensland, Australia, and forms part of the Maroochydore urban centre.[2] Mudjimba had a population of 2,540 people in the 2016 census and 2,664 in the 2021 census.[3][1]","title":"Mudjimba, Queensland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coral Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_Sea"},{"link_name":"David Low Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Low_Way"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globe-4"},{"link_name":"Maroochy River Conservation Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maroochy_River_Conservation_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globe-4"},{"link_name":"26°36′53″S 153°06′53″E / 26.6147°S 153.1147°E / -26.6147; 153.1147 (Mudjimba Island)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mudjimba,_Queensland¶ms=26.6147_S_153.1147_E_type:isle_region:AU-QLD&title=Mudjimba+Island"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"text":"The suburb is bounded by Mudjimba Beach on the Coral Sea to the east, the David Low Way to the north and north-west, and Ocean Drive to the south.[4]There are two main residential areas in the suburb, one in the north-east beside the beach and the one along Najoor Road in the west of the suburb. The southern part of the suburb is a protected area within the Maroochy River Conservation Park. There are various small areas of marshland throughout the suburb.[4]Mudjimba Island sits about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) off the coast. (26°36′53″S 153°06′53″E / 26.6147°S 153.1147°E / -26.6147; 153.1147 (Mudjimba Island)).[5] The island forms part of the suburb and is protected as part of the Maroochy River Conservation Park. The island is known as Old Woman Island, and is associated with an Aboriginal legend of two women who stranded on the island who gathered the Midyam berries as food.[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kabi language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabi_language"},{"link_name":"Austromyrtus tenuifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austromyrtus_tenuifolia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qpnl-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMAS_Brisbane.jpg"},{"link_name":"Queensland Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government"},{"link_name":"HMAS Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Brisbane_(D_41)"},{"link_name":"artificial reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_reef"},{"link_name":"dive site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dive_site"},{"link_name":"scuttled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuttled"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SnorkelSafari-10"},{"link_name":"protected areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_area"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Queensland Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"92.7 MIX FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=92.7_MIX_FM&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The name Mudjimba is derived from the Kabi language word midyim/mudjim for a local plant, the Midyam (Austromyrtus tenuifolia) bush, which has sweet white berries with green spots. The Kabi legend is that two women were stranded on Mudjimba island and gathered the berries as food.[2][6]The Mudjimba Residents Association was established on 13 October 1960.[7]The initial development of the area as a beachside suburb was under the name Surfrider Estate.[7]Mudjimba Rural Fire Brigade was established in February 1985 with Harry Stuart the first fire warden.[7]Mudjimba Surf Life Saving Club was founded in 1996.[7]HMAS Brisbane, 1995In January 2003, the Queensland Government decided to sink the decommissioned HMAS Brisbane off the Sunshine Coast to become an artificial reef and dive site. On 31 July 2005 the ship was scuttled in approximately 2.8 nautical miles (5.2 km; 3.2 mi) off the coast of Mudjimba in 27 metres (89 ft) of water.[8] The ship was filled with 200 to 250 tonnes (200 to 250 long tons; 220 to 280 short tons) of concrete, and 38 small charges were detonated to breach the hull.[9] The ship sank in two minutes and ten seconds, coming to rest with the keel embedded a metre into the seabed and facing the ocean currents, and the uppermost part of the ship 3 metres (9.8 ft) below sea level.[8][9][10] A 2009 study of the value of protected areas estimated that the wreck had contributed A$18 million to the Sunshine Coast economy.[11] In July 2010, the Queensland Government was forced to step up patrols of the wreck site because people were illegally using the dive exclusion zone as a fishing site.[12] As part of celebrations for the tenth anniversary of the ship's scuttling, 92.7 MIX FM conducted the world's first live underwater radio broadcast from the wreck on 31 July 2015.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pacific Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Paradise,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Maroochydore State High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroochydore_State_High_School"},{"link_name":"Maroochydore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroochydore"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globe-4"}],"text":"There are no schools in Mudjimba. The nearest primary school is Pacific Paradise State School in neighbouring Pacific Paradise to the west. The nearest secondary school is Maroochydore State High School in Maroochydore to the south.[4]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sunshine Coast Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_Coast_Airport"},{"link_name":"Kinetic Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_Group#Queensland"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Sunshine Coast Airport is located adjacent to the suburb; the Kinetic Group depot is near the airport.Only a small fraction of residents, approximately 0.2%, rely on public transport for their daily commute to work or school, while households typically have an average of 2 vehicles each.[14]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"26°37′08″S 153°05′46″E / 26.6188°S 153.0960°E / -26.6188; 153.0960 (Mudjimba Community Hall)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mudjimba,_Queensland¶ms=26.6188_S_153.096_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=Mudjimba+Community+Hall"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CommunityFacilities-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"26°36′53″S 153°06′03″E / 26.6148°S 153.1008°E / -26.6148; 153.1008 (Mudjimba Surf Life Saving Club)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mudjimba,_Queensland¶ms=26.6148_S_153.1008_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=Mudjimba+Surf+Life+Saving+Club"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CommunityFacilities-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"26°37′06″S 153°05′48″E / 26.6184°S 153.0967°E / -26.6184; 153.0967 (Mudjimba Rural Fire Station)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mudjimba,_Queensland¶ms=26.6184_S_153.0967_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=Mudjimba+Rural+Fire+Station"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emergencyservices-19"},{"link_name":"26°36′47″S 153°05′06″E / 26.6131°S 153.0849°E / -26.6131; 153.0849 (North Shore Multi Sports Complex)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mudjimba,_Queensland¶ms=26.6131_S_153.0849_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=North+Shore+Multi+Sports+Complex"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BuildingPoints-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"26°37′17″S 153°05′29″E / 26.6214°S 153.0914°E / -26.6214; 153.0914 (North Shore Soccer Club)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mudjimba,_Queensland¶ms=26.6214_S_153.0914_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=North+Shore+Soccer+Club"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BuildingPoints-20"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"26°36′56″S 153°06′03″E / 26.6155°S 153.1009°E / -26.6155; 153.1009 (Mudjimba War Memorial)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mudjimba,_Queensland¶ms=26.6155_S_153.1009_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=Mudjimba+War+Memorial"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"RSL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Returned_and_Services_League_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"26°37′09″S 153°05′45″E / 26.6193°S 153.0957°E / -26.6193; 153.0957 (Mudjimba RSL)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mudjimba,_Queensland¶ms=26.6193_S_153.0957_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=Mudjimba+RSL"},{"link_name":"Anzac Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzac_Day"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Mudjimba Community Hall is 41 Cottonwood Street (26°37′08″S 153°05′46″E / 26.6188°S 153.0960°E / -26.6188; 153.0960 (Mudjimba Community Hall)). The hall is operated by the Mudjimba Residents' Association and is available for hire.[15][16]Mudjimba Surf Life Saving Club is at 20 Mudjimba Esplanade (26°36′53″S 153°06′03″E / 26.6148°S 153.1008°E / -26.6148; 153.1008 (Mudjimba Surf Life Saving Club)).[15][17][18]Mudjimba Rural Fire Station is at Cottonwood Street (26°37′06″S 153°05′48″E / 26.6184°S 153.0967°E / -26.6184; 153.0967 (Mudjimba Rural Fire Station)). The brigade is operated by volunteers.[7][19]North Shore Multi Sports Complex and North Shore Community Centre at 701 David Low Way (26°36′47″S 153°05′06″E / 26.6131°S 153.0849°E / -26.6131; 153.0849 (North Shore Multi Sports Complex)). A range of sporting and recreational activities are available.[20][21]North Shore Football Club has a soccer field at 53 Nojoor Road (26°37′17″S 153°05′29″E / 26.6214°S 153.0914°E / -26.6214; 153.0914 (North Shore Soccer Club)).[20][22]Mudjimba War Memorial is at Power Memorial Park on the foreshore opposite 11 Mudjimba Esplanade (26°36′56″S 153°06′03″E / 26.6155°S 153.1009°E / -26.6155; 153.1009 (Mudjimba War Memorial)). The park also has beach access, car parking, barbeque facilities, toilets and a children's playground.[23]The Mudjimba RSL sub-branch is at 43 Cottonwood Street (26°37′09″S 153°05′45″E / 26.6193°S 153.0957°E / -26.6193; 153.0957 (Mudjimba RSL)). It coordinates the annual dawn service on Anzac Day at the war memorial.[24]","title":"Amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Mystery_of_Old_Woman_Island_-_Flickr_-_PaulBalfe.jpg"},{"link_name":"26°36′54″S 153°06′07″E / 26.6150°S 153.1019°E / -26.6150; 153.1019 (Mudjimba Beach)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mudjimba,_Queensland¶ms=26.615_S_153.1019_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=Mudjimba+Beach"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globe-4"},{"link_name":"beach break","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_break"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"26°37′00″S 153°10′08″E / 26.6167°S 153.1689°E / -26.6167; 153.1689 (Ex-HMAS Brisbane)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mudjimba,_Queensland¶ms=26.6167_S_153.1689_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=Ex-HMAS+Brisbane"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArtificialReefs-28"},{"link_name":"sponges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge"},{"link_name":"soft corals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_coral"},{"link_name":"hard corals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_coral"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SnorkelSafari-10"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"26°37′05″S 153°05′50″E / 26.6180°S 153.0973°E / -26.6180; 153.0973 (Walking track, Maroochy River Conservation Park)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mudjimba,_Queensland¶ms=26.618_S_153.0973_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=Walking+track%2C+Maroochy+River+Conservation+Park"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"26°37′03″S 153°05′56″E / 26.6174°S 153.0990°E / -26.6174; 153.0990 (Mudjimba Beach Holiday Park)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mudjimba,_Queensland¶ms=26.6174_S_153.099_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=Mudjimba+Beach+Holiday+Park"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Mudjimba Island seen from Mudjimba Beach, 2018Although a buffer of coastal bushland has been maintained along the foreshore, Mudjimba Beach (26°36′54″S 153°06′07″E / 26.6150°S 153.1019°E / -26.6150; 153.1019 (Mudjimba Beach)) can be accessed from Mudjimba Esplanade via a series of paths through the bushland.[25][4] It is known as a good beach break for surfing.[26] Mudjimba Island is also known as a surfing area but only for expert surfers; a boat is recommended to access the island.[27]Ex-HMAS Brisbane is a 36.6-hectare (90-acre) dive site (26°37′00″S 153°10′08″E / 26.6167°S 153.1689°E / -26.6167; 153.1689 (Ex-HMAS Brisbane)).[28] The wreck site has been colonised by sponges, soft corals, and hard corals, while over 200 different species of fish have been sighted in the area.[10] It is a restricted access area requiring a dive permit. Commercial dive tours are available and can provide transport, equipment, guides and permits.[29]A 4-kilometre (2.5 mi) walking track through the Maroochy River Conservation Park commences at Cottonwood Street (corner Coolibah Street, 26°37′05″S 153°05′50″E / 26.6180°S 153.0973°E / -26.6180; 153.0973 (Walking track, Maroochy River Conservation Park). It passes through a variety of natural vegetation types and includes boardwalks and bridges to traverse the paperbark swamp.[30]The Mudjimba Beach Holiday Park on Cottonwood Street (26°37′03″S 153°05′56″E / 26.6174°S 153.0990°E / -26.6174; 153.0990 (Mudjimba Beach Holiday Park)) provides cabins and site for caravans and campers.[31]","title":"Attractions"}]
|
[{"image_text":"HMAS Brisbane, 1995","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/HMAS_Brisbane.jpg/220px-HMAS_Brisbane.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mudjimba Island seen from Mudjimba Beach, 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/The_Mystery_of_Old_Woman_Island_-_Flickr_-_PaulBalfe.jpg/220px-The_Mystery_of_Old_Woman_Island_-_Flickr_-_PaulBalfe.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). \"Mudjimba (SSC)\". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 20 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2016/SSC32069","url_text":"\"Mudjimba (SSC)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mudjimba – suburb in Sunshine Coast Region (entry 48793)\". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 29 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/qld/environment/land/place-names/search#/search=Mudjimba&types=0&place=Mudjimba48793","url_text":"\"Mudjimba – suburb in Sunshine Coast Region (entry 48793)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Mudjimba, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics\". abs.gov.au. Retrieved 18 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL32051","url_text":"\"2021 Mudjimba, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Queensland Globe\". State of Queensland. Retrieved 28 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://qldglobe.information.qld.gov.au/","url_text":"\"Queensland Globe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Queensland","url_text":"State of Queensland"}]},{"reference":"\"Mudjimba Island – island in the Sunshine Coast Region (entry 23297)\". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 7 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/qld/environment/land/place-names/search#/search=Mudjimba_Island&types=0&place=Mudjimba_Island23297","url_text":"\"Mudjimba Island – island in the Sunshine Coast Region (entry 23297)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"}]},{"reference":"\"Midgen Berry\". Amber Leaf Landscaping. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.amberleaflandscaping.com.au/plant-directory/austromyrtus/","url_text":"\"Midgen Berry\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031319/http://www.amberleaflandscaping.com.au/plant-directory/austromyrtus/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Mudjimba Residents' Association. 22 May 2016. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mudjimbaresidentsassoc.org.au/history/","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201128231913/https://www.mudjimbaresidentsassoc.org.au/history/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Brisbane, Wreck to Reef... one year on\" (PDF). Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150404003858/http://www.nprsr.qld.gov.au/parks/ex-hmas-brisbane/pdf/wreck-to-reef-booklet.pdf","url_text":"\"The Brisbane, Wreck to Reef... one year on\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Parks_and_Wildlife_Service","url_text":"Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service"},{"url":"http://www.nprsr.qld.gov.au/parks/ex-hmas-brisbane/pdf/wreck-to-reef-booklet.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nature, culture and history\". Ex-HMAS Brisbane Regional Park. Queensland Government. Department of National Parks, Sport and Racing. 10 February 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nprsr.qld.gov.au/parks/ex-hmas-brisbane/culture.html","url_text":"\"Nature, culture and history\""}]},{"reference":"\"EX HMAS Brisbane\". Snorkel Safari Brisbane. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151207051801/http://www.brisbanediving.com/divetrips/day/page.php/1/5/24","url_text":"\"EX HMAS Brisbane\""},{"url":"http://www.brisbanediving.com/divetrips/day/page.php/1/5/24","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dive wreck makes $18m for Sun Coast\". ABC News. 19 August 2009. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-08-19/dive-wreck-makes-18m-for-sun-coast/1396464","url_text":"\"Dive wreck makes $18m for Sun Coast\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)","url_text":"ABC News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201129005950/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-08-19/dive-wreck-makes-18m-for-sun-coast/1396464","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Government failing to stop illegal fishing at dive site\". Australia: ABC News. 28 July 2010. Archived from the original on 30 October 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-07-29/government-failing-to-stop-illegal-fishing-at-dive/923392","url_text":"\"Government failing to stop illegal fishing at dive site\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)","url_text":"ABC News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161030083403/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-07-29/government-failing-to-stop-illegal-fishing-at-dive/923392","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"People & Lifestyle Mudjimba Qld 4564\". www.microburbs.com.au. Retrieved 18 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.microburbs.com.au/People-Lifestyle/Mudjimba","url_text":"\"People & Lifestyle Mudjimba Qld 4564\""}]},{"reference":"\"Community facilities - Queensland\". Queensland Open Data. Queensland Government. 22 October 2020. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.qld.gov.au/dataset/built-features-queensland-series/resource/536da964-19d2-42fb-9dd8-b46f15c4fb6f","url_text":"\"Community facilities - Queensland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201023081052/https://www.data.qld.gov.au/dataset/built-features-queensland-series/resource/536da964-19d2-42fb-9dd8-b46f15c4fb6f","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Community Hall\". Mudjimba Residents' Association. 10 June 2020. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mudjimbaresidentsassoc.org.au/community-hall/","url_text":"\"Community Hall\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201128232856/https://www.mudjimbaresidentsassoc.org.au/community-hall/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mudjimba Surf Life Saving Club\". Archived from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mslsc.com.au/","url_text":"\"Mudjimba Surf Life Saving Club\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170517132700/http://mslsc.com.au/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". Mudjimba Surf Life Saving Club. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mudjimbasurf.com/","url_text":"\"Home\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201128225844/https://www.mudjimbasurf.com/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Emergency services facilities - Queensland\". Queensland Open Data. Queensland Government. 18 November 2020. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. 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Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.northshorefootball.com.au/","url_text":"\"North Shore Football Club, Sunshine Coast Soccer\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201128231312/https://www.northshorefootball.com.au/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mudjimba War Memorial\". Monument Australia. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://monumentaustralia.org.au/display/92117-mudjimba-war-memorial","url_text":"\"Mudjimba War Memorial\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201129001916/https://monumentaustralia.org.au/display/92117-mudjimba-war-memorial","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mudjimba RSL Sub Branch\". RSL Sunshine Coast & Regional District. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://rslsunshinecoast.org/rsl-qld/mudjimba-rsl-sub-branch/","url_text":"\"Mudjimba RSL Sub Branch\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201129005833/https://rslsunshinecoast.org/rsl-qld/mudjimba-rsl-sub-branch/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mudjimba Beach – beach in the Sunshine Coast Region (entry 23296)\". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 29 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/qld/environment/land/place-names/search#/search=Mudjimba_Beach&types=0&place=Mudjimba_Beach23296","url_text":"\"Mudjimba Beach – beach in the Sunshine Coast Region (entry 23296)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"}]},{"reference":"\"Mudjimba\". WannaSurf. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wannasurf.com/spot/Australia_Pacific/Australia/QLD/Sunshine_Coast/mudjimba/","url_text":"\"Mudjimba\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201128235706/https://www.wannasurf.com/spot/Australia_Pacific/Australia/QLD/Sunshine_Coast/mudjimba/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mudjimba Island Spot Guide\". Magicseaweed.com. Archived from the original on 7 April 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://magicseaweed.com/Mudjimba-Island-Surf-Guide/2249/","url_text":"\"Mudjimba Island Spot Guide\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170407020456/http://magicseaweed.com/Mudjimba-Island-Surf-Guide/2249/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Artificial reef sites - Queensland\". Queensland Open Data. Queensland Government. 18 November 2020. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.qld.gov.au/dataset/built-features-queensland-series/resource/83448e39-da3d-4ff1-801d-c8a645f7f728","url_text":"\"Artificial reef sites - Queensland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201124223028/https://www.data.qld.gov.au/dataset/built-features-queensland-series/resource/83448e39-da3d-4ff1-801d-c8a645f7f728","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dive and permit information: Ex-HMAS Brisbane Conservation Park\". Parks and forests, Department of Environment and Science. Queensland Government. 21 October 2009. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://parks.des.qld.gov.au/parks/ex-hmas-brisbane/about/dive-information","url_text":"\"Dive and permit information: Ex-HMAS Brisbane Conservation Park\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201128230318/https://parks.des.qld.gov.au/parks/ex-hmas-brisbane/about/dive-information","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Maroochy River Conservation Park: Management Plan\" (PDF). Parks and Forests, Department of Environment and Science. Queensland Government. pp. 1, 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://parks.des.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0037/167968/maroochy-river-conservation-park-2000.pdf","url_text":"\"Maroochy River Conservation Park: Management Plan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201129003309/https://parks.des.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0037/167968/maroochy-river-conservation-park-2000.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mudjimba Beach Holiday Park\". Sunshine Coast Holiday Parks. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sunshinecoastholidayparks.com.au/holiday_parks/mudjimba_beach_holiday_park/","url_text":"\"Mudjimba Beach Holiday Park\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201129005210/http://www.sunshinecoastholidayparks.com.au/holiday_parks/mudjimba_beach_holiday_park/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mudjimba\". Queensland Places. Centre for the Government of Queensland, University of Queensland.","urls":[{"url":"http://queenslandplaces.com.au/mudjimba","url_text":"\"Mudjimba\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-HMAS Brisbane Conservation Park, Sunshine Coast\". Parks and Forests, Department of Environment and Science. Queensland Government. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://parks.des.qld.gov.au/parks/ex-hmas-brisbane/about/culture","url_text":"\"Ex-HMAS Brisbane Conservation Park, Sunshine Coast\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201128222743/https://parks.des.qld.gov.au/parks/ex-hmas-brisbane/about/culture","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Barracks,_Puerto_Rico
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Henry Barracks, Puerto Rico
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["1 History","2 Base Closing","3 National Guard","4 Army ROTC","5 Tribute","6 See also","7 References"]
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United States Army base located in Cayey, Puerto Rico
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Henry BarracksCayey, Puerto Rico 65th Infantry coat of armsTypeFormer Military BaseSite informationControlled byFormerly by the U.S. ArmySite historyBuilt1898In use1898-1965Garrison informationGarrison65th Infantry Regiment
Henry Barracks was a United States Army base located in Cayey, Puerto Rico named after the 3rd Military Governor of Puerto Rico and Medal of Honor recipient Major General Guy V.Henry.
History
This base in the Central Mountain range of Puerto Rico located 25 miles (40 km) from San Juan, Puerto Rico was under control of the Spanish army until United States Armed Forces Troops took over the base in 1898 during the Spanish–American War and became a Puerto Rico Voluntary Regiment Post. 1908 became a United States Army infantry base for the 65th Infantry Regiment.
In 1900 the site was renamed Henry Barracks after the 3rd Military Governor of Puerto Rico Major General Guy Vernor Henry.
In the beginning the base consisted of 439.92 acres of land situated in the east side of the town of Cayey. The property was divided into three encampments: the Spanish Camp- Campamento Español also known as Hospital Hill (15 acres), the Henry Barracks main post in the northern part consisted of 372 acres and the home for the third Battalion of the 65th Infantry Regiment, and the United States Navy Cayey Naval Radio Station (67 acres).
By 1920 Henry Barracks became a sub-post attached to Fort Brooke in San Juan where the 65th Infantry First Battalion where posted.
Some units from the 65th Infantry were mobilized to World War II and the Korean War from Henry Barracks. A large number of soldiers from the 65th Infantry were native Puerto Ricans.
In 1928 Hurricane San Felipe hit Puerto Rico and destroyed many of the base wooden structures. The Navy left Cayey as a result of the damage from Hurricane San Felipe and moved to Naval Air Station Isla Grande in San Juan. All the land held by the Navy to include Magazine Hill (El Polvorin) were absorbed by the U. S. Army. In 1929 new permanent buildings were constructed at the Henry Barracks.
After the Korean War the U.S. Army brought in troops not native to Puerto Rico. They were called "Continentals" by the locals from Cayey Puerto Rico. By that time the combat troops stationed at Henry Barracks consisted of an artillery battalion and a heavy mortar company.
Base Closing
In 1953, the U.S. Army reached the conclusion that Henry Barracks would be closed in the near future. A full complement of the Army phased out its presence at the post in 1965 when the base was transferred to the General Services Administration for decommission. Burials ceased at the Henry Barracks military cemetery in 1965 and the graves were moved to the Puerto Rico National Cemetery. Most of the land and buildings were transferred to the University of Puerto Rico and opened the University of Puerto Rico at Cayey campus in 1967 while other facilities were transferred to the municipality of Cayey, Puerto Rico.
Most of the land and buildings that was transferred to the municipality of Cayey were turned into sports facilities.
National Guard
The Military keep one parcel from the Henry Barracks army base for the Puerto Rico National Guard 1st Battalion, 65th Infantry Regiment Headquarters and Headquarters Company, and the 105th Forward Support Company. A heliport, maintenance shop, administration offices and a NGX PX are some of the facilities at the National Guard post use mostly for monthly drills.
Army ROTC
The University of Puerto Rico at Cayey hosted the U.S. Army Reserve Officers Training Course ROTC program at a site in the former Herry Barracks base. The Army ROTC had an office, several classrooms, an obstacle course and a rappeling tower.
Tribute
A monument to honor Military Veterans from Cayey stands near the Herry Barracks housing area and of the main roads of the former Army base was renamed Avenida Los Veteranos (Veterans Avenue).
See also
Puerto Rico portal
List of Puerto Ricans Missing in Action in the Korean War
65th Infantry Regiment
Camp Las Casas
List of Puerto Rican military personnel
Other military articles related to Puerto Rico:
Military history of Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican Campaign
Puerto Ricans in World War I
Puerto Ricans in World War II
Puerto Ricans in the Vietnam War
Puerto Rican women in the military
Puerto Rico National Guard
References
^ General Order No. 34. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1901.
^ FUDS (27 Sept 2006). Project Fact Sheet-August 2005. Jacksonville, FLA: Army Corps of Engineer
^ Department of the Navy (1915). Map showing boundary lines of the original Spanish Reservation and the present reservation February 7, 1903: Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Yards & Docks, Department of the Navy
vtePuerto Rico National GuardPuerto Rico Air National Guard
140th Air Defense Squadron
141st Air Control Squadron
156th Airlift Wing
198th Airlift Squadron
Puerto Rico Army National Guard
92nd Maneuver Enhancement Brigade (92nd MEB)
101st Troop Command
191st Regional Support Group
Puerto Rico State Guard
1st Air Base Group
Installations
Camp Santiago
Fort Allen
Fort Buchanan
Henry Barracks, Puerto Rico
Muñiz Air National Guard Base
Punta Borinquen Radar Station
Punta Salinas Air National Guard Station
Key posts
Adjutant General
Governor of Puerto Rico
Key people
Pedro Pierluisi
José J. Reyes
Defunct
295th Infantry Regiment
296th Infantry Regiment
Museums
Puerto Rico National Guard Military Museum
Puerto Rico National Guard Museum
|
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A large number of soldiers from the 65th Infantry were native Puerto Ricans.In 1928 Hurricane San Felipe hit Puerto Rico and destroyed many of the base wooden structures. The Navy left Cayey as a result of the damage from Hurricane San Felipe and moved to Naval Air Station Isla Grande in San Juan. All the land held by the Navy to include Magazine Hill (El Polvorin) were absorbed by the U. S. Army. In 1929 new permanent buildings were constructed at the Henry Barracks.After the Korean War the U.S. Army brought in troops not native to Puerto Rico. They were called \"Continentals\" by the locals from Cayey Puerto Rico. By that time the combat troops stationed at Henry Barracks consisted of an artillery battalion and a heavy mortar company.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Services Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Services_Administration"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_National_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"University of Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"University of Puerto Rico at Cayey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Puerto_Rico_at_Cayey"}],"text":"In 1953, the U.S. Army reached the conclusion that Henry Barracks would be closed in the near future. A full complement of the Army phased out its presence at the post in 1965 when the base was transferred to the General Services Administration for decommission. Burials ceased at the Henry Barracks military cemetery in 1965 and the graves were moved to the Puerto Rico National Cemetery. Most of the land and buildings were transferred to the University of Puerto Rico and opened the University of Puerto Rico at Cayey campus in 1967 while other facilities were transferred to the municipality of Cayey, Puerto Rico.Most of the land and buildings that was transferred to the municipality of Cayey were turned into sports facilities.","title":"Base Closing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puerto Rico National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"heliport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliport"},{"link_name":"PX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_exchange"}],"text":"The Military keep one parcel from the Henry Barracks army base for the Puerto Rico National Guard 1st Battalion, 65th Infantry Regiment Headquarters and Headquarters Company, and the 105th Forward Support Company. A heliport, maintenance shop, administration offices and a NGX PX are some of the facilities at the National Guard post use mostly for monthly drills.","title":"National Guard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Army Reserve Officers Training Course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps"}],"text":"The University of Puerto Rico at Cayey hosted the U.S. Army Reserve Officers Training Course ROTC program at a site in the former Herry Barracks base. The Army ROTC had an office, several classrooms, an obstacle course and a rappeling tower.","title":"Army ROTC"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A monument to honor Military Veterans from Cayey stands near the Herry Barracks housing area and of the main roads of the former Army base was renamed Avenida Los Veteranos (Veterans Avenue).","title":"Tribute"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Puerto Rico portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Puerto_Rico"},{"title":"List of Puerto Ricans Missing in Action in the Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Ricans_Missing_in_Action_in_the_Korean_War"},{"title":"65th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"title":"Camp Las Casas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Las_Casas"},{"title":"List of Puerto Rican military personnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Rican_military_personnel"},{"title":"Military history of Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"title":"Puerto Rican Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign"},{"title":"Puerto Ricans in World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_I"},{"title":"Puerto Ricans in World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II"},{"title":"Puerto Ricans in the Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_the_Vietnam_War"},{"title":"Puerto Rican women in the military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_women_in_the_military"},{"title":"Puerto Rico National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_National_Guard"}]
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[{"reference":"General Order No. 34. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1901.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qZc6AQAAMAAJ&dq=Henry+Barracks,+Puerto+Rico+1899&pg=RA6-PA19","url_text":"General Order No. 34"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalati,_Kamyaran
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Kalati, Kamyaran
|
["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 34°52′32″N 46°44′36″E / 34.87556°N 46.74333°E / 34.87556; 46.74333Village in Kurdistan, IranKalati
كلاتيvillageKalatiCoordinates: 34°52′32″N 46°44′36″E / 34.87556°N 46.74333°E / 34.87556; 46.74333Country IranProvinceKurdistanCountyKamyaranBakhshCentralRural DistrictZhavehrudPopulation (2006) • Total221Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Kalati (Persian: كلاتي, also Romanized as Kalātī; also known as Kalāteh) is a village in Zhavehrud Rural District, in the Central District of Kamyaran County, Kurdistan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 221, in 53 families. The village is populated by Kurds.
References
^ Kalati can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3802646" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
^ Mohammadirad, Masoud; Anonby, Erik; et al. "Language distribution in Kordestan Province, Iran". Atlas of the languages of Iran (ALI). Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre, Carleton University. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023.
vte Kamyaran CountyCapital
Kamyaran
DistrictsCentralCities
Kamyaran
Rural Districts and villagesBilavar
Azamabad
Bakhleh
Balucheh
Biar
Buaneh
Cheshmeh Kabud
Choqa Beraleh
Dar Tut
Darband-e Aziz
Garmab
Hajji Shureh
Hashli
Kani Hangah
Karreh Puvan
Kazemabad
Khanomabad
Maman
Morvarid
Partaleh
Sakeneh
Shirvaneh
Vanderni-ye Olya
Vanderni-ye Sofla
Yaghvasi
Yakhteh Khan
Zarrin Jub
Shahu
Ahangaran
Alk
Alk-e Kohneh
Belan
Darreh Veyan-e Olya
Darreh Veyan-e Sofla
Gonbadeh-e Olya
Heyatabad
Khanabad
Marab
Poshteh
Sar Cham
Sarab-e Kam
Tavankesh
Tubreh Riz
Varmahang
Zhavehrud
Afarian-e Sofla
Asrabad
Bazvash
Chersaneh
Dezhan
Gashki
Gazer Khani
Geliyan
Kalati
Kareh Gol
Kashtar
Kavaneh-ye Hoseyn
Kavaneh-ye Sharif
Kureh Darreh-ye Olya
Kureh Darreh-ye Sofla
Lown-e Kohneh
Lown-e Sadat
Mavian
Mirgasar
Misurab
Palangan
Pashabad
Sar Riz
Shahini
Siviyeh
Takht-e Zangi
Tangivar
Tilkuh
Yuzidar
Ziviyeh
MucheshCities
Muchesh
Rural Districts and villagesAmirabad
Ahmadabad
Amirabad
Aseman Darreh
Dagan
Eshkaftan
Gaidar
Gerger-e Olya
Gerger-e Sofla
Hovarpan
Kani Savaran
Kheyrabad
Kileh Golan
Mahmud Gazag
Marenj
Mohammadabad-e Kareyan
Nosratabad
Paniran
Qaleh Gah
Qureq
Quridar
Ramesht
Sar Panbeh Dul
Varmakan
Avalan
Abbasabad
Danan
Dirmuli
Dul Kor
Dulab
Faqih Soleyman
Kuik
Majidabad
Noshur-e Olya
Noshur-e Sofla
Noshur-e Vosta
Sianav
Taineh
Tazehabad-e Dulkoru
Yaminan-e Olya
Yaminan-e Sofla
Gavrud
Farajabad
Farsabad
Hendiman
Kuleh Sareh
Masan
Mehrab
Najafabad
Nezaz
Niyar
Pir Bagh
Samuridar
Sarbenav
Sarchi
Tangi Sar
Tay
Sursur
Asaveleh
Bakhorram-e Olya
Bansaid-e Olya
Bansaid-e Sofla
Daram Rud
Gaveshan
Haltushan
Kachleh
Kani Gashah
Khamesan
Kongereh
Kumain
Layen
Meydaneh
Ney Dar
Pir Meqdar
Qaleh-ye Kumain
Sad-e Gaveshan
Salehabad
Sang-e Sefid
Sarkariz
Sheykh Rash
Shotor Mol
Sorkheh Tut
Vazmaneh-ye Olya
Yusofabad
Iran portal
This Kamyaran County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/12.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/12.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mohammadirad, Masoud; Anonby, Erik; et al. \"Language distribution in Kordestan Province, Iran\". Atlas of the languages of Iran (ALI). Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre, Carleton University. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://iranatlas.net/index.html?module=module.language-distribution.kordestan","url_text":"\"Language distribution in Kordestan Province, Iran\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleton_University","url_text":"Carleton University"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20230528185020/http://iranatlas.net/index.html?module=module.language-distribution.kordestan","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kalati,_Kamyaran¶ms=34_52_32_N_46_44_36_E_region:IR_type:city(221)","external_links_name":"34°52′32″N 46°44′36″E / 34.87556°N 46.74333°E / 34.87556; 46.74333"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kalati,_Kamyaran¶ms=34_52_32_N_46_44_36_E_region:IR_type:city(221)","external_links_name":"34°52′32″N 46°44′36″E / 34.87556°N 46.74333°E / 34.87556; 46.74333"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/12.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/12.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://iranatlas.net/index.html?module=module.language-distribution.kordestan","external_links_name":"\"Language distribution in Kordestan Province, Iran\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20230528185020/http://iranatlas.net/index.html?module=module.language-distribution.kordestan","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalati,_Kamyaran&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallangur,_Queensland
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Kallangur, Queensland
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["1 Geography","2 History","3 Heritage listings","4 Education","5 Amenities","6 References","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 27°15′01″S 152°59′47″E / 27.2502°S 152.9963°E / -27.2502; 152.9963 (Kallangur (centre of suburb))"Kallangur" redirects here. For the Queensland electoral district, see Electoral district of Kallangur.
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap
Download coordinates as:
KML
GPX (all coordinates)
GPX (primary coordinates)
GPX (secondary coordinates)
Suburb of Moreton Bay, Queensland, AustraliaKallangurMoreton Bay, QueenslandAnzac Avenue, 2016KallangurCoordinates27°15′01″S 152°59′47″E / 27.2502°S 152.9963°E / -27.2502; 152.9963 (Kallangur (centre of suburb))Population20,405 (2016 census) • Density1,806/km2 (4,677/sq mi)Postcode(s)4503Area11.3 km2 (4.4 sq mi)Time zoneAEST (UTC+10:00)Location 6.9 km (4 mi) N of Strathpine 14.0 km (9 mi) WSW of Redcliffe 27.3 km (17 mi) N of Brisbane CBD LGA(s)City of Moreton BayState electorate(s) Murrumba KurwongbahFederal division(s) Longman Dickson
Suburbs around Kallangur:
Kurwongbah
Dakabin
North Lakes
Kurwongbah
Kallangur
North Lakes
Petrie
Murrumba Downs
Griffin
Kallangur (/kəˈlæŋɡər/ kə-LANG-gər) is a suburb in the City of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. In the 2016 census, Kallangur had a population of 20,405 people.
Geography
The North Coast railway line forms the western boundary of the suburb, while the Bruce Highway forms the eastern boundary. The main thoroughfare in Kallangur is route 71, Anzac Avenue (27°15′00″S 152°59′48″E / 27.2499°S 152.9966°E / -27.2499; 152.9966 (Anzac Avenue)).
The Redcliffe Peninsula railway line passes through the suburb, which is served by the Kallangur railway station (27°15′24″S 153°00′01″E / 27.2566°S 153.0003°E / -27.2566; 153.0003 (Kallangur railway station)).
The proposed Bruce Highway Western Alternative will have its southern entry point in Kallangur.
History
The area once belonged to Mrs. Griffin of Whiteside west of Petrie, and was acquired by the son of a Scottish migrant by the name of Thomas Petrie in 1855. The name Kallangur originates from the Indigenous Australian word kalangoor, meaning a goodly or satisfactory place. Kallangur is situated in the Yugarabul traditional Indigenous Australian country of the Brisbane and surrounding regions, however, the word kalangoor is from the Kabi dialect, from the traditional Indigenous Australian Gubbi Gubbi (Kabi) country of the Sunshine Coast and surrounding regions.
Cobb and Co coach, Old Gympie Road, Kallangur
Gympie Road (now Old Gympie Road) passed through Kallangur from Brisbane to Gympie. It was a route travelled by Cobb & Co coaches.
Kallangur grew in the early twentieth century as it was on the main road route to the Redcliffe peninsula before the construction of the Hornibrook Bridge in the 1930s.
Kallangur State School opened on 9 June 1930.
More recent development has been in response to the general housing demand in the northern growth corridor.
Dakabin State School opened on 28 January 1992.
St Peter's Anglican church was closed on 7 March 1993 under the authority of Assistant Bishop Wood.
An ANZAC memorial gate was erected along with a bronze statue on the corner of Anzac Avenue and Goodfellows Road. The new Memorial Gardens was unveiled in front of the North's Leagues and Services Club in 2005 by the former Minister for Veterans' Affairs De-Anne Kelly.
In the 2011 census, Kallangur recorded a population of 18,982 people, 51.1% female and 48.9% male. The median age of the Kallangur population was 33 years, 4 years below the national median of 37. 77.9% of people living in Kallangur were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were New Zealand 5.9%, England 4%, Philippines 0.7%, South Africa 0.7%, Scotland 0.5%. 90.9% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 0.6% Samoan, 0.4% Hindi, 0.4% Spanish, 0.3% Tagalog, 0.3% German.
Kallangur railway station was completed in 2016.
In the 2016 census, Kallangur had a population of 20,405 people.
Pinnacle Academic College opened in July 2020.
Heritage listings
Strathpine Honour Board, 2016
Kallangur has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
Anzac Avenue (the road itself)
1347 Anzac Avenue (27°15′10″S 152°59′18″E / 27.2527°S 152.9882°E / -27.2527; 152.9882 (Strathpine Honour Board)): Strathpine Honour Board
Education
Kallangur State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 139 School Road (27°14′55″S 152°59′34″E / 27.2487°S 152.9928°E / -27.2487; 152.9928 (Kallangur State School)). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 810 students with 55 teachers (50 full-time equivalent) and 39 non-teaching staff (27 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.
Despite its name, Dakabin State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at Sheaves Road in Kallangur (27°14′16″S 152°59′12″E / 27.2378°S 152.9867°E / -27.2378; 152.9867 (Dakabin State School)). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 600 students with 45 teachers (39 full-time equivalent) and 34 non-teaching staff (21 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program. It also includes the POWER Positive Learning Centre, a specific-purpose primary (3-7) program for children whose behaviours are incompatible with mainstream schooling; the aim of the centre is to ultimately re-integrate the child back into mainstream schooling.
Charlotte Mason College is a private primary and secondary (Prep-10) school for boys and girls at 30 Narangba Road (27°15′03″S 152°58′44″E / 27.2507°S 152.9788°E / -27.2507; 152.9788 (Charlotte Mason College)). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 214 students with 9 teachers (7 full-time equivalent) and 7 non-teaching staff. The school also operates a distance education program. In December 2023, the school suddenly closed following a series of financial audits.
Pinnacle Academic College is a private primary school (Prep-6) for boys and girls at the same site as Charlotte Mason College but at the other end of the site. It offers individualised self-directed education.
There is no government secondary school in Kallangur. The nearest government secondary schools are Dakabin State High School in neighbouring Dakabin to the north and Murrumba State Secondary College in neighbouring Murrumba Downs to the south.
Amenities
The Kallangur branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at 1431 Anzac Avenue.
References
^ a b c Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Kallangur (SSC)". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
^ "Kallangur – suburb in Moreton Bay Region (entry 45441)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
^ a b c "Queensland Globe". State of Queensland. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
^ "Railway stations and sidings – Queensland". Queensland Open Data. Queensland Government. 2 October 2020. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
^ "North Brisbane Bruce Highway Western Alternative, planning". Queensland Government. 29 July 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
^ "Place names of South-East Queensland – page 33". Archived from the original on 19 August 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
^ "Kallangur Aboriginal History". Web Archive. Wantima. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
^ "AIATSIS code E66: Yugarabul". Federal government. Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. 26 July 2019. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
^ a b Queensland Family History Society (2010), Queensland schools past and present (Version 1.01 ed.), Queensland Family History Society, ISBN 978-1-921171-26-0
^ "Opening and closing dates of Queensland Schools". Queensland Government. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
^ "Closed Churches". Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ Archived 7 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). "Kallangur (State Suburb)". 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
^ a b Alexander, David (15 July 2020). "A new school has opened in Kallangur to meet a growing demand for more flexible learning". Quest News. Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
^ "Anzac Memorial Avenue (former) (entry 602693)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
^ "Strathpine Honour Board (entry 600766)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
^ a b c d e f g "State and non-state school details". Queensland Government. 9 July 2018. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
^ "Kallangur State School". Retrieved 21 November 2018.
^ a b c "ACARA School Profile 2018". Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. Archived from the original on 27 August 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
^ "Dakabin State School". Retrieved 21 November 2018.
^ "POWER Positive Learning Centre". Retrieved 21 November 2018.
^ "Charlotte Mason College". Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
^ "Charlotte Mason College Distance Education". Archived from the original on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
^ Holdsworth, Matty (12 December 2023). "School's sudden closure leaves parents scrambling to find alternative". The Courier-Mail. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
^ "Home". Pinnacle Academic College. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
^ "Branch Locations". Queensland Country Women's Association. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kallangur, Queensland.
"Kallangur". Queensland Places. Centre for the Government of Queensland, University of Queensland.
vteTowns, suburbs and localities in the City of Moreton Bay, South East Queensland
Albany Creek
Arana Hills
Armstrong Creek
Banksia Beach
Beachmere
Bellara
Bellmere
Bellthorpe
Bongaree
Booroobin
Bracalba
Bray Park
Brendale
Bunya
Burpengary
Burpengary East
Caboolture
Caboolture South
Camp Mountain
Campbells Pocket
Cashmere
Cedar Creek
Cedarton
Clear Mountain
Clontarf
Closeburn
Commissioners Flat
Corymbia
D'Aguilar
Dakabin
Dayboro
Deception Bay
Delaneys Creek
Donnybrook
Draper
Eatons Hill
Elimbah
Everton Hills
Ferny Hills
Godwin Beach
Greenstone
Griffin
Highvale
Jollys Lookout
Joyner
Kallangur
King Scrub
Kippa-Ring
Kobble Creek
Kurwongbah
Laceys Creek
Lawnton
Lilywood
Mango Hill
Margate
Meldale
Moodlu
Moorina
Morayfield
Mount Delaney
Mount Glorious
Mount Mee
Mount Nebo
Mount Pleasant
Mount Samson
Murrumba Downs
Narangba
Neurum
Newport
Ningi
North Lakes
Ocean View
Petrie
Redcliffe
Rocksberg
Rothwell
Rush Creek
Samford
Samford Valley
Samford Village
Samsonvale
Sandstone Point
Scarborough
Stanmore
Stony Creek
Strathpine
Toorbul
Upper Caboolture
Wagtail Grove
Wamuran
Wamuran Basin
Waraba
Warner
Welsby
White Patch
Whiteside
Wights Mountain
Woodford
Woody Point
Woorim
Yugar
Main Article: Local government areas of Queensland
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Electoral district of Kallangur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Kallangur"},{"link_name":"/kəˈlæŋɡər/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"kə-LANG-gər","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbs_and_localities_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"City of Moreton Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Moreton_Bay"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qpnl-2"},{"link_name":"2016 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2016-1"}],"text":"\"Kallangur\" redirects here. For the Queensland electoral district, see Electoral district of Kallangur.Suburb of Moreton Bay, Queensland, AustraliaKallangur (/kəˈlæŋɡər/ kə-LANG-gər) is a suburb in the City of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia.[2] In the 2016 census, Kallangur had a population of 20,405 people.[1]","title":"Kallangur, Queensland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Coast railway line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Coast_railway_line,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Bruce Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Highway"},{"link_name":"Anzac Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzac_Avenue"},{"link_name":"27°15′00″S 152°59′48″E / 27.2499°S 152.9966°E / -27.2499; 152.9966 (Anzac Avenue)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kallangur,_Queensland¶ms=27.2499_S_152.9966_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=Anzac+Avenue"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globe-3"},{"link_name":"Redcliffe Peninsula railway line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcliffe_Peninsula_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Kallangur railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallangur_railway_station"},{"link_name":"27°15′24″S 153°00′01″E / 27.2566°S 153.0003°E / -27.2566; 153.0003 (Kallangur railway station)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kallangur,_Queensland¶ms=27.2566_S_153.0003_E_type:railwaystation_region:AU-QLD&title=Kallangur+railway+station"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-railwaystations-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globe-3"},{"link_name":"Bruce Highway Western Alternative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Highway_Western_Alternative"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The North Coast railway line forms the western boundary of the suburb, while the Bruce Highway forms the eastern boundary. The main thoroughfare in Kallangur is route 71, Anzac Avenue (27°15′00″S 152°59′48″E / 27.2499°S 152.9966°E / -27.2499; 152.9966 (Anzac Avenue)).[3]The Redcliffe Peninsula railway line passes through the suburb, which is served by the Kallangur railway station (27°15′24″S 153°00′01″E / 27.2566°S 153.0003°E / -27.2566; 153.0003 (Kallangur railway station)).[4][3]The proposed Bruce Highway Western Alternative will have its southern entry point in Kallangur.[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whiteside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiteside,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Petrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrie,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Thomas Petrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Petrie"},{"link_name":"Indigenous Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Yugarabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugara"},{"link_name":"Gubbi Gubbi (Kabi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubbi_Gubbi_people"},{"link_name":"Sunshine Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_Coast,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cobb_and_Co_coach,_Old_Gympie_Road,_Kallangur.jpg"},{"link_name":"Old Gympie Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Gympie_Road"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Gympie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gympie"},{"link_name":"Cobb & Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobb_and_Co"},{"link_name":"Redcliffe peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcliffe_City,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Hornibrook Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornibrook_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qfhs-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qfhs-9"},{"link_name":"Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Wood"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"ANZAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANZAC"},{"link_name":"Minister for Veterans' Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Veterans%27_Affairs_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"De-Anne Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-Anne_Kelly"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2011-13"},{"link_name":"Kallangur railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallangur_railway_station"},{"link_name":"2016 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2016-1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"}],"text":"The area once belonged to Mrs. Griffin of Whiteside west of Petrie, and was acquired by the son of a Scottish migrant by the name of Thomas Petrie in 1855. The name Kallangur originates from the Indigenous Australian word kalangoor, meaning a goodly or satisfactory place.[6] Kallangur is situated in the Yugarabul traditional Indigenous Australian country of the Brisbane and surrounding regions, however, the word kalangoor is from the Kabi dialect, from the traditional Indigenous Australian Gubbi Gubbi (Kabi) country of the Sunshine Coast and surrounding regions.[7][8]Cobb and Co coach, Old Gympie Road, KallangurGympie Road (now Old Gympie Road) passed through Kallangur from Brisbane to Gympie. It was a route travelled by Cobb & Co coaches.Kallangur grew in the early twentieth century as it was on the main road route to the Redcliffe peninsula before the construction of the Hornibrook Bridge in the 1930s.Kallangur State School opened on 9 June 1930.[9]More recent development has been in response to the general housing demand in the northern growth corridor.Dakabin State School opened on 28 January 1992.[10][9]St Peter's Anglican church was closed on 7 March 1993 under the authority of Assistant Bishop Wood.[11]An ANZAC memorial gate was erected along with a bronze statue on the corner of Anzac Avenue and Goodfellows Road. The new Memorial Gardens was unveiled in front of the North's Leagues and Services Club in 2005 by the former Minister for Veterans' Affairs De-Anne Kelly.[12]In the 2011 census, Kallangur recorded a population of 18,982 people, 51.1% female and 48.9% male. The median age of the Kallangur population was 33 years, 4 years below the national median of 37. 77.9% of people living in Kallangur were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were New Zealand 5.9%, England 4%, Philippines 0.7%, South Africa 0.7%, Scotland 0.5%. 90.9% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 0.6% Samoan, 0.4% Hindi, 0.4% Spanish, 0.3% Tagalog, 0.3% German.[13]Kallangur railway station was completed in 2016.In the 2016 census, Kallangur had a population of 20,405 people.[1]Pinnacle Academic College opened in July 2020.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Strathpine_Honour_Board_in_RSL_club_at_Kallangur,_Queensland.jpg"},{"link_name":"Strathpine Honour Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strathpine_Honour_Board"},{"link_name":"heritage-listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage-listed"},{"link_name":"Anzac Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzac_Avenue"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-15"},{"link_name":"27°15′10″S 152°59′18″E / 27.2527°S 152.9882°E / -27.2527; 152.9882 (Strathpine Honour Board)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kallangur,_Queensland¶ms=27.2527_S_152.9882_E_region:AU-QLD_type:landmark&title=Strathpine+Honour+Board"},{"link_name":"Strathpine Honour Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strathpine_Honour_Board"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Strathpine Honour Board, 2016Kallangur has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:Anzac Avenue (the road itself)[15]\n1347 Anzac Avenue (27°15′10″S 152°59′18″E / 27.2527°S 152.9882°E / -27.2527; 152.9882 (Strathpine Honour Board)): Strathpine Honour Board[16]","title":"Heritage listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"27°14′55″S 152°59′34″E / 27.2487°S 152.9928°E / -27.2487; 152.9928 (Kallangur State School)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kallangur,_Queensland¶ms=27.2487_S_152.9928_E_type:edu_region:AU-QLD&title=Kallangur+State+School"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACARA2018-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-17"},{"link_name":"27°14′16″S 152°59′12″E / 27.2378°S 152.9867°E / -27.2378; 152.9867 (Dakabin State School)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kallangur,_Queensland¶ms=27.2378_S_152.9867_E_type:edu_region:AU-QLD&title=Dakabin+State+School"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-17"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACARA2018-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-17"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"27°15′03″S 152°58′44″E / 27.2507°S 152.9788°E / -27.2507; 152.9788 (Charlotte Mason College)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kallangur,_Queensland¶ms=27.2507_S_152.9788_E_type:edu_region:AU-QLD&title=Charlotte+Mason+College"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-17"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACARA2018-19"},{"link_name":"distance education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_education"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-17"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"Dakabin State High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakabin_State_High_School"},{"link_name":"Dakabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakabin,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Murrumba State Secondary College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murrumba_State_Secondary_College"},{"link_name":"Murrumba Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murrumba_Downs,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globe-3"}],"text":"Kallangur State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 139 School Road (27°14′55″S 152°59′34″E / 27.2487°S 152.9928°E / -27.2487; 152.9928 (Kallangur State School)).[17][18] In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 810 students with 55 teachers (50 full-time equivalent) and 39 non-teaching staff (27 full-time equivalent).[19] It includes a special education program.[17]Despite its name, Dakabin State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at Sheaves Road in Kallangur (27°14′16″S 152°59′12″E / 27.2378°S 152.9867°E / -27.2378; 152.9867 (Dakabin State School)).[17][20] In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 600 students with 45 teachers (39 full-time equivalent) and 34 non-teaching staff (21 full-time equivalent).[19] It includes a special education program.[17] It also includes the POWER Positive Learning Centre, a specific-purpose primary (3-7) program for children whose behaviours are incompatible with mainstream schooling; the aim of the centre is to ultimately re-integrate the child back into mainstream schooling.[17][21]Charlotte Mason College is a private primary and secondary (Prep-10) school for boys and girls at 30 Narangba Road (27°15′03″S 152°58′44″E / 27.2507°S 152.9788°E / -27.2507; 152.9788 (Charlotte Mason College)).[17][22] In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 214 students with 9 teachers (7 full-time equivalent) and 7 non-teaching staff.[19] The school also operates a distance education program.[17][23] In December 2023, the school suddenly closed following a series of financial audits.[24]Pinnacle Academic College is a private primary school (Prep-6) for boys and girls at the same site as Charlotte Mason College but at the other end of the site. It offers individualised self-directed education.[25][14]There is no government secondary school in Kallangur. The nearest government secondary schools are Dakabin State High School in neighbouring Dakabin to the north and Murrumba State Secondary College in neighbouring Murrumba Downs to the south.[3]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queensland Country Women's Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Country_Women%27s_Association"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"The Kallangur branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at 1431 Anzac Avenue.[26]","title":"Amenities"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Cobb and Co coach, Old Gympie Road, Kallangur","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Cobb_and_Co_coach%2C_Old_Gympie_Road%2C_Kallangur.jpg/220px-Cobb_and_Co_coach%2C_Old_Gympie_Road%2C_Kallangur.jpg"},{"image_text":"Strathpine Honour Board, 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Strathpine_Honour_Board_in_RSL_club_at_Kallangur%2C_Queensland.jpg/170px-Strathpine_Honour_Board_in_RSL_club_at_Kallangur%2C_Queensland.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). \"Kallangur (SSC)\". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 20 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2016/SSC31490","url_text":"\"Kallangur (SSC)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kallangur – suburb in Moreton Bay Region (entry 45441)\". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 20 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/qld/environment/land/place-names/search#/search=Kallangur&types=0&place=Kallangur45441","url_text":"\"Kallangur – suburb in Moreton Bay Region (entry 45441)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"}]},{"reference":"\"Queensland Globe\". State of Queensland. Retrieved 20 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://qldglobe.information.qld.gov.au/","url_text":"\"Queensland Globe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Queensland","url_text":"State of Queensland"}]},{"reference":"\"Railway stations and sidings – Queensland\". Queensland Open Data. Queensland Government. 2 October 2020. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.qld.gov.au/dataset/transport-features-queensland-series/resource/84fff9a0-e315-4844-9c4d-63934562a9bd","url_text":"\"Railway stations and sidings – Queensland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201005070354/https://www.data.qld.gov.au/dataset/transport-features-queensland-series/resource/84fff9a0-e315-4844-9c4d-63934562a9bd","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"North Brisbane Bruce Highway Western Alternative, planning\". Queensland Government. 29 July 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/projects/north-brisbane-bruce-highway-western-alternative-planning","url_text":"\"North Brisbane Bruce Highway Western Alternative, planning\""}]},{"reference":"\"Place names of South-East Queensland – page 33\". Archived from the original on 19 August 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080819142836/http://www.dovenetq.net.au/~piula/Placenames/page33.html","url_text":"\"Place names of South-East Queensland – page 33\""},{"url":"http://www.dovenetq.net.au/~piula/Placenames/page33.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kallangur Aboriginal History\". Web Archive. Wantima. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170517224943/https://wantima.webs.com/kallangur","url_text":"\"Kallangur Aboriginal History\""},{"url":"https://wantima.webs.com/kallangur","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"AIATSIS code E66: Yugarabul\". Federal government. Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. 26 July 2019. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/e66","url_text":"\"AIATSIS code E66: Yugarabul\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200813095617/https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/e66","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Queensland Family History Society (2010), Queensland schools past and present (Version 1.01 ed.), Queensland Family History Society, ISBN 978-1-921171-26-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Family_History_Society","url_text":"Queensland Family History Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921171-26-0","url_text":"978-1-921171-26-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Opening and closing dates of Queensland Schools\". Queensland Government. Retrieved 18 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://education.qld.gov.au/about-us/history/school-anniversaries/opening-closing-dates","url_text":"\"Opening and closing dates of Queensland Schools\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"}]},{"reference":"\"Closed Churches\". Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190403003329/https://www.anglicanarchives.org.au/churches/","url_text":"\"Closed Churches\""},{"url":"https://anglicanarchives.org.au/churches/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). \"Kallangur (State Suburb)\". 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 26 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2011/SSC30840","url_text":"\"Kallangur (State Suburb)\""}]},{"reference":"Alexander, David (15 July 2020). \"A new school has opened in Kallangur to meet a growing demand for more flexible learning\". Quest News. Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.couriermail.com.au/questnews/moreton/a-new-school-has-opened-in-kallangur-to-meet-a-growing-demand-for-more-flexible-learning/news-story/d8cac1e7d597f73770af341a1eb31665","url_text":"\"A new school has opened in Kallangur to meet a growing demand for more flexible learning\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_News","url_text":"Quest News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211220074821/https://insight.adsrvr.org/track/up?adv=vrges6n&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.couriermail.com.au%2Fsubscribe%2Fnews%2F1%2F%3FsourceCode%3DCMWEB_WRE170_a%26dest%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.couriermail.com.au%252Fquestnews%252Fmoreton%252Fa-new-school-has-opened-in-kallangur-to-meet-a-growing-demand-for-more-flexible-learning%252Fnews-story%252Fd8cac1e7d597f73770af341a1eb31665%26memtype%3Danonymous%26mode%3Dpremium%26v21%3Ddynamic-cold-control-noscore%26V21spcbehaviour%3Dappend&upid=b5f7l8u&upv=1.1.0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Anzac Memorial Avenue (former) (entry 602693)\". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 1 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=602693","url_text":"\"Anzac Memorial Avenue (former) (entry 602693)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register","url_text":"Queensland Heritage Register"}]},{"reference":"\"Strathpine Honour Board (entry 600766)\". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 11 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=600766","url_text":"\"Strathpine Honour Board (entry 600766)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register","url_text":"Queensland Heritage Register"}]},{"reference":"\"State and non-state school details\". Queensland Government. 9 July 2018. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/state-and-non-state-school-details/resource/5b39065c-df32-415c-994c-5ff12f8de997","url_text":"\"State and non-state school details\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181121065959/https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/state-and-non-state-school-details/resource/5b39065c-df32-415c-994c-5ff12f8de997","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kallangur State School\". Retrieved 21 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kallangurss.eq.edu.au/","url_text":"\"Kallangur State School\""}]},{"reference":"\"ACARA School Profile 2018\". Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. Archived from the original on 27 August 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acara.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/school-profile-2018.xlsx","url_text":"\"ACARA School Profile 2018\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Curriculum,_Assessment_and_Reporting_Authority","url_text":"Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200827085246/https://www.acara.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/school-profile-2018.xlsx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dakabin State School\". Retrieved 21 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dakabinss.eq.edu.au/","url_text":"\"Dakabin State School\""}]},{"reference":"\"POWER Positive Learning Centre\". Retrieved 21 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dakabinss.eq.edu.au/","url_text":"\"POWER Positive Learning Centre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charlotte Mason College\". Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://cmc.qld.edu.au/","url_text":"\"Charlotte Mason College\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170929212915/https://cmc.qld.edu.au/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Charlotte Mason College Distance Education\". Archived from the original on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cmc.qld.edu.au/","url_text":"\"Charlotte Mason College Distance Education\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181102150109/https://cmc.qld.edu.au/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Holdsworth, Matty (12 December 2023). \"School's sudden closure leaves parents scrambling to find alternative\". The Courier-Mail. Retrieved 13 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.couriermail.com.au/queensland-education/schools-sudden-closure-leaves-parents-scrambling-to-find-alternative/news-story/e35360705a3da265c842b4d880d72bca","url_text":"\"School's sudden closure leaves parents scrambling to find alternative\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Mail","url_text":"The Courier-Mail"}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". Pinnacle Academic College. Retrieved 20 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pinnacleacademiccollege.com.au/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Branch Locations\". Queensland Country Women's Association. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.qcwa.org.au/branch-locations/","url_text":"\"Branch Locations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Country_Women%27s_Association","url_text":"Queensland Country Women's Association"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181226010724/http://www.qcwa.org.au/branch-locations/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kallangur\". Queensland Places. Centre for the Government of Queensland, University of Queensland.","urls":[{"url":"http://queenslandplaces.com.au/kallangur","url_text":"\"Kallangur\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiana,_Tennessee
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Christiana, Tennessee
|
["1 Demographics","2 History","3 References"]
|
Coordinates: 35°42′36″N 86°23′58″W / 35.71000°N 86.39944°W / 35.71000; -86.39944
Census-designated place in Tennessee, United StatesChristiana, TennesseeCensus-designated placeChristiana in March 2014Christiana, TennesseeShow map of TennesseeChristiana, TennesseeShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 35°42′36″N 86°23′58″W / 35.71000°N 86.39944°W / 35.71000; -86.39944CountryUnited StatesStateTennesseeCountyRutherfordArea • Total8.86 sq mi (22.94 km2) • Land8.86 sq mi (22.94 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation699 ft (213 m)Population (2020) • Total4,305 • Density486.11/sq mi (187.68/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code37037Area code615GNIS feature ID1280528
Christiana is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Rutherford County, Tennessee, United States. It has a post office, with ZIP code 37037. Christiana Middle School is located in the community. Both U.S. Route 231 (US 231) and Tennessee State Route 269 (SR 269) pass through the community.
The 2020 population of the CDP was 4,305.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
20204,305—U.S. Decennial Census
History
A post office called Christiana has been in operation since 1894. Besides the post office, Christiana contains several country stores and churches.
References
^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
^ "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
^ a b "Christiana, Tennessee". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
^ United States Postal Service (2012). "USPS - Look Up a ZIP Code". Retrieved February 15, 2012.
^ "Contact Us". CMS. Archived from the original on February 3, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
^ "Post Offices". Jim Forte Postal History. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
^ History of Tennessee from the Earliest Time to the Present. Goodspeed Publishing Company. 1886. p. 834.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Rutherford County, Tennessee, United StatesCounty seat: MurfreesboroCities
Eagleville
La Vergne
Murfreesboro
Town
Smyrna
CDPs
Christiana
Rockvale
Walterhill
Othercommunities
Allisona‡
Almaville
Barfield
Blackman
Cedar Grove
Florence
Fosterville
Kittrell
Lascassas
Midland
Milton
Overall
Readyville‡
Salem
Versailles
Windrow
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Tennessee portal
United States portal
Authority control databases: Geographic
MusicBrainz area
This Rutherford County, Tennessee geography–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
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| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs_for_the_Apocalypse,_Vol._4
|
Memento Mori (band)
|
["1 Discography","2 Former members","3 References"]
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Swedish metal band
Memento MoriVocalist Messiah MarcolinBackground informationOriginStockholm, SwedenGenresEpic doom metalYears active1992–1997LabelsBlack MarkMusical artist
Memento Mori was a Swedish band that is mainly doom metal but has some power metal influences. The band was founded by Messiah Marcolin and Mike Wead in 1992 after Messiah left Candlemass. After two albums, however, Messiah left the band; the third album was sung by Kristian Andrén. For the fourth album, Messiah returned. After that album, the band broke up. All albums were released by Black Mark.
Discography
Rhymes of Lunacy (1993)
Life, Death, and Other Morbid Tales (1994)
La Danse Macabre (1996)
Songs for the Apocalypse, Vol. 4 (1997)
Former members
Messiah Marcolin – vocals
Mike Wead – guitars
Nikkey Argento – guitars
Marty Marteen – bass
Tom Bjorn – drums
Kristian Andrén – vocals
Miguel Robaina – keyboards
Snowy Shaw – drums
Johan Billerhag (a.k.a. "Billy St. John") – drums
References
^ "Memento Mori: The Swedish Doom Reminder of the Inevitability of Death | Metal Invader". 22 July 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
^ "Memento Mori Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More". AllMusic. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Artists
MusicBrainz
This article about a Swedish band or other musical ensemble is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doom metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doom_metal"},{"link_name":"power metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_metal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Messiah Marcolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah_Marcolin"},{"link_name":"Mike Wead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Wead"},{"link_name":"Candlemass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candlemass_(band)"},{"link_name":"Black Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mark_Production"}],"text":"Musical artistMemento Mori was a Swedish band that is mainly doom metal but has some power metal influences.[1][2] The band was founded by Messiah Marcolin and Mike Wead in 1992 after Messiah left Candlemass. After two albums, however, Messiah left the band; the third album was sung by Kristian Andrén. For the fourth album, Messiah returned. After that album, the band broke up. All albums were released by Black Mark.","title":"Memento Mori (band)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Rhymes of Lunacy (1993)\nLife, Death, and Other Morbid Tales (1994)\nLa Danse Macabre (1996)\nSongs for the Apocalypse, Vol. 4 (1997)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Messiah Marcolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah_Marcolin"},{"link_name":"Mike Wead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Wead"},{"link_name":"Snowy Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowy_Shaw"}],"text":"Messiah Marcolin – vocals\nMike Wead – guitars\nNikkey Argento – guitars\nMarty Marteen – bass\nTom Bjorn – drums\nKristian Andrén – vocals\nMiguel Robaina – keyboards\nSnowy Shaw – drums\nJohan Billerhag (a.k.a. \"Billy St. John\") – drums","title":"Former members"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Memento Mori: The Swedish Doom Reminder of the Inevitability of Death | Metal Invader\". 22 July 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://metalinvader.net/memento-mori-the-swedish-doom-reminder-of-the-inevitability-of-death/","url_text":"\"Memento Mori: The Swedish Doom Reminder of the Inevitability of Death | Metal Invader\""}]},{"reference":"\"Memento Mori Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More\". AllMusic. Retrieved 4 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/memento-mori-mn0000351358","url_text":"\"Memento Mori Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://metalinvader.net/memento-mori-the-swedish-doom-reminder-of-the-inevitability-of-death/","external_links_name":"\"Memento Mori: The Swedish Doom Reminder of the Inevitability of Death | Metal Invader\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/memento-mori-mn0000351358","external_links_name":"\"Memento Mori Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000107299517","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/156664325","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb140398252","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb140398252","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/3750c398-ebd6-4db5-8e90-6b350b6a812c","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memento_Mori_(band)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_II,_Archbishop_of_Cologne
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Herman II (archbishop of Cologne)
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["1 Life","2 References","3 Literature","4 External links"]
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Roman Catholic archbishop
Herman II
Herman II (c. 995 – 11 February 1056), a member of the Ezzonid dynasty, was Archbishop of Cologne from 1036 until his death. According to historian Henryk Zieliński, Hermann was the most influential of the German metropolitans.
Life
Herman with his mother Matilda and his siblings Liudolf and Otto
He was the son of the Lotharingian Count Palatine Ezzo (955–1043) and his wife Matilda of Germany, Countess Palatine of Lotharingia (979–1025), a daughter of Emperor Otto II and his consort Theophanu. He was a member of the Ezzonian dynasty. Herman's younger brother Otto became Duke of Swabia in 1045; among his sisters were Richeza, who married the Polish King Mieszko II Lambert, and Theophanu, Abbess of Essen.
Detail from an 11th-century processional cross (Hermann-Ida-Kreuz), Kolumba museum
Pope Benedict IX elevated him to the College of Cardinals around 1036, at the same time the Salian Emperor Conrad II appointed him Archbishop and granted important privileges to the Church in Cologne. Herman accompanied Conrad on his Italian campaign and remained loyal to his successor Henry III.
In 1049 he received Pope Leo IX in Cologne and in 1051 consecrated Goslar Cathedral. His claritas generis allowed him to baptise and crown the emperor's newborn son Henry IV, a privilege that was disputed by Archbishop Luitpold I of Mainz. Herman also supported the emperor during the revolt led by Herman's nephew Duke Conrad I of Bavaria.
As Cologne archbishop he served as Archchancellor of the Italian kingdom (Regnum Italicum) and is also mentioned as protector of Brauweiler Abbey (1053). He evolved plans to rebuild Cologne Cathedral modelled on St. Peter's in Rome. He and his sister Ida had the Romanesque St. Maria im Kapitol church built from about 1040 onwards, following the example of the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore. He also built St. Maria ad Gradus, where his sister Richeza was initially buried. In 1050 he dedicated the collegiate Church of St. Simon and St. Jude in Goslar.
Archbishop Herman II died in Cologne and is buried in Cologne Cathedral. In the 13th century, the present-day Romanian city of Sibiu received its German name Hermannstadt in his honour.
References
^ Robinson, I.S., The Papal Reform of the Eleventh Century, Manchester University Press, 2013, p. 137, n.225ISBN 9781526112668
^ "The Konradiner", p. 100, retrieved 21 October 2009.
^ Bernhardt, John W., Itinerant Kingship & Royal Monasteries in Early Medieval Germany, c.936-1075. Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 310
^ a b Miranda, Salvador. "Hermann (ca. 995-1056)". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Florida International University Libraries. OCLC 53276621.
^ Schorn, Wilhelm and Verbeek, Albert. Die Kirche St. Georg in Köln, 1940, p. 162
^ "Hermannstadt (Sibiu) in Romania".
Literature
Lewald, Ursula, 'Die Ezzonen. Das Schicksal eines rheinischen Fürstengeschlechts', in Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter 43 (1979) pp. 120–168
External links
Herman II (archbishop of Cologne) Ezzonids Born: c. 995 Died: 11 February 1056
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byPilgrim
Archbishop of Cologne 1033–1056
Succeeded byAnno II
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
People
Deutsche Biographie
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According to historian Henryk Zieliński, Hermann was the most influential of the German metropolitans.[1]","title":"Herman II (archbishop of Cologne)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mechtila_dceraOty2_syni.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lotharingian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Count Palatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Palatine"},{"link_name":"Ezzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezzo,_Count_Palatine_of_Lotharingia"},{"link_name":"Matilda of Germany, Countess Palatine of Lotharingia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_of_Germany,_Countess_Palatine_of_Lotharingia"},{"link_name":"Otto II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Theophanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophanu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ezzonian dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezzonen"},{"link_name":"Otto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_II,_Duke_of_Swabia"},{"link_name":"Duke of Swabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Swabia"},{"link_name":"Richeza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richeza_of_Lotharingia"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Mieszko II Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_II_Lambert"},{"link_name":"Theophanu, Abbess of Essen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophanu,_Abbess_of_Essen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hermann-Ida-Kreuz_Detail.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kolumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumba"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IX"},{"link_name":"College of Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Salian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Conrad II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Henry III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miranda-4"},{"link_name":"Pope Leo IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX"},{"link_name":"Goslar Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goslar_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Henry IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Luitpold I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luitpold_I,_Archbishop_of_Mainz"},{"link_name":"Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Mainz"},{"link_name":"Conrad I of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miranda-4"},{"link_name":"Archchancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archchancellor"},{"link_name":"Brauweiler Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brauweiler_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Cologne Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"St. Peter's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica"},{"link_name":"St. Maria im Kapitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Maria_im_Kapitol"},{"link_name":"Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore"},{"link_name":"St. Maria ad Gradus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Maria_ad_Gradus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Church of St. Simon and St. Jude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goslar_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Goslar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goslar"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Sibiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibiu"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Herman with his mother Matilda and his siblings Liudolf and OttoHe was the son of the Lotharingian Count Palatine Ezzo (955–1043) and his wife Matilda of Germany, Countess Palatine of Lotharingia (979–1025), a daughter of Emperor Otto II and his consort Theophanu.[2] He was a member of the Ezzonian dynasty. Herman's younger brother Otto became Duke of Swabia in 1045; among his sisters were Richeza, who married the Polish King Mieszko II Lambert, and Theophanu, Abbess of Essen.[3]Detail from an 11th-century processional cross (Hermann-Ida-Kreuz), Kolumba museumPope Benedict IX elevated him to the College of Cardinals around 1036, at the same time the Salian Emperor Conrad II appointed him Archbishop and granted important privileges to the Church in Cologne. Herman accompanied Conrad on his Italian campaign and remained loyal to his successor Henry III.[4]In 1049 he received Pope Leo IX in Cologne and in 1051 consecrated Goslar Cathedral. His claritas generis allowed him to baptise and crown the emperor's newborn son Henry IV, a privilege that was disputed by Archbishop Luitpold I of Mainz. Herman also supported the emperor during the revolt led by Herman's nephew Duke Conrad I of Bavaria.[4]As Cologne archbishop he served as Archchancellor of the Italian kingdom (Regnum Italicum) and is also mentioned as protector of Brauweiler Abbey (1053). He evolved plans to rebuild Cologne Cathedral modelled on St. Peter's in Rome. He and his sister Ida had the Romanesque St. Maria im Kapitol church built from about 1040 onwards, following the example of the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore. He also built St. Maria ad Gradus, where his sister Richeza was initially buried.[5] In 1050 he dedicated the collegiate Church of St. Simon and St. Jude in Goslar.Archbishop Herman II died in Cologne and is buried in Cologne Cathedral. In the 13th century, the present-day Romanian city of Sibiu received its German name Hermannstadt in his honour.[6]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Lewald, Ursula, 'Die Ezzonen. Das Schicksal eines rheinischen Fürstengeschlechts', in Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter 43 (1979) pp. 120–168","title":"Literature"}]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FW8CEAAAQBAJ&dq=Herman+II+%28archbishop+of+Cologne%29&pg=PA137","external_links_name":"Robinson, I.S., The Papal Reform of the Eleventh Century, Manchester University Press, 2013, p. 137, n.225"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KmO9wrAMo8kC&dq=Ezzo%2C+Count&pg=PA100","external_links_name":"\"The Konradiner\""},{"Link":"https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1036.htm#Hermann","external_links_name":"\"Hermann (ca. 995-1056)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53276621","external_links_name":"53276621"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V2xYAAAAMAAJ&q=Mariengraden+1063+Richeza","external_links_name":"Schorn, Wilhelm and Verbeek, Albert. Die Kirche St. Georg in Köln, 1940, p. 162"},{"Link":"https://www.skr.de/rumaenien-reisen/sehenswuerdigkeiten/hermannstadt-sibiu-in-siebenbuergen/","external_links_name":"\"Hermannstadt (Sibiu) in Romania\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/81607363","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/137412711","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd137412711.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milestone,_Saskatchewan
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Milestone, Saskatchewan
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["1 Demographics","2 Education","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 49°59′31″N 104°31′26″W / 49.992°N 104.524°W / 49.992; -104.524Town in Saskatchewan, CanadaMilestoneTown
FlagMilestoneLocation of Milestone in SaskatchewanShow map of SaskatchewanMilestoneMilestone (Canada)Show map of CanadaCoordinates: 49°59′31″N 104°31′26″W / 49.992°N 104.524°W / 49.992; -104.524CountryCanadaProvinceSaskatchewanCensus division2Rural MunicipalityCaledoniaPost office FoundedMay 1, 1900Incorporated (Village of the Northwest Territories)March 14, 1903Incorporated (Town)1906Government • MayorJeff Brown • Town AdministratorStephen Schury • Governing bodyMilestone Town CouncilArea • Total2.17 km2 (0.84 sq mi)Population (2016) • Total699 • Density321.7/km2 (833/sq mi)Time zoneCSTPostal codeS0G 3L0Area code306HighwaysHighway 39WaterwaysSouris River valleyWebsitemilestonesk.ca
Milestone is a town in southeast Saskatchewan, Canada, on Saskatchewan Highway 39. The town was named after C. W. Milestone (superintendent of the New Soo Line) in 1893. The town serves as a service centre for the neighbouring countryside with the area's economy dominated by agriculture.
Two churches offer services; Milestone Alliance Church and The Lighthouse Church.
Other facilities provided within the town include a public pool, campground, ice rink and various shops and services.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Milestone had a population of 682 living in 264 of its 291 total private dwellings, a change of -2.4% from its 2016 population of 699. With a land area of 2.12 km2 (0.82 sq mi), it had a population density of 321.7/km2 (833.2/sq mi) in 2021.
Education
Milestone Elementary School teaches Kindergarten to Grade 4 while Milestone High School offers classes up to Grade 12.
See also
List of communities in Saskatchewan
List of towns in Saskatchewan
References
^ "Census Profile, 2016 Census = Statistics Canada". Government of Canada. Retrieved 2019-04-08.
^ National Archives, Archivia Net. "Post Offices and Postmasters". Archived from the original on 2006-10-06. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
^ Government of Saskatchewan, MRD Home. "Municipal Directory System". Archived from the original on 2016-01-15. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
^ Commissioner of Canada Elections, Chief Electoral Officer of Canada (2005). "Elections Canada On-line". Archived from the original on 2007-04-21. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
^ a b c d "Town of Milestone". Retrieved 2014-07-19.
^ "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Saskatchewan". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2022.
External links
Official website
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49°59′31″N 104°31′26″W / 49.992°N 104.524°W / 49.992; -104.524
This article about a location in the Census Division No. 2 of Saskatchewan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan Highway 39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan_Highway_39"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milestone-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milestone-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milestone-5"}],"text":"Town in Saskatchewan, CanadaMilestone is a town in southeast Saskatchewan, Canada, on Saskatchewan Highway 39. The town was named after C. W. Milestone (superintendent of the New Soo Line) in 1893. The town serves as a service centre for the neighbouring countryside with the area's economy dominated by agriculture.[5]Two churches offer services; Milestone Alliance Church and The Lighthouse Church.[5]\nOther facilities provided within the town include a public pool, campground, ice rink and various shops and services.[5]","title":"Milestone, Saskatchewan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 Census of Population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"Statistics Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021census-6"}],"text":"In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Milestone had a population of 682 living in 264 of its 291 total private dwellings, a change of -2.4% from its 2016 population of 699. With a land area of 2.12 km2 (0.82 sq mi), it had a population density of 321.7/km2 (833.2/sq mi) in 2021.[6]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milestone-5"}],"text":"Milestone Elementary School teaches Kindergarten to Grade 4 while Milestone High School offers classes up to Grade 12.[5]","title":"Education"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of communities in Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Saskatchewan"},{"title":"List of towns in Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Saskatchewan"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Census Profile, 2016 Census = Statistics Canada\". Government of Canada. Retrieved 2019-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=4702067&Geo2=PR&Code2=47&Data=Count&SearchText=Milestone&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=4702067&TABID=1","url_text":"\"Census Profile, 2016 Census = Statistics Canada\""}]},{"reference":"National Archives, Archivia Net. \"Post Offices and Postmasters\". Archived from the original on 2006-10-06. Retrieved 2014-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061006045957/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/archivianet/post-offices/001001-100.01-e.php","url_text":"\"Post Offices and Postmasters\""},{"url":"http://www.collectionscanada.ca/archivianet/post-offices/001001-100.01-e.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Government of Saskatchewan, MRD Home. \"Municipal Directory System\". Archived from the original on 2016-01-15. Retrieved 2014-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160115125115/http://www.mds.gov.sk.ca/apps/Pub/MDS/welcome.aspx","url_text":"\"Municipal Directory System\""},{"url":"http://www.mds.gov.sk.ca/apps/Pub/MDS/welcome.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Commissioner of Canada Elections, Chief Electoral Officer of Canada (2005). \"Elections Canada On-line\". Archived from the original on 2007-04-21. Retrieved 2014-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070421084430/http://www.elections.ca/home.asp","url_text":"\"Elections Canada On-line\""},{"url":"https://www.elections.ca/home.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Town of Milestone\". Retrieved 2014-07-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.milestonesk.ca/","url_text":"\"Town of Milestone\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Saskatchewan\". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000203&geocode=A000247","url_text":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Saskatchewan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada","url_text":"Statistics Canada"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_IV,_Duke_of_Austria
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Leopold IV, Duke of Austria
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["1 Biography","2 Ancestors","3 Male-line family tree","4 References","5 External links"]
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Austrian Habsburg ruler, 1371 – 1411
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Leopold IV, Duke of Austria" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Leopold IV, Duke of AustriaLeopold IV of Austria by Anton BoysBorn1371Died(1411-06-03)3 June 1411ViennaBuriedDucal Crypt in the Stephansdom in ViennaNoble familyHouse of HabsburgSpouse(s)Catherine of BurgundyFatherLeopold III, Duke of AustriaMotherViridis Visconti
Seal of Leopold IV of Austria
Leopold IV of Austria (1371 – June 3, 1411), Duke of Further Austria, was an Austrian Habsburg Duke of the Leopoldinian Line, known as "the Fat".
Biography
He was the second son of Leopold III. His eldest brother Duke William of Inner Austria took him as his effective co-ruler, putting him in particular charge of Further Austria, which also meant ancestral Habsburg lands in Swiss Aargau etc. Leopold was to face Swiss opposition to Austrian administration.
From 1391 onwards, he was the effective ruler of Further Austria, and from 1396 to 1406 he was ruler in Tyrol too.
He married Catherine de Valois of Burgundy, daughter of Philip II, Duke of Burgundy, in 1393. She died in 1425, and they had no surviving children.
His younger brothers Ernest the Iron and Frederick were, for the time being, left to grow up. They were initiated with ducal positions in 1402. In 1406 their eldest brother Duke William died without leaving heirs, and Leopold became the next head of their family. Leopold had no sons either. The younger brothers made an agreement how to divide the patrimony in the future: Ernest was to receive Inner Austria and Frederick Further Austria, including Tyrol. Ernest took the reins in Styria, etc. Frederick was only barely in his twenties, but was put in charge in Tyrol. Leopold was left with responsibility of the Further Austrian territories, together with the position of head of the family.
In 1406, Leopold took over the guardianship of their young cousin Albert V, which resulted in conflicts with his brother Ernest.
Leopold died in Vienna and was buried in the Ducal Crypt in the city's cathedral.
Ancestors
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Ancestors of Leopold IV, Duke of Austria 8. Albert I, King of the Romans 4. Albert II, Duke of Austria 9. Elisabeth of Carinthia 2. Leopold III, Duke of Austria 10. Ulrich III, Count of Pfirt 5. Joanna of Pfirt 11. Joanna of Burgundy 1. Leopold IV, Duke Austria 12. Stefano Visconti 6. Bernabò Visconti 13. Valentina Doria 3. Viridis Visconti 14. Mastino II della Scala 7. Beatrice Regina della Scala 15. Taddea da Carrara
Male-line family tree
Habsburg
Original line / Albertinian line / Leopoldian line Max and Philip line / Spanish / Iberian line / Austrian / HRE line
AlbertCount of Habsburg(c. 1188–1239)
Rudolf Iof Germany(c. 1218–1291)
Albert Iof Germany(1255–1308)Hartmann(1263–1281)Rudolf IIDuke of Austria(1270–1290)
Rudolf Iof Bohemia(1281–1307)Frederickthe Fair(c. 1289–1330)Leopold IDuke of Austria(1290–1326)Albert IIDuke of Austria(1298–1358)Henrythe Friendly(1299–1327)OttoDuke of Austria(1301–1339)JohnParricida(c. 1290–1312/13)
Rudolf IVDuke of Austria(1339–1365)Frederick IIIDuke of Austria(1347–1362)Albert IIIDuke of Austria(1349–1395)Leopold IIIDuke of Austria(1351–1386)Frederick IIDuke of Austria(1327–1344)Leopold IIDuke of Austria(1328–1344)
Albert IVDuke of Austria(1377–1404)WilliamDuke of Austria(c. 1370–1406)Leopold IVDuke of Austria(1371–1411)ErnestDuke of Austria(1377–1424)Frederick IVDuke of Austria(1382–1439)
Albert IIof Germany(1397–1439)Frederick IIIHRE(1415–1493)Albert VIArchduke of Austria(1418–1463)SigismundArchduke of Austria(1427–1496)
Ladislausthe Posthumous(1440–1457)Maximilian IHRE(1459–1519)
Philip Iof Castile(1478–1506)
Charles VHRE(1500–1558)Ferdinand IHRE(1503–1564)
Philip IIof Spain(1527–1598)Maximilian IIHRE(1527–1576)Ferdinand IIArchduke of Austria(1529–1595)Charles IIArchduke of Austria(1540–1590)
CarlosPrince of Asturias(1545–1568)Philip IIIof Spain(1578–1621)Rudolf IIHRE(1552–1612)Ernestof Austria(1553–1595)MatthiasHRE(1557–1619)Maximilian IIIArchduke of Austria(1558–1618)Albert VIIArchduke of Austria(1559–1621)WenceslausArchduke of Austria(1561–1578)AndrewMargrave of Burgau(1558–1600)CharlesMargrave of Burgau(1560–1618)Ferdinand IIHRE(1578–1637)Maximilian Ernestof Austria(1583–1616)Leopold VArchduke of Austria(1586–1632)Charlesof Austria(1590–1624)
Philip IVof Spain(1605–1665)Charlesof Austria(1607–1632)Ferdinandof Austria(1609–1641)John-Charlesof Austria(1605–1619)Ferdinand IIIHRE(1608–1657)Leopold Wilhelmof Austria(1614–1662)Ferdinand CharlesArchduke of Austria(1628–1662)Sigismund FrancisArchduke of Austria(1630–1665)
Balthasar CharlesPrince of Asturias(1629–1646)Charles IIof Spain(1661–1700)Ferdinand IVKing of the Romans(1633–1654)Leopold IHRE(1640–1705)Charles Josephof Austria(1649–1664)
Joseph IHRE(1678–1711)Charles VIHRE(1685–1740)
Notes:
^ "Habsburg family tree". Habsburg family website. 28 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
References
^ Duggan, Anne J. (30 September 2008). Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe: Proceedings of a Conference Held at King's College London, April 1995. Boydell Press. p. 103. ISBN 9780851158815. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
^ Pippal, Martina (2001). A Short History of Art in Vienna. C.H.Beck. p. 117. ISBN 9783406467899. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
External links
Leopold IV, Duke of Austria House of HabsburgBorn: 1371 Died: 3 June 1411
Preceded byLeopold III
Duke of Further Austria 1386–1411jointly with William until 1406
Succeeded byFrederick IV
vteMonarchs of AustriaHouse of Babenberg
Leopold I the Illustrious (976–994)
Henry I the Strong (994–1018)
Adalbert the Victorious (1018–1055)
Ernest the Brave (1055–1075)
Leopold II the Fair (1075–1095)
Leopold III the Good (1095–1136)
Leopold the Generous (1137–1141)
Henry II Jasomirgott (1141–1177)
Leopold V the Virtuous (1177–1194)
Frederick I the Catholic (1195–1198)
Leopold VI the Glorious (1198–1230)
Frederick II the Quarrelsome (1230–1246)
Interregnum
Vladislaus of Moravia (claimant 1246–1247)
Herman VI of Baden (claimant 1248–1250)
Frederick I of Baden (claimant 1250–1268)
Ottokar II of Bohemia (claimant 1251–1278)
House of HabsburgAustria
Rudolf I (1278–1282)
Albert I (1282–1308)
Rudolf II the Debonair (1282–1283)
Rudolf III the Good (1298–1307)
Frederick I the Fair (1308–1330)
Leopold I the Glorious (1308–1326)
Albert II the Wise (1330–1358)
Otto I the Merry (1330–1339)
Frederick II (1339–1344)
Leopold II (1339–1344)
Rudolf IV the Founder (1358–1365)
Leopold III the Just (1365-1379)
Albert III the Pigtail (1365-1395)
Albert IV the Patient (1395-1404)
Albert V (1404–1439)
Ladislaus I the Posthumous (1440–1457)
Frederick V the Peaceful (1457–1493)
Maximilian I the Last Knight (1493–1519)
Charles I (1519–1521)
Ferdinand I (1521–1564)
Maximilian II (1564–1576)
Rudolf V (1576–1608)
Matthias (1608–1619)
Albert VII (1619)
Ferdinand III (1590, 1619–1637)
Ferdinand IV (1637–1657)
Leopold V (1623–1632)
Ferdinand Charles (1632–1662)
Sigismund Francis (1662–1665)
Leopold VI (1657, 1665–1705)
Joseph I (1705–1711)
Charles III (1711–1740)
Maria Theresa (1740–1780)
Francis I Stephen (1740–1765)
Joseph II (1765–1790)
Leopold VII (1790–1792)
Francis II (1792–1835)
Ferdinand I (1835–1848)
Francis Joseph I (1848–1916)
Charles I (1916–1918)
House of HabsburgStyria, Carinthia, Carniola
Leopold III the Just (1365–1386)
William the Courteous (1386–1406)
Leopold IV the Fat (1386–1411)
Ernest the Iron (1402–1424)
Frederick V the Peaceful (1424–1493)
Albert VI the Prodigal (1457–1463)
Maximilian I the Last Knight (1493–1519)
Charles I (1519–1521)
Ferdinand I (1521–1564)
Charles II (1564–1590)
Ferdinand III (1590–1637)
House of HabsburgTyrol
Rudolf IV the Founder (1363–1365)
Leopold III the Just (1365–1386)
William the Courteous (1386–1406)
Frederick IV of the Empty Pockets (1406–1439)
Sigismund the Rich (1439–1490)
Maximilian I the Last Knight (1490–1519)
Charles I (1519–1521)
Ferdinand I (1521–1564)
Ferdinand II (1564–1595)
Matthias (1595–1619)
Albert VII (1619)
Ferdinand III (1619–1623)
Leopold V (1623–1632)
Ferdinand Charles (1632–1662)
Sigismund Francis (1662–1665)
Leopold VI (1665–1705)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Poland
Vatican
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
This biography of a member of the Austrian royalty is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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His eldest brother Duke William of Inner Austria took him as his effective co-ruler, putting him in particular charge of Further Austria, which also meant ancestral Habsburg lands in Swiss Aargau etc. Leopold was to face Swiss opposition to Austrian administration.From 1391 onwards, he was the effective ruler of Further Austria, and from 1396 to 1406 he was ruler in Tyrol too.He married Catherine de Valois of Burgundy, daughter of Philip II, Duke of Burgundy, in 1393. She died in 1425, and they had no surviving children.His younger brothers Ernest the Iron and Frederick were, for the time being, left to grow up. They were initiated with ducal positions in 1402. In 1406 their eldest brother Duke William died without leaving heirs, and Leopold became the next head of their family. Leopold had no sons either. The younger brothers made an agreement how to divide the patrimony in the future: Ernest was to receive Inner Austria and Frederick Further Austria, including Tyrol. Ernest took the reins in Styria, etc. Frederick was only barely in his twenties, but was put in charge in Tyrol. Leopold was left with responsibility of the Further Austrian territories, together with the position of head of the family.In 1406, Leopold took over the guardianship of their young cousin Albert V, which resulted in conflicts with his brother Ernest.Leopold died in Vienna and was buried in the Ducal Crypt in the city's cathedral.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albert I, King of the Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_I_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Albert II, Duke of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_II,_Duke_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth of Carinthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Carinthia,_Queen_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Leopold III, Duke of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_III,_Duke_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Joanna of Pfirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_of_Pfirt"},{"link_name":"Joanna of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Stefano Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_Visconti"},{"link_name":"Bernabò Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernab%C3%B2_Visconti"},{"link_name":"Viridis Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viridis_Visconti"},{"link_name":"Mastino II della Scala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastino_II_della_Scala"},{"link_name":"Beatrice Regina della Scala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Regina_della_Scala"}],"text":"Ancestors of Leopold IV, Duke of Austria 8. Albert I, King of the Romans 4. Albert II, Duke of Austria 9. Elisabeth of Carinthia 2. Leopold III, Duke of Austria 10. Ulrich III, Count of Pfirt 5. Joanna of Pfirt 11. Joanna of Burgundy 1. Leopold IV, Duke Austria 12. Stefano Visconti 6. Bernabò Visconti 13. Valentina Doria 3. Viridis Visconti 14. Mastino II della Scala 7. Beatrice Regina della Scala 15. Taddea da Carrara","title":"Ancestors"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Male-line family tree"}]
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[{"image_text":"Seal of Leopold IV of Austria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/POlda4.jpg/220px-POlda4.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Habsburg family tree\". Habsburg family website. 28 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://habsburg.org/family-history/extended-family-tree/?lang=en","url_text":"\"Habsburg family tree\""}]},{"reference":"Duggan, Anne J. (30 September 2008). Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe: Proceedings of a Conference Held at King's College London, April 1995. Boydell Press. p. 103. ISBN 9780851158815. Retrieved 2 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8uJVS6cBOrgC&pg=PA103","url_text":"Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe: Proceedings of a Conference Held at King's College London, April 1995"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780851158815","url_text":"9780851158815"}]},{"reference":"Pippal, Martina (2001). A Short History of Art in Vienna. C.H.Beck. p. 117. ISBN 9783406467899. Retrieved 2 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OPCmrz4VoPIC&pg=PA117","url_text":"A Short History of Art in Vienna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783406467899","url_text":"9783406467899"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athol_Hall,_Mosman
|
Athol Hall, Mosman
|
["1 History of Athol Gardens Hotel","2 Later history","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Historical building in New South Wales, Australia
Athol Hall, Mosman
Athol Hall, Mosman, New South Wales is a building of historical significance and is listed on the NSW Heritage Register. It was built on the site a complex called Athol Gardens Hotel. The hotel was originally a house built in about 1850. The present hall was erected in 1908 and incorporates part of the earlier Athol Gardens Hotel Today the building has been fully restored caters for special functions and events particularly weddings. There is also a café which provides breakfast and lunch every day of the week.
History of Athol Gardens Hotel
Athol Gardens Hotel 1871. The hotel (in the middle) is shown from the side. It extends back in a rectangular shape for about 45 feet with a verandah nearly the whole length.
Athol Gardens Hotel was originally a private residence which was a five roomed stone walled home called “Athol” built by the Ferrier family in about 1850. They leased the building to William Clark in the 1860s and he extended it and obtained a hotel licence. Dancing pavilions were also built close to the hotel. Australian Town and Country Journal visited the complex in 1871 and included a sketch in their newspaper which is shown. They said that “facilities were abundantly afforded by the proprietor whose energy and taste deserve the support of all who desire to enjoy a holiday at one of the most beautiful spots to be found on the shores of our magnificent harbour.
In the following year a tourist, William Clare Taylor, visited the hotel and described it in detail. He said:
"The hotel is about 45 feet frontage with a verandah nearly the whole length resting on plain white painted pillars. There is a well-furnished large parlour also a dining and sitting room. There are two saloons for dancing of wood with sloping roofs of shingle, one 100 feet by 25, the other 52 feet by 22 with apertures left on each side about 5 feet square in place of windows. The hotel is plastered over and painted white."
William Clark, the publican at this time, was born in Scotland in 1827. His father was Nicol Clark, a farmer. The family migrated to Australia in about 1840. In 1847 in Windsor he married Elizabeth Vicary and the couple went to live in Sydney. In the following year he opened a dancing studio in Pitt Street and gave lessons there for many years. The couple had seventeen children. They went to live at Athol gardens in about 1867.
In 1868 he was involved in a dramatic rescue which was widely reported in the newspapers. Four young boys were rowing near Athol Gardens when their boat capsized about 400 metres from shore. One managed to swim to safety but the other three clung to the keel. William Clark and his eldest son upon hearing their cries immediately unmoored a boat and managed to save them. The paper said that "Mr Clark with a sense of hospitality that deserves the greatest praise took them to his hotel, supplied them with a change of clothes and showed them every kindness during the night and the next morning they were safely landed at Double Bay."
Later history
Large function held in Athol Gardens in 1908. Athol Hall is on the right
The business was advertised for sale in 1880 and bought by Joseph Taylor Coffill. However, by 1882 he and lost both the dancing and liquor licences but it remained popular as a Temperance Hotel. The premises seems to have regained permission for dancing a few years later as it was often mentioned during the 1890s that dancing was being held in the pavilion.
In 1906 Sydney Ferries Limited bought the hotel complex from the Ferrier family. Two years later they built Athol Hall incorporating some of the hotel structure. It was granted a licence in May 1908 to be a place of amusement. In September of the same year a large gathering of members of the Liberal and Reform Association held a function in Athol Gardens where afternoon tea was served. A photo of this event is shown. These types of large gatherings at the park were typical.
In 1911 the Government resumed the land so that improvements could be made. The hall continued to be used by the public for picnic events.
Today the Hall is managed by the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service and is available as a venue for wedding receptions, wedding ceremonies, corporate events, private parties or other functions.
References
^ NSW Heritage Register. Online reference
^ Expressions of Interest open for operation of Athol Hall Online reference
^ Athol Hall website. Online reference
^ Athol Café website. Online reference
^ Souter Gavin 2012 “Mosman, A History”, pp. 69, 90.
^ Australian Town and Country Journal 7 October 1871, p. 20.. Online reference
^ Taylor, William Clare 1872 “Jottings on Australia”, p. 85. Online reference
^ Sydney Morning Herald, 1 February 1848, p. 1. Online reference
^ Windsor and Richmond Gazette, 22 March 1918, p. 9. Online reference
^ Empire (Sydney), 28 April 1868, p. 2. Online reference
^ Sydney Morning Herald, 4 August 1880, p. 7. Online reference
^ Souter Gavin 2012 “Mosman, A History”, p. 91.
^ Sydney Morning Herald, 27 January 1897, p. 7. Online reference
^ Evening News, 13 May 1908, p. 4. Online reference
^ The Sydney Mail, 23 September 1908, p. 810. Online reference
^ The Sun 25 May 1911, p. 12. Online reference
^ Watchman, 5 February 1920, p. 8. Online reference
External links
Athol Hall, Mosman website
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(1)Athol_Hall-4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mosman, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosman,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Athol Hall, MosmanAthol Hall, Mosman, New South Wales is a building of historical significance and is listed on the NSW Heritage Register.[1] It was built on the site a complex called Athol Gardens Hotel. The hotel was originally a house built in about 1850. The present hall was erected in 1908 and incorporates part of the earlier Athol Gardens Hotel[2] Today the building has been fully restored caters for special functions and events particularly weddings.[3] There is also a café which provides breakfast and lunch every day of the week.[4]","title":"Athol Hall, Mosman"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Athol_Gardens_1871.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Australian Town and Country Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Town_and_Country_Journal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Athol Gardens Hotel 1871. The hotel (in the middle) is shown from the side. It extends back in a rectangular shape for about 45 feet with a verandah nearly the whole length.Athol Gardens Hotel was originally a private residence which was a five roomed stone walled home called “Athol” built by the Ferrier family[5] in about 1850. They leased the building to William Clark in the 1860s and he extended it and obtained a hotel licence. Dancing pavilions were also built close to the hotel. Australian Town and Country Journal visited the complex in 1871 and included a sketch in their newspaper which is shown. They said that “facilities were abundantly afforded by the proprietor whose energy and taste deserve the support of all who desire to enjoy a holiday at one of the most beautiful spots to be found on the shores of our magnificent harbour.[6]In the following year a tourist, William Clare Taylor, visited the hotel and described it in detail. He said:\"The hotel is about 45 feet frontage with a verandah nearly the whole length resting on plain white painted pillars. There is a well-furnished large parlour also a dining and sitting room. There are two saloons for dancing of wood with sloping roofs of shingle, one 100 feet by 25, the other 52 feet by 22 with apertures left on each side about 5 feet square in place of windows. The hotel is plastered over and painted white.\"[7]William Clark, the publican at this time, was born in Scotland in 1827. His father was Nicol Clark, a farmer. The family migrated to Australia in about 1840. In 1847 in Windsor he married Elizabeth Vicary and the couple went to live in Sydney. In the following year he opened a dancing studio in Pitt Street and gave lessons there for many years.[8] The couple had seventeen children.[9] They went to live at Athol gardens in about 1867.In 1868 he was involved in a dramatic rescue which was widely reported in the newspapers. Four young boys were rowing near Athol Gardens when their boat capsized about 400 metres from shore. One managed to swim to safety but the other three clung to the keel. William Clark and his eldest son upon hearing their cries immediately unmoored a boat and managed to save them. The paper said that \"Mr Clark with a sense of hospitality that deserves the greatest praise took them to his hotel, supplied them with a change of clothes and showed them every kindness during the night and the next morning they were safely landed at Double Bay.\"[10]","title":"History of Athol Gardens Hotel"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Function_in_Athol_Gardens_in_1908.jpg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Sydney Ferries Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Ferries_Limited"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Large function held in Athol Gardens in 1908. Athol Hall is on the rightThe business was advertised for sale in 1880[11] and bought by Joseph Taylor Coffill. However, by 1882 he and lost both the dancing and liquor licences but it remained popular as a Temperance Hotel.[12] The premises seems to have regained permission for dancing a few years later as it was often mentioned during the 1890s that dancing was being held in the pavilion.[13]In 1906 Sydney Ferries Limited bought the hotel complex from the Ferrier family. Two years later they built Athol Hall incorporating some of the hotel structure. It was granted a licence in May 1908 to be a place of amusement.[14] In September of the same year a large gathering of members of the Liberal and Reform Association held a function in Athol Gardens where afternoon tea was served.[15] A photo of this event is shown. These types of large gatherings at the park were typical.In 1911 the Government resumed the land so that improvements could be made.[16] The hall continued to be used by the public for picnic events.[17]Today the Hall is managed by the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service and is available as a venue for wedding receptions, wedding ceremonies, corporate events, private parties or other functions.","title":"Later history"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Athol Hall, Mosman","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%281%29Athol_Hall-4.jpg/300px-%281%29Athol_Hall-4.jpg"},{"image_text":"Athol Gardens Hotel 1871. The hotel (in the middle) is shown from the side. It extends back in a rectangular shape for about 45 feet with a verandah nearly the whole length.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Athol_Gardens_1871.jpg/200px-Athol_Gardens_1871.jpg"},{"image_text":"Large function held in Athol Gardens in 1908. Athol Hall is on the right","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Function_in_Athol_Gardens_in_1908.jpg/200px-Function_in_Athol_Gardens_in_1908.jpg"}]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=2060491","external_links_name":"Online reference"},{"Link":"http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/news/expressions-of-interest-open-for-operation-of-athol-hall","external_links_name":"Online reference"},{"Link":"http://atholhallvenue.com.au/","external_links_name":"Online reference"},{"Link":"http://atholhallvenue.com.au/cafe/","external_links_name":"Online reference"},{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/70469467?searchTerm=%22athol%20gardens%22&searchLimits=l-illustrated=true","external_links_name":"Online reference"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/jottingsonaustra00taylrich#page/84/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Online reference"},{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/12895011?searchTerm=%22William%20clark%22%20%22professor%20of%20dancing%22&searchLimits","external_links_name":"Online reference"},{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/86149585?searchTerm=clark%20%22athol%20gardens%22&searchLimits=l-decade=191%7C%7C%7Cl-year=1918","external_links_name":"Online reference"},{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/86149585?searchTerm=clark%20%22athol%20gardens%22&searchLimits=l-decade=191%7C%7C%7Cl-year=1918","external_links_name":"Online reference"},{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/13465464?searchTerm=%22athol%20gardens%20hotel%22&searchLimits=l-decade=188the","external_links_name":"Online reference"},{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/13938827?searchTerm=%22athol%20gardens%22&searchLimits=l-decade=189","external_links_name":"Online reference"},{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/112960609?searchTerm=todd%20%22athol%20gardens%22&searchLimits","external_links_name":"Online reference"},{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/165396336?searchTerm=%22athol%20gardens%22&searchLimits=l-illustrated=true","external_links_name":"Online reference"},{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/221593867?searchTerm=%22athol%20gardens%22&searchLimits=l-decade=191%7C%7C%7Cl-year=1911","external_links_name":"Online reference"},{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/112388813?searchTerm=%22athol%20gardens%22%20pavilion&searchLimits=l-decade=192","external_links_name":"Online reference"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/venues/athol-hall","external_links_name":"Athol Hall, Mosman website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echten,_Friesland
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Echten, Friesland
|
["1 History","2 Gallery","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 52°52′24″N 5°47′56″E / 52.87333°N 5.79889°E / 52.87333; 5.79889Village in Friesland, NetherlandsEchten
YchtenVillageThe church and cemetery of EchtenLocation in the former Lemsterlân municipalityEchtenLocation in the NetherlandsShow map of FrieslandEchtenEchten (Netherlands)Show map of NetherlandsCoordinates: 52°52′24″N 5°47′56″E / 52.87333°N 5.79889°E / 52.87333; 5.79889Country NetherlandsProvince FrieslandMunicipality De Fryske MarrenArea • Total3.00 km2 (1.16 sq mi)Elevation−0.5 m (−1.6 ft)Population (2021) • Total260 • Density87/km2 (220/sq mi)Postal code8537Dialing code0514
Echten (West Frisian: Ychten) is a small village in De Fryske Marren in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 235 in 2017.
History
The village was first mentioned in 1245 as Acthne. The etymology is unclear, however forest of oak trees fits the earliest forms. Echten is a road village along the Heerenveen-Lemmer main road. In the 18th century, peat excavation started and finished in the middle of the 19th century. The Protestant Church dates from the middle of the 13th century, and received its current form in the late 17th century. In 1825, the village was flooded and most of the houses were either destroyed or severely damaged. In 1840, Echten was home to 894 people.
The 2,800 hectares (6,900 acres) Veenpolder was poldered between 1856 and 1871. It needed 7 wind mills to pump away the excess water. In 1913, a steam engine-powered pumping station was built. In 1925, it was converted to an electric engine, and the chimney was demolished. The pumping station was decommissioned in 1996. In 2006-2007, it was restored and the chimney was rebuilt. It is currently used an exhibition and gallery space.
Gallery
House along the canal
Village centre
Houses along the canal
Pumping station Echten
References
^ a b c "Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021". Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
^ "Postcodetool for 8537SB". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
^ Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2017 - CBS
^ "Echten - (geografische naam)". Etymologiebank (in Dutch). Retrieved 29 March 2022.
^ Ronald Stenvert & Sabine Broekhoven (2000). "Echten" (in Dutch). Zwolle: Waanders. ISBN 90 400 9476 4. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
^ "Echten (Fryslan)". Plaatsengids (in Dutch). Retrieved 29 March 2022.
^ "Stoomgemaal Veenpolder van Echten". Gemalen (in Dutch). Retrieved 29 March 2022.
External links
Media related to Echten (Friesland) at Wikimedia Commons
vtePopulated places in the municipality of De Fryske MarrenTowns
Joure
Lemmer
Sloten
Former municipalities: Gaasterlân-Sleat
Lemsterland
Skarsterlân
Villages
Akmarijp
Bakhuizen
Balk
Bantega
Boornzwaag
Broek
Delfstrahuizen
Dijken
Doniaga
Echten
Echtenerbrug
Eesterga
Elahuizen
Follega
Goingarijp
Harich
Haskerhorne
Idskenhuizen
Kolderwolde
Langweer
Legemeer
Mirns
Nijehaske
Nijemirdum
Oldeouwer
Oosterzee
Oudega
Oudehaske
Oudemirdum
Ouwster-Nijega
Ouwsterhaule
Rijs
Rohel
Rotstergaast
Rotsterhaule
Rottum
Ruigahuizen
Scharsterbrug
Sint Nicolaasga
Sintjohannesga
Snikzwaag
Sondel
Terherne
Terkaple
Teroele
Tjerkgaast
Vegelinsoord
Wijckel
List of cities, towns and villages in Friesland
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Frisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Frisian_language"},{"link_name":"De Fryske Marren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Fryske_Marren"},{"link_name":"Friesland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friesland"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Village in Friesland, NetherlandsEchten (West Frisian: Ychten) is a small village in De Fryske Marren in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 235 in 2017.[3]","title":"Echten, Friesland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Heerenveen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heerenveen"},{"link_name":"Lemmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemmer"},{"link_name":"peat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monument-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plaats-6"},{"link_name":"poldered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polder"},{"link_name":"steam engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_engine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The village was first mentioned in 1245 as Acthne. The etymology is unclear, however forest of oak trees fits the earliest forms.[4] Echten is a road village along the Heerenveen-Lemmer main road. In the 18th century, peat excavation started and finished in the middle of the 19th century. The Protestant Church dates from the middle of the 13th century, and received its current form in the late 17th century.[5] In 1825, the village was flooded and most of the houses were either destroyed or severely damaged. In 1840, Echten was home to 894 people.[6]The 2,800 hectares (6,900 acres) Veenpolder was poldered between 1856 and 1871. It needed 7 wind mills to pump away the excess water. In 1913, a steam engine-powered pumping station was built. In 1925, it was converted to an electric engine, and the chimney was demolished. The pumping station was decommissioned in 1996. In 2006-2007, it was restored and the chimney was rebuilt. It is currently used an exhibition and gallery space.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Netherlands,_Echten,_scene_in_spring.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Netherlands,_Echten,_village_centre_(Middenvaart_1_and_3)_.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Netherlands,_Echten,_houses_along_the_Middenfeart_canal(1).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gemaal_Echten_10.JPG"}],"text":"House along the canal\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVillage centre\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHouses along the canal\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPumping station Echten","title":"Gallery"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021\". Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 29 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbs.nl/-/media/_excel/2021/48/kwb-2021.xls","url_text":"\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Postcodetool for 8537SB\". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 29 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool","url_text":"\"Postcodetool for 8537SB\""}]},{"reference":"\"Echten - (geografische naam)\". Etymologiebank (in Dutch). Retrieved 29 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://etymologiebank.nl/trefwoord/echten2","url_text":"\"Echten - (geografische naam)\""}]},{"reference":"Ronald Stenvert & Sabine Broekhoven (2000). \"Echten\" (in Dutch). Zwolle: Waanders. ISBN 90 400 9476 4. Retrieved 29 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/sten009monu06_01/sten009monu06_01_0054.php","url_text":"\"Echten\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90_400_9476_4","url_text":"90 400 9476 4"}]},{"reference":"\"Echten (Fryslan)\". Plaatsengids (in Dutch). Retrieved 29 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.plaatsengids.nl/echten-frysl%C3%A2n","url_text":"\"Echten (Fryslan)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stoomgemaal Veenpolder van Echten\". Gemalen (in Dutch). Retrieved 29 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gemalen.nl/gemaal_detail.asp?gem_id=372","url_text":"\"Stoomgemaal Veenpolder van Echten\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_High_School_(Cincinnati,_Ohio)
|
Northwest High School (Cincinnati, Ohio)
|
["1 Athletics","2 Clubs and organizations","3 Alumni","4 External links","5 References"]
|
Coordinates: 39°16′18″N 84°34′35″W / 39.27167°N 84.57639°W / 39.27167; -84.57639Public, coeducational school in Cincinnati, , Ohio, United StatesNorthwest High SchoolAddress10761 Pippin RoadCincinnati, (Hamilton County), Ohio 45231United StatesCoordinates39°16′18″N 84°34′35″W / 39.27167°N 84.57639°W / 39.27167; -84.57639InformationTypePublic, coeducationalMottoEducating Leaders for TomorrowSchool districtNorthwest Local School DistrictSuperintendentDarrell YaterPrincipalJoe Pollitt Teaching staff40.90 (FTE)Grades9–12Enrollment921 (2018–19)Student to teacher ratio22.52Color(s)Blue and Gold Fight song"Hail to the Victors"Athletics conferenceSouthwest Ohio ConferenceSportsBaseball, basketball, bowling, cross country, football, golf, soccer, softball, swimming, track and field, volleyball, wrestlingTeam nameKnightsRivalMt. Healthy High School (Mt. Healthy, Ohio)AccreditationNorth Central Association of Colleges and SchoolsNewspaperNorthwest Times / Northwest PressWebsitenwhs.nwlsd.org
Northwest High School is a public high school located in Colerain Township, Hamilton County, Ohio, United States, near Cincinnati. It is part of the Northwest Local School District.
The school colors are blue and gold. The motto is "Educating Leaders for Tomorrow". The mascot is the knight, and the sports teams are known as "The Knights."
Athletics
Northwest offers several sports, including baseball, volleyball, softball, basketball, track and field, cross country, cheerleading, soccer, football, swimming, golf, bowling, tennis, and wrestling.
Northwest competes in the Southwest Ohio Conference.
All competitive sports teams from the school are Division I, except the football team, which is Division II. Their cross country team has improved in the last three years. The Lady Knights' cross country team was crowned League Champions two years in a row. The men's team is also highly competitive, as they have finished second in Leagues two years in a row.
Clubs and organizations
Northwest High School offers a variety of clubs, including Green Club, Latin Club, Student Senate, Key Club, Cabin Time (Christian Organization), O.A.B., and United Knights.
School music programs include String Orchestra and Band (including Jazz Band, Symphonic Band, and Concert Band). A marching band performs at all home and some away football games. During the winter season, a band plays at home basketball games. A choir branches off into a Women's Ensemble, which performs in the community along with a competitive show choir known as "Knight Lights" that has performed in competitions in Ohio and Indiana. For the last two years, the Women's Ensemble has been on the Star64 Holiday Carols program, which showcases the area's best choirs.
The school's Latin Club functions as a local chapter of both the Ohio Junior Classical League and National Junior Classical League.
Alumni
Preston Brown - former NFL football linebacker
Jeremy Chappell - professional basketball player
Mark Clouse - CEO of Campbell Soup Company
Lori Foster - New York Times Bestselling Author
Lewis Johnson - ESPN commentator
Sharon L. Kennedy - Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio and former police officer
Jaycie Phelps - Olympic gymnast and member of the 1996 Olympic gold medal U.S. women's gymnastics team
Scott Sauerbeck - former Major League Baseball player
Quentin Sims - NFL and Arena Football League player
External links
Northwest's official website
References
^ "Office of the Superintendent". Northwest Local Schools. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
^ "About Northwest High School". Northwest High School. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
^ a b c "Northwest High School". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
^ a b c OHSAA. "Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory". Archived from the original on 2010-11-05. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
^ NCA-CASI. "NCA-Council on Accreditation and School Improvement". Archived from the original on March 15, 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
^ "Executive Board Pre-File Application". OhioJCL.org - June 2007. Internet Archive: Wayback Machine. 2010. Archived from the original on June 17, 2007. Retrieved August 16, 2010.
^ "OJCL Constitution". OhioJCL.org - July 2002. Internet Archive: Wayback Machine. 2010. Archived from the original on July 21, 2002. Retrieved August 16, 2010. ... by paying both OJCL annual chapter dues and any annual chapter membership dues required by NJCL.
Authority control databases: Geographic
NCES
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Office of the Superintendent\". Northwest Local Schools. Retrieved 26 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nwlsd.org/OfficeoftheSuperintendent.aspx","url_text":"\"Office of the Superintendent\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Northwest High School\". Northwest High School. Retrieved 2021-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nwlsd.org/AboutNorthwestHighSchool.aspx","url_text":"\"About Northwest High School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Northwest High School\". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved July 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=3904736&ID=390473602859","url_text":"\"Northwest High School\""}]},{"reference":"OHSAA. \"Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory\". Archived from the original on 2010-11-05. Retrieved 2010-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101105042530/http://cdab.org/members.asp?SCHOOL_ID=1238","url_text":"\"Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory\""},{"url":"http://www.cdab.org/members.asp?SCHOOL_ID=1238","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"NCA-CASI. \"NCA-Council on Accreditation and School Improvement\". Archived from the original on March 15, 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100315213852/http://www.advanc-ed.org/schools_districts/school_district_listings/","url_text":"\"NCA-Council on Accreditation and School Improvement\""},{"url":"http://www.advanc-ed.org/schools_districts/school_district_listings/?","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Executive Board Pre-File Application\". OhioJCL.org - June 2007. Internet Archive: Wayback Machine. 2010. Archived from the original on June 17, 2007. Retrieved August 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070617024347/http://ohiojcl.org/prefile.shtml","url_text":"\"Executive Board Pre-File Application\""},{"url":"http://ohiojcl.org/prefile.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"OJCL Constitution\". OhioJCL.org - July 2002. Internet Archive: Wayback Machine. 2010. Archived from the original on July 21, 2002. Retrieved August 16, 2010. ... by paying both OJCL annual chapter dues and any annual chapter membership dues required by NJCL.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020721140258/http://www.ohiojcl.org/resources/constitution.html#c31","url_text":"\"OJCL Constitution\""},{"url":"http://www.ohiojcl.org/resources/constitution.html#c31","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma_Township,_Bottineau_County,_North_Dakota
|
Tacoma Township, Bottineau County, North Dakota
|
["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 48°38′53″N 100°48′33″W / 48.64806°N 100.80917°W / 48.64806; -100.80917
Township in North Dakota, United StatesTacoma TownshipTownshipLocation of Tacoma TownshipCoordinates: 48°38′53″N 100°48′33″W / 48.64806°N 100.80917°W / 48.64806; -100.80917CountryUnited StatesStateNorth DakotaCountyBottineauPopulation (2010) • Total61Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)
Tacoma Township is a civil township in Bottineau County in the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2010 census, its population was 61.
References
^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Tacoma Township, Bottineau County, North Dakota". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Bottineau County, North Dakota, United StatesCounty seat: BottineauCities
Antler
Bottineau
Gardena
Kramer
Landa
Lansford
Maxbass
Newburg
Overly
Souris
Westhope
Willow City
Map of North Dakota highlighting Bottineau CountyTownships
Amity
Antler
Bentinck
Blaine
Brander
Cecil
Chatfield
Cordelia
Cut Bank
Dalen
Eidsvold
Elms
Elysian
Haram
Hastings
Hoffman
Homen
Kane
Lansford
Lewis
Lordsburg
Mount Rose
Newborg
Oak Creek
Oak Valley
Ostby
Peabody
Pickering
Renville
Richburg
Roland
Scandia
Scotia
Sergius
Sherman
Starbuck
Stone Creek
Tacoma
Wayne
Wellington
Wheaton
Whitby
Whitteron
Willow Vale
Unincorporatedcommunities
Carbury
Omemee
Roth
Russell
North Dakota portal
United States portal
This North Dakota location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_township"},{"link_name":"Bottineau County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottineau_County,_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census,_2010"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-1"}],"text":"Township in North Dakota, United StatesTacoma Township is a civil township in Bottineau County in the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2010 census, its population was 61.[1]","title":"Tacoma Township, Bottineau County, North Dakota"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Map of North Dakota highlighting Bottineau County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Map_of_North_Dakota_highlighting_Bottineau_County.svg/100px-Map_of_North_Dakota_highlighting_Bottineau_County.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Tacoma Township, Bottineau County, North Dakota\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved August 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200212211026/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Tacoma Township, Bottineau County, North Dakota\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_James%27_Church,_Bilbrough
|
St James' Church, Bilbrough
|
["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 53°54′43″N 1°11′40″W / 53.91196°N 1.19449°W / 53.91196; -1.19449
The church, from the south-east, in 2011
St James' Church is the parish church of Bilbrough, a village between York and Tadcaster in North Yorkshire, in England.
A church was built on the site in the 12th century, initially as a chapel in the parish of Askham Richard. By the early 19th century, it remained a small building, seating 76 people, with a west tower and south door. In 1873, the church was largely demolished, with only the south-east chapel retained. The Norman font was moved to the garden of the old rectory.
North-east view of the church, in 2014
A new church was built to the designs of George Fowler Jones, in a broadly Norman style. The church was reordered in 1970, and the mediaeval altar stone was dug up and incorporated into the new altar table. In 1985, the church was Grade II listed.
The church is built of sandstone, with a Magnesian Limestone plinth, quoins and window surrounds, and a roof of Welsh slate. There is a north-west tower, a nave and a chancel, a vestry to the north-east, and the south-east chapel. The chapel has a Perpendicular window. Inside the chapel is the tomb of Thomas Fairfax, dating from 1671.
References
^ a b c Historic England. "Church of St James (1166664)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
^ a b c "St James, Bilbrough, Yorkshire, West Riding". The Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain & Ireland. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
53°54′43″N 1°11′40″W / 53.91196°N 1.19449°W / 53.91196; -1.19449
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_James%27s_Church_Bilbrough_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2582863.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bilbrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbrough"},{"link_name":"York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York"},{"link_name":"Tadcaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadcaster"},{"link_name":"North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Askham Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askham_Richard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhle-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-corpus-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_James%27s_Church,_Bilbrough_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3854574.jpg"},{"link_name":"George Fowler Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fowler_Jones"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_architecture"},{"link_name":"Grade II listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_II_listed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhle-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-corpus-2"},{"link_name":"Magnesian Limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesian_Limestone"},{"link_name":"quoins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quoin"},{"link_name":"vestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestry"},{"link_name":"Perpendicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpendicular_architecture"},{"link_name":"Thomas Fairfax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fairfax"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhle-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-corpus-2"}],"text":"The church, from the south-east, in 2011St James' Church is the parish church of Bilbrough, a village between York and Tadcaster in North Yorkshire, in England.A church was built on the site in the 12th century, initially as a chapel in the parish of Askham Richard. By the early 19th century, it remained a small building, seating 76 people, with a west tower and south door. In 1873, the church was largely demolished, with only the south-east chapel retained. The Norman font was moved to the garden of the old rectory.[1][2]North-east view of the church, in 2014A new church was built to the designs of George Fowler Jones, in a broadly Norman style. The church was reordered in 1970, and the mediaeval altar stone was dug up and incorporated into the new altar table. In 1985, the church was Grade II listed.[1][2]The church is built of sandstone, with a Magnesian Limestone plinth, quoins and window surrounds, and a roof of Welsh slate. There is a north-west tower, a nave and a chancel, a vestry to the north-east, and the south-east chapel. The chapel has a Perpendicular window. Inside the chapel is the tomb of Thomas Fairfax, dating from 1671.[1][2]","title":"St James' Church, Bilbrough"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The church, from the south-east, in 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/St_James%27s_Church_Bilbrough_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2582863.jpg/220px-St_James%27s_Church_Bilbrough_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2582863.jpg"},{"image_text":"North-east view of the church, in 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/St_James%27s_Church%2C_Bilbrough_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3854574.jpg/220px-St_James%27s_Church%2C_Bilbrough_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3854574.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Historic England. \"Church of St James (1166664)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1166664","url_text":"\"Church of St James (1166664)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"St James, Bilbrough, Yorkshire, West Riding\". The Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain & Ireland. Retrieved 18 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crsbi.ac.uk/view-item?key=SXsiUCI6eyJ2YWx1ZSI6ImJpbGJyb3VnaCIsIm9wZXJhdG9yIjoxLCJmdXp6eVByZWZpeExlbmd0aCI6MywiZnV6enlNaW5TaW1pbGFyaXR5IjowLjgsIm1heFN1Z2dlc3Rpb25zIjo1LCJhbHdheXNTdWdnZXN0IjpudWxsfSwiRiI6ImV5SjBJanBiTmwxOSJ9&WINID=1692397915298#N1DLGDcasY0AAAGKAGbkog/4060","url_text":"\"St James, Bilbrough, Yorkshire, West Riding\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_James%27_Church,_Bilbrough¶ms=53.91196_N_1.19449_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"53°54′43″N 1°11′40″W / 53.91196°N 1.19449°W / 53.91196; -1.19449"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1166664","external_links_name":"\"Church of St James (1166664)\""},{"Link":"https://www.crsbi.ac.uk/view-item?key=SXsiUCI6eyJ2YWx1ZSI6ImJpbGJyb3VnaCIsIm9wZXJhdG9yIjoxLCJmdXp6eVByZWZpeExlbmd0aCI6MywiZnV6enlNaW5TaW1pbGFyaXR5IjowLjgsIm1heFN1Z2dlc3Rpb25zIjo1LCJhbHdheXNTdWdnZXN0IjpudWxsfSwiRiI6ImV5SjBJanBiTmwxOSJ9&WINID=1692397915298#N1DLGDcasY0AAAGKAGbkog/4060","external_links_name":"\"St James, Bilbrough, Yorkshire, West Riding\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_James%27_Church,_Bilbrough¶ms=53.91196_N_1.19449_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"53°54′43″N 1°11′40″W / 53.91196°N 1.19449°W / 53.91196; -1.19449"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Harbour,_Nova_Scotia
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New Harbour, Guysborough County, Nova Scotia
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 45°10′1″N 61°27′58″W / 45.16694°N 61.46611°W / 45.16694; -61.46611 (New Harbour, Nova Scotia)
class=notpageimage| New Harbour in Nova Scotia
New Harbour, is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Municipality of the District of Guysborough in Guysborough County.
References
Endnotes
New Harbour on Destination Nova Scotia
45°10′1″N 61°27′58″W / 45.16694°N 61.46611°W / 45.16694; -61.46611 (New Harbour, Nova Scotia)
This Guysborough County, Nova Scotia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canada_Nova_Scotia_location_map_2.svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canada_Nova_Scotia_location_map_2.svg"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Municipality of the District of Guysborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guysborough,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Guysborough County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guysborough_County,_Nova_Scotia"}],"text":"class=notpageimage| New Harbour in Nova ScotiaNew Harbour, is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Municipality of the District of Guysborough in Guysborough County.","title":"New Harbour, Guysborough County, Nova Scotia"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=New_Harbour,_Guysborough_County,_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_10_1_N_61_27_58_W_region:CA-NS_scale:100000&title=New+Harbour%2C+Nova+Scotia","external_links_name":"45°10′1″N 61°27′58″W / 45.16694°N 61.46611°W / 45.16694; -61.46611 (New Harbour, Nova Scotia)"},{"Link":"http://www.destination-ns.com/common/places.asp?PlaceID=1042","external_links_name":"New Harbour on Destination Nova Scotia"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=New_Harbour,_Guysborough_County,_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_10_1_N_61_27_58_W_region:CA-NS_scale:100000&title=New+Harbour%2C+Nova+Scotia","external_links_name":"45°10′1″N 61°27′58″W / 45.16694°N 61.46611°W / 45.16694; -61.46611 (New Harbour, Nova Scotia)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Harbour,_Guysborough_County,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Francis_I,_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin
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Frederick Francis I
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["1 Biography","2 Marriage and children","3 References"]
|
Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin from 1785 to 1837
Frederick Francis IFrederick Francis I, as Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin in swedish uniform with the Royal Order of the Seraphim. Painted by Wilhelm August Christian Abel 1803.Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-SchwerinReign21 April 1785 – 1 February 1837PredecessorFrederick IISuccessorPaul FrederickBorn(1756-12-10)10 December 1756Schwerin, Duchy of Mecklenburg-SchwerinDied1 February 1837(1837-02-01) (aged 80)Ludwigslust, Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-SchwerinBurialDoberan MinsterSpousePrincess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-AltenburgIssueAmong othersFrederick Louis, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-SchwerinLouise Charlotte, Hereditary Princess of Saxe-Gotha-AltenburgCharlotte Frederica, Hereditary Princess of DenmarkHouseMecklenburg-SchwerinFatherDuke Louis of Mecklenburg-SchwerinMotherPrincess Charlotte Sophie of Saxe-Coburg-SaalfeldReligionLutheranism
Frederick Francis I (10 December 1756 – 1 February 1837) ruled over the German state of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, first as duke (1785–1815), and then as grand duke (1815–1837).
Biography
Fredrick Francis I, in uniform, wearing the Star and Sasch of the Prussian Order of the Black Eagle and the Order of the Red Eagle around the neck. Portrait by Rudolph Suhrlandt (1817).
He was born in Schwerin, Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, to Duke Louis of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Princess Charlotte Sophie of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. Friedrich Franz succeeded his uncle Friedrich as duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin in 1785.
Following the Napoleonic Wars, Friedrich Franz was raised to the dignity of grand duke at the Congress of Vienna. Along with his cousin in Mecklenburg-Strelitz, he was known as one of the most reactionary German rulers. On his death in 1837 he was succeeded by his grandson, Grand Duke Paul Friedrich.
Marriage and children
On 1 June 1775 in Gotha, Friedrich Franz married Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. They had eight children:
Daughter (stillborn 7 May 1776), buried in the Schelfkirche St. Nikolai of Schwerin.
Son (stillborn 11 May 1777), buried in the Schelfkirche St. Nikolai of Schwerin.
Friedrich Ludwig (13 June 1778 – 29 November 1819). He married Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna of Russia, a daughter of Paul I of Russia and Sophie Marie Dorothea of Württemberg
Louise Charlotte (19 November 1779 – 4 January 1801). Married Emil Leopold August, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Gustav Wilhelm (31 January 1781 – 10 January 1851).
Karl (2 July 1782 – 22 May 1833).
Charlotte Frederica (4 December 1784 – 13 July 1840). Married Christian VIII of Denmark. They were parents to Frederick VII of Denmark.
Adolf (18 December 1785 – 8 May 1821).
References
^ Haydn, Joseph (1855). History of the Wars of the French Revolution. Bangs. p. 555.
^ a b Schelfkirche St. Nikolai zu Schwerin in: worldhistory.de .
Frederick Francis I House of Mecklenburg-SchwerinCadet branch of the House of MecklenburgBorn: 10 December 1756 Died: 1 February 1837
Regnal titles
Preceded byFrederick II
Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1785–1815
Became Grand Duke
New titlePreviously duke
Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1815–1837
Succeeded byPaul Frederick
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
United States
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
RISM
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mecklenburg-Schwerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin"}],"text":"Frederick Francis I (10 December 1756 – 1 February 1837) ruled over the German state of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, first as duke (1785–1815), and then as grand duke (1815–1837).","title":"Frederick Francis I"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rudolph_Suhrlandt_-_Friedrich_Franz_I,_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prussian Order of the Black Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Black_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Order of the Red Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Rudolph Suhrlandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Suhrlandt"},{"link_name":"Schwerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwerin"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin"},{"link_name":"Duke Louis of Mecklenburg-Schwerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Louis_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin"},{"link_name":"Princess Charlotte Sophie of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_Sophie_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"grand duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_duke"},{"link_name":"Congress of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Paul Friedrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Friedrich_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin"}],"text":"Fredrick Francis I, in uniform, wearing the Star and Sasch of the Prussian Order of the Black Eagle and the Order of the Red Eagle around the neck. Portrait by Rudolph Suhrlandt (1817).He was born in Schwerin, Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, to Duke Louis of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Princess Charlotte Sophie of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. Friedrich Franz succeeded his uncle Friedrich as duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin in 1785.Following the Napoleonic Wars, Friedrich Franz was raised to the dignity of grand duke at the Congress of Vienna.[1] Along with his cousin in Mecklenburg-Strelitz, he was known as one of the most reactionary German rulers. On his death in 1837 he was succeeded by his grandson, Grand Duke Paul Friedrich.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gotha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotha_(town)"},{"link_name":"Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg_(1756%E2%80%931808)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Schelfkirche St. Nikolai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schelf_Church"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldhistory-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldhistory-2"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Ludwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Hereditary_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Elena_Pavlovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Paul I of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Sophie Marie Dorothea of Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Sophie_Dorothea_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg)"},{"link_name":"Louise Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_Louise_Charlotte_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin"},{"link_name":"Emil Leopold August, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Leopold_August,_Duke_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Frederica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_Charlotte_Frederica_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin"},{"link_name":"Christian VIII of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_VIII_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Frederick VII of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_VII_of_Denmark"}],"text":"On 1 June 1775 in Gotha, Friedrich Franz married Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg.[citation needed] They had eight children:Daughter (stillborn 7 May 1776), buried in the Schelfkirche St. Nikolai of Schwerin.[2]\nSon (stillborn 11 May 1777), buried in the Schelfkirche St. Nikolai of Schwerin.[2]\nFriedrich Ludwig (13 June 1778 – 29 November 1819). He married Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna of Russia, a daughter of Paul I of Russia and Sophie Marie Dorothea of Württemberg\nLouise Charlotte (19 November 1779 – 4 January 1801). Married Emil Leopold August, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg\nGustav Wilhelm (31 January 1781 – 10 January 1851).\nKarl (2 July 1782 – 22 May 1833).\nCharlotte Frederica (4 December 1784 – 13 July 1840). Married Christian VIII of Denmark. They were parents to Frederick VII of Denmark.\nAdolf (18 December 1785 – 8 May 1821).","title":"Marriage and children"}]
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[{"image_text":"Fredrick Francis I, in uniform, wearing the Star and Sasch of the Prussian Order of the Black Eagle and the Order of the Red Eagle around the neck. Portrait by Rudolph Suhrlandt (1817).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Rudolph_Suhrlandt_-_Friedrich_Franz_I%2C_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin.jpg/220px-Rudolph_Suhrlandt_-_Friedrich_Franz_I%2C_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Haydn, Joseph (1855). History of the Wars of the French Revolution. Bangs. p. 555.","urls":[]}]
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[{"Link":"http://worldhistory.de/wnf/navbar/wnf.php?oid=10030","external_links_name":"Schelfkirche St. Nikolai zu Schwerin in: worldhistory.de"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/15138343","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/101509766","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2017036795","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd101509766.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://rism.online/people/333186","external_links_name":"RISM"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/237017644","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redmoor,_Cornwall
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Redmoor, Cornwall
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["1 Geography","2 References"]
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Coordinates: 50°25′12″N 4°42′15″W / 50.4199°N 4.7041°W / 50.4199; -4.7041
50°25′12″N 4°42′15″W / 50.4199°N 4.7041°W / 50.4199; -4.7041
Redmoor is a hamlet in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom.
Geography
Redmoor is located 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) northwest of Lostwithiel in the civil parish of Lanlivery. The nature reserve and Site of Special Scientific Interest of Red Moor lies directly west of the hamlet.
References
Cornwall portal
^ Ordnance Survey: Landranger map sheet 200 Newquay & Bodmin ISBN 978-0-319-22938-5
^ Ordnance Survey One-inch Map of Great Britain; Bodmin and Launceston, sheet 186. 1961.
^ "Red Moor" (PDF). Natural England. 1986. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
vte Ceremonial county of CornwallCornwall PortalUnitary authorities
Cornwall Council
Council of the Isles of Scilly
Major settlements(cities in italics)
Bodmin
Bude
Callington
Camborne
Camelford
Falmouth
Fowey
Hayle
Helston
Hugh Town
Launceston
Liskeard
Looe
Lostwithiel
Marazion
Newlyn
Newquay
Padstow
Penryn
Penzance
Porthleven
Redruth
St Austell
St Blazey
St Columb Major
St Ives
St Just in Penwith
Saltash
Stratton
Torpoint
Truro
WadebridgeSee also: List of civil parishes in Cornwall
Rivers
Allen
Camel
Carnon
Cober
De Lank
Fal
Fowey
Gannel
Gover
Hayle
Helford
Inny
Kensey
Lerryn
Looe
Lynher
Menalhyl
Ottery
Par
Pont Pill
Port Navas
Red
St Austell
Seaton
Tamar
Tiddy
Truro
Valency
full list...
Topics
History (Civil War)
Status debate
Flag
Culture
Economy
Fishing
Flora and fauna
Places
List of farms
Population of major settlements
Demography
Notable people
The Duchy
Diocese
Politics
Schools
Hundreds/shires
Places of interest
Outline of Cornwall
Index of Cornwall-related articles
This article about a location in the former borough of Restormel, Cornwall is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Red Moor\" (PDF). Natural England. 1986. Retrieved 15 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sssi.naturalengland.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1004266.pdf","url_text":"\"Red Moor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_England","url_text":"Natural England"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademi_Fantasia,_Season_1
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Akademi Fantasia (season 1)
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["1 Students","2 Concerts summaries","2.1 Week 1","2.2 Week 2","2.3 Week 3","2.4 Week 4","2.5 Week 5","2.6 Week 6","2.7 Week 7","2.8 Week 8 (Semifinal)","2.9 Week 9 (Finale)","3 Elimination chart","4 Cast members","4.1 Hosts","4.2 Professional trainers","4.3 Judge","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Season of television series
Akademi FantasiaSeason 1Hosted byAznil NawawiSeelan PaulJudgesKudsia KaharWinnerVincent Chong Ying-ChernRunner-upMohammad Khairul Nizam Mohammad WahiFinals venueDewan Wawasan, Cheras
ReleaseOriginal networkAstro RiaOriginal release9 June (2003-06-09) –9 August 2003 (2003-08-09)Season chronologyNext →Season 2
The first season of Akademi Fantasia premiered on 9 June 2003 and continued until 9 August 2003, on the Astro Ria television channel. It was won by Vincent Chong Ying-Chern, who defeated Mohammad Khairul Nizam Mohammad Wahi.
This season managed to cast as much as 4.5 million votes from the audience.
Students
(ages stated are at time of contest)
Student
Age
Hometown
Rank
Vincent Chong Ying-Cern
23
Kuala Lumpur
Winner
Mohammad Khairul Nizam bin Mohammad Wahi
23
Tampoi, Johor
Runner-up
Ahmad Azizi bin Mohamed
27
Kuantan, Pahang
3rd place
Siti Harnizah binti Tahar
20
Johor Bahru, Johor
4th place
Nurlizawaty binti Ismail
23
Taiping, Perak
5th place
Sahri bin Mohammad Sarip
24
Melaka
6th
Nurul Hana binti Che Mahazan
20
Muar, Johor
7th
Rosmayati binti Sidik
18
Kuantan, Pahang
8th
Rueben Thevandran a/l Ramananth
21
Kuala Lumpur
9th
Suriati binti Abu Bakar
21
Bentong, Pahang
10th
Adi Fashla bin Jurami
21
Tanjung Karang, Selangor
11th
Azariah binti Suaymi
21
Kuala Lumpur
12th
Concerts summaries
Week 1
Original airdate: 14 June 2003
Guest judge: -
Student
Song (original artist)
Nija
"Engkau Bagaikan Permata" (Siti Nurhaliza)
Sahri
"Selingkar Kasih" (Rem)
Khai
"Perpisahan" (The Revolvers)
Azza
"Memori" (Sheila Majid)
Liza
"Sampai Bertemu" (Erra Fazira)
Vince
"Pergilah Kasih" (Ella & Korie)
Azizi
"Gadis Ayu" (Black Dog Bone)
Atie
"Hi Hi Bye Bye" (Ezlynn)
Nana
"Kini Kau Tiada" (Sarimah Ibrahim)
Adi
"Kau Ilhamku" (Man Bai)
Rosma
"Sekadar Di Pinggiran" (Francissca Peter)
Burn
"Livin La Vida Loca" (Ricky Martin)
Bottom two: Nurlizawaty binti Mohd Ismail (Liza) & Suriati binti Abu Bakar (Atie)
Eliminated: No elimination.
Week 2
Original airdate: 21 June 2003
Guest judge: -
Student
Song (original artist)
Atie
"Ku Intai Cinta Dalam Rahsia" (Jeslina Hashim)
Burn
"Kasih Berubah" (Ferhad)
Azza
"Siapalah Aku" (Amy Mastura)
Khai
"Syair Si Pari Pari" (Zamani)
Nija
"Menaruh Harapan" (Zaiton Sameon)
Sahri
"When You Say Nothing At All" (Ronan Keating)
Liza
"Sha Na Na" (Amy Mastura)
Vince
"Flying Without Wings" (Westlife)
Rosma
"Bukan Cinta Biasa" (Siti Nurhaliza)
Adi
"Dan" (Sheila on 7)
Nana
"Rindu Padanya" (Camelia)
Azizi
"Terasing" (Sudirman)
Bottom two: Azariah binti Suaymi (Azza) & Nurlizawaty binti Mohd Ismail (Liza)
Eliminated: Azariah binti Suaymi (Azza)
Week 3
Original airdate: 28 June 2003
Guest judges: Ellie Suriati & Johan Nawawi
Student
Song (original artist)
Adi
"Biru" (Jai)
Nija
"Dendam Dalam Diam" (Nora)
Sahri
"Salsabila" (Yasin)
Liza
"Kesetiaan" (Siti Sarah)
Burn
"Permata" (Anuar Zain)
Atie
"Save The Best For Last" (Vanessa Williams)
Nana
"Ku Bahagia" (Melly Goeslaw)
Khai
"Jesnita" (Exists)
Vince
"Belaian Jiwa" (Innuendo)
Rosma
"Bunga Tanjung" (Dato' Sharifah Aini)
Bottom two: Adi Fashla bin bin Jurami (Adi) & Nurlizawaty binti Mohd Ismail (Liza)
Eliminated: Adi Fashla bin Jurami (Adi)
Week 4
Original airdate: 5 July 2003
Guest judge: Pak Ngah & Azhar Sulaiman
Student
Song (original artist)
Vince
"Manis" (Zainal Abidin)
Nija
"Setelah Aku Kau Miliki" (Shima)
Khai
"Azura" (Jamal Abdillah)
Liza
"Dia" (Sheila Majid)
Burn
"Sabar Menanti" (Broery Marantika)
Nana
"I Will Survive" (Gloria Gaynor)
Azizi
"Mungkinkah Terjadi" (Spider)
Rosma
"Tinting" (Noraniza Idris)
Atie
"Jendela Hati" (Erra Fazira)
Sahri
"Tekad" (Hazami)
All
Bonus song: "Sandarkan Pada Kenangan" (Jamal Abdillah & Siti Sarah)
Bottom two: Suriati binti Abu Bakar (Atie) & Nurlizawaty binti Mohd Ismail (Liza)
Eliminated: Suriati binti Abu Bakar (Atie)
Week 5
Original airdate: 12 July 2003
Guest judges: Siti Nurhaliza & Azwan Ali
Student
Song (original artist)
Girls
Bonus song: "Di Akhir Garisan" (Ziana Zain, Nora, Ning Baizura & Dessy Fitri)
Khai
"Terima Kasih" (Awie)
Liza
"Oops!... I Did It Again" (Britney Spears)
Burn
"Sephia" (Sheila On 7)
Rosma
"Tragedi Buah Epal" (Anita Sarawak)
Sahri
"Keabadian Cinta" (Anuar Zain)
Azizi
"She Bangs" (Ricky Martin)
Nija
"Layar Impian" (Ella)
Vince
"Bunyi Gitar" (P. Ramlee)
Nana
"Halaman Cinta" (Misha Omar)
Boys
Bonus song: "Tiada Lagi Cinta" (Ruffedge)
Bottom two: Rueben Thevandran a/l Ramananth (Burn) & Siti Harnizah binti Tahar (Nija)
Eliminated: Rueben Thevandran a/l Ramananth (Burn)
Week 6
Original airdate: 19 July 2003
Guest judge: Hanizam Abdullah (Berita Harian's Editor)
Student
Song (original artist)
Liza
"Bagaikan Puteri" (Farra)
Khai
"6, 8, 12" (Brian McKnight)
Nana
"Hapuslah Air Matamu" (Dato' Sharifah Aini)
Sahri
"Raikan Cinta" (M. Nasir)
Nija
"Fatalistik" (Ziana Zain)
Vince
"Sonata Musim Salju" (Hazami)
Rosma
"Sinaran" (Sheila Majid)
Azizi
"Seribu Impian" (Casey)
All
Bonus song: "Jika" (Melly Goeslaw & Ari Lasso) + "One Sweet Day" (Mariah Carey & Boyz II Men)
Bottom two: Rosmayati binti Sidik (Rosma) & Nurul Hana binti Che Mahazan (Nana)
Eliminated: Rosmayati binti Sidik (Rosma)
Week 7
Original airdate: 26 July 2003
Guest judges: Hattan & Ahmad Izham Omar
Student
Song (original artist)
All
Bonus song: "Bole Chudiyan" (Alka Yagnik & Udit Narayan & Kavita Khrisnamurthy)
Nana
"Desa Tercinta" (Nora)
Azizi
"Samba Apa Saja" (Hattan)
Liza
"Bunga Bunga Cinta" (Misha Omar)
Vince
"Samrah Mentari" (Jamal Abdillah)
Nija
"Jelingan Mata" (Saloma)
Sahri
"Sekuntum Mawar Merah" (Alleycats)
Khai
"Aladin" (Spider)
All
Bonus song: "Hanya Memuji" (Shanty & Marcell) + "Asereje" (The Last Ketchup)
Bottom two: Nurul Hana binti Che Mahazan (Nana) & Siti Harnizah binti Tahar (Nija)
Eliminated: Nurul Hana binti Che Mahazan (Nana)
Week 8 (Semifinal)
Original airdate: 2 August 2003
Guest judges: Tan Sri SM Salim & Anita Sarawak
Student
Song (original artist)
Azizi
"Gerimis Mengundang" (Slam)
Nija
"How Do I Live" (LeAnn Rimes)
Sahri
"Anugerah Dari Kegagalan" (Dato' Shake)
Liza
"Cinta Gila" (Juliana Banos)
Khai
"Vida" (Phyne Ballerz)
Vince
"Rindu Bayangan" (Carefree)
All
Bonus song: "Keliru" (Ajai & Nurul) + "Khayalan" (Black Dog Bone)
Bottom two: Sahri bin Mihd Sarip (Sahri) & Vincent Chong Ying-Cern (Vince)
Eliminated: Sahri bin Mohd Sarip (Sahri)
Week 9 (Finale)
Original airdate: 8 August 2003
Guest judges: Ramli M.S & Erra Fazira
1st Round Performance
Student
Song (original artist)
Liza
"Pintaku Yang Terakhir" (Dayang Nurfaizah)
Azizi
"Habis Sudah Umpanku" (Azizi) Composed: Marlin / Lyric: Loloq
Khai
"Dambaan Pilu" (Khai) Composed: Adnan Abu Hassan / Lirik: Mohariz Yaakub
Vince
"Pernah" (Ferhad)
Nija
"Kenangan Pahit" (Nija) Composed: Ananth / Lyric: Fanna
2nd Round Performance
Student
Song (original artist)
Liza
"Jangan Pura Pura" (Liza) Composed: Hadi Hassan / Lyric: J. Looi
Azizi
"Piramid Cinta" (Jai)
Khai
"Seberapa Pantas" (Sheila on 7)
Vince
"Tak Ingin Kehilanganmu" (Vince) Composed: Hadi Hassan / Lyric: J. Looi
Nija
"Selagi Ada Cinta" (Ning Baizura)
Fifth place: Nurlizawaty binti Ismail (Liza)
Fourth place: Siti Harnizah binti Tahar (Nija)
Third place: Ahmad Azizi bin Mohamed (Azizi)
Runner-up: Mohammad Khairul Nizam bin Mohammad Wahi (Khai)
Winner: Vincent Ching Ying-Cern (Vince)
Elimination chart
Voting Result in Rank Order
Order
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
Week 7
Week 8
Week Finale
1
Rosma
Sahri
Vince
Vince
Rosma
Sahri
Liza
Azizi
Vince
2
Sahri
Vince
Sahri
Nana
Khai
Liza
Azizi
Nija
Khai
3
Vince
Rosma
Azizi
Rosma
Sahri
Vince
Vince
Liza
Azizi
4
Nija
Azizi
Atie
Khai
Vince
Nija
Khai
Khai
Nija
5
Khai
Nana
Rosma
Sahri
Nana
Khai
Sahri
Vince
Liza
6
Nana
Khai
Burn
Azizi
Liza
Azizi
Nija
Sahri
7
Azizi
Atie
Nana
Burn
Azizi
Nana
Nana
8
Adi
Burn
Khai
Nija
Nija
Rosma
9
Burn
Nija
Nija
Liza
Burn
10
Azza
Adi
Liza
Atie
11
Atie
Liza
Adi
12
Liza
Azza
The student who is a winner.
The student who is runner-up.
The student who became third place.
The student who is finalists.
The student is originally eliminated but saved.
The student who is eliminated.
Cast members
Hosts
Aznil Nawawi - Host of concert of Akademi Fantasia and Diari Akademi Fantasia
Seelan Paul – Host of Imbasan Akademi Fantasia
Professional trainers
Freddie Fernandez - Principal
Adnan Abu Hassan - Vocal Technical
Corrie Lee - Choreographer
Linda Jasmine - Choreographer
Fatimah Abu Bakar - Student Consultant
Siti Hajar Ismail - Voice Tone
Mahani Awang - Image Consultant
Roslina Hassan - Resident Manager
Judge
Kudsia Kahar
References
^ Haswari, Ali (May 25, 2008). "Apakah AF7 Masih Relevan?". Murai.com. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
^ Wahida, Asrani (26 May 2008). "AF7 tetap menyusul". mStar Online. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
External links
Official Site
Weekly Concert of Akademi Fantasia
vteAkademi FantasiaSeasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
AF2013
AF2014
AF2015
AF2016
Megastar
Winners
Vincent Chong Ying-Cern
Ahmad Zahid Baharuddin
Asmawi Ani
Mohammad Faizal Ramly
Norsyarmilla Jirin
Stracie Angie Anam
Mohd Hafiz Mohd Suip
Ahmad Shahir Zawawi
Hazama Ahmad Azmi
Mohd Faizul Sany
Mohd Firman Bansir
Mohammad Sufie Rashid
Amir Syazwan Masdi
Nur Farah Idayu Yaakob
Winners' songs
"Tak Ingin Kehilanganmu"
"Milikku"
"Aduh Saliha"
"Lihatlah"
"Persis Mutiara"
"Aku Stacy"
"Masih Jelas"
"Kebahagiaan Dalam Perpisahan"
"Cinta Teragung"
"Sepasang Sayap"
"Di Pintumu"
"Kisah Dua Muka"
"Pemilik Cinta"
"Selamanya"
Runners-up
Mohammad Khairul Nizam Mohammad Wahi
Norlinda Nanuwil
Felix Agus
Lotter P.Edwin Edin
Ebi Kornelis
Mohd Idris Mohd Zaizizi
Khairil Azam Pilus
Siti Adira Suhaimi
Lenaber Hadir
Mohd Azhar Osman & Hal Husaini Razmi
Mohd Razman Abd Aziz
Syameel Aqmal Mohd Fodzly
Mohd Amal Shafiq Osman
Other alumni
Rueben Thevandran
Nurul Hana Che Mahazan
Wan Mohammad Khair Wan Azami
Marsha Milan Londoh
Aizat Amdan
Nina Nadira Naharuddin
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt(II,III)_oxide
|
Cobalt(II,III) oxide
|
["1 Structure","2 Synthesis","3 Applications","4 Safety","5 See also","6 References"]
|
Cobalt(II,III) oxide
Names
IUPAC name
cobalt(II) dicobalt(III) oxide
Other names
cobalt oxide, cobalt(II,III) oxide, cobaltosic oxide, tricobalt tetroxide
Identifiers
CAS Number
1308-06-1 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChemSpider
9826389 Y
ECHA InfoCard
100.013.780
EC Number
215-157-2
PubChem CID
11651651
RTECS number
GG2500000
UNII
USK772NS56 Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID80892420
InChI
InChI=1S/3Co.4O YKey: LBFUKZWYPLNNJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N YInChI=1/3Co.4O/rCo2O3.CoO/c3-1-5-2-4;1-2Key: LBFUKZWYPLNNJC-PMPQCLQHAA
SMILES
=O.O=O=O
Properties
Chemical formula
Co3O4
CoO.Co2O3
Molar mass
240.80 g/mol
Appearance
black solid
Density
6.07 g/cm3
Melting point
895 °C (1,643 °F; 1,168 K)
Boiling point
900 °C (1,650 °F; 1,170 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water
Insoluble
Solubility
soluble (with degradation) in acids and alkalis
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)
+7380·10−6 cm3/mol
Structure
Crystal structure
cubic
Space group
Fd3m, No. 227
Hazards
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word
Danger
Hazard statements
H317, H334, H350, H411
Precautionary statements
P261, P273, P284, P304+P340, P342+P311
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
2
0
0
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Cobalt(II,III) oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula Co3O4. It is one of two well characterized cobalt oxides. It is a black antiferromagnetic solid. As a mixed valence compound, its formula is sometimes written as CoIICoIII2O4 and sometimes as CoO•Co2O3.
Structure
Co3O4 adopts the normal spinel structure, with Co2+ ions in tetrahedral interstices and Co3+ ions in the octahedral interstices of the cubic close-packed lattice of oxide anions.
tetrahedral coordination geometry of Co(II)
distorted octahedral coordination geometry of Co(III)
distorted tetrahedral coordination geometry of O
Synthesis
Cobalt(II) oxide, CoO, converts to Co3O4 upon heating at around 600–700 °C in air. Above 900 °C, CoO is stable. These reactions are described by the following equilibrium:
2 Co3O4 ⇌ 6 CoO + O2
Applications
Cobalt(II,III) oxide is used as a blue coloring agent for pottery enamel and glass, as an alternative to cobalt(II) oxide.
Cobalt(II,III) oxide is used as an electrode in some lithium-ion batteries, possibly in the form of cobalt oxide nanoparticles.
Safety
Cobalt compounds are potentially poisonous in large amounts.
See also
Cobalt(II) oxide
Cobalt(III) oxide
References
^ "Cobalt(II,III) oxide 203114". Sigma-Aldrich.
^ Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3.
^ "mp-18748: Co3O4 (cubic, Fd-3m, 227)". materialsproject.org. Retrieved 2019-12-20.
^ a b c d Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 1118. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
^ Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. p. 1520.
^ Frank Hamer, Janet Hamer (2004): The Potter's Dictionary of Materials and Techniques. University of Pennsylvania Press; 437 pp. ISBN 0812238109
^ MSDS
vteCobalt compoundsCobalt(I)
HCo(CO)4
Cobalt(II)
CoBr2
Co(CN)2
CoCO3
CoC2O4
CoCl2
Co(ClO3)2
CoF2
Co(HCO2)2
CoI2
Co(NO3)2
Co3(PO4)2
Co(OAc)2
CoGeO3
CoO
Co(OH)2
CoS
Co(OCN)2
Co(SCN)2
CoSO4
CoSe
Co3P2
CoH2
Co(C3H6O3)2
C24H48CoO4
C36H70CoO4
Cobalt(0, III)
CoSi
CoGe
Cobalt(II, III)
Co3O4
Cobalt(III)
CoAs
CoCl3
Co(NO3)3
Co2O3
CoF3
Co(OH)3
LiCoO2
Cobalt(III,IV)
NaxCoO2
Cobalt(IV)
CoF4
Cs2CoF6
CoC28H44
Cobalt(V)
Na3CoO4
vteOxidesMixed oxidation states
Antimony tetroxide (Sb2O4)
Boron suboxide (B12O2)
Carbon suboxide (C3O2)
Chlorine perchlorate (Cl2O4)
Chloryl perchlorate (Cl2O6)
Cobalt(II,III) oxide (Co3O4)
Dichlorine pentoxide (Cl2O5)
Iron(II,III) oxide (Fe3O4)
Lead(II,IV) oxide (Pb3O4)
Manganese(II,III) oxide (Mn3O4)
Mellitic anhydride (C12O9)
Praseodymium(III,IV) oxide (Pr6O11)
Silver(I,III) oxide (Ag2O2)
Terbium(III,IV) oxide (Tb4O7)
Tribromine octoxide (Br3O8)
Triuranium octoxide (U3O8)
+1 oxidation state
Aluminium(I) oxide (Al2O)
Copper(I) oxide (Cu2O)
Caesium monoxide (Cs2O)
Dicarbon monoxide (C2O)
Dichlorine monoxide (Cl2O)
Gallium(I) oxide (Ga2O)
Iodine(I) oxide (I2O)
Lithium oxide (Li2O)
Mercury(I) oxide (Hg2O)
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Potassium oxide (K2O)
Rubidium oxide (Rb2O)
Silver oxide (Ag2O)
Thallium(I) oxide (Tl2O)
Sodium oxide (Na2O)
Water (hydrogen oxide) (H2O)
+2 oxidation state
Aluminium(II) oxide (AlO)
Barium oxide (BaO)
Berkelium monoxide (BkO)
Beryllium oxide (BeO)
Bromine monoxide (BrO)
Cadmium oxide (CdO)
Calcium oxide (CaO)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Chlorine monoxide (ClO)
Chromium(II) oxide (CrO)
Cobalt(II) oxide (CoO)
Copper(II) oxide (CuO)
Dinitrogen dioxide (N2O2)
Europium(II) oxide (EuO)
Germanium monoxide (GeO)
Iron(II) oxide (FeO)
Iodine monoxide (IO)
Lead(II) oxide (PbO)
Magnesium oxide (MgO)
Manganese(II) oxide (MnO)
Mercury(II) oxide (HgO)
Nickel(II) oxide (NiO)
Nitric oxide (NO)
Palladium(II) oxide (PdO)
Phosphorus monoxide (PO)
Polonium monoxide (PoO)
Protactinium monoxide (PaO)
Radium oxide (RaO)
Silicon monoxide (SiO)
Strontium oxide (SrO)
Sulfur monoxide (SO)
Disulfur dioxide (S2O2)
Thorium monoxide (ThO)
Tin(II) oxide (SnO)
Titanium(II) oxide (TiO)
Vanadium(II) oxide (VO)
Zinc oxide (ZnO)
+3 oxidation state
Actinium(III) oxide (Ac2O3)
Aluminium oxide (Al2O3)
Americium(III) oxide (Am2O3)
Antimony trioxide (Sb2O3)
Arsenic trioxide (As2O3)
Berkelium(III) oxide (Bk2O3)
Bismuth(III) oxide (Bi2O3)
Boron trioxide (B2O3)
Caesium sesquioxide (Cs2O3)
Californium(III) oxide (Cf2O3)
Cerium(III) oxide (Ce2O3)
Chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3)
Cobalt(III) oxide (Co2O3)
Dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3)
Dysprosium(III) oxide (Dy2O3)
Einsteinium(III) oxide (Es2O3)
Erbium(III) oxide (Er2O3)
Europium(III) oxide (Eu2O3)
Gadolinium(III) oxide (Gd2O3)
Gallium(III) oxide (Ga2O3)
Gold(III) oxide (Au2O3)
Holmium(III) oxide (Ho2O3)
Indium(III) oxide (In2O3)
Iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3)
Lanthanum oxide (La2O3)
Lutetium(III) oxide (Lu2O3)
Manganese(III) oxide (Mn2O3)
Neodymium(III) oxide (Nd2O3)
Nickel(III) oxide (Ni2O3)
Phosphorus trioxide (P4O6)
Praseodymium(III) oxide (Pr2O3)
Promethium(III) oxide (Pm2O3)
Rhodium(III) oxide (Rh2O3)
Samarium(III) oxide (Sm2O3)
Scandium oxide (Sc2O3)
Terbium(III) oxide (Tb2O3)
Thallium(III) oxide (Tl2O3)
Thulium(III) oxide (Tm2O3)
Titanium(III) oxide (Ti2O3)
Tungsten(III) oxide (W2O3)
Vanadium(III) oxide (V2O3)
Ytterbium(III) oxide (Yb2O3)
Yttrium(III) oxide (Y2O3)
+4 oxidation state
Americium dioxide (AmO2)
Berkelium(IV) oxide (BkO2)
Bromine dioxide (BrO2)
Californium dioxide (CfO2)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Carbon trioxide (CO3)
Cerium(IV) oxide (CeO2)
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2)
Chromium(IV) oxide (CrO2)
Curium(IV) oxide (CmO2)
Dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4)
Germanium dioxide (GeO2)
Iodine dioxide (IO2)
Hafnium(IV) oxide (HfO2)
Lead dioxide (PbO2)
Manganese dioxide (MnO2)
Neptunium(IV) oxide (NpO2)
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Osmium dioxide (OsO2)
Plutonium(IV) oxide (PuO2)
Polonium dioxide (PoO2)
Praseodymium(IV) oxide (PrO2)
Protactinium(IV) oxide (PaO2)
Rhodium(IV) oxide (RhO2)
Ruthenium(IV) oxide (RuO2)
Selenium dioxide (SeO2)
Silicon dioxide (SiO2)
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Technetium(IV) oxide (TcO2)
Tellurium dioxide (TeO2)
Terbium(IV) oxide (TbO2)
Thorium dioxide (ThO2)
Tin dioxide (SnO2)
Titanium dioxide (TiO2)
Tungsten(IV) oxide (WO2)
Uranium dioxide (UO2)
Vanadium(IV) oxide (VO2)
Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2)
+5 oxidation state
Antimony pentoxide (Sb2O5)
Arsenic pentoxide (As2O5)
Bismuth pentoxide (Bi2O5)
Dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5)
Niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5)
Phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5)
Protactinium(V) oxide (Pa2O5)
Tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5)
Vanadium(V) oxide (V2O5)
+6 oxidation state
Chromium trioxide (CrO3)
Molybdenum trioxide (MoO3)
Polonium trioxide (PoO3)
Rhenium trioxide (ReO3)
Selenium trioxide (SeO3)
Sulfur trioxide (SO3)
Tellurium trioxide (TeO3)
Tungsten trioxide (WO3)
Uranium trioxide (UO3)
Xenon trioxide (XeO3)
+7 oxidation state
Dichlorine heptoxide (Cl2O7)
Manganese heptoxide (Mn2O7)
Rhenium(VII) oxide (Re2O7)
Technetium(VII) oxide (Tc2O7)
+8 oxidation state
Iridium tetroxide (IrO4)
Osmium tetroxide (OsO4)
Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4)
Xenon tetroxide (XeO4)
Hassium tetroxide (HsO4)
Related
Oxocarbon
Suboxide
Oxyanion
Ozonide
Peroxide
Superoxide
Oxypnictide
Oxides are sorted by oxidation state.
Category:Oxides
vteOxygen compounds
Ag4O4
Al2O3
AmO2
Am2O3
As2O3
As2O5
Au2O3
B2O3
BaO
BeO
Bi2O3
BiO2
Bi2O5
BrO2
Br2O3
Br2O5
Br3O8
CO
CO2
C3O2
CaO
CaO2
CdO
CeO2
Ce3O4
Ce2O3
ClO2
Cl2O
Cl2O2
Cl2O3
Cl2O4
Cl2O6
Cl2O7
CoO
Co2O3
Co3O4
CrO3
Cr2O3
Cr2O5
Cr5O12
CsO2
Cs2O3
CuO
Dy2O3
Er2O3
Eu2O3
FeO
Fe2O3
Fe3O4
Ga2O
Ga2O3
GeO
GeO2
H2O
2H2O
3H2O
H218O
H2O2
HfO2
HgO
Hg2O
Ho2O3
IO
I2O4
I2O5
I2O6
I4O9
In2O3
IrO2
KO2
K2O2
La2O3
Li2O
Li2O2
Lu2O3
MgO
Mg2O3
MnO
MnO2
Mn2O3
Mn2O7
MoO2
MoO3
Mo2O3
NO
NO2
N2O
N2O3
N2O4
N2O5
NaO2
Na2O
Na2O2
NbO
NbO2
Nd2O3
O2F
OF
OF2
O2F2
O3F2
O4F2
O5F2
O6F2
O2PtF6
more...
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inorganic compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_compound"},{"link_name":"formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula"},{"link_name":"cobalt oxides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt_oxide"},{"link_name":"antiferromagnetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiferromagnetic"},{"link_name":"mixed valence compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_sphere_electron_transfer#Mixed_valency"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G&E-4"}],"text":"Chemical compoundCobalt(II,III) oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula Co3O4. It is one of two well characterized cobalt oxides. It is a black antiferromagnetic solid. As a mixed valence compound, its formula is sometimes written as CoIICoIII2O4 and sometimes as CoO•Co2O3.[4]","title":"Cobalt(II,III) oxide"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"normal spinel structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinel_group"},{"link_name":"cubic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system"},{"link_name":"close-packed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-packing"},{"link_name":"lattice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_lattice"},{"link_name":"oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxide"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G&E-4"}],"text":"Co3O4 adopts the normal spinel structure, with Co2+ ions in tetrahedral interstices and Co3+ ions in the octahedral interstices of the cubic close-packed lattice of oxide anions.[4]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cobalt(II) oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt(II)_oxide"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G&E-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G&E-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Cobalt(II) oxide, CoO, converts to Co3O4 upon heating at around 600–700 °C in air.[4] Above 900 °C, CoO is stable.[4][5] These reactions are described by the following equilibrium:2 Co3O4 ⇌ 6 CoO + O2","title":"Synthesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery"},{"link_name":"enamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitreous_enamel"},{"link_name":"glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hamer-6"},{"link_name":"lithium-ion batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery"},{"link_name":"cobalt oxide nanoparticles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt_oxide_nanoparticles"}],"text":"Cobalt(II,III) oxide is used as a blue coloring agent for pottery enamel and glass, as an alternative to cobalt(II) oxide.[6]Cobalt(II,III) oxide is used as an electrode in some lithium-ion batteries, possibly in the form of cobalt oxide nanoparticles.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Cobalt compounds are potentially poisonous in large amounts.[7]","title":"Safety"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png"}]
|
[{"title":"Cobalt(II) oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt(II)_oxide"},{"title":"Cobalt(III) oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt(III)_oxide"}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washington,_New_Hampshire
|
Mount Washington
|
["1 History","2 Climate","2.1 Image gallery","2.2 Precipitation","3 Geographical features","4 Uses","4.1 Hiking","4.2 Cog railway","4.3 Races","4.4 Backcountry skiing","5 Transmission facilities","6 Deaths","7 Artistic tributes","8 See also","9 Explanatory notes","10 References","11 External links"]
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Coordinates: 44°16′13.8″N 71°18′11.7″W / 44.270500°N 71.303250°W / 44.270500; -71.303250Highest mountain in Northeastern United States
For other uses, see Mount Washington (disambiguation) and List of peaks named Mount Washington.
Mount WashingtonMount Washington from IntervaleHighest pointElevation6,288.3 ft (1,916.7 m) NAVD 88Prominence6,148 ft (1,874 m)ListingU.S. most isolated peaks 6thU.S. most prominent peaks 59thU.S. state high point 18thNew England Fifty Finest 1stWhite Mountain 4000-footers 1stUltra prominent peakCoordinates44°16′13.8″N 71°18′11.7″W / 44.270500°N 71.303250°W / 44.270500; -71.303250NamingNative nameAgiocochook (Western Abnaki)GeographyLocation in New HampshireShow map of New HampshireLocation in the United StatesShow map of the United States
LocationSargent's PurchaseCoös CountyNew Hampshire, U.S.Parent rangePresidential RangeTopo mapUSGS Mount WashingtonClimbingFirst ascent1642 (first recorded)Easiest routeHike, ride cog railway, or drive via Mount Washington Auto Road.Mount Washington, in New Hampshire, is the highest peak in the Northeastern United States at 6,288.2 ft (1,916.6 m) and the most topographically prominent mountain east of the Mississippi River.
The mountain is notorious for its erratic weather. On the afternoon of April 12, 1934, the Mount Washington Observatory recorded a windspeed of 231 miles per hour (372 km/h) at the summit, the world record from 1934 until 1996. Mount Washington still holds the record for highest measured wind speed not associated with a tornado or tropical cyclone.
The mountain is located in the Presidential Range of the White Mountains, in Coös County, New Hampshire. The mountain is in several unincorporated townships, with the summit in the township of Sargent's Purchase. While nearly the whole mountain is in the White Mountain National Forest, an area of 60.3 acres (24.4 ha) surrounding and including the summit is occupied by Mount Washington State Park.
The Mount Washington Cog Railway ascends the western slope of the mountain, and the Mount Washington Auto Road climbs to the summit from the east. The mountain is visited by hikers, and the Appalachian Trail crosses the summit. Other common activities include glider flying, backcountry skiing, and annual cycle and running races such as the Auto Road Bicycle Hillclimb and Road Race.
History
Stereoscopic photograph of the summit of Mount Washington and the Glen House stage coach by Kilburn Brothers (circa 1872). The cog railway line is visible in the background along with the Summit House atop the peak.
Before European settlers arrived in the region, the mountain was known by various indigenous peoples as Kodaak Wadjo ("the top is so hidden" or "summit of the highest mountain") or Agiochook or Agiocochook ("the place of the Great Spirit" or "the place of the Concealed One"). The Algonquians called the summit Waumbik, "white rocks". The Abenaki people inhabiting the region at the time of European contact believed that the tops of mountains were the dwelling place of the gods, and so among other reasons did not climb them out of religious deference to their sanctity.
In 1524, Giovanni da Verrazzano became the first European to mention the mountain. Viewing it from the Atlantic Ocean, he described what he saw as "high interior mountains".
In 1642, Darby Field claimed to have made the first ascent of Mount Washington. Field climbed the mountain in June of that year to demonstrate to the Abenaki chief Passaconaway that the Europeans bargaining for tribal land were not subject to the gods believed to inhabit the summit, a primarily political move that facilitated colonists' northern expansion. Field again summited Agiocochook in October 1642 on an early surveying expedition that created maps of land as far as Maine, which allowed people from the Massachusetts colony to identify arable coastal areas.
In 1784, a geology party, headed by Manasseh Cutler, named the mountain.
In 1819, the Crawford Path was established from Crawford Notch to the summit and is the oldest continuously maintained hiking path in the United States. Abel Crawford lead a group that included several Harvard students on the first recorded ascent of the path on September 10, 1819. Among them were Samuel Joseph May, George B. Emerson, Samuel E. Sewall, Caleb Cushing, Joseph Coolidge, William Ware and Joseph G. Moody.
On August 31, 1821, Eliza, Harriet, and Abigail Austin, three sisters from Jefferson, New Hampshire, became the first white women to set foot atop Mount Washington. Moreover, this was likely the first significant mountain to be climbed by any Euro-American females in the United States.
In 1821, Ethan Allen Crawford built a house on the summit. The house lasted until a storm in 1826.
The second Summit House (1904).
Little occurred on the summit itself until the mid-19th century, when it was developed into one of the first tourist destinations in the nation, with construction of more bridle paths and two hotels. The Summit House opened in 1852, a 64-foot-long (20 m) stone hotel anchored by four heavy chains over its roof. In 1853, the Tip-Top House was erected to compete. Rebuilt of wood with 91 rooms in 1872–1873, the Summit House burned in 1908, then was replaced in granite in 1915. The Tip-Top House alone survived the fire; today it is a state historic site, recently renovated for exhibits. Other Victorian era tourist attractions include a coach road (1861)—now the Mount Washington Auto Road—and the Mount Washington Cog Railway (1869), both of which are still in operation.
For forty years, until 1917, an intermittent daily newspaper, called Among the Clouds, was published by Henry M. Burt at the summit each summer.
In 2011 and 2012, Orlando, Florida–based CNL Financial Group, which at the time operated the Mount Washington Hotel at the foot of the mountain, trademarked the "Mount Washington" name when used with a resort or hotel. CNL officials said they were directing their efforts only against hotels and not the numerous businesses in the area that use the name. CNL's application at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office seeks registration of the trademark "Mount Washington" for any retail service, any restaurant service, and any entertainment service.
Climate
Mount Washington
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
6.4
14
−4
6.8
15
−2
7.7
21
5
7.4
30
17
8.2
41
30
8.4
50
40
8.8
54
44
8.3
53
43
8
47
36
9.3
36
24
9.9
28
13
7.7
18
2
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inchesSource:NOAA
Metric conversion
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
164
−10
−20
172
−10
−19
195
−6
−15
189
−1
−8
208
5
−1
213
10
4
223
12
7
211
12
6
204
8
2
235
2
−4
250
−2
−10
196
−8
−17
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
The summit station of Mount Washington has an alpine climate or tundra climate (Köppen ET), although it receives an extremely high amount of precipitation, atypical for most regions with such cold weather. However, elevations just beneath treeline have a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc) which eventually transitions to a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) near the mountain's base and the surrounding lower elevations.
The weather of Mount Washington is notoriously erratic. This is partly due to the convergence of several storm tracks, mainly from the Atlantic to the south, the Gulf region and the Pacific Northwest. The vertical rise of the Presidential Range, combined with its north–south orientation, makes it a significant barrier to westerly winds. Low-pressure areas are more favorable to develop along the coastline in the winter due to the relative temperature differences between the northeastern United States and the Atlantic Ocean. With these factors combined, hurricane-force wind gusts are observed from the summit of the mountain on average of 110 days per year. These extreme winds also contribute to the mountain's very short treeline, with elevations as low as 4,400 feet (1,300 m) being too hostile to support any plant life more than a few inches (centimeters) in height.
Mount Washington once held the world record, and still holds the Northern Hemisphere and Western Hemisphere record, for directly measured surface wind speed, at 231 mph (372 km/h), recorded on the afternoon of April 12, 1934. A new wind speed record was discovered in 2009: on April 10, 1996, Tropical Cyclone Olivia had created a wind gust of 408 km/h (254 mph) at Barrow Island off the western coast of Australia.
The first regular meteorological observations on Mount Washington were conducted by the U.S. Signal Service, a precursor of the National Weather Service, from 1870 to 1892. The Mount Washington station was the first of its kind in the world, setting an example followed in many other countries. For many years, the record low temperature was thought to be −47 °F (−43.9 °C) occurring on January 29, 1934, but upon the first in-depth examination of the data from the 19th century at NOAA's National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, North Carolina, a new record low was discovered. Mount Washington's official record low of −50 °F (−45.6 °C) was recorded on January 22, 1885. The official record low daily maximum is −28 °F (−33.3 °C) on February 6, 1995. Highs of 0 °F (−18 °C; 255 K) or below occur on 13 days annually, while lows at or below 0 °F (−18 °C; 255 K) can be expected from November 17 through April 1; from December to March, temperatures rise above freezing (0 °C (32 °F; 273 K)) on only 15 days.
On January 16, 2004, the summit weather observation registered a temperature of −43.6 °F (−42.0 °C) and sustained winds of 87.5 mph (140.8 km/h), resulting in a wind chill value of −102.59 °F (−74.8 °C) at the mountain. During a 71-hour period from approximately 3 p.m. on January 13 to 2 p.m. on January 16, 2004, the wind chill on the summit never went above −50 °F (−45.6 °C). The official record high temperature at the summit is 72 °F (22.2 °C) on June 26, 2003, and August 2, 1975, while the official record high daily minimum is 60 °F (15.6 °C), recorded on the latter date. Readings of 60 °F (15.6 °C) or higher at the summit are seen an average of 13.5 days annually.
On February 3–4, 2023, overnight wind gusts of over 100 miles per hour (160 km/h) and a temperature of −47 °F (−43.9 °C) combined to produce a new US record low windchill temperature of −108 °F (−77.8 °C), breaking the previous figure of −103 °F (−75.0 °C). Temperatures remained at or below -45 °F for 13 straight hours on February 3–4, 2023, and a -47 °F reading from the morning of February 4, 2023 was the coldest reading in 89 years, tying a previous record low observed in January 1934.
The primary summit building was designed to withstand 300 mph (480 km/h) winds; other structures are chained to the mountain. In addition to a number of broadcast towers, the mountain is the site of a non-profit scientific observatory reporting the weather as well as other aspects of the subarctic climate of the mountain. The extreme environment creates strong winds and ice at the top of Mount Washington making the use of unmanned equipment problematic. The observatory also conducts research, primarily the testing of new weather measurement devices. The Sherman Adams summit building, which houses the observatory, is closed to the public during the winter and hikers are not allowed inside the building except for pre-arranged guided tours.
In 1932, the Mount Washington Observatory was built on the summit through a group interested in and noting the worth of a research facility at that demanding location. The observatory's weather data have accumulated a climate record since. Temperature and humidity readings have been collected using a sling psychrometer, a simple device containing two mercury thermometers. Where most unstaffed weather stations have undergone technology upgrades, consistent use of the sling psychrometer has helped provide scientific precision to the Mount Washington climate record.
The observatory makes prominent use of the slogan "Home of the World's Worst Weather", a claim that originated with a 1940 article in Appalachia magazine by Charles Brooks, the man generally given the majority of credit for creating the Mount Washington Observatory. The article was titled "The Worst Weather in the World" even though it concluded that Mount Washington most likely did not have the world's worst weather.
Image gallery
Mount Washington Observatory
The original weathered shingle-clad building is chained to the ground, here covered in rime ice in early April.
The summit of Mount Washington is frequently obscured by clouds.
Precipitation
Climate chart for Mount Washington
Due in part to its high prominence, to its situation at the confluence of two major storm tracks, and to the north–south orientation of the Presidential Range ridgeline, which it crowns, Mount Washington receives high levels of precipitation, averaging an equivalent of 91.2 in (2,320 mm) of rain per year, with a record high for a calendar year of 130.14 in (3,305.6 mm) in 1969 and a low of 71.34 in (1,812.0 mm) in 1979. Monthly precipitation has ranged from 0.75 in (19.1 mm) in October 1947 to 28.70 in (729.0 mm) in October 2005. Large amounts of precipitation often fall in a short period of time: in October 1996, a record 11.07 in (281.2 mm) of precipitation fell during a single 24-hour period. A substantial amount of this falls as snow, with a seasonal average of around 280 inches (7.1 m) of snow; seasonal accumulation has ranged from 75.8 in (1.93 m) in 1947–48 to 566.4 in (14.39 m) in 1968–69. The record amount of snowfall in a 24-hour period, 49.3 in (125.2 cm), occurred in February 1969, which is also the snowiest month on record with 172.8 in (4.39 m).
Climate data for Mount Washington, elev. 6,267 ft (1,910.2 m) near the summit (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1933–present)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
48(9)
48(9)
54(12)
60(16)
66(19)
72(22)
71(22)
72(22)
69(21)
62(17)
52(11)
47(8)
72(22)
Mean maximum °F (°C)
38.7(3.7)
35.6(2.0)
40.8(4.9)
49.0(9.4)
58.8(14.9)
64.5(18.1)
65.4(18.6)
64.2(17.9)
61.4(16.3)
53.8(12.1)
45.8(7.7)
39.8(4.3)
67.2(19.6)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
14.9(−9.5)
14.8(−9.6)
20.8(−6.2)
30.7(−0.7)
42.5(5.8)
51.4(10.8)
55.3(12.9)
54.2(12.3)
49.1(9.5)
37.7(3.2)
28.4(−2.0)
20.1(−6.6)
35.0(1.7)
Daily mean °F (°C)
5.8(−14.6)
5.9(−14.5)
12.9(−10.6)
23.7(−4.6)
36.3(2.4)
45.5(7.5)
49.9(9.9)
48.7(9.3)
43.1(6.2)
31.3(−0.4)
20.8(−6.2)
11.8(−11.2)
28.0(−2.2)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
−3.2(−19.6)
−3.0(−19.4)
4.9(−15.1)
16.7(−8.5)
30.2(−1.0)
39.6(4.2)
44.5(6.9)
43.2(6.2)
37.1(2.8)
24.9(−3.9)
13.1(−10.5)
3.5(−15.8)
21.0(−6.1)
Mean minimum °F (°C)
−28.6(−33.7)
−25.2(−31.8)
−19.4(−28.6)
−1.1(−18.4)
14.0(−10.0)
25.7(−3.5)
34.4(1.3)
31.4(−0.3)
21.3(−5.9)
8.3(−13.2)
−5.8(−21.0)
−20.8(−29.3)
−32.3(−35.7)
Record low °F (°C)
−47(−44)
−47(−44)
−38(−39)
−20(−29)
−2(−19)
8(−13)
24(−4)
20(−7)
9(−13)
−5(−21)
−26(−32)
−46(−43)
−47(−44)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
5.74(146)
5.45(138)
6.72(171)
7.31(186)
7.68(195)
8.59(218)
8.93(227)
7.72(196)
7.66(195)
9.99(254)
8.09(205)
7.35(187)
91.23(2,317)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
41.4(105)
43.3(110)
46.2(117)
33.1(84)
12.9(33)
1.3(3.3)
0.0(0.0)
0.1(0.25)
1.2(3.0)
19.0(48)
35.6(90)
47.7(121)
281.8(716)
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm)
14.1(36)
16.3(41)
17.6(45)
14.5(37)
6.1(15)
0.5(1.3)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.3(0.76)
5.7(14)
8.3(21)
12.7(32)
21.0(53)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
20.0
18.3
19.7
18.3
17.4
17.6
17.5
15.5
13.7
18.1
19.2
21.0
216.3
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
19.6
18.1
18.0
14.1
6.5
1.2
0.2
0.2
1.3
9.9
15.1
19.7
123.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours
92.0
106.9
127.6
143.2
171.3
151.3
145.0
130.5
127.2
127.1
82.4
83.1
1,487.6
Percent possible sunshine
32
36
34
35
37
33
31
30
34
37
29
30
33
Source 1: NOAA (sun 1961–1990)
Source 2: Mount Washington Observatory (extremes 1933–present)
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
See or edit raw graph data.
Geographical features
Although the western slope that the Cog Railway ascends is straightforward from base to summit, the mountain's other sides are more complex. On the north side, Great Gulf—the mountain's largest glacial cirque—forms an amphitheater surrounded by the Northern Presidentials: Mounts Clay, Jefferson, Adams and Madison. These connected peaks reach well into the treeless alpine zone. Massive Chandler Ridge extends northeast from the summit of Washington to form the amphitheater's southern wall and the incline is ascended by the Mount Washington Auto Road.
First aid cache
East of the summit, a plateau known as the Alpine Gardens extends south from Chandler Ridge at about 5,200 feet (1,600 m) elevation. It is notable for plant species either endemic to alpine meadows in the White Mountains or outliers of larger populations in arctic regions far to the north. Alpine Gardens drops off precipitously into two prominent glacial cirques. Craggy Huntington Ravine offers rock and ice climbing in an alpine setting. More rounded Tuckerman Ravine is New England's best-known site for spring back-country skiing as late as June and then a scenic hiking route.
South of the summit lies a second and larger alpine plateau, Bigelow Lawn, at 5,000 feet (1,500 m) to 5,500 feet (1,700 m) elevation. Satellite summit Boott Spur and then the Montalban Ridge including Mount Isolation and Mount Davis extend south from it, while the higher Southern Presidentials—Mounts Monroe, Franklin, Eisenhower, Pierce, Jackson and Webster—extend southwest to Crawford Notch. Oakes Gulf separates the two high ridges.
Uses
Bowl of Tuckerman Ravine, showing skiers above the lip
The mountain is part of a popular hiking area, with the Appalachian Trail crossing the summit and one of the Appalachian Mountain Club's eight mountain huts, the Lakes of the Clouds Hut, located on one of the mountain's shoulders. Winter recreation includes Tuckerman Ravine, famous for its Memorial Day skiing and its 50-degree slopes. The ravine is notorious for its avalanches, of which about 100 are recorded every year, and which have killed six people since 1849. Scores of hikers have died on the mountain in all seasons, due to harsh and rapidly changing conditions, inadequate equipment, and failure to plan for the wide variety of conditions that can occur above tree line.
The weather at Mount Washington has made it a site for glider flying. In 2005, it was recognized as the 14th National Landmark of Soaring.
Hiking
The Mount Washington Cog Railway in 2006
Motorcycles cruise the auto road.
Mount Washington from the Lakes of the Clouds
The most common hiking trail approach to the summit is via the 4.1-mile (6.6 km) Tuckerman Ravine Trail. It starts at the Pinkham Notch camp area and gains 4,280 feet (1,300 m), leading straight up the bowl of Tuckerman Ravine via a series of steep rock steps that afford views of the ravine and across the notch to Wildcat Mountain. Fatalities have occurred on the trail, both from ski accidents and hypothermia. Water bottles may be refilled at the base of the bowl 2.1 miles (3.4 km) up the trail at a well pump near the Hermit Lake Shelters, which offers snacks, toilets and shelter. At the summit is a center with a museum, gift shop, observation area, cafeteria, and the Mount Washington Observatory. Other routes up the eastern slopes of the mountain include the Lion Head, Boott Spur, Huntington Ravine and Nelson Crag trails, as well as the Great Gulf Trail ascending from the northeast. Routes from the western slopes include the Ammonoosuc Ravine and Jewell trails and the Crawford Path and Gulfside Trail (coincident with the Appalachian Trail from the southwest and from the north, respectively).
There are many differences between climbing Mount Washington in summer and climbing it in winter. There are no public facilities on the summit in winter. In the winter months, the most common route is the Lion Head Winter Route, which begins on the Tuckerman Ravine Trail but then turns north to ascend up to Lion Head at elevation 5,033 feet (1,534 m). The winter route variation is recommended to help climbers avoid avalanche danger. Exactly where the route turns from the Tuckerman Ravine Trail depends on the snow conditions. If the amount of snowfall has not been significant, the Lion Head Summer Route may be open. After hiking 2.3 miles (3.7 km) from the visitor center in Pinkham Notch, the trail will take a right turn onto the Lion Head Summer Route. If there has been enough snow accumulation on the summer Lion Head Trail, the Forest Service will open the Lion Head Winter Route, which turns off after approximately 1.7 miles (2.7 km).
Cog railway
Main article: Mount Washington Cog Railway
Since 1869, the Mount Washington Cog Railway has provided tourists with a train journey to the summit of Mount Washington. It uses a Marsh rack system and was the first successful rack railway in the US.
Races
Every June, the mountain is the site of the Mount Washington Road Race, an event that attracts hundreds of runners. In August the Mount Washington Auto Road Bicycle Hillclimb, a bicycle race, takes place along the same route as the road race. The hillclimb's notable contestants include former Tour de France contender Tyler Hamilton.
On August 7, 1932, Raymond E. Welch became the first one-legged man to climb Mount Washington. An official race was held and open only to one-legged people. Mr. Welch climbed the "Jacob's Ladder" route and descended via the carriage road. At the time of his climb, he was the station agent for the Boston & Maine Railroad in Northumberland, New Hampshire.
The mountain is also the host to one of the oldest car races in the country, the Mount Washington Hillclimb Auto Race, which has been held on and off since 1904. Travis Pastrana set record ascents in 2010, 2014, 2017, and 2021, driving a Subaru WRX STi to a record of five minutes and 28.67 seconds. In 2014 EVSR created by Entropy Racing was the first electric car to compete at Mt. Washington with an official time for driver Tim O'Neil of seven minutes and 28.92 seconds.
Backcountry skiing
Main article: Tuckerman Ravine
Tuckerman Ravine, a glacial cirque on the mountain's southeast side, is a popular backcountry skiing destination, attracting tens of thousands of skiers to the mountain each year. Skiers have skied down the headwall since 1931, first by two Dartmouth students, John Carleton and Charles Proctor, who were quickly followed by a group from Harvard who skied the headwall from the summit of Mount Washington for the first time. The ravine soon became an important site for extreme skiing in New England.
The mountain hosted the first giant slalom race in the United States in 1937, the Franklin Edson Memorial Race.
Stitched 360-degree panorama from around the summit
Panorama of the buildings on the summit
Transmission facilities
FM broadcasting station WMTW's ice-covered Mount Washington transmitter site in 1944.
Due to its status as the highest elevation in the northeast United States, the top of the mountain is a popular site for stations that require transmission ranges over a broad territory, but which operate on frequencies that are generally limited to line-of-sight coverage. In 2003, it was reported that the summit was the site used "for three commercial radio stations and dozens of state, federal and private agencies, including the state police".
Use of the mountain summit as a transmitter site dates to the 1930s. At this time investigations were begun into establishing radio stations broadcasting on "Very High Frequency" (VHF) assignments above 30 MHz. Reception of stations operating on these frequencies tended to be limited to line-of-sight distances, so operating from the top of Mount Washington was ideal for providing maximum coverage. As of 1938 it was reported that at least five experimental stations were located on the mountain.
The most prominent of the early experimental stations was W1XER, originally an "Apex" radio station licensed to the Yankee Network, that was moved from Boston to the mountain in 1937, and initially used to relay meteorological information from the weather observatory. With the aid of Edwin H. Armstrong, the station was converted from an AM transmitter into an FM broadcasting station, although the conversion process turned out to be an arduous undertaking, and W1XER did not start broadcast programming on a regular schedule until December 19, 1940. This station's facilities included construction of the original broadcast tower, the Yankee Building housing the crew and transmitter equipment, and the first power house building. Commercial broadcasting commenced on April 5, 1941, initially with the call sign W39B. Effective November 1, 1943 the station call sign was changed to WMTW, and in late 1946 the call letters were changed again, to WMNE. WMNE ceased operations in late 1948, due to excessive maintenance costs, and concern that a mandatory frequency change to the new FM "high band" would cause an unacceptable decrease in transmission range.
In 1954 WMTW, channel 8, licensed to Poland Spring, Maine, constructed a TV tower and transmitter and began operations from the mountain, including local forecasts by (now retired) WMTW transmitter engineer Marty Engstrom. In its first decades, WMTW served as the ABC Network affiliate for the Portland, Burlington, Montreal and Sherbrooke television markets, thanks to its wide coverage area. This station relocated its transmitter away from the mountain in 2002, due to concerns that a mandated switch from analog to digital transmissions would result in insufficient coverage if the transmitter remained at the mountaintop.
There are currently two FM stations located at the mountain. 1958 saw the construction of WMTW-FM 94.9 MHz (now WHOM). A second station, WMOU (now WPKQ), moved to the summit in 1987, installing transmitters in the Yankee building and constructing a new broadcast tower behind the building, which is the tallest structure on the summit.
WHOM and WMTW-TV shared a transmitter building, which also housed the generators used to supply electrical power to the various facilities atop the mountain. However, on February 9, 2003, a major fire broke out in the generator room of the transmitter building, which had become the property of the state only a year earlier when WMTW left the summit. The fire destroyed the building, including WHOM's transmitters as well as the summit's main generators, and also spread to the adjacent Old Yankee Power House building, which housed the emergency generator, destroying that building also and disrupting all power to the summit. Temporary generators had to be transported up the mountain to restore power to the observatory and to the Yankee building, which houses important public safety communications equipment. A makeshift generator room was constructed underneath the canopy of the Sherman Adams building across from the public entrance to replace the destroyed buildings. The makeshift generator room was later made permanent when power cables were installed in 2009, delivering grid power to the summit for the first time.
The original Armstrong tower still stands today. The Yankee Building also remains and continues to serve as a communications facility, housing equipment for numerous tenants including cellular telephone providers and public safety agencies. The old sign from the destroyed Old Yankee Power House building was placed above the doorway to the new generator room. WHOM subsequently built a new transmitter building on the site of the old power building, and also installed a new standby antenna on the Armstrong tower. (For the first time since 1948, the Armstrong tower was used for broadcasts.)
The National Weather Service (NWS) forecast office in Gray, Maine, operates NOAA Weather Radio station KZZ41 on 162.5 MHz from the summit of Mount Washington. The NWS coverage map indicates that it can be heard throughout most of New Hampshire, western Maine, northeast Vermont, and portions of southern Canada. During very clear conditions, KZZ41 has the potential to reach the majority of northern Massachusetts (including some northern areas of Greater Boston and much of the North Shore) as well as the majority of Vermont and Maine.
In June 2008, the possibility of television returning to Mount Washington arose, with the filing by New Hampshire Public Television to move WLED-TV from its current location near Littleton to the old WMTW mast on top.
Deaths
Main article: List of people who died on the Presidential Range
As of 2019, more than 161 people had died in the Presidential range, since record-keeping began in 1849. Author Nicholas Howe has detailed many of the fatalities on this mountain in his book Not Without Peril published in 2000 and updated in 2009. The foreword to the 2009 edition states that many of the deaths over the past 150 years can be attributed to poor planning and lack of understanding of "the difference in weather between Boston and the mountains. The latter are farther north, farther inland and much higher than the city."
William Buckingham Curtis, often posthumously called "the father of American amateur athletics", died from exhaustion on June 30, 1900, near Lakes of the Clouds Hut during a summer snowstorm.
Artistic tributes
Mount Washington has been the subject of several famous paintings, part of a New England school of art known as White Mountain art. Inspired by the Hudson River School of landscape painting, a number of artists during the Victorian era ventured into the White Mountains in search of natural subjects. Train service in the area spurred increased tourism and the construction of the Glen House where Albert Bierstadt and his photographer brother (Bierstadt Brothers) stayed. John P. Soule, John B. Heywood and the Kilburn Brothers also produced stereographic images of scenery in the area.
Mount Washington from Glen House in a stereographic image by John P. Soule
Ferdinand Richardt (1857)
Benjamin Champney
John F. Kensett (1869)
Albert Bierstadt (1858)
See also
New Hampshire portalMountains portal
Freelan Oscar Stanley
List of mountain peaks of North America
List of mountain peaks of the United States
List of U.S. states by elevation
List of Ultras of the United States
Explanatory notes
^ The current official record gust of 254 miles per hour (409 km/h) was measured at Barrow Island, Australia, on October 4, 1996, although uncertified records as high as 318 miles per hour (512 km/h) exist.
^ Measurable (0.1 in or 2.5 mm) precipitation occurs on an average 210 days annually, with 26 of those days seeing 1 in or 25 mm or more.
^ The snow season is defined as July 1 through June 30 of the following calendar year
^ The initial policy for commercial FM station call signs included an initial "W" for stations located east of the Mississippi River, followed by the last two digits of a station's frequency assignment, "39" corresponding with 43.9 MHz in this case, and closing with a one or two character city identifier, which for stations serving the Boston, Massachusetts region was "B".
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^ "Mount Washington, New Hampshire - No. 14". National Soaring Museum. Archived from the original on March 28, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
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^ a b "Lion Head Winter Route, Mount Washington". The Peak Seeker. Archived from the original on April 2, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
^ Heald, Bruce D. (2011). The Mount Washington Cog Railway: Climbing the White Mountains of New Hampshire. The History Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-60949-196-3.
^ "Sylvester Marsh and the Mount Washington Cog Railway". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
^ Heald, Bruce D. (2011). The Mount Washington Cog Railway: Climbing the White Mountains of New Hampshire. The History Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-60949-196-3.
^ "History". Newton's Revenge. Archived from the original on March 25, 2015. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
^ a b "Raymond Edward Welch" (PDF). Coös County GenWeb. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 10, 2016. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
^ "Results - Mount Washington Auto Road, Gorham NH". mt-washington.com. Archived from the original on August 16, 2022. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
^ Silvestro, Brian (August 24, 2017). "Watch Travis Pastrana Shatter the Mt. Washington Hillclimb Record". Road & Track. Archived from the original on January 10, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2019.
^ Glucker, Jeff (September 10, 2010). "Travis Pastrana smashes 12-year-old Mt. Washington Auto Road record". AutoBlog. Archived from the original on April 8, 2016. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
^ Dillard, Ted (June 30, 2014). "EVSR Returns to the Scene of the Climb (Mt. Washington - w/video)". InsideEVs. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
^ Irwin, Brian (March 27, 2019). "A primer to skiing Tuckerman Ravine". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
^ "Tuckerman Ravine, a recreational history". Ski Vacation Blog. April 22, 2015. Retrieved August 5, 2019.
^ Hern, Nicholas (January 2, 2018). "The Iconic Ski History of Tuckerman Ravine in the White Mountains". Time to Climb. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
^ Leich, Jeff (May 5, 2020). "History on the Headwall: Mt. Washington's Tuckerman Ravine". Backcountry Magazine. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
^ "Radio Engineering Labs, Inc. (WMTW photograph)" (advertisement), Broadcasting, May 15, 1944, page 49.
^ "Mt. Washington blaze disrupts communications" Archived February 8, 2021, at the Wayback Machine by Richard Fabizio, February 16, 2003 (seacoastonline.com)
^ "Ultra-High" Archived March 7, 2021, at the Wayback Machine by Perry Ferrell, Jr., All-Wave Radio, April 1938, page 195. The five reported experimental stations were W1XER, W1XR, W1XW, W1XOY and W1XMX.
^ "Building a Radio Tower atop Mount Washington" Archived January 16, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, by Daniel Dancis, February 12, 2019.
^ "Yankee Starts Operation of FM Atop Mountain", Broadcasting, January 1, 1941, page 18-C.
^ "Boston Games on FM", Broadcasting, April 14, 1941, page 42.
^ "New Calls Named For FM Stations", Broadcasting, October 4, 1943, page 49.
^ "WMNE, KSTL-FM Are Relinquished" Archived February 8, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Broadcasting, October 4, 1948, page 85.
^ Engstrom, Marty. Marty on the Mountain: 38 Years on Mt. Washington.
^ "Mount Washington, N.H.: The TV Years, 1954-2002" Archived March 23, 2021, at the Wayback Machine by Scott Fybush, February 6–13, 2002 (fybush.com)
^ "WMTW: fire on the mountain". GGN Information Systems. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved October 13, 2008.
^ "KZZ41". National Weather Service. U.S. Department of Commerce/National Weather Service Gray, ME. Archived from the original on February 12, 2015. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
^ "Application for Construction Permit for Reserved Channel Noncommercial Educational Broadcast Station". U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC). June 20, 2008. Archived from the original on February 6, 2023. Retrieved October 13, 2008.
^ "Mount Washington, N.H.: A Look Back". Tower Site of the Week. fybush.com. February 20, 2003. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
^ Staff (May 9, 2019). "Mt. Washington's fatalities". New Hampshire Magazine. Archived from the original on June 27, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.
^ Globe Pequot Press, Guiford, Connecticut - ISBN 978-1-934028-32-2
^ "The Life of an Athlete: William B. Curtis, the Father of American Amateur Athletics. The Tragic End of an Existence Filled with Much That Was Good and Healthful" (PDF). The New York Times. July 8, 1900. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2014. By the tragic death of William B. Curtis in a blinding storm on Mount Washington about a week ago, the world of amateur sport has lost one of its most commanding figures ...
^ "Mount Washington Gallery". White Mountain Art & Artists. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
^ "Hudson River School - a taste for the landscape". The Art Wolf. March 2006. Archived from the original on August 3, 2021. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
^ "Summit House Mount Washington, John P. Soule". Museum of the White Mountains. Plymouth State University. Archived from the original on April 8, 2016. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
^ "Ledge and Mt. Adams Peak, from Mt. Washington Carriage Road". NYPL Digital Collections. Archived from the original on April 8, 2016. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
^ "New Hampshire Historical Society Features Cog Railway Historic Photos". Mount Washington Cog Railway. Archived from the original on April 1, 2016. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
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United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles"},{"link_name":"Mount Washington (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washington_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"List of peaks named Mount Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_peaks_named_Mount_Washington"},{"link_name":"Northeastern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States"},{"link_name":"topographically prominent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographic_prominence"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Mount Washington Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washington_Observatory"},{"link_name":"tornado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado"},{"link_name":"tropical cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Presidential Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Range"},{"link_name":"White Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Mountains_(New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"Coös County, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co%C3%B6s_County,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Sargent's Purchase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargent%27s_Purchase,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"White Mountain National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Mountain_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Mount Washington State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washington_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Mount Washington Cog Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washington_Cog_Railway"},{"link_name":"Mount Washington Auto Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washington_Auto_Road"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Trail"},{"link_name":"glider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"backcountry skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backcountry_skiing"},{"link_name":"Auto Road Bicycle Hillclimb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washington_Auto_Road_Bicycle_Hillclimb"},{"link_name":"Road Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washington_Road_Race"}],"text":"Highest mountain in Northeastern United StatesFor other uses, see Mount Washington (disambiguation) and List of peaks named Mount Washington.Mount Washington, in New Hampshire, is the highest peak in the Northeastern United States at 6,288.2 ft (1,916.6 m) and the most topographically prominent mountain east of the Mississippi River.The mountain is notorious for its erratic weather. On the afternoon of April 12, 1934, the Mount Washington Observatory recorded a windspeed of 231 miles per hour (372 km/h) at the summit, the world record from 1934 until 1996. Mount Washington still holds the record for highest measured wind speed not associated with a tornado or tropical cyclone.[4][a]The mountain is located in the Presidential Range of the White Mountains, in Coös County, New Hampshire. The mountain is in several unincorporated townships, with the summit in the township of Sargent's Purchase. While nearly the whole mountain is in the White Mountain National Forest, an area of 60.3 acres (24.4 ha) surrounding and including the summit is occupied by Mount Washington State Park.The Mount Washington Cog Railway ascends the western slope of the mountain, and the Mount Washington Auto Road climbs to the summit from the east. The mountain is visited by hikers, and the Appalachian Trail crosses the summit. Other common activities include glider flying, backcountry skiing, and annual cycle and running races such as the Auto Road Bicycle Hillclimb and Road Race.","title":"Mount Washington"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Summit_of_Mt._Washington_and_Glen_House_Stage,_by_Kilburn_Brothers.png"},{"link_name":"Stereoscopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopic"},{"link_name":"Glen House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_House"},{"link_name":"stage coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_coach"},{"link_name":"Kilburn Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilburn_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Great Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Spirit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piotrowski-7"},{"link_name":"Algonquians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquian_peoples"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piotrowski-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Abenaki people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abenaki"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"Giovanni da Verrazzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_da_Verrazzano"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-northward-10"},{"link_name":"Darby Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darby_Field"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DarbyField-11"},{"link_name":"Passaconaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passaconaway"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"Manasseh Cutler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasseh_Cutler"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atkinson-12"},{"link_name":"Crawford Path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford_Path"},{"link_name":"Crawford Notch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford_Notch"},{"link_name":"hiking path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trail"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Abel Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford_family_of_the_White_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Samuel Joseph May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Joseph_May"},{"link_name":"George B. Emerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._Emerson"},{"link_name":"Samuel E. Sewall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_E._Sewall"},{"link_name":"Caleb Cushing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb_Cushing"},{"link_name":"Joseph Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Coolidge"},{"link_name":"William Ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ware"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ramble_On:_How_Hiking_Became_One_of_the_Most_Popular_Outdoor_Activities_in_the_World-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ramble_On:_How_Hiking_Became_One_of_the_Most_Popular_Outdoor_Activities_in_the_World-14"},{"link_name":"Ethan Allen Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Crawford"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atkinson-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Summit_House,_Mount_Washington,_NH.jpg"},{"link_name":"tourist destinations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist_attractions_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Tip-Top House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tip-Top_House"},{"link_name":"granite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atkinson-12"},{"link_name":"Victorian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"},{"link_name":"coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach"},{"link_name":"Mount Washington Auto Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washington_Auto_Road"},{"link_name":"Mount Washington Cog Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washington_Cog_Railway"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chronicling-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bruceheald3-17"},{"link_name":"Orlando, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"CNL Financial Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNL_Financial_Group"},{"link_name":"Mount Washington Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washington_Hotel"},{"link_name":"trademarked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"U.S. Patent and Trademark Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Stereoscopic photograph of the summit of Mount Washington and the Glen House stage coach by Kilburn Brothers (circa 1872). The cog railway line is visible in the background along with the Summit House atop the peak.Before European settlers arrived in the region, the mountain was known by various indigenous peoples as Kodaak Wadjo (\"the top is so hidden\" or \"summit of the highest mountain\") or Agiochook or Agiocochook (\"the place of the Great Spirit\" or \"the place of the Concealed One\").[6] The Algonquians called the summit Waumbik, \"white rocks\".[6][7] The Abenaki people inhabiting the region at the time of European contact believed that the tops of mountains were the dwelling place of the gods, and so among other reasons did not climb them out of religious deference to their sanctity.[8]In 1524, Giovanni da Verrazzano became the first European to mention the mountain. Viewing it from the Atlantic Ocean, he described what he saw as \"high interior mountains\".[9]In 1642, Darby Field claimed to have made the first ascent of Mount Washington.[10] Field climbed the mountain in June of that year to demonstrate to the Abenaki chief Passaconaway that the Europeans bargaining for tribal land were not subject to the gods believed to inhabit the summit, a primarily political move that facilitated colonists' northern expansion.[8] Field again summited Agiocochook in October 1642 on an early surveying expedition that created maps of land as far as Maine, which allowed people from the Massachusetts colony to identify arable coastal areas.[8]In 1784, a geology party, headed by Manasseh Cutler, named the mountain.[11]In 1819, the Crawford Path was established from Crawford Notch to the summit and is the oldest continuously maintained hiking path in the United States.[12] Abel Crawford lead a group that included several Harvard students on the first recorded ascent of the path on September 10, 1819. Among them were Samuel Joseph May, George B. Emerson, Samuel E. Sewall, Caleb Cushing, Joseph Coolidge, William Ware and Joseph G. Moody.[13]On August 31, 1821, Eliza, Harriet, and Abigail Austin, three sisters from Jefferson, New Hampshire, became the first white women to set foot atop Mount Washington. Moreover, this was likely the first significant mountain to be climbed by any Euro-American females in the United States.[13]In 1821, Ethan Allen Crawford built a house on the summit. The house lasted until a storm in 1826.[11]The second Summit House (1904).Little occurred on the summit itself until the mid-19th century, when it was developed into one of the first tourist destinations in the nation, with construction of more bridle paths and two hotels. The Summit House opened in 1852, a 64-foot-long (20 m) stone hotel anchored by four heavy chains over its roof. In 1853, the Tip-Top House was erected to compete. Rebuilt of wood with 91 rooms in 1872–1873, the Summit House burned in 1908, then was replaced in granite in 1915.[11] The Tip-Top House alone survived the fire; today it is a state historic site, recently renovated for exhibits. Other Victorian era tourist attractions include a coach road (1861)—now the Mount Washington Auto Road—and the Mount Washington Cog Railway (1869), both of which are still in operation.[14]For forty years, until 1917, an intermittent daily newspaper, called Among the Clouds, was published by Henry M. Burt at the summit each summer.[15][16]In 2011 and 2012, Orlando, Florida–based CNL Financial Group, which at the time operated the Mount Washington Hotel at the foot of the mountain, trademarked the \"Mount Washington\" name when used with a resort or hotel. CNL officials said they were directing their efforts only against hotels and not the numerous businesses in the area that use the name.[17] CNL's application at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office seeks registration of the trademark \"Mount Washington\" for any retail service, any restaurant service, and any entertainment service.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alpine climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_climate"},{"link_name":"tundra climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra#Climatic_classification"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"subarctic climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic_climate"},{"link_name":"humid continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Gulf region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Pacific Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest"},{"link_name":"Low-pressure areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-pressure_area"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avalanchecenter-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Northern Hemisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere"},{"link_name":"Western Hemisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hemisphere"},{"link_name":"Cyclone Olivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Olivia"},{"link_name":"Barrow Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow_Island_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"U.S. Signal Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_Corps_(United_States_Army)"},{"link_name":"National Weather Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Weather_Service"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration"},{"link_name":"National Climatic Data Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Climatic_Data_Center"},{"link_name":"Asheville, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWS_Gray,_ME-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWS_Gray,_ME-20"},{"link_name":"°F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit"},{"link_name":"°C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius"},{"link_name":"wind chill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_chill"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wudg-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wudg-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mount_Washington_Normals,_Means,_and_Extremes-26"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWS_Gray,_ME-20"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCDCtxt-27"},{"link_name":"February 3–4, 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2023_North_American_cold_wave"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-backpacker-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhstateparks-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alan_Smith-34"},{"link_name":"Mount Washington Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washington_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bruceheald1-35"},{"link_name":"sling psychrometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygrometer"},{"link_name":"mercury thermometers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-in-glass_thermometer"},{"link_name":"psychrometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychrometer"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukint-36"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alan_Smith-34"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"The summit station of Mount Washington has an alpine climate or tundra climate (Köppen ET), although it receives an extremely high amount of precipitation, atypical for most regions with such cold weather. However, elevations just beneath treeline have a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc) which eventually transitions to a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) near the mountain's base and the surrounding lower elevations.[20]The weather of Mount Washington is notoriously erratic. This is partly due to the convergence of several storm tracks, mainly from the Atlantic to the south, the Gulf region and the Pacific Northwest. The vertical rise of the Presidential Range, combined with its north–south orientation, makes it a significant barrier to westerly winds. Low-pressure areas are more favorable to develop along the coastline in the winter due to the relative temperature differences between the northeastern United States and the Atlantic Ocean. With these factors combined, hurricane-force wind gusts are observed from the summit of the mountain on average of 110 days per year. These extreme winds also contribute to the mountain's very short treeline, with elevations as low as 4,400 feet (1,300 m) being too hostile to support any plant life more than a few inches (centimeters) in height.[21][22]Mount Washington once held the world record, and still holds the Northern Hemisphere and Western Hemisphere record, for directly measured surface wind speed, at 231 mph (372 km/h), recorded on the afternoon of April 12, 1934. A new wind speed record was discovered in 2009: on April 10, 1996, Tropical Cyclone Olivia had created a wind gust of 408 km/h (254 mph) at Barrow Island off the western coast of Australia.[23]The first regular meteorological observations on Mount Washington were conducted by the U.S. Signal Service, a precursor of the National Weather Service, from 1870 to 1892. The Mount Washington station was the first of its kind in the world, setting an example followed in many other countries. For many years, the record low temperature was thought to be −47 °F (−43.9 °C) occurring on January 29, 1934, but upon the first in-depth examination of the data from the 19th century at NOAA's National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, North Carolina, a new record low was discovered. Mount Washington's official record low of −50 °F (−45.6 °C) was recorded on January 22, 1885. The official record low daily maximum is −28 °F (−33.3 °C) on February 6, 1995.[19] Highs of 0 °F (−18 °C; 255 K) or below occur on 13 days annually, while lows at or below 0 °F (−18 °C; 255 K) can be expected from November 17 through April 1; from December to March, temperatures rise above freezing (0 °C (32 °F; 273 K)) on only 15 days.[19]On January 16, 2004, the summit weather observation registered a temperature of −43.6 °F (−42.0 °C) and sustained winds of 87.5 mph (140.8 km/h), resulting in a wind chill value of −102.59 °F (−74.8 °C) at the mountain.[24] During a 71-hour period from approximately 3 p.m. on January 13 to 2 p.m. on January 16, 2004, the wind chill on the summit never went above −50 °F (−45.6 °C).[24] The official record high temperature at the summit is 72 °F (22.2 °C) on June 26, 2003, and August 2, 1975,[25] while the official record high daily minimum is 60 °F (15.6 °C), recorded on the latter date.[19] Readings of 60 °F (15.6 °C) or higher at the summit are seen an average of 13.5 days annually.[26]On February 3–4, 2023, overnight wind gusts of over 100 miles per hour (160 km/h) and a temperature of −47 °F (−43.9 °C) combined to produce a new US record low windchill temperature of −108 °F (−77.8 °C),[27] breaking the previous figure of −103 °F (−75.0 °C).[28][29] Temperatures remained at or below -45 °F for 13 straight hours on February 3–4, 2023, and a -47 °F reading from the morning of February 4, 2023 was the coldest reading in 89 years, tying a previous record low observed in January 1934.[30]The primary summit building was designed to withstand 300 mph (480 km/h) winds; other structures are chained to the mountain.[31] In addition to a number of broadcast towers, the mountain is the site of a non-profit scientific observatory reporting the weather as well as other aspects of the subarctic climate of the mountain. The extreme environment creates strong winds and ice at the top of Mount Washington making the use of unmanned equipment problematic. The observatory also conducts research, primarily the testing of new weather measurement devices. The Sherman Adams summit building, which houses the observatory, is closed to the public during the winter[32] and hikers are not allowed inside the building except for pre-arranged guided tours.[33]In 1932, the Mount Washington Observatory was built on the summit through a group interested in and noting the worth of a research facility at that demanding location.[34] The observatory's weather data have accumulated a climate record since. Temperature and humidity readings have been collected using a sling psychrometer, a simple device containing two mercury thermometers. Where most unstaffed weather stations have undergone technology upgrades, consistent use of the sling psychrometer has helped provide scientific precision to the Mount Washington climate record.[35]The observatory makes prominent use of the slogan \"Home of the World's Worst Weather\", a claim that originated with a 1940 article in Appalachia magazine by Charles Brooks, the man generally given the majority of credit for creating the Mount Washington Observatory. The article was titled \"The Worst Weather in the World\" even though it concluded that Mount Washington most likely did not have the world's worst weather.[33][36]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016-09-03_14_08_03_Observation_tower_at_the_Mount_Washington_Observatory_on_Mount_Washington_in_Sargent%27s_Purchase_Township,_Coos_County,_New_Hampshire.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mount Washington Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washington_Observatory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Washington_chained_building.jpg"},{"link_name":"shingle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_shingle"},{"link_name":"rime ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rime"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mt._Washington,_NH.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Image gallery","text":"Mount Washington Observatory\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe original weathered shingle-clad building is chained to the ground, here covered in rime ice in early April.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe summit of Mount Washington is frequently obscured by clouds.","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monthly_Climate_Normals_(1991-2020)_-_MOUNTWASHINGTON,_NH.svg"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mount_Washington_Normals,_Means,_and_Extremes-26"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWS_Gray,_ME-20"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mount_Washington_Normals,_Means,_and_Extremes-26"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWS_Gray,_ME-20"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCDCtxt-27"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAAsun-41"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mount_Washington_Normals,_Means,_and_Extremes-26"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"raw graph data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/data:ncei.noaa.gov/weather/Mount_Washington.tab"}],"sub_title":"Precipitation","text":"Climate chart for Mount WashingtonDue in part to its high prominence, to its situation at the confluence of two major storm tracks, and to the north–south orientation of the Presidential Range ridgeline, which it crowns, Mount Washington receives high levels of precipitation, averaging an equivalent of 91.2 in (2,320 mm) of rain per year,[b] with a record high for a calendar year of 130.14 in (3,305.6 mm) in 1969[37] and a low of 71.34 in (1,812.0 mm) in 1979. Monthly precipitation has ranged from 0.75 in (19.1 mm) in October 1947 to 28.70 in (729.0 mm) in October 2005.[25] Large amounts of precipitation often fall in a short period of time: in October 1996, a record 11.07 in (281.2 mm) of precipitation fell during a single 24-hour period. A substantial amount of this falls as snow, with a seasonal[c] average of around 280 inches (7.1 m) of snow; seasonal accumulation has ranged from 75.8 in (1.93 m) in 1947–48 to 566.4 in (14.39 m) in 1968–69.[19] The record amount of snowfall in a 24-hour period, 49.3 in (125.2 cm), occurred in February 1969, which is also the snowiest month on record with 172.8 in (4.39 m).[25]Climate data for Mount Washington, elev. 6,267 ft (1,910.2 m) near the summit (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1933–present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n48(9)\n\n48(9)\n\n54(12)\n\n60(16)\n\n66(19)\n\n72(22)\n\n71(22)\n\n72(22)\n\n69(21)\n\n62(17)\n\n52(11)\n\n47(8)\n\n72(22)\n\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n38.7(3.7)\n\n35.6(2.0)\n\n40.8(4.9)\n\n49.0(9.4)\n\n58.8(14.9)\n\n64.5(18.1)\n\n65.4(18.6)\n\n64.2(17.9)\n\n61.4(16.3)\n\n53.8(12.1)\n\n45.8(7.7)\n\n39.8(4.3)\n\n67.2(19.6)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n14.9(−9.5)\n\n14.8(−9.6)\n\n20.8(−6.2)\n\n30.7(−0.7)\n\n42.5(5.8)\n\n51.4(10.8)\n\n55.3(12.9)\n\n54.2(12.3)\n\n49.1(9.5)\n\n37.7(3.2)\n\n28.4(−2.0)\n\n20.1(−6.6)\n\n35.0(1.7)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n5.8(−14.6)\n\n5.9(−14.5)\n\n12.9(−10.6)\n\n23.7(−4.6)\n\n36.3(2.4)\n\n45.5(7.5)\n\n49.9(9.9)\n\n48.7(9.3)\n\n43.1(6.2)\n\n31.3(−0.4)\n\n20.8(−6.2)\n\n11.8(−11.2)\n\n28.0(−2.2)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n−3.2(−19.6)\n\n−3.0(−19.4)\n\n4.9(−15.1)\n\n16.7(−8.5)\n\n30.2(−1.0)\n\n39.6(4.2)\n\n44.5(6.9)\n\n43.2(6.2)\n\n37.1(2.8)\n\n24.9(−3.9)\n\n13.1(−10.5)\n\n3.5(−15.8)\n\n21.0(−6.1)\n\n\nMean minimum °F (°C)\n\n−28.6(−33.7)\n\n−25.2(−31.8)\n\n−19.4(−28.6)\n\n−1.1(−18.4)\n\n14.0(−10.0)\n\n25.7(−3.5)\n\n34.4(1.3)\n\n31.4(−0.3)\n\n21.3(−5.9)\n\n8.3(−13.2)\n\n−5.8(−21.0)\n\n−20.8(−29.3)\n\n−32.3(−35.7)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−47(−44)\n\n−47(−44)\n\n−38(−39)\n\n−20(−29)\n\n−2(−19)\n\n8(−13)\n\n24(−4)\n\n20(−7)\n\n9(−13)\n\n−5(−21)\n\n−26(−32)\n\n−46(−43)\n\n−47(−44)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n5.74(146)\n\n5.45(138)\n\n6.72(171)\n\n7.31(186)\n\n7.68(195)\n\n8.59(218)\n\n8.93(227)\n\n7.72(196)\n\n7.66(195)\n\n9.99(254)\n\n8.09(205)\n\n7.35(187)\n\n91.23(2,317)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n41.4(105)\n\n43.3(110)\n\n46.2(117)\n\n33.1(84)\n\n12.9(33)\n\n1.3(3.3)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.1(0.25)\n\n1.2(3.0)\n\n19.0(48)\n\n35.6(90)\n\n47.7(121)\n\n281.8(716)\n\n\nAverage extreme snow depth inches (cm)\n\n14.1(36)\n\n16.3(41)\n\n17.6(45)\n\n14.5(37)\n\n6.1(15)\n\n0.5(1.3)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.3(0.76)\n\n5.7(14)\n\n8.3(21)\n\n12.7(32)\n\n21.0(53)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n20.0\n\n18.3\n\n19.7\n\n18.3\n\n17.4\n\n17.6\n\n17.5\n\n15.5\n\n13.7\n\n18.1\n\n19.2\n\n21.0\n\n216.3\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)\n\n19.6\n\n18.1\n\n18.0\n\n14.1\n\n6.5\n\n1.2\n\n0.2\n\n0.2\n\n1.3\n\n9.9\n\n15.1\n\n19.7\n\n123.9\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n92.0\n\n106.9\n\n127.6\n\n143.2\n\n171.3\n\n151.3\n\n145.0\n\n130.5\n\n127.2\n\n127.1\n\n82.4\n\n83.1\n\n1,487.6\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n32\n\n36\n\n34\n\n35\n\n37\n\n33\n\n31\n\n30\n\n34\n\n37\n\n29\n\n30\n\n33\n\n\nSource 1: NOAA (sun 1961–1990)[19][26][38]\n\n\nSource 2: Mount Washington Observatory (extremes 1933–present)[25][39]See or edit raw graph data.","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Gulf"},{"link_name":"cirque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirque"},{"link_name":"amphitheater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphitheater"},{"link_name":"Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Clay"},{"link_name":"Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Jefferson_(New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Adams_(New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Madison"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bruceheald3-17"},{"link_name":"alpine zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra#Alpine_tundra"},{"link_name":"Mount Washington Auto Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washington_Auto_Road"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bruceheald3-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_Aid_cache_on_Mt_Washington.jpg"},{"link_name":"First aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aid"},{"link_name":"plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau"},{"link_name":"alpine meadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_meadow"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhdfl-43"},{"link_name":"Huntington Ravine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Ravine"},{"link_name":"ice climbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_climbing"},{"link_name":"Tuckerman Ravine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuckerman_Ravine"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pb2-45"},{"link_name":"Boott Spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boott_Spur"},{"link_name":"Mount Isolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Isolation"},{"link_name":"Mount Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Davis_(New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Franklin_(New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pierce_(New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Jackson_(New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Webster"},{"link_name":"Oakes Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_River_(New_Hampshire)"}],"text":"Although the western slope that the Cog Railway ascends is straightforward from base to summit, the mountain's other sides are more complex. On the north side, Great Gulf—the mountain's largest glacial cirque—forms an amphitheater surrounded by the Northern Presidentials: Mounts Clay, Jefferson, Adams and Madison.[16] These connected peaks reach well into the treeless alpine zone. Massive Chandler Ridge extends northeast from the summit of Washington to form the amphitheater's southern wall and the incline is ascended by the Mount Washington Auto Road.[16]First aid cacheEast of the summit, a plateau known as the Alpine Gardens extends south from Chandler Ridge at about 5,200 feet (1,600 m) elevation. It is notable for plant species either endemic to alpine meadows in the White Mountains or outliers of larger populations in arctic regions far to the north.[40] Alpine Gardens drops off precipitously into two prominent glacial cirques. Craggy Huntington Ravine offers rock and ice climbing in an alpine setting. More rounded Tuckerman Ravine is New England's best-known site for spring back-country skiing as late as June and then a scenic hiking route.[41]South of the summit lies a second and larger alpine plateau, Bigelow Lawn,[42] at 5,000 feet (1,500 m) to 5,500 feet (1,700 m) elevation. Satellite summit Boott Spur and then the Montalban Ridge including Mount Isolation and Mount Davis extend south from it, while the higher Southern Presidentials—Mounts Monroe, Franklin, Eisenhower, Pierce, Jackson and Webster—extend southwest to Crawford Notch. Oakes Gulf separates the two high ridges.","title":"Geographical features"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tuckerman_Ravine_Stevage.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tuckerman Ravine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuckerman_Ravine"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Trail"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Mountain Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Mountain_Club"},{"link_name":"mountain huts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_hut"},{"link_name":"Lakes of the Clouds Hut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Huts_of_the_White_Mountains#Lakes_of_the_Clouds_Hut"},{"link_name":"Memorial Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Day"},{"link_name":"avalanches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quietmonster-46"},{"link_name":"tree line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_line"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-outsideonline-47"},{"link_name":"glider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"National Landmark of Soaring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Landmark_of_Soaring"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"Bowl of Tuckerman Ravine, showing skiers above the lipThe mountain is part of a popular hiking area, with the Appalachian Trail crossing the summit and one of the Appalachian Mountain Club's eight mountain huts, the Lakes of the Clouds Hut, located on one of the mountain's shoulders. Winter recreation includes Tuckerman Ravine, famous for its Memorial Day skiing and its 50-degree slopes. The ravine is notorious for its avalanches, of which about 100 are recorded every year, and which have killed six people since 1849. Scores of hikers have died on the mountain[43] in all seasons, due to harsh and rapidly changing conditions, inadequate equipment, and failure to plan for the wide variety of conditions that can occur above tree line.[44]The weather at Mount Washington has made it a site for glider flying. In 2005, it was recognized as the 14th National Landmark of Soaring.[45]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Washington_Cog_Railway_Start.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mt_Washington_Auto_Road_at_summit.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Washington_from_the_Lakes_of_the_Clouds.JPG"},{"link_name":"Lakes of the Clouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakes_of_the_Clouds"},{"link_name":"Pinkham Notch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkham_Notch"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kaibab-49"},{"link_name":"Wildcat Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildcat_Mountain_(New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"hypothermia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothermia"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Mount Washington Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washington_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skurka-51"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MWO:_Getting_Here-52"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peak_Seeker-53"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peak_Seeker-53"}],"sub_title":"Hiking","text":"The Mount Washington Cog Railway in 2006Motorcycles cruise the auto road.Mount Washington from the Lakes of the CloudsThe most common hiking trail approach to the summit is via the 4.1-mile (6.6 km) Tuckerman Ravine Trail. It starts at the Pinkham Notch camp area and gains 4,280 feet (1,300 m), leading straight up the bowl of Tuckerman Ravine[46] via a series of steep rock steps that afford views of the ravine and across the notch to Wildcat Mountain. Fatalities have occurred on the trail, both from ski accidents and hypothermia. Water bottles may be refilled at the base of the bowl 2.1 miles (3.4 km) up the trail at a well pump near the Hermit Lake Shelters, which offers snacks, toilets and shelter.[47] At the summit is a center with a museum, gift shop, observation area, cafeteria, and the Mount Washington Observatory. Other routes up the eastern slopes of the mountain include the Lion Head, Boott Spur, Huntington Ravine and Nelson Crag trails, as well as the Great Gulf Trail ascending from the northeast. Routes from the western slopes include the Ammonoosuc Ravine and Jewell trails and the Crawford Path and Gulfside Trail (coincident with the Appalachian Trail from the southwest and from the north, respectively).[48]There are many differences between climbing Mount Washington in summer and climbing it in winter. There are no public facilities on the summit in winter.[49] In the winter months, the most common route is the Lion Head Winter Route, which begins on the Tuckerman Ravine Trail but then turns north to ascend up to Lion Head at elevation 5,033 feet (1,534 m). The winter route variation is recommended to help climbers avoid avalanche danger.[50] Exactly where the route turns from the Tuckerman Ravine Trail depends on the snow conditions. If the amount of snowfall has not been significant, the Lion Head Summer Route may be open. After hiking 2.3 miles (3.7 km) from the visitor center in Pinkham Notch, the trail will take a right turn onto the Lion Head Summer Route. If there has been enough snow accumulation on the summer Lion Head Trail, the Forest Service will open the Lion Head Winter Route, which turns off after approximately 1.7 miles (2.7 km).[50]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Washington Cog Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washington_Cog_Railway"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bruceheald-54"},{"link_name":"Marsh rack system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack_railway#Marsh"},{"link_name":"rack railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack_railway"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sylvester-55"}],"sub_title":"Cog railway","text":"Since 1869, the Mount Washington Cog Railway has provided tourists with a train journey to the summit of Mount Washington.[51] It uses a Marsh rack system and was the first successful rack railway in the US.[52]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Washington Road Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washington_Road_Race"},{"link_name":"runners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_running"},{"link_name":"Mount Washington Auto Road Bicycle Hillclimb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washington_Auto_Road_Bicycle_Hillclimb"},{"link_name":"bicycle race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_sport"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bruceheald5-56"},{"link_name":"Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Tyler Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newtons-57"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rootsweb-58"},{"link_name":"Boston & Maine Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_and_Maine_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Northumberland, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rootsweb-58"},{"link_name":"Mount Washington Hillclimb Auto Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washington_Hillclimb_Auto_Race"},{"link_name":"Travis Pastrana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Pastrana"},{"link_name":"Subaru WRX STi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_Impreza#WRX_STI"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roadandtrack-60"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autoblog-61"},{"link_name":"Tim O'Neil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_O%27Neil"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-insideevs-62"}],"sub_title":"Races","text":"Every June, the mountain is the site of the Mount Washington Road Race, an event that attracts hundreds of runners. In August the Mount Washington Auto Road Bicycle Hillclimb, a bicycle race, takes place along the same route as the road race.[53] The hillclimb's notable contestants include former Tour de France contender Tyler Hamilton.[54]On August 7, 1932, Raymond E. Welch became the first one-legged man to climb Mount Washington.[55] An official race was held and open only to one-legged people. Mr. Welch climbed the \"Jacob's Ladder\" route and descended via the carriage road. At the time of his climb, he was the station agent for the Boston & Maine Railroad in Northumberland, New Hampshire.[55]The mountain is also the host to one of the oldest car races in the country, the Mount Washington Hillclimb Auto Race, which has been held on and off since 1904. Travis Pastrana set record ascents in 2010, 2014, 2017, and 2021, driving a Subaru WRX STi to a record of five minutes and 28.67 seconds.[56][57][58] In 2014 EVSR created by Entropy Racing was the first electric car to compete at Mt. Washington with an official time for driver Tim O'Neil of seven minutes and 28.92 seconds.[59]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"glacial cirque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirque"},{"link_name":"backcountry skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backcountry_skiing"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Dartmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College"},{"link_name":"John Carleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carleton_(skier)"},{"link_name":"Charles Proctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Proctor"},{"link_name":"Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Recreational_History-64"},{"link_name":"extreme skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_skiing"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iconic-65"},{"link_name":"giant slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_slalom"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016-09-03_16_36_57_360-degree_stitched_panoramic_view_from_around_the_summit_of_Mount_Washington_in_Sargent%27s_Purchase_Township,_Coos_County,_New_Hampshire.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016-09-03_16_36_57_360-degree_stitched_panoramic_view_from_around_the_summit_of_Mount_Washington_in_Sargent%27s_Purchase_Township,_Coos_County,_New_Hampshire.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016-09-03_16_38_27_Panorama_north_across_the_summit_of_Mount_Washington_in_Sargent%27s_Purchase_Township,_Coos_County,_New_Hampshire.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Backcountry skiing","text":"Tuckerman Ravine, a glacial cirque on the mountain's southeast side, is a popular backcountry skiing destination, attracting tens of thousands of skiers to the mountain each year.[60] Skiers have skied down the headwall since 1931, first by two Dartmouth students, John Carleton and Charles Proctor, who were quickly followed by a group from Harvard who skied the headwall from the summit of Mount Washington for the first time.[61] The ravine soon became an important site for extreme skiing in New England.[62]The mountain hosted the first giant slalom race in the United States in 1937, the Franklin Edson Memorial Race.[63]Stitched 360-degree panorama from around the summitPanorama of the buildings on the summit","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WMTW_Mount_Washington,_New_Hamphire_transmitter_site_(1944).jpg"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"W1XER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMNE_(Portland,_Maine)"},{"link_name":"\"Apex\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_(radio_band)"},{"link_name":"Yankee Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Network"},{"link_name":"Edwin H. Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"WMTW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMTW_(TV)"},{"link_name":"licensed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_license"},{"link_name":"Poland Spring, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland,_Maine"},{"link_name":"TV tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_masts_and_towers"},{"link_name":"transmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Network affiliate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_affiliate"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Burlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Sherbrooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherbrooke,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"television markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_market"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"WHOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOM"},{"link_name":"WPKQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPKQ"},{"link_name":"generators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generator"},{"link_name":"antenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Gray, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray,_Maine"},{"link_name":"NOAA Weather Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA_Weather_Radio"},{"link_name":"Greater Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Boston"},{"link_name":"North Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_(Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire Public Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Public_Television"},{"link_name":"Littleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littleton,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"}],"text":"FM broadcasting station WMTW's ice-covered Mount Washington transmitter site in 1944.[64]Due to its status as the highest elevation in the northeast United States, the top of the mountain is a popular site for stations that require transmission ranges over a broad territory, but which operate on frequencies that are generally limited to line-of-sight coverage. In 2003, it was reported that the summit was the site used \"for three commercial radio stations and dozens of state, federal and private agencies, including the state police\".[65]Use of the mountain summit as a transmitter site dates to the 1930s. At this time investigations were begun into establishing radio stations broadcasting on \"Very High Frequency\" (VHF) assignments above 30 MHz. Reception of stations operating on these frequencies tended to be limited to line-of-sight distances, so operating from the top of Mount Washington was ideal for providing maximum coverage. As of 1938 it was reported that at least five experimental stations were located on the mountain.[66]The most prominent of the early experimental stations was W1XER, originally an \"Apex\" radio station licensed to the Yankee Network, that was moved from Boston to the mountain in 1937, and initially used to relay meteorological information from the weather observatory. With the aid of Edwin H. Armstrong, the station was converted from an AM transmitter into an FM broadcasting station, although the conversion process turned out to be an arduous undertaking,[67] and W1XER did not start broadcast programming on a regular schedule until December 19, 1940.[68] This station's facilities included construction of the original broadcast tower, the Yankee Building housing the crew and transmitter equipment, and the first power house building. Commercial broadcasting commenced on April 5, 1941,[69] initially with the call sign W39B.[d] Effective November 1, 1943 the station call sign was changed to WMTW,[70] and in late 1946 the call letters were changed again, to WMNE. WMNE ceased operations in late 1948, due to excessive maintenance costs, and concern that a mandatory frequency change to the new FM \"high band\" would cause an unacceptable decrease in transmission range.[71]In 1954 WMTW, channel 8, licensed to Poland Spring, Maine, constructed a TV tower and transmitter and began operations from the mountain, including local forecasts by (now retired) WMTW transmitter engineer Marty Engstrom.[72] In its first decades, WMTW served as the ABC Network affiliate for the Portland, Burlington, Montreal and Sherbrooke television markets, thanks to its wide coverage area. This station relocated its transmitter away from the mountain in 2002, due to concerns that a mandated switch from analog to digital transmissions would result in insufficient coverage if the transmitter remained at the mountaintop.[73]There are currently two FM stations located at the mountain. 1958 saw the construction of WMTW-FM 94.9 MHz (now WHOM). A second station, WMOU (now WPKQ), moved to the summit in 1987, installing transmitters in the Yankee building and constructing a new broadcast tower behind the building, which is the tallest structure on the summit.WHOM and WMTW-TV shared a transmitter building, which also housed the generators used to supply electrical power to the various facilities atop the mountain. However, on February 9, 2003, a major fire broke out in the generator room of the transmitter building, which had become the property of the state only a year earlier when WMTW left the summit. The fire destroyed the building, including WHOM's transmitters as well as the summit's main generators, and also spread to the adjacent Old Yankee Power House building, which housed the emergency generator, destroying that building also and disrupting all power to the summit. Temporary generators had to be transported up the mountain to restore power to the observatory and to the Yankee building, which houses important public safety communications equipment. A makeshift generator room was constructed underneath the canopy of the Sherman Adams building across from the public entrance to replace the destroyed buildings. The makeshift generator room was later made permanent when power cables were installed in 2009, delivering grid power to the summit for the first time.The original Armstrong tower still stands today. The Yankee Building also remains and continues to serve as a communications facility, housing equipment for numerous tenants including cellular telephone providers and public safety agencies. The old sign from the destroyed Old Yankee Power House building was placed above the doorway to the new generator room. WHOM subsequently built a new transmitter building on the site of the old power building, and also installed a new standby antenna on the Armstrong tower. (For the first time since 1948, the Armstrong tower was used for broadcasts.)[74]The National Weather Service (NWS) forecast office in Gray, Maine, operates NOAA Weather Radio station KZZ41 on 162.5 MHz from the summit of Mount Washington. The NWS coverage map indicates that it can be heard throughout most of New Hampshire, western Maine, northeast Vermont, and portions of southern Canada. During very clear conditions, KZZ41 has the potential to reach the majority of northern Massachusetts (including some northern areas of Greater Boston and much of the North Shore) as well as the majority of Vermont and Maine.[75]In June 2008, the possibility of television returning to Mount Washington arose, with the filing by New Hampshire Public Television to move WLED-TV from its current location near Littleton to the old WMTW mast on top.[76][77]","title":"Transmission facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"William Buckingham Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Buckingham_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Lakes of the Clouds Hut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakes_of_the_Clouds_Hut"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-84"}],"text":"As of 2019, more than 161 people had died in the Presidential range, since record-keeping began in 1849.[78] Author Nicholas Howe has detailed many of the fatalities on this mountain in his book Not Without Peril published in 2000 and updated in 2009.[79] The foreword to the 2009 edition states that many of the deaths over the past 150 years can be attributed to poor planning and lack of understanding of \"the difference in weather between Boston and the mountains. The latter are farther north, farther inland and much higher than the city.\"William Buckingham Curtis, often posthumously called \"the father of American amateur athletics\", died from exhaustion on June 30, 1900, near Lakes of the Clouds Hut during a summer snowstorm.[80]","title":"Deaths"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"White Mountain art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Mountain_art"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whitemountainart-85"},{"link_name":"Hudson River School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River_School"},{"link_name":"landscape painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_painting"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theartwolf-86"},{"link_name":"Glen House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_House"},{"link_name":"Albert Bierstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt"},{"link_name":"Bierstadt Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bierstadt_Brothers"},{"link_name":"John P. Soule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_P._Soule"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plymouth-87"},{"link_name":"John B. Heywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Heywood_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nypl-88"},{"link_name":"Kilburn Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilburn_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thecog-89"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mt._Washington,_from_Glen_House,_by_Soule,_John_P.,_1827-1904.jpg"},{"link_name":"Glen House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_House"},{"link_name":"stereographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereographic"},{"link_name":"John P. Soule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_P._Soule"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferdinand_Richardt_Summit_of_Mount_Washington_in_the_White_Mountains.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Richardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Richardt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benjamin_Champney_-_Mount_Washington.jpg"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Champney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Champney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JKensett_Mount_Washington_(JJH-JFK001).jpg"},{"link_name":"John F. Kensett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Frederick_Kensett"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Autumn_in_the_Conway_Meadows_Looking_Towards_Mount_Washington.jpg"},{"link_name":"Albert Bierstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt"}],"text":"Mount Washington has been the subject of several famous paintings, part of a New England school of art known as White Mountain art.[81] Inspired by the Hudson River School of landscape painting, a number of artists during the Victorian era ventured into the White Mountains in search of natural subjects.[82] Train service in the area spurred increased tourism and the construction of the Glen House where Albert Bierstadt and his photographer brother (Bierstadt Brothers) stayed. John P. Soule,[83] John B. Heywood[84] and the Kilburn Brothers[85] also produced stereographic images of scenery in the area.Mount Washington from Glen House in a stereographic image by John P. Soule\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFerdinand Richardt (1857)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBenjamin Champney\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJohn F. Kensett (1869)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAlbert Bierstadt (1858)","title":"Artistic tributes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Barrow Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow_Island_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-73"}],"text":"^ The current official record gust of 254 miles per hour (409 km/h) was measured at Barrow Island, Australia, on October 4, 1996, although uncertified records as high as 318 miles per hour (512 km/h) exist.[5]\n\n^ Measurable (0.1 in or 2.5 mm) precipitation occurs on an average 210 days annually, with 26 of those days seeing 1 in or 25 mm or more.\n\n^ The snow season is defined as July 1 through June 30 of the following calendar year\n\n^ The initial policy for commercial FM station call signs included an initial \"W\" for stations located east of the Mississippi River, followed by the last two digits of a station's frequency assignment, \"39\" corresponding with 43.9 MHz in this case, and closing with a one or two character city identifier, which for stations serving the Boston, Massachusetts region was \"B\".","title":"Explanatory notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Stereoscopic photograph of the summit of Mount Washington and the Glen House stage coach by Kilburn Brothers (circa 1872). The cog railway line is visible in the background along with the Summit House atop the peak.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Summit_of_Mt._Washington_and_Glen_House_Stage%2C_by_Kilburn_Brothers.png/200px-Summit_of_Mt._Washington_and_Glen_House_Stage%2C_by_Kilburn_Brothers.png"},{"image_text":"The second Summit House (1904).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_Summit_House%2C_Mount_Washington%2C_NH.jpg/220px-The_Summit_House%2C_Mount_Washington%2C_NH.jpg"},{"image_text":"Climate chart for Mount Washington","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Monthly_Climate_Normals_%281991-2020%29_-_MOUNTWASHINGTON%2C_NH.svg/220px-Monthly_Climate_Normals_%281991-2020%29_-_MOUNTWASHINGTON%2C_NH.svg.png"},{"image_text":"First aid cache","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/First_Aid_cache_on_Mt_Washington.jpg/220px-First_Aid_cache_on_Mt_Washington.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bowl of Tuckerman Ravine, showing skiers above the lip","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tuckerman_Ravine_Stevage.jpg/300px-Tuckerman_Ravine_Stevage.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Mount Washington Cog Railway in 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mount_Washington_Cog_Railway_Start.jpg/220px-Mount_Washington_Cog_Railway_Start.jpg"},{"image_text":"Motorcycles cruise the auto road.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Mt_Washington_Auto_Road_at_summit.JPG/220px-Mt_Washington_Auto_Road_at_summit.JPG"},{"image_text":"Mount Washington from the Lakes of the Clouds","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mount_Washington_from_the_Lakes_of_the_Clouds.JPG/220px-Mount_Washington_from_the_Lakes_of_the_Clouds.JPG"},{"image_text":"Panorama of the buildings on the summit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/2016-09-03_16_38_27_Panorama_north_across_the_summit_of_Mount_Washington_in_Sargent%27s_Purchase_Township%2C_Coos_County%2C_New_Hampshire.jpg/400px-2016-09-03_16_38_27_Panorama_north_across_the_summit_of_Mount_Washington_in_Sargent%27s_Purchase_Township%2C_Coos_County%2C_New_Hampshire.jpg"},{"image_text":"FM broadcasting station WMTW's ice-covered Mount Washington transmitter site in 1944.[64]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/WMTW_Mount_Washington%2C_New_Hamphire_transmitter_site_%281944%29.jpg/300px-WMTW_Mount_Washington%2C_New_Hamphire_transmitter_site_%281944%29.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"New Hampshire portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_Hampshire"},{"title":"Mountains portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mountains"},{"title":"Freelan Oscar Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freelan_Oscar_Stanley"},{"title":"List of mountain peaks of North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_North_America"},{"title":"List of mountain peaks of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of U.S. states by elevation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_elevation"},{"title":"List of Ultras of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ultras_of_the_United_States"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Mount Washington\". NGS Data Sheet. National Geodetic Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved July 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=PF0951","url_text":"\"Mount Washington\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._National_Geodetic_Survey","url_text":"National Geodetic Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration","url_text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce","url_text":"United States Department of Commerce"}]},{"reference":"\"Mount Washington, New Hampshire\". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved February 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=6960","url_text":"\"Mount Washington, New Hampshire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mount Washington\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved July 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/871352","url_text":"\"Mount Washington\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"World Record Wind\". Mount Washington Observatory. Archived from the original on May 1, 2021. Retrieved March 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mountwashington.org/about-us/history/world-record-wind.aspx","url_text":"\"World Record Wind\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210501073258/https://www.mountwashington.org/about-us/history/world-record-wind.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"World: Maximum Surface Wind Gust (3-Second)\". World Weather / Climate Extremes Archive, Arizona State University. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175240/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-maximum-surface-wind-gust","url_text":"\"World: Maximum Surface Wind Gust (3-Second)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_University","url_text":"Arizona State University"},{"url":"http://wmo.asu.edu/world-maximum-surface-wind-gust","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Heald, Bruce D. (2011). The mount washington cog railway. Hoopla digital. [United States]: The History Press. ISBN 978-1-61423-839-3. OCLC 1099036399.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1099036399","url_text":"The mount washington cog railway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61423-839-3","url_text":"978-1-61423-839-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1099036399","url_text":"1099036399"}]},{"reference":"Howe, Nicholas (2009). Not Without Peril: 150 Years of Misadventure on the Presidential Range of New Hampshire. Guilford, Connecticut: Appalachian Mountain Club. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-934028-32-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934028-32-2","url_text":"978-1-934028-32-2"}]},{"reference":"Ford, Daniel (2010). The Country Northward: A Hiker's Journal, on the Trail in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-4528-3092-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4528-3092-6","url_text":"978-1-4528-3092-6"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Christopher (2006). This Grand & Magnificent Place: The Wilderness Heritage of the White Mountains. UPNE. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-58465-461-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_New_England","url_text":"UPNE"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-461-2","url_text":"978-1-58465-461-2"}]},{"reference":"Staff. \"Crawford Path Trailhead (Rte 302)\". White Mountain National Forest. Archived from the original on July 24, 2020. 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Washington blaze disrupts communications\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210208124706/https://www.seacoastonline.com/article/20030216/News/302169958","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Wave-Radio/All-Wave-1938-04.pdf#page=27","external_links_name":"\"Ultra-High\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210307234256/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Wave-Radio/All-Wave-1938-04.pdf#page=27","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://text-message.blogs.archives.gov/2019/02/12/building-a-radio-tower-atop-mount-washington/","external_links_name":"\"Building a Radio Tower atop Mount Washington\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210116215941/https://text-message.blogs.archives.gov/2019/02/12/building-a-radio-tower-atop-mount-washington/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/broadcasting20unse#page/n28/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Yankee Starts Operation of FM Atop Mountain\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/broadcasting20unse#page/n947/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Boston Games on FM\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/broadcasting25unse#page/n882/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"New Calls Named For FM Stations\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1948/1948-10-04-BC.pdf#page=85","external_links_name":"\"WMNE, KSTL-FM Are Relinquished\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210208123138/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1948/1948-10-04-BC.pdf#page=85","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.fybush.com/site-020206.html","external_links_name":"\"Mount Washington, N.H.: The TV Years, 1954-2002\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210323225336/https://www.fybush.com/site-020206.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081202043229/http://www.ggninfo.com/wmtw5.htm","external_links_name":"\"WMTW: fire on the mountain\""},{"Link":"http://www.ggninfo.com/wmtw5.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nws.noaa.gov/nwr/coverage/site2.php?State=NH&Site=KZZ41","external_links_name":"\"KZZ41\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150212142903/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/nwr/coverage/site2.php?State=NH&Site=KZZ41","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/cdbsmenu.hts?context=25&appn=101249595&formid=340&fac_num=69328","external_links_name":"\"Application for Construction Permit for Reserved Channel Noncommercial Educational Broadcast Station\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230206143510/https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/cdbsmenu.hts?context=25&appn=101249595&formid=340&fac_num=69328","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.fybush.com/site-030220.html","external_links_name":"\"Mount Washington, N.H.: A Look Back\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120812192544/http://www.fybush.com/site-030220.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nhmagazine.com/mount-washingtons-fatalities/","external_links_name":"\"Mt. Washington's fatalities\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210627000956/https://www.nhmagazine.com/mount-washingtons-fatalities/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1900/07/08/101061366.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Life of an Athlete: William B. Curtis, the Father of American Amateur Athletics. The Tragic End of an Existence Filled with Much That Was Good and Healthful\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210809024210/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1900/07/08/101061366.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://whitemountainart.com/about-3/subjects/mount-washington-gallery/","external_links_name":"\"Mount Washington Gallery\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160322081303/http://whitemountainart.com/about-3/subjects/mount-washington-gallery/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://theartwolf.com/art-essays/hudson-river-school/","external_links_name":"\"Hudson River School - a taste for the landscape\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210803134206/https://theartwolf.com/art-essays/hudson-river-school/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.plymouth.edu/museum-of-the-white-mountains/14855/summit-of-mount-washington/summit-house-mount-washington-john-p-soule-1860-stereoview-card-image-museum-of-the-white-mountains-dan-noel-collection/","external_links_name":"\"Summit House Mount Washington, John P. Soule\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160408141031/https://www.plymouth.edu/museum-of-the-white-mountains/14855/summit-of-mount-washington/summit-house-mount-washington-john-p-soule-1860-stereoview-card-image-museum-of-the-white-mountains-dan-noel-collection/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e0-9622-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99","external_links_name":"\"Ledge and Mt. Adams Peak, from Mt. Washington Carriage Road\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160408182121/http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e0-9622-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://thecog.com/history_photos.php","external_links_name":"\"New Hampshire Historical Society Features Cog Railway Historic Photos\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160401044442/http://www.thecog.com/history_photos.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.mountwashington.org/","external_links_name":"Mount Washington Observatory"},{"Link":"http://www.thecog.com/","external_links_name":"Mount Washington Cog Railway"},{"Link":"http://www.mtwashingtonautoroad.com/","external_links_name":"Mount Washington Auto Road"},{"Link":"http://www.outdoors.org/recreation/hiking/hiking-mtwashington.cfm","external_links_name":"Tips for hiking Mount Washington"},{"Link":"http://www.trailsnh.com/New-Hampshire-Presidential-Range.php","external_links_name":"Current trail conditions on and around Mount Washington"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051125054828/http://whitemountainart.com/SubjectGalleries/washington.htm","external_links_name":"19th-century paintings of Mount Washington"},{"Link":"http://www.viewfinderpanoramas.org/panoramas/AME/Washington-N.gif","external_links_name":"North"},{"Link":"http://www.viewfinderpanoramas.org/panoramas/AME/Washington-S.gif","external_links_name":"South"},{"Link":"http://www.viewfinderpanoramas.org/panoramas/AME/Washington-W.gif","external_links_name":"West to Adirondack Group"},{"Link":"http://www.viewfinderpanoramas.org/panoramas.html","external_links_name":"Index"},{"Link":"http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/02/mt-washington/shea-text","external_links_name":"National Geographic: Mount Washington – Backyard Arctic"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170602001622/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/02/mt-washington/shea-text","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://hazecam.net/images/main/mtwash.jpg","external_links_name":"Hazecam view of Mount Washington"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/248725170","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4567639-2","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007551113205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85145376","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harding,_KwaZulu-Natal
|
Harding, South Africa
|
["1 Background","2 Administration","3 References"]
|
Coordinates: 30°35′S 29°53′E / 30.583°S 29.883°E / -30.583; 29.883Place in KwaZulu-Natal, South AfricaHardingHardingShow map of KwaZulu-NatalHardingShow map of South AfricaCoordinates: 30°35′S 29°53′E / 30.583°S 29.883°E / -30.583; 29.883CountrySouth AfricaProvinceKwaZulu-NatalDistrictUguMunicipalityUMuziwabantuArea • Total25.18 km2 (9.72 sq mi)Population (2011) • Total9,544 • Density380/km2 (980/sq mi)Racial makeup (2011) • Black African87.3% • Coloured8.5% • Indian/Asian2.3% • White1.1% • Other0.8%First languages (2011) • Zulu49.1% • Xhosa30.0% • English12.6% • Afrikaans3.8% • Other4.7%Time zoneUTC+2 (SAST)Postal code (street)4680PO box4680Area code039
Harding is a town situated in the Mzimkulwana River valley, Ugu District Municipality of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Background
Harding was established as a military outpost following the British annexation of East Griqualand in 1874. Named after Sir Walter Harding (c 1812-1874) who in 1858 became the first Chief Justice in Natal. It was declared as a township in 1911.
Timber and dairy farming are the main economic activities. The abandoned 122 kilometres (76 mi) narrow gauge Alfred County Railway used to serve the farming areas, linking Harding with Port Shepstone. Harding lies at the foot of the Ingeli Range, 34 km north-west of Izingolweni and 84 km north-west of Port Shepstone.: 256
Administration
Harding is located in the uMuziwabantu Local Municipality which is located in the larger Ugu District Municipality which governs the KwaZulu-Natal South Coast. It is the municipal seat of the uMuziwabantu Local Municipality which governs Harding, Weza and its surroundings.
References
^ a b c d "Main Place Harding". Census 2011.
^ "Dictionary of Southern African Place Names (Public Domain)". Human Science Research Council. p. 198.
^ a b Conolly, Denis (1975). The Tourist in South Africa. Travel-Guide (PTY) LTD. ASIN B0000E7XZN.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Ugu District Municipality, KwaZulu-NatalDistrict seat: Port ShepstoneRay Nkonyeni
Anerley
Gamalakhe
Hibberdene
Izingolweni
Mahlabathini
Marburg
Margate
Munster
Palm Beach
Port Edward
Port Shepstone
Ramsgate
Shelly Beach
Southbroom
Trafalgar
Umtentweni
Umzumbe
Uvongo
Ugu District within South AfricaUmzumbe
Mathulini
St. Faith's
uMuziwabantu
Harding
Weza
uMdoni
Amahlongwa
Amandawe
Bazley
Ifafa Beach
Kelso
KwaCele
Mayfield
Umtalumi (Mtwalume)
Nkwifa
Park Rynie
Pennington
Scottburgh
Sezela
Umzinto
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
|
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|
[{"image_text":"Ugu District within South Africa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Map_of_South_Africa_with_Ugu_highlighted_%282011%29.svg/150px-Map_of_South_Africa_with_Ugu_highlighted_%282011%29.svg.png"}]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Correctional_Institution,_Coleman
|
Federal Correctional Institution, Coleman
|
["1 Notable incidents","2 Notable inmates","2.1 Current and former","3 See also","4 References"]
|
Coordinates: 28°45′35″N 82°0′49″W / 28.75972°N 82.01361°W / 28.75972; -82.01361FCI, Coleman Low & MediumFCI, Coleman Low pictured. FCI, Coleman Medium pictured.LocationSumter County, FloridaStatusOperationalSecurity classLow securityMedium securityPopulation1,860Managed byFederal Bureau of Prisons
Federal Correctional Institution (FCI), Coleman refers to either of two separate and distinct FCIs housing male offenders, namely Federal Correctional Institution, Coleman Low or Federal Correctional Institution, Coleman Medium. Both institutions form part of the Federal Correctional Complex (FCC) Coleman and are operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice.
FCC Coleman is located in central Florida approximately 50 miles northwest of Orlando, 60 miles northeast of Tampa, and 35 miles south of Ocala.
Notable incidents
In early 2000, federal investigators discovered that inmate Roy Ageloff was directing fraudulent activities from FCI Coleman. Ageloff, a former stockbroker, was convicted of money laundering in 1998 for masterminding a securities manipulation scheme in the 1990s which swindled thousands of investors out of millions of dollars. An investigation uncovered that Ageloff was continuing to give his co-conspirators, including his brother, instructions regarding the management, transfer, concealment and investment of proceeds from the scheme. Ageloff gave these instructions during prison visits, recorded telephone conversations, and through prison e-mail. Ageloff's co-conspirators continued to receive criminal proceeds in the form of cash payments and checks. In August 2000, Ageloff pleaded guilty to federal racketeering charges and was subsequently sentenced to 96 months in federal prison. Ageloff's brother, Michael Ageloff, pleaded guilty to money laundering and received a 48-month sentence in 2009.
Notable inmates
Current and former
Inmate Name
Register Numbers
Photo
Status
Details
Ruben Zuno-Arce
43203-080
Died in custody in 2012 while serving a life sentence.
Drug cartel figures convicted in connection with the 1985 kidnapping and murder of US Drug Enforcement Administration Agent Enrique Camarena.
Larry Lawton
52224-004
Transferred to FCI Jesup and others. Released from custody in 2007.
Ex-jewel thief and Gambino crime family associate Lawton now helps and inspires younger people to stay out of prison and change their life path.
Linda Schrenko
56443-019
Released from custody in August 2013; served 6 years.
Georgia Superintendent of Schools from 1994 to 2004; pleaded guilty in 2006 to fraud and money laundering for embezzling over $600,000 in federal education funds.
Matthew Bevan Cox
40171-018
Released in 2019.
Former mortgage broker and US Secret Service Most Wanted fugitive; pleaded guilty in 2007 to masterminding a mortgage fraud scheme, stealing $15 million from 100 victims in eight states; the story was featured on the CNBC television program American Greed.
James Nichols
24268-112
Released from custody in December 2022.
Convicted in 2003 of orchestrating the Miracle cars scam, one of the largest advance fee frauds in US history, during which 4,000 people bought cars that did not exist, losing over $21 million; the story was featured on the CNBC television show American Greed.
Clayton Roueche
36994-177
Now at FCI Edgefield. Scheduled for release in 2027.
Leader of the United Nations gang, a violent Canadian-based criminal organization; pleaded guilty to drug trafficking and money laundering in 2009.
Ethan Nordean
28596-509
Sentenced to 18 years. Scheduled for release in 2038.
Participant in the January 6 United States Capitol attack.
Ghassan Elashi
29687-177
Now at USP McCreary. Scheduled for release in 2068.
Former Chairman of the Holy Land Foundation; convicted in 2008 of providing material support for terrorism charges for funneling money to the terrorist organization Hamas. Four co-conspirators were also convicted.
Justin Volpe
49477-053
Now in custody of RRM New York. Scheduled for release in 2024.
Former New York City Police officer; convicted in 1999 of torturing prisoner Abner Louima in the bathroom of the 70th Precinct stationhouse in Brooklyn, New York in 1997 in one of the most high-profile cases of police brutality in US history.
Terry Flenory
32454-044
Now in custody of RRM Detroit. Scheduled for release in 2025.
Co-founder of the Black Mafia Family criminal organization; pleaded guilty in 2007 to leading a national drug trafficking operation based in Detroit, Michigan with his brother, Demetrius Flenory, who was also sentenced to 30 years.
Corrine Brown
67315-018
Was serving a 60-month sentence, her original release date was scheduled for May 2022 but she was released on health reasons relating to COVID-19 on April 22, 2020
Former United States Representative; convicted in 2017 of using a sham charity as a personal slush fund.
Michael Conahan
15009-067
Sentenced to 17.5 years in 2008, released to home confinement in 2020 due to COVID-19.
Former Luzerne County Judge convicted in the Kids for Cash scandal.
See also
Portals: Florida United States Politics
List of U.S. federal prisons
Federal Bureau of Prisons
Incarceration in the United States
References
^ a b "FCI Coleman Low". www.bop.gov. Federal Bureau of Prisons.
^ a b "FCI Coleman Medium". www.bop.gov. Federal Bureau of Prisons.
^ Edwards, Amy L. (July 23, 2009). "Money scheme adds to prison term". Orlando Sentinel.
^ "Former Stockbroker Sentenced for Money Laundering". Federal Bureau of Investigation.
^ Yardley, William (September 19, 2012). "Rubén Zuno Arce, Guilty in Drug Killing, Dies at 82". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
^ Rosenzweig, David (August 20, 1998). "Accomplice in Drug Agent's Killing Loses Bid for New Trial". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
^ "Prison Legal News" (PDF).
^ "Schrenko Released from Federal Prison". WRDW-TV Augusta, Georgia. March 7, 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
^ Phillips, John (October 2003). "The Miracle Cars". Car and Driver. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
^ "American Greed: Driven By Greed". CNBC. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
^ "Vancouver gang leader pleads guilty, U.S. prosecutor to seek 30-year sentence - British Columbia - CBC News". Cbc.ca. 2009-04-29. Retrieved 2013-03-08.
^ Carter, Mike (2011-02-15). "Local News | Canadian drug kingpin resentenced to 30 years in pen | Seattle Times Newspaper". O.seattletimes.nwsource.com. Retrieved 2013-03-08.
^ Jackman, Tom (2023-09-02). "Proud Boys leader gets 18 years, matching longest Jan. 6 punishment to date". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2024-01-21.
^ "Proud Boy from Auburn receives 18-year sentence for Jan. 6 attack". The Seattle Times. 2023-09-01. Retrieved 2024-01-21.
^ Kovach, Gretel C. (November 25, 2008). "Five Convicted in Terrorism Financing Trial". The New York Times.
^ "USDOJ: Federal Judge Hands Downs Sentences in Holy Land Foundation Case". Justice.gov. 2009-05-27. Retrieved 2014-03-15.
^ Joseph P. Fried (December 14, 1999). "VOLPE SENTENCED TO A 30-YEAR TERM IN LOUIMA TORTURE - New York Times". New York Times. Retrieved July 15, 2012.
^ "News from DEA, Domestic Field Divisions, Detroit News Releases, 09/12/08". Justice.gov. 2008-09-12. Archived from the original on 2013-06-20. Retrieved 2013-06-10.
^ Dearen, Jason. "Ex-U.S. Rep. Corrine Brown gets 5 years in prison".
^ "Kids-for-cash judges ordered to pay more than $200M". Associated Press News. 17 August 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
vteFederal Bureau of PrisonsAdministrativefacilities
MDC Brooklyn
FMC Butner
FMC Carswell
MCC Chicago
FMC Devens
FMC Fort Worth
MDC Guaynabo
FDC Honolulu
FDC Houston
FMC Lexington
MDC Los Angeles
Metropolitan Detention Centers
FDC Miami
MCC New York
FDC Oakdale
FTC Oklahoma City
FDC Philadelphia
FMC Rochester
MCC San Diego
FDC SeaTac
United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners
Correctionalcomplexes
Allenwood
Beaumont
Butner
Coleman
Florence
Forrest City
Lompoc
Oakdale
Petersburg
Pollock
Terre Haute
Tucson
Victorville
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Correctionalinstitutions
Aliceville
Allenwood Low
Allenwood Medium
Ashland
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Beaumont
Beckley
Bennettsville
Berlin
Big Spring
Butner
Coleman
Cumberland
Danbury
Dublin
Edgefield
El Reno
Elkton
Englewood
Estill
Fairton
Florence
Forrest City
Fort Dix
Gilmer
Greenville
Hazelton
Herlong
Jesup
La Tuna
Lompoc
Loretto
Manchester
Marianna
McDowell
McKean
Memphis
Mendota
Miami
Milan
Morgantown
Oakdale
Otisville
Oxford
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Ray Brook
Safford
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Related
List of United States federal prisons
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Lopez v. Davis
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† indicates closed facility
28°45′35″N 82°0′49″W / 28.75972°N 82.01361°W / 28.75972; -82.01361
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Correctional Complex (FCC) Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Correctional_Complex,_Coleman"},{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Prisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boplow.gov-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bop.gov-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boplow.gov-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bop.gov-2"}],"text":"Federal Correctional Institution (FCI), Coleman refers to either of two separate and distinct FCIs housing male offenders, namely Federal Correctional Institution, Coleman Low or Federal Correctional Institution, Coleman Medium. Both institutions form part of the Federal Correctional Complex (FCC) Coleman and are operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice.[1][2]FCC Coleman is located in central Florida approximately 50 miles northwest of Orlando, 60 miles northeast of Tampa, and 35 miles south of Ocala.[1][2]","title":"Federal Correctional Institution, Coleman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"money laundering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_laundering"},{"link_name":"prison visits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners%27_rights"},{"link_name":"racketeering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racketeering"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In early 2000, federal investigators discovered that inmate Roy Ageloff was directing fraudulent activities from FCI Coleman. Ageloff, a former stockbroker, was convicted of money laundering in 1998 for masterminding a securities manipulation scheme in the 1990s which swindled thousands of investors out of millions of dollars. An investigation uncovered that Ageloff was continuing to give his co-conspirators, including his brother, instructions regarding the management, transfer, concealment and investment of proceeds from the scheme. Ageloff gave these instructions during prison visits, recorded telephone conversations, and through prison e-mail. Ageloff's co-conspirators continued to receive criminal proceeds in the form of cash payments and checks. In August 2000, Ageloff pleaded guilty to federal racketeering charges and was subsequently sentenced to 96 months in federal prison. Ageloff's brother, Michael Ageloff, pleaded guilty to money laundering and received a 48-month sentence in 2009.[3][4]","title":"Notable incidents"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable inmates"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Current and former","title":"Notable inmates"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"title":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Florida"},{"title":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg"},{"title":"Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"},{"title":"List of U.S. federal prisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._federal_prisons"},{"title":"Federal Bureau of Prisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons"},{"title":"Incarceration in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States"}]
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[{"reference":"\"FCI Coleman Low\". www.bop.gov. Federal Bureau of Prisons.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bop.gov/locations/institutions/col/index.jsp","url_text":"\"FCI Coleman Low\""}]},{"reference":"\"FCI Coleman Medium\". www.bop.gov. Federal Bureau of Prisons.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bop.gov/locations/institutions/com/","url_text":"\"FCI Coleman Medium\""}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Amy L. (July 23, 2009). \"Money scheme adds to prison term\". Orlando Sentinel.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2009-07-23/news/stockbroker_1_roy-ageloff-federal-prison-conspirators","url_text":"\"Money scheme adds to prison term\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Stockbroker Sentenced for Money Laundering\". Federal Bureau of Investigation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fbi.gov/jacksonville/press-releases/2009/ja072209.htm","url_text":"\"Former Stockbroker Sentenced for Money Laundering\""}]},{"reference":"Yardley, William (September 19, 2012). \"Rubén Zuno Arce, Guilty in Drug Killing, Dies at 82\". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/20/world/americas/ruben-zuno-arce-guilty-in-drug-killing-dies-at-82.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"Rubén Zuno Arce, Guilty in Drug Killing, Dies at 82\""}]},{"reference":"Rosenzweig, David (August 20, 1998). \"Accomplice in Drug Agent's Killing Loses Bid for New Trial\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 25 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1998/aug/20/local/me-14842","url_text":"\"Accomplice in Drug Agent's Killing Loses Bid for New Trial\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prison Legal News\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/media/publications/fbop_ser_monthly_reports_1999jan-dec.pdf","url_text":"\"Prison Legal News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schrenko Released from Federal Prison\". WRDW-TV Augusta, Georgia. March 7, 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wrdw.com/home/headlines/Schrenko-released-from-federal-prison-196026221.html","url_text":"\"Schrenko Released from Federal Prison\""}]},{"reference":"Phillips, John (October 2003). \"The Miracle Cars\". Car and Driver. Retrieved 27 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.caranddriver.com/features/the-miracle-cars-feature","url_text":"\"The Miracle Cars\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Greed: Driven By Greed\". CNBC. Retrieved 27 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/id/100000086","url_text":"\"American Greed: Driven By Greed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vancouver gang leader pleads guilty, U.S. prosecutor to seek 30-year sentence - British Columbia - CBC News\". Cbc.ca. 2009-04-29. Retrieved 2013-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/story/2009/04/29/bc-clayton-roueche-guilty-plea.html","url_text":"\"Vancouver gang leader pleads guilty, U.S. prosecutor to seek 30-year sentence - British Columbia - CBC News\""}]},{"reference":"Carter, Mike (2011-02-15). \"Local News | Canadian drug kingpin resentenced to 30 years in pen | Seattle Times Newspaper\". O.seattletimes.nwsource.com. Retrieved 2013-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://o.seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2014233951_roueche16m.html","url_text":"\"Local News | Canadian drug kingpin resentenced to 30 years in pen | Seattle Times Newspaper\""}]},{"reference":"Jackman, Tom (2023-09-02). \"Proud Boys leader gets 18 years, matching longest Jan. 6 punishment to date\". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2024-01-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2023/09/01/proud-boys-pezzola-nordean-sentencing-jan6/","url_text":"\"Proud Boys leader gets 18 years, matching longest Jan. 6 punishment to date\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"}]},{"reference":"\"Proud Boy from Auburn receives 18-year sentence for Jan. 6 attack\". The Seattle Times. 2023-09-01. Retrieved 2024-01-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/law-justice/wa-proud-boy-ethan-nordean-sentenced-in-jan-6-attack-on-u-s-capitol/","url_text":"\"Proud Boy from Auburn receives 18-year sentence for Jan. 6 attack\""}]},{"reference":"Kovach, Gretel C. (November 25, 2008). \"Five Convicted in Terrorism Financing Trial\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/25/us/25charity.html?ref=shukriabubaker&_r=0","url_text":"\"Five Convicted in Terrorism Financing Trial\""}]},{"reference":"\"USDOJ: Federal Judge Hands Downs Sentences in Holy Land Foundation Case\". Justice.gov. 2009-05-27. Retrieved 2014-03-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2009/May/09-nsd-519.html","url_text":"\"USDOJ: Federal Judge Hands Downs Sentences in Holy Land Foundation Case\""}]},{"reference":"Joseph P. Fried (December 14, 1999). \"VOLPE SENTENCED TO A 30-YEAR TERM IN LOUIMA TORTURE - New York Times\". New York Times. Retrieved July 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/14/nyregion/volpe-sentenced-to-a-30-year-term-in-louima-torture.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm","url_text":"\"VOLPE SENTENCED TO A 30-YEAR TERM IN LOUIMA TORTURE - New York Times\""}]},{"reference":"\"News from DEA, Domestic Field Divisions, Detroit News Releases, 09/12/08\". Justice.gov. 2008-09-12. Archived from the original on 2013-06-20. Retrieved 2013-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130620013255/http://www.justice.gov/dea_old/pubs/states/newsrel/2008/detroit091208a.html","url_text":"\"News from DEA, Domestic Field Divisions, Detroit News Releases, 09/12/08\""},{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/dea_old/pubs/states/newsrel/2008/detroit091208a.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dearen, Jason. \"Ex-U.S. Rep. Corrine Brown gets 5 years in prison\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/politics/political-pulse/os-corrine-brown-sentencing-20171204-story.html","url_text":"\"Ex-U.S. Rep. Corrine Brown gets 5 years in prison\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kids-for-cash judges ordered to pay more than $200M\". Associated Press News. 17 August 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/crime-trending-news-government-and-politics-6f30f575dc739415af1e5b47b1be50f0","url_text":"\"Kids-for-cash judges ordered to pay more than $200M\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astounding_Sounds,_Amazing_Music
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Astounding Sounds, Amazing Music
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["1 Songs","2 Critical reception","3 Track listing","4 Personnel","5 Credits","6 Charts","7 Release history","8 References","9 External links"]
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1976 studio album by HawkwindAstounding Sounds, Amazing MusicStudio album by HawkwindReleased27 August 1976RecordedFebruary–March 1976StudioRoundhouse, LondonGenre
Space rock
progressive rock
hard rock
Length38:3147:33 (reissue)LabelCharismaProducerHawkwind, recorded by Mark Dearnley.Hawkwind chronology
Warrior on the Edge of Time(1975)
Astounding Sounds, Amazing Music(1976)
Quark, Strangeness and Charm(1977)
Singles from Astounding Sounds, Amazing Music
"Kerb Crawler"Released: 16 July 1976
Astounding Sounds, Amazing Music is the sixth studio album by the British rock band Hawkwind, released in 1976. It reached No. 33 on the UK album charts.
The title makes references to old science fiction magazines (Astounding and Amazing Stories), the concept being that each piece of music (and its title) would be interpreted as an individual science fiction story. The record cover is a parody of the cover of these magazines, while the inner sleeve carried small ads, with each band member having their own product (e.g. Dr Brock's cure for piles, Paul Rudolph's Manly Strapon, and Simon King's Pleasure Primer). The cover was double sided, one side illustrated by Calvert's childhood friend Tony Hyde, the other by Barney Bubbles signed as Grove Lane, with initial print-runs having either as the front cover. Bubbles original design was to have been Steppenwolf looming over the city.
This album marked the start of a new era for Hawkwind, having left the management of Douglas Smith for Tony Howard and changed record companies from United Artists Records to Charisma Records. Musically, the dirty heavy metal lead bass guitar playing of Lemmy was replaced by the cleaner, formally trained bass playing of Paul Rudolph. All members of the band were now contributing to the writing and arrangement of the music leading to more width in style, and the recording and production is better defined than previous albums.
The greatest change is in the return of Robert Calvert, this time as a permanent vocalist rather than the peripheral poet role he occupied on Space Ritual. Not only did he bring crafted lyrics to the band, but he was intent on turning live shows into a piece of music theatre with specific characters for him to act out, Calvert explaining in a 1976 interview that "We're writing numbers now with visual ideas in mind, rather than trying to think of things to impose on numbers we've already got. We're trying to get the visual side of the band focussed on individuals rather than on screen projections. Nik, Dave and myself are, in some parts of the show, playing the parts of actors... All in all, it works up to quite a nice piece of theatre, spontaneous theatre that is."
The group performed at Cardiff Castle on 24 July as "special guests" to Status Quo, featuring also Strawbs, Curved Air, Budgie and MC John Peel. They promoted the album with a 17-date British tour from 15 September through to 5 October, with support from Tiger featuring Nicky Moore and Big Jim Sullivan, and the Atomhenge stage set designed by Larry Smart of Exploding Galaxy. Soundboard recording from these concerts have been issued on Weird Tape Volume 5 (1982) and Atomhenge 76/Thrilling Hawkwind Adventures (2000). After the tour, the group dismissed Turner and Powell, recorded the single "Back on the Streets" and then undertook another 8 date tour in December.
Songs
"Reefer Madness" lyrics are inspired by the 1936 anti-marijuana propaganda film Reefer Madness. It was performed during the tour of the album, appearing on the live album Atomhenge 76, and remained in the set until the formation of the Hawklords in 1978. The song was added to the setlist in 1990/1 to be performed by Bridget Wishart, a version appearing on the live album California Brainstorm.
Calvert had written the lyrics to "Steppenwolf" when Adrian Wagner, for his album Distances Between Us, "wanted a song about living in cities and I was re-reading Hesse's Steppenwolf at the time. It seemed to me that there was a strong myth in it about city life and it gave me the basic idea." It was performed during the tour of the album, appearing on the live album Atomhenge 76, and remained in the band's set until Calvert left in 1978, versions included on Weird Tape 4 and 5. The song has occasionally been re-instated into the live set, between 1982 and 1984 it was performed by Turner, in 1996 by Ron Tree, in 2003 by Arthur Brown and in 2017 by Mr Dibs during the Into The Woods tour.
"City of Lagoons" is a Powell composed instrumental, although erroneously credited to House on the album's release.
"The Aubergine That Ate Rangoon" is an instrumental, its title references Dr. West's Medicine Show and Junk Band's 1967 hit single "The Eggplant That Ate Chicago".
"Kerb Crawler" was released as a single backed by "Honky Dorky" which is the band jamming on "Reefer Madness". There are reportedly two versions of the A-side, the original and a re-mix by Pink Floyd's David Gilmour – it is the latter that appeared on the album.
"Kadu Flyer" lyrics were written by Turner, who credited them to Jamie Mandelkau for legal reasons (Turner was still under contract either to United Artists or Douglas Smith). Calvert is also given a writers credit on some releases. Kadu is an abbreviation of Kathmandu.
"Chronoglide Skyway" is a House composed psychedelic instrumental, featuring saxophone and guitar solos, although erroneously credited to Powell on the album's release. It was performed during the tour of the album, appearing on the live album Atomhenge 76.
Critical reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusicThe Encyclopedia of Popular Music
The NME journalist Dick Tracy (a pseudonym of John May) reviewed the album as "Hawkwind are back on form... their music has acquired about fifteen new levels since the old churn-churn days". He highlights "Reefer Madness" as the "stand-out" track and notes that "Simon House has injected a big shot of tuneful keyboarding into the mix".
Track listing
Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Reefer Madness"Robert Calvert, Dave Brock6:032."Steppenwolf"Calvert, Brock9:463."City of Lagoons"Alan Powell5:09
Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length4."The Aubergine That Ate Rangoon"Paul Rudolph3:375."Kerb Crawler"Calvert, Brock3:456."Kadu Flyer"Nik Turner, Simon House5:077."Chronoglide Skyway"House5:04Total length:38:31
Griffin CD bonus tracksNo.TitleWriter(s)Length8."Honky Dorky"Hawkwind3:169."Back on the Streets"Calvert, Rudolph2:5610."Dream of Isis"Brock, House, Simon King2:52
Atomhenge CD bonus tracksNo.TitleWriter(s)Length8."Honky Dorky"Hawkwind3:169."Kerb Crawler" (single mix)Calvert, Brock3:4510."Back on the Streets" (alternative mix)Calvert, Rudolph3:0711."Dream of Isis" (alternative mix)Brock, House, King2:57
Personnel
Hawkwind
Robert Calvert – vocals
Dave Brock – electric guitar, keyboards, backing vocals
Nik Turner – saxophone, flute, vocals (on "Kadu Flyer")
Paul Rudolph – bass guitar, electric guitar
Simon House – violin, keyboards, mellotron, sitar (on "Kadu Flyer")
Simon King – drums
Alan Powell – drums
Credits
Recorded at Roundhouse Recording Studios, February to March 1976.
Produced by Hawkwind, recorded by Mark Dearnley.
"Kerb Crawler" remixed by David Gilmour (as Dave Gilmour).
Cover by Tony Hyde and Barney Bubbles.
Charts
Chart (1976)
Peakposition
UK Albums (OCC)
33
Release history
August 1976: Charisma, CDS4004, UK vinyl – some copies were printed with the front and back cover reversed. Original copies contained an inner sleeve.
August 1976: Charisma, 9211–4004, Canada - disc label says "Amazing Music, Astounding Sounds"
March 1983: Charisma, CHC14, UK vinyl
April 1989: Virgin, CDSCD 4004, UK CD
August 1995: Griffin Music, GCD483-2, USA CD; GCD345-0, USA CD with the Michael Butterworth The Time of the Hawklords book.
2005: Sunrise Records, LC12774, USA CD
January 2009: Atomhenge (Cherry Red) Records, ATOMCD1005, UK CD
References
^ a b "Hawkwind - Astounding Sounds, Amazing Music". Allmusic. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
^ Robert Calvert (2 October 1976). "8 Days a Week". Melody Maker. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
^ Barney Bubbles (1976). "an (astounding) letter to Tony Hyde". aural innovations. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
^ In a 1981 issue of Kerrang!, Dave Brock stated, "I used to mix all our albums when I was tripping, right up until the Astounding Sounds album. Some of those mixes turned out to be really strange, embarrassing some of them."
^ Sounds, 2 October 1976, Geoff Barton
^ "Cardiff Castle Open Air Concerts 1975-1976". Retrieved 22 March 2021.
^ "Astounding Sounds, Amazing Music tour programme". Concert Publishing. September 1976. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ "Beat Instrumental, November 1976". Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
^ Larkin, Colin (2007). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195313734.
^ "The bolero connection: From the Apple boutique to Hawkwind". The Look. 29 January 2009.
^ John May (2 February 2009). "MY BOLERO JACKET 1: HAWKWIND".
^ NME, 6 November 1976, Dick Tracy
^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
External links
Discogs.com Discography details
Collectable Records – Original cover and inner sleeve
Atomhenge Records
vteHawkwind
Dave Brock
Richard Chadwick
Magnus Martin
Thighpaulsandra
Doug MacKinnon
Nik Turner
Dik Mik
Huw Lloyd-Langton
Thomas Crimble
Del Dettmar
Simon King
Ian "Lemmy" Kilmister
Robert Calvert
Simon House
Alan Powell
Paul Rudolph
Adrian Shaw
Harvey Bainbridge
Steve Swindells
Keith Hale
Ginger Baker
Andy Anderson
Robert Heaton
Alan Davey
Clive Deamer
Bridget Wishart
Ron Tree
Mr Dibs
Tim Blake
Niall Hone
Studio albums
Hawkwind
In Search of Space
Doremi Fasol Latido
Hall of the Mountain Grill
Warrior on the Edge of Time
Astounding Sounds, Amazing Music
Quark, Strangeness and Charm
25 Years On (as Hawklords)
PXR5
Levitation
Sonic Attack
Church of Hawkwind
Choose Your Masques
The Chronicle of the Black Sword
The Xenon Codex
Space Bandits
Electric Tepee
It Is the Business of the Future to Be Dangerous
White Zone
Alien 4
Distant Horizons
In Your Area
Spacebrock
Take Me to Your Leader
Take Me to Your Future
Blood of the Earth
Onward
The Machine Stops
Into the Woods
Road to Utopia
All Aboard the Skylark
Carnivorous (as Hawkwind Light Orchestra)
Somnia
The Future Never Waits
Live albums
Space Ritual
Live Seventy Nine
Coded Languages
This Is Hawkwind, Do Not Panic
Live Chronicles
Palace Springs
The Business Trip
Love in Space
Hawkwind 1997
Yule Ritual
Canterbury Fayre 2001
Spaced Out in London
Knights of Space
Space Ritual Live
Archive albums
The Weird Tapes
Hawkwind, Friends and Relations
The Text of Festival
Zones
Bring Me the Head of Yuri Gagarin
Space Ritual Volume 2
Hawkwind Anthology
Out & Intake
BBC Radio 1 Live in Concert
The Friday Rock Show Sessions
Hawklords Live
California Brainstorm
Undisclosed Files Addendum
The 1999 Party
Glastonbury 90
Choose Your Masques: Collectors Series Volume 2
Complete '79: Collector Series Volume 1
Atomhenge 76
Live 1990
Compilation albums
Roadhawks
Masters of the Universe
Repeat Performance
Angels of Death
Spirit of the Age
Stasis (The UA Years 1971–1975)
Tales from Atom Henge
Epocheclipse
Future Reconstructions – Ritual of the Solstice
Masters of Rock
Spirit of the Age Anthology
The Dream Goes On
Extended plays
Hawkwind Zoo EP
Sonic Assassins EP
The Earth Ritual Preview
Quark, Strangeness and Charm
Singles
"Hurry On Sundown"
"Silver Machine"
"Urban Guerrilla"
"Kings of Speed"
"Kerb Crawler"
"Back on the Streets"
"Quark, Strangeness and Charm"
"Psi Power"
"25 Years"
"Shot Down in the Night"
"Who's Gonna Win the War?"
"Spirit of the Age"
Associated acts
Sonic Assassins
Hawklords
Space Ritual
Hawklords (2008)
Related articles
Discography
Members
Videography
Liquid Len
Stacia
Hawkfest
Michael Moorcock
Motörhead
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hawkwind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkwind"},{"link_name":"Astounding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Science_Fiction_and_Fact#Golden_Age"},{"link_name":"Amazing Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazing_Stories"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM761002-2"},{"link_name":"Barney Bubbles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Bubbles"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COVER-3"},{"link_name":"United Artists Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Artists_Records"},{"link_name":"Charisma Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charisma_Records"},{"link_name":"Lemmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemmy"},{"link_name":"Paul Rudolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rudolph_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Robert Calvert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Calvert"},{"link_name":"Space Ritual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Ritual"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Castle"},{"link_name":"Status Quo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_Quo_(band)"},{"link_name":"Strawbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawbs"},{"link_name":"Curved Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curved_Air"},{"link_name":"Budgie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budgie_(band)"},{"link_name":"MC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Ceremonies"},{"link_name":"John Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Peel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CARDIFFCASTLE-6"},{"link_name":"Nicky Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky_Moore"},{"link_name":"Big Jim Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Jim_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TOURPROG-7"},{"link_name":"Soundboard recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundboard_recording"},{"link_name":"Weird Tape Volume 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weird_Tapes#Volume_5:_Hawkwind_Live_1976-77"},{"link_name":"Atomhenge 76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhenge_76"}],"text":"1976 studio album by HawkwindAstounding Sounds, Amazing Music is the sixth studio album by the British rock band Hawkwind, released in 1976. It reached No. 33 on the UK album charts.The title makes references to old science fiction magazines (Astounding and Amazing Stories), the concept being that each piece of music (and its title) would be interpreted as an individual science fiction story. The record cover is a parody of the cover of these magazines, while the inner sleeve carried small ads, with each band member having their own product (e.g. Dr Brock's cure for piles, Paul Rudolph's Manly Strapon, and Simon King's Pleasure Primer). The cover was double sided, one side illustrated by Calvert's childhood friend Tony Hyde,[2] the other by Barney Bubbles signed as Grove Lane, with initial print-runs having either as the front cover. Bubbles original design was to have been Steppenwolf looming over the city.[3]This album marked the start of a new era for Hawkwind, having left the management of Douglas Smith for Tony Howard and changed record companies from United Artists Records to Charisma Records. Musically, the dirty heavy metal lead bass guitar playing of Lemmy was replaced by the cleaner, formally trained bass playing of Paul Rudolph. All members of the band were now contributing to the writing and arrangement of the music leading to more width in style, and the recording and production is better defined than previous albums.[4]The greatest change is in the return of Robert Calvert, this time as a permanent vocalist rather than the peripheral poet role he occupied on Space Ritual. Not only did he bring crafted lyrics to the band, but he was intent on turning live shows into a piece of music theatre with specific characters for him to act out, Calvert explaining in a 1976 interview that \"We're writing numbers now with visual ideas in mind, rather than trying to think of things to impose on numbers we've already got. We're trying to get the visual side of the band focussed on individuals rather than on screen projections. Nik, Dave and myself are, in some parts of the show, playing the parts of actors... All in all, it works up to quite a nice piece of theatre, spontaneous theatre that is.\"[5]The group performed at Cardiff Castle on 24 July as \"special guests\" to Status Quo, featuring also Strawbs, Curved Air, Budgie and MC John Peel.[6] They promoted the album with a 17-date British tour from 15 September through to 5 October, with support from Tiger featuring Nicky Moore and Big Jim Sullivan, and the Atomhenge stage set designed by Larry Smart of Exploding Galaxy.[7] Soundboard recording from these concerts have been issued on Weird Tape Volume 5 (1982) and Atomhenge 76/Thrilling Hawkwind Adventures (2000). After the tour, the group dismissed Turner and Powell, recorded the single \"Back on the Streets\" and then undertook another 8 date tour in December.","title":"Astounding Sounds, Amazing Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reefer Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reefer_Madness"},{"link_name":"Atomhenge 76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhenge_76"},{"link_name":"Hawklords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawklords"},{"link_name":"Bridget Wishart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridget_Wishart"},{"link_name":"California Brainstorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Brainstorm"},{"link_name":"Adrian Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adrian_Wagner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Hesse"},{"link_name":"Steppenwolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppenwolf_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Weird Tape 4 and 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weird_Tapes"},{"link_name":"Ron Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Tree"},{"link_name":"Arthur Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Brown_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Mr Dibs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Dibs"},{"link_name":"Dr. West's Medicine Show and Junk Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._West%27s_Medicine_Show_and_Junk_Band"},{"link_name":"The Eggplant That Ate Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eggplant_That_Ate_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Kerb Crawler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerb_Crawler"},{"link_name":"David Gilmour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gilmour"},{"link_name":"Jamie Mandelkau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Mandelkau"},{"link_name":"Kathmandu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu"}],"text":"\"Reefer Madness\" lyrics are inspired by the 1936 anti-marijuana propaganda film Reefer Madness. It was performed during the tour of the album, appearing on the live album Atomhenge 76, and remained in the set until the formation of the Hawklords in 1978. The song was added to the setlist in 1990/1 to be performed by Bridget Wishart, a version appearing on the live album California Brainstorm.Calvert had written the lyrics to \"Steppenwolf\" when Adrian Wagner, for his album Distances Between Us, \"wanted a song about living in cities and I was re-reading Hesse's Steppenwolf at the time. It seemed to me that there was a strong myth in it about city life and it gave me the basic idea.\"[8] It was performed during the tour of the album, appearing on the live album Atomhenge 76, and remained in the band's set until Calvert left in 1978, versions included on Weird Tape 4 and 5. The song has occasionally been re-instated into the live set, between 1982 and 1984 it was performed by Turner, in 1996 by Ron Tree, in 2003 by Arthur Brown and in 2017 by Mr Dibs during the Into The Woods tour.\"City of Lagoons\" is a Powell composed instrumental, although erroneously credited to House on the album's release.\"The Aubergine That Ate Rangoon\" is an instrumental, its title references Dr. West's Medicine Show and Junk Band's 1967 hit single \"The Eggplant That Ate Chicago\".\"Kerb Crawler\" was released as a single backed by \"Honky Dorky\" which is the band jamming on \"Reefer Madness\". There are reportedly two versions of the A-side, the original and a re-mix by Pink Floyd's David Gilmour – it is the latter that appeared on the album.\"Kadu Flyer\" lyrics were written by Turner, who credited them to Jamie Mandelkau for legal reasons (Turner was still under contract either to United Artists or Douglas Smith). Calvert is also given a writers credit on some releases. Kadu is an abbreviation of Kathmandu.\"Chronoglide Skyway\" is a House composed psychedelic instrumental, featuring saxophone and guitar solos, although erroneously credited to Powell on the album's release. It was performed during the tour of the album, appearing on the live album Atomhenge 76.","title":"Songs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JM1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JM2-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The NME journalist Dick Tracy (a pseudonym of John May)[10][11] reviewed the album as \"Hawkwind are back on form... their music has acquired about fifteen new levels since the old churn-churn days\". He highlights \"Reefer Madness\" as the \"stand-out\" track and notes that \"Simon House has injected a big shot of tuneful keyboarding into the mix\".[12]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Calvert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Calvert"},{"link_name":"Dave Brock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Brock"},{"link_name":"Alan Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Powell_(drummer)"},{"link_name":"Paul Rudolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rudolph_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Kerb Crawler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerb_Crawler"},{"link_name":"Nik Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nik_Turner"},{"link_name":"Simon House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_House"},{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"},{"link_name":"Back on the Streets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_on_the_Streets_(song)"},{"link_name":"Simon King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_King_(musician)"},{"link_name":"single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"}],"text":"Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Reefer Madness\"Robert Calvert, Dave Brock6:032.\"Steppenwolf\"Calvert, Brock9:463.\"City of Lagoons\"Alan Powell5:09Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length4.\"The Aubergine That Ate Rangoon\"Paul Rudolph3:375.\"Kerb Crawler\"Calvert, Brock3:456.\"Kadu Flyer\"Nik Turner, Simon House5:077.\"Chronoglide Skyway\"House5:04Total length:38:31Griffin CD bonus tracksNo.TitleWriter(s)Length8.\"Honky Dorky\"Hawkwind3:169.\"Back on the Streets\"Calvert, Rudolph2:5610.\"Dream of Isis\"Brock, House, Simon King2:52Atomhenge CD bonus tracksNo.TitleWriter(s)Length8.\"Honky Dorky\"Hawkwind3:169.\"Kerb Crawler\" (single mix)Calvert, Brock3:4510.\"Back on the Streets\" (alternative mix)Calvert, Rudolph3:0711.\"Dream of Isis\" (alternative mix)Brock, House, King2:57","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Calvert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Calvert"},{"link_name":"Dave Brock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Brock"},{"link_name":"Nik Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nik_Turner"},{"link_name":"flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"Paul Rudolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rudolph_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Simon House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_House"},{"link_name":"Simon King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_King_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Alan Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Powell_(drummer)"}],"text":"HawkwindRobert Calvert – vocals\nDave Brock – electric guitar, keyboards, backing vocals\nNik Turner – saxophone, flute, vocals (on \"Kadu Flyer\")\nPaul Rudolph – bass guitar, electric guitar\nSimon House – violin, keyboards, mellotron, sitar (on \"Kadu Flyer\")\nSimon King – drums\nAlan Powell – drums","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roundhouse Recording Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundhouse_Recording_Studios"},{"link_name":"David Gilmour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gilmour"},{"link_name":"Barney Bubbles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Bubbles"}],"text":"Recorded at Roundhouse Recording Studios, February to March 1976.\nProduced by Hawkwind, recorded by Mark Dearnley.\n\"Kerb Crawler\" remixed by David Gilmour (as Dave Gilmour).\nCover by Tony Hyde and Barney Bubbles.","title":"Credits"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Griffin Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffin_Music"},{"link_name":"Michael Butterworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Butterworth_(author)"},{"link_name":"Cherry Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_Red_Records"}],"text":"August 1976: Charisma, CDS4004, UK vinyl – some copies were printed with the front and back cover reversed. Original copies contained an inner sleeve.\nAugust 1976: Charisma, 9211–4004, Canada - disc label says \"Amazing Music, Astounding Sounds\"\nMarch 1983: Charisma, CHC14, UK vinyl\nApril 1989: Virgin, CDSCD 4004, UK CD\nAugust 1995: Griffin Music, GCD483-2, USA CD; GCD345-0, USA CD with the Michael Butterworth The Time of the Hawklords book.\n2005: Sunrise Records, LC12774, USA CD\nJanuary 2009: Atomhenge (Cherry Red) Records, ATOMCD1005, UK CD","title":"Release history"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Hawkwind - Astounding Sounds, Amazing Music\". Allmusic. Retrieved 24 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/astounding-sounds-amazing-music-mw0000521183","url_text":"\"Hawkwind - Astounding Sounds, Amazing Music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]},{"reference":"Robert Calvert (2 October 1976). \"8 Days a Week\". Melody Maker. Retrieved 17 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Calvert","url_text":"Robert Calvert"},{"url":"http://www.hawkwindmuseum.co.uk/8_days_a_week.htm","url_text":"\"8 Days a Week\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_Maker","url_text":"Melody Maker"}]},{"reference":"Barney Bubbles (1976). \"an (astounding) letter to Tony Hyde\". aural innovations. Retrieved 17 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Bubbles","url_text":"Barney Bubbles"},{"url":"https://www.aural-innovations.com/robertcalvert/hawkwind/barneyast.htm","url_text":"\"an (astounding) letter to Tony Hyde\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cardiff Castle Open Air Concerts 1975-1976\". Retrieved 22 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/cardiff-castle-festivals.html","url_text":"\"Cardiff Castle Open Air Concerts 1975-1976\""}]},{"reference":"\"Astounding Sounds, Amazing Music tour programme\". Concert Publishing. September 1976.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Beat Instrumental, November 1976\". Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120313134604/http://www.starfarer.net/btinstr76.html","url_text":"\"Beat Instrumental, November 1976\""},{"url":"http://www.starfarer.net/btinstr76.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Larkin, Colin (2007). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195313734.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin","url_text":"Larkin, Colin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Popular Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195313734","url_text":"978-0195313734"}]},{"reference":"\"The bolero connection: From the Apple boutique to Hawkwind\". The Look. 29 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://rockpopfashion.com/blog/?p=133","url_text":"\"The bolero connection: From the Apple boutique to Hawkwind\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Look:_Adventures_In_Rock_%26_Pop_Fashion","url_text":"The Look"}]},{"reference":"John May (2 February 2009). \"MY BOLERO JACKET 1: HAWKWIND\".","urls":[{"url":"http://hqinfo.blogspot.com/2009/02/my-bolero-jacket-1-hawkwind.html","url_text":"\"MY BOLERO JACKET 1: HAWKWIND\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.dearnley.com/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/astounding-sounds-amazing-music-mw0000521183","external_links_name":"\"Hawkwind - Astounding Sounds, Amazing Music\""},{"Link":"http://www.hawkwindmuseum.co.uk/8_days_a_week.htm","external_links_name":"\"8 Days a Week\""},{"Link":"https://www.aural-innovations.com/robertcalvert/hawkwind/barneyast.htm","external_links_name":"\"an (astounding) letter to Tony Hyde\""},{"Link":"http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/cardiff-castle-festivals.html","external_links_name":"\"Cardiff Castle Open Air Concerts 1975-1976\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120313134604/http://www.starfarer.net/btinstr76.html","external_links_name":"\"Beat Instrumental, November 1976\""},{"Link":"http://www.starfarer.net/btinstr76.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://rockpopfashion.com/blog/?p=133","external_links_name":"\"The bolero connection: From the Apple boutique to Hawkwind\""},{"Link":"http://hqinfo.blogspot.com/2009/02/my-bolero-jacket-1-hawkwind.html","external_links_name":"\"MY BOLERO JACKET 1: HAWKWIND\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/albums-chart/19760919/7502/","external_links_name":"\"Official Albums Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/Hawkwind-Astounding-Sounds-Amazing-Music/master/27977","external_links_name":"Discogs.com"},{"Link":"http://www.collectable-records.ru/groups/hawkwind/astoun.htm","external_links_name":"Collectable Records"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090309153505/http://cherryred.co.uk/atomhenge/product.php?display=ATOMCD1005","external_links_name":"Atomhenge Records"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/df505955-47f6-3d9b-8d85-0e174398c8de","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Crosby_(conductor)
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John Crosby (conductor)
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["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Founding of The Santa Fe Opera prior to 1957","3.1 The first season, 1957","4 Achievements 1957 to 2000","5 Retirement and awards","6 References","7 External links"]
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American conductor
John O’Hea Crosby (12 July 1926, in Bronxville, New York – 15 December 2002, in Rancho Mirage, California) was an American musician, conductor and arts administrator. He was the founding general director of The Santa Fe Opera, a company he oversaw for 43 years.
Early life
A bout of asthma interrupted Crosby’s early studies in Connecticut; this caused him to attend the Los Alamos Ranch School in New Mexico for a year. It was Crosby’s first introduction to the West and, specifically, to the Santa Fe area. After graduating from The Hotchkiss School, Crosby served in the US Army for two years between 1944 and 1946, with time spent in Europe and some with the 18th Regimental Band handling piano, violin, trombone and double bass.
Attending Yale as an undergraduate soon followed; with it came consideration of several future professions, including law and becoming an airline pilot. But at Yale he studied composition with Paul Hindemith and created musical arrangements for musical productions. He graduated with a degree in music in 1950.
Career
Having decided that music was to be his life, Crosby spent a few months as an assistant arranger for Broadway musicals before returning to graduate studies at Columbia University between 1951 and 1955. During these years, he became an opera lover, attending the Met regularly and working as the piano accompanist assistant to Dr. Leopold Sachse, the former artistic director of the Hamburg State Opera, and teacher of opera classes at Columbia.
In 1951, during a period of regular attendance at the Met as a standee, Crosby saw the Alfred Lunt production of Cosi fan tutte, which influenced him greatly in developing a concept for the future Santa Fe Opera.
Founding of The Santa Fe Opera prior to 1957
During the three years preceding Santa Fe’s first season in 1957, Crosby meticulously planned for its creation, helped and encouraged by Dr. Sachse. Asked in a 1991 interview why he founded the company, Crosby responded: "Because of Rudolf Bing" and he went on to explain that Bing's influential productions at the Met in the 1950s had caused him to regard opera "as a serious art form".
By this time, Crosby's parents had bought a second home on land located about three miles (5 km) north of Santa Fe. Close to this location, the San Juan Ranch, a 199-acre (0.81 km2) guest ranch, became available and, sponsored by his father with a loan of $200,000 to the fledgling company (of which $115,000 would build the theatre and the balance would buy land) the purchase was completed.
From this location Crosby and Sachse (who was to be artistic director) carefully selected the specific site of the open-air theatre, which was planned to seat 480 and to be "the only outdoor theatre in America exclusively designed for opera". In addition, Crosby calculated that about $60,000 was needed to be raised to support the first summer’s operations; in the end, only $50,000 was raised but $40,000 was taken at the box office with about 12,850 people attending.
Several things characterized Crosby’s approach to the presentation of opera in Santa Fe: all operas were to be sung in English to make them as accessible as possible; staging, costuming and lighting were emphasized, as was acting. The 13 singers who were engaged were mostly young (all between 21 and their early thirties); and the innovation which was most revolutionary in the world of opera in America in the 1950s was the creation of the apprentice system, whereby the company hired a group of young singers to serve as chorus members, understudies for the main roles, and singers in secondary roles. As Crosby noted:
In this country young artists have to do something which is impossible – gain experience. But with our plan, these young people will be scheduled in small roles and will have the opportunity of working with their older brothers and sisters who have already won their spurs. To get such experience now, a young artist has to go to Europe.
The current Apprentice Program for Singers and Technicians (Technicians were added in 1965) continues at The Santa Fe Opera today. Annually (as with the 2013 season), 1,000 singer applicants competed for 43 positions and, of the 900 technician applications, 90 were chosen as apprentices. Some apprentices are invited to return for a second season.
The first season, 1957
The program for the first season was characteristic of most of the seasons which Crosby subsequently programmed. It was an adventurous one consisting of five operas in rotating repertory. There were two fairly popular ones, Madama Butterfly (presented on 3 July 1957, opening night) and Il barbiere di Siviglia; a world premiere, on this occasion Marvin David Levy’s The Tower (coupled with Pergolesi’s La Serva Padrona); a Richard Strauss opera, Ariadne auf Naxos (many more – including many American premieres – were to follow in later seasons due to Crosby's love of that composer's work); and, finally, a major coup for Crosby and the company, Igor Stravinsky’s The Rake's Progress with the composer present for two weeks in July. Photographs exist of the composer attending rehearsals.
The first six performances were sold out and, in spite of some rainouts during what turned out to be one of Santa Fe’s wettest summers, the season was an unquestionable success, creating both national and international attention.
Achievements 1957 to 2000
The Crosby Theatre, Santa Fe Opera's third theatre on the site, which opened in 1998
Plaque outside The Crosby Theatre commemorates the contributions of the founding general director, John Crosby, and his parents Lawrence and Aileen
Crosby’s tenure as general director was the longest of any opera company director in the US. In addition, between 1957 and 2005, the company staged 135 operas, 11 of which were world premieres and 41 were American premieres. Among the commissioned works which Crosby presented as world premieres are Carlisle Floyd’s Wuthering Heights during the second season in 1958 and Tobias Picker’s Emmeline in 1996, while distinguished American premieres include six operas by Richard Strauss (beginning with Capriccio, also a part of the second season in 1958) and six operas by Hans Werner Henze between 1965 and 2000.
Igor Stravinsky was to return to Santa Fe each summer until 1963 during which time he was given “an unmatched musical pulpit” with performances of six operas ranging from Oedipus Rex (1960) to Le Rossignol (1962 and 1963).
Under Crosby’s tenure, several distinguished singers made significant appearances at The Santa Fe Opera. In the case of two singers, Kiri Te Kanawa (in 1971 as the "Countess", prior to beginning her international career later that year in England) and Bryn Terfel (in 1991), these were US debuts. Some singers, such as Samuel Ramey, who was a former apprentice, returned in Carmen in 1975; other American singers such as Jerry Hadley, Dawn Upshaw, Patricia Racette and Susan Graham and James Morris (another apprentice), appeared early in their careers and several return regularly.
Crosby’s final appearance on the podium, while also serving as General Director, was on 24 August 2000, conducting the last night of Strauss’ Elektra. It was his 171st time conducting a Strauss opera and approximately his 567th time as conductor of the opera company. Upon retirement, Crosby was succeeded by Richard Gaddes, who had been involved with the company since the late 1960s, initially as artistic administrator.
Retirement and awards
Crosby retired to Palm Springs but continued to be involved with the opera company, conducting La traviata during the 2002 season.
Over his career, Crosby’s involvement in the world of opera included the presidency of the Manhattan School of Music for a decade from 1976, and a four-year presidency of the opera organization, Opera America from 1976.
In addition to five honorary doctorates, Crosby received the National Medal of Arts in 1991 and, in 1992, the German Order of Merit for services to German music.
Crosby died in California on 15 December 2002.
References
Notes
^ a b c Kozinn, Allan (December 17, 2002). "John Crosby, 76, Dies; Started Santa Fe Opera". The New York Times. pp. B10. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ Craig Smith (2 July 2006). "SF Opera: John Crosby, 1926–2002 Maestro, impresario, entrepreneur". Santa Fe New Mexican. Archived from the original on 2019-12-17. Retrieved 2008-06-29.
^ "Mozart at the Met", Time, 7 January 1952 Archived 21 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine
^ in Phillip Huscher, The Santa Fe Opera: an American Pioneer (see below), p.32: "Crosby saw something happen on the stage of the Met that he had never seen before: "a carefully, brilliantly rehearsed evening with six superb singing actors". That, he later realized, was the spark that inspired The Santa Fe Opera..."
^ a b Eleanor Scott, see below
^ Allan Kozinn (6 September 2000). "Stepping Aside at an Operatic Oasis; Founding Director of the Santa Fe Opera Looks Back on 43 Years of Innovation". New York Times. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
^ Smith, Craig, "He Changed Santa Fe", The Santa Fe New Mexican, 16 December 2002.
Sources
Huscher, Phillip, The Santa Fe Opera: an American pioneer, Santa Fe, New Mexico: Sunstone Press, June 2006. ISBN 0-86534-550-3
Sargeant, Winthrop, "A Miracle in the Desert", The New Yorker, pp. 35–50
Scott, Eleanor, The First Twenty Years of the Santa Fe Opera, Santa Fe, New Mexico: Sunstone Press, 1976.
The Santa Fe Opera Company, The Santa Fe Opera − Miracle in the Desert, Santa Fe Opera Shop, 2003.
External links
The Santa Fe Opera’s official website
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bronxville, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronxville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Rancho Mirage, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Mirage,_California"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_Opera"}],"text":"John O’Hea Crosby (12 July 1926, in Bronxville, New York – 15 December 2002, in Rancho Mirage, California) was an American musician, conductor and arts administrator. He was the founding general director of The Santa Fe Opera, a company he oversaw for 43 years.","title":"John Crosby (conductor)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Alamos Ranch School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alamos_Ranch_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"The Hotchkiss School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotchkiss_School"},{"link_name":"Yale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale"},{"link_name":"airline pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline_pilot"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Paul Hindemith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hindemith"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"}],"text":"A bout of asthma interrupted Crosby’s early studies in Connecticut; this caused him to attend the Los Alamos Ranch School in New Mexico for a year.[1] It was Crosby’s first introduction to the West and, specifically, to the Santa Fe area. After graduating from The Hotchkiss School, Crosby served in the US Army for two years between 1944 and 1946, with time spent in Europe and some with the 18th Regimental Band handling piano, violin, trombone and double bass.Attending Yale as an undergraduate soon followed; with it came consideration of several future professions, including law and becoming an airline pilot.[2] But at Yale he studied composition with Paul Hindemith[1] and created musical arrangements for musical productions. He graduated with a degree in music in 1950.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Met","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera"},{"link_name":"Leopold Sachse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Sachse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hamburg State Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_State_Opera"},{"link_name":"Cosi fan tutte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosi_fan_tutte"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Having decided that music was to be his life, Crosby spent a few months as an assistant arranger for Broadway musicals before returning to graduate studies at Columbia University between 1951 and 1955. During these years, he became an opera lover, attending the Met regularly and working as the piano accompanist assistant to Dr. Leopold Sachse, the former artistic director of the Hamburg State Opera, and teacher of opera classes at Columbia.In 1951, during a period of regular attendance at the Met as a standee, Crosby saw the Alfred Lunt production of Cosi fan tutte,[3] which influenced him greatly in developing a concept for the future Santa Fe Opera.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rudolf Bing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Bing"},{"link_name":"Met","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scott-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scott-5"}],"text":"During the three years preceding Santa Fe’s first season in 1957, Crosby meticulously planned for its creation, helped and encouraged by Dr. Sachse. Asked in a 1991 interview why he founded the company, Crosby responded: \"Because of Rudolf Bing\" and he went on to explain that Bing's influential productions at the Met in the 1950s had caused him to regard opera \"as a serious art form\".By this time, Crosby's parents had bought a second home on land located about three miles (5 km) north of Santa Fe. Close to this location, the San Juan Ranch, a 199-acre (0.81 km2) guest ranch, became available and, sponsored by his father with a loan of $200,000 to the fledgling company (of which $115,000 would build the theatre and the balance would buy land) the purchase was completed.From this location Crosby and Sachse (who was to be artistic director) carefully selected the specific site of the open-air theatre, which was planned to seat 480 and to be \"the only outdoor theatre in America exclusively designed for opera\".[5] In addition, Crosby calculated that about $60,000 was needed to be raised to support the first summer’s operations; in the end, only $50,000 was raised but $40,000 was taken at the box office with about 12,850 people attending.Several things characterized Crosby’s approach to the presentation of opera in Santa Fe: all operas were to be sung in English to make them as accessible as possible; staging, costuming and lighting were emphasized, as was acting. The 13 singers who were engaged were mostly young (all between 21 and their early thirties); and the innovation which was most revolutionary in the world of opera in America in the 1950s was the creation of the apprentice system, whereby the company hired a group of young singers to serve as chorus members, understudies for the main roles, and singers in secondary roles.[1] As Crosby noted:In this country young artists have to do something which is impossible – gain experience. But with our plan, these young people will be scheduled in small roles and will have the opportunity of working with their older brothers and sisters who have already won their spurs. To get such experience now, a young artist has to go to Europe.[5]The current Apprentice Program for Singers and Technicians (Technicians were added in 1965) continues at The Santa Fe Opera today. Annually (as with the 2013 season), 1,000 singer applicants competed for 43 positions and, of the 900 technician applications, 90 were chosen as apprentices. Some apprentices are invited to return for a second season.","title":"Founding of The Santa Fe Opera prior to 1957"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madama Butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madama_Butterfly"},{"link_name":"Il barbiere di Siviglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_barbiere_di_Siviglia"},{"link_name":"Marvin David Levy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_David_Levy"},{"link_name":"The Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Tower_(opera)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pergolesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Pergolesi"},{"link_name":"La Serva Padrona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Serva_Padrona"},{"link_name":"Richard Strauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss"},{"link_name":"Ariadne auf Naxos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariadne_auf_Naxos"},{"link_name":"Igor Stravinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky"},{"link_name":"The Rake's Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rake%27s_Progress"}],"sub_title":"The first season, 1957","text":"The program for the first season was characteristic of most of the seasons which Crosby subsequently programmed. It was an adventurous one consisting of five operas in rotating repertory. There were two fairly popular ones, Madama Butterfly (presented on 3 July 1957, opening night) and Il barbiere di Siviglia; a world premiere, on this occasion Marvin David Levy’s The Tower (coupled with Pergolesi’s La Serva Padrona); a Richard Strauss opera, Ariadne auf Naxos (many more – including many American premieres – were to follow in later seasons due to Crosby's love of that composer's work); and, finally, a major coup for Crosby and the company, Igor Stravinsky’s The Rake's Progress with the composer present for two weeks in July. Photographs exist of the composer attending rehearsals.The first six performances were sold out and, in spite of some rainouts during what turned out to be one of Santa Fe’s wettest summers, the season was an unquestionable success, creating both national and international attention.","title":"Founding of The Santa Fe Opera prior to 1957"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Santa_Fe_Opera_Crosby_Theater.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SFO-Crosby_plaque_outside_theatre.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carlisle Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle_Floyd"},{"link_name":"Wuthering Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuthering_Heights_(Floyd)"},{"link_name":"Tobias Picker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_Picker"},{"link_name":"Emmeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmeline"},{"link_name":"Capriccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capriccio_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Hans Werner Henze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Werner_Henze"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kozinn2-6"},{"link_name":"Igor Stravinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Oedipus Rex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedipus_Rex"},{"link_name":"Le Rossignol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Rossignol"},{"link_name":"Kiri Te Kanawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiri_Te_Kanawa"},{"link_name":"Bryn Terfel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryn_Terfel"},{"link_name":"Samuel Ramey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Ramey"},{"link_name":"Carmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen"},{"link_name":"Jerry Hadley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Hadley"},{"link_name":"Dawn Upshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_Upshaw"},{"link_name":"Patricia Racette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Racette"},{"link_name":"Susan Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Graham"},{"link_name":"James Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Morris_(opera_singer)"},{"link_name":"Elektra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektra_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Richard Gaddes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Gaddes"}],"text":"The Crosby Theatre, Santa Fe Opera's third theatre on the site, which opened in 1998Plaque outside The Crosby Theatre commemorates the contributions of the founding general director, John Crosby, and his parents Lawrence and AileenCrosby’s tenure as general director was the longest of any opera company director in the US. In addition, between 1957 and 2005, the company staged 135 operas, 11 of which were world premieres and 41 were American premieres. Among the commissioned works which Crosby presented as world premieres are Carlisle Floyd’s Wuthering Heights during the second season in 1958 and Tobias Picker’s Emmeline in 1996, while distinguished American premieres include six operas by Richard Strauss (beginning with Capriccio, also a part of the second season in 1958) and six operas by Hans Werner Henze between 1965 and 2000.[6]Igor Stravinsky was to return to Santa Fe each summer until 1963 during which time he was given “an unmatched musical pulpit”[7] with performances of six operas ranging from Oedipus Rex (1960) to Le Rossignol (1962 and 1963).Under Crosby’s tenure, several distinguished singers made significant appearances at The Santa Fe Opera. In the case of two singers, Kiri Te Kanawa (in 1971 as the \"Countess\", prior to beginning her international career later that year in England) and Bryn Terfel (in 1991), these were US debuts. Some singers, such as Samuel Ramey, who was a former apprentice, returned in Carmen in 1975; other American singers such as Jerry Hadley, Dawn Upshaw, Patricia Racette and Susan Graham and James Morris (another apprentice), appeared early in their careers and several return regularly.Crosby’s final appearance on the podium, while also serving as General Director, was on 24 August 2000, conducting the last night of Strauss’ Elektra. It was his 171st time conducting a Strauss opera and approximately his 567th time as conductor of the opera company. Upon retirement, Crosby was succeeded by Richard Gaddes, who had been involved with the company since the late 1960s, initially as artistic administrator.","title":"Achievements 1957 to 2000"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palm Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Springs,_California"},{"link_name":"La traviata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_traviata"},{"link_name":"Manhattan School of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_School_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Opera America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_America"},{"link_name":"National Medal of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"German Order of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Cross_of_Merit"}],"text":"Crosby retired to Palm Springs but continued to be involved with the opera company, conducting La traviata during the 2002 season.Over his career, Crosby’s involvement in the world of opera included the presidency of the Manhattan School of Music for a decade from 1976, and a four-year presidency of the opera organization, Opera America from 1976.In addition to five honorary doctorates, Crosby received the National Medal of Arts in 1991 and, in 1992, the German Order of Merit for services to German music.Crosby died in California on 15 December 2002.","title":"Retirement and awards"}]
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| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_B._Palmer
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Nathaniel Palmer
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["1 Sealing career and Antarctic exploration","2 Merchant marine career and development of the clipper ships","3 Legacy in the Antarctic and beyond","4 See also","5 Notes","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
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19th-century American naval explorer and seal hunter
Nathaniel Brown PalmerBorn(1799-08-08)August 8, 1799Stonington, ConnecticutDiedJune 21, 1877(1877-06-21) (aged 77)MonumentsCapt. Nathaniel B. Palmer House, Palmer Station, Palmer Land, Palmer Archipelago, N.B. Palmer (clipper), Nathaniel B. Palmer (icebreaker)NationalityAmericanOther names"Captain Nat"Occupation(s)Sealing captain, explorer, sailing captain, and ship designerKnown for22-year-old "Captain Nat" and his men were the first Americans to discover the Antarctic Peninsula. Later, he was active in the design of the first clipper ships.
Nathaniel Brown Palmer (August 8, 1799 – June 21, 1877) was an American seal hunter, explorer, sailing captain, and ship designer. He gave his name to Palmer Land, Antarctica, which he explored in 1820 on his sloop Hero. He was born in Stonington, Connecticut, and was a descendant of Walter Palmer, one of the town's founders.
Sealing career and Antarctic exploration
During the 1810s the hides of Antarctic Ocean seals were highly valued as items for trade with China. Palmer served as second mate on board Hersilia's first voyage, during which she became the first American vessel known to reach the South Shetland Islands. As a skilled and fearless seal hunter, Palmer achieved his first command at the early age of 21. His vessel, a diminutive sloop named Hero, was only 47 feet (14 m) in length. Palmer steered southward in Hero at the beginning of the Antarctic summer of 1820–1821. Aggressively searching for new seal rookeries south of Cape Horn, on November 17, 1820, Palmer and his men became the first Americans and the third group of people to discover the Antarctic Peninsula. Larger ships skippered by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Edward Bransfield had reported sighting land earlier in 1820. Along with English sealer George Powell, Palmer also co-discovered the nearby South Orkney Islands archipelago.
Merchant marine career and development of the clipper ships
After concluding a successful sealing career, Palmer, still in the prime of life, switched his attention to the captaining of fast sailing ships for the transportation of express freight. In 1843, Captain Palmer took command of Paul Jones on her maiden voyage from Boston to Hong Kong, arriving in 111 days. In this new role, the Connecticut captain traveled many of the world's principal sailing routes. Observing the strengths and weaknesses of the ocean-going sailing ships of his time, Palmer suggested and designed improvements to their hulls and rigging. The improvements made Palmer a co-developer of the mid-19th century clipper ship.
Capt. Palmer purchased the Capt. Loper house in 1836, in Stonington, Connecticut. The Loper family were primarily whalers out of East Hampton, Long Island. Capt. Jacob Loper had four sons who brought whaling to Nantucket, Massachusetts; the Delaware Bay, southern New Jersey; and, Stonington, Connecticut. The composite character of Ismael in Moby Dick is based on events in the life of one of his children, who was the only survivor of an 1835 sinking off Japan, in which all were lost but young James Loper, who floated upon a coffin for a week. In the Capt. Loper House library Capt. Palmer found many old maps, including two of the coastline of Antarctica, made by the Lopers while working with The Dutch East India Company. The Loper family invented "All Found", which meant that berth and food were not deducted from sailors' pay, insuring eager crews for Capt. James Loper. Escaping slaves likewise signed on as each sailor was paid the same rate. All African-Americans with the last name of "Loper" can trace their lineage back to this time, taking their last name from the Dutch Loper family. Between 1852 and 1854 Capt. Palmer built his home in Stonington which is today known as the Capt. Nathaniel B. Palmer House. The house is of a transitional style combining elements of the Greek revival and Victorian Italianate styles. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1996 and is now the headquarters of the Stonington Historical Society.
Palmer closed his sailing career and established himself in his hometown of Stonington as a successful owner of clipper ships sailed by others. He died in San Francisco June 21, 1877, at the age of 77.
Legacy in the Antarctic and beyond
Palmer Land, part of the Antarctic Peninsula, as well as the Palmer Archipelago, were named in his honor.
The Antarctic science and research program operated by the U.S. government continues to recall Palmer's role in the exploration of the Antarctic area. Palmer Station, located in the seal islands that Palmer explored, the clipper ship N.B. Palmer (built by Jacob Aaron Westervelt) and the Antarctic icebreaker RV Nathaniel B. Palmer are named after Captain Palmer.
Hero Bay, in the South Shetland Islands, is named for Captain Palmer's sloop Hero, one of the vessels of the Pendleton sealing fleet from Stonington which visited the islands in 1820–21.
Also named after Palmer's sloop Hero is Hero Rupes, an escarpment which was discovered in the southern hemisphere of the planet Mercury in 1973.
On September 14, 1988, the U.S. Postal Service issued a stamp honoring Nathaniel Palmer.
Capt. Nathaniel B. Palmer House, Stonington, Connecticut
Capt. Nathaniel B. Palmer House, rear view with widow's walk (the lookout on the roof)
His home in Stonington, the Capt. Nathaniel B. Palmer House, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1996.
According to the records of the Grand Lodge AF&AM of Connecticut, he was initiated in 1826 by the Loper family. His record of membership ends in the year of his death and was reported at a special meeting of Asylum Lodge of Masons in Stonington, CT No. 57 on June 29, 1877, a Seafarer's Lodge. The Masonic Service Association of North America published a Short Talk Bulletin in March 2007 that is Vol. 85 No. 3 which details his history and attests to his membership in the Masonic Fraternity.
See also
History of Antarctica
Houqua, innovative early clipper ship which Capt. Nat helped design
Paul Jones, ship which N.B. Palmer sailed on its maiden voyage
N.B. Palmer (clipper), named after Capt. Palmer
Capt. Nathaniel B. Palmer House
Notes
^
Howgego, Raymond (2004). Encyclopedia of Exploration (Part 2: 1800 to 1850). Potts Point, NSW, Australia: Hordern House.
Further reading
Spears, John Randolph (1922). Captain Nathaniel Brown Palmer: an old-time sailor of the sea. New York: The Macmillan Co. OCLC 1834630. n.b. palmer.
External links
Account of Nathaniel Palmer's sighting of Antarctica
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"seal hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_hunting"},{"link_name":"Palmer Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer_Land"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"sloop Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_(sloop)"},{"link_name":"Stonington, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonington,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Walter Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Palmer_(Puritan)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-howgego-1"}],"text":"Nathaniel Brown Palmer (August 8, 1799 – June 21, 1877) was an American seal hunter, explorer, sailing captain, and ship designer. He gave his name to Palmer Land, Antarctica, which he explored in 1820 on his sloop Hero. He was born in Stonington, Connecticut, and was a descendant of Walter Palmer, one of the town's founders.[1]","title":"Nathaniel Palmer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antarctic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Hersilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hersilia_(1819_ship)"},{"link_name":"South Shetland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands"},{"link_name":"sloop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloop"},{"link_name":"Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_(sloop)"},{"link_name":"seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinniped"},{"link_name":"rookeries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rookery"},{"link_name":"Cape Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Horn"},{"link_name":"Antarctic Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen"},{"link_name":"Edward Bransfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bransfield"},{"link_name":"George Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Powell_(mariner)"},{"link_name":"South Orkney Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Orkney_Islands"}],"text":"During the 1810s the hides of Antarctic Ocean seals were highly valued as items for trade with China. Palmer served as second mate on board Hersilia's first voyage, during which she became the first American vessel known to reach the South Shetland Islands. As a skilled and fearless seal hunter, Palmer achieved his first command at the early age of 21. His vessel, a diminutive sloop named Hero, was only 47 feet (14 m) in length. Palmer steered southward in Hero at the beginning of the Antarctic summer of 1820–1821. Aggressively searching for new seal rookeries south of Cape Horn, on November 17, 1820, Palmer and his men became the first Americans and the third group of people to discover the Antarctic Peninsula. Larger ships skippered by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Edward Bransfield had reported sighting land earlier in 1820. Along with English sealer George Powell, Palmer also co-discovered the nearby South Orkney Islands archipelago.","title":"Sealing career and Antarctic exploration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Jones_(1843_ship)"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"hulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)"},{"link_name":"rigging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigging"},{"link_name":"clipper ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipper_ship"},{"link_name":"Moby Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moby_Dick"},{"link_name":"Dutch East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"All Found","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_Found&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Capt. Nathaniel B. Palmer House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capt._Nathaniel_B._Palmer_House"},{"link_name":"Greek revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_revival"},{"link_name":"Italianate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italianate"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"},{"link_name":"Stonington Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonington_Historical_Society"}],"text":"After concluding a successful sealing career, Palmer, still in the prime of life, switched his attention to the captaining of fast sailing ships for the transportation of express freight. In 1843, Captain Palmer took command of Paul Jones on her maiden voyage from Boston to Hong Kong, arriving in 111 days. In this new role, the Connecticut captain traveled many of the world's principal sailing routes. Observing the strengths and weaknesses of the ocean-going sailing ships of his time, Palmer suggested and designed improvements to their hulls and rigging. The improvements made Palmer a co-developer of the mid-19th century clipper ship.Capt. Palmer purchased the Capt. Loper house in 1836, in Stonington, Connecticut. The Loper family were primarily whalers out of East Hampton, Long Island. Capt. Jacob Loper had four sons who brought whaling to Nantucket, Massachusetts; the Delaware Bay, southern New Jersey; and, Stonington, Connecticut. The composite character of Ismael in Moby Dick is based on events in the life of one of his children, who was the only survivor of an 1835 sinking off Japan, in which all were lost but young James Loper, who floated upon a coffin for a week. In the Capt. Loper House library Capt. Palmer found many old maps, including two of the coastline of Antarctica, made by the Lopers while working with The Dutch East India Company. The Loper family invented \"All Found\", which meant that berth and food were not deducted from sailors' pay, insuring eager crews for Capt. James Loper. Escaping slaves likewise signed on as each sailor was paid the same rate. All African-Americans with the last name of \"Loper\" can trace their lineage back to this time, taking their last name from the Dutch Loper family. Between 1852 and 1854 Capt. Palmer built his home in Stonington which is today known as the Capt. Nathaniel B. Palmer House. The house is of a transitional style combining elements of the Greek revival and Victorian Italianate styles. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1996 and is now the headquarters of the Stonington Historical Society.Palmer closed his sailing career and established himself in his hometown of Stonington as a successful owner of clipper ships sailed by others. He died in San Francisco June 21, 1877, at the age of 77.","title":"Merchant marine career and development of the clipper ships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palmer Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer_Land"},{"link_name":"Palmer Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"U.S. government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Palmer Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer_Station"},{"link_name":"N.B. Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N.B._Palmer_(clipper)"},{"link_name":"Jacob Aaron Westervelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Aaron_Westervelt"},{"link_name":"RV Nathaniel B. Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_B._Palmer_(icebreaker)"},{"link_name":"Hero Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_Bay"},{"link_name":"Pendleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Pendleton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hero Rupes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_Rupes"},{"link_name":"escarpment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escarpment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CNPBHwithsign.JPG"},{"link_name":"Capt. Nathaniel B. Palmer House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capt._Nathaniel_B._Palmer_House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CNPHBHrear.JPG"},{"link_name":"widow's walk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widow%27s_walk"},{"link_name":"Capt. Nathaniel B. Palmer House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capt._Nathaniel_B._Palmer_House"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"}],"text":"Palmer Land, part of the Antarctic Peninsula, as well as the Palmer Archipelago, were named in his honor.The Antarctic science and research program operated by the U.S. government continues to recall Palmer's role in the exploration of the Antarctic area. Palmer Station, located in the seal islands that Palmer explored, the clipper ship N.B. Palmer (built by Jacob Aaron Westervelt) and the Antarctic icebreaker RV Nathaniel B. Palmer are named after Captain Palmer.Hero Bay, in the South Shetland Islands, is named for Captain Palmer's sloop Hero, one of the vessels of the Pendleton sealing fleet from Stonington which visited the islands in 1820–21.Also named after Palmer's sloop Hero is Hero Rupes, an escarpment which was discovered in the southern hemisphere of the planet Mercury in 1973.On September 14, 1988, the U.S. Postal Service issued a stamp honoring Nathaniel Palmer.Capt. Nathaniel B. Palmer House, Stonington, ConnecticutCapt. Nathaniel B. Palmer House, rear view with widow's walk (the lookout on the roof)His home in Stonington, the Capt. Nathaniel B. Palmer House, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1996.\nAccording to the records of the Grand Lodge AF&AM of Connecticut, he was initiated in 1826 by the Loper family. His record of membership ends in the year of his death and was reported at a special meeting of Asylum Lodge of Masons in Stonington, CT No. 57 on June 29, 1877, a Seafarer's Lodge. The Masonic Service Association of North America published a Short Talk Bulletin in March 2007 that is Vol. 85 No. 3 which details his history and attests to his membership in the Masonic Fraternity.","title":"Legacy in the Antarctic and beyond"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-howgego_1-0"},{"link_name":"Howgego, Raymond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond_John_Howgego&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Encyclopedia of Exploration (Part 2: 1800 to 1850)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.antarctic-circle.org/encyclopediaentries.htm"}],"text":"^ \nHowgego, Raymond (2004). Encyclopedia of Exploration (Part 2: 1800 to 1850). Potts Point, NSW, Australia: Hordern House.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spears, John Randolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Randolph_Spears"},{"link_name":"Captain Nathaniel Brown Palmer: an old-time sailor of the sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bub_gb_LPwlAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1834630","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1834630"}],"text":"Spears, John Randolph (1922). Captain Nathaniel Brown Palmer: an old-time sailor of the sea. New York: The Macmillan Co. OCLC 1834630. n.b. palmer.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"title":"History of Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Antarctica"},{"title":"Houqua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houqua_(clipper)"},{"title":"clipper ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipper"},{"title":"Paul Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Jones_(1843_ship)"},{"title":"N.B. Palmer (clipper)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N.B._Palmer_(clipper)"},{"title":"Capt. Nathaniel B. Palmer House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capt._Nathaniel_B._Palmer_House"}]
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National Media Awards Foundation
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["1 History","2 First awards","3 Major winners of the National Magazine Awards","4 Categories","5 Magazine of the Year","6 Outstanding Achievement","7 Other information","8 References","9 External links"]
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The National Media Awards Foundation (NMAF) is a Canadian charity whose mission is to recognize excellence in the content and creation of Canadian magazines and Canadian digital publishing through two annual awards programs: the National Magazine Awards (NMAs) and the Digital Publishing Awards (DPAs).
Both events—The National Magazine Awards gala and the Digital Publishing Awards soirée—take place each June in Toronto. Each year the NMAF relies on over 100 volunteer judges to evaluate the entries and award gold and silver winners in the NMA written, visual, integrated and special categories and in the various DPA categories.
A 20-member board of directors mostly drawn from the Canadian media industry governs the NMAF. As of 2022, the president of the board of directors of the NMAF is Melony Ward, publisher of Canada’s History and Kayak.
History
In 1976 Andrew MacFarlane, Dean of Journalism at the University of Western Ontario (UWO), was trying to revive the university's recently defunct President's Medal for Canadian Magazine Journalism. His original idea was to create a new award divided into English and French counterparts. But MacFarlane eventually developed a proposal for a series of magazine awards, whose salient features were that the program would be bilingual – and therefore truly national – and would recognize individual excellence in the many aspects of the magazine industry – writers, illustrators, editors, photographers and art directors.
MacFarlane together with John S. Crosbie, president of the Magazine Association of Canada, secured the participation of the Canadian Periodical Publishers Association (CPPA), representing 193 Canadian magazines, and CPPA's former president Michael de Pencier. MacFarlane reached out to his counterpart at Université Laval, Roger de la Garde, Alan Edmunds, head of the Periodical Writers Association of Canada (PWAC), and veteran newsman Pierre Berton, among others. As the collective effort began to take shape across the country, by the spring of 1977 the National Magazine Awards had developed a clear mandate.
On 14 November 1977, National Magazine Awards Foundation received its charter of non-profit foundation status from the Government of Ontario.
In 2015, the NMAF established the Digital Publishing Awards, to promote and reward the achievements of those who create digital publishing content in Canada.
The National Magazine Awards celebrated 40 years of awarding Canadian creators in 2017. The 40th anniversary event was co-hosted by Kim Pittaway, Michael de Pencier, and D.B. Scott. Alicia Elliott delivered the keynote address.
AS of 2022, the National Media Awards have been given to journalists, illustrators and photographers for 45 years.
First awards
There were more than 1300 entries to the first National Magazine Awards for the year 1977. 62 judges evaluated the entries and awarded winners in 14 categories. The first National Magazine Awards gala was held on Thursday, 11 May 1978 at the Hotel Toronto.
Pierre Berton emceed the event, where the 660 guests dined and danced to Jack Collins and his five-piece band. Before presenting the awards, Berton proclaimed to the audience, "In a bold departure from tradition, there are to be no thank you speeches. We can do that because we are giving money, not some cheap statuette." If any winner started to talk on stage, Berton reportedly waved a large hook in the speaker's direction.
Awards were handed down in 14 categories (with separate French- and English-language winners for the President's Award for General Magazine Articles). 11 different magazines won awards. The NMAF also honoured outstanding achievement by a magazine: L'actualité (French) and Harrowsmith (English) took the awards.
Major winners of the National Magazine Awards
The now-defunct Saturday Night is the all-time leader in awards, with 129 gold awards. Toronto Life magazine leads all current publications with 108 gold awards. Writer Robert Fulford is the all-time individual leader with 14 gold awards.
The NMAF also maintains a searchable archive of all past winners and tallies of magazines and creators who have won the most National Magazine Awards.
Categories
The NMAF has a total of 29 awards categories, including 10 categories from the Magazine Grands Prix program. There are 4 types of awards categories:
Written Categories & Visual Awards: Long-Form Feature Writing, Feature Writing, Short Feature Writing, Columns, Essays, Investigative Reporting, Fiction, Personal Journalism, Poetry, Professional Article, Profiles, Service Journalism, Best New Magazine Writer, Illustration (incl. Spot & Photo Illustration), Portrait Photography, Lifestyle Photography, Photo Essay & Photojournalism, One of a Kind Storytelling.
Editorial Awards: Best Editorial Package, Art Direction Grand Prix, Editor Grand Prix, Cover Grand Prix.
Grand Prix: Best Magazine Awards: General Interest, Service, Lifestyle, Fashion & Beauty, Art & Literary, Special Interest.
Special Awards: Magazine Grand Prix, Foundation Award for Outstanding Achievement.
Magazine of the Year
Each year the National Magazine Awards concludes with the naming of Canada's Magazine of the Year. Previous winners are:
1982: Equinox
1983: Vancouver Magazine
1984: Saturday Night
1985: Toronto Life
1986: Quill & Quire
1987: Report on Business Magazine
1988: Applied Arts Quarterly
1989: Toronto Life
1990: West Magazine
1991: Idler
1992: Cottage Life
1993: Owl and Chickadee
1994: Canadian Art
1995: Canadian House & Home
1996: Canadian Living
1997: Vancouver Magazine
1998: Adbusters
1999: Chatelaine
2000: Azure
2001: Canadian Geographic
2002: Outpost Magazine
2003: Border Crossings
2004: Maisonneuve
2005: Maclean's
2006: The Walrus
2007: Toronto Life
2008: AlbertaViews
2009: Up Here
2010: MoneySense
2011: Maisonneuve
2012: Corporate Knights
2013: Cottage Life
2014: Nouveau Projet
2015:Maisonneuve
2016: Cottage Life
2017: The Kit Compact
2018: The Site Magazine
2019: Nouveau Projet
2020: L’actualité
2021: Toronto Life
2022: Inuit Art Quarterly
2023: Lez Spread the Word
Outstanding Achievement
Each year since 1990 the NMAF has awarded the Foundation Award for Outstanding Achievement, which recognizes an individual's innovation and creativity through contributions to the Canadian magazine industry. The winners since 1990 are:
1990 Prue Hemelrijk
1991 Michael de Pencier
1992 Lloyd Hodgkinson
1993 Barbara Moon
1994 Don Obe
1995 Jean Paré
1996 Catherine Keachie
1997 James Ireland
1998 Robert Fulford
1999 Lynn Cunningham
2000 Peter C. Newman
2001 Ken Rodmell
2002 Al Zikovitz
2003 Sally Armstrong
2003 Stephen Osborne
2004 Paul Jones
2005 John Macfarlane
2006 Neville Gilfoy
2007 Charles Oberdorf
2008 Cynthia Brouse
2009 Terry Sellwood
2010 D.B. Scott
2011 Heather Robertson
2012 Stephen Trumper
2013 Kim Jernigan
2014 Michael Fox
2015 Kim Pittaway
2016 Penny Caldwell
2017 Joyce Byrne
2018 Linda Spalding
2020 Don Gillmor
2023 Jennifer Varkonyi & Jean-Paul Gagné
Other information
The submissions process for the National Magazine Awards is generally open from December until the second week of January. Nominations are announced in the spring, and the awards gala is held in June in Toronto.
References
^ a b "Brett Popplewell nominated for three National Magazine Awards". School of Journalism and Communication. 5 May 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
^ "Board of Directors". National Media Awards Foundation. 1 November 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
^ "History of the Awards". National Magazine Awards. 20 June 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
^ "Alicia Elliott's speech at the 40th anniversary National Magazine Awards". Magazine Awards. 30 May 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
^ "History". Archived from the original on 2 March 2009. Retrieved 12 February 2009.
External links
Official website
Authority control databases
VIAF
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As of 2022, the president of the board of directors of the NMAF is Melony Ward, publisher of Canada’s History and Kayak.[2]","title":"National Media Awards Foundation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrew MacFarlane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_MacFarlane"},{"link_name":"University of Western Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"art directors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_directors"},{"link_name":"John S. Crosbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_S._Crosbie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Magazine Association of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magazine_Association_of_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Canadian Periodical Publishers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Periodical_Publishers_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michael de Pencier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_de_Pencier"},{"link_name":"Université Laval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval"},{"link_name":"Roger de la Garde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_de_la_Garde&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alan Edmunds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Edmunds"},{"link_name":"PWAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PWAC"},{"link_name":"Pierre Berton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Berton"},{"link_name":"Government of Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Digital Publishing Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_Publishing_Awards&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kim Pittaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Pittaway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michael de Pencier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_de_Pencier"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"In 1976 Andrew MacFarlane, Dean of Journalism at the University of Western Ontario (UWO), was trying to revive the university's recently defunct President's Medal for Canadian Magazine Journalism.[3] His original idea was to create a new award divided into English and French counterparts. But MacFarlane eventually developed a proposal for a series of magazine awards, whose salient features were that the program would be bilingual – and therefore truly national – and would recognize individual excellence in the many aspects of the magazine industry – writers, illustrators, editors, photographers and art directors.MacFarlane together with John S. Crosbie, president of the Magazine Association of Canada, secured the participation of the Canadian Periodical Publishers Association (CPPA), representing 193 Canadian magazines, and CPPA's former president Michael de Pencier. MacFarlane reached out to his counterpart at Université Laval, Roger de la Garde, Alan Edmunds, head of the Periodical Writers Association of Canada (PWAC), and veteran newsman Pierre Berton, among others. As the collective effort began to take shape across the country, by the spring of 1977 the National Magazine Awards had developed a clear mandate.On 14 November 1977, National Magazine Awards Foundation received its charter of non-profit foundation status from the Government of Ontario.In 2015, the NMAF established the Digital Publishing Awards, to promote and reward the achievements of those who create digital publishing content in Canada.The National Magazine Awards celebrated 40 years of awarding Canadian creators in 2017. The 40th anniversary event was co-hosted by Kim Pittaway, Michael de Pencier, and D.B. Scott. Alicia Elliott delivered the keynote address.[4]AS of 2022, the National Media Awards have been given to journalists, illustrators and photographers for 45 years.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hotel Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hotel_Toronto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"L'actualité","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27actualit%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Harrowsmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrowsmith"}],"text":"There were more than 1300 entries to the first National Magazine Awards for the year 1977. 62 judges evaluated the entries and awarded winners in 14 categories. The first National Magazine Awards gala was held on Thursday, 11 May 1978 at the Hotel Toronto.Pierre Berton emceed the event, where the 660 guests dined and danced to Jack Collins and his five-piece band. Before presenting the awards, Berton proclaimed to the audience, \"In a bold departure from tradition, there are to be no thank you speeches. We can do that because we are giving money, not some cheap statuette.\"[5] If any winner started to talk on stage, Berton reportedly waved a large hook in the speaker's direction.Awards were handed down in 14 categories (with separate French- and English-language winners for the President's Award for General Magazine Articles). 11 different magazines won awards. The NMAF also honoured outstanding achievement by a magazine: L'actualité (French) and Harrowsmith (English) took the awards.","title":"First awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saturday Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Toronto Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Life"},{"link_name":"Robert Fulford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fulford_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"searchable archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.magazine-awards.com/index.php?ci_id=1793&la_id=1"},{"link_name":"tallies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.magazine-awards.com/index.php?ci_id=1793&la_id=1&mode_type=who_won_most&token=b3c7cf935f77bc78f12ffe690dee4da9"}],"text":"The now-defunct Saturday Night is the all-time leader in awards, with 129 gold awards. Toronto Life magazine leads all current publications with 108 gold awards. Writer Robert Fulford is the all-time individual leader with 14 gold awards.The NMAF also maintains a searchable archive of all past winners and tallies of magazines and creators who have won the most National Magazine Awards.","title":"Major winners of the National Magazine Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The NMAF has a total of 29 awards categories, including 10 categories from the Magazine Grands Prix program. There are 4 types of awards categories:Written Categories & Visual Awards: Long-Form Feature Writing, Feature Writing, Short Feature Writing, Columns, Essays, Investigative Reporting, Fiction, Personal Journalism, Poetry, Professional Article, Profiles, Service Journalism, Best New Magazine Writer, Illustration (incl. Spot & Photo Illustration), Portrait Photography, Lifestyle Photography, Photo Essay & Photojournalism, One of a Kind Storytelling.Editorial Awards: Best Editorial Package, Art Direction Grand Prix, Editor Grand Prix, Cover Grand Prix.Grand Prix: Best Magazine Awards: General Interest, Service, Lifestyle, Fashion & Beauty, Art & Literary, Special Interest.Special Awards: Magazine Grand Prix, Foundation Award for Outstanding Achievement.","title":"Categories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Equinox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equinox_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Toronto Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Life"},{"link_name":"Quill & Quire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quill_%26_Quire"},{"link_name":"Report on Business Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Report_on_Business"},{"link_name":"Applied Arts Quarterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Applied_Arts_Quarterly&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Toronto Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Life"},{"link_name":"West Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Magazine_(Canada)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Idler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Idler_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cottage Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottage_Life"},{"link_name":"Owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Chickadee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickadee_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Canadian Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Art"},{"link_name":"Canadian House & Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian_House_%26_Home&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Canadian Living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Living"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Adbusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adbusters"},{"link_name":"Chatelaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatelaine_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Azure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azure_(architecture_magazine)"},{"link_name":"Canadian Geographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Geographic"},{"link_name":"Outpost Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outpost_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Border Crossings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Crossings_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Maisonneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maisonneuve_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Maclean's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maclean%27s"},{"link_name":"The Walrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walrus"},{"link_name":"Toronto Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Life"},{"link_name":"AlbertaViews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlbertaViews"},{"link_name":"Up Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_Here_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"MoneySense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MoneySense"},{"link_name":"Maisonneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maisonneuve_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Corporate Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Knights"},{"link_name":"Cottage Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottage_Life"},{"link_name":"Nouveau Projet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouveau_Projet"},{"link_name":"Maisonneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maisonneuve_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Cottage Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottage_Life"},{"link_name":"The Kit Compact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Kit_Compact&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Site Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Site_Magazine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nouveau Projet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouveau_Projet"},{"link_name":"L’actualité","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E2%80%99actualit%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Toronto Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Life"},{"link_name":"Inuit Art Quarterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inuit_Art_Quarterly&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lez Spread the Word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lez_Spread_the_Word"}],"text":"Each year the National Magazine Awards concludes with the naming of Canada's Magazine of the Year. Previous winners are:1982: Equinox\n1983: Vancouver Magazine\n1984: Saturday Night\n1985: Toronto Life\n1986: Quill & Quire\n1987: Report on Business Magazine\n1988: Applied Arts Quarterly\n1989: Toronto Life\n1990: West Magazine\n1991: Idler\n1992: Cottage Life\n1993: Owl and Chickadee\n1994: Canadian Art\n1995: Canadian House & Home\n1996: Canadian Living\n1997: Vancouver Magazine\n1998: Adbusters\n1999: Chatelaine\n2000: Azure\n2001: Canadian Geographic\n2002: Outpost Magazine\n2003: Border Crossings\n2004: Maisonneuve\n2005: Maclean's\n2006: The Walrus\n2007: Toronto Life\n2008: AlbertaViews\n2009: Up Here\n2010: MoneySense\n2011: Maisonneuve\n2012: Corporate Knights\n2013: Cottage Life\n2014: Nouveau Projet\n2015:Maisonneuve\n2016: Cottage Life\n2017: The Kit Compact\n2018: The Site Magazine\n2019: Nouveau Projet\n2020: L’actualité\n2021: Toronto Life\n2022: Inuit Art Quarterly\n2023: Lez Spread the Word","title":"Magazine of the Year"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prue Hemelrijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prue_Hemelrijk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michael de Pencier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_de_Pencier"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Hodgkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lloyd_Hodgkinson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barbara Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Moon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Don Obe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don_Obe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jean Paré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Par%C3%A9_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Catherine Keachie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catherine_Keachie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"James Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Robert Fulford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fulford_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Lynn Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lynn_Cunningham&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peter C. Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_C._Newman"},{"link_name":"Ken Rodmell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ken_Rodmell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Al Zikovitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al_Zikovitz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sally Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Armstrong_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Osborne_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Paul Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Jones_(publisher)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Macfarlane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Edward_Macfarlane"},{"link_name":"Neville Gilfoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neville_Gilfoy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charles Oberdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Oberdorf&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cynthia Brouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cynthia_Brouse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Terry Sellwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terry_Sellwood&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D.B. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D.B._Scott&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Heather Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Robertson"},{"link_name":"Stephen Trumper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Trumper&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kim Jernigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jernigan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michael Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Fox_(Canadian_publisher)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kim Pittaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Pittaway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Penny Caldwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penny_Caldwell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joyce Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joyce_Byrne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linda Spalding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Spalding"},{"link_name":"Don Gillmor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Gillmor"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Varkonyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_Varkonyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jean-Paul Gagné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Gagn%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Each year since 1990 the NMAF has awarded the Foundation Award for Outstanding Achievement, which recognizes an individual's innovation and creativity through contributions to the Canadian magazine industry. The winners since 1990 are:1990 Prue Hemelrijk\n1991 Michael de Pencier\n1992 Lloyd Hodgkinson\n1993 Barbara Moon\n1994 Don Obe\n1995 Jean Paré\n1996 Catherine Keachie\n1997 James Ireland\n1998 Robert Fulford\n1999 Lynn Cunningham\n2000 Peter C. Newman\n2001 Ken Rodmell\n2002 Al Zikovitz\n2003 Sally Armstrong\n2003 Stephen Osborne\n2004 Paul Jones\n2005 John Macfarlane\n2006 Neville Gilfoy\n2007 Charles Oberdorf\n2008 Cynthia Brouse\n2009 Terry Sellwood\n2010 D.B. Scott\n2011 Heather Robertson\n2012 Stephen Trumper\n2013 Kim Jernigan\n2014 Michael Fox\n2015 Kim Pittaway\n2016 Penny Caldwell\n2017 Joyce Byrne\n2018 Linda Spalding\n2020 Don Gillmor\n2023 Jennifer Varkonyi & Jean-Paul Gagné","title":"Outstanding Achievement"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The submissions process for the National Magazine Awards is generally open from December until the second week of January. Nominations are announced in the spring, and the awards gala is held in June in Toronto.","title":"Other information"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Brett Popplewell nominated for three National Magazine Awards\". School of Journalism and Communication. 5 May 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://carleton.ca/sjc/2022/brett-popplewell-nominated-for-three-national-magazine-awards/","url_text":"\"Brett Popplewell nominated for three National Magazine Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Board of Directors\". National Media Awards Foundation. 1 November 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://mediafoundation.ca/board-of-directors/","url_text":"\"Board of Directors\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of the Awards\". National Magazine Awards. 20 June 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://magazine-awards.com/en/about/about-the-foundation/","url_text":"\"History of the Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alicia Elliott's speech at the 40th anniversary National Magazine Awards\". Magazine Awards. 30 May 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.magazine-awards.com/2017/05/30/alicia-elliotts-speech-at-the-40th-anniversary-national-magazine-awards/","url_text":"\"Alicia Elliott's speech at the 40th anniversary National Magazine Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Archived from the original on 2 March 2009. Retrieved 12 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090302190822/http://www.magazine-awards.com/index.cfm/ci_id/1291/la_id/1","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"http://www.magazine-awards.com/index.cfm/ci_id/1291/la_id/1","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_you_see_what_I_see%3F
|
Do You See What I See?
|
["1 Track listing","2 Awards","3 Production","4 Musicians","5 References","6 External links"]
|
2006 studio album by Todd Agnew and FriendsDo You See What I See?Studio album by Todd Agnew and FriendsReleasedOctober 3, 2006GenreChristian rockLabelArdent/INOProducerTodd AgnewTodd Agnew and Friends chronology
Reflection of Something(2005)
Do You See What I See?(2006)
Better Questions(2007)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusicJesus Freak Hideout
Do You See What I See? is Todd Agnew's third label release, which tells the story of the birth of Jesus from the perspective of characters involved in the Christmas story. Todd enlisted the help of fellow Christian artists to sing for characters on the album.
Track listing
"Prelude: Do You Hear What I Hear?" Performed by Todd Agnew (Gloria Shayne, Noel Regney) – 4:54
"No Room (Innkeeper's Song)" Performed by Joy Whitlock and Todd Agnew (Todd Agnew, Lewis Redner) – 4:59
"This Is All I Have to Give (Joseph's Song)" Performed by Vince Lichlyter of Jonah33 (Agnew) – 4:48
"Magnificat (Mary's Song)" - Performed by Christy Nockels of Watermark (Agnew) – 5:00
"Did You Know? (Song To Infant Christ)" Performed by Todd Agnew (Agnew) – 4:33
"Sleep Well (Elizabeth To John The Baptist)" Performed by Shelley Jennings (Agnew) – 4:35
"He Is Called Jesus (Simeon's Song)" Performed by Mike Weaver of Big Daddy Weave (Agnew, Michael Card) – 4:41
"God With Us (Wise Men Song)" Performed by Todd Agnew (Agnew) – 5:16
"Glory To God (Angels' Song)" Performed by Anthony Evans (Agnew, John Francis Wade) – 4:57
"Bethlehem Dawn (Shepherd's Song)" Performed by Michael O'Brien (Agnew, Franz Xaver Gruber) – 4:41
"Postlude: In The First Light" Performed by Todd Agnew, Shelley Jennings, Christy Nockels, Michael O'Brien and Mike Weaver (Shayne, Regney) – 4:51
Awards
In 2007, the album was nominated for a Dove Award for Christmas Album of the Year at the 38th GMA Dove Awards.
Production
Todd Agnew – producer
Don Marsh – orchestra and chorus producer
Curry Weber – engineer, mix assistant, lead vocal engineer (2)
Pete Matthews – lead vocal engineer (3)
Nathan Nockels – lead vocal engineer (4)
Brent Milligan – lead vocal engineer (6), vocal engineer (7)
Jeff Cain – lead vocal engineer (9)
Nathan Zwald – lead vocal engineer (10)
Steve Dady – orchestra and chorus engineer
Jason Gillespie – additional engineering
Adam Hill – additional engineering
John Hampton – mixing
Kevin Nix – mastering
Disciple Design – design, layout
Ben Pearson – Todd Agnew photography
Gary Walpole – nativity photos
VanLiere-Wilcox – management
Recorded and Mixed at Ardent Studios (Memphis, TN)
Orchestra and Chorus recorded at Sunset Blvd. Studios (Brentwood, TN).
Guest vocals recorded at Sunset Blvd. Studios (Brentwood, TN); Platinum Studios and Soundwerks (Nashville, TN); First Avenue Sound (Franklin, TN); Berwick Lane (Atlanta, GA).
Mastered at L. Nix & Co., Inc. (Memphis, TN).
Musicians
Jeff Roach – pianos
Rick Steff – Hammond B3 organ (2, 3)
Tim Mason – Hammond B3 organ (9)
Todd Agnew – acoustic guitar
Paul Moak – electric guitar (1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11)
Steve Selvidge – electric guitar (2, 3, 7)
Ted Partin – bass (1-4, 6-11)
Gabe Ruschival – bass (5)
Kim Trammell – drums (1-4, 6-11)
Jeremy Lutito – drums (5)
John Hampton – percussion (1, 2, 5-10)
Brian Wilson – percussion (3, 4, 11)
Elizabeth Montgomery – percussion (11)
Jim Spake – clarinet solo (2)
Jonathan Chu – violin solo (4)
Don Marsh – orchestra and chorus arrangements
Carl Gorodetzky – orchestra contractor
The Nashville String Machine – orchestra
Lisa Cochran, Rod Fletcher, Stephanie Hall, Marabeth Jordan, Shane McConnell and Terry White – chorus
Darrel Petties and Strength In Praise - gospel choir (9)
References
^ Allmusic review
^ Jesus Freak Hideout review
^ 38th Annual GMA Awards Archived 2009-04-26 at the Wayback Machine on About.com
External links
Listen to full length songs, Do You Hear and Magnificat
Press Release (Microsoft Word document)
Review at The Trades
Review at Christian Music Central
Review at Buddy Hollywood
vteTodd Agnew
Discography
Studio albums
Grace Like Rain
Reflection of Something
Better Questions
Need
How to Be Loved
Live albums
Breath of God
Holiday albums
Do You See What I See?
Singles
"Grace Like Rain"
This Christian music album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Todd Agnew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Agnew"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"Christmas story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus"}],"text":"Do You See What I See? is Todd Agnew's third label release, which tells the story of the birth of Jesus from the perspective of characters involved in the Christmas story. Todd enlisted the help of fellow Christian artists to sing for characters on the album.","title":"Do You See What I See?"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Do You Hear What I Hear?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_You_Hear_What_I_Hear%3F"},{"link_name":"Todd Agnew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Agnew"},{"link_name":"Gloria Shayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Shayne"},{"link_name":"Noel Regney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Regney"},{"link_name":"Joy Whitlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Whitlock"},{"link_name":"Lewis Redner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Redner"},{"link_name":"Jonah33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonah33"},{"link_name":"Christy Nockels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christy_Nockels"},{"link_name":"Watermark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermark_(band)"},{"link_name":"Shelley Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shelley_Jennings&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Big Daddy Weave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Daddy_Weave"},{"link_name":"Michael Card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Card"},{"link_name":"Anthony Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Evans_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Francis Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Francis_Wade"},{"link_name":"Michael O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_O%27Brien_(singer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Franz Xaver Gruber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Gruber"}],"text":"\"Prelude: Do You Hear What I Hear?\" Performed by Todd Agnew (Gloria Shayne, Noel Regney) – 4:54\n\"No Room (Innkeeper's Song)\" Performed by Joy Whitlock and Todd Agnew (Todd Agnew, Lewis Redner) – 4:59\n\"This Is All I Have to Give (Joseph's Song)\" Performed by Vince Lichlyter of Jonah33 (Agnew) – 4:48\n\"Magnificat (Mary's Song)\" - Performed by Christy Nockels of Watermark (Agnew) – 5:00\n\"Did You Know? (Song To Infant Christ)\" Performed by Todd Agnew (Agnew) – 4:33\n\"Sleep Well (Elizabeth To John The Baptist)\" Performed by Shelley Jennings (Agnew) – 4:35\n\"He Is Called Jesus (Simeon's Song)\" Performed by Mike Weaver of Big Daddy Weave (Agnew, Michael Card) – 4:41\n\"God With Us (Wise Men Song)\" Performed by Todd Agnew (Agnew) – 5:16\n\"Glory To God (Angels' Song)\" Performed by Anthony Evans (Agnew, John Francis Wade) – 4:57\n\"Bethlehem Dawn (Shepherd's Song)\" Performed by Michael O'Brien (Agnew, Franz Xaver Gruber) – 4:41\n\"Postlude: In The First Light\" Performed by Todd Agnew, Shelley Jennings, Christy Nockels, Michael O'Brien and Mike Weaver (Shayne, Regney) – 4:51","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dove Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dove_Award"},{"link_name":"38th GMA Dove Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38th_GMA_Dove_Awards"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In 2007, the album was nominated for a Dove Award for Christmas Album of the Year at the 38th GMA Dove Awards.[3]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nathan Nockels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Nockels"},{"link_name":"Brent Milligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Milligan"},{"link_name":"Ardent Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardent_Studios"}],"text":"Todd Agnew – producer\nDon Marsh – orchestra and chorus producer\nCurry Weber – engineer, mix assistant, lead vocal engineer (2)\nPete Matthews – lead vocal engineer (3)\nNathan Nockels – lead vocal engineer (4)\nBrent Milligan – lead vocal engineer (6), vocal engineer (7)\nJeff Cain – lead vocal engineer (9)\nNathan Zwald – lead vocal engineer (10)\nSteve Dady – orchestra and chorus engineer\nJason Gillespie – additional engineering\nAdam Hill – additional engineering\nJohn Hampton – mixing\nKevin Nix – mastering\nDisciple Design – design, layout\nBen Pearson – Todd Agnew photography\nGary Walpole – nativity photos\nVanLiere-Wilcox – management\nRecorded and Mixed at Ardent Studios (Memphis, TN)\nOrchestra and Chorus recorded at Sunset Blvd. Studios (Brentwood, TN).\nGuest vocals recorded at Sunset Blvd. Studios (Brentwood, TN); Platinum Studios and Soundwerks (Nashville, TN); First Avenue Sound (Franklin, TN); Berwick Lane (Atlanta, GA).\nMastered at L. Nix & Co., Inc. (Memphis, TN).","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hammond B3 organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond_B3_organ"},{"link_name":"Paul Moak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Moak"},{"link_name":"John Hampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hampton_(music_producer)"},{"link_name":"clarinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Chu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skillet_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Nashville String Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nashville_String_Machine"},{"link_name":"Marabeth Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Call"}],"text":"Jeff Roach – pianos\nRick Steff – Hammond B3 organ (2, 3)\nTim Mason – Hammond B3 organ (9)\nTodd Agnew – acoustic guitar\nPaul Moak – electric guitar (1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11)\nSteve Selvidge – electric guitar (2, 3, 7)\nTed Partin – bass (1-4, 6-11)\nGabe Ruschival – bass (5)\nKim Trammell – drums (1-4, 6-11)\nJeremy Lutito – drums (5)\nJohn Hampton – percussion (1, 2, 5-10)\nBrian Wilson – percussion (3, 4, 11)\nElizabeth Montgomery – percussion (11)\nJim Spake – clarinet solo (2)\nJonathan Chu – violin solo (4)\nDon Marsh – orchestra and chorus arrangements\nCarl Gorodetzky – orchestra contractor\nThe Nashville String Machine – orchestra\nLisa Cochran, Rod Fletcher, Stephanie Hall, Marabeth Jordan, Shane McConnell and Terry White – chorus\nDarrel Petties and Strength In Praise - gospel choir (9)","title":"Musicians"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahaan_Chaar_Yaar
|
Jahaan Chaar Yaar
|
["1 Cast","2 Production","3 Soundtrack","4 References","5 External links"]
|
2022 Indian film by Kamal Pandey
This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (October 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Jahaan Chaar YaarDirected byKamal PandeyWritten byKamal PandeyProduced byVinod BachchanStarring
Swara Bhaskar
Meher Vij
Pooja Chopra
Shikha Talsania
CinematographySethu SriramEdited byBallu SalujaMusic byAnand Raj AnandRashid KhanProductioncompanySoundrya ProductionsDistributed byPen MarudharRelease date
16 September 2022 (2022-09-16)
CountryIndiaLanguageHindi
Jahaan Chaar Yaar is a 2022 Indian Hindi-language female buddy comedy-drama film written and directed by Kamal Pandey and produced by Vinod Bachchan. The film stars Swara Bhaskar, Meher Vij, Shikha Talsania and Pooja Chopra. The film received negative reviews from critics and viewers and became a box-office failure.
Cast
Swara Bhaskar as Shivangi
Meher Vij as Mansi
Pooja Chopra as Sakina
Shikha Talsania as Neha
Girish Kulkarni as Madhukar Rane
Nirbhay Wadhwa
Vibha Chibber as Shivangi's Mother-in-law
Manish Chaudhari DCP Mohit
Production
The film was officially announced by Swara Bhaskar in 2021 and started shooting in Lucknow. Filming started in Goa for second schedule and halted for COVID-19 infection.
Filming finished on 20 September 2021.
Soundtrack
Jahan Chaar YaarSoundtrack album by Anand Raj Anand, Sanjeev Chaturvedi and Rashid KhanRecorded2021–2022GenreFeature film soundtrackLanguageHindiLabelTimes Music
The music of the film is composed by Anand Raj Anand, Sanjeev Chaturvedi and Rashid Khan . The first song "What The Luck" Featuring Mika Singh was released on 29 August 2022.
No.TitleLyricsMusicSinger(s)Length1."What The Luck"Sanjeev ChaturvediSanjeev ChaturvediMika Singh Total length:3:13
References
^ "Kamal Pandey: I always wanted to become a director". Hindustan Times. 17 May 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
^ "Swara Bhaskar shares first look of Shikha Talsania, Meher Vij and Pooja Chopra starrer Jahan Chaar Yaar". Bollywood Hungama. 4 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
^ "Jahaan Chaar Yaar Movie Review: A weak drama that fails to deliver the message", The Times of India, retrieved 2 October 2022
^ "Jahaan Chaar Yaar movie review: A one-line premise becomes quite a lark". The Indian Express. 16 September 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
^ Kumar, Anuj (16 September 2022). "'Jahaan Chaar Yaar' movie review: Why should men have all the fun? -IN". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
^ "Jahaan Chaar Yaar movie review: Four women in search of freedom, four fine women actors in search of a good script". Firstpost. 16 September 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
^ "First glimpse of 'Jahaan Chaar Yaar' out, film to release on September 16". The Print. 4 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
^ "Swara Bhasker-starrer Jahaan Chaar Yaar to hit screens in September". The Indian Express. 4 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
^ "Swara Bhasker-starrer 'Jahaan Chaar Yaar' to hit screens in September". The Hindu. 4 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
^ "Swara Bhasker, Shikha Talsania topline 'Jahaan Chaar Yaar' cast". India TV. 1 March 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
^ "Jahaan Chaar Yaar: Swara Bhasker, Shikha Talsania, Meher Vij and Pooja Chopra's first look unveiled". News9 Live. 4 August 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
^ "Swara Bhasker Reunites With The Makers Of Tanu Weds Manu For Jahaan Chaar Yaar". NDTV. 6 March 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
^ "Swara Bhasker's Jahaan Chaar Yaar shoot in Goa halted after Meher Vij tests positive for Covid-19". 16 April 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
^ "Actor Swara Bhasker wraps up shooting of 'Jahaan Chaar Yaar'". The New Indian Express. 20 September 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
^ "Jahaan Chaar Yaar फिल्म से मीका सिंह का What The Luck Song रिलीज, यहां देखें नया पार्टी एंथम". Navbharat Times. 29 August 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
^ "जहां चार यार सिनेमातलं मीका सिंहचं नवीन पार्टी गाणं रिलीज, गाणं ऐकून तुम्ही देखील थिरकाल!". Maharashtra Times. 30 August 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
^ "रिलीज हुआ फिल्म जहां चार यार से मीका सिंह का रॉकिंग डांस नंबर व्हाट द लक". Janta Se Rishta. 30 August 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
External links
Jahaan Chaar Yaar at IMDb
This article about a Hindi film of the 2020s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a 2020s comedy-drama film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Kamal Pandey: I always wanted to become a director\". Hindustan Times. 17 May 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kamal-pandey-i-always-wanted-to-become-a-director-101621275971378","url_text":"\"Kamal Pandey: I always wanted to become a director\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Times","url_text":"Hindustan Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Swara Bhaskar shares first look of Shikha Talsania, Meher Vij and Pooja Chopra starrer Jahan Chaar Yaar\". Bollywood Hungama. 4 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/swara-bhaskar-shares-first-look-shikha-talsania-meher-vij-pooja-chopra-starrer-jahan-chaar-yaar/","url_text":"\"Swara Bhaskar shares first look of Shikha Talsania, Meher Vij and Pooja Chopra starrer Jahan Chaar Yaar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama","url_text":"Bollywood Hungama"}]},{"reference":"\"Jahaan Chaar Yaar Movie Review: A weak drama that fails to deliver the message\", The Times of India, retrieved 2 October 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/jahaan-chaar-yaar/movie-review/94234773.cms","url_text":"\"Jahaan Chaar Yaar Movie Review: A weak drama that fails to deliver the message\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jahaan Chaar Yaar movie review: A one-line premise becomes quite a lark\". The Indian Express. 16 September 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/jahaan-chaar-yaar-movie-review-swara-bhaskar-shikha-talsania-meher-vij-8155165/","url_text":"\"Jahaan Chaar Yaar movie review: A one-line premise becomes quite a lark\""}]},{"reference":"Kumar, Anuj (16 September 2022). \"'Jahaan Chaar Yaar' movie review: Why should men have all the fun? -IN\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jahaan-chaar-yaar-movie-review-why-should-men-have-all-the-fun/article65900946.ece","url_text":"\"'Jahaan Chaar Yaar' movie review: Why should men have all the fun? -IN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"\"Jahaan Chaar Yaar movie review: Four women in search of freedom, four fine women actors in search of a good script\". Firstpost. 16 September 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jahaan-chaar-yaar-movie-review-four-women-in-search-of-freedom-four-fine-women-actors-in-search-of-a-good-script-11268451.html","url_text":"\"Jahaan Chaar Yaar movie review: Four women in search of freedom, four fine women actors in search of a good script\""}]},{"reference":"\"First glimpse of 'Jahaan Chaar Yaar' out, film to release on September 16\". The Print. 4 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://theprint.in/features/first-glimpse-of-jahaan-chaar-yaar-out-film-to-release-on-september-16/1068800","url_text":"\"First glimpse of 'Jahaan Chaar Yaar' out, film to release on September 16\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Print","url_text":"The Print"}]},{"reference":"\"Swara Bhasker-starrer Jahaan Chaar Yaar to hit screens in September\". The Indian Express. 4 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/swara-bhasker-starrer-jahaan-chaar-yaar-to-hit-screens-in-september-8070137","url_text":"\"Swara Bhasker-starrer Jahaan Chaar Yaar to hit screens in September\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express","url_text":"The Indian Express"}]},{"reference":"\"Swara Bhasker-starrer 'Jahaan Chaar Yaar' to hit screens in September\". The Hindu. 4 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/swara-bhasker-starrer-jahaan-chaar-yaar-to-hit-screens-in-september/article65725730","url_text":"\"Swara Bhasker-starrer 'Jahaan Chaar Yaar' to hit screens in September\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"}]},{"reference":"\"Swara Bhasker, Shikha Talsania topline 'Jahaan Chaar Yaar' cast\". India TV. 1 March 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/swara-bhasker-shikha-talsania-topline-jahaan-chaar-yaar-cast-688087","url_text":"\"Swara Bhasker, Shikha Talsania topline 'Jahaan Chaar Yaar' cast\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_TV","url_text":"India TV"}]},{"reference":"\"Jahaan Chaar Yaar: Swara Bhasker, Shikha Talsania, Meher Vij and Pooja Chopra's first look unveiled\". News9 Live. 4 August 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/bollywood/jahaan-chaar-yaar-swara-bhasker-shikha-talsania-meher-vij-and-pooja-chopra-first-look-unveiled-187222","url_text":"\"Jahaan Chaar Yaar: Swara Bhasker, Shikha Talsania, Meher Vij and Pooja Chopra's first look unveiled\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swara Bhasker Reunites With The Makers Of Tanu Weds Manu For Jahaan Chaar Yaar\". NDTV. 6 March 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/swara-bhasker-reunites-with-the-makers-of-tanu-weds-manu-for-jahaan-chaar-yaar-2384840","url_text":"\"Swara Bhasker Reunites With The Makers Of Tanu Weds Manu For Jahaan Chaar Yaar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDTV","url_text":"NDTV"}]},{"reference":"\"Swara Bhasker's Jahaan Chaar Yaar shoot in Goa halted after Meher Vij tests positive for Covid-19\". 16 April 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/swara-bhaskers-jahaan-chaay-yaar-shoot-in-goa-halted-after-meher-vij-tests-positive-for-covid-19-7276153","url_text":"\"Swara Bhasker's Jahaan Chaar Yaar shoot in Goa halted after Meher Vij tests positive for Covid-19\""}]},{"reference":"\"Actor Swara Bhasker wraps up shooting of 'Jahaan Chaar Yaar'\". The New Indian Express. 20 September 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/sep/20/actorswara-bhaskerwraps-up-shooting-ofjahaan-chaar-yaar-2361314","url_text":"\"Actor Swara Bhasker wraps up shooting of 'Jahaan Chaar Yaar'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express","url_text":"The New Indian Express"}]},{"reference":"\"Jahaan Chaar Yaar फिल्म से मीका सिंह का What The Luck Song रिलीज, यहां देखें नया पार्टी एंथम\". Navbharat Times. 29 August 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/bollywood/video/mika-singh-dance-number-what-the-luck-from-movie-jahaan-chaar-yaar-on-times-music/436749","url_text":"\"Jahaan Chaar Yaar फिल्म से मीका सिंह का What The Luck Song रिलीज, यहां देखें नया पार्टी एंथम\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navbharat_Times","url_text":"Navbharat Times"}]},{"reference":"\"जहां चार यार सिनेमातलं मीका सिंहचं नवीन पार्टी गाणं रिलीज, गाणं ऐकून तुम्ही देखील थिरकाल!\". Maharashtra Times. 30 August 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/mika-singh-dance-number-what-the-luck-from-movie-jahaan-chaar-yaar-on-times-music/articleshow/93884365.","url_text":"\"जहां चार यार सिनेमातलं मीका सिंहचं नवीन पार्टी गाणं रिलीज, गाणं ऐकून तुम्ही देखील थिरकाल!\""}]},{"reference":"\"रिलीज हुआ फिल्म जहां चार यार से मीका सिंह का रॉकिंग डांस नंबर व्हाट द लक\". Janta Se Rishta. 30 August 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://jantaserishta.com/entertainment/mika-singhs-rocking-dance-number-what-the-luck-from-the-movie-jahan-chaar-yaar-released-1523309","url_text":"\"रिलीज हुआ फिल्म जहां चार यार से मीका सिंह का रॉकिंग डांस नंबर व्हाट द लक\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jahaan_Chaar_Yaar&action=edit","external_links_name":"add one"},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kamal-pandey-i-always-wanted-to-become-a-director-101621275971378","external_links_name":"\"Kamal Pandey: I always wanted to become a director\""},{"Link":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/swara-bhaskar-shares-first-look-shikha-talsania-meher-vij-pooja-chopra-starrer-jahan-chaar-yaar/","external_links_name":"\"Swara Bhaskar shares first look of Shikha Talsania, Meher Vij and Pooja Chopra starrer Jahan Chaar Yaar\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/jahaan-chaar-yaar/movie-review/94234773.cms","external_links_name":"\"Jahaan Chaar Yaar Movie Review: A weak drama that fails to deliver the message\""},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/jahaan-chaar-yaar-movie-review-swara-bhaskar-shikha-talsania-meher-vij-8155165/","external_links_name":"\"Jahaan Chaar Yaar movie review: A one-line premise becomes quite a lark\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jahaan-chaar-yaar-movie-review-why-should-men-have-all-the-fun/article65900946.ece","external_links_name":"\"'Jahaan Chaar Yaar' movie review: Why should men have all the fun? -IN\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","external_links_name":"0971-751X"},{"Link":"https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jahaan-chaar-yaar-movie-review-four-women-in-search-of-freedom-four-fine-women-actors-in-search-of-a-good-script-11268451.html","external_links_name":"\"Jahaan Chaar Yaar movie review: Four women in search of freedom, four fine women actors in search of a good script\""},{"Link":"https://theprint.in/features/first-glimpse-of-jahaan-chaar-yaar-out-film-to-release-on-september-16/1068800","external_links_name":"\"First glimpse of 'Jahaan Chaar Yaar' out, film to release on September 16\""},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/swara-bhasker-starrer-jahaan-chaar-yaar-to-hit-screens-in-september-8070137","external_links_name":"\"Swara Bhasker-starrer Jahaan Chaar Yaar to hit screens in September\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/swara-bhasker-starrer-jahaan-chaar-yaar-to-hit-screens-in-september/article65725730","external_links_name":"\"Swara Bhasker-starrer 'Jahaan Chaar Yaar' to hit screens in September\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/swara-bhasker-shikha-talsania-topline-jahaan-chaar-yaar-cast-688087","external_links_name":"\"Swara Bhasker, Shikha Talsania topline 'Jahaan Chaar Yaar' cast\""},{"Link":"https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/bollywood/jahaan-chaar-yaar-swara-bhasker-shikha-talsania-meher-vij-and-pooja-chopra-first-look-unveiled-187222","external_links_name":"\"Jahaan Chaar Yaar: Swara Bhasker, Shikha Talsania, Meher Vij and Pooja Chopra's first look unveiled\""},{"Link":"https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/swara-bhasker-reunites-with-the-makers-of-tanu-weds-manu-for-jahaan-chaar-yaar-2384840","external_links_name":"\"Swara Bhasker Reunites With The Makers Of Tanu Weds Manu For Jahaan Chaar Yaar\""},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/swara-bhaskers-jahaan-chaay-yaar-shoot-in-goa-halted-after-meher-vij-tests-positive-for-covid-19-7276153","external_links_name":"\"Swara Bhasker's Jahaan Chaar Yaar shoot in Goa halted after Meher Vij tests positive for Covid-19\""},{"Link":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/sep/20/actorswara-bhaskerwraps-up-shooting-ofjahaan-chaar-yaar-2361314","external_links_name":"\"Actor Swara Bhasker wraps up shooting of 'Jahaan Chaar Yaar'\""},{"Link":"https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/bollywood/video/mika-singh-dance-number-what-the-luck-from-movie-jahaan-chaar-yaar-on-times-music/436749","external_links_name":"\"Jahaan Chaar Yaar फिल्म से मीका सिंह का What The Luck Song रिलीज, यहां देखें नया पार्टी एंथम\""},{"Link":"https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/mika-singh-dance-number-what-the-luck-from-movie-jahaan-chaar-yaar-on-times-music/articleshow/93884365.","external_links_name":"\"जहां चार यार सिनेमातलं मीका सिंहचं नवीन पार्टी गाणं रिलीज, गाणं ऐकून तुम्ही देखील थिरकाल!\""},{"Link":"https://jantaserishta.com/entertainment/mika-singhs-rocking-dance-number-what-the-luck-from-the-movie-jahan-chaar-yaar-released-1523309","external_links_name":"\"रिलीज हुआ फिल्म जहां चार यार से मीका सिंह का रॉकिंग डांस नंबर व्हाट द लक\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt19289040/","external_links_name":"Jahaan Chaar Yaar"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jahaan_Chaar_Yaar&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jahaan_Chaar_Yaar&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Biddulph_Martin
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Sir Richard Martin, 1st Baronet, of Overbury Court
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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For other people named Richard Martin, see Richard Martin (disambiguation).
British politician
Martin in 1895
Sir Richard Biddulph Martin, 1st Baronet (12 May 1838 – 23 August 1916) was an English banker and Liberal Party (and later Liberal Unionist) politician.
Martin was the older of two sons of Robert Martin (1808–1897) of Overbury Court near Tewkesbury in Gloucestershire and his wife, Mary Ann (d. 1892), who was the daughter of John Biddulph of the banking firm of Cocks, Biddulph & Co. His younger brother John Biddulph Martin was also a banker and statistician. Robert Martin was a partner of the Grasshopper Bank, which later became Martins Bank.
He was educated at Harrow School and at Exeter College, Oxford, before joining his maternal grandfather's bank. He later became one of the founders of the British North Borneo Company and of the Institute of Bankers.
Martin first stood for election to the House of Commons at the 1868 general election, when he was an unsuccessful candidate in the Eastern division of Worcestershire. He was unsuccessful again in next candidacy, at the 1880 general election in the City of London.
However, 3 months later he was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Tewkesbury at a by-election held in July 1880 after the result of the general election in April was overturned on petition. Several of his ancestors had held the seat in the past, but Richard was the last Martin to represent Tewkesbury. The Parliamentary Borough of Tewkesbury was abolished under the Reform Act 1885 and replaced with a wider county division of Gloucestershire.
At the 1885 general election, he did not stand for re-election in the new Tewkesbury division of Gloucestershire, contesting instead the Chelmsford division of Essex, but without success.
When the Liberal Party split over Irish Home Rule, he joined the breakaway Liberal Unionist Party, and stood as a Liberal Unionist in the Ashburton division of Devon, again without success. He finally returned to Parliament at the 1892 general election as MP for the Droitwich division of Worcestershire, replacing the Liberal Unionist John Corbett, who had retired. Martin remained Droitwich's MP until he stood down at the 1906 general election.
He was made a baronet on 12 December 1905, of Overbury Court, in Gloucestershire. He died childless, and the title became extinct on his death.
He was Prime Warden of the Fishmongers' Company from 1899 to 1900, and President of the Royal Statistical Society from 1906 to 1907.
References
^ a b "Baronetcies beginning with "M" (part 2)". Leigh Rayment's Baronetage pages. Archived from the original on 1 May 2008. Retrieved 30 April 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ Lawrence Goldman, ‘Woodhull, Victoria Claflin (1838–1927)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edn, Oxford University Press, Oct 2008 accessed 1 May 2009
^ a b Martin, John Biddulph (1968) . The Grasshopper in Lombard Street. Ayer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8337-2266-9.
^ a b Craig, F. W. S. (1989) . British parliamentary election results 1832–1885 (2nd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. pp. 6, 304, 485. ISBN 0-900178-26-4.
^ a b Craig, F. W. S. (1989) . British parliamentary election results 1885–1918 (2nd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. pp. 255, 275, 420. ISBN 0-900178-27-2.
^ "The Fishmongers' company". The Times. No. 36062. London. 10 February 1900. p. 6.
^ "Past Presidents". Royal Statistical Society website. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
External links
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Richard Martin
Richard Biddulph Martin in the National Register of Archives
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded byWilliam Edwin Price
Member of Parliament for Tewkesbury 1880 – 1885
Succeeded byJohn Reginald Yorke
Preceded byJohn Corbett
Member of Parliament for Droitwich 1892 – 1906
Succeeded byCecil Harmsworth
Baronetage of the United Kingdom
New creation
Baronet(of Overbury Court, Gloucestershire) 1905–1916
Extinct
vtePresidents of the Royal Statistical Society19th century
1834–1836 The Marquess of Lansdowne
1836–1838 Sir Charles Lemon, Bt
1838–1840 The Earl FitzWilliam
1840–1842 Viscount Sandon
1842–1843 The Marquess of Lansdowne
1843–1845 Lord Ashley
1845–1847 The Lord Monteagle of Brandon
1847–1849 The Earl FitzWilliam
1849–1851 The Earl of Harrowby
1851–1853 The Lord Overstone
1853–1855 The Earl FitzWilliam
1855–1857 The Earl of Harrowby
1857–1859 Lord Stanley
1859–1861 Lord John Russell
1861–1863 Sir John Pakington, Bt
1863–1865 William Henry Sykes
1865–1867 The Lord Houghton
1867–1869 William Ewart Gladstone
1869–1871 William Newmarch
1871–1873 William Farr
1873–1875 William Guy
1875–1877 James Heywood
1877–1879 George Shaw-Lefevre
1879–1880 Thomas Brassey
1880–1882 James Caird
1882–1884 Robert Giffen
1884–1886 Rawson W. Rawson
1886–1888 George Goschen
1888–1890 Thomas Graham Balfour
1890–1892 Frederic J. Mouat
1892–1894 Charles Booth
1894–1896 The Lord Farrer
1896–1897 John Biddulph Martin
1897 Alfred Edmund Bateman
1897–1899 Leonard Courtney
1899–1900 Henry Fowler
1900–1902 The Lord Avebury
20th century
1902–1904 Patrick George Craigie
1904–1905 Sir Francis Powell, Bt
1905–1906 The Earl of Onslow
1906–1907 Richard Martin
1907–1909 Sir Charles Dilke, Bt
1909–1910 Jervoise Athelstane Baines
1910–1912 Lord George Hamilton
1912–1914 Francis Ysidro Edgeworth
1914–1915 The Lord Welby
1915–1916 Lord George Hamilton
1916–1918 Bernard Mallet, Registrar General
1918–1920 Herbert Samuel
1920–1922 R. Henry Rew
1922–1924 The Lord Emmott
1924–1926 Udny Yule
1926–1928 The Viscount D'Abernon
1928–1930 A. William Flux
1930–1932 Sir Josiah Stamp
1932–1934 The Lord Meston
1934–1936 Major Greenwood
1936–1938 The Lord Kennet
1938–1940 Arthur Lyon Bowley
1940–1941 Henry William Macrosty
1941 Hector Leak
1941–1943 William Beveridge
1943–1945 Ernest Charles Snow
1945–1947 The Lord Woolton
1947–1949 David Heron
1949–1950 Sir Geoffrey Heyworth
1950–1952 Austin Bradford Hill
1952–1954 Ronald Fisher
1954–1955 The Lord Piercy
1955–1957 Egon Pearson
1957–1959 Harry Campion
1959–1960 Hugh Beaver
1960–1962 Maurice Kendall
1962–1964 Joseph Oscar Irwin
1964–1965 Sir Paul Chambers
1965–1966 L. H. C. Tippett
1966–1967 M. S. Bartlett
1967–1968 Frank Yates
1968–1969 Arthur Cockfield
1969–1970 R. G. D. Allen
1970–1971 Bernard Benjamin
1971–1972 George Alfred Barnard
1972–1973 Harold Wilson
1973–1974 D. J. Finney
1974–1975 Henry Daniels
1975–1977 Stella Cunliffe
1977–1978 Henry Wynn
1978–1980 Sir Claus Moser
1980–1982 David Cox
1982–1984 Peter Armitage
1984–1985 Walter Bodmer
1985–1986 John Nelder
1986–1987 James Durbin
1987–1989 John Kingman
1989–1991 Peter G. Moore
1991–1993 T. M. F. Smith
1993–1995 D. J. Bartholomew
1995–1997 Adrian Smith
1997–1999 Robert Nicholas Curnow
1999–2001 Denise Lievesley
21st century
2001–2003 Peter Green
2003–2005 Andy Grieve
2005–2007 Tim Holt
2008–2009 David Hand
2010–2010 Bernard Silverman (resigned Feb 2010; replaced pro tem by David Hand)
2011–2012 Valerie Isham
2013–2014 John Pullinger
2014–2016 Peter Diggle
2017–2018 David Spiegelhalter
2019– Deborah Ashby
Category
List
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Martin (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Martin_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Richard_Martin,_1st_Baronet,_of_Overbury_Court.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rayment-bt-1"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Liberal Unionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party"},{"link_name":"Overbury Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overbury_Court"},{"link_name":"Tewkesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewkesbury"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"Cocks, Biddulph & Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocks_Biddulph"},{"link_name":"John Biddulph Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Biddulph_Martin"},{"link_name":"Martins Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martins_Bank"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Harrow School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_School"},{"link_name":"Exeter College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grasshopper-3"},{"link_name":"British North Borneo Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_North_Borneo_Company"},{"link_name":"Institute of Bankers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Bankers"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"1868 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Eastern division of Worcestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Worcestershire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"1880 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-craig1832-1885-4"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Tewkesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewkesbury_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-craig1832-1885-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grasshopper-3"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Borough"},{"link_name":"Reform Act 1885","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Act_1885"},{"link_name":"county division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_division"},{"link_name":"1885 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1885_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Chelmsford division of Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-craig1885-1918-5"},{"link_name":"Irish Home Rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule"},{"link_name":"Liberal Unionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party"},{"link_name":"Ashburton division of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashburton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"1892 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Droitwich division of Worcestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droitwich"},{"link_name":"John Corbett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Corbett_(industrialist)"},{"link_name":"1906 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-craig1885-1918-5"},{"link_name":"baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronet"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rayment-bt-1"},{"link_name":"Fishmongers' Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishmongers%27_Company"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Royal Statistical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Statistical_Society"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"For other people named Richard Martin, see Richard Martin (disambiguation).British politicianMartin in 1895Sir Richard Biddulph Martin, 1st Baronet (12 May 1838 – 23 August 1916)[1] was an English banker and Liberal Party (and later Liberal Unionist) politician.Martin was the older of two sons of Robert Martin (1808–1897) of Overbury Court near Tewkesbury in Gloucestershire and his wife, Mary Ann (d. 1892), who was the daughter of John Biddulph of the banking firm of Cocks, Biddulph & Co. His younger brother John Biddulph Martin was also a banker and statistician. Robert Martin was a partner of the Grasshopper Bank, which later became Martins Bank.[2]He was educated at Harrow School and at Exeter College, Oxford, before joining his maternal grandfather's bank.[3] He later became one of the founders of the British North Borneo Company and of the Institute of Bankers.Martin first stood for election to the House of Commons at the 1868 general election, when he was an unsuccessful candidate in the Eastern division of Worcestershire. He was unsuccessful again in next candidacy, at the 1880 general election in the City of London.[4]However, 3 months later he was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Tewkesbury at a by-election held in July 1880 after the result of the general election in April was overturned on petition.[4] Several of his ancestors had held the seat in the past, but Richard was the last Martin to represent Tewkesbury.[3] The Parliamentary Borough of Tewkesbury was abolished under the Reform Act 1885 and replaced with a wider county division of Gloucestershire.At the 1885 general election, he did not stand for re-election in the new Tewkesbury division of Gloucestershire, contesting instead the Chelmsford division of Essex, but without success.[5]When the Liberal Party split over Irish Home Rule, he joined the breakaway Liberal Unionist Party, and stood as a Liberal Unionist in the Ashburton division of Devon, again without success. He finally returned to Parliament at the 1892 general election as MP for the Droitwich division of Worcestershire, replacing the Liberal Unionist John Corbett, who had retired. Martin remained Droitwich's MP until he stood down at the 1906 general election.[5]He was made a baronet on 12 December 1905, of Overbury Court, in Gloucestershire. He died childless, and the title became extinct on his death.[1]He was Prime Warden of the Fishmongers' Company from 1899 to 1900,[6] and President of the Royal Statistical Society from 1906 to 1907.[7]","title":"Sir Richard Martin, 1st Baronet, of Overbury Court"}]
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[{"image_text":"Martin in 1895","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d0/Sir_Richard_Martin%2C_1st_Baronet%2C_of_Overbury_Court.jpg/200px-Sir_Richard_Martin%2C_1st_Baronet%2C_of_Overbury_Court.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Baronetcies beginning with \"M\" (part 2)\". Leigh Rayment's Baronetage pages. Archived from the original on 1 May 2008. Retrieved 30 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080501225129/http://www.leighrayment.com/baronetage/baronetsM2.htm","url_text":"\"Baronetcies beginning with \"M\" (part 2)\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, John Biddulph (1968) [1892]. The Grasshopper in Lombard Street. Ayer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8337-2266-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6tTRQms7EW8C","url_text":"The Grasshopper in Lombard Street"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8337-2266-9","url_text":"978-0-8337-2266-9"}]},{"reference":"Craig, F. W. S. (1989) [1977]. British parliamentary election results 1832–1885 (2nd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. pp. 6, 304, 485. ISBN 0-900178-26-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._S._Craig","url_text":"Craig, F. W. S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900178-26-4","url_text":"0-900178-26-4"}]},{"reference":"Craig, F. W. S. (1989) [1974]. British parliamentary election results 1885–1918 (2nd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. pp. 255, 275, 420. ISBN 0-900178-27-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._S._Craig","url_text":"Craig, F. W. S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900178-27-2","url_text":"0-900178-27-2"}]},{"reference":"\"The Fishmongers' company\". The Times. No. 36062. London. 10 February 1900. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Past Presidents\". Royal Statistical Society website. Retrieved 1 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rss.org.uk/site/cms/contentviewarticle.asp?article=486","url_text":"\"Past Presidents\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_surge
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Gulf of California moisture surge
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["1 North American monsoon","2 Dynamics","3 Effects","4 See also","5 References"]
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Meteorological event
Conceptual diagram of how a tropical system can trigger a gulf surge
A Gulf of California moisture surge, or simply gulf surge, is a meteorological event where a pulse of high humidity air is pushed up the Gulf of California. Gulf surges bring moisture to southern Arizona during the North American Monsoon. Prior to the 1970s, the consensus of meteorologists was the moisture that fueled the central and southern Arizona monsoon resulted from the movement of the Bermuda High to a more south and west position, which in turn transported water vapor to the region from the Gulf of Mexico. However, operational meteorologists in the 1970s described episodic surges of moisture that infiltrated the area that was thought to originate in the Gulf of California. It was noted that these episodes were likely to be associated with a convective system near the tip of the Baja peninsula such as a tropical cyclone or an easterly wave.
North American monsoon
Main article: North American Monsoon
The North American Monsoon is experienced as a seasonal reversal of the prevailing winds, which is usually accompanied by an increase in rainfall. Onset is usually in early July when the winds start to shift due to intense solar heating of the Southwest United States. During the winter months, the weather patterns in the Southwest United States are characterized by a semi-permanent high-pressure system with quasi-weekly weather systems moving through the area; a cold front will move through the area, followed by a gradual building of the ridge. During the monsoon months, the subtropical ridge moves northward due to the development of a thermal low from the intense solar radiation. The low develops over the Mexican Plateau and gradually moves northward towards the four corners region. Rains from the monsoon typically start in May or June along the western slope of the Sierra Madre Occidental and move northward, reaching southern Arizona sometime in July. The North American Monsoon is not as strong or persistent as its Indian counterpart, mainly because the Mexican Plateau is not as high or as large as the Tibetan Plateau in Asia.
Dynamics
There have been several proposed mechanisms for the development of gulf surges including gravity currents, ageostrophic flows, Kelvin waves, or Rossby waves. However, due to a lack of observations in the area, the exact cause is uncertain. The best data currently available that indicates moisture arriving from the gulf is from the NEXRAD radar in Yuma, Arizona. This instrument has the capability to measure wind speed and direction at several altitudes in the atmosphere in what is known as a vertical wind profile. The first indication of a gulf surge is a change in the surface wind direction at Yuma, Arizona, with the winds switching from westerly to south-easterly. This flow tends to get wider and deeper as the surge progresses. During the monsoon, there is a pressure difference between the heat low that is present over the Southwestern United States and the relative high pressure over the northern portion of the gulf. Winds will blow from the south due to the pressure gradient force. Typically, during a traditional surge, a large mesoscale convective system is located off the southern tip of the Baja peninsula. Flow around such a low pressure system is cyclonic, which corresponds to counter-clockwise. Some of this circulation will make its way into the gulf and get funneled northward towards the southwestern United States like a waveguide. As this moist air travels northward, it encounters the already present southerly winds and gets pushed into southern Arizona. The high pressure area over the northern gulf tends to push the moisture surge to the east towards the Tucson area.
Gulf of California moisture surges were first scientifically documented in the early 1970s. John Hales, formerly of the Phoenix National Weather Service office, wrote in the April 1972 edition of Monthly Weather Review that gulf surges are related to large areas of cloud masses that are transported northward up the Gulf of California and spill into southern Arizona. He wrote that a surge resembles a large sea breeze. Ira Brenner continued studying gulf surges in 1974, and like Hales found that they resemble a large sea breeze with warm, moist air transported northward in the lowest 10,000 feet (3.0 km) of the atmosphere. Brenner was the first to suggest that easterly waves may be important in the initiation of a gulf surge.
The mid-1990s saw a resurgence of interest in the North American Monsoonal system. Using data collected during the SWAMP–90 field campaign, Michael Douglas found that the surge of moisture was associated with a low level jet. The jet was strongest from 300 metres (980 ft) to 600 metres (2,000 ft) above the surface. It also showed diurnal variations, with air traveling downslope toward the Gulf of California in the mornings and upslope in the evenings. During the field campaign, the jet was found to be a consistent feature during widely varying synoptic conditions; with it being present at Yuma 75% of the days studied. Further, the launch of the GOES 9 instrument in 1995 has enabled scientists to detect the amount of water vapor in a column of the atmosphere. By looking at time evolution of precipitable water contours, scientists are able to track the progression of moisture up the gulf and into Arizona. A 1997 modeling study suggests that a mid-latitude westerly disturbance several days prior to a tropical easterly disturbance is necessary for the development of a strong gulf surge. The westerly disturbance increases the amount of subsidence that occurs over the gulf which reduces the depth of the planetary boundary layer. Outflow from deep convection associated with the easterly wave is then confined within the shallow boundary layer. They note that weak surges can occur without the mid-latitude westerly, but that strong surges require both components. In a 2000 Monthly Weather Review article, Fuller and Stensrud show that over the 14 years studied the easterly waves consistently produce gulf surges within three days of the trough passing the tip of Baja California. They stress that the correlation does not allow one to determine causality, but that it is consistent with the conceptual model proposed by Stensrud et al. in 1997.
The North American Monsoon Experiment was a field experiment that added many observations to the typical observing system in the Gulf of California such as radiosondes, rain gauges, and radar during the summer of 2004. Several surges took place during this period associated with the passing of a tropical cyclone near the tip of the Baja Peninsula. Many characteristics of surges were seen during these events such as a heat low over the Four Corners region of the United States and increased easterly flow off the Sierra Madre Occidental leading to convective downdrafts.
Effects
Since one of the major characteristics of a surge is the transport of water, measurements of precipitable water and the dew point can also increase. The increased water vapor increases the amount of convective available potential energy (CAPE), which can result in topographically forced convection. Gulf moisture is typically constrained to central and southern Arizona by the topography of the Mogollon Rim. The moderate steering flow from the surge pushes the convection off the mountains which brings precipitation to the desert valleys.
Precipitation from gulf surge events can produce locally heavy rainfall which result in flash floods. In August 2003, such an event occurred in Las Vegas, Nevada where some areas received over 3 inches (7.6 cm) of rain in half an hour.
Summarizing the work of Hales and Brenner, Fuller and Stensrud describe the effects that are commonly associated with gulf surges. During the onset of the surge, surface temperatures will drop, the dew point will rise, and sea level pressure will decrease. Winds will swing from northwesterly to southerly. These changes produce lower visibility and low clouds. This results in increased low-level cooling that is greatest at the surface and decreases with height. As the surge reaches the northern tip of the gulf, the surge spreads into the southern Arizona valley and the cooling diffuses. The increased water vapor results in an increase in the number of thunderstorms in Arizona.
See also
Continental Divide of the Americas
Convective instability
Peninsular Ranges
References
^ Zehnder, J.A. (2004). "Dynamic mechanisms of the gulf surge". J. Geophys. Res. 109 (D10): D10107. Bibcode:2004JGRD..10910107Z. doi:10.1029/2004JD004616.
^ Erin Jordan (23 June 2008). "Gulf Surge". KOLD News. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
^ a b Hales, John E. (1972). "Surges of Maritime Tropical Air Northward Over the Gulf of California". Mon. Wea. Rev. 100 (4): 298–306. Bibcode:1972MWRv..100..298H. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1972)100<0298:SOMTAN>2.3.CO;2.
^ a b Brenner, I.S. (1974). "A surge of maritime tropical air – Gulf of California to the Southwestern U.S." Mon. Wea. Rev. 102 (5): 375–389. Bibcode:1974MWRv..102..375B. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1974)102<0375:ASOMTA>2.0.CO;2.
^ Douglas, M.W. (1995). "The summertime low level jet over the Gulf of California". Mon. Wea. Rev. 123 (8): 2334–2347. Bibcode:1995MWRv..123.2334D. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1995)123<2334:TSLLJO>2.0.CO;2.
^ Stensrud, D.J.; Gall, R.L.; Nordquist, M.K. (1997). "Surges over the Gulf of California during the Mexican Monsoon". Mon. Wea. Rev. 125 (4): 417–437. Bibcode:1997MWRv..125..417S. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<0417:SOTGOC>2.0.CO;2.
^ a b Fuller, R.D.; Stensrud, D.J. (2000). "The relationship between tropical easterly waves and surges over the Gulf of California during the North American Monsoon". Mon. Wea. Rev. 128 (8): 2983–2989. Bibcode:2000MWRv..128.2983F. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<2983:TRBTEW>2.0.CO;2.
^ Higgins, R.W.; Shi, W. (2005). "Relationships between Gulf of California Moisture Surges and Tropical Cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Basin". J. Climate. 18 (22): 4601–4620. Bibcode:2005JCli...18.4601H. doi:10.1175/JCLI3551.1.
^ Barry Pierce (24 May 2007). "Gulf Surge Evaluation: August 19, 2003". National Weather Service, Las Vegas, NV. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gulf_of_California_moisture_surge_with_mts.svg"},{"link_name":"Gulf of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_California"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"North American Monsoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Monsoon"},{"link_name":"Bermuda High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_High"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Baja peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California_peninsula"},{"link_name":"tropical cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone"},{"link_name":"easterly wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easterly_wave"}],"text":"Conceptual diagram of how a tropical system can trigger a gulf surgeA Gulf of California moisture surge, or simply gulf surge, is a meteorological event where a pulse of high humidity air is pushed up the Gulf of California. Gulf surges bring moisture to southern Arizona during the North American Monsoon. Prior to the 1970s, the consensus of meteorologists was the moisture that fueled the central and southern Arizona monsoon resulted from the movement of the Bermuda High to a more south and west position, which in turn transported water vapor to the region from the Gulf of Mexico. However, operational meteorologists in the 1970s described episodic surges of moisture that infiltrated the area that was thought to originate in the Gulf of California. It was noted that these episodes were likely to be associated with a convective system near the tip of the Baja peninsula such as a tropical cyclone or an easterly wave.","title":"Gulf of California moisture surge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southwest United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_United_States"},{"link_name":"Southwest United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_United_States"},{"link_name":"high-pressure system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-pressure_system"},{"link_name":"subtropical ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical_ridge"},{"link_name":"thermal low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_low"},{"link_name":"Mexican Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Plateau"},{"link_name":"four corners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_corners"},{"link_name":"Sierra Madre Occidental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Occidental"}],"text":"The North American Monsoon is experienced as a seasonal reversal of the prevailing winds, which is usually accompanied by an increase in rainfall. Onset is usually in early July when the winds start to shift due to intense solar heating of the Southwest United States. During the winter months, the weather patterns in the Southwest United States are characterized by a semi-permanent high-pressure system with quasi-weekly weather systems moving through the area; a cold front will move through the area, followed by a gradual building of the ridge. During the monsoon months, the subtropical ridge moves northward due to the development of a thermal low from the intense solar radiation. The low develops over the Mexican Plateau and gradually moves northward towards the four corners region. Rains from the monsoon typically start in May or June along the western slope of the Sierra Madre Occidental and move northward, reaching southern Arizona sometime in July. The North American Monsoon is not as strong or persistent as its Indian counterpart, mainly because the Mexican Plateau is not as high or as large as the Tibetan Plateau in Asia.","title":"North American monsoon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gravity currents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_current"},{"link_name":"ageostrophic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageostrophic"},{"link_name":"Kelvin waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin_waves"},{"link_name":"Rossby waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossby_waves"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zehnder2004-1"},{"link_name":"NEXRAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEXRAD"},{"link_name":"Yuma, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure"},{"link_name":"heat low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_low"},{"link_name":"pressure gradient force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_gradient_force"},{"link_name":"low pressure system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_pressure_system"},{"link_name":"cyclonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclonic"},{"link_name":"waveguide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveguide"},{"link_name":"Tucson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kold-2"},{"link_name":"Monthly Weather Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthly_Weather_Review"},{"link_name":"sea breeze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_breeze"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hales1972-3"},{"link_name":"easterly waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easterly_waves"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brenner1974-4"},{"link_name":"SWAMP–90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SWAMP%E2%80%9390&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"field campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Field_campaign&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"low level jet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_level_jet"},{"link_name":"diurnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnal_cycle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-douglas1995-5"},{"link_name":"GOES 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOES_9"},{"link_name":"water vapor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vapor"},{"link_name":"precipitable water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitable_water"},{"link_name":"contours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contour_line"},{"link_name":"subsidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidence"},{"link_name":"planetary boundary layer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_boundary_layer"},{"link_name":"Outflow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outflow_(meteorology)"},{"link_name":"deep convection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_convection"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stensrud1997-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fuller2000-7"},{"link_name":"North American Monsoon Experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_American_Monsoon_Experiment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"radiosondes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiosondes"},{"link_name":"rain gauges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_gauges"},{"link_name":"radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar"},{"link_name":"heat low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_low"},{"link_name":"Four Corners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Corners"},{"link_name":"Sierra Madre Occidental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Occidental"},{"link_name":"convective downdrafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convective_downdrafts&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-higgens2005-8"}],"text":"There have been several proposed mechanisms for the development of gulf surges including gravity currents, ageostrophic flows, Kelvin waves, or Rossby waves.[1] However, due to a lack of observations in the area, the exact cause is uncertain. The best data currently available that indicates moisture arriving from the gulf is from the NEXRAD radar in Yuma, Arizona. This instrument has the capability to measure wind speed and direction at several altitudes in the atmosphere in what is known as a vertical wind profile. The first indication of a gulf surge is a change in the surface wind direction at Yuma, Arizona, with the winds switching from westerly to south-easterly. This flow tends to get wider and deeper as the surge progresses. During the monsoon, there is a pressure difference between the heat low that is present over the Southwestern United States and the relative high pressure over the northern portion of the gulf. Winds will blow from the south due to the pressure gradient force. Typically, during a traditional surge, a large mesoscale convective system is located off the southern tip of the Baja peninsula. Flow around such a low pressure system is cyclonic, which corresponds to counter-clockwise. Some of this circulation will make its way into the gulf and get funneled northward towards the southwestern United States like a waveguide. As this moist air travels northward, it encounters the already present southerly winds and gets pushed into southern Arizona. The high pressure area over the northern gulf tends to push the moisture surge to the east towards the Tucson area.[2]Gulf of California moisture surges were first scientifically documented in the early 1970s. John Hales, formerly of the Phoenix National Weather Service office, wrote in the April 1972 edition of Monthly Weather Review that gulf surges are related to large areas of cloud masses that are transported northward up the Gulf of California and spill into southern Arizona. He wrote that a surge resembles a large sea breeze.[3] Ira Brenner continued studying gulf surges in 1974, and like Hales found that they resemble a large sea breeze with warm, moist air transported northward in the lowest 10,000 feet (3.0 km) of the atmosphere. Brenner was the first to suggest that easterly waves may be important in the initiation of a gulf surge.[4]The mid-1990s saw a resurgence of interest in the North American Monsoonal system. Using data collected during the SWAMP–90 field campaign, Michael Douglas found that the surge of moisture was associated with a low level jet. The jet was strongest from 300 metres (980 ft) to 600 metres (2,000 ft) above the surface. It also showed diurnal variations, with air traveling downslope toward the Gulf of California in the mornings and upslope in the evenings. During the field campaign, the jet was found to be a consistent feature during widely varying synoptic conditions; with it being present at Yuma 75% of the days studied.[5] Further, the launch of the GOES 9 instrument in 1995 has enabled scientists to detect the amount of water vapor in a column of the atmosphere. By looking at time evolution of precipitable water contours, scientists are able to track the progression of moisture up the gulf and into Arizona. A 1997 modeling study suggests that a mid-latitude westerly disturbance several days prior to a tropical easterly disturbance is necessary for the development of a strong gulf surge. The westerly disturbance increases the amount of subsidence that occurs over the gulf which reduces the depth of the planetary boundary layer. Outflow from deep convection associated with the easterly wave is then confined within the shallow boundary layer. They note that weak surges can occur without the mid-latitude westerly, but that strong surges require both components.[6] In a 2000 Monthly Weather Review article, Fuller and Stensrud show that over the 14 years studied the easterly waves consistently produce gulf surges within three days of the trough passing the tip of Baja California. They stress that the correlation does not allow one to determine causality, but that it is consistent with the conceptual model proposed by Stensrud et al. in 1997.[7]The North American Monsoon Experiment was a field experiment that added many observations to the typical observing system in the Gulf of California such as radiosondes, rain gauges, and radar during the summer of 2004. Several surges took place during this period associated with the passing of a tropical cyclone near the tip of the Baja Peninsula. Many characteristics of surges were seen during these events such as a heat low over the Four Corners region of the United States and increased easterly flow off the Sierra Madre Occidental leading to convective downdrafts.[8]","title":"Dynamics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitable water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitable_water"},{"link_name":"dew point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_point"},{"link_name":"convective available potential energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convective_available_potential_energy"},{"link_name":"Mogollon Rim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogollon_Rim"},{"link_name":"steering flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steering_flow&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"flash floods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_floods"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nws1993-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hales1972-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brenner1974-4"},{"link_name":"sea level pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level_pressure"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fuller2000-7"}],"text":"Since one of the major characteristics of a surge is the transport of water, measurements of precipitable water and the dew point can also increase. The increased water vapor increases the amount of convective available potential energy (CAPE), which can result in topographically forced convection. Gulf moisture is typically constrained to central and southern Arizona by the topography of the Mogollon Rim. The moderate steering flow from the surge pushes the convection off the mountains which brings precipitation to the desert valleys.Precipitation from gulf surge events can produce locally heavy rainfall which result in flash floods. In August 2003, such an event occurred in Las Vegas, Nevada where some areas received over 3 inches (7.6 cm) of rain in half an hour.[9]Summarizing the work of Hales[3] and Brenner,[4] Fuller and Stensrud describe the effects that are commonly associated with gulf surges. During the onset of the surge, surface temperatures will drop, the dew point will rise, and sea level pressure will decrease. Winds will swing from northwesterly to southerly. These changes produce lower visibility and low clouds. This results in increased low-level cooling that is greatest at the surface and decreases with height. As the surge reaches the northern tip of the gulf, the surge spreads into the southern Arizona valley and the cooling diffuses. The increased water vapor results in an increase in the number of thunderstorms in Arizona.[7]","title":"Effects"}]
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[{"image_text":"Conceptual diagram of how a tropical system can trigger a gulf surge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gulf_of_California_moisture_surge_with_mts.svg/250px-Gulf_of_California_moisture_surge_with_mts.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"Continental Divide of the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Divide_of_the_Americas"},{"title":"Convective instability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convective_instability"},{"title":"Peninsular Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_Ranges"}]
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[{"reference":"Zehnder, J.A. (2004). \"Dynamic mechanisms of the gulf surge\". J. Geophys. Res. 109 (D10): D10107. Bibcode:2004JGRD..10910107Z. doi:10.1029/2004JD004616.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2004JD004616","url_text":"\"Dynamic mechanisms of the gulf surge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JGRD..10910107Z","url_text":"2004JGRD..10910107Z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2004JD004616","url_text":"10.1029/2004JD004616"}]},{"reference":"Erin Jordan (23 June 2008). \"Gulf Surge\". KOLD News. Retrieved 17 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kold.com/Global/story.asp?S=8544678","url_text":"\"Gulf Surge\""}]},{"reference":"Hales, John E. (1972). \"Surges of Maritime Tropical Air Northward Over the Gulf of California\". Mon. Wea. Rev. 100 (4): 298–306. Bibcode:1972MWRv..100..298H. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1972)100<0298:SOMTAN>2.3.CO;2.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0493%281972%29100%3C0298%3ASOMTAN%3E2.3.CO%3B2","url_text":"\"Surges of Maritime Tropical Air Northward Over the Gulf of California\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972MWRv..100..298H","url_text":"1972MWRv..100..298H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0493%281972%29100%3C0298%3ASOMTAN%3E2.3.CO%3B2","url_text":"10.1175/1520-0493(1972)100<0298:SOMTAN>2.3.CO;2"}]},{"reference":"Brenner, I.S. (1974). \"A surge of maritime tropical air – Gulf of California to the Southwestern U.S.\" Mon. Wea. Rev. 102 (5): 375–389. Bibcode:1974MWRv..102..375B. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1974)102<0375:ASOMTA>2.0.CO;2.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0493%281974%29102%3C0375%3AASOMTA%3E2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"\"A surge of maritime tropical air – Gulf of California to the Southwestern U.S.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974MWRv..102..375B","url_text":"1974MWRv..102..375B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0493%281974%29102%3C0375%3AASOMTA%3E2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"10.1175/1520-0493(1974)102<0375:ASOMTA>2.0.CO;2"}]},{"reference":"Douglas, M.W. (1995). \"The summertime low level jet over the Gulf of California\". Mon. Wea. Rev. 123 (8): 2334–2347. Bibcode:1995MWRv..123.2334D. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1995)123<2334:TSLLJO>2.0.CO;2.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0493%281995%29123%3C2334%3ATSLLJO%3E2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"\"The summertime low level jet over the Gulf of California\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995MWRv..123.2334D","url_text":"1995MWRv..123.2334D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0493%281995%29123%3C2334%3ATSLLJO%3E2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"10.1175/1520-0493(1995)123<2334:TSLLJO>2.0.CO;2"}]},{"reference":"Stensrud, D.J.; Gall, R.L.; Nordquist, M.K. (1997). \"Surges over the Gulf of California during the Mexican Monsoon\". Mon. Wea. Rev. 125 (4): 417–437. Bibcode:1997MWRv..125..417S. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<0417:SOTGOC>2.0.CO;2.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0493%281997%29125%3C0417%3ASOTGOC%3E2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"\"Surges over the Gulf of California during the Mexican Monsoon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997MWRv..125..417S","url_text":"1997MWRv..125..417S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0493%281997%29125%3C0417%3ASOTGOC%3E2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<0417:SOTGOC>2.0.CO;2"}]},{"reference":"Fuller, R.D.; Stensrud, D.J. (2000). \"The relationship between tropical easterly waves and surges over the Gulf of California during the North American Monsoon\". Mon. Wea. Rev. 128 (8): 2983–2989. Bibcode:2000MWRv..128.2983F. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<2983:TRBTEW>2.0.CO;2.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1234721","url_text":"\"The relationship between tropical easterly waves and surges over the Gulf of California during the North American Monsoon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000MWRv..128.2983F","url_text":"2000MWRv..128.2983F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0493%282000%29128%3C2983%3ATRBTEW%3E2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<2983:TRBTEW>2.0.CO;2"}]},{"reference":"Higgins, R.W.; Shi, W. (2005). \"Relationships between Gulf of California Moisture Surges and Tropical Cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Basin\". J. Climate. 18 (22): 4601–4620. Bibcode:2005JCli...18.4601H. doi:10.1175/JCLI3551.1.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1234589","url_text":"\"Relationships between Gulf of California Moisture Surges and Tropical Cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Basin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JCli...18.4601H","url_text":"2005JCli...18.4601H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2FJCLI3551.1","url_text":"10.1175/JCLI3551.1"}]},{"reference":"Barry Pierce (24 May 2007). \"Gulf Surge Evaluation: August 19, 2003\". National Weather Service, Las Vegas, NV. Retrieved 15 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/vef/projects/Aug19_2003.php","url_text":"\"Gulf Surge Evaluation: August 19, 2003\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_(James_Arthur_song)
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Medicine (James Arthur song)
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["1 Background","2 Music video","3 Personnel","4 Charts","5 Certifications","6 Release history","7 References"]
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2021 single by James Arthur"Medicine"Single by James Arthurfrom the album It'll All Make Sense in the End Released5 March 2021Length3:30LabelColumbiaSongwriter(s)
George Tizzard
James Bell
James Arthur
Rick Parkhouse
Producer(s)
Matt Rad
Red Triangle
James Arthur singles chronology
"Lasting Lover" (2020)
"Medicine" (2021)
"September" (2021)
"Medicine" is a song by British singer-songwriter James Arthur. It was released as a digital download and for streaming on 5 March 2021. The song was written by George Tizzard, James Bell, James Arthur and Rick Parkhouse.
Background
On 26 February 2021, Arthur announced the release date for the single on his Twitter account. In a press release, he said, "'Medicine' is an uplifting ode to self, to relationships, to community and connection, and to the healing, restorative powers of love over adversity. It is, you might say, the perfect song for spring 2021. The last year has forced many couple to look at themselves. It held a mirror up to us all, didn't it? And my partner was hugely supportive through that whole time. There are some pretty dark lyrics in there: 'When I’m suicidal, you don't let me spiral…'". In an interview with the Official Charts Company, he said, "When I wrote it six months ago there was no vaccine or any end in sight to this. I definitely felt at the time that I'd like to get this song out as soon as possible, knowing that it would probably be another six months before the world would hear it. It's almost even more fitting now that there's a light at the end of the tunnel."
Music video
A music video to accompany the release of "Medicine" was first released onto YouTube on 5 March 2021.
Personnel
Credits adapted from Tidal.
Matt Rad – producer
Red Triangle – producer
George Tizzard – composer, lyricist
James Bell – composer, lyricist
James Arthur – composer, lyricist, associated performer
Rick Parkhouse – composer, lyricist
Jermie Inhaber – assistant engineer
Robin Florent – assistant engineer
Scott Desmarais – assistant engineer
Randy Merrill – mastering engineer
Chris Galland – mixing engineer
Manny Marroquin – mixing engineer
Charts
Chart (2021)
Peakposition
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)
21
Ireland (IRMA)
55
New Zealand Hot Singles (RMNZ)
13
Sweden Heatseeker Songs (Sverigetopplistan)
5
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)
98
UK Singles (OCC)
41
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)
Gold
20,000‡
United Kingdom (BPI)
Silver
200,000‡
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
Release history
Region
Date
Format
Label
United Kingdom
5 March 2021
Digital downloadstreaming
Columbia
References
^ "Medicine - Single by James Arthur". Apple Music. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
^ "Medicine - Single by James Arthur". Spotify. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
^ "James Arthur 'in the best head space' after opening up about demons". Metro. 4 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
^ @JamesArthur23 (26 February 2021). "Medicine. New single out 5th March. Head to TikTok now for the first listen 🙏🏻 Pre-order / pre-save now: http://JamesArthur.lnk.to/Medicine_PreSave" (Tweet). Retrieved 13 March 2021 – via Twitter.
^ "James Arthur drops powerful new single Medicine". The List. 5 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
^ "James Arthur: 'I hit a roadblock - lockdown forced me to address my mental health'". Official Charts Company. 5 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
^ "James Arthur - Medicine (Official Video)". Retrieved 13 March 2021 – via YouTube.
^ "Credits / Medicine / James Arthur – TIDAL". Tidal. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
^ "Irish-charts.com – Discography James Arthur". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
^ "NZ Hot Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. 15 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
^ "Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 10". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
^ "James Arthur – Medicine". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
^ "Brazilian single certifications – James Arthur – Medicine" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
^ "British single certifications – James Arthur – Medicine". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
vteJames ArthurDiscographyStudio albums
James Arthur
Back from the Edge
You
It'll All Make Sense in the End
Bitter Sweet Love
Singles
"Impossible"
"You're Nobody 'til Somebody Loves You"
"Recovery"
"Get Down"
"Say You Won't Let Go"
"Safe Inside"
"Can I Be Him"
"Naked"
"You Deserve Better"
"Empty Space"
"Rewrite the Stars"
"Nobody"
"Falling Like the Stars"
"Treehouse"
"Finally Feel Good"
"You"
"Quite Miss Home"
"Lasting Lover"
"Medicine"
"Questions"
Featured singles
"Sun Comes Up"
"You Can Cry"
"The Power of Love"
Other songs
"Train Wreck"
Tours
Back from the Edge Tour
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Arthur"},{"link_name":"digital download","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_download"},{"link_name":"streaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"James Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Arthur"}],"text":"2021 single by James Arthur\"Medicine\" is a song by British singer-songwriter James Arthur. It was released as a digital download and for streaming on 5 March 2021.[1][2][3] The song was written by George Tizzard, James Bell, James Arthur and Rick Parkhouse.","title":"Medicine (James Arthur song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Official Charts Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"On 26 February 2021, Arthur announced the release date for the single on his Twitter account.[4] In a press release, he said, \"'Medicine' is an uplifting ode to self, to relationships, to community and connection, and to the healing, restorative powers of love over adversity. It is, you might say, the perfect song for spring 2021. The last year has forced many couple to look at themselves. It held a mirror up to us all, didn't it? And my partner was hugely supportive through that whole time. There are some pretty dark lyrics in there: 'When I’m suicidal, you don't let me spiral…'\".[5] In an interview with the Official Charts Company, he said, \"When I wrote it six months ago there was no vaccine or any end in sight to this. I definitely felt at the time that I'd like to get this song out as soon as possible, knowing that it would probably be another six months before the world would hear it. It's almost even more fitting now that there's a light at the end of the tunnel.\"[6]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"A music video to accompany the release of \"Medicine\" was first released onto YouTube on 5 March 2021.[7]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_(service)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"James Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Arthur"}],"text":"Credits adapted from Tidal.[8]Matt Rad – producer\nRed Triangle – producer\nGeorge Tizzard – composer, lyricist\nJames Bell – composer, lyricist\nJames Arthur – composer, lyricist, associated performer\nRick Parkhouse – composer, lyricist\n\n\nJermie Inhaber – assistant engineer\nRobin Florent – assistant engineer\nScott Desmarais – assistant engineer\nRandy Merrill – mastering engineer\nChris Galland – mixing engineer\nManny Marroquin – mixing engineer","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Medicine - Single by James Arthur\". Apple Music. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/gb/album/medicine-single/1553942219","url_text":"\"Medicine - Single by James Arthur\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Medicine - Single by James Arthur\". Spotify. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://open.spotify.com/album/6K8gvUTwVftCa3gd0MFtI4","url_text":"\"Medicine - Single by James Arthur\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify","url_text":"Spotify"}]},{"reference":"\"James Arthur 'in the best head space' after opening up about demons\". Metro. 4 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://metro.co.uk/2021/03/04/james-arthur-in-the-best-head-space-after-opening-up-about-demons-14190687/","url_text":"\"James Arthur 'in the best head space' after opening up about demons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_(British_newspaper)","url_text":"Metro"}]},{"reference":"@JamesArthur23 (26 February 2021). \"Medicine. New single out 5th March. Head to TikTok now for the first listen 🙏🏻 Pre-order / pre-save now: http://JamesArthur.lnk.to/Medicine_PreSave\" (Tweet). Retrieved 13 March 2021 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/JamesArthur23/status/1365246491808382977","url_text":"\"Medicine. New single out 5th March. Head to TikTok now for the first listen 🙏🏻 Pre-order / pre-save now: http://JamesArthur.lnk.to/Medicine_PreSave\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"James Arthur drops powerful new single Medicine\". The List. 5 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.list.co.uk/article/124296-james-arthur-drops-powerful-new-single-medicine/","url_text":"\"James Arthur drops powerful new single Medicine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_List_(magazine)","url_text":"The List"}]},{"reference":"\"James Arthur: 'I hit a roadblock - lockdown forced me to address my mental health'\". Official Charts Company. 5 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/james-arthur-i-hit-a-roadblock-the-lockdown-forced-me-to-address-my-mental-health__32609/","url_text":"\"James Arthur: 'I hit a roadblock - lockdown forced me to address my mental health'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"James Arthur - Medicine (Official Video)\". Retrieved 13 March 2021 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kvVyKycCE4I","url_text":"\"James Arthur - Medicine (Official Video)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Credits / Medicine / James Arthur – TIDAL\". Tidal. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://listen.tidal.com/album/175594943/credits","url_text":"\"Credits / Medicine / James Arthur – TIDAL\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_(service)","url_text":"Tidal"}]},{"reference":"\"NZ Hot Singles Chart\". Recorded Music NZ. 15 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5036","url_text":"\"NZ Hot Singles Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ","url_text":"Recorded Music NZ"}]},{"reference":"\"Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 10\". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/215?dspy=2021&dspp=10","url_text":"\"Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 10\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan","url_text":"Sverigetopplistan"}]},{"reference":"\"Brazilian single certifications – James Arthur – Medicine\" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil. Retrieved 6 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://pro-musicabr.org.br/home/certificados/?busca_artista=James+Arthur&busca_tipo_produto=SINGLE","url_text":"\"Brazilian single certifications – James Arthur – Medicine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-M%C3%BAsica_Brasil","url_text":"Pro-Música Brasil"}]},{"reference":"\"British single certifications – James Arthur – Medicine\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 27 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/17967-2447-1","url_text":"\"British single certifications – James Arthur – Medicine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_beach_handball_team
|
Australia men's national beach handball team
|
["1 Results","1.1 World Championships","1.2 Women","1.3 World Games","1.4 Oceania Championship","2 References","3 External links"]
|
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Australia men's national beach handball team" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2024)
AustraliaInformationAssociationAustralian Handball FederationCoachPatrik WeissColours
Home
Away
ResultsWorld GamesAppearances2 (First in 2013)Best result6th (2017)World ChampionshipAppearances5 (First in 2010)Best result11th (2014)
Last updated on Unknown.
The Australia national beach handball team are the national team of Australia. It is governed by the Australian Handball Federation and takes part in international beach handball competitions.
The Australian teams of both Women and Men were present to all world championships and world games since 2010. Both teams are currently preparing for the 2016 world championships in Budapest (Hungary) during July 2016.
The qualifier Oceania took place in Gold Coast at the end of February 2016. Both the Women and Men team have won the Oceania Qualifiers and won a spot in the 2016 World Cup.
Results
World Championships
Men
Year
Result
2004
Did not participate
2006
2008
2010
12th place
2012
12th place
2014
11th place
2016
12th place
2018
13th place
2022
Did not qualify
Total
5/9
Women
Year
Result
2004
Did not participate
2006
2008
2010
12th place
2012
12th place
2014
11th place
2016
12th place
2018
13th place
2022
13th place
Total
6/9
World Games
Men
Year
Result
2001
Did not Qualify
2005
2009
2013
8th place
2017
6th place
2022
Did not Qualify
Total
2/6
Women
Year
Result
2001
Did not Qualify
2005
2009
2013
8th place
2017
6th place
2022
6th place
Total
3/6
Oceania Championship
Men
Year
Result
2013
1st place
2016
1st place
2018
1st place
2019
1st place
2022
2nd place
Total
5/5
Women
Year
Result
2013
1st place
2016
1st place
2018
1st place
2019
1st place
2022
1st place
Total
5/5
References
^ 2018 World Championship roster
External links
Official website
IHF profile
vte National sports teams of Australia
A1 GP
Athletics
Australian rules football
Badminton
Baseball
M
M U19
M U18
Schoolboys
W
Basketball
M
M U19
M U17
M 3x3
W
W U19
W U17
W 3x3
Beach handball
M
M U17
W
Beach soccer
Cricket
M
Aus A
M U19
PM's XI
W
W U19
Blind
Field hockey
M
M U21
W
W U21
Floorball
M U19
W
Futsal
M
W
Goalball
M
W
Golf
Gridiron
Gymnastics
Handball
M
M U21
M U18
W
W U21
W U18
Ice hockey
M
M U20
M U18
MPara
W
W U18
Indoor hockey
Inline hockey
M
W
International rules
M
W
Korfball
Lacrosse
M
Indoor
W
Motorcycle Speedway
Open
U21
Netball
Pitch and putt
Quidditch
Roller derby
M
W
Roller hockey
Rugby league
M
W
PM's XIII
Indigenous
Junior
Schoolboys
Wheelchair
Rugby union
M
Aus A
M U21
M U20
M U19
Schoolboys
M7
W
W7
Soccer
M
MB
M U23
M U20
M U17
P7
W
W U23
W U20
W U17
Softball
M
W
M U17
W U17
Squash
M
W
Swimming
Tennis
Davis Cup
Fed Cup
Hopman Cup
Volleyball
M
W
W U18
Water polo
M
W
Wheelchair basketball
M
W
Wheelchair rugby
Olympics
Winter
Paralympics
Winter
Commonwealth Games
Universiade
This article about an Australian sports team is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a handball team / club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Australian Handball Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Handball_Federation"},{"link_name":"beach handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_handball"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Australia national beach handball team are the national team of Australia. It is governed by the Australian Handball Federation and takes part in international beach handball competitions.[1]The Australian teams of both Women and Men were present to all world championships and world games since 2010. Both teams are currently preparing for the 2016 world championships in Budapest (Hungary) during July 2016.The qualifier Oceania took place in Gold Coast at the end of February 2016. Both the Women and Men team have won the Oceania Qualifiers and won a spot in the 2016 World Cup.","title":"Australia men's national beach handball team"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"World Championships","text":"Men","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Women","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"World Games","text":"MenWomen","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Oceania Championship","text":"MenWomen","title":"Results"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Odolan%C3%B3w
|
Gmina Odolanów
|
[]
|
Coordinates: 51°34′N 17°40′E / 51.567°N 17.667°E / 51.567; 17.667Gmina in Greater Poland Voivodeship, PolandGmina Odolanów
Odolanów CommuneGmina
Coat of armsCoordinates (Odolanów): 51°34′N 17°40′E / 51.567°N 17.667°E / 51.567; 17.667Country PolandVoivodeshipGreater PolandCountyOstrów WielkopolskiSeatOdolanówArea • Total136.03 km2 (52.52 sq mi)Population (2006) • Total13,867 • Density100/km2 (260/sq mi) • Urban4,960 • Rural8,907Websitehttp://www.odolanow.pl/
Gmina Odolanów is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Ostrów Wielkopolski County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Odolanów, which lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south of Ostrów Wielkopolski and 106 km (66 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.
The gmina covers an area of 136.03 square kilometres (52.5 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 13,867 (out of which the population of Odolanów amounts to 4,960, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 8,907).
The gmina contains part of the protected area called Barycz Valley Landscape Park.
Villages
Apart from the town of Odolanów, Gmina Odolanów contains the villages and settlements of Baby, Biadaszki, Boników, Garki, Gliśnica, Gorzyce Małe, Grochowiska, Huta, Kaczory, Kuroch, Lipiny, Nabyszyce, Nadstawki, Papiernia, Raczyce, Świeca, Tarchały Małe, Tarchały Wielkie, Trzcieliny, Uciechów, Wierzbno and Wisławka.
Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Odolanów is bordered by the town of Sulmierzyce and by the gminas of Milicz, Ostrów Wielkopolski, Przygodzice and Sośnie.
References
Polish official population figures 2006
vteGmina OdolanówTown and seat
Odolanów
Villages
Baby
Biadaszki
Boników
Garki
Gliśnica
Gorzyce Małe
Grochowiska
Huta
Kaczory
Kuroch
Lipiny
Nabyszyce
Nadstawki
Papiernia
Raczyce
Świeca
Tarchały Małe
Tarchały Wielkie
Trzcieliny
Uciechów
Wierzbno
Wisławka
vteGminas of Ostrów Wielkopolski CountySeat: Ostrów Wielkopolski (urban gmina)Urban-rural gminas
Gmina Nowe Skalmierzyce
Gmina Odolanów
Gmina Raszków
Rural gminas
Gmina Ostrów Wielkopolski
Gmina Przygodzice
Gmina Sieroszewice
Gmina Sośnie
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gmina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina"},{"link_name":"Ostrów Wielkopolski County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski_County"},{"link_name":"Greater Poland Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Odolanów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odolan%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Ostrów Wielkopolski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski"},{"link_name":"Poznań","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84"},{"link_name":"protected area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_area"},{"link_name":"Barycz Valley Landscape Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barycz_Valley_Landscape_Park"}],"text":"Gmina in Greater Poland Voivodeship, PolandGmina Odolanów is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Ostrów Wielkopolski County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Odolanów, which lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south of Ostrów Wielkopolski and 106 km (66 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.The gmina covers an area of 136.03 square kilometres (52.5 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 13,867 (out of which the population of Odolanów amounts to 4,960, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 8,907).The gmina contains part of the protected area called Barycz Valley Landscape Park.","title":"Gmina Odolanów"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby,_Gmina_Odolan%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Biadaszki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biadaszki,_Ostr%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski_County"},{"link_name":"Boników","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonik%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Garki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garki,_Ostr%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski_County"},{"link_name":"Gliśnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gli%C5%9Bnica,_Greater_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Gorzyce Małe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorzyce_Ma%C5%82e"},{"link_name":"Grochowiska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grochowiska,_Greater_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Huta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huta,_Ostr%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski_County"},{"link_name":"Kaczory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaczory,_Ostr%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski_County"},{"link_name":"Kuroch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuroch,_Greater_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Lipiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipiny,_Ostr%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski_County"},{"link_name":"Nabyszyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabyszyce"},{"link_name":"Nadstawki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadstawki"},{"link_name":"Papiernia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiernia,_Ostr%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski_County"},{"link_name":"Raczyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raczyce,_Greater_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Świeca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awieca,_Greater_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Tarchały Małe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarcha%C5%82y_Ma%C5%82e"},{"link_name":"Tarchały Wielkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarcha%C5%82y_Wielkie"},{"link_name":"Trzcieliny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trzcieliny,_Gmina_Odolan%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Uciechów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uciech%C3%B3w,_Greater_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Wierzbno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wierzbno,_Ostr%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski_County"},{"link_name":"Wisławka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wis%C5%82awka"}],"text":"Apart from the town of Odolanów, Gmina Odolanów contains the villages and settlements of Baby, Biadaszki, Boników, Garki, Gliśnica, Gorzyce Małe, Grochowiska, Huta, Kaczory, Kuroch, Lipiny, Nabyszyce, Nadstawki, Papiernia, Raczyce, Świeca, Tarchały Małe, Tarchały Wielkie, Trzcieliny, Uciechów, Wierzbno and Wisławka.","title":"Villages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sulmierzyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulmierzyce"},{"link_name":"Milicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Milicz"},{"link_name":"Ostrów Wielkopolski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Ostr%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski"},{"link_name":"Przygodzice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Przygodzice"},{"link_name":"Sośnie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_So%C5%9Bnie"}],"text":"Gmina Odolanów is bordered by the town of Sulmierzyce and by the gminas of Milicz, Ostrów Wielkopolski, Przygodzice and Sośnie.","title":"Neighbouring gminas"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gmina_Odolan%C3%B3w¶ms=51_34_N_17_40_E_region:PL_type:city(13867)","external_links_name":"51°34′N 17°40′E / 51.567°N 17.667°E / 51.567; 17.667"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gmina_Odolan%C3%B3w¶ms=51_34_N_17_40_E_region:PL_type:city(13867)","external_links_name":"51°34′N 17°40′E / 51.567°N 17.667°E / 51.567; 17.667"},{"Link":"http://www.odolanow.pl/","external_links_name":"http://www.odolanow.pl/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080201071517/http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/45_655_PLK_HTML.htm","external_links_name":"Polish official population figures 2006"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IL_Jardar
|
IL Jardar
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Norwegian sports club
IL JardarFull nameIdrettslaget JardarFounded4 June 1962GroundFootball: BjørnegårdHandball: CombihallenSki jump: Jardarkollen
Football clubIL Jardar Fotball
Home colours
Idrettslaget Jardar is a Norwegian sports club from Bærum, Akershus. It covers the areas Slependen, Jong and Tanum.
Sports clubs in the area before World War II were Tanum IL, and minor clubs such as Jongsåsen IF, Pil and Uredd. IL Jardar was founded as a children's sports club on 4 June 1962. It now has sections for association football, team handball and Nordic skiing (cross-country skiing and ski jumping). The clubroom was opened on 9 November 1983.
The women's football team was the club's flagship with many seasons in the Norwegian Women's Premier League. It also reached the semi-finals of the Norwegian Cup in 1986 and 1989. It did not play in the inaugural season of a nationwide league ("First Division") in 1987, but was promoted from the Second Division through playoff. In the 1990 First Division Jardar ended last, losing all away games, and was relegated. Jan Erik Aalbu was hired as the new coach. After re-promotion in 1991, the team ultimately left the highest tier when ending last in the 1993 First Division, again losing all away games. Ellen Scheel Aalbu, married to coach Aalbu, was a well-known club player with 32 caps. Torill Hoch-Nielsen had 39 caps. Other international players include Birthe Hegstad and Reidun Seth. Scheel represented the club in the 1991 FIFA Women's World Cup.
The women's team played at Nadderud stadion while on a national level. Jardar's home field is now Bjørnegård, with artificial grass from 2009. The women's team last participated in the Fourth Division, the fifth tier of Norwegian football, in 2010 as a cooperation team between northern neighbors IL Jutul and Bærums Verk IF. The men's football team currently plays in the Fourth Division, the fifth tier. In later years it has been coached by Eirik Markegård and Mads Clausen, notable footballers in their own right. Clausen has also played for the club.
Members of the skiing section include Nordic combined skier Ansgar Danielsen, and ski jumper Andreas Vilberg. Live Frisak has jumped in the Women's Continental Cup, and in 2004 IL Jardar won a gender equality prize from Akershus County Municipality. The club had a ski jumping hill from the start, as Staverkollen was built in 1961–1962. The name was changed to Jardarkollen. The club had a slope for cross-country skiing between 1970 and 1986; it was lost because of residential building.
References
^ Finborud, Henriksen, Schjander (1997). Tyrving 1922–1997 (in Norwegian). Sandvika: IL Tyrving. ISBN 82-994273-0-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ a b Borgen, Per Otto (2006). "Jardar, IL". Asker og Bærum leksikon (in Norwegian). Drammen: Forlaget for by- og bygdehistorie. p. 259. ISBN 82-91649-10-3.
^ "Women Cup 1986". Retrieved 1 January 2011.
^ "Women Cup 1989". Retrieved 1 January 2011.
^ "Women second division 1987". Retrieved 1 January 2011.
^ "Women First division 1990". Retrieved 1 January 2011.
^ Sandven, Arild (15 October 1991). "Nå vil Jardar satse". Aftenposten Aften (in Norwegian). p. 18.
^ "Women second division 1991". Retrieved 1 January 2011.
^ "Women First division 1993". Retrieved 1 January 2011.
^ Bådsvik, Solveig (15 March 2003). "Sjekk kjendisparene". Dagbladet. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
^ Henriksen, Petter (ed.). "Ellen Scheel Aalbu". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
^ a b Bakken, Tor Chr., ed. (2008). "Jardar, Idrettslaget". Budstikkas store Asker og Bærum-leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. p. 267. ISBN 978-82-573-1534-4.
^ Henriksen, Petter (ed.). "fotball – Norske spillere med mer enn 40 landskamper". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
^ "Ellen SCHEEL". FIFA.com. Archived from the original on August 30, 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
^ Bakken, Tor Chr., ed. (2008). "Nadderud stadion". Budstikkas store Asker og Bærum-leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. p. 332. ISBN 978-82-573-1534-4.
^ "Tabell og resultat – 4. div Kvinner". Speaker.no. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
^ Bugge, Mette; Svendsen, Erik (23 September 2010). "Jardars trener i cupfinalen" (in Norwegian). IL Jardar. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
^ Ansgar Danielsen at the International Ski and Snowboard Federation
^ Andreas Vilberg at the International Ski and Snowboard Federation
^ Live Frisak at the International Ski and Snowboard Federation
^ Svenningsen, Jens (10 December 2004). "Likestillingsheder for hoppjenter". Budstikka (in Norwegian). Retrieved 1 January 2011.
External links
Official website
vteSports clubs in BærumMulti-sports clubs
Bærums SK
Bærums Verk Hauger IF
Fossum IF
SK Frem-31
Haslum IL
Helset IF
Høvik IF
Jar IL
IL Jardar
IL Jutul
Lommedalens IL
Snarøya SK
Stabæk IF
bandy
football (women's)
handball
IL Tyrving
Øvrevoll Hosle IL
Single-sports clubs
Asker og Bærum FIK
Bærum SK
Bærumssvømmerne
Bærum Basket
Bærum Blue Devils
Bærum og Omegn CK
Bærum KK
Bærum RK
Bærum SF
Bærum SK
Bærum SL
Hauger BK
Hauger FK
EB-85
Sandvika BBK
Snarøya CC
Stabekk CC
Strand KK
Valler BBK
Vestre Bærum SSL
Other
Norwegian College of Elite Sport
Norwegian Jockey Club
Italics denotes defunct club.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Bærum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A6rum"},{"link_name":"Akershus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akershus"},{"link_name":"Slependen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slependen"},{"link_name":"Jong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jong,_Norway"},{"link_name":"Tanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanum,_Norway"},{"link_name":"Tanum IL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IL_Tyrving"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"team handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_handball"},{"link_name":"Nordic skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_skiing"},{"link_name":"cross-country skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_(sport)"},{"link_name":"ski jumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asbl-2"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Women's Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toppserien"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"1990 First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_First_Division_1990_(women%27s_football)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jan Erik Aalbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Erik_Aalbu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"1993 First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_First_Division_1993_(women%27s_football)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ellen Scheel Aalbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Scheel_Aalbu"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_(football)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Torill Hoch-Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torill_Hoch-Nielsen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-basbl-12"},{"link_name":"Birthe Hegstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthe_Hegstad"},{"link_name":"Reidun Seth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reidun_Seth"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"1991 FIFA Women's World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Nadderud stadion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadderud_stadion"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-basbl-12"},{"link_name":"IL Jutul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IL_Jutul"},{"link_name":"Bærums Verk IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A6rums_Verk_IF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Eirik Markegård","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eirik_Markeg%C3%A5rd"},{"link_name":"Mads Clausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mads_Clausen_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Nordic combined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined"},{"link_name":"Ansgar Danielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ansgar_Danielsen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Andreas Vilberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Vilberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Live Frisak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Live_Frisak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Women's Continental Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_Continental_Cup#Women"},{"link_name":"gender equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_equality"},{"link_name":"Akershus County Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akershus_County_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asbl-2"}],"text":"Football clubIdrettslaget Jardar is a Norwegian sports club from Bærum, Akershus. It covers the areas Slependen, Jong and Tanum.Sports clubs in the area before World War II were Tanum IL, and minor clubs such as Jongsåsen IF, Pil and Uredd.[1] IL Jardar was founded as a children's sports club on 4 June 1962. It now has sections for association football, team handball and Nordic skiing (cross-country skiing and ski jumping). The clubroom was opened on 9 November 1983.[2]The women's football team was the club's flagship with many seasons in the Norwegian Women's Premier League. It also reached the semi-finals of the Norwegian Cup in 1986 and 1989.[3][4] It did not play in the inaugural season of a nationwide league (\"First Division\") in 1987, but was promoted from the Second Division through playoff.[5] In the 1990 First Division Jardar ended last, losing all away games, and was relegated.[6] Jan Erik Aalbu was hired as the new coach.[7] After re-promotion in 1991,[8] the team ultimately left the highest tier when ending last in the 1993 First Division, again losing all away games.[9] Ellen Scheel Aalbu, married to coach Aalbu,[10] was a well-known club player with 32 caps.[11] Torill Hoch-Nielsen had 39 caps.[12] Other international players include Birthe Hegstad and Reidun Seth.[13] Scheel represented the club in the 1991 FIFA Women's World Cup.[14]The women's team played at Nadderud stadion while on a national level.[15] Jardar's home field is now Bjørnegård, with artificial grass from 2009.[12] The women's team last participated in the Fourth Division, the fifth tier of Norwegian football, in 2010 as a cooperation team between northern neighbors IL Jutul and Bærums Verk IF.[16] The men's football team currently plays in the Fourth Division, the fifth tier. In later years it has been coached by Eirik Markegård and Mads Clausen, notable footballers in their own right. Clausen has also played for the club.[17]Members of the skiing section include Nordic combined skier Ansgar Danielsen,[18] and ski jumper Andreas Vilberg.[19] Live Frisak has jumped in the Women's Continental Cup, and in 2004 IL Jardar won a gender equality prize from Akershus County Municipality.[20][21] The club had a ski jumping hill from the start, as Staverkollen was built in 1961–1962. The name was changed to Jardarkollen. The club had a slope for cross-country skiing between 1970 and 1986; it was lost because of residential building.[2]","title":"IL Jardar"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Finborud, Henriksen, Schjander (1997). Tyrving 1922–1997 (in Norwegian). Sandvika: IL Tyrving. ISBN 82-994273-0-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-994273-0-4","url_text":"82-994273-0-4"}]},{"reference":"Borgen, Per Otto (2006). \"Jardar, IL\". Asker og Bærum leksikon (in Norwegian). Drammen: Forlaget for by- og bygdehistorie. p. 259. ISBN 82-91649-10-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-91649-10-3","url_text":"82-91649-10-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Women Cup 1986\". Retrieved 1 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pvv.org/~steinl/football/wcup86.htm","url_text":"\"Women Cup 1986\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women Cup 1989\". Retrieved 1 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pvv.org/~steinl/football/1989/cup.htm","url_text":"\"Women Cup 1989\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women second division 1987\". Retrieved 1 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pvv.org/~steinl/football/1987/2div.htm","url_text":"\"Women second division 1987\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women First division 1990\". Retrieved 1 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pvv.org/~steinl/football/1990/1div.htm#table","url_text":"\"Women First division 1990\""}]},{"reference":"Sandven, Arild (15 October 1991). \"Nå vil Jardar satse\". Aftenposten Aften (in Norwegian). p. 18.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Women second division 1991\". Retrieved 1 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pvv.org/~steinl/football/1991/2div.htm","url_text":"\"Women second division 1991\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women First division 1993\". Retrieved 1 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pvv.org/~steinl/football/1993/1div.htm#table","url_text":"\"Women First division 1993\""}]},{"reference":"Bådsvik, Solveig (15 March 2003). \"Sjekk kjendisparene\". Dagbladet. Retrieved 1 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dagbladet.no/sport/2003/03/15/364035.html","url_text":"\"Sjekk kjendisparene\""}]},{"reference":"Henriksen, Petter (ed.). \"Ellen Scheel Aalbu\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 1 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snl.no/Ellen_Scheel_Aalbu","url_text":"\"Ellen Scheel Aalbu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon","url_text":"Store norske leksikon"}]},{"reference":"Bakken, Tor Chr., ed. (2008). \"Jardar, Idrettslaget\". Budstikkas store Asker og Bærum-leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. p. 267. ISBN 978-82-573-1534-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-573-1534-4","url_text":"978-82-573-1534-4"}]},{"reference":"Henriksen, Petter (ed.). \"fotball – Norske spillere med mer enn 40 landskamper\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121022073438/http://snl.no/fotball/Norske_spillere_med_mer_enn_40_landskamper","url_text":"\"fotball – Norske spillere med mer enn 40 landskamper\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon","url_text":"Store norske leksikon"},{"url":"http://www.snl.no/fotball/Norske_spillere_med_mer_enn_40_landskamper","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ellen SCHEEL\". FIFA.com. Archived from the original on August 30, 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120830065026/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=528/index.html","url_text":"\"Ellen SCHEEL\""},{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=528/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bakken, Tor Chr., ed. (2008). \"Nadderud stadion\". Budstikkas store Asker og Bærum-leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. p. 332. ISBN 978-82-573-1534-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-573-1534-4","url_text":"978-82-573-1534-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Tabell og resultat – 4. div Kvinner\". Speaker.no. Retrieved 1 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://fotball.speaker.no/FIKSfotballdataclient/ft.aspx?scr=table&ftid=81805","url_text":"\"Tabell og resultat – 4. div Kvinner\""}]},{"reference":"Bugge, Mette; Svendsen, Erik (23 September 2010). \"Jardars trener i cupfinalen\" (in Norwegian). IL Jardar. Retrieved 1 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://idrett.speaker.no/organisation.asp?WCI=wiKlubbKassaNews&WCU=1076392&CatId=15942","url_text":"\"Jardars trener i cupfinalen\""}]},{"reference":"Svenningsen, Jens (10 December 2004). \"Likestillingsheder for hoppjenter\". Budstikka (in Norwegian). Retrieved 1 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.budstikka.no/nyheter/likestillingsheder-for-hoppjenter-1.3530022?startdate=01.09.2010","url_text":"\"Likestillingsheder for hoppjenter\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.pvv.org/~steinl/football/wcup86.htm","external_links_name":"\"Women Cup 1986\""},{"Link":"http://www.pvv.org/~steinl/football/1989/cup.htm","external_links_name":"\"Women Cup 1989\""},{"Link":"http://www.pvv.org/~steinl/football/1987/2div.htm","external_links_name":"\"Women second division 1987\""},{"Link":"http://www.pvv.org/~steinl/football/1990/1div.htm#table","external_links_name":"\"Women First division 1990\""},{"Link":"http://www.pvv.org/~steinl/football/1991/2div.htm","external_links_name":"\"Women second division 1991\""},{"Link":"http://www.pvv.org/~steinl/football/1993/1div.htm#table","external_links_name":"\"Women First division 1993\""},{"Link":"http://www.dagbladet.no/sport/2003/03/15/364035.html","external_links_name":"\"Sjekk kjendisparene\""},{"Link":"http://www.snl.no/Ellen_Scheel_Aalbu","external_links_name":"\"Ellen Scheel Aalbu\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121022073438/http://snl.no/fotball/Norske_spillere_med_mer_enn_40_landskamper","external_links_name":"\"fotball – Norske spillere med mer enn 40 landskamper\""},{"Link":"http://www.snl.no/fotball/Norske_spillere_med_mer_enn_40_landskamper","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120830065026/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=528/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Ellen SCHEEL\""},{"Link":"https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=528/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://fotball.speaker.no/FIKSfotballdataclient/ft.aspx?scr=table&ftid=81805","external_links_name":"\"Tabell og resultat – 4. div Kvinner\""},{"Link":"http://idrett.speaker.no/organisation.asp?WCI=wiKlubbKassaNews&WCU=1076392&CatId=15942","external_links_name":"\"Jardars trener i cupfinalen\""},{"Link":"https://www.fis-ski.com/DB/general/athlete-biography.html?sectorcode=NK&competitorid=12320&type=result","external_links_name":"Ansgar Danielsen"},{"Link":"https://www.fis-ski.com/DB/general/athlete-biography.html?sectorcode=JP&competitorid=75179&type=result","external_links_name":"Andreas Vilberg"},{"Link":"https://www.fis-ski.com/DB/general/athlete-biography.html?sectorcode=JP&competitorid=112839&type=result","external_links_name":"Live Frisak"},{"Link":"http://www.budstikka.no/nyheter/likestillingsheder-for-hoppjenter-1.3530022?startdate=01.09.2010","external_links_name":"\"Likestillingsheder for hoppjenter\""},{"Link":"http://www.jardar.no/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3rnik_Radlin
|
Górnik Radlin
|
["1 History","2 Volleyball","2.1 2003–04 season","2.2 2004–05 season","3 Football","4 See also","5 References"]
|
Polish sports club based in Radlin
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Górnik RadlinSportsFootball, Volleyball, Gymnastics, Swimming and FencingFounded1923Based inRadlin, Silesian VoivodeshipColorsBlue and white
Klub Sportowy Górnik Radlin is a Polish sports club based in Radlin. It has football, volleyball, gymnastics, swimming and fencing sections. The volleyball team plays in the Polish Volleyball League (Polska Liga Siatkówki, PLS) and the football team has previously played in the Ekstraklasa.
History
Górnik Radlin was founded in 1923.
From 1975 until 1997, the club took the name "Górnik Radlin" Wodzisław Śląski, as the Radlin was a district of the city of Wodzisław Śląski.
Volleyball
2003–04 season
2nd place in Seria B, promotion to PLS Seria A.
2004–05 season
The team will play Polish Volleyball League (Seria A).
Kadra III-liga – rozgrywki 2013–14.
1.Barteczko Adam - rozgrywający - kapitan
2. Gilner Kamil - libero
3.Porwoł Robert - atakujący
4.Wowra Bartłomiej - libero
5. Graff Karol - rozgrywający
6.Kołodziejski Sebastian - przyjmujący
7.Koczwara Adrian - środkowy
8.Mielnik Mateusz - przyjmujący
9.Radomski Krzysztof - przyjmujący
10. Grzywacz Patryk - środkowy
11. Harazim Damian - przyjmujący
12.Olszewski Dawid - środkowy
13.Turek Sebastian - atakujący
15.Marcol Jarosław - rozgrywający
16.Kaczmarek Kamil - środkowy
I TRENER - Marek Przybys
Football
Górnik Radlin's best performance in the Ekstraklasa was a second placing in the league in 1951.
See also
Volleyball in Poland
Football in Poland
Sports in Poland
References
^ "Home". SK Górnik Radlin (volleyball) website. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
^ "Profile". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
^ "Home" (in Polish). SK Górnik Radlin (football) website. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
Authority control databases
VIAF
This article about a Polish sports club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a volleyball team is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
|
[{"title":"Volleyball in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_in_Poland"},{"title":"Football in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Poland"},{"title":"Sports in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Poland"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Home\". SK Górnik Radlin (volleyball) website. Retrieved 1 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skgornik.radlin.pl/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile\". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 1 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://irn.worldfootball.net/teams/gornik-radlin/1/","url_text":"\"Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\" (in Polish). SK Górnik Radlin (football) website. Retrieved 1 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gornik.radlin.pl/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.skgornik.radlin.pl/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"http://irn.worldfootball.net/teams/gornik-radlin/1/","external_links_name":"\"Profile\""},{"Link":"http://www.gornik.radlin.pl/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/512144783096251055688","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B3rnik_Radlin&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B3rnik_Radlin&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Bouchet
|
Christian Bouchet
|
["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]
|
French far-right journalist and politician
Christian BouchetBouchet in 2012Born (1955-01-17) 17 January 1955 (age 69)Angers, Maine-et-Loire, FranceOccupation(s)Journalist, politician
Christian Bouchet (French pronunciation: ; born 17 January 1955) is a French far-right journalist and politician.
Biography
Coming from a far-right family with monarchist and Organisation armée secrète links, in 1970 Bouchet joined the monarchist group Restauration nationale, and, in 1971, a member of Nouvelle Action française which was a split (called in France a "Mao-maurrassien" group) of the former.
In 1973, he served in the Organisation lutte du peuple, a nationalist revolutionary splitter group of the far-right movement Ordre Nouveau intended to defend the nationalist movements of the Third World, particularly the Arab states opposed to Zionism and what they perceived as American imperialism. He subsequently became a member of François Duprat's Groupes nationalistes révolutionnaires and of the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (Mouvement nationaliste révolutionnaire) of Jean-Gilles Malliarakis After a spell in the Troisième Voie he set up Nouvelle Résistance in 1991, whilst also refounding the European Liberation Front. This group was absorbed by Unité Radicale in 1998. He then went on to lead the study group Réseau Radical which emphasised anti-Zionism and after that the association Les Nôtres. He also led the 'radical' tendency within the National Republican Movement and has sat on its national council. Bouchet, who was an exponent of the Third Position until 1990, was later influenced by Aleksandr Dugin and advocated National Bolshevism and then Eurasianism.
After declaring that he had broken with his former activism, he joined the Front National in 2008 and became a local branch leader from October 2010 to May 2011 and from March 2013 onwards. He has been a Front National candidate in every election since 2008 and in 2013, the Front National chose him to lead its list for the municipal elections in Nantes (the 6th town of France). He is the father of Gauthier Bouchet, the FN municipal councillor of Saint-Nazaire.
He published journals like Lutte de Peuple and Résistance which focused on ultra-nationalist and anti-Zionist themes. He owned the publishing house Ars magna and Avatar which published volumes of Savitri Devi, Jean-François Thiriart, Francis Parker Yockey, Gabriele d'Annunzio, Aleksandr Dugin and others.
In the original edition of his book Hitler's Priestess, Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke wrote that Bouchet has been associated with Nazi mysticism and that, whilst spending a year in India, he met Savitri Devi to study Kali Yuga and her ideas about Adolf Hitler as an Avatar. These claims did not however appear in the French language edition of the same work. In the postscript to the book Le national-socialisme et la tradition indienne, Bouchet claimed that Goodrick-Clarkes's allegations were false, that he had met Savitri Devi only once and considered her to be a crank, and that he has no personal interest in Nazi mysticism. Bouchet, who claims he is not an Islamophobe, has advocated a closer link between European nationalist groups and Muslim traditionalists.
Christian Bouchet wrote a PhD in anthropology in the University Paris Diderot on Aleister Crowley and has written many books about extremist involvement in politics and religion.
References
^ Biographical interview Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ Biographical interview Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, Hitler's Priestess
^ 'France' Archived 19 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine from the Stephen Roth Institute
^ "List of the FN branch leaders in Loire-Atlantique". Archived from the original on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
^ "Christian Bouchet investi tête de liste du Front National à Nantes". Archived from the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
^ Christian Bouchet investi tête de liste du Front National à Nantes Archived 23 June 2013 at archive.today
^ ""Je suis un des animateurs des Éditions Ars magna ainsi qu'éditeur-associé aux Éditions Avatar"". Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
^ Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, Hitler's Priestess, p. 216
^ Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, Savitri Devi, la prêtresse d'Hitler, Akribeia, 2000.
^ Savitri Devi Mukherji, Le national-socialisme et la tradition indienne, Avatar, 2004.
^ 'French intellectual Christian Bouchet on why the nationalist Right should welcome Islam'
^ Books of Christian Bouchet in catalogue SUDOC Books of Christian Bouchet in catalogue Worldcat
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christian Bouchet.
VoxNR website created by Christian Bouchet
Bouchet's written works
Interview with Bouchet
vteFar-right politics in FrancePrecursors
Bonald
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Action Française
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Aliot
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IdRef
|
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Crowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleister_Crowley"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Coming from a far-right family with monarchist and Organisation armée secrète links, in 1970 Bouchet joined the monarchist group Restauration nationale, and, in 1971, a member of Nouvelle Action française which was a split (called in France a \"Mao-maurrassien\" group) of the former.[1]In 1973, he served in the Organisation lutte du peuple, a nationalist revolutionary splitter group of the far-right movement Ordre Nouveau intended to defend the nationalist movements of the Third World, particularly the Arab states opposed to Zionism and what they perceived as American imperialism. He subsequently became a member of François Duprat's Groupes nationalistes révolutionnaires and of the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement [fr] (Mouvement nationaliste révolutionnaire) of Jean-Gilles Malliarakis[2] After a spell in the Troisième Voie he set up Nouvelle Résistance in 1991, whilst also refounding the European Liberation Front.[3] This group was absorbed by Unité Radicale in 1998. He then went on to lead the study group Réseau Radical which emphasised anti-Zionism[4] and after that the association Les Nôtres. He also led the 'radical' tendency within the National Republican Movement and has sat on its national council. Bouchet, who was an exponent of the Third Position until 1990, was later influenced by Aleksandr Dugin and advocated National Bolshevism and then Eurasianism.After declaring that he had broken with his former activism, he joined the Front National in 2008 and became a local branch leader from October 2010 to May 2011 and from March 2013 onwards.[5] He has been a Front National candidate in every election since 2008 and in 2013, the Front National chose him to lead its list for the municipal elections in Nantes (the 6th town of France).[6][7] He is the father of Gauthier Bouchet, the FN municipal councillor of Saint-Nazaire.He published journals like Lutte de Peuple and Résistance which focused on ultra-nationalist and anti-Zionist themes. He owned the publishing house Ars magna and Avatar which published volumes of Savitri Devi, Jean-François Thiriart, Francis Parker Yockey, Gabriele d'Annunzio, Aleksandr Dugin and others.[8]In the original edition of his book Hitler's Priestess, Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke wrote that Bouchet has been associated with Nazi mysticism and that, whilst spending a year in India, he met Savitri Devi to study Kali Yuga and her ideas about Adolf Hitler as an Avatar.[9] These claims did not however appear in the French language edition of the same work.[10] In the postscript to the book Le national-socialisme et la tradition indienne, Bouchet claimed that Goodrick-Clarkes's allegations were false, that he had met Savitri Devi only once and considered her to be a crank, and that he has no personal interest in Nazi mysticism.[11] Bouchet, who claims he is not an Islamophobe, has advocated a closer link between European nationalist groups and Muslim traditionalists.[12]Christian Bouchet wrote a PhD in anthropology in the University Paris Diderot on Aleister Crowley and has written many books about extremist involvement in politics and religion.[13]","title":"Biography"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Soble
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Alan Soble
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["1 Life","2 Selected publications","3 See also","4 References"]
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American philosopher and author (born 1947)
Alan SobleBornAlan Gerald Soble1947 (age 76–77)Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USAlma materAlbright CollegeUniversity of BuffaloInstitutionsUniversity of New OrleansThesisLegal Paternalism (1976)Main interestsPhilosophy of sex
Alan Gerald Soble (/ˈsoʊbəl/; born 1947) is an American philosopher and author of several books on the philosophy of sex. He taught at the University of New Orleans from 1986 to 2006. He is currently Adjunct Professor of philosophy at Drexel University in Philadelphia.
Life
Soble was born in 1947 to William and Sylvia Soble in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Early in his professional career, Soble wrote papers in areas of Ethics and Epistemology. In the late 1970s he began to help articulate the fledgling specialty of the philosophy of sex, becoming one of the founding scholars and leaders of the field. In 1977, while at the University of Texas in Austin, he also founded the Society for the Philosophy of Sex and Love, serving as the society's director from 1977 to 1992; the proceedings of the Society were published in 1997 as Sex, Love, and Friendship with Soble as editor.
In subsequent years, Soble has edited or written many works in this field. In late 2005 he completed the central reference work in the philosophy of sex, Sex from Plato to Paglia.
Alan Soble was Research Professor at the University of New Orleans from 1986 to 2006.
Selected publications
Philosophy of Sex: contemporary readings, 6th edition. Rowman and Littlefield. 2012. ISBN 978-1-4422-1671-6.
Soble, Alan (2008). The Philosophy of Sex and Love: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and expanded. Paragon House. ISBN 978-1-55778-875-7.
Soble, Alan (2006). Sex from Plato to Paglia: A Philosophical Encyclopedia, (editor), 2 volumes. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32686-X.
Soble, Alan (2002). Pornography, Sex, and Feminism. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-944-1.
Soble, Alan (1996). Sexual Investigations. New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-8085-7.
Soble, Alan (1990). The Structure of Love. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04566-2.
Soble, Alan (1986). Pornography: Marxism, Feminism and the Future of Sexuality. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03524-1.
See also
Biography portalPhilosophy portalHuman sexuality portal
American philosophy
Roger Scruton
Sexual ethics
References
^ "Alan Soble, PhD Archived 2014-05-24 at the Wayback Machine", Department of English and Philosophy, Drexel University. Retrieved May 24, 2014.
^
Beate Elvebakk, Table 1: Dates of birth of twentieth century philosophers in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (IEP), Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy (SEP) and Wikipedia, First Monday, archived from the original on 2010-08-08, retrieved 2010-03-13
^ Alan Soble (January 1997), Dedication of Sex, Love, And Friendship, Rodopi B.V.Editions, ISBN 978-90-420-0227-2
^ Cohen-Baker, Nadine (2006). "Sex from Plato to Paglia: A Philosophical Encyclopedia". Library Journal. 131 (6).
^ Vacek, Edward (1998). "The Philosophy of Sex and Love: An Introduction". Theological Studies. 59 (64): 770.
^ "History of the Society". The Society for the Philosophy of Sex and Love. Archived from the original on 5 December 2009. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
^ Soble, Alan (1997). "Introduction". In Soble, Alan (ed.). Sex, love, and friendship: studies of the Society for the Philosophy of Sex and Love, 1977-1992. Value Inquiry Book Series. Vol. 45. Netherlands: Rodopi. p. xli. ISBN 978-90-420-0227-2.
^ NYU Press page
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Israel
Belgium
United States
Netherlands
Academics
PhilPeople
Other
SNAC
IdRef
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Attie
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Eli Attie
|
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Political work","2.2 Television","2.3 Other work","3 Awards","4 References"]
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American writer and producer
Eli AttieAlma materHarvard CollegeOccupation(s)Writer, producer, former White House stafferParentsDavid Attie (father)Dotty Attie (mother)AwardsEmmy AwardPeabody Award
Eli Attie is an Emmy-winning writer, producer, and former White House staff member. He served as Vice President Al Gore's chief White House and campaign speechwriter through Gore's concession of the 2000 presidential election, which Attie and Gore wrote together. Attie then became a longtime writer and producer on the drama series The West Wing, House, and more recently, Billions. He is currently a writer and producer on Netflix's political thriller The Diplomat and on Netflix's upcoming limited series Zero Day, which will star Robert De Niro.
Early life and education
Attie grew up in New York City. His mother is acclaimed feminist painter Dotty Attie, his father was commercial and fine art photographer David Attie, whose work he has helped to revive, and his brother is widely published mathematician Oliver Attie. He is a graduate of Hunter College High School and Harvard College. While in college, he was an editor of The Harvard Crimson.
Career
Political work
Attie began his career in Democratic politics and government. He was chief White House and campaign speechwriter for Vice President Al Gore through the Florida recount in 2000. It was Attie who broke the news to Gore on election night – as he was about to deliver a concession speech Attie had written – that he was suddenly only 600 votes behind George W. Bush in Florida, and that the election might not be over.
Television
After working in the real White House and on the campaign trail, Attie became a writer on the NBC-TV series The West Wing for the last five of the show's seven seasons, ultimately serving as supervising producer. Series creator Aaron Sorkin has written that Attie "made a big impact immediately," reducing the show's need for part-time consultants. A number of the show's key storylines came from Attie's own experiences in politics. In addition, according to David Remnick's biography of Barack Obama, The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama, and other news sources, Attie used then-State Senator Obama as a model for the character of Matt Santos, a presidential candidate played by actor Jimmy Smits in the final two seasons of the show. Attie was nominated for Writers Guild and Humanitas awards for the episode "Election Day: Part 2", in which Santos wins the presidency. In 2020, Attie collaborated with Sorkin on new material for the show's HBO Max reunion special, A West Wing Special to Benefit When We All Vote.
Attie was a writer and co-executive producer on House for the last five of its eight seasons, and was nominated for a Humanitas award for the series finale, "Everybody Dies", which he co-wrote with series creator David Shore. He makes an uncredited appearance in the episode as well.
Attie's more recent television credits include several seasons as a writer and producer on Showtime's Wall Street drama Billions -- he makes a brief appearance as a presidential aide in its series finale -- as well as on Netflix's political thriller The Diplomat and on the streamer's upcoming limited series Zero Day.
Other work
In addition to his work in television, Attie's screenplay "Smile Relax Attack" was included on the Black List, an industry list of executives' most-liked scripts, and he has done numerous uncredited movie rewrites.
He has also been a guest on political consultant David Axelrod's podcast "The Axe Files", and on Aimee Mann and Ted Leo's podcast "The Art of Process". Attie was a frequent guest on "The West Wing Weekly", a podcast that ran episode-by-episode through the entire series of The West Wing.
Attie has worked as a rock critic for The Washington Post, Slate, and other publications.
Attie is on the board of Let America Vote, a non-profit founded by Jason Kander that fights voter suppression.
Awards
Attie is a seven-time Emmy nominee and a five-time WGA award nominee; he won an Emmy Award for "The West Wing Documentary Special" and a Peabody Award for co-writing the September 11th special America: A Tribute to Heroes. He won ASCAP's Deems-Taylor award for pop music writing.
References
^ Smith, Roger (20 November 2002). "Al Gore Has Stopped The Sighs". Jewish World Review.
^ "Reading Aloud Podcast". 5 December 2014.
^ "Ranger Games: Dotty x Eli Attie". Interview Magazine. 2013-11-22. Retrieved 2022-08-03.
^ Barone, Joshua (21 July 2016). "A Son's Sleuthing, a Father's Archive and Capote's Vanished Brooklyn". New York Times. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
^ Margolick, David (October 2004). "The Path To Florida". Vanity Fair.
^ Tapper, Jake (2001-04-03). Down & Dirty: The Plot to Steal the Presidency. Little, Brown. pp. 36–37. ISBN 978-0-7595-2318-0.
^ "Eli Attie". IMDb. Retrieved 2022-08-03.
^ Sorkin, Aaron (2003). The West Wing: Seasons 3 & 4 : the Shooting Scripts. Newmarket Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-1-55704-611-6.
^ Smith, Ben (5 April 2010). "Imagining Obama On 'The West Wing'". Politico.
^ Stelter, Brian (29 October 2008). "Following The Script: Obama, McCain and 'The West Wing'". New York Times.
^ Chitwood, Adam (2020-10-16). "The West Wing Reunion Special Review: HBO Max's Emotional Home Run". Collider. Retrieved 2022-08-03.
^ Finke, Nikki (2009-12-11). "The Black List 2009: Full Roster". Deadline. Retrieved 2022-08-03.
^ "The Axe Files with David Axelrod: Ep. 107 - Eli Attie on Apple Podcasts". Apple Podcasts. Dec 22, 2016. Retrieved 2022-08-03.
^ "Episode 9: Eli Attie - "A Contsituency of One"". Maximum Fun. 2019-04-22. Retrieved 2022-08-03.
^ "Eli Attie". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 2022-08-03.
^ "Advisors". Let America Vote. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
^ "Eli Attie - Awards". IMDb. Retrieved 2022-08-03.
^ "36th Annual ASCAP Deems Taylor Award Winners Announced". ASCAP. December 5, 2003. Archived from the original on 2004-02-11.
|
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He served as Vice President Al Gore's chief White House and campaign speechwriter through Gore's concession of the 2000 presidential election, which Attie and Gore wrote together.[1][2] Attie then became a longtime writer and producer on the drama series The West Wing, House, and more recently, Billions. He is currently a writer and producer on Netflix's political thriller The Diplomat and on Netflix's upcoming limited series Zero Day, which will star Robert De Niro.","title":"Eli Attie"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Dotty Attie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotty_Attie"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"David Attie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Attie"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hunter College High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_College_High_School"},{"link_name":"Harvard College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College"},{"link_name":"The Harvard Crimson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson"}],"text":"Attie grew up in New York City. His mother is acclaimed feminist painter Dotty Attie,[3] his father was commercial and fine art photographer David Attie, whose work he has helped to revive,[4] and his brother is widely published mathematician Oliver Attie. He is a graduate of Hunter College High School and Harvard College. While in college, he was an editor of The Harvard Crimson.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Political work","text":"Attie began his career in Democratic politics and government. He was chief White House and campaign speechwriter for Vice President Al Gore through the Florida recount in 2000. It was Attie who broke the news to Gore on election night – as he was about to deliver a concession speech Attie had written – that he was suddenly only 600 votes behind George W. Bush in Florida, and that the election might not be over.[5][6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The West Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_West_Wing_(television)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Aaron Sorkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Sorkin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"David Remnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Remnick"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bridge:_The_Life_and_Rise_of_Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Matt Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Santos"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Smits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Smits"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Writers Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America"},{"link_name":"Humanitas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitas_prize"},{"link_name":"A West Wing Special to Benefit When We All Vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_West_Wing_Special_to_Benefit_When_We_All_Vote"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"David Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Shore"},{"link_name":"Billions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billions_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Diplomat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Diplomat_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Zero Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Day_(TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"After working in the real White House and on the campaign trail, Attie became a writer on the NBC-TV series The West Wing for the last five of the show's seven seasons, ultimately serving as supervising producer.[7] Series creator Aaron Sorkin has written that Attie \"made a big impact immediately,\" reducing the show's need for part-time consultants.[8] A number of the show's key storylines came from Attie's own experiences in politics. In addition, according to David Remnick's biography of Barack Obama, The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama, and other news sources, Attie used then-State Senator Obama as a model for the character of Matt Santos, a presidential candidate played by actor Jimmy Smits in the final two seasons of the show.[9][10] Attie was nominated for Writers Guild and Humanitas awards for the episode \"Election Day: Part 2\", in which Santos wins the presidency. In 2020, Attie collaborated with Sorkin on new material for the show's HBO Max reunion special, A West Wing Special to Benefit When We All Vote.[11]Attie was a writer and co-executive producer on House for the last five of its eight seasons, and was nominated for a Humanitas award for the series finale, \"Everybody Dies\", which he co-wrote with series creator David Shore. He makes an uncredited appearance in the episode as well.Attie's more recent television credits include several seasons as a writer and producer on Showtime's Wall Street drama Billions -- he makes a brief appearance as a presidential aide in its series finale -- as well as on Netflix's political thriller The Diplomat and on the streamer's upcoming limited series Zero Day.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_List_(survey)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"David Axelrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Axelrod_(political_consultant)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Aimee Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimee_Mann"},{"link_name":"Ted Leo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Leo"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"The West Wing Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_West_Wing_Weekly"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"Slate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Let America Vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_America_Vote"},{"link_name":"Jason Kander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Kander"},{"link_name":"voter suppression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_suppression"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Other work","text":"In addition to his work in television, Attie's screenplay \"Smile Relax Attack\" was included on the Black List, an industry list of executives' most-liked scripts,[12] and he has done numerous uncredited movie rewrites.He has also been a guest on political consultant David Axelrod's podcast \"The Axe Files\",[13] and on Aimee Mann and Ted Leo's podcast \"The Art of Process\".[14] Attie was a frequent guest on \"The West Wing Weekly\", a podcast that ran episode-by-episode through the entire series of The West Wing.Attie has worked as a rock critic for The Washington Post, Slate, and other publications.[15]Attie is on the board of Let America Vote, a non-profit founded by Jason Kander that fights voter suppression.[16]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Peabody Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Award"},{"link_name":"America: A Tribute to Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America:_A_Tribute_to_Heroes"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"ASCAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Composers,_Authors_and_Publishers"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Attie is a seven-time Emmy nominee and a five-time WGA award nominee; he won an Emmy Award for \"The West Wing Documentary Special\" and a Peabody Award for co-writing the September 11th special America: A Tribute to Heroes.[17] He won ASCAP's Deems-Taylor award for pop music writing.[18]","title":"Awards"}]
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Retrieved May 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.letamericavote.org/boardofadvisors/","url_text":"\"Advisors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eli Attie - Awards\". IMDb. Retrieved 2022-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1108368/awards/","url_text":"\"Eli Attie - Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"36th Annual ASCAP Deems Taylor Award Winners Announced\". ASCAP. December 5, 2003. Archived from the original on 2004-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040211165740/http://www.ascap.com/press/2003/deems_121003.html","url_text":"\"36th Annual ASCAP Deems Taylor Award Winners Announced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCAP","url_text":"ASCAP"},{"url":"http://www.ascap.com/press/2003/deems_121003.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2020_New_Zealand_National_Party_leadership_election
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May 2020 New Zealand National Party leadership election
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["1 Background","2 Candidates","2.1 Declared candidates","2.2 Declined","3 Results","4 Aftermath","5 References"]
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May 2020 New Zealand National Party leadership election
← 2018
22 May 2020
July 2020 →
Candidate
Todd Muller
Simon Bridges
Popular vote
≥28
<28
Leader before election
Simon Bridges
Leader after election
Todd Muller
May 2020 New Zealand National Party deputy leadership election
← 2018
22 May 2020
July 2020 →
Candidate
Nikki Kaye
Paula Bennett
Popular vote
≥28
<28
Deputy Leader before election
Paula Bennett
Deputy Leader after election
Nikki Kaye
An election for the parliamentary leadership of the New Zealand National Party took place in the National Party parliamentary caucus on 22 May 2020. Todd Muller and Nikki Kaye stood against the existing leader Simon Bridges and his deputy leader Paula Bennett following poor polling results. Muller and Kaye won the votes and became the new leader and deputy leader respectively.
Background
After the National Party lost the 2017 election, its leader Bill English resigned and Simon Bridges won the leadership election in February 2018. Bridges had promised a "generational refresh" of a National Party in Opposition for the first time in almost a decade. Under Bridges' leadership, National continued to poll between 40% and 45% and on some polls was projected to be able to form a government with the support of ACT New Zealand. However, Bridges' personal popularity remained well below that of Prime Minister and Labour Party leader Jacinda Ardern. Despite this, he saw off an apparent challenge for the leadership made by Judith Collins in April 2019, although a leadership election was never called (Collins would later go on to win the leadership after Todd Muller). In September 2020, the National-supporting political commentator Matthew Hooton alleged that at this time Collins had formed a leadership ticket with Todd Muller, but they had been unable to gather sufficient support to remove Bridges.
Bridges' judgement was questioned throughout his leadership. Among other incidents, he received criticism for describing National MP Jami-Lee Ross as having "embarrassing" personal health problems ahead of Ross quitting to become an independent MP and for describing a National Party staffer as "junior" and "emotional" when he deleted, in the aftermath of the Christchurch mosque shootings, an anti-migration petition that was hosted on the Party's website. In April 2020, during New Zealand's COVID-19 pandemic, Bridges published a long Facebook post criticising the Government's response to COVID-19. The post attracted more than 25,000 comments, most of them negative. Opinion polling would show that most New Zealanders supported the Government's decision to implement a nationwide stay-at-home order and the Government's economic response. Bridges also received some criticism for choosing to drive weekly between his home in Tauranga and Parliament to chair the Epidemic Response Committee, which was meeting virtually over Zoom.
On 18 May 2020, four months before the next general election, a poll was released in which 56.5% of those surveyed would vote for Labour, compared with 30.6% for National. The same poll reported that 59.5% of those surveyed preferred Labour's leader Jacinda Ardern for prime minister, whereas Simon Bridges was preferred by only 4.5%. This was the first public poll since the COVID-19 pandemic reached New Zealand, and Labour had seen widespread support for its actions in the pandemic including from National supporters.
By 19 May, media were reporting on a challenge to Bridges' leadership, citing comments from anonymous National MPs. The same day, Muller said he had no leadership ambitions and wasn't interested in the job. However, on 20 May Muller confirmed in an email to National MPs that he would mount a challenge for the National Party leadership. Later that day the party announced that the vote would be held on 22 May.
Former National Party president Michelle Boag said that the poll was not the only reason for the leadership challenge, describing it as the "catalyst" but saying that there had been "months and months, and sometimes years, of MPs having negative feedback about their leader, not only from party members but from constituents." Some National MPs told reporters that a leadership challenge by Muller had been "brewing for a while."
Muller arrived in Wellington on 21 May in order to talk with National MPs one-on-one. When asked whether Nikki Kaye was his running mate for the deputy position, he refused to comment, saying "all conversations about leadership should stay within caucus". Kaye also refused to confirm she was Muller's running mate. That night, another poll was released which had Labour at 59% and National at 29%. In this poll, which was conducted from 16 to 20 May, Bridges received 5% support as preferred prime minister, while Muller received 0.2%.
National MPs arrived at Parliament on the morning of 22 May for an emergency caucus meeting to be held at midday, many having flown into Wellington that morning. Very few would indicate which way they intended to vote, and the vote was a secret ballot.
Candidates
Declared candidates
Name
Positions
Endorsements
Simon Bridges
MP for Tauranga since 2008
Leader of the National Party since 2018
Leader of the Opposition since 2018
Endorsements
Bob Clarkson, former National MP
Reported caucus support
Chris Penk
Michael Woodhouse
Louise Upston
Paula Bennett
Todd McClay
Paul Goldsmith
Anne Tolley
Publicly-announced caucus support
Sarah Dowie
Brett Hudson
Simon O'Connor
Todd Muller
MP for Bay of Plenty since 2014
Spokesperson for Agriculture, Biosecurity, Food Safety, Forestry since 2019
Endorsements
Jim Bolger, former Prime Minister
Matthew Hooton, political commentator
Reported caucus support
Nikki Kaye
Chris Bishop
Amy Adams
Nicola Willis
Shane Reti
Matt King
David Bennett
Matt Doocey
David Carter
Gerry Brownlee
Nicky Wagner
Publicly-announced caucus support
Maggie Barry
Maureen Pugh
Judith Collins
Declined
The following individuals were speculated as being possible leadership candidates, but ruled out a bid:
Judith Collins, MP for Papakura since 2002. Collins declined to say who she would support ahead of the vote, but a month later confirmed that she had voted for Muller.
Mark Mitchell, MP for Rodney since 2011. Mitchell pledged support to Bridges on 20 May. Despite media speculation, Mitchell confirmed on the day of the vote that he would not run in the election.
Results
Todd Muller won the vote for the party leadership, and Nikki Kaye won the vote for the deputy position in a secret ballot. On 24 May, the Herald on Sunday reported that Muller may have won the leadership by a single vote. By contrast, Stuff reported that while Bridges' supporters were claiming such a margin, the margin was likely to have been wider. In October 2020 an outgoing National MP said Muller won by one vote.
Aftermath
On 25 May, three days after the election, Muller announced a National caucus reshuffle, though there were only a few changes. Amy Adams, who had planned to retire at the 2020 election, instead changed her mind and was awarded the newly created "Covid-19 Recovery" portfolio. It was reported that Simon Bridges was offered the Justice portfolio; reportedly he turned it down and asked for the Foreign Affairs portfolio, but was refused it. Bridges was not given any caucus ranking but Muller said that there would be a place for Bridges in his senior leadership team should he decide to stay in politics.
Bridges announced he was staying in the party and would run again for the Tauranga electorate. After retaining the Tauranga electorate in the 2020 general election, Bridges resigned as a Member of Parliament on 15 March 2022, causing a byelection for his seat.
Paula Bennett announced on 29 June her intention to retire from politics at the 2020 general election. Her announcement prompted a second caucus reshuffle; in this reshuffle Bridges was given the Foreign Affairs portfolio he wanted and a caucus ranking of 17.
Muller held the position of National Party leader for less than two months. Muller would later reveal that he suffered severe panic attacks, starting five days after his election, which became worse as the days went on, until he found himself unable to get out of bed. On 14 July 2020, he resigned as leader, saying: "the role has taken a heavy toll on me personally, and on my family, and this has become untenable from a health perspective." This triggered the second leadership election in 2020.
References
^ a b c d e "Live: The contest for the National party leadership". Stuff. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
^
"Simon Bridges faces challenge to his leadership from MPs Todd Muller and Nikki Kaye". Stuff.co.nz. 20 May 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
^ "National leader vote: Bridges touts 'generational change'". RNZ. 15 February 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
^ a b Coughlan, Thomas; Cooke, Henry (24 May 2020). "Simon Bridges, the scrapper who couldn't stop scrapping". Stuff. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
^ "Judith Collins refuses to say she's loyal to National leader Simon Bridges". Newshub. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
^ "National MPs speaking out against leader Simon Bridges". Newshub. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
^ "Matthew Hooton: Simon Bridges was 'the most unpopular senior political figure in the English-speaking world'". New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
^ Bateman, Sophie (4 October 2018). "Simon Bridges expresses regret over 'embarrassing' remark about Jami-Lee Ross". Newshub. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
^ Harman, Richard. "Adams' return signals what really lay behind Muller's campaign | Politik". Retrieved 2 June 2020.
^ Cooke, Henry (3 April 2019). "'Emotional junior staffer' in dispute with National Party following UN petition deletion". Stuff. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
^ "Coronavirus: Simon Bridges receives huge backlash to Facebook post criticising lockdown extension". Stuff. 21 April 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
^ Graham-McLay, Charlotte (20 May 2020). "New Zealand opposition leader Simon Bridges faces leadership challenge". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
^ Cooke, Henry; Malpass, Luke (25 March 2020). "Coronavirus: Poll shows Kiwis back harsh measures but are extremely worried about virus". Stuff. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
^ a b Trevett, Claire (18 May 2020). "New poll: Labour and Jacinda Ardern surge in popularity, National and Simon Bridges plummet". NZ Herald. ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
^ "Bridges defends Wellington to Tauranga commute". RNZ. 6 April 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
^ "Jacinda Ardern, Labour soar in new poll". RNZ. 18 May 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
^ ZB, Newstalk. "Todd Muller denies leadership ambitions despite endorsement by ex-PM". ZB. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
^ a b Walls, Jason; Trevett, Claire (20 May 2020). "National leadership coup: Todd Muller confirms he'll challenge Simon Bridges on Friday". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 22 May 2020.
^ "National confirms leadership vote to be held on Friday". Radio NZ. 20 May 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
^ "Simon Bridges' tactics likely to lose him the leadership challenge - commentator". RNZ. 21 May 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
^ Devlin, Collette (21 May 2020). "Todd Muller's expenses show he is spending like a leader". Stuff. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
^ Cooke, Henry (21 May 2020). "Todd Muller arrives in Wellington on eve of attempt to oust Simon Bridges". Stuff. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
^ Block, George (21 May 2020). "Nikki Kaye 'very busy' as she heads to Wellington with challenge vote looming". Stuff. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
^ "Pressure mounts as National falls to 29%, Labour skyrockets in 1 NEWS Colmar Brunton poll". 21 May 2020.
^ Coughlan, Thomas (21 May 2020). "Bridges plummets in latest poll, as National leadership race enters final day". Stuff. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
^ a b c d e Trevett, Claire (21 May 2020). "National leadership coup: Simon Bridges confident ahead of new poll, Todd Muller challenge". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 22 May 2020.
^ Theunissen, Matthew (20 May 2020). "Simon Bridges to face National Party leadership challenge". Radio New Zealand. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.
^ Houlahan, Mike (22 May 2020). "Woodhouse pledges allegiance as Bridges faces challenge". Otago Daily Times. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
^ Harman, Richard (21 May 2020). "How Bridges flushed out Muller". Politik. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.
^ a b c d Malpass, Luke; Cooke, Henry (21 May 2020). "Simon Bridges vs Todd Muller: It's all about the big W for National". Stuff. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.
^ Wrigley, Wynsley (21 May 2020). "Bid to oust leader 'nutty stuff': Tolley". Gisborne Herald. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
^ Cooke, Henry (14 July 2020). "Todd Muller resignation: Judith Collins, Nikki Kaye, Simon Bridges, Paula Bennett won't rule out runs at National leader". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
^ a b c Cardwell, Hamish (22 May 2020). "National leadership: MPs give little away as they fly in for vote". Radio New Zealand. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.
^ "Former PM Jim Bolger backs Todd Muller for next National leader". 19 May 2020. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020.
^ Hooton, Matthew (22 May 2020). "Matthew Hooton: Simon Bridges v Todd Muller- why National has only one choice". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 24 May 2020.
^ a b Trevett, Claire (24 May 2020). "Anatomy of a coup: How Todd Muller felled Simon Bridges and who helped him". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 24 May 2020.
^ a b c d e f Harman, Richard (25 May 2020). "Adams' return signals what really lay behind Muller's campaign". Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.
^ Carroll, Joane (22 May 2020). "MP called 'useless' by Simon Bridges gets last laugh". Stuff. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.
^ a b "Todd and Nikki 'one of the best' - Judith Collins on National leadership and new book". RNZ. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
^ O'Brien, Tova (21 May 2020). "Judith Collins rules out run for leadership, but won't rule out visit from Todd Muller offering deputy role". Newshub. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
^ "National to hold emergency caucus meeting on Friday about party's leadership". TVNZ. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
^ "Mark Mitchell may contest National Party leadership, 1 NEWS understands". TVNZ. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
^ Ensor, Jamie; Small, Zane; O'Brien, Tova; Kronast, Hannah. "National Party leadership contest live updates: Simon Bridges v Todd Muller". Newshub. Archived from the original on 22 May 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
^ "Live: Todd Muller beats Simon Bridges in National Party leadership contest". Stuff. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
^ "Live: Simon Bridges loses National Party leadership to Todd Muller". Radio New Zealand. 22 May 2020. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
^ Malpass, Luke; Watkins, Tracey (24 May 2020). "How Todd Muller took Simon Bridges by surprise". Stuff. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
^ Vance, Andrea (24 October 2020). "The 'complete disarray' of National's campaign that led to electoral 'slaughter'". Stuff. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
^ "National leader Todd Muller reshuffles caucus: Adams rises, Tolley falls in new lineup". Radio New Zealand. 25 May 2020. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
^ Cooke, Henry (25 May 2020). "Simon Bridges to stay on in National, says he is 'not considering future'". Stuff. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
^ "Watch: 'Even the bad times have been good' - Simon Bridges to quit Parliament". NZ Herald. 3 September 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
^ "Former National Party deputy leader Paula Bennett to retire from politics at 2020 election". 29 June 2020.
^ Scotcher, Katie (30 June 2020). "National will consider Māori representation during caucus reshuffle". RNZ. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
^ "National Party leader Todd Muller announces reshuffle". RNZ. 2 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
^ "Former National leader Todd Muller opens up about panic attacks days into job". RNZ. 24 September 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
^ "Todd Muller resigns as National Party leader". RNZ. 14 July 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
vteNew Zealand National PartyParty leadersNames in bold served as Prime Minister
Adam Hamilton (1936–1940)
Sidney Holland (1940–1957)
Keith Holyoake (1957–1972)
Jack Marshall (1972–1974)
Robert Muldoon (1974–1984)
Jim McLay (1984–1986)
Jim Bolger (1986–1997)
Jenny Shipley (1997–2001)
Bill English (2001–2003)
Don Brash (2003–2006)
John Key (2006–2016)
Bill English (2016–2018)
Simon Bridges (2018–2020)
Todd Muller (2020)
Judith Collins (2020–2021)
Christopher Luxon (2021–present)
Party presidents
Sir George Wilson
Claude Weston
Alex Gordon
Sir Wilfrid Sim
Sir Alex McKenzie
Jack Meadowcroft
Ned Holt
Sir George Chapman
Sue Wood
Neville Young
John Collinge
Lindsay Tisch
Geoff Thompson
John Slater
Michelle Boag
Judy Kirk
Peter Goodfellow
Sylvia Wood
Current members of parliamentNames without electorates are list MPs
Leader
Christopher Luxon (Botany)
Deputy leader
Nicola Willis
Miles Anderson (Waitaki)
Carl Bates (Whanganui)
Andrew Bayly (Port Waikato)
Dan Bidois (Northcote)
Chris Bishop (Hutt South)
Cameron Brewer (Upper Harbour)
Simeon Brown (Pakuranga)
Gerry Brownlee
Mike Butterick (Wairarapa)
Hamish Campbell (Ilam)
Carlos Cheung (Mount Roskill)
Judith Collins (Papakura)
Tim Costley (Ōtaki)
Matt Doocey (Waimakariri)
Greg Fleming (Maungakiekie)
Paulo Garcia (New Lynn)
Paul Goldsmith
Nicola Grigg (Selwyn)
Ryan Hamilton (Hamilton East)
Dana Kirkpatrick (East Coast)
Barbara Kuriger (Taranaki-King Country)
Melissa Lee
Nancy Lu
Grant McCallum (Northland)
Todd McClay (Rotorua)
David MacLeod (New Plymouth)
James Meager (Rangitata)
Mark Mitchell (Whangaparāoa)
Joseph Mooney (Southland)
Rima Nakhle (Takanini)
Katie Nimon (Napier)
Chris Penk (Kaipara ki Mahurangi)
Tama Potaka (Hamilton West)
Maureen Pugh (West Coast-Tasman)
Suze Redmayne (Rangitīkei)
Shane Reti (Whangārei)
Tom Rutherford (Bay of Plenty)
Penny Simmonds (Invercargill)
Scott Simpson (Coromandel)
Stuart Smith (Kaikōura)
Erica Stanford (East Coast Bays)
Sam Uffindell (Tauranga)
Louise Upston (Taupō)
Tim van de Molen (Waikato)
Simon Watts (North Shore)
Catherine Wedd (Tukituki)
Vanessa Weenink (Banks Peninsula)
National governments
First (1949–57)
Second (1960–72)
Third (1975–84)
Fourth (1990–99)
Fifth (2008–17)
Sixth (2023–present)
Shadow cabinets
Holyoake
Marshall
Muldoon I
Muldoon II
McLay
Bolger
Shipley
English I
Brash
Key
English II
Bridges
Muller
Collins
Luxon
Leadership elections
1936
1940
1957
1972
1974
1984
1986
1997
2001
2003
2006
2016
2018
May 2020
July 2020
2021
Related articles
Reform Party
United Party
Liberal Party
Teal Deal
United–Reform Coalition
Young Nats (youth wing)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"leadership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_New_Zealand_National_Party"},{"link_name":"New Zealand National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party"},{"link_name":"caucus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"Todd Muller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Muller"},{"link_name":"Nikki Kaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Kaye"},{"link_name":"Simon Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Bridges"},{"link_name":"Paula Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Bennett"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"}],"text":"An election for the parliamentary leadership of the New Zealand National Party took place in the National Party parliamentary caucus on 22 May 2020.[1] Todd Muller and Nikki Kaye stood against the existing leader Simon Bridges and his deputy leader Paula Bennett following poor polling results.[2] Muller and Kaye won the votes and became the new leader and deputy leader respectively.[1]","title":"May 2020 New Zealand National Party leadership election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2017 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_New_Zealand_general_election"},{"link_name":"Bill English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_English"},{"link_name":"leadership election in February 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_National_Party_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"ACT New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"Jacinda Ardern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern"},{"link_name":"Judith Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Collins"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Jami-Lee Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami-Lee_Ross"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Christchurch mosque shootings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"New Zealand's COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poll22-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-14"},{"link_name":"Zoom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_Video_Communications"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"next general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_New_Zealand_general_election"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"first public poll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2020_New_Zealand_general_election"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic reached New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-14"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-19"},{"link_name":"Michelle Boag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Boag"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nzhmuller-26"}],"text":"After the National Party lost the 2017 election, its leader Bill English resigned and Simon Bridges won the leadership election in February 2018. Bridges had promised a \"generational refresh\"[3] of a National Party in Opposition for the first time in almost a decade. Under Bridges' leadership, National continued to poll between 40% and 45% and on some polls was projected to be able to form a government with the support of ACT New Zealand. However, Bridges' personal popularity remained well below that of Prime Minister and Labour Party leader Jacinda Ardern. Despite this, he saw off an apparent challenge for the leadership made by Judith Collins in April 2019, although a leadership election was never called (Collins would later go on to win the leadership after Todd Muller).[4][5][6] In September 2020, the National-supporting political commentator Matthew Hooton alleged that at this time Collins had formed a leadership ticket with Todd Muller, but they had been unable to gather sufficient support to remove Bridges.[7]Bridges' judgement was questioned throughout his leadership. Among other incidents, he received criticism for describing National MP Jami-Lee Ross as having \"embarrassing\" personal health problems ahead of Ross quitting to become an independent MP[8] and for describing a National Party staffer as \"junior\" and \"emotional\" when he deleted, in the aftermath of the Christchurch mosque shootings, an anti-migration petition that was hosted on the Party's website.[9][10] In April 2020, during New Zealand's COVID-19 pandemic, Bridges published a long Facebook post criticising the Government's response to COVID-19. The post attracted more than 25,000 comments, most of them negative.[4][11][12] Opinion polling would show that most New Zealanders supported the Government's decision to implement a nationwide stay-at-home order and the Government's economic response.[13][14] Bridges also received some criticism for choosing to drive weekly between his home in Tauranga and Parliament to chair the Epidemic Response Committee, which was meeting virtually over Zoom.[15]On 18 May 2020, four months before the next general election, a poll was released in which 56.5% of those surveyed would vote for Labour, compared with 30.6% for National. The same poll reported that 59.5% of those surveyed preferred Labour's leader Jacinda Ardern for prime minister, whereas Simon Bridges was preferred by only 4.5%.[16] This was the first public poll since the COVID-19 pandemic reached New Zealand, and Labour had seen widespread support for its actions in the pandemic including from National supporters.[14]By 19 May, media were reporting on a challenge to Bridges' leadership, citing comments from anonymous National MPs. The same day, Muller said he had no leadership ambitions and wasn't interested in the job.[17] However, on 20 May Muller confirmed in an email to National MPs that he would mount a challenge for the National Party leadership.[18] Later that day the party announced that the vote would be held on 22 May.[19]Former National Party president Michelle Boag said that the poll was not the only reason for the leadership challenge, describing it as the \"catalyst\" but saying that there had been \"months and months, and sometimes years, of [National] MPs having negative feedback about their leader, not only from party members but from constituents.\"[20] Some National MPs told reporters that a leadership challenge by Muller had been \"brewing for a while.\"[21]Muller arrived in Wellington on 21 May in order to talk with National MPs one-on-one. When asked whether Nikki Kaye was his running mate for the deputy position, he refused to comment, saying \"all conversations about leadership should stay within caucus\".[22] Kaye also refused to confirm she was Muller's running mate.[23] That night, another poll was released which had Labour at 59% and National at 29%. In this poll, which was conducted from 16 to 20 May, Bridges received 5% support as preferred prime minister, while Muller received 0.2%.[24][25]National MPs arrived at Parliament on the morning of 22 May for an emergency caucus meeting to be held at midday, many having flown into Wellington that morning. Very few would indicate which way they intended to vote,[1] and the vote was a secret ballot.[26]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Candidates"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Declared candidates","title":"Candidates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Judith Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Collins"},{"link_name":"Papakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papakura_(New_Zealand_electorate)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rnz-33"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collinsbook-39"},{"link_name":"Mark Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Mitchell_(New_Zealand_politician)"},{"link_name":"Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_(New_Zealand_electorate)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"}],"sub_title":"Declined","text":"The following individuals were speculated as being possible leadership candidates, but ruled out a bid:Judith Collins, MP for Papakura since 2002.[40] Collins declined to say who she would support ahead of the vote,[33] but a month later confirmed that she had voted for Muller.[39]\nMark Mitchell, MP for Rodney since 2011. Mitchell pledged support to Bridges on 20 May.[41] Despite media speculation,[42] Mitchell confirmed on the day of the vote that he would not run in the election.[1]","title":"Candidates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anatomy-36"},{"link_name":"Stuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuff_(website)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"Todd Muller won the vote for the party leadership, and Nikki Kaye won the vote for the deputy position in a secret ballot.[43][1][44][45] On 24 May, the Herald on Sunday reported that Muller may have won the leadership by a single vote.[36] By contrast, Stuff reported that while Bridges' supporters were claiming such a margin, the margin was likely to have been wider.[46] In October 2020 an outgoing National MP said Muller won by one vote.[47]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National caucus reshuffle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Todd_Muller"},{"link_name":"Amy Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Adams_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Tauranga electorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauranga_(New_Zealand_electorate)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"second leadership election in 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2020_New_Zealand_National_Party_leadership_election"}],"text":"On 25 May, three days after the election, Muller announced a National caucus reshuffle, though there were only a few changes. Amy Adams, who had planned to retire at the 2020 election, instead changed her mind and was awarded the newly created \"Covid-19 Recovery\" portfolio. It was reported that Simon Bridges was offered the Justice portfolio; reportedly he turned it down and asked for the Foreign Affairs portfolio, but was refused it. Bridges was not given any caucus ranking but Muller said that there would be a place for Bridges in his senior leadership team should he decide to stay in politics.[48]Bridges announced he was staying in the party and would run again for the Tauranga electorate.[49] After retaining the Tauranga electorate in the 2020 general election, Bridges resigned as a Member of Parliament on 15 March 2022, causing a byelection for his seat.[50]Paula Bennett announced on 29 June her intention to retire from politics at the 2020 general election.[51] Her announcement prompted a second caucus reshuffle;[52] in this reshuffle Bridges was given the Foreign Affairs portfolio he wanted and a caucus ranking of 17.[53]Muller held the position of National Party leader for less than two months. Muller would later reveal that he suffered severe panic attacks, starting five days after his election, which became worse as the days went on, until he found himself unable to get out of bed.[54] On 14 July 2020, he resigned as leader, saying: \"the role has taken a heavy toll on me personally, and on my family, and this has become untenable from a health perspective.\"[55] This triggered the second leadership election in 2020.","title":"Aftermath"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Live: The contest for the National party leadership\". Stuff. Retrieved 21 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/300017906/live-the-contest-for-the-national-party-leadership","url_text":"\"Live: The contest for the National party leadership\""}]},{"reference":"\"Simon Bridges faces challenge to his leadership from MPs Todd Muller and Nikki Kaye\". Stuff.co.nz. 20 May 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/121566701/simon-bridges-faces-challenge-to-his-leadership-from-mps-todd-muller-and-nikki-kaye--source","url_text":"\"Simon Bridges faces challenge to his leadership from MPs Todd Muller and Nikki Kaye\""}]},{"reference":"\"National leader vote: Bridges touts 'generational change'\". RNZ. 15 February 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/morningreport/audio/2018632165/national-leader-vote-bridges-touts-generational-change","url_text":"\"National leader vote: Bridges touts 'generational change'\""}]},{"reference":"Coughlan, Thomas; Cooke, Henry (24 May 2020). \"Simon Bridges, the scrapper who couldn't stop scrapping\". Stuff. Retrieved 2 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/300019107/simon-bridges-the-scrapper-who-couldnt-stop-scrapping","url_text":"\"Simon Bridges, the scrapper who couldn't stop scrapping\""}]},{"reference":"\"Judith Collins refuses to say she's loyal to National leader Simon Bridges\". Newshub. Retrieved 2 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2019/04/judith-collins-refuses-to-say-she-s-loyal-to-national-leader-simon-bridges.html","url_text":"\"Judith Collins refuses to say she's loyal to National leader Simon Bridges\""}]},{"reference":"\"National MPs speaking out against leader Simon Bridges\". Newshub. Retrieved 2 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2019/04/national-mps-speaking-out-against-leader-simon-bridges.html","url_text":"\"National MPs speaking out against leader Simon Bridges\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matthew Hooton: Simon Bridges was 'the most unpopular senior political figure in the English-speaking world'\". New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 25 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzherald.co.nz/politics/news/article.cfm?c_id=280&objectid=12367438","url_text":"\"Matthew Hooton: Simon Bridges was 'the most unpopular senior political figure in the English-speaking world'\""}]},{"reference":"Bateman, Sophie (4 October 2018). \"Simon Bridges expresses regret over 'embarrassing' remark about Jami-Lee Ross\". Newshub. Retrieved 2 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2018/10/simon-bridges-expresses-regret-over-embarrassing-remark-about-jami-lee-ross.html","url_text":"\"Simon Bridges expresses regret over 'embarrassing' remark about Jami-Lee Ross\""}]},{"reference":"Harman, Richard. \"Adams' return signals what really lay behind Muller's campaign | Politik\". Retrieved 2 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politik.co.nz/2020/05/25/what-lay-behind-mullers-campaign/","url_text":"\"Adams' return signals what really lay behind Muller's campaign | Politik\""}]},{"reference":"Cooke, Henry (3 April 2019). \"'Emotional junior staffer' in dispute with National Party following UN petition deletion\". Stuff. Retrieved 2 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/111761312/emotional-junior-staffer-in-dispute-with-national-party-following-un-petition-deletion","url_text":"\"'Emotional junior staffer' in dispute with National Party following UN petition deletion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coronavirus: Simon Bridges receives huge backlash to Facebook post criticising lockdown extension\". Stuff. 21 April 2020. 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Retrieved 25 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/coronavirus/120534052/coronavirus-poll-shows-kiwis-back-harsh-measures-but-are-extremely-worried-about-virus","url_text":"\"Coronavirus: Poll shows Kiwis back harsh measures but are extremely worried about virus\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200324234129/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/coronavirus/120534052/coronavirus-poll-shows-kiwis-back-harsh-measures-but-are-extremely-worried-about-virus","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Trevett, Claire (18 May 2020). \"New poll: Labour and Jacinda Ardern surge in popularity, National and Simon Bridges plummet\". NZ Herald. ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 20 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12332872","url_text":"\"New poll: Labour and Jacinda Ardern surge in popularity, National and Simon Bridges plummet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1170-0777","url_text":"1170-0777"}]},{"reference":"\"Bridges defends Wellington to Tauranga commute\". RNZ. 6 April 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/413566/bridges-defends-wellington-to-tauranga-commute","url_text":"\"Bridges defends Wellington to Tauranga commute\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jacinda Ardern, Labour soar in new poll\". RNZ. 18 May 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/416936/jacinda-ardern-labour-soar-in-new-poll","url_text":"\"Jacinda Ardern, Labour soar in new poll\""}]},{"reference":"ZB, Newstalk. \"Todd Muller denies leadership ambitions despite endorsement by ex-PM\". ZB. Retrieved 20 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/on-air/the-country/audio/todd-muller-denies-hes-interested-in-national-leadership/","url_text":"\"Todd Muller denies leadership ambitions despite endorsement by ex-PM\""}]},{"reference":"Walls, Jason; Trevett, Claire (20 May 2020). \"National leadership coup: Todd Muller confirms he'll challenge Simon Bridges on Friday\". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 22 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200522103121/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12333461","url_text":"\"National leadership coup: Todd Muller confirms he'll challenge Simon Bridges on Friday\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald","url_text":"The New Zealand Herald"},{"url":"https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12333461","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National confirms leadership vote to be held on Friday\". Radio NZ. 20 May 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/417094/national-confirms-leadership-vote-to-be-held-on-friday","url_text":"\"National confirms leadership vote to be held on Friday\""}]},{"reference":"\"Simon Bridges' tactics likely to lose him the leadership challenge - commentator\". RNZ. 21 May 2020. 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Retrieved 21 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/300018085/bridges-plummets-in-latest-poll-as-national-leadership-race-enters-final-day","url_text":"\"Bridges plummets in latest poll, as National leadership race enters final day\""}]},{"reference":"Trevett, Claire (21 May 2020). \"National leadership coup: Simon Bridges confident ahead of new poll, Todd Muller challenge\". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 22 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200522025707/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12333810","url_text":"\"National leadership coup: Simon Bridges confident ahead of new poll, Todd Muller challenge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald","url_text":"The New Zealand Herald"},{"url":"https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12333810","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Theunissen, Matthew (20 May 2020). \"Simon Bridges to face National Party leadership challenge\". Radio New Zealand. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200525052247/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/417057/simon-bridges-to-face-national-party-leadership-challenge","url_text":"\"Simon Bridges to face National Party leadership challenge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand","url_text":"Radio New Zealand"},{"url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/417057/simon-bridges-to-face-national-party-leadership-challenge","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Houlahan, Mike (22 May 2020). \"Woodhouse pledges allegiance as Bridges faces challenge\". Otago Daily Times. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arman_(name)
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Arman (disambiguation)
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["1 Places","2 Other","3 See also"]
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Look up Arman, ارمان, or آرمان in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Arman (1928–2005) was a French-American artist.
Arman may also refer to:
Arman (given name)
Arman (surname)
Places
Arman, Nepal, a village in the Dhaulagiri Zone of Nepal
Arman, Russia, a rural locality (a settlement) in Magadan Oblast, Russia
Arman (river), a river in Russia
Arman (Crișul Negru), a river in Romania
Arman, the Romanian name of Kardam, Dobrich Province, Bulgaria
Armān, alternative name of Armand-e Olya, a village in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province of Iran
Other
Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms (ARMAN), the archaeal phylum
Arman (cinema), in Almaty, Kazakhstan
Arman FM, an entertainment commercial radio station in Afghanistan
FC Arman, a defunct Kazakhstani association football team
Arman oil field, an oil field in Kazakhstan
Arman Monthly, Australian monthly publication serving the Afghani community
See also
Ahriman (disambiguation)
Arimanius
Armaan (disambiguation)
Armand (disambiguation)
Armani (disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Arman.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Arman_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Antiquities_(Netherlands)
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Rijksmuseum van Oudheden
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["1 Current collection","2 History of the collection","2.1 Reuvens takes charge","2.2 The contributions of Rottiers","2.3 The contributions of Humbert","2.4 Death of Reuvens","2.5 Leemans takes over","3 History of the housing","3.1 Before and under Reuvens","3.2 Under Leemans","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 52°9′29.99″N 4°29′8.99″E / 52.1583306°N 4.4858306°E / 52.1583306; 4.4858306National archaeological museum of the Netherlands
Rijksmuseum van OudhedenDutch National Museum of Antiquities in LeidenInteractive fullscreen mapLocationLeiden, NetherlandsCoordinates52°9′29.99″N 4°29′8.99″E / 52.1583306°N 4.4858306°E / 52.1583306; 4.4858306
Egyptian collections of Rijksmuseum van Oudheden
Ancient Egyptian sarcophagus at RMO
Ipuwer Papyrus describing the socio-political turmoil of ancient Egypt during one of its intermediary periods
Ornamental disc (fibula) made of gilded silver. Made in Thracia around 100 BC, it was found in Limburg in 1850.
The Rijksmuseum van Oudheden (English: National Museum of Antiquities) is the national archaeological museum of the Netherlands, located in Leiden. It grew out of the collection of Leiden University and still closely co-operates with its Faculty of Archaeology. The museum calls itself "the national centre for archaeology" and focuses on ancient Egypt, the ancient Near East, the classical world of Greece, Etruria and Rome and the early (prehistoric, Roman and Medieval) Netherlands.
Current collection
A hoard of silver Viking treasure now located in the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden.
The original curved iron sword; the oldest iron object ever found in the Netherlands from the Vorstengraf (Oss)
Egyptian offering chapel of Hetepherakhty, 1905. On permanent display in the main museum entrance hall.
The current collection of the museum is divided in the following categories:
Ancient Egypt
Ancient Near East
Etruscan civilization
Ancient Greece
Ancient Rome
Prehistoric Netherlands
Roman Netherlands
Medieval Netherlands
In the central hall of the museum stands an original Egyptian temple, the Temple of Taffeh, which was taken apart in Egypt and reconstructed in the museum as part of the International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia.
History of the collection
Reuvens takes charge
The collection of the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden began with an inheritance in 1743. After the death of Gerard van Papenbroek, his collection was bequeathed to Leiden University. The bequest comprised about 150 antiquities and was published in 1746 by a professor of the university. It was put on public display but poorly cared for until half a century later when it would finally get an official curator. This curator was classicist Caspar Reuvens, the world's first archaeology professor. Along with his duties as a professor at the university came the care of the archaeological cabinet, then consisting mainly of the Papenbroek inheritance.
Reuvens quickly added other collections from both within and outside Leiden to the university's antiquities. Antiquities from the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam were transferred to Leiden with government support in 1825. Some pieces from the Thoms Collection were among the favorites of the director of the Amsterdam museum. It was agreed that these would not be moved to Leiden until after his directorship. These became part of the Leiden collection in 1844. In 1826, a collection of prehistorical materials arrived from the Museum of Natural History.
The contributions of Rottiers
The growth of the National Museum of Antiquities would prove to be depended much more upon foreign investments. Despite the gathering of antiquities from various Dutch organizations, the really important additions to the museum would come from buying personal collections. Among the first of these was the first Rottiers Collection. It belonged to a retired Flemish colonel who had begun collecting during a stay in Athens. In 1820, this collection was offered to the government of the Low Countries and Reuvens was sent to determine its value and recommend on whether to buy or not. Reuvens was enthusiastic about the collection because it contained original Greek sculpture and Greek pottery, categories which lacked in the Leiden collection until then. Cautioning the ministry not to buy at any price, the Rottiers collection was eventually sold for the sum of 12,000 guilders and placed in the National Museum of Antiquities.
In 1822, Rottiers sold a second collection, of smaller importance, to the government. The best piece in this collection would later turn out to be a modern cast of a marble head, a forgery. With both the first and the second Rottiers collections, the origins would remain shady. In both cases it was hinted or outright claimed that Rottiers and his son had dug up at least part of the antiquities themselves. However, in both cases it would turn out that perhaps all of the collection was bought. Rottiers also repeatedly admitted to selling forgeries and misleading buyers, but told Reuvens that he would never do so to him and that his earlier mistakes were youthful folly.
From 1824 to 1826, Rottiers made a journey through the Mediterranean, paid for by the ministry. This journey was Rottiers' own idea, and the purpose of it was to buy antiquities. Reuvens, who was not very enthusiastic about this project, was asked to provide Rottiers with instructions. During these travels Rottiers complained a lot, and for a while failed to produce any real results. The ministry had to go as far as send him an official warning to stop using government funds for anything other than buying antiquities. Plans of Rottiers' to start his own excavations were never discussed with Reuvens, and eventually Rottiers actually excavated on Melos. After this excavation Rottiers continued his travels and bought antiquities. During a lengthy stay on Rhodes, he studied and described the medieval architecture, large parts of which would later be destroyed, making the drawings commissioned by Rottiers invaluable.
In March and September 1826, the museum received the acquired antiquities. Reuvens wrote a largely negative report. Though he was pleased with some of the pieces, most were hardly special and Rottiers had not provided substantial background information.
The contributions of Humbert
Rottiers was not the only agent working for the Dutch government procuring antiquities however. While Rottiers was working in the eastern Mediterranean, Jean Emile Humbert was collecting and excavating in Tunisia. After selling his personal collection to the government, Humbert was asked to return to Tunisia on an archaeological expedition. Raised to the Order of the Netherlands Lion, with instructions from Reuvens and with a state-funded budget Humbert would collect and excavate antiquities in Tunisia from 1822 to 1824. Most important about this first expedition by Humbert was the acquisition of eight statues, which are still on display as centerpieces in the museum.
A second expedition by Humbert never reached Tunisia because Humbert preferred staying in Italy. Despite this blatant disregard of the agreements, the expedition did produce some considerable results. A collection of Etruscan artifacts, known as the Museo Corazzi, was bought for over 30.000 guilders but pleased Reuvens because Etruscan antiquities were virtually unknown outside Italy at the time.
By far the most important deal of the expedition was the acquisition of the very large d'Anastasy Collection of Egyptian antiquities. After a lengthy period of negotiations by the Dutch ambassador in Rome and Humbert with agents of d'Anastasy the collection was eventually sold for roughly 115.000 guilders. It would be the largest deal in the careers of Humbert and Reuvens both, and provided the museum with an internationally appraised Egyptian collection.
Death of Reuvens
In the final years of Reuvens' life, there was a severe decline in governmental support for the museum. The rebellion and seceding of Belgium in 1830 were costly matters for the king, and little to no room was found for adventurous expeditions or excavations.
Reuvens died in 1835, after suffering what seems to be a severe stroke by the reports. He left behind a young museum with a scholarly renowned collection, which had grown from the Papenbroek inheritance to now include a large amount of Etruscan, Egyptian, Carthaginian, Roman, Greek and other items.
Leemans takes over
After his death, Reuvens' work was taken over by his student, Conradus Leemans, who had excavated with Reuvens and was present at his death. As described below, under Leemans, the museum would finally get its own building. Prospects for continuing the growth of the collection looked bleak, however, after royal interest waned and with the enormous cost of the d'Anastasy deal still in mind. Leemans found a solution by using the official gazette to appeal private collectors, Dutch ambassadors and consuls for donations and aid in building the collection. The appeal was successful and objects from all over the world kept flowing in.
In 1839, Leemans, now appointed director, bought some 100 vases with funds from the king. They belonged to a collection that had been excavated a decade before in Italy and belonged to Lucien Bonaparte. Leemans published this collection in 1840 and had published the Egyptian collection the year before. The Etruscan collection was published by a colleague. Publications would continue and the next period in the history of the museum is described as "a period of consolidation after the restless pioneer years".
History of the housing
Before and under Reuvens
Finding an adequate building for the archaeological collection had been a matter of ongoing strife between Reuvens, the trustees of the museum and the Dutch government. When Reuvens was first appointed professor of archaeology, and thereby curator of the Papenbroek collection, the antiquities were housed in a building of the botanical gardens of the university. The damp atmosphere caused serious damage to the sculptures, however, and the collection had already outgrown its housing which resulted in several statues being placed outside.
In 1821, the archaeological cabinet was moved to a new wing of the Museum of Natural History. Reuvens was unhappy with this location as well though, because it was much too small for the growing collection and because the windows provided far from enough light. In 1824, Reuvens was offered some more room of the Museum of Natural History, but Reuvens refused the insufficient extra space and proposed an entirely new building designed especially for the National Museum of Antiquities, which would also give him a lecture hall, restoration facilities and other required rooms. Reuvens plans for this new building would prove much too expensive unfortunately.
The collection continued growing however and the room granted to it was obviously insufficient. Several other solutions were sought, including redecorating a medieval church and giving Reuvens part of a new academy building. Reuvens refused these options however, because they weren't real solutions. This led to considering a much more drastic plan: moving the museum altogether to another city. Brussels, Amsterdam and the Hague were considered. Reuvens argued against all of these, using Leiden's thriving academic climate in the humanities as a main argument for keeping the collection there. Eventually, Amsterdam became the prime candidate, being the capital of the Netherlands and Brussels having seceded from the kingdom along with the rest of Belgium. Before the relocation could begin however, the academic world was shocked by the unexpected death of the still young Reuvens.
Under Leemans
Reuvens' student, Conrad Leemans, was appointed temporary curator of the collection and was asked to compile reports on the state of the museum and Reuvens' intended publications. Leemans followed Reuvens in complaining about the poor state of the antiquities due to limited finances and a poor housing. In November 1835, a turning event occurred for the museum when the university bought an 18th-century mansion and offered to place the collection there. Leemans set to work in redecorating the mansion and moving the collection to the new building. Budgetary problems and the difficulties of transporting some of the largest pieces through the city were eventually overcome and, in August 1838, the National Museum of Antiquities finally had its official opening for the public. Reuvens' collection had grown to a real museum.
See also
Temple of Taffeh
Caspar Reuvens
Jean Emile Humbert
Leiden University
Papenbroek Collection
Rottiers Collection
Thoms Collection
Papyrus of Qenna
References
^ Oudheden, Rijksmuseum van. "Rijksmuseum van Oudheden". www.rmo.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2018-02-28.
^ Halbertsma, R. B. (2003). Scholars, Travellers, and Trade: The Pioneer Years of the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden, 1818-1840, Routledge, p. 20
^ Halbertsma, R. B. (2003). Scholars, Travellers, and Trade: The Pioneer Years of the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden, 1818-1840, Routledge, p. 34-43
^ Halbertsma, R. B. (2003). Scholars, Travellers, and Trade: The Pioneer Years of the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden, 1818-1840, Routledge, p. 67-70
^ Halbertsma, R. B. (2003). Scholars, Travellers, and Trade: The Pioneer Years of the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden, 1818-1840, Routledge, p. 142-3
^ Halbertsma, R. B. (2003). Scholars, Travellers, and Trade: The Pioneer Years of the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden, 1818-1840, Routledge, p. 152
Further reading
Halbertsma, R. B. (2003). Scholars, Travellers, and Trade: The Pioneer Years of the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden, 1818-1840, Routledge.
External links
Official website in Dutch
Official website in English
Virtual tour of the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden provided by Google Arts & Culture
Media related to Rijksmuseum van Oudheden at Wikimedia Commons
vteMuseums in Leiden
Academisch Historisch Museum
Anatomisch Museum
Museum Boerhaave
Hortus Botanicus Leiden
Museum De Lakenhal
Naturalis Biodiversity Center
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egyptian_collections_of_Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WLANL_-_koopmanrob_-_Tachateroe_binnenkist_(RMO)_(1).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ipuwer_Papyrus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ipuwer Papyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipuwer_Papyrus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden,_schatten_uit_Limburg,_sierschijf_van_Helden_1.JPG"},{"link_name":"fibula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibula"},{"link_name":"Thracia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracia"},{"link_name":"Limburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"archaeological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Leiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden"},{"link_name":"Leiden University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden_University"},{"link_name":"ancient Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"ancient Near East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Near_East"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Etruria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruria"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"National archaeological museum of the NetherlandsEgyptian collections of Rijksmuseum van OudhedenAncient Egyptian sarcophagus at RMOIpuwer Papyrus describing the socio-political turmoil of ancient Egypt during one of its intermediary periodsOrnamental disc (fibula) made of gilded silver. Made in Thracia around 100 BC, it was found in Limburg in 1850.The Rijksmuseum van Oudheden (English: National Museum of Antiquities) is the national archaeological museum of the Netherlands, located in Leiden. It grew out of the collection of Leiden University and still closely co-operates with its Faculty of Archaeology. The museum calls itself \"the national centre for archaeology\" and focuses on ancient Egypt, the ancient Near East, the classical world of Greece, Etruria and Rome and the early (prehistoric, Roman and Medieval) Netherlands.[1]","title":"Rijksmuseum van Oudheden"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Viking_treasure_(Leiden).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Verbogen_Keltische_zwaard.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vorstengraf (Oss)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorstengraf_(Oss)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egyptian_offering_chapel_of_Hetepherakhty,_National_Museum_of_Antiquities,_Leiden,_1905.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ancient Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Ancient Near East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Near_East"},{"link_name":"Etruscan civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_civilization"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Ancient Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Prehistoric Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands#Prehistory_(before_800_BC)"},{"link_name":"Roman Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands#Roman_era_(57_BC_%E2%80%93_410_AD)"},{"link_name":"Medieval Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands#Early_Middle_Ages_to_Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Temple of Taffeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Taffeh"},{"link_name":"International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia"}],"text":"A hoard of silver Viking treasure now located in the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden.The original curved iron sword; the oldest iron object ever found in the Netherlands from the Vorstengraf (Oss)Egyptian offering chapel of Hetepherakhty, 1905. On permanent display in the main museum entrance hall.The current collection of the museum is divided in the following categories:Ancient Egypt\nAncient Near East\nEtruscan civilization\nAncient Greece\nAncient Rome\nPrehistoric Netherlands\nRoman Netherlands\nMedieval NetherlandsIn the central hall of the museum stands an original Egyptian temple, the Temple of Taffeh, which was taken apart in Egypt and reconstructed in the museum as part of the International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia.","title":"Current collection"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History of the collection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gerard van Papenbroek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerard_van_Papenbroek&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papenbroek_Collection"},{"link_name":"Leiden University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Caspar Reuvens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_Reuvens"},{"link_name":"archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Rijksmuseum Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Thoms Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoms_Collection"}],"sub_title":"Reuvens takes charge","text":"The collection of the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden began with an inheritance in 1743. After the death of Gerard van Papenbroek, his collection was bequeathed to Leiden University. The bequest comprised about 150 antiquities and was published in 1746 by a professor of the university. It was put on public display but poorly cared for until half a century later when it would finally get an official curator.[2] This curator was classicist Caspar Reuvens, the world's first archaeology professor. Along with his duties as a professor at the university came the care of the archaeological cabinet, then consisting mainly of the Papenbroek inheritance.Reuvens quickly added other collections from both within and outside Leiden to the university's antiquities.[3] Antiquities from the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam were transferred to Leiden with government support in 1825. Some pieces from the Thoms Collection were among the favorites of the director of the Amsterdam museum. It was agreed that these would not be moved to Leiden until after his directorship. These became part of the Leiden collection in 1844. In 1826, a collection of prehistorical materials arrived from the Museum of Natural History.","title":"History of the collection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rottiers Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rottiers_Collection"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Melos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melos"},{"link_name":"Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"The contributions of Rottiers","text":"The growth of the National Museum of Antiquities would prove to be depended much more upon foreign investments. Despite the gathering of antiquities from various Dutch organizations, the really important additions to the museum would come from buying personal collections. Among the first of these was the first Rottiers Collection. It belonged to a retired Flemish colonel who had begun collecting during a stay in Athens. In 1820, this collection was offered to the government of the Low Countries and Reuvens was sent to determine its value and recommend on whether to buy or not. Reuvens was enthusiastic about the collection because it contained original Greek sculpture and Greek pottery, categories which lacked in the Leiden collection until then. Cautioning the ministry not to buy at any price, the Rottiers collection was eventually sold for the sum of 12,000 guilders and placed in the National Museum of Antiquities.In 1822, Rottiers sold a second collection, of smaller importance, to the government. The best piece in this collection would later turn out to be a modern cast of a marble head, a forgery. With both the first and the second Rottiers collections, the origins would remain shady. In both cases it was hinted or outright claimed that Rottiers and his son had dug up at least part of the antiquities themselves. However, in both cases it would turn out that perhaps all of the collection was bought. Rottiers also repeatedly admitted to selling forgeries and misleading buyers, but told Reuvens that he would never do so to him and that his earlier mistakes were youthful folly.From 1824 to 1826, Rottiers made a journey through the Mediterranean, paid for by the ministry. This journey was Rottiers' own idea, and the purpose of it was to buy antiquities. Reuvens, who was not very enthusiastic about this project, was asked to provide Rottiers with instructions. During these travels Rottiers complained a lot, and for a while failed to produce any real results. The ministry had to go as far as send him an official warning to stop using government funds for anything other than buying antiquities. Plans of Rottiers' to start his own excavations were never discussed with Reuvens, and eventually Rottiers actually excavated on Melos. After this excavation Rottiers continued his travels and bought antiquities. During a lengthy stay on Rhodes, he studied and described the medieval architecture, large parts of which would later be destroyed, making the drawings commissioned by Rottiers invaluable.In March and September 1826, the museum received the acquired antiquities. Reuvens wrote a largely negative report. Though he was pleased with some of the pieces, most were hardly special and Rottiers had not provided substantial background information.[4]","title":"History of the collection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean Emile Humbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Emile_Humbert"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Order of the Netherlands Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion"},{"link_name":"Etruscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_society"}],"sub_title":"The contributions of Humbert","text":"Rottiers was not the only agent working for the Dutch government procuring antiquities however. While Rottiers was working in the eastern Mediterranean, Jean Emile Humbert was collecting and excavating in Tunisia. After selling his personal collection to the government, Humbert was asked to return to Tunisia on an archaeological expedition. Raised to the Order of the Netherlands Lion, with instructions from Reuvens and with a state-funded budget Humbert would collect and excavate antiquities in Tunisia from 1822 to 1824. Most important about this first expedition by Humbert was the acquisition of eight statues, which are still on display as centerpieces in the museum.A second expedition by Humbert never reached Tunisia because Humbert preferred staying in Italy. Despite this blatant disregard of the agreements, the expedition did produce some considerable results. A collection of Etruscan artifacts, known as the Museo Corazzi, was bought for over 30.000 guilders but pleased Reuvens because Etruscan antiquities were virtually unknown outside Italy at the time. \nBy far the most important deal of the expedition was the acquisition of the very large d'Anastasy Collection of Egyptian antiquities. After a lengthy period of negotiations by the Dutch ambassador in Rome and Humbert with agents of d'Anastasy the collection was eventually sold for roughly 115.000 guilders. It would be the largest deal in the careers of Humbert and Reuvens both, and provided the museum with an internationally appraised Egyptian collection.","title":"History of the collection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Death of Reuvens","text":"In the final years of Reuvens' life, there was a severe decline in governmental support for the museum. The rebellion and seceding of Belgium in 1830 were costly matters for the king, and little to no room was found for adventurous expeditions or excavations.\nReuvens died in 1835, after suffering what seems to be a severe stroke by the reports.[5] He left behind a young museum with a scholarly renowned collection, which had grown from the Papenbroek inheritance to now include a large amount of Etruscan, Egyptian, Carthaginian, Roman, Greek and other items.","title":"History of the collection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conradus Leemans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conradus_Leemans"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Leemans takes over","text":"After his death, Reuvens' work was taken over by his student, Conradus Leemans, who had excavated with Reuvens and was present at his death. As described below, under Leemans, the museum would finally get its own building. Prospects for continuing the growth of the collection looked bleak, however, after royal interest waned and with the enormous cost of the d'Anastasy deal still in mind. Leemans found a solution by using the official gazette to appeal private collectors, Dutch ambassadors and consuls for donations and aid in building the collection. The appeal was successful and objects from all over the world kept flowing in.In 1839, Leemans, now appointed director, bought some 100 vases with funds from the king. They belonged to a collection that had been excavated a decade before in Italy and belonged to Lucien Bonaparte. Leemans published this collection in 1840 and had published the Egyptian collection the year before. The Etruscan collection was published by a colleague. Publications would continue and the next period in the history of the museum is described as \"a period of consolidation after the restless pioneer years\".[6]","title":"History of the collection"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History of the housing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"the Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"}],"sub_title":"Before and under Reuvens","text":"Finding an adequate building for the archaeological collection had been a matter of ongoing strife between Reuvens, the trustees of the museum and the Dutch government. When Reuvens was first appointed professor of archaeology, and thereby curator of the Papenbroek collection, the antiquities were housed in a building of the botanical gardens of the university. The damp atmosphere caused serious damage to the sculptures, however, and the collection had already outgrown its housing which resulted in several statues being placed outside.In 1821, the archaeological cabinet was moved to a new wing of the Museum of Natural History. Reuvens was unhappy with this location as well though, because it was much too small for the growing collection and because the windows provided far from enough light. In 1824, Reuvens was offered some more room of the Museum of Natural History, but Reuvens refused the insufficient extra space and proposed an entirely new building designed especially for the National Museum of Antiquities, which would also give him a lecture hall, restoration facilities and other required rooms. Reuvens plans for this new building would prove much too expensive unfortunately.The collection continued growing however and the room granted to it was obviously insufficient. Several other solutions were sought, including redecorating a medieval church and giving Reuvens part of a new academy building. Reuvens refused these options however, because they weren't real solutions. This led to considering a much more drastic plan: moving the museum altogether to another city. Brussels, Amsterdam and the Hague were considered. Reuvens argued against all of these, using Leiden's thriving academic climate in the humanities as a main argument for keeping the collection there. Eventually, Amsterdam became the prime candidate, being the capital of the Netherlands and Brussels having seceded from the kingdom along with the rest of Belgium. Before the relocation could begin however, the academic world was shocked by the unexpected death of the still young Reuvens.","title":"History of the housing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Under Leemans","text":"Reuvens' student, Conrad Leemans, was appointed temporary curator of the collection and was asked to compile reports on the state of the museum and Reuvens' intended publications. Leemans followed Reuvens in complaining about the poor state of the antiquities due to limited finances and a poor housing. In November 1835, a turning event occurred for the museum when the university bought an 18th-century mansion and offered to place the collection there. Leemans set to work in redecorating the mansion and moving the collection to the new building. Budgetary problems and the difficulties of transporting some of the largest pieces through the city were eventually overcome and, in August 1838, the National Museum of Antiquities finally had its official opening for the public. Reuvens' collection had grown to a real museum.","title":"History of the housing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"}],"text":"Halbertsma, R. B. (2003). Scholars, Travellers, and Trade: The Pioneer Years of the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden, 1818-1840, Routledge.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Egyptian collections of Rijksmuseum van Oudheden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Egyptian_collections_of_Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden.jpg/190px-Egyptian_collections_of_Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ancient Egyptian sarcophagus at RMO","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/WLANL_-_koopmanrob_-_Tachateroe_binnenkist_%28RMO%29_%281%29.jpg/190px-WLANL_-_koopmanrob_-_Tachateroe_binnenkist_%28RMO%29_%281%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ipuwer Papyrus describing the socio-political turmoil of ancient Egypt during one of its intermediary periods","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ipuwer_Papyrus.jpg/190px-Ipuwer_Papyrus.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ornamental disc (fibula) made of gilded silver. Made in Thracia around 100 BC, it was found in Limburg in 1850.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden%2C_schatten_uit_Limburg%2C_sierschijf_van_Helden_1.JPG/190px-Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden%2C_schatten_uit_Limburg%2C_sierschijf_van_Helden_1.JPG"},{"image_text":"A hoard of silver Viking treasure now located in the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Viking_treasure_%28Leiden%29.jpg/190px-Viking_treasure_%28Leiden%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The original curved iron sword; the oldest iron object ever found in the Netherlands from the Vorstengraf (Oss)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Verbogen_Keltische_zwaard.jpg/190px-Verbogen_Keltische_zwaard.jpg"},{"image_text":"Egyptian offering chapel of Hetepherakhty, 1905. On permanent display in the main museum entrance hall.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Egyptian_offering_chapel_of_Hetepherakhty%2C_National_Museum_of_Antiquities%2C_Leiden%2C_1905.jpg/190px-Egyptian_offering_chapel_of_Hetepherakhty%2C_National_Museum_of_Antiquities%2C_Leiden%2C_1905.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Temple of Taffeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Taffeh"},{"title":"Caspar Reuvens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_Reuvens"},{"title":"Jean Emile Humbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Emile_Humbert"},{"title":"Leiden University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden_University"},{"title":"Papenbroek Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papenbroek_Collection"},{"title":"Rottiers Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rottiers_Collection"},{"title":"Thoms Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoms_Collection"},{"title":"Qenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qenna"}]
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[{"reference":"Oudheden, Rijksmuseum van. \"Rijksmuseum van Oudheden\". www.rmo.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2018-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rmo.nl/","url_text":"\"Rijksmuseum van Oudheden\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Bethell
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Tony Bethell
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["1 Early life","2 Service career","3 Capture","4 The Great Escape","5 Later career","6 Death","7 Bibliography","8 References"]
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British soldier (1922–2004)
R. Anthony BethellNickname(s)"Tony"Born(1922-04-09)9 April 1922Dar-es-Salaam, Tanganyika TerritoryDied17 February 2004(2004-02-17) (aged 81)CanadaBuriedMetis-sur-Mer, QuebecAllegianceUnited KingdomService/branchRoyal Air ForceYears of service1941–1945, 1949–1955RankFlight lieutenantService number120413UnitNo. 268 SquadronNo. 16 SquadronNo. 145 SquadronBattles/warsSecond World War
European theatre
Channel front (POW)
Cold WarSpouse(s)Lorna BethellKnown forOne of the "Great Escapers"
Richard Anthony Bethell (9 April 1922 – 17 February 2004) was born in Dar es Salaam in the British territory of Tanganyika. He joined the Royal Air Force during the Second World War. After his Mustang was shot down he was taken prisoner and held in the German prisoner of war camp Stalag Luft III at Sagan where he participated in the Great Escape, being one of the 76 officers to break out and make some distance across enemy occupied territory before being recaptured. His name was not one of the 50 who were picked to be executed and he, with 25 others, went back into captivity. He retired from the RAF in 1955 and worked in financial services in Canada. He died in Canada in 2004.
Early life
Bethell's parents lived abroad serving with the British Colonial Services in East Africa and Gibraltar. Bethell was born on 9 April 1922 in Dar-es-Salaam, then part of the British territory of Tanganyika. He and his brother were boarders at Junior Kings School, Sturry, Kent and regularly sailed to Gibraltar to see their parents during school holidays. The Bethell family lived for some years in Gibraltar where his father was state treasurer, and only returned to England after his death. Bethell's education was completed at Sherborne School, where he attained the position of head boy.
Service career
Joining the Royal Air Force as an aircraftman 2nd class (service number 1314695) in February 1941, he completed pilot training in the United States in Georgia, Alabama and Florida. From there he was posted to a training unit at Hawarden before joining No. 268 (Fighter) Squadron as a sergeant-pilot. He was commissioned as a pilot officer on 7 February 1942 with the RAF officer's service number 120413 and was promoted to flying officer on 1 October 1942.
Equipped with the North American P-51 Mustang, 268 Squadron flew "rhubarbs" (low level sweeps) to attack enemy shipping off the Dutch coast and ground targets such as troop transports and military railway freight. On 26 November 1942, during a mission over the Netherlands he shot down a Messerschmitt Bf 109 near Elburg and minutes later a Junkers Ju 52 transport aircraft near Oldebroek. These were stated in his obituary to be the squadron's first successes and the first of hundreds to fall to Mustangs during the war.
Mustangs in RAF service.
Capture
On 7 December 1942 Bethell was a member of a flight flying a low-level ground attack mission in the Alkmaar area of the Netherlands when his Mustang “V for Victor” (serial number AP212) was hit by light anti-aircraft fire while only 20 feet off the ground. He crash landed and tried to evade German infantrymen searching for him by hiding in a dyke but was captured. Following interrogation at Dulag Luft he was sent to prison camp Stalag Luft III at Sagan. During his time in captivity he was promoted flight lieutenant on 7 February 1944.
The Great Escape
Bethell participated in "the Great Escape" from Stalag Luft III, he was actively involved in tunneling and hauling away the soil, to build the tunnel in which 200 men were to slip through a tunnel code named "Harry", which ran 28 feet (8.5 m) below the ground and 365 feet (111 m) outwards. Due to a calculation error, it surfaced just short of the tree-line which was supposed to give cover to the escapers. The 77th escaper was spotted by a guard around 5am and the alarm sounded. Bethell's position during the escape was initially at "Leicester Square", the second staging point along the tunnel's length. His role was to pull 20 men through until relieved by escaper number 65 and then escape himself and take cover in the woods to await the next nine men before making good his escape.
Model of Stalag Luft III prison camp.
After pulling out 12 men, Bethell had to sit in his cramped underground space for 45 minutes until the next man arrived and explained that someone had got stuck and had to be pulled back and the tunnel repaired. Shortly after Bethell's group had cleared the tunnel into the woods there was a shot signalling that the escape had been discovered. They broke into twos and Bethell joined Les Long known to all as "Cookie", hoping to cross the Czech border about 40 miles distant. Snow and flooding forced them to alter their route toward Frankfurt an der Oder where they hoped to hop on a freight train and escape to Sweden. They walked along a railway line, slept in a barn at night then started to travel in daylight but were captured at Bernau. Long and Bethell were held in the Gestapo prison at Görlitz until Long was taken away and shot. Bethell was returned to the prison camp.
As the Russian Red Army approached Sagan in January 1945, Bethell was amongst the column of prisoners of war marched towards Lübeck, arriving shortly before the end of the war.
Later career
On release from wartime service he joined the trading company Gellatly Hankey in Africa working in the Khartoum and Addis Ababa area until boredom led him to rejoin the general duties branch of the Royal Air Force as a flight lieutenant on 7 December 1949. He became a navigator instructor and also served as personal assistant to Air Chief Marshal Sir George Pirie. In 1953 he was posted to No. 145 Squadron at Celle in Germany flying the de Havilland Vampire, before becoming a flight commander on No. 16 Squadron, also operating Vampires from Celle close to the East German border. Bethell finally retired from the RAF in June 1955, after which he emigrated to Canada.
He was initially employed in the brokerage business in Montreal, he worked for Elican, a Belgian company and later joined the financial services industry. On retiring in the early 1990s he and his wife Lorna moved to a farm at Caledon, Ontario, north of Toronto, where he spent much time on a John Deere tractor cutting fallow hayfields.
Death
Tony Bethell passed away in Canada on 17 February 2004.
Bibliography
Foreman, John (2005). RAF Fighter Command Victory Claims, Part Two. Walton-on-Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 0-9546201-5-1.
Wilson, Philip (2000). The War Behind the Wire. London: Pen and Sword. ASIN BOOKC3LKGI.
Ted Barris (2014). The Great Escape. Dundurn Publishing. ISBN 978-1459728448.
Tim Carroll (2005). The Great Escape from Stalag Luft III. Pocket Publishing. ISBN 1416505318.
Simon Read (2012). Human Game. Constable. ISBN 978-1-4721-1262-0.
Sean Feast (2015). The Last of the 39-ers. Grub Street. ISBN 978-1909166158.
Jonathan F Vance (2000). A Gallant Company. Pacifica Military. ISBN 978-0-935-55347-5.
William Ash; Brendan Foley (2005). Under the Wire: The Wartime Memoir of a Spitfire Pilot, Legendary Escape Artist and 'cooler King'. Bantam. ISBN 978-0-593-05408-6.
Paul Brickhill (2004). The Great Escape. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-32579-9.
Alan Burgess (1990). The Longest Tunnel: The True Story of World War II's Great Escape. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-097-9.
Albert P. Clark (2005). 33 Months as a POW in Stalag Luft III: A World War II Airman Tells His Story. Fulcrum Pub. ISBN 978-1-55591-536-0.
Arthur A. Durand (1 January 1989). Stalag Luft III: The Secret Story. Patrick Stephens Limited. ISBN 978-1-85260-248-2.
William R Chorley (1993). RAF Bomber Command Losses, Volume 2. Midland Counties. ISBN 0-950746703.
Allen Andrews (1976). Exemplary Justice. Harrap. ISBN 0-245-52775-3.
W R Chorley (1981). To See The Dawn Breaking. William Chorley. ISBN 0-245-52775-3.
Vance, Jonathan F (2000). A Gallant Company: The Men of the Great Escape. Pacifica Military History. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-935-55347-5.
References
^ "No. 35547". The London Gazette. 5 May 1942. pp. 1975–1976.
^ "No. 35791". The London Gazette (Supplement). 17 November 1942. p. 5041.
^ Foreman (2005), p.208
^ London National Archives document TNA, Air50/106/7 combat report (Pilot Officer R A Bethell, 268 Squadron, 26 November 1942)
^ a b The Daily Telegraph obituary, 6 March 2004
^ Wilson (2000), p.31
^ Loss details of Mustang AP212 at www.lostaircraft.com
^ "No. 36396". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 February 1944. p. 946.
^ Vance (2000), p.200
^ Carroll (2004), p.13
^ Commonwealth War Graves Commission casualty details for Flight Lieutenant James Leslie Robert Long RAFVR
^ Carroll (2004), p.160
^ Vance (2000), p.195
^ "No. 38814". The London Gazette (Supplement). 17 January 1950. p. 283.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tanganyika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanganyika_(territory)"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Mustang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang"},{"link_name":"prisoner of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"Stalag Luft III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalag_Luft_III"},{"link_name":"Great Escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalag_Luft_III#The_great_escape"}],"text":"Richard Anthony Bethell (9 April 1922 – 17 February 2004) was born in Dar es Salaam in the British territory of Tanganyika. He joined the Royal Air Force during the Second World War. After his Mustang was shot down he was taken prisoner and held in the German prisoner of war camp Stalag Luft III at Sagan where he participated in the Great Escape, being one of the 76 officers to break out and make some distance across enemy occupied territory before being recaptured. His name was not one of the 50 who were picked to be executed and he, with 25 others, went back into captivity. He retired from the RAF in 1955 and worked in financial services in Canada. He died in Canada in 2004.","title":"Tony Bethell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dar-es-Salaam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar-es-Salaam"},{"link_name":"Tanganyika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanganyika_(territory)"},{"link_name":"Sherborne School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherborne_School"}],"text":"Bethell's parents lived abroad serving with the British Colonial Services in East Africa and Gibraltar. Bethell was born on 9 April 1922 in Dar-es-Salaam, then part of the British territory of Tanganyika. He and his brother were boarders at Junior Kings School, Sturry, Kent and regularly sailed to Gibraltar to see their parents during school holidays. The Bethell family lived for some years in Gibraltar where his father was state treasurer, and only returned to England after his death. Bethell's education was completed at Sherborne School, where he attained the position of head boy.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"aircraftman 2nd class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraftman"},{"link_name":"No. 268 (Fighter) Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._268_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"pilot officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_officer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"flying officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_officer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"North American P-51 Mustang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang"},{"link_name":"Messerschmitt Bf 109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109"},{"link_name":"Elburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elburg"},{"link_name":"Junkers Ju 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52"},{"link_name":"Oldebroek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldebroek"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mustang_IIIs_19_Sqn_RAF_in_flight_April_1944.jpg"}],"text":"Joining the Royal Air Force as an aircraftman 2nd class (service number 1314695) in February 1941, he completed pilot training in the United States in Georgia, Alabama and Florida. From there he was posted to a training unit at Hawarden before joining No. 268 (Fighter) Squadron as a sergeant-pilot. He was commissioned as a pilot officer on 7 February 1942 with the RAF officer's service number 120413[1] and was promoted to flying officer on 1 October 1942.[2]Equipped with the North American P-51 Mustang, 268 Squadron flew \"rhubarbs\" (low level sweeps) to attack enemy shipping off the Dutch coast and ground targets such as troop transports and military railway freight. On 26 November 1942, during a mission over the Netherlands he shot down a Messerschmitt Bf 109 near Elburg and minutes later a Junkers Ju 52 transport aircraft near Oldebroek.[3][4] These were stated in his obituary[5] to be the squadron's first successes and the first of hundreds to fall to Mustangs during the war.Mustangs in RAF service.","title":"Service career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alkmaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkmaar"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Dulag Luft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulag_Luft"},{"link_name":"Stalag Luft III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalag_Luft_III"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"On 7 December 1942 Bethell was a member of a flight flying a low-level ground attack mission in the Alkmaar area of the Netherlands when his Mustang “V for Victor” (serial number AP212) was hit by light anti-aircraft fire while only 20 feet off the ground. He crash landed and tried to evade German infantrymen searching for him by hiding in a dyke but was captured.[6] Following interrogation at Dulag Luft he was sent to prison camp Stalag Luft III at Sagan.[7] During his time in captivity he was promoted flight lieutenant on 7 February 1944.[8]","title":"Capture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalag_Luft_III_escape"},{"link_name":"Stalag Luft III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalag_Luft_III"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/200"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Model_Stalag_Luft_III.jpg"},{"link_name":"Les Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Long"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt an der Oder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Bernau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernau_bei_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Gestapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo"},{"link_name":"Görlitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Lübeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck"}],"text":"Bethell participated in \"the Great Escape\" from Stalag Luft III, he was actively involved in tunneling and hauling away the soil,[9] to build the tunnel in which 200 men were to slip through a tunnel code named \"Harry\", which ran 28 feet (8.5 m) below the ground and 365 feet (111 m) outwards. Due to a calculation error, it surfaced just short of the tree-line which was supposed to give cover to the escapers. The 77th escaper was spotted by a guard around 5am and the alarm sounded. Bethell's position during the escape was initially at \"Leicester Square\", the second staging point along the tunnel's length. His role was to pull 20 men through until relieved by escaper number 65 and then escape himself and take cover in the woods to await the next nine men before making good his escape.[10]Model of Stalag Luft III prison camp.After pulling out 12 men, Bethell had to sit in his cramped underground space for 45 minutes until the next man arrived and explained that someone had got stuck and had to be pulled back and the tunnel repaired. Shortly after Bethell's group had cleared the tunnel into the woods there was a shot signalling that the escape had been discovered. They broke into twos and Bethell joined Les Long known to all as \"Cookie\",[11] hoping to cross the Czech border about 40 miles distant. Snow and flooding forced them to alter their route toward Frankfurt an der Oder where they hoped to hop on a freight train and escape to Sweden.[12] They walked along a railway line, slept in a barn at night then started to travel in daylight but were captured at Bernau. Long and Bethell were held in the Gestapo prison at Görlitz until Long was taken away and shot. Bethell was returned to the prison camp.[13]As the Russian Red Army approached Sagan in January 1945, Bethell was amongst the column of prisoners of war marched towards Lübeck, arriving shortly before the end of the war.","title":"The Great Escape"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khartoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum"},{"link_name":"Addis Ababa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Air Chief Marshal Sir George Pirie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Pirie_(RAF_officer)"},{"link_name":"No. 145 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._145_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Celle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celle"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Vampire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire"},{"link_name":"No. 16 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._16_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-5"},{"link_name":"brokerage business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokerage_firm"},{"link_name":"Caledon, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledon,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"John Deere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Deere"}],"text":"On release from wartime service he joined the trading company Gellatly Hankey in Africa working in the Khartoum and Addis Ababa area until boredom led him to rejoin the general duties branch of the Royal Air Force as a flight lieutenant on 7 December 1949.[14] He became a navigator instructor and also served as personal assistant to Air Chief Marshal Sir George Pirie. In 1953 he was posted to No. 145 Squadron at Celle in Germany flying the de Havilland Vampire, before becoming a flight commander on No. 16 Squadron, also operating Vampires from Celle close to the East German border. Bethell finally retired from the RAF in June 1955, after which he emigrated to Canada.[5]He was initially employed in the brokerage business in Montreal, he worked for Elican, a Belgian company and later joined the financial services industry. On retiring in the early 1990s he and his wife Lorna moved to a farm at Caledon, Ontario, north of Toronto, where he spent much time on a John Deere tractor cutting fallow hayfields.","title":"Later career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Tony Bethell passed away in Canada on 17 February 2004.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9546201-5-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9546201-5-1"},{"link_name":"ASIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"BOOKC3LKGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/dp/BOOKC3LKGI"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1459728448","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1459728448"},{"link_name":"The Great Escape from Stalag Luft III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/greatescapefroms00timc"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1416505318","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1416505318"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4721-1262-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4721-1262-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1909166158","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1909166158"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-935-55347-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-935-55347-5"},{"link_name":"William Ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ash_(pilot)"},{"link_name":"Under the Wire: The Wartime Memoir of a Spitfire Pilot, Legendary Escape Artist and 'cooler King'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=quefAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-593-05408-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-05408-6"},{"link_name":"Paul Brickhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Brickhill"},{"link_name":"The Great Escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=KEWdJvOdZ2wC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-393-32579-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32579-9"},{"link_name":"Alan Burgess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Burgess"},{"link_name":"The Longest Tunnel: The True Story of World War II's Great Escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=sy3t5zLmXrYC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59114-097-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-097-9"},{"link_name":"Albert P. Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_P._Clark"},{"link_name":"33 Months as a POW in Stalag Luft III: A World War II Airman Tells His Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=5f2fAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-55591-536-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55591-536-0"},{"link_name":"Stalag Luft III: The Secret Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=aQdSPgAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-85260-248-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85260-248-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-950746703","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-950746703"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-245-52775-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-245-52775-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-245-52775-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-245-52775-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-935-55347-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-935-55347-5"}],"text":"Foreman, John (2005). RAF Fighter Command Victory Claims, Part Two. Walton-on-Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 0-9546201-5-1.\nWilson, Philip (2000). The War Behind the Wire. London: Pen and Sword. ASIN BOOKC3LKGI.\nTed Barris (2014). The Great Escape. Dundurn Publishing. ISBN 978-1459728448.\nTim Carroll (2005). The Great Escape from Stalag Luft III. Pocket Publishing. ISBN 1416505318.\nSimon Read (2012). Human Game. Constable. ISBN 978-1-4721-1262-0.\nSean Feast (2015). The Last of the 39-ers. Grub Street. ISBN 978-1909166158.\nJonathan F Vance (2000). A Gallant Company. Pacifica Military. ISBN 978-0-935-55347-5.\nWilliam Ash; Brendan Foley (2005). Under the Wire: The Wartime Memoir of a Spitfire Pilot, Legendary Escape Artist and 'cooler King'. Bantam. ISBN 978-0-593-05408-6.\nPaul Brickhill (2004). The Great Escape. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-32579-9.\nAlan Burgess (1990). The Longest Tunnel: The True Story of World War II's Great Escape. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-097-9.\nAlbert P. Clark (2005). 33 Months as a POW in Stalag Luft III: A World War II Airman Tells His Story. Fulcrum Pub. ISBN 978-1-55591-536-0.\nArthur A. Durand (1 January 1989). Stalag Luft III: The Secret Story. Patrick Stephens Limited. ISBN 978-1-85260-248-2.\nWilliam R Chorley (1993). RAF Bomber Command Losses, Volume 2. Midland Counties. ISBN 0-950746703.\nAllen Andrews (1976). Exemplary Justice. Harrap. ISBN 0-245-52775-3.\nW R Chorley (1981). To See The Dawn Breaking. William Chorley. ISBN 0-245-52775-3.\nVance, Jonathan F (2000). A Gallant Company: The Men of the Great Escape. Pacifica Military History. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-935-55347-5.","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Mustangs in RAF service.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mustang_IIIs_19_Sqn_RAF_in_flight_April_1944.jpg/305px-Mustang_IIIs_19_Sqn_RAF_in_flight_April_1944.jpg"},{"image_text":"Model of Stalag Luft III prison camp.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Model_Stalag_Luft_III.jpg/305px-Model_Stalag_Luft_III.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Foreman, John (2005). RAF Fighter Command Victory Claims, Part Two. Walton-on-Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 0-9546201-5-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9546201-5-1","url_text":"0-9546201-5-1"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Philip (2000). The War Behind the Wire. London: Pen and Sword. ASIN BOOKC3LKGI.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/BOOKC3LKGI","url_text":"BOOKC3LKGI"}]},{"reference":"Ted Barris (2014). The Great Escape. Dundurn Publishing. ISBN 978-1459728448.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1459728448","url_text":"978-1459728448"}]},{"reference":"Tim Carroll (2005). The Great Escape from Stalag Luft III. Pocket Publishing. ISBN 1416505318.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/greatescapefroms00timc","url_text":"The Great Escape from Stalag Luft III"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1416505318","url_text":"1416505318"}]},{"reference":"Simon Read (2012). Human Game. Constable. ISBN 978-1-4721-1262-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4721-1262-0","url_text":"978-1-4721-1262-0"}]},{"reference":"Sean Feast (2015). The Last of the 39-ers. Grub Street. ISBN 978-1909166158.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1909166158","url_text":"978-1909166158"}]},{"reference":"Jonathan F Vance (2000). A Gallant Company. Pacifica Military. ISBN 978-0-935-55347-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-935-55347-5","url_text":"978-0-935-55347-5"}]},{"reference":"William Ash; Brendan Foley (2005). Under the Wire: The Wartime Memoir of a Spitfire Pilot, Legendary Escape Artist and 'cooler King'. Bantam. ISBN 978-0-593-05408-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ash_(pilot)","url_text":"William Ash"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=quefAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Under the Wire: The Wartime Memoir of a Spitfire Pilot, Legendary Escape Artist and 'cooler King'"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-05408-6","url_text":"978-0-593-05408-6"}]},{"reference":"Paul Brickhill (2004). The Great Escape. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-32579-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Brickhill","url_text":"Paul Brickhill"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KEWdJvOdZ2wC","url_text":"The Great Escape"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32579-9","url_text":"978-0-393-32579-9"}]},{"reference":"Alan Burgess (1990). The Longest Tunnel: The True Story of World War II's Great Escape. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-097-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Burgess","url_text":"Alan Burgess"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sy3t5zLmXrYC","url_text":"The Longest Tunnel: The True Story of World War II's Great Escape"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-097-9","url_text":"978-1-59114-097-9"}]},{"reference":"Albert P. Clark (2005). 33 Months as a POW in Stalag Luft III: A World War II Airman Tells His Story. Fulcrum Pub. ISBN 978-1-55591-536-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_P._Clark","url_text":"Albert P. Clark"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5f2fAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"33 Months as a POW in Stalag Luft III: A World War II Airman Tells His Story"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55591-536-0","url_text":"978-1-55591-536-0"}]},{"reference":"Arthur A. Durand (1 January 1989). Stalag Luft III: The Secret Story. Patrick Stephens Limited. ISBN 978-1-85260-248-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aQdSPgAACAAJ","url_text":"Stalag Luft III: The Secret Story"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85260-248-2","url_text":"978-1-85260-248-2"}]},{"reference":"William R Chorley (1993). RAF Bomber Command Losses, Volume 2. Midland Counties. ISBN 0-950746703.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-950746703","url_text":"0-950746703"}]},{"reference":"Allen Andrews (1976). Exemplary Justice. Harrap. ISBN 0-245-52775-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-245-52775-3","url_text":"0-245-52775-3"}]},{"reference":"W R Chorley (1981). To See The Dawn Breaking. William Chorley. ISBN 0-245-52775-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-245-52775-3","url_text":"0-245-52775-3"}]},{"reference":"Vance, Jonathan F (2000). A Gallant Company: The Men of the Great Escape. Pacifica Military History. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-935-55347-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-935-55347-5","url_text":"978-0-935-55347-5"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 35547\". The London Gazette. 5 May 1942. pp. 1975–1976.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35547/page/1975","url_text":"\"No. 35547\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 35791\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 17 November 1942. p. 5041.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35791/supplement/5041","url_text":"\"No. 35791\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 36396\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 February 1944. p. 946.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36396/supplement/946","url_text":"\"No. 36396\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 38814\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 17 January 1950. p. 283.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38814/supplement/283","url_text":"\"No. 38814\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/BOOKC3LKGI","external_links_name":"BOOKC3LKGI"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/greatescapefroms00timc","external_links_name":"The Great Escape from Stalag Luft III"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=quefAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Under the Wire: The Wartime Memoir of a Spitfire Pilot, Legendary Escape Artist and 'cooler King'"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KEWdJvOdZ2wC","external_links_name":"The Great Escape"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sy3t5zLmXrYC","external_links_name":"The Longest Tunnel: The True Story of World War II's Great Escape"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5f2fAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"33 Months as a POW in Stalag Luft III: A World War II Airman Tells His Story"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aQdSPgAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Stalag Luft III: The Secret Story"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35547/page/1975","external_links_name":"\"No. 35547\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35791/supplement/5041","external_links_name":"\"No. 35791\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1456126/Flight-Lieutenant-Tony-Bethell.html","external_links_name":"The Daily Telegraph obituary, 6 March 2004"},{"Link":"http://www.lostaircraft.com/database.php?mode=viewentry&e=29480","external_links_name":"Loss details of Mustang AP212 at www.lostaircraft.com"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36396/supplement/946","external_links_name":"\"No. 36396\""},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/2194329/LONG,%20JAMES%20LESLIE%20ROBERT","external_links_name":"Commonwealth War Graves Commission casualty details for Flight Lieutenant James Leslie Robert Long RAFVR"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38814/supplement/283","external_links_name":"\"No. 38814\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Shipping
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Directorate General of Shipping
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["1 Duties","2 Directors","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Directorate General of ShippingCompany typeGovernment agencyIndustryMaritimeFoundedSeptember 1949HeadquartersMumbai, IndiaArea servedIndiaKey peopleShyam Jagannathan, Director General of ShippingParentMinistry of Ports, Shipping and WaterwaysWebsitehttp://www.dgshipping.gov.in/
The Directorate General of Shipping, India is an attached office under the Ministry of Shipping, Government of India, responsible for life, health, vessel and the environment for Indian registered ships and ships at Indian ports. The Directorate, is located in Mumbai and led by Director General of Shipping Dr Amitabh Kumar IRS and Additional Secretary to the Government of India.
Duties
The main job for the directorate is to ensure that Indian ships and shipping companies meet high safety- and environmental standards, to ensure that Indian seamen have high qualifications and good working- and living conditions, and to ensure that foreign ships in Indian territory and ports meet international rules.
The Director General of Shipping is vested with statutory powers under Section 7 of the Merchant Shipping Act, 1958, and is responsible for implementation of the provisions of the Act.
It ensures implementation of various international Conventions, relating to safely SOLAS, (International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea) requirements for prevention of pollution, MARPOL 73/78 and other mandatory requirements of International Maritime Organization.
Directors
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2011)
Shri Shyam Jagannathan, is the current director of DG Shipping India, an IAS officer of the 1997 Assam-Meghalaya cadre. He is on central deputation since May 2021 and will serve as director at DG Shipping for three years.
See also
India portal
Borders of India
Climate of India
Coastal India
Exclusive economic zone of India
Fishing in India
Outline of India
References
^ "Director General of Shipping". www.dgshipping.gov.in. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
^ "Director General of Shipping". www.dgshipping.gov.in. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
External links
Directorate General of Shipping
DG Shipping - Know it Better
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[]
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[{"title":"India portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:India"},{"title":"Borders of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_of_India"},{"title":"Climate of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_India"},{"title":"Coastal India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_India"},{"title":"Exclusive economic zone of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_India"},{"title":"Fishing in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_in_India"},{"title":"Outline of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_India"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Director General of Shipping\". www.dgshipping.gov.in. Retrieved 22 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dgshipping.gov.in/Content/DirectorGeneralShippingAbout.aspx","url_text":"\"Director General of Shipping\""}]},{"reference":"\"Director General of Shipping\". www.dgshipping.gov.in. Retrieved 27 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dgshipping.gov.in/Content/DirectorGeneralShippingAbout.aspx","url_text":"\"Director General of Shipping\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis_effort_method
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Analysis effort method
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["1 References"]
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This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Analysis effort method" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2007)
The analysis effort method is a method for estimating the duration of software engineering projects. It is best suited to producing initial estimates for the length of a job based on a known time duration for preparing a specification. Inputs to the method are numeric factors which indicate Size (S), Familiarity (F) and Complexity (C). These, with a duration for preparing the software specification can be used in a look up table (which contains factors based on previous experience) to determine with length of each of the following phases of the work. These being Design, Coding and Unit testing and Testing. The method does not include any times for training or project management.
This method should be used as one of a number of estimation techniques to obtain a more accurate estimate.
References
^ Software Estimation chapter from O'Reilly, Applied Software Project Management
This software-engineering-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"software engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"software specification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_specification"},{"link_name":"project management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management"}],"text":"The analysis effort method is a method for estimating the duration of software engineering projects.[1] It is best suited to producing initial estimates for the length of a job based on a known time duration for preparing a specification. Inputs to the method are numeric factors which indicate Size (S), Familiarity (F) and Complexity (C). These, with a duration for preparing the software specification can be used in a look up table (which contains factors based on previous experience) to determine with length of each of the following phases of the work. These being Design, Coding and Unit testing and Testing. The method does not include any times for training or project management.This method should be used as one of a number of estimation techniques to obtain a more accurate estimate.","title":"Analysis effort method"}]
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seish%C5%8D_Bypass
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Seishō Bypass
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["1 Overview","2 Interchange list","2.1 Main Route","2.2 Ishibashi Branch Route","3 References","4 External links"]
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Seishō Bypass西湘バイパスRoute informationLength14.5 km1.8 km (Ishibashi Branch Route) (9.0 mi)Main RouteExisted1967–presentMajor junctionsFromSeishō-Ninomiya Interchange in Ninomiya, Kanagawa Seishō Bypass (toll-free section) National Route 1ToHakoneguchi Interchange in Odawara, Kanagawa Odawara-Hakone Road National Route 1Ishibashi Interchange in Odawara, Kanagawa National Route 135
LocationCountryJapan
Highway system
National highways of Japan
Expressways of Japan
The Seishō Bypass (西湘バイパス, Seishō Baipasu) (lit. West Shōnan Bypass) is a toll road in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. It is owned and managed by Central Nippon Expressway Company.
Overview
Officially the road is designated as a bypass for National Route 1. It is also classified as a road for motor vehicles only (自動車専用道路, Jidōsha Senyō Dōro) and access is controlled with interchanges and junctions in a similar manner to national expressways in Japan.
The road closely follows the coastline of Sagami Bay, facilitating access between the Tokyo urban area and the city of Odawara in western Kanagawa Prefecture. At the eastern terminus the Seishō Bypass continues as a toll-free road managed by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. In the west, the main route terminates near the resort town of Hakone, while a short branch route terminates at an intersection with National Route 135 which leads to the resort town of Atami and the Izu Peninsula.
The first section of the road was opened to traffic in 1967 and the entire route was completed in 1972. The main route has 4 lanes of traffic and the Ishibashi branch route has 2 lanes.
There are three toll collection points along the road. On the main route at the Tachibana Toll Plaza, a toll of 250 yen is collected from regular passenger cars. At Kōzu Interchange these vehicles are charged 150 yen at the eastbound exit and westbound entrance. At Ishibashi Interchange 200 yen is collected. Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) is accepted for payment, however no discount programs are in effect.
In September 2007 Typhoon Fitow caused extensive damage to the road, reducing some sections to two lanes of traffic and forcing the complete closure of other sections. The entire road was restored to full capacity on April 25, 2008.
Interchange list
IC - interchange, JCT - junction, PA - parking area, TB - toll gate
Main Route
Name
Connections
Dist. fromOrigin
Notes
Location(all in Kanagawa)
Through to Seishō Bypass (toll-free section)
Seishō-Ninomiya IC
National Route 1
0.0
Ninomiya
Tachibana IC/Tachibana TB/Seishō PA
National Route 1
2.8
IC: Ninomiya-bound entrance and exit onlyPA: Ninomiya-bound only
Odawara
Kōzu IC/Seishō PA
National Route 1Pref. Route 72 (Matsuda Kōzu Route)
5.5
PA: Hakone-bound only
Sakawa IC
National Route 1
8.0
Ninomiya-bound entrance only
Odawara IC
National Route 1
9.6
Ninomiya-bound entrance, Hakone-bound exit only
Hayakawa JCT
Ishibashi Branch Route
11.6
Hayakawa IC
12.2
Ninomiya-bound entrance, Hakone-bound exit only
Hakone Turnpike
↓
Ninomiya-bound entrance, Hakone-bound exit only
Odawara-nishi IC
Odawara-Atsugi Road
13.8
Local road access via Odawara-Atsugi Road only
Hakoneguchi IC
National Route 1
14.5
Through to Odawara-Hakone Road
Ishibashi Branch Route
Odawara Blue Way Bridge
Name
Connections
Dist. fromOrigin
Notes
Location(all in Kanagawa)
Hayakawa JCT
Main Route
11.6
Odawara
Odawara Blue Way Bridge
↓
Ishibashi IC
National Route 135
13.4
References
^ Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Kanto Bureau. "50 Years of History Online Magazine, Series 4". Retrieved 2008-06-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ a b "E-NEXCO Drive Plaza Route Search". Retrieved 2008-06-03.
^ Japan Civil Engineering Contractors' Association. "Construction History of Japan". Archived from the original on 2007-02-17. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
^ Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Kanto Bureau, Yokohama Office. "Status of Seisho Bypass Restoration". Retrieved 2008-06-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
External links
Central Nippon Expressway Company
vte Central Nippon Expressway CompanyNational Expressways
C2 Mei-Nikan
E1 Tōmei
E1 Meishin
E1A Shin-Tōmei
E1A Isewangan
E1A Shin-Meishin
E8 Hokuriku
E19/E20/E68 Chūō
E19 Nagano
E23 Higashi-Meihan
E23 Ise
E27 Maizuru-Wakasa
E41 Tōkai-Hokuriku
E42 Kisei
E52 Chūbu-Ōdan
Toll Roads
C3 Tōkai-Kanjō Expressway
C4 Ken-Ō
E67 Chūbu-Jūkan
E68 Higashifuji-goko Road
E84 Seishō Bypass
E84 Shin-Shōnan Bypass
E85 Odawara-Atsugi Road
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shōnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnan"},{"link_name":"toll road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_road"},{"link_name":"Kanagawa Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Central Nippon Expressway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Nippon_Expressway_Company"}],"text":"The Seishō Bypass (西湘バイパス, Seishō Baipasu) (lit. West Shōnan Bypass) is a toll road in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. It is owned and managed by Central Nippon Expressway Company.","title":"Seishō Bypass"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Route 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_1"},{"link_name":"national expressways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressways_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Sagami Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagami_Bay"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Odawara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odawara,_Kanagawa"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Land,_Infrastructure_and_Transport_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Hakone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakone,_Kanagawa"},{"link_name":"National Route 135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_135"},{"link_name":"Atami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atami,_Shizuoka"},{"link_name":"Izu Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izu_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"yen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen"},{"link_name":"Electronic Toll Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Toll_Collection"},{"link_name":"Typhoon Fitow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Fitow_(2007)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Officially the road is designated as a bypass for National Route 1. It is also classified as a road for motor vehicles only (自動車専用道路, Jidōsha Senyō Dōro) and access is controlled with interchanges and junctions in a similar manner to national expressways in Japan.The road closely follows the coastline of Sagami Bay, facilitating access between the Tokyo urban area and the city of Odawara in western Kanagawa Prefecture. At the eastern terminus the Seishō Bypass continues as a toll-free road managed by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. In the west, the main route terminates near the resort town of Hakone, while a short branch route terminates at an intersection with National Route 135 which leads to the resort town of Atami and the Izu Peninsula.The first section of the road was opened to traffic in 1967 and the entire route was completed in 1972.[3] The main route has 4 lanes of traffic and the Ishibashi branch route has 2 lanes.There are three toll collection points along the road. On the main route at the Tachibana Toll Plaza, a toll of 250 yen is collected from regular passenger cars. At Kōzu Interchange these vehicles are charged 150 yen at the eastbound exit and westbound entrance. At Ishibashi Interchange 200 yen is collected. Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) is accepted for payment, however no discount programs are in effect.In September 2007 Typhoon Fitow caused extensive damage to the road, reducing some sections to two lanes of traffic and forcing the complete closure of other sections. The entire road was restored to full capacity on April 25, 2008.[4]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchange_(road)"},{"link_name":"junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Between_two_highways"},{"link_name":"parking area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking_area"},{"link_name":"toll gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_gate"}],"text":"IC - interchange, JCT - junction, PA - parking area, TB - toll gate","title":"Interchange list"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Main Route","title":"Interchange list"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Odawara-Blue-Way-Bridge.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Ishibashi Branch Route","text":"Odawara Blue Way Bridge","title":"Interchange list"}]
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[{"image_text":"Odawara Blue Way Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Odawara-Blue-Way-Bridge.jpg/220px-Odawara-Blue-Way-Bridge.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Kanto Bureau. \"50 Years of History Online Magazine, Series 4\". Retrieved 2008-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ktr.mlit.go.jp/kyoku/magazine/7_aback/4_ayumi/region_04.htm","url_text":"\"50 Years of History Online Magazine, Series 4\""}]},{"reference":"\"E-NEXCO Drive Plaza Route Search\". Retrieved 2008-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.driveplaza.com/dp/SearchTop#search_map","url_text":"\"E-NEXCO Drive Plaza Route Search\""}]},{"reference":"Japan Civil Engineering Contractors' Association. \"Construction History of Japan\". Archived from the original on 2007-02-17. Retrieved 2008-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070217005953/http://dokokyo.or.jp/data/nenpyo/1972.htm","url_text":"\"Construction History of Japan\""},{"url":"http://www.dokokyo.or.jp/data/nenpyo/1972.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Kanto Bureau, Yokohama Office. \"Status of Seisho Bypass Restoration\". Retrieved 2008-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ktr.mlit.go.jp/yokohama/seishou/index.htm","url_text":"\"Status of Seisho Bypass Restoration\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.ktr.mlit.go.jp/kyoku/magazine/7_aback/4_ayumi/region_04.htm","external_links_name":"\"50 Years of History Online Magazine, Series 4\""},{"Link":"http://www.driveplaza.com/dp/SearchTop#search_map","external_links_name":"\"E-NEXCO Drive Plaza Route Search\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070217005953/http://dokokyo.or.jp/data/nenpyo/1972.htm","external_links_name":"\"Construction History of Japan\""},{"Link":"http://www.dokokyo.or.jp/data/nenpyo/1972.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ktr.mlit.go.jp/yokohama/seishou/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"Status of Seisho Bypass Restoration\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080421180932/http://www.c-nexco.co.jp/english/","external_links_name":"Central Nippon Expressway Company"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Zar
|
Ibn Abi Zar
|
["1 Notes","2 See also"]
|
14th-century Moroccan historian and author
Moroccan literature
List of writers
Women writers
Moroccan literature
Arabic
Tamazight
Moroccan writers
Novelists
Playwrights
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Essayists
Historians
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Forms
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Criticism and awards
Literary theory
Critics
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See also
El Majdoub
Awzal
Choukri
Ben Jelloun
Zafzaf
El Maleh
Chraîbi
Mernissi
Leo Africanus
Khaïr-Eddine
Qamari
Morocco Portal
Literature Portalvte
Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Abī Zarʿ al-Fāsī (Arabic: أبو الحسن علي بن أبي زرع الفاسي) (d. between 1310 and 1320) is the commonly presumed original author of the popular and influential medieval history of Morocco known as Rawd al-Qirtas, said to have been written at the instigation of Marinid Sultan Abu Sa'id Uthman II. His full nasab is sometimes given as ibn Abd Allah ibn Abi Zar and sometimes as ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Umar ibn Abi Zar. The uncertainty about his name and authorship of the Rawd is caused by the many variant manuscripts in circulation since the Middle Ages. Very little is known about his life except that he was evidently a scholar at Fes.
Notes
^ Encyclopedia of Arabic literature: A-J, Vol.1, Ed. Julie Scott Meisami and Paul Starkey, (Routledge, 1998), 307.
See also
Rawd al-Qirtas – references therein.
Ahmed Siraj: L'Image de la Tingitane. L'historiographie arabe medievale et l'Antiquite nord-africaine. École Française de Rome, 1995. ISBN 2-7283-0317-7. A brief biographical note gives references to articles (in Arabic) by Moroccan researchers.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Spain
Germany
Israel
This article about a Moroccan writer or poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000393394223","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/90055898","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1030349","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/100997929","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007312076305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Abi_Zar&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_vector
|
Root system
|
["1 Definitions and examples","1.1 Definition","1.2 Weyl group","1.3 Rank one example","1.4 Rank two examples","1.5 Root systems arising from semisimple Lie algebras","2 History","3 Elementary consequences of the root system axioms","4 Positive roots and simple roots","5 Dual root system, coroots, and integral elements","5.1 The dual root system","5.2 Integral elements","6 Classification of root systems by Dynkin diagrams","6.1 Constructing the Dynkin diagram","6.2 Classifying root systems","7 Weyl chambers and the Weyl group","8 Root systems and Lie theory","9 Properties of the irreducible root systems","10 Explicit construction of the irreducible root systems","10.1 An","10.2 Bn","10.3 Cn","10.4 Dn","10.5 E6, E7, E8","10.6 F4","10.7 G2","11 The root poset","12 See also","13 Notes","14 References","15 Further reading","16 External links"]
|
Geometric arrangements of points, foundational to Lie theory
This article is about root systems in mathematics. For plant root systems, see Root.
Lie groups and Lie algebras
Classical groups
General linear GL(n)
Special linear SL(n)
Orthogonal O(n)
Special orthogonal SO(n)
Unitary U(n)
Special unitary SU(n)
Symplectic Sp(n)
Simple Lie groups
Classical
An
Bn
Cn
Dn
Exceptional
G2
F4
E6
E7
E8
Other Lie groups
Circle
Lorentz
Poincaré
Conformal group
Diffeomorphism
Loop
Euclidean
Lie algebras
Lie group–Lie algebra correspondence
Exponential map
Adjoint representation
Killing formIndex
Simple Lie algebra
Loop algebra
Affine Lie algebra
Semisimple Lie algebra
Dynkin diagrams
Cartan subalgebra
Root systemWeyl group
Real formComplexification
Split Lie algebra
Compact Lie algebra
Representation theory
Lie group representation
Lie algebra representation
Representation theory of semisimple Lie algebras
Representations of classical Lie groups
Theorem of the highest weight
Borel–Weil–Bott theorem
Lie groups in physics
Particle physics and representation theory
Lorentz group representations
Poincaré group representations
Galilean group representations
Scientists
Sophus Lie
Henri Poincaré
Wilhelm Killing
Élie Cartan
Hermann Weyl
Claude Chevalley
Harish-Chandra
Armand Borel
Glossary
Table of Lie groupsvte
In mathematics, a root system is a configuration of vectors in a Euclidean space satisfying certain geometrical properties. The concept is fundamental in the theory of Lie groups and Lie algebras, especially the classification and representation theory of semisimple Lie algebras. Since Lie groups (and some analogues such as algebraic groups) and Lie algebras have become important in many parts of mathematics during the twentieth century, the apparently special nature of root systems belies the number of areas in which they are applied. Further, the classification scheme for root systems, by Dynkin diagrams, occurs in parts of mathematics with no overt connection to Lie theory (such as singularity theory). Finally, root systems are important for their own sake, as in spectral graph theory.
Definitions and examples
The six vectors of the root system A2
As a first example, consider the six vectors in 2-dimensional Euclidean space, R2, as shown in the image at the right; call them roots. These vectors span the whole space. If you consider the line perpendicular to any root, say β, then the reflection of R2 in that line sends any other root, say α, to another root. Moreover, the root to which it is sent equals α + nβ, where n is an integer (in this case, n equals 1). These six vectors satisfy the following definition, and therefore they form a root system; this one is known as A2.
Definition
Let E be a finite-dimensional Euclidean vector space, with the standard Euclidean inner product denoted by
(
⋅
,
⋅
)
{\displaystyle (\cdot ,\cdot )}
. A root system
Φ
{\displaystyle \Phi }
in E is a finite set of non-zero vectors (called roots) that satisfy the following conditions:
The roots span E.
The only scalar multiples of a root
α
∈
Φ
{\displaystyle \alpha \in \Phi }
that belong to
Φ
{\displaystyle \Phi }
are
α
{\displaystyle \alpha }
itself and
−
α
{\displaystyle -\alpha }
.
For every root
α
∈
Φ
{\displaystyle \alpha \in \Phi }
, the set
Φ
{\displaystyle \Phi }
is closed under reflection through the hyperplane perpendicular to
α
{\displaystyle \alpha }
.
(Integrality) If
α
{\displaystyle \alpha }
and
β
{\displaystyle \beta }
are roots in
Φ
{\displaystyle \Phi }
, then the projection of
β
{\displaystyle \beta }
onto the line through
α
{\displaystyle \alpha }
is an integer or half-integer multiple of
α
{\displaystyle \alpha }
.
An equivalent way of writing conditions 3 and 4 is as follows:
For any two roots
α
,
β
∈
Φ
{\displaystyle \alpha ,\beta \in \Phi }
, the set
Φ
{\displaystyle \Phi }
contains the element
σ
α
(
β
)
:=
β
−
2
(
α
,
β
)
(
α
,
α
)
α
.
{\displaystyle \sigma _{\alpha }(\beta ):=\beta -2{\frac {(\alpha ,\beta )}{(\alpha ,\alpha )}}\alpha .}
For any two roots
α
,
β
∈
Φ
{\displaystyle \alpha ,\beta \in \Phi }
, the number
⟨
β
,
α
⟩
:=
2
(
α
,
β
)
(
α
,
α
)
{\displaystyle \langle \beta ,\alpha \rangle :=2{\frac {(\alpha ,\beta )}{(\alpha ,\alpha )}}}
is an integer.
Some authors only include conditions 1–3 in the definition of a root system. In this context, a root system that also satisfies the integrality condition is known as a crystallographic root system. Other authors omit condition 2; then they call root systems satisfying condition 2 reduced. In this article, all root systems are assumed to be reduced and crystallographic.
In view of property 3, the integrality condition is equivalent to stating that β and its reflection σα(β) differ by an integer multiple of α. Note that the operator
⟨
⋅
,
⋅
⟩
:
Φ
×
Φ
→
Z
{\displaystyle \langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle \colon \Phi \times \Phi \to \mathbb {Z} }
defined by property 4 is not an inner product. It is not necessarily symmetric and is linear only in the first argument.
Rank-2 root systems
Root system
A
1
×
A
1
{\displaystyle A_{1}\times A_{1}}
Root system
D
2
{\displaystyle D_{2}}
Root system
A
2
{\displaystyle A_{2}}
Root system
G
2
{\displaystyle G_{2}}
Root system
B
2
{\displaystyle B_{2}}
Root system
C
2
{\displaystyle C_{2}}
The rank of a root system Φ is the dimension of E.
Two root systems may be combined by regarding the Euclidean spaces they span as mutually orthogonal subspaces of a common Euclidean space. A root system which does not arise from such a combination, such as the systems A2, B2, and G2 pictured to the right, is said to be irreducible.
Two root systems (E1, Φ1) and (E2, Φ2) are called isomorphic if there is an invertible linear transformation E1 → E2 which sends Φ1 to Φ2 such that for each pair of roots, the number
⟨
x
,
y
⟩
{\displaystyle \langle x,y\rangle }
is preserved.
The root lattice of a root system Φ is the Z-submodule of E generated by Φ. It is a lattice in E.
Weyl group
Main article: Weyl group
The Weyl group of the
A
2
{\displaystyle A_{2}}
root system is the symmetry group of an equilateral triangle
The group of isometries of E generated by reflections through hyperplanes associated to the roots of Φ is called the Weyl group of Φ. As it acts faithfully on the finite set Φ, the Weyl group is always finite. The reflection planes are the hyperplanes perpendicular to the roots, indicated for
A
2
{\displaystyle A_{2}}
by dashed lines in the figure below. The Weyl group is the symmetry group of an equilateral triangle, which has six elements. In this case, the Weyl group is not the full symmetry group of the root system (e.g., a 60-degree rotation is a symmetry of the root system but not an element of the Weyl group).
Rank one example
There is only one root system of rank 1, consisting of two nonzero vectors
{
α
,
−
α
}
{\displaystyle \{\alpha ,-\alpha \}}
. This root system is called
A
1
{\displaystyle A_{1}}
.
Rank two examples
In rank 2 there are four possibilities, corresponding to
σ
α
(
β
)
=
β
+
n
α
{\displaystyle \sigma _{\alpha }(\beta )=\beta +n\alpha }
, where
n
=
0
,
1
,
2
,
3
{\displaystyle n=0,1,2,3}
. The figure at right shows these possibilities, but with some redundancies:
A
1
×
A
1
{\displaystyle A_{1}\times A_{1}}
is isomorphic to
D
2
{\displaystyle D_{2}}
and
B
2
{\displaystyle B_{2}}
is isomorphic to
C
2
{\displaystyle C_{2}}
.
Note that a root system is not determined by the lattice that it generates:
A
1
×
A
1
{\displaystyle A_{1}\times A_{1}}
and
B
2
{\displaystyle B_{2}}
both generate a square lattice while
A
2
{\displaystyle A_{2}}
and
G
2
{\displaystyle G_{2}}
both generate a hexagonal lattice.
Whenever Φ is a root system in E, and S is a subspace of E spanned by Ψ = Φ ∩ S, then Ψ is a root system in S. Thus, the exhaustive list of four root systems of rank 2 shows the geometric possibilities for any two roots chosen from a root system of arbitrary rank. In particular, two such roots must meet at an angle of 0, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 135, 150, or 180 degrees.
Root systems arising from semisimple Lie algebras
See also: Semisimple Lie algebra § Cartan subalgebras and root systems, and Root system of a semi-simple Lie algebra
If
g
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}
is a complex semisimple Lie algebra and
h
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {h}}}
is a Cartan subalgebra, we can construct a root system as follows. We say that
α
∈
h
∗
{\displaystyle \alpha \in {\mathfrak {h}}^{*}}
is a root of
g
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}
relative to
h
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {h}}}
if
α
≠
0
{\displaystyle \alpha \neq 0}
and there exists some
X
≠
0
∈
g
{\displaystyle X\neq 0\in {\mathfrak {g}}}
such that
[
H
,
X
]
=
α
(
H
)
X
{\displaystyle =\alpha (H)X}
for all
H
∈
h
{\displaystyle H\in {\mathfrak {h}}}
. One can show that there is an inner product for which the set of roots forms a root system. The root system of
g
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}
is a fundamental tool for analyzing the structure of
g
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}
and classifying its representations. (See the section below on Root systems and Lie theory.)
History
The concept of a root system was originally introduced by Wilhelm Killing around 1889 (in German, Wurzelsystem). He used them in his attempt to classify all simple Lie algebras over the field of complex numbers. Killing originally made a mistake in the classification, listing two exceptional rank 4 root systems, when in fact there is only one, now known as F4. Cartan later corrected this mistake, by showing Killing's two root systems were isomorphic.
Killing investigated the structure of a Lie algebra
L
{\displaystyle L}
, by considering what is now called a Cartan subalgebra
h
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {h}}}
. Then he studied the roots of the characteristic polynomial
det
(
ad
L
x
−
t
)
{\displaystyle \det(\operatorname {ad} _{L}x-t)}
, where
x
∈
h
{\displaystyle x\in {\mathfrak {h}}}
. Here a root is considered as a function of
h
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {h}}}
, or indeed as an element of the dual vector space
h
∗
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {h}}^{*}}
. This set of roots form a root system inside
h
∗
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {h}}^{*}}
, as defined above, where the inner product is the Killing form.
Elementary consequences of the root system axioms
The integrality condition for
⟨
β
,
α
⟩
{\displaystyle \langle \beta ,\alpha \rangle }
is fulfilled only for β on one of the vertical lines, while the integrality condition for
⟨
α
,
β
⟩
{\displaystyle \langle \alpha ,\beta \rangle }
is fulfilled only for β on one of the red circles. Any β perpendicular to α (on the Y axis) trivially fulfills both with 0, but does not define an irreducible root system. Modulo reflection, for a given α there are only 5 nontrivial possibilities for β, and 3 possible angles between α and β in a set of simple roots. Subscript letters correspond to the series of root systems for which the given β can serve as the first root and α as the second root (or in F4 as the middle 2 roots).
The cosine of the angle between two roots is constrained to be one-half of the square root of a positive integer. This is because
⟨
β
,
α
⟩
{\displaystyle \langle \beta ,\alpha \rangle }
and
⟨
α
,
β
⟩
{\displaystyle \langle \alpha ,\beta \rangle }
are both integers, by assumption, and
⟨
β
,
α
⟩
⟨
α
,
β
⟩
=
2
(
α
,
β
)
(
α
,
α
)
⋅
2
(
α
,
β
)
(
β
,
β
)
=
4
(
α
,
β
)
2
|
α
|
2
|
β
|
2
=
4
cos
2
(
θ
)
=
(
2
cos
(
θ
)
)
2
∈
Z
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\langle \beta ,\alpha \rangle \langle \alpha ,\beta \rangle &=2{\frac {(\alpha ,\beta )}{(\alpha ,\alpha )}}\cdot 2{\frac {(\alpha ,\beta )}{(\beta ,\beta )}}\\&=4{\frac {(\alpha ,\beta )^{2}}{\vert \alpha \vert ^{2}\vert \beta \vert ^{2}}}\\&=4\cos ^{2}(\theta )=(2\cos(\theta ))^{2}\in \mathbb {Z} .\end{aligned}}}
Since
2
cos
(
θ
)
∈
[
−
2
,
2
]
{\displaystyle 2\cos(\theta )\in }
, the only possible values for
cos
(
θ
)
{\displaystyle \cos(\theta )}
are
0
,
±
1
2
,
±
2
2
,
±
3
2
{\displaystyle 0,\pm {\tfrac {1}{2}},\pm {\tfrac {\sqrt {2}}{2}},\pm {\tfrac {\sqrt {3}}{2}}}
and
±
4
2
=
±
1
{\displaystyle \pm {\tfrac {\sqrt {4}}{2}}=\pm 1}
, corresponding to angles of 90°, 60° or 120°, 45° or 135°, 30° or 150°, and 0° or 180°. Condition 2 says that no scalar multiples of α other than 1 and −1 can be roots, so 0 or 180°, which would correspond to 2α or −2α, are out. The diagram at right shows that an angle of 60° or 120° corresponds to roots of equal length, while an angle of 45° or 135° corresponds to a length ratio of
2
{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}}
and an angle of 30° or 150° corresponds to a length ratio of
3
{\displaystyle {\sqrt {3}}}
.
In summary, here are the only possibilities for each pair of roots.
Angle of 90 degrees; in that case, the length ratio is unrestricted.
Angle of 60 or 120 degrees, with a length ratio of 1.
Angle of 45 or 135 degrees, with a length ratio of
2
{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}}
.
Angle of 30 or 150 degrees, with a length ratio of
3
{\displaystyle {\sqrt {3}}}
.
Positive roots and simple roots
The labeled roots are a set of positive roots for the
G
2
{\displaystyle G_{2}}
root system, with
α
1
{\displaystyle \alpha _{1}}
and
α
2
{\displaystyle \alpha _{2}}
being the simple roots
Given a root system
Φ
{\displaystyle \Phi }
we can always choose (in many ways) a set of positive roots. This is a subset
Φ
+
{\displaystyle \Phi ^{+}}
of
Φ
{\displaystyle \Phi }
such that
For each root
α
∈
Φ
{\displaystyle \alpha \in \Phi }
exactly one of the roots
α
{\displaystyle \alpha }
,
−
α
{\displaystyle -\alpha }
is contained in
Φ
+
{\displaystyle \Phi ^{+}}
.
For any two distinct
α
,
β
∈
Φ
+
{\displaystyle \alpha ,\beta \in \Phi ^{+}}
such that
α
+
β
{\displaystyle \alpha +\beta }
is a root,
α
+
β
∈
Φ
+
{\displaystyle \alpha +\beta \in \Phi ^{+}}
.
If a set of positive roots
Φ
+
{\displaystyle \Phi ^{+}}
is chosen, elements of
−
Φ
+
{\displaystyle -\Phi ^{+}}
are called negative roots. A set of positive roots may be constructed by choosing a hyperplane
V
{\displaystyle V}
not containing any root and setting
Φ
+
{\displaystyle \Phi ^{+}}
to be all the roots lying on a fixed side of
V
{\displaystyle V}
. Furthermore, every set of positive roots arises in this way.
An element of
Φ
+
{\displaystyle \Phi ^{+}}
is called a simple root (also fundamental root) if it cannot be written as the sum of two elements of
Φ
+
{\displaystyle \Phi ^{+}}
. (The set of simple roots is also referred to as a base for
Φ
{\displaystyle \Phi }
.) The set
Δ
{\displaystyle \Delta }
of simple roots is a basis of
E
{\displaystyle E}
with the following additional special properties:
Every root
α
∈
Φ
{\displaystyle \alpha \in \Phi }
is a linear combination of elements of
Δ
{\displaystyle \Delta }
with integer coefficients.
For each
α
∈
Φ
{\displaystyle \alpha \in \Phi }
, the coefficients in the previous point are either all non-negative or all non-positive.
For each root system
Φ
{\displaystyle \Phi }
there are many different choices of the set of positive roots—or, equivalently, of the simple roots—but any two sets of positive roots differ by the action of the Weyl group.
Dual root system, coroots, and integral elements
See also: Langlands dual group
The dual root system
If Φ is a root system in E, the coroot α∨ of a root α is defined by
α
∨
=
2
(
α
,
α
)
α
.
{\displaystyle \alpha ^{\vee }={2 \over (\alpha ,\alpha )}\,\alpha .}
The set of coroots also forms a root system Φ∨ in E, called the dual root system (or sometimes inverse root system).
By definition, α∨ ∨ = α, so that Φ is the dual root system of Φ∨. The lattice in E spanned by Φ∨ is called the coroot lattice. Both Φ and Φ∨ have the same Weyl group W and, for s in W,
(
s
α
)
∨
=
s
(
α
∨
)
.
{\displaystyle (s\alpha )^{\vee }=s(\alpha ^{\vee }).}
If Δ is a set of simple roots for Φ, then Δ∨ is a set of simple roots for Φ∨.
In the classification described below, the root systems of type
A
n
{\displaystyle A_{n}}
and
D
n
{\displaystyle D_{n}}
along with the exceptional root systems
E
6
,
E
7
,
E
8
,
F
4
,
G
2
{\displaystyle E_{6},E_{7},E_{8},F_{4},G_{2}}
are all self-dual, meaning that the dual root system is isomorphic to the original root system. By contrast, the
B
n
{\displaystyle B_{n}}
and
C
n
{\displaystyle C_{n}}
root systems are dual to one another, but not isomorphic (except when
n
=
2
{\displaystyle n=2}
).
Integral elements
See also: Weight (representation theory) § Weights in the representation theory of semisimple Lie algebras
A vector
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
in E is called integral if its inner product with each coroot is an integer:
2
(
λ
,
α
)
(
α
,
α
)
∈
Z
,
α
∈
Φ
.
{\displaystyle 2{\frac {(\lambda ,\alpha )}{(\alpha ,\alpha )}}\in \mathbb {Z} ,\quad \alpha \in \Phi .}
Since the set of
α
∨
{\displaystyle \alpha ^{\vee }}
with
α
∈
Δ
{\displaystyle \alpha \in \Delta }
forms a base for the dual root system, to verify that
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
is integral, it suffices to check the above condition for
α
∈
Δ
{\displaystyle \alpha \in \Delta }
.
The set of integral elements is called the weight lattice associated to the given root system. This term comes from the representation theory of semisimple Lie algebras, where the integral elements form the possible weights of finite-dimensional representations.
The definition of a root system guarantees that the roots themselves are integral elements. Thus, every integer linear combination of roots is also integral. In most cases, however, there will be integral elements that are not integer combinations of roots. That is to say, in general the weight lattice does not coincide with the root lattice.
Classification of root systems by Dynkin diagrams
See also: Dynkin diagram
Pictures of all the connected Dynkin diagrams
A root system is irreducible if it cannot be partitioned into the union of two proper subsets
Φ
=
Φ
1
∪
Φ
2
{\displaystyle \Phi =\Phi _{1}\cup \Phi _{2}}
, such that
(
α
,
β
)
=
0
{\displaystyle (\alpha ,\beta )=0}
for all
α
∈
Φ
1
{\displaystyle \alpha \in \Phi _{1}}
and
β
∈
Φ
2
{\displaystyle \beta \in \Phi _{2}}
.
Irreducible root systems correspond to certain graphs, the Dynkin diagrams named after Eugene Dynkin. The classification of these graphs is a simple matter of combinatorics, and induces a classification of irreducible root systems.
Constructing the Dynkin diagram
Given a root system, select a set Δ of simple roots as in the preceding section. The vertices of the associated Dynkin diagram correspond to the roots in Δ. Edges are drawn between vertices as follows, according to the angles. (Note that the angle between simple roots is always at least 90 degrees.)
No edge if the vectors are orthogonal,
An undirected single edge if they make an angle of 120 degrees,
A directed double edge if they make an angle of 135 degrees, and
A directed triple edge if they make an angle of 150 degrees.
The term "directed edge" means that double and triple edges are marked with an arrow pointing toward the shorter vector. (Thinking of the arrow as a "greater than" sign makes it clear which way the arrow is supposed to point.)
Note that by the elementary properties of roots noted above, the rules for creating the Dynkin diagram can also be described as follows. No edge if the roots are orthogonal; for nonorthogonal roots, a single, double, or triple edge according to whether the length ratio of the longer to shorter is 1,
2
{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}}
,
3
{\displaystyle {\sqrt {3}}}
. In the case of the
G
2
{\displaystyle G_{2}}
root system for example, there are two simple roots at an angle of 150 degrees (with a length ratio of
3
{\displaystyle {\sqrt {3}}}
). Thus, the Dynkin diagram has two vertices joined by a triple edge, with an arrow pointing from the vertex associated to the longer root to the other vertex. (In this case, the arrow is a bit redundant, since the diagram is equivalent whichever way the arrow goes.)
Classifying root systems
Although a given root system has more than one possible set of simple roots, the Weyl group acts transitively on such choices. Consequently, the Dynkin diagram is independent of the choice of simple roots; it is determined by the root system itself. Conversely, given two root systems with the same Dynkin diagram, one can match up roots, starting with the roots in the base, and show that the systems are in fact the same.
Thus the problem of classifying root systems reduces to the problem of classifying possible Dynkin diagrams. A root systems is irreducible if and only if its Dynkin diagrams is connected. The possible connected diagrams are as indicated in the figure. The subscripts indicate the number of vertices in the diagram (and hence the rank of the corresponding irreducible root system).
If
Φ
{\displaystyle \Phi }
is a root system, the Dynkin diagram for the dual root system
Φ
∨
{\displaystyle \Phi ^{\vee }}
is obtained from the Dynkin diagram of
Φ
{\displaystyle \Phi }
by keeping all the same vertices and edges, but reversing the directions of all arrows. Thus, we can see from their Dynkin diagrams that
B
n
{\displaystyle B_{n}}
and
C
n
{\displaystyle C_{n}}
are dual to each other.
Weyl chambers and the Weyl group
See also: Coxeter group § Affine Coxeter groups
The shaded region is the fundamental Weyl chamber for the base
{
α
1
,
α
2
}
{\displaystyle \{\alpha _{1},\alpha _{2}\}}
If
Φ
⊂
E
{\displaystyle \Phi \subset E}
is a root system, we may consider the hyperplane perpendicular to each root
α
{\displaystyle \alpha }
. Recall that
σ
α
{\displaystyle \sigma _{\alpha }}
denotes the reflection about the hyperplane and that the Weyl group is the group of transformations of
E
{\displaystyle E}
generated by all the
σ
α
{\displaystyle \sigma _{\alpha }}
's. The complement of the set of hyperplanes is disconnected, and each connected component is called a Weyl chamber. If we have fixed a particular set Δ of simple roots, we may define the fundamental Weyl chamber associated to Δ as the set of points
v
∈
E
{\displaystyle v\in E}
such that
(
α
,
v
)
>
0
{\displaystyle (\alpha ,v)>0}
for all
α
∈
Δ
{\displaystyle \alpha \in \Delta }
.
Since the reflections
σ
α
,
α
∈
Φ
{\displaystyle \sigma _{\alpha },\,\alpha \in \Phi }
preserve
Φ
{\displaystyle \Phi }
, they also preserve the set of hyperplanes perpendicular to the roots. Thus, each Weyl group element permutes the Weyl chambers.
The figure illustrates the case of the
A
2
{\displaystyle A_{2}}
root system. The "hyperplanes" (in this case, one dimensional) orthogonal to the roots are indicated by dashed lines. The six 60-degree sectors are the Weyl chambers and the shaded region is the fundamental Weyl chamber associated to the indicated base.
A basic general theorem about Weyl chambers is this:
Theorem: The Weyl group acts freely and transitively on the Weyl chambers. Thus, the order of the Weyl group is equal to the number of Weyl chambers.
In the
A
2
{\displaystyle A_{2}}
case, for example, the Weyl group has six elements and there are six Weyl chambers.
A related result is this one:
Theorem: Fix a Weyl chamber
C
{\displaystyle C}
. Then for all
v
∈
E
{\displaystyle v\in E}
, the Weyl-orbit of
v
{\displaystyle v}
contains exactly one point in the closure
C
¯
{\displaystyle {\bar {C}}}
of
C
{\displaystyle C}
.
Root systems and Lie theory
Irreducible root systems classify a number of related objects in Lie theory, notably the following:
simple complex Lie algebras (see the discussion above on root systems arising from semisimple Lie algebras),
simply connected complex Lie groups which are simple modulo centers, and
simply connected compact Lie groups which are simple modulo centers.
In each case, the roots are non-zero weights of the adjoint representation.
We now give a brief indication of how irreducible root systems classify simple Lie algebras over
C
{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }
, following the arguments in Humphreys. A preliminary result says that a semisimple Lie algebra is simple if and only if the associated root system is irreducible. We thus restrict attention to irreducible root systems and simple Lie algebras.
First, we must establish that for each simple algebra
g
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}
there is only one root system. This assertion follows from the result that the Cartan subalgebra of
g
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}
is unique up to automorphism, from which it follows that any two Cartan subalgebras give isomorphic root systems.
Next, we need to show that for each irreducible root system, there can be at most one Lie algebra, that is, that the root system determines the Lie algebra up to isomorphism.
Finally, we must show that for each irreducible root system, there is an associated simple Lie algebra. This claim is obvious for the root systems of type A, B, C, and D, for which the associated Lie algebras are the classical Lie algebras. It is then possible to analyze the exceptional algebras in a case-by-case fashion. Alternatively, one can develop a systematic procedure for building a Lie algebra from a root system, using Serre's relations.
For connections between the exceptional root systems and their Lie groups and Lie algebras see E8, E7, E6, F4, and G2.
Properties of the irreducible root systems
Φ
|Φ|
|Φ<|
I
D
|W|
An (n ≥ 1)
n(n + 1)
n + 1
(n + 1)!
Bn (n ≥ 2)
2n2
2n
2
2
2n n!
Cn (n ≥ 3)
2n2
2n(n − 1)
2n−1
2
2n n!
Dn (n ≥ 4)
2n(n − 1)
4
2n−1 n!
E6
72
3
51840
E7
126
2
2903040
E8
240
1
696729600
F4
48
24
4
1
1152
G2
12
6
3
1
12
Irreducible root systems are named according to their corresponding connected Dynkin diagrams. There are four infinite families (An, Bn, Cn, and Dn, called the classical root systems) and five exceptional cases (the exceptional root systems). The subscript indicates the rank of the root system.
In an irreducible root system there can be at most two values for the length (α, α)1/2, corresponding to short and long roots. If all roots have the same length they are taken to be long by definition and the root system is said to be simply laced; this occurs in the cases A, D and E. Any two roots of the same length lie in the same orbit of the Weyl group. In the non-simply laced cases B, C, G and F, the root lattice is spanned by the short roots and the long roots span a sublattice, invariant under the Weyl group, equal to r2/2 times the coroot lattice, where r is the length of a long root.
In the adjacent table, |Φ<| denotes the number of short roots, I denotes the index in the root lattice of the sublattice generated by long roots, D denotes the determinant of the Cartan matrix, and |W| denotes the order of the Weyl group.
Explicit construction of the irreducible root systems
An
Model of the
A
3
{\displaystyle A_{3}}
root system in the Zometool system
Simple roots in A3
e1
e2
e3
e4
α1
1
−1
0
0
α2
0
1
−1
0
α3
0
0
1
−1
Let E be the subspace of Rn+1 for which the coordinates sum to 0, and let Φ be the set of vectors in E of length √2 and which are integer vectors, i.e. have integer coordinates in Rn+1. Such a vector must have all but two coordinates equal to 0, one coordinate equal to 1, and one equal to −1, so there are n2 + n roots in all. One choice of simple roots expressed in the standard basis is αi = ei − ei+1 for 1 ≤ i ≤ n.
The reflection σi through the hyperplane perpendicular to αi is the same as permutation of the adjacent ith and (i + 1)th coordinates. Such
transpositions generate the full permutation group.
For adjacent simple roots,
σi(αi+1) = αi+1 + αi = σi+1(αi) = αi + αi+1, that is, reflection is equivalent to adding a multiple of 1; but
reflection of a simple root perpendicular to a nonadjacent simple root leaves it unchanged, differing by a multiple of 0.
The An root lattice – that is, the lattice generated by the An roots – is most easily described as the set of integer vectors in Rn+1 whose components sum to zero.
The A2 root lattice is the vertex arrangement of the triangular tiling.
The A3 root lattice is known to crystallographers as the face-centered cubic (or cubic close packed) lattice. It is the vertex arrangement of the tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb.
The A3 root system (as well as the other rank-three root systems) may be modeled in the Zometool construction set.
In general, the An root lattice is the vertex arrangement of the n-dimensional simplectic honeycomb.
Bn
Simple roots in B4
e1
e2
e3
e4
α1
1
−1
0
0
α2
0
1
−1
0
α3
0
0
1
−1
α4
0
0
0
1
Let E = Rn, and let Φ consist of all integer vectors in E of length 1 or √2. The total number of roots is 2n2. One choice of simple roots is αi = ei – ei+1 for 1 ≤ i ≤ n – 1 (the above choice of simple roots for An−1), and the shorter root αn = en.
The reflection σn through the hyperplane perpendicular to the short root αn is of course simply negation of the nth coordinate.
For the long simple root αn−1, σn−1(αn) = αn + αn−1, but for reflection perpendicular to the short root, σn(αn−1) = αn−1 + 2αn, a difference by a multiple of 2 instead of 1.
The Bn root lattice—that is, the lattice generated by the Bn roots—consists of all integer vectors.
B1 is isomorphic to A1 via scaling by √2, and is therefore not a distinct root system.
Cn
Root system B3, C3, and A3 = D3 as points within a cube and octahedron
Simple roots in C4
e1
e2
e3
e4
α1
1
−1
0
0
α2
0
1
−1
0
α3
0
0
1
−1
α4
0
0
0
2
Let E = Rn, and let Φ consist of all integer vectors in E of length √2 together with all vectors of the form 2λ, where λ is an integer vector of length 1. The total number of roots is 2n2. One choice of simple roots is: αi = ei − ei+1, for 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1 (the above choice of simple roots for An−1), and the longer root αn = 2en.
The reflection σn(αn−1) = αn−1 + αn, but σn−1(αn) = αn + 2αn−1.
The Cn root lattice—that is, the lattice generated by the Cn roots—consists of all integer vectors whose components sum to an even integer.
C2 is isomorphic to B2 via scaling by √2 and a 45 degree rotation, and is therefore not a distinct root system.
Dn
Simple roots in D4
e1
e2
e3
e4
α1
1
−1
0
0
α2
0
1
−1
0
α3
0
0
1
−1
α4
0
0
1
1
Let E = Rn, and let Φ consist of all integer vectors in E of length √2. The total number of roots is 2n(n − 1). One choice of simple roots is αi = ei − ei+1 for 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1 (the above choice of simple roots for An−1) together with αn = en−1 + en.
Reflection through the hyperplane perpendicular to αn is the same as transposing and negating the adjacent n-th and (n − 1)-th coordinates. Any simple root and its reflection perpendicular to another simple root differ by a multiple of 0 or 1 of the second root, not by any greater multiple.
The Dn root lattice – that is, the lattice generated by the Dn roots – consists of all integer vectors whose components sum to an even integer. This is the same as the Cn root lattice.
The Dn roots are expressed as the vertices of a rectified n-orthoplex, Coxeter–Dynkin diagram: .... The 2n(n − 1) vertices exist in the middle of the edges of the n-orthoplex.
D3 coincides with A3, and is therefore not a distinct root system. The twelve D3 root vectors are expressed as the vertices of , a lower symmetry construction of the cuboctahedron.
D4 has additional symmetry called triality. The twenty-four D4 root vectors are expressed as the vertices of , a lower symmetry construction of the 24-cell.
E6, E7, E8
72 vertices of 122 represent the root vectors of E6(Green nodes are doubled in this E6 Coxeter plane projection)
126 vertices of 231 represent the root vectors of E7
240 vertices of 421 represent the root vectors of E8
The E8 root system is any set of vectors in R8 that is congruent to the following set:
D
8
∪
{
1
2
(
∑
i
=
1
8
ε
i
e
i
)
:
ε
i
=
±
1
,
ε
1
⋯
ε
8
=
+
1
}
.
{\displaystyle D_{8}\cup \left\{{\frac {1}{2}}\left(\sum _{i=1}^{8}\varepsilon _{i}\mathbf {e} _{i}\right):\varepsilon _{i}=\pm 1,\,\varepsilon _{1}\cdots \varepsilon _{8}=+1\right\}.}
The root system has 240 roots. The set just listed is the set of vectors of length √2 in the E8 root lattice, also known simply as the E8 lattice or Γ8. This is the set of points in R8 such that:
all the coordinates are integers or all the coordinates are half-integers (a mixture of integers and half-integers is not allowed), and
the sum of the eight coordinates is an even integer.
Thus,
E
8
=
{
α
∈
Z
8
∪
(
Z
+
1
2
)
8
:
|
α
|
2
=
∑
α
i
2
=
2
,
∑
α
i
∈
2
Z
.
}
{\displaystyle E_{8}=\left\{\alpha \in \mathbb {Z} ^{8}\cup \left(\mathbb {Z} +{\tfrac {1}{2}}\right)^{8}:|\alpha |^{2}=\sum \alpha _{i}^{2}=2,\,\sum \alpha _{i}\in 2\mathbb {Z} .\right\}}
The root system E7 is the set of vectors in E8 that are perpendicular to a fixed root in E8. The root system E7 has 126 roots.
The root system E6 is not the set of vectors in E7 that are perpendicular to a fixed root in E7, indeed, one obtains D6 that way. However, E6 is the subsystem of E8 perpendicular to two suitably chosen roots of E8. The root system E6 has 72 roots.
Simple roots in E8: even coordinates
1
−1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
−1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
−1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
−1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
−1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
−1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
−1/2
−1/2
−1/2
−1/2
−1/2
−1/2
−1/2
−1/2
An alternative description of the E8 lattice which is sometimes convenient is as the set Γ'8 of all points in R8 such that
all the coordinates are integers and the sum of the coordinates is even, or
all the coordinates are half-integers and the sum of the coordinates is odd.
The lattices Γ8 and Γ'8 are isomorphic; one may pass from one to the other by changing the signs of any odd number of coordinates. The lattice Γ8 is sometimes called the even coordinate system for E8 while the lattice Γ'8 is called the odd coordinate system.
One choice of simple roots for E8 in the even coordinate system with rows ordered by node order in the alternate (non-canonical) Dynkin diagrams (above) is:
αi = ei − ei+1, for 1 ≤ i ≤ 6, and
α7 = e7 + e6
(the above choice of simple roots for D7) along with
α
8
=
β
0
=
−
1
2
∑
i
=
1
8
e
i
=
(
−
1
/
2
,
−
1
/
2
,
−
1
/
2
,
−
1
/
2
,
−
1
/
2
,
−
1
/
2
,
−
1
/
2
,
−
1
/
2
)
.
{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\alpha }}_{8}={\boldsymbol {\beta }}_{0}=-{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i=1}^{8}\mathbf {e} _{i}=(-1/2,-1/2,-1/2,-1/2,-1/2,-1/2,-1/2,-1/2).}
Simple roots in E8: odd coordinates
1
−1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
−1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
−1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
−1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
−1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
−1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
−1
−1/2
−1/2
−1/2
−1/2
−1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
One choice of simple roots for E8 in the odd coordinate system with rows ordered by node order in alternate (non-canonical) Dynkin diagrams (above) is
αi = ei − ei+1, for 1 ≤ i ≤ 7
(the above choice of simple roots for A7) along with
α8 = β5, where
β
j
=
1
2
(
−
∑
i
=
1
j
e
i
+
∑
i
=
j
+
1
8
e
i
)
.
{\textstyle {\boldsymbol {\beta }}_{j}={\frac {1}{2}}\left(-\sum _{i=1}^{j}e_{i}+\sum _{i=j+1}^{8}e_{i}\right).}
(Using β3 would give an isomorphic result. Using β1,7 or β2,6 would simply give A8 or D8. As for β4, its coordinates sum to 0, and the same is true for α1...7, so they span only the 7-dimensional subspace for which the coordinates sum to 0; in fact −2β4 has coordinates (1,2,3,4,3,2,1) in the basis (αi).)
Since perpendicularity to α1 means that the first two coordinates are equal, E7 is then the subset of E8 where the first two coordinates are equal, and similarly E6 is the subset of E8 where the first three coordinates are equal. This facilitates explicit definitions of E7 and E6 as
E7 = {α ∈ Z7 ∪ (Z+1/2)7 : Σαi2 + α12 = 2, Σαi + α1 ∈ 2Z},
E6 = {α ∈ Z6 ∪ (Z+1/2)6 : Σαi2 + 2α12 = 2, Σαi + 2α1 ∈ 2Z}
Note that deleting α1 and then α2 gives sets of simple roots for E7 and E6. However, these sets of simple roots are in different E7 and E6 subspaces of E8 than the ones written above, since they are not orthogonal to α1 or α2.
F4
Simple roots in F4
e1
e2
e3
e4
α1
1
−1
0
0
α2
0
1
−1
0
α3
0
0
1
0
α4
−1/2
−1/2
−1/2
−1/2
48-root vectors of F4, defined by vertices of the 24-cell and its dual, viewed in the Coxeter plane
For F4, let E = R4, and let Φ denote the set of vectors α of length 1 or √2 such that the coordinates of 2α are all integers and are either all even or all odd. There are 48 roots in this system. One choice of simple roots is: the choice of simple roots given above for B3, plus
α
4
=
−
1
2
∑
i
=
1
4
e
i
{\textstyle {\boldsymbol {\alpha }}_{4}=-{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i=1}^{4}e_{i}}
.
The F4 root lattice—that is, the lattice generated by the F4 root system—is the set of points in R4 such that either all the coordinates are integers or all the coordinates are half-integers (a mixture of integers and half-integers is not allowed). This lattice is isomorphic to the lattice of Hurwitz quaternions.
G2
Simple roots in G2
e1
e2
e3
α1
1
−1
0
β
−1
2
−1
The root system G2 has 12 roots, which form the vertices of a hexagram. See the picture above.
One choice of simple roots is (α1, β = α2 − α1) where
αi = ei − ei+1 for i = 1, 2 is the above choice of simple roots for A2.
The G2 root lattice—that is, the lattice generated by the G2 roots—is the same as the A2 root lattice.
The root poset
Hasse diagram of E6 root poset with edge labels identifying added simple root position
The set of positive roots is naturally ordered by saying that
α
≤
β
{\displaystyle \alpha \leq \beta }
if and only if
β
−
α
{\displaystyle \beta -\alpha }
is a nonnegative linear combination of simple roots. This poset is graded by
deg
(
∑
α
∈
Δ
λ
α
α
)
=
∑
α
∈
Δ
λ
α
{\textstyle \deg \left(\sum _{\alpha \in \Delta }\lambda _{\alpha }\alpha \right)=\sum _{\alpha \in \Delta }\lambda _{\alpha }}
, and has many remarkable combinatorial properties, one of them being that one can determine the degrees of the fundamental invariants of the corresponding Weyl group from this poset. The Hasse graph is a visualization of the ordering of the root poset.
See also
ADE classification
Affine root system
Coxeter–Dynkin diagram
Coxeter group
Coxeter matrix
Dynkin diagram
root datum
Semisimple Lie algebra
Weights in the representation theory of semisimple Lie algebras
Root system of a semi-simple Lie algebra
Weyl group
Notes
^ Cvetković, Dragoš (2002). "Graphs with least eigenvalue −2; a historical survey and recent developments in maximal exceptional graphs". Linear Algebra and Its Applications. 356 (1–3): 189–210. doi:10.1016/S0024-3795(02)00377-4.
^ Bourbaki, Ch.VI, Section 1
^ Humphreys 1972, p. 42
^ Humphreys 1992, p. 6
^ Humphreys 1992, p. 39
^ Humphreys 1992, p. 41
^ Humphreys 1972, p. 43
^ Hall 2015 Proposition 8.8
^ Hall 2015, Section 7.5
^ Killing 1889
^ a b Bourbaki 1998, p. 270
^ Coleman 1989, p. 34
^ Hall 2015 Proposition 8.6
^ Hall 2015, Theorems 8.16 and 8.17
^ Hall 2015, Theorem 8.16
^ Hall 2015, Proposition 8.28
^ Hall 2015, Proposition 8.18
^ Hall 2015, Section 8.7
^ This follows from Hall 2015, Proposition 8.23
^ Hall 2015, Proposition 8.32
^ Hall 2015, Proposition 8.23
^ Hall 2015, Propositions 8.23 and 8.27
^ Hall 2015, Proposition 8.29
^ See various parts of Chapters III, IV, and V of Humphreys 1972, culminating in Section 19 in Chapter V
^ Hall 2015, Theorem 7.35
^ Humphreys 1972, Section 16
^ Humphreys 1972, Part (b) of Theorem 18.4
^ Humphreys 1972 Section 18.3 and Theorem 18.4
^ Conway, John; Sloane, Neil J.A. (1998). "Section 6.3". Sphere Packings, Lattices and Groups. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-98585-5.
^ Hall 2015 Section 8.9
^ Humphreys 1992, Theorem 3.20
References
Adams, J.F. (1983), Lectures on Lie groups, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-00530-5
Bourbaki, Nicolas (2002), Lie groups and Lie algebras, Chapters 4–6 (translated from the 1968 French original by Andrew Pressley), Elements of Mathematics, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3-540-42650-7. The classic reference for root systems.
Bourbaki, Nicolas (1998). Elements of the History of Mathematics. Springer. ISBN 3540647678.
Coleman, A.J. (Summer 1989), "The greatest mathematical paper of all time", The Mathematical Intelligencer, 11 (3): 29–38, doi:10.1007/bf03025189, S2CID 35487310
Hall, Brian C. (2015), Lie groups, Lie algebras, and representations: An elementary introduction, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 222 (2nd ed.), Springer, ISBN 978-3319134666
Humphreys, James (1972). Introduction to Lie algebras and Representation Theory. Springer. ISBN 0387900535.
Humphreys, James (1992). Reflection Groups and Coxeter Groups. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521436133.
Killing, Wilhelm (June 1888). "Die Zusammensetzung der stetigen endlichen Transformationsgruppen". Mathematische Annalen. 31 (2): 252–290. doi:10.1007/BF01211904. S2CID 120501356. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05.
— (March 1888). "Part 2". Math. Ann. 33 (1): 1–48. doi:10.1007/BF01444109. S2CID 124198118.
— (March 1889). "Part 3". Math. Ann. 34 (1): 57–122. doi:10.1007/BF01446792. S2CID 179177899. Archived from the original on 2015-02-21.
— (June 1890). "Part 4". Math. Ann. 36 (2): 161–189. doi:10.1007/BF01207837. S2CID 179178061.
Kac, Victor G. (1990). Infinite-Dimensional Lie Algebras (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-46693-6.
Springer, T.A. (1998). Linear Algebraic Groups (2nd ed.). Birkhäuser. ISBN 0817640215.
Further reading
Dynkin, E.B. (1947). "The structure of semi-simple algebras". Uspekhi Mat. Nauk. 2 (in Russian). 4 (20): 59–127. MR 0027752.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Root systems.
vteExceptional Lie groups
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant"},{"link_name":"Root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"vectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_space"},{"link_name":"Euclidean space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_space"},{"link_name":"Lie groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_group"},{"link_name":"Lie algebras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_algebra"},{"link_name":"semisimple Lie algebras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semisimple_Lie_algebra"},{"link_name":"algebraic groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_group"},{"link_name":"Dynkin diagrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynkin_diagram"},{"link_name":"singularity theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularity_theory"},{"link_name":"spectral graph theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_graph_theory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"This article is about root systems in mathematics. For plant root systems, see Root.In mathematics, a root system is a configuration of vectors in a Euclidean space satisfying certain geometrical properties. The concept is fundamental in the theory of Lie groups and Lie algebras, especially the classification and representation theory of semisimple Lie algebras. Since Lie groups (and some analogues such as algebraic groups) and Lie algebras have become important in many parts of mathematics during the twentieth century, the apparently special nature of root systems belies the number of areas in which they are applied. Further, the classification scheme for root systems, by Dynkin diagrams, occurs in parts of mathematics with no overt connection to Lie theory (such as singularity theory). Finally, root systems are important for their own sake, as in spectral graph theory.[1]","title":"Root system"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Root_system_A2_with_labels.png"},{"link_name":"Euclidean space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_space"},{"link_name":"span","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_span"},{"link_name":"perpendicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpendicular"}],"text":"The six vectors of the root system A2As a first example, consider the six vectors in 2-dimensional Euclidean space, R2, as shown in the image at the right; call them roots. These vectors span the whole space. If you consider the line perpendicular to any root, say β, then the reflection of R2 in that line sends any other root, say α, to another root. Moreover, the root to which it is sent equals α + nβ, where n is an integer (in this case, n equals 1). These six vectors satisfy the following definition, and therefore they form a root system; this one is known as A2.","title":"Definitions and examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Euclidean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_space"},{"link_name":"vector space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_space"},{"link_name":"Euclidean inner product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_product"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"span","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_span"},{"link_name":"reflection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"hyperplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperplane"},{"link_name":"integer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"lattice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_(discrete_subgroup)"}],"sub_title":"Definition","text":"Let E be a finite-dimensional Euclidean vector space, with the standard Euclidean inner product denoted by \n \n \n \n (\n ⋅\n ,\n ⋅\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (\\cdot ,\\cdot )}\n \n. A root system \n \n \n \n Φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi }\n \n in E is a finite set of non-zero vectors (called roots) that satisfy the following conditions:[2][3]The roots span E.\nThe only scalar multiples of a root \n \n \n \n α\n ∈\n Φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha \\in \\Phi }\n \n that belong to \n \n \n \n Φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi }\n \n are \n \n \n \n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha }\n \n itself and \n \n \n \n −\n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle -\\alpha }\n \n.\nFor every root \n \n \n \n α\n ∈\n Φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha \\in \\Phi }\n \n, the set \n \n \n \n Φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi }\n \n is closed under reflection through the hyperplane perpendicular to \n \n \n \n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha }\n \n.\n(Integrality) If \n \n \n \n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha }\n \n and \n \n \n \n β\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta }\n \n are roots in \n \n \n \n Φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi }\n \n, then the projection of \n \n \n \n β\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta }\n \n onto the line through \n \n \n \n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha }\n \n is an integer or half-integer multiple of \n \n \n \n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha }\n \n.An equivalent way of writing conditions 3 and 4 is as follows:For any two roots \n \n \n \n α\n ,\n β\n ∈\n Φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha ,\\beta \\in \\Phi }\n \n, the set \n \n \n \n Φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi }\n \n contains the element \n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n α\n \n \n (\n β\n )\n :=\n β\n −\n 2\n \n \n \n (\n α\n ,\n β\n )\n \n \n (\n α\n ,\n α\n )\n \n \n \n α\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{\\alpha }(\\beta ):=\\beta -2{\\frac {(\\alpha ,\\beta )}{(\\alpha ,\\alpha )}}\\alpha .}\n \n\nFor any two roots \n \n \n \n α\n ,\n β\n ∈\n Φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha ,\\beta \\in \\Phi }\n \n, the number \n \n \n \n ⟨\n β\n ,\n α\n ⟩\n :=\n 2\n \n \n \n (\n α\n ,\n β\n )\n \n \n (\n α\n ,\n α\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle \\beta ,\\alpha \\rangle :=2{\\frac {(\\alpha ,\\beta )}{(\\alpha ,\\alpha )}}}\n \n is an integer.Some authors only include conditions 1–3 in the definition of a root system.[4] In this context, a root system that also satisfies the integrality condition is known as a crystallographic root system.[5] Other authors omit condition 2; then they call root systems satisfying condition 2 reduced.[6] In this article, all root systems are assumed to be reduced and crystallographic.In view of property 3, the integrality condition is equivalent to stating that β and its reflection σα(β) differ by an integer multiple of α. Note that the operator⟨\n ⋅\n ,\n ⋅\n ⟩\n :\n Φ\n ×\n Φ\n →\n \n Z\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle \\cdot ,\\cdot \\rangle \\colon \\Phi \\times \\Phi \\to \\mathbb {Z} }The rank of a root system Φ is the dimension of E. \nTwo root systems may be combined by regarding the Euclidean spaces they span as mutually orthogonal subspaces of a common Euclidean space. A root system which does not arise from such a combination, such as the systems A2, B2, and G2 pictured to the right, is said to be irreducible.Two root systems (E1, Φ1) and (E2, Φ2) are called isomorphic if there is an invertible linear transformation E1 → E2 which sends Φ1 to Φ2 such that for each pair of roots, the number \n \n \n \n ⟨\n x\n ,\n y\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle x,y\\rangle }\n \n is preserved.[7]The root lattice of a root system Φ is the Z-submodule of E generated by Φ. It is a lattice in E.","title":"Definitions and examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A2_Weyl_group_(revised).png"},{"link_name":"group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"isometries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometry"},{"link_name":"Weyl group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl_group"},{"link_name":"acts faithfully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faithful_action"}],"sub_title":"Weyl group","text":"The Weyl group of the \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{2}}\n \n root system is the symmetry group of an equilateral triangleThe group of isometries of E generated by reflections through hyperplanes associated to the roots of Φ is called the Weyl group of Φ. As it acts faithfully on the finite set Φ, the Weyl group is always finite. The reflection planes are the hyperplanes perpendicular to the roots, indicated for \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{2}}\n \n by dashed lines in the figure below. The Weyl group is the symmetry group of an equilateral triangle, which has six elements. In this case, the Weyl group is not the full symmetry group of the root system (e.g., a 60-degree rotation is a symmetry of the root system but not an element of the Weyl group).","title":"Definitions and examples"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rank one example","text":"There is only one root system of rank 1, consisting of two nonzero vectors \n \n \n \n {\n α\n ,\n −\n α\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{\\alpha ,-\\alpha \\}}\n \n. This root system is called \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{1}}\n \n.","title":"Definitions and examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"square lattice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_lattice"},{"link_name":"hexagonal lattice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonal_lattice"},{"link_name":"subspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_subspace"}],"sub_title":"Rank two examples","text":"In rank 2 there are four possibilities, corresponding to \n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n α\n \n \n (\n β\n )\n =\n β\n +\n n\n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{\\alpha }(\\beta )=\\beta +n\\alpha }\n \n, where \n \n \n \n n\n =\n 0\n ,\n 1\n ,\n 2\n ,\n 3\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n=0,1,2,3}\n \n.[8] The figure at right shows these possibilities, but with some redundancies: \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n 1\n \n \n ×\n \n A\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{1}\\times A_{1}}\n \n is isomorphic to \n \n \n \n \n D\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle D_{2}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{2}}\n \n is isomorphic to \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle C_{2}}\n \n.Note that a root system is not determined by the lattice that it generates: \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n 1\n \n \n ×\n \n A\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{1}\\times A_{1}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{2}}\n \n both generate a square lattice while \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{2}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle G_{2}}\n \n both generate a hexagonal lattice.Whenever Φ is a root system in E, and S is a subspace of E spanned by Ψ = Φ ∩ S, then Ψ is a root system in S. Thus, the exhaustive list of four root systems of rank 2 shows the geometric possibilities for any two roots chosen from a root system of arbitrary rank. In particular, two such roots must meet at an angle of 0, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 135, 150, or 180 degrees.","title":"Definitions and examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Semisimple Lie algebra § Cartan subalgebras and root systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semisimple_Lie_algebra#Cartan_subalgebras_and_root_systems"},{"link_name":"Root system of a semi-simple Lie algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_system_of_a_semi-simple_Lie_algebra"},{"link_name":"semisimple Lie algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semisimple_Lie_algebra"},{"link_name":"Cartan subalgebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartan_subalgebra"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Root systems arising from semisimple Lie algebras","text":"See also: Semisimple Lie algebra § Cartan subalgebras and root systems, and Root system of a semi-simple Lie algebraIf \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}}\n \n is a complex semisimple Lie algebra and \n \n \n \n \n \n h\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {h}}}\n \n is a Cartan subalgebra, we can construct a root system as follows. We say that \n \n \n \n α\n ∈\n \n \n \n h\n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha \\in {\\mathfrak {h}}^{*}}\n \n is a root of \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}}\n \n relative to \n \n \n \n \n \n h\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {h}}}\n \n if \n \n \n \n α\n ≠\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha \\neq 0}\n \n and there exists some \n \n \n \n X\n ≠\n 0\n ∈\n \n \n g\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X\\neq 0\\in {\\mathfrak {g}}}\n \n such that[\n H\n ,\n X\n ]\n =\n α\n (\n H\n )\n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [H,X]=\\alpha (H)X}H\n ∈\n \n \n h\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H\\in {\\mathfrak {h}}}[9]g\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}}g\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}}","title":"Definitions and examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wilhelm Killing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Killing"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bourbaki98p270-11"},{"link_name":"simple Lie algebras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Lie_algebra"},{"link_name":"field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"complex numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Cartan subalgebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartan_subalgebra"},{"link_name":"characteristic polynomial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_polynomial"},{"link_name":"Killing form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_form"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bourbaki98p270-11"}],"text":"The concept of a root system was originally introduced by Wilhelm Killing around 1889 (in German, Wurzelsystem[10]).[11] He used them in his attempt to classify all simple Lie algebras over the field of complex numbers. Killing originally made a mistake in the classification, listing two exceptional rank 4 root systems, when in fact there is only one, now known as F4. Cartan later corrected this mistake, by showing Killing's two root systems were isomorphic.[12]Killing investigated the structure of a Lie algebra \n \n \n \n L\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L}\n \n, by considering what is now called a Cartan subalgebra \n \n \n \n \n \n h\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {h}}}\n \n. Then he studied the roots of the characteristic polynomial \n \n \n \n det\n (\n \n ad\n \n L\n \n \n \n x\n −\n t\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\det(\\operatorname {ad} _{L}x-t)}\n \n, where \n \n \n \n x\n ∈\n \n \n h\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in {\\mathfrak {h}}}\n \n. Here a root is considered as a function of \n \n \n \n \n \n h\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {h}}}\n \n, or indeed as an element of the dual vector space \n \n \n \n \n \n \n h\n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {h}}^{*}}\n \n. This set of roots form a root system inside \n \n \n \n \n \n \n h\n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {h}}^{*}}\n \n, as defined above, where the inner product is the Killing form.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Integrality_of_root_systems.svg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The integrality condition for \n \n \n \n ⟨\n β\n ,\n α\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle \\beta ,\\alpha \\rangle }\n \n is fulfilled only for β on one of the vertical lines, while the integrality condition for \n \n \n \n ⟨\n α\n ,\n β\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle \\alpha ,\\beta \\rangle }\n \n is fulfilled only for β on one of the red circles. Any β perpendicular to α (on the Y axis) trivially fulfills both with 0, but does not define an irreducible root system. Modulo reflection, for a given α there are only 5 nontrivial possibilities for β, and 3 possible angles between α and β in a set of simple roots. Subscript letters correspond to the series of root systems for which the given β can serve as the first root and α as the second root (or in F4 as the middle 2 roots).The cosine of the angle between two roots is constrained to be one-half of the square root of a positive integer. This is because \n \n \n \n ⟨\n β\n ,\n α\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle \\beta ,\\alpha \\rangle }\n \n and \n \n \n \n ⟨\n α\n ,\n β\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle \\alpha ,\\beta \\rangle }\n \n are both integers, by assumption, and⟨\n β\n ,\n α\n ⟩\n ⟨\n α\n ,\n β\n ⟩\n \n \n \n =\n 2\n \n \n \n (\n α\n ,\n β\n )\n \n \n (\n α\n ,\n α\n )\n \n \n \n ⋅\n 2\n \n \n \n (\n α\n ,\n β\n )\n \n \n (\n β\n ,\n β\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n 4\n \n \n \n (\n α\n ,\n β\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n |\n α\n \n |\n \n 2\n \n \n |\n β\n \n |\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n 4\n \n cos\n \n 2\n \n \n \n (\n θ\n )\n =\n (\n 2\n cos\n \n (\n θ\n )\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n ∈\n \n Z\n \n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}\\langle \\beta ,\\alpha \\rangle \\langle \\alpha ,\\beta \\rangle &=2{\\frac {(\\alpha ,\\beta )}{(\\alpha ,\\alpha )}}\\cdot 2{\\frac {(\\alpha ,\\beta )}{(\\beta ,\\beta )}}\\\\&=4{\\frac {(\\alpha ,\\beta )^{2}}{\\vert \\alpha \\vert ^{2}\\vert \\beta \\vert ^{2}}}\\\\&=4\\cos ^{2}(\\theta )=(2\\cos(\\theta ))^{2}\\in \\mathbb {Z} .\\end{aligned}}}Since \n \n \n \n 2\n cos\n \n (\n θ\n )\n ∈\n [\n −\n 2\n ,\n 2\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2\\cos(\\theta )\\in [-2,2]}\n \n, the only possible values for \n \n \n \n cos\n \n (\n θ\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\cos(\\theta )}\n \n are \n \n \n \n 0\n ,\n ±\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n ,\n ±\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n 2\n \n \n \n ,\n ±\n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0,\\pm {\\tfrac {1}{2}},\\pm {\\tfrac {\\sqrt {2}}{2}},\\pm {\\tfrac {\\sqrt {3}}{2}}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n ±\n \n \n \n \n 4\n \n 2\n \n \n \n =\n ±\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pm {\\tfrac {\\sqrt {4}}{2}}=\\pm 1}\n \n, corresponding to angles of 90°, 60° or 120°, 45° or 135°, 30° or 150°, and 0° or 180°. Condition 2 says that no scalar multiples of α other than 1 and −1 can be roots, so 0 or 180°, which would correspond to 2α or −2α, are out. The diagram at right shows that an angle of 60° or 120° corresponds to roots of equal length, while an angle of 45° or 135° corresponds to a length ratio of \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {2}}}\n \n and an angle of 30° or 150° corresponds to a length ratio of \n \n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {3}}}\n \n.In summary, here are the only possibilities for each pair of roots.[13]Angle of 90 degrees; in that case, the length ratio is unrestricted.\nAngle of 60 or 120 degrees, with a length ratio of 1.\nAngle of 45 or 135 degrees, with a length ratio of \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {2}}}\n \n.\nAngle of 30 or 150 degrees, with a length ratio of \n \n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {3}}}\n \n.","title":"Elementary consequences of the root system axioms"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Base_for_the_G2_root_system.png"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The labeled roots are a set of positive roots for the \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle G_{2}}\n \n root system, with \n \n \n \n \n α\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha _{1}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n α\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha _{2}}\n \n being the simple rootsGiven a root system \n \n \n \n Φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi }\n \n we can always choose (in many ways) a set of positive roots. This is a subset \n \n \n \n \n Φ\n \n +\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi ^{+}}\n \n of \n \n \n \n Φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi }\n \n such thatFor each root \n \n \n \n α\n ∈\n Φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha \\in \\Phi }\n \n exactly one of the roots \n \n \n \n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha }\n \n, \n \n \n \n −\n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle -\\alpha }\n \n is contained in \n \n \n \n \n Φ\n \n +\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi ^{+}}\n \n.\nFor any two distinct \n \n \n \n α\n ,\n β\n ∈\n \n Φ\n \n +\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha ,\\beta \\in \\Phi ^{+}}\n \n such that \n \n \n \n α\n +\n β\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha +\\beta }\n \n is a root, \n \n \n \n α\n +\n β\n ∈\n \n Φ\n \n +\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha +\\beta \\in \\Phi ^{+}}\n \n.If a set of positive roots \n \n \n \n \n Φ\n \n +\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi ^{+}}\n \n is chosen, elements of \n \n \n \n −\n \n Φ\n \n +\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle -\\Phi ^{+}}\n \n are called negative roots. A set of positive roots may be constructed by choosing a hyperplane \n \n \n \n V\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V}\n \n not containing any root and setting \n \n \n \n \n Φ\n \n +\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi ^{+}}\n \n to be all the roots lying on a fixed side of \n \n \n \n V\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V}\n \n. Furthermore, every set of positive roots arises in this way.[14]An element of \n \n \n \n \n Φ\n \n +\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi ^{+}}\n \n is called a simple root (also fundamental root) if it cannot be written as the sum of two elements of \n \n \n \n \n Φ\n \n +\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi ^{+}}\n \n. (The set of simple roots is also referred to as a base for \n \n \n \n Φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi }\n \n.) The set \n \n \n \n Δ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta }\n \n of simple roots is a basis of \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E}\n \n with the following additional special properties:[15]Every root \n \n \n \n α\n ∈\n Φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha \\in \\Phi }\n \n is a linear combination of elements of \n \n \n \n Δ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta }\n \n with integer coefficients.\nFor each \n \n \n \n α\n ∈\n Φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha \\in \\Phi }\n \n, the coefficients in the previous point are either all non-negative or all non-positive.For each root system \n \n \n \n Φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi }\n \n there are many different choices of the set of positive roots—or, equivalently, of the simple roots—but any two sets of positive roots differ by the action of the Weyl group.[16]","title":"Positive roots and simple roots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Langlands dual group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langlands_dual_group"}],"text":"See also: Langlands dual group","title":"Dual root system, coroots, and integral elements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"The dual root system","text":"If Φ is a root system in E, the coroot α∨ of a root α is defined byα\n \n ∨\n \n \n =\n \n \n 2\n \n (\n α\n ,\n α\n )\n \n \n \n \n α\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha ^{\\vee }={2 \\over (\\alpha ,\\alpha )}\\,\\alpha .}The set of coroots also forms a root system Φ∨ in E, called the dual root system (or sometimes inverse root system).\nBy definition, α∨ ∨ = α, so that Φ is the dual root system of Φ∨. The lattice in E spanned by Φ∨ is called the coroot lattice. Both Φ and Φ∨ have the same Weyl group W and, for s in W,(\n s\n α\n \n )\n \n ∨\n \n \n =\n s\n (\n \n α\n \n ∨\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (s\\alpha )^{\\vee }=s(\\alpha ^{\\vee }).}If Δ is a set of simple roots for Φ, then Δ∨ is a set of simple roots for Φ∨.[17]In the classification described below, the root systems of type \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{n}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n D\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle D_{n}}\n \n along with the exceptional root systems \n \n \n \n \n E\n \n 6\n \n \n ,\n \n E\n \n 7\n \n \n ,\n \n E\n \n 8\n \n \n ,\n \n F\n \n 4\n \n \n ,\n \n G\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle E_{6},E_{7},E_{8},F_{4},G_{2}}\n \n are all self-dual, meaning that the dual root system is isomorphic to the original root system. By contrast, the \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{n}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle C_{n}}\n \n root systems are dual to one another, but not isomorphic (except when \n \n \n \n n\n =\n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n=2}\n \n).","title":"Dual root system, coroots, and integral elements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Weight (representation theory) § Weights in the representation theory of semisimple Lie algebras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_(representation_theory)#Weights_in_the_representation_theory_of_semisimple_Lie_algebras"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"representation theory of semisimple Lie algebras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_algebra_representation#Classifying_finite-dimensional_representations_of_Lie_algebras"}],"sub_title":"Integral elements","text":"See also: Weight (representation theory) § Weights in the representation theory of semisimple Lie algebrasA vector \n \n \n \n λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda }\n \n in E is called integral[18] if its inner product with each coroot is an integer:2\n \n \n \n (\n λ\n ,\n α\n )\n \n \n (\n α\n ,\n α\n )\n \n \n \n ∈\n \n Z\n \n ,\n \n α\n ∈\n Φ\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2{\\frac {(\\lambda ,\\alpha )}{(\\alpha ,\\alpha )}}\\in \\mathbb {Z} ,\\quad \\alpha \\in \\Phi .}α\n \n ∨\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha ^{\\vee }}α\n ∈\n Δ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha \\in \\Delta }λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda }α\n ∈\n Δ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha \\in \\Delta }The set of integral elements is called the weight lattice associated to the given root system. This term comes from the representation theory of semisimple Lie algebras, where the integral elements form the possible weights of finite-dimensional representations.The definition of a root system guarantees that the roots themselves are integral elements. Thus, every integer linear combination of roots is also integral. In most cases, however, there will be integral elements that are not integer combinations of roots. That is to say, in general the weight lattice does not coincide with the root lattice.","title":"Dual root system, coroots, and integral elements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dynkin diagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynkin_diagram"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Finite_Dynkin_diagrams.svg"},{"link_name":"correspond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijection"},{"link_name":"graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_(discrete_mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Dynkin diagrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynkin_diagram"},{"link_name":"Eugene Dynkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Dynkin"},{"link_name":"combinatorics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorics"}],"text":"See also: Dynkin diagramPictures of all the connected Dynkin diagramsA root system is irreducible if it cannot be partitioned into the union of two proper subsets \n \n \n \n Φ\n =\n \n Φ\n \n 1\n \n \n ∪\n \n Φ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi =\\Phi _{1}\\cup \\Phi _{2}}\n \n, such that \n \n \n \n (\n α\n ,\n β\n )\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (\\alpha ,\\beta )=0}\n \n for all \n \n \n \n α\n ∈\n \n Φ\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha \\in \\Phi _{1}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n β\n ∈\n \n Φ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta \\in \\Phi _{2}}\n \n .Irreducible root systems correspond to certain graphs, the Dynkin diagrams named after Eugene Dynkin. The classification of these graphs is a simple matter of combinatorics, and induces a classification of irreducible root systems.","title":"Classification of root systems by Dynkin diagrams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simple roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Positive_roots_and_simple_roots"}],"sub_title":"Constructing the Dynkin diagram","text":"Given a root system, select a set Δ of simple roots as in the preceding section. The vertices of the associated Dynkin diagram correspond to the roots in Δ. Edges are drawn between vertices as follows, according to the angles. (Note that the angle between simple roots is always at least 90 degrees.)No edge if the vectors are orthogonal,\nAn undirected single edge if they make an angle of 120 degrees,\nA directed double edge if they make an angle of 135 degrees, and\nA directed triple edge if they make an angle of 150 degrees.The term \"directed edge\" means that double and triple edges are marked with an arrow pointing toward the shorter vector. (Thinking of the arrow as a \"greater than\" sign makes it clear which way the arrow is supposed to point.)Note that by the elementary properties of roots noted above, the rules for creating the Dynkin diagram can also be described as follows. No edge if the roots are orthogonal; for nonorthogonal roots, a single, double, or triple edge according to whether the length ratio of the longer to shorter is 1, \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {2}}}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {3}}}\n \n. In the case of the \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle G_{2}}\n \n root system for example, there are two simple roots at an angle of 150 degrees (with a length ratio of \n \n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {3}}}\n \n). Thus, the Dynkin diagram has two vertices joined by a triple edge, with an arrow pointing from the vertex associated to the longer root to the other vertex. (In this case, the arrow is a bit redundant, since the diagram is equivalent whichever way the arrow goes.)","title":"Classification of root systems by Dynkin diagrams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Weyl group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl_group"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Classifying root systems","text":"Although a given root system has more than one possible set of simple roots, the Weyl group acts transitively on such choices.[19] Consequently, the Dynkin diagram is independent of the choice of simple roots; it is determined by the root system itself. Conversely, given two root systems with the same Dynkin diagram, one can match up roots, starting with the roots in the base, and show that the systems are in fact the same.[20]Thus the problem of classifying root systems reduces to the problem of classifying possible Dynkin diagrams. A root systems is irreducible if and only if its Dynkin diagrams is connected.[21] The possible connected diagrams are as indicated in the figure. The subscripts indicate the number of vertices in the diagram (and hence the rank of the corresponding irreducible root system).If \n \n \n \n Φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi }\n \n is a root system, the Dynkin diagram for the dual root system \n \n \n \n \n Φ\n \n ∨\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi ^{\\vee }}\n \n is obtained from the Dynkin diagram of \n \n \n \n Φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi }\n \n by keeping all the same vertices and edges, but reversing the directions of all arrows. Thus, we can see from their Dynkin diagrams that \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{n}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle C_{n}}\n \n are dual to each other.","title":"Classification of root systems by Dynkin diagrams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coxeter group § Affine Coxeter groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter_group#Affine_Coxeter_groups"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weyl_chambers_for_A2.png"},{"link_name":"Weyl group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl_group"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"See also: Coxeter group § Affine Coxeter groupsThe shaded region is the fundamental Weyl chamber for the base \n \n \n \n {\n \n α\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n α\n \n 2\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{\\alpha _{1},\\alpha _{2}\\}}If \n \n \n \n Φ\n ⊂\n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi \\subset E}\n \n is a root system, we may consider the hyperplane perpendicular to each root \n \n \n \n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha }\n \n. Recall that \n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n α\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{\\alpha }}\n \n denotes the reflection about the hyperplane and that the Weyl group is the group of transformations of \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E}\n \n generated by all the \n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n α\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{\\alpha }}\n \n's. The complement of the set of hyperplanes is disconnected, and each connected component is called a Weyl chamber. If we have fixed a particular set Δ of simple roots, we may define the fundamental Weyl chamber associated to Δ as the set of points \n \n \n \n v\n ∈\n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle v\\in E}\n \n such that \n \n \n \n (\n α\n ,\n v\n )\n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (\\alpha ,v)>0}\n \n for all \n \n \n \n α\n ∈\n Δ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha \\in \\Delta }\n \n.Since the reflections \n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n α\n \n \n ,\n \n α\n ∈\n Φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{\\alpha },\\,\\alpha \\in \\Phi }\n \n preserve \n \n \n \n Φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi }\n \n, they also preserve the set of hyperplanes perpendicular to the roots. Thus, each Weyl group element permutes the Weyl chambers.The figure illustrates the case of the \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{2}}\n \n root system. The \"hyperplanes\" (in this case, one dimensional) orthogonal to the roots are indicated by dashed lines. The six 60-degree sectors are the Weyl chambers and the shaded region is the fundamental Weyl chamber associated to the indicated base.A basic general theorem about Weyl chambers is this:[22]Theorem: The Weyl group acts freely and transitively on the Weyl chambers. Thus, the order of the Weyl group is equal to the number of Weyl chambers.In the \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{2}}\n \n case, for example, the Weyl group has six elements and there are six Weyl chambers.A related result is this one:[23]Theorem: Fix a Weyl chamber \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C}\n \n. Then for all \n \n \n \n v\n ∈\n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle v\\in E}\n \n, the Weyl-orbit of \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n {\\displaystyle v}\n \n contains exactly one point in the closure \n \n \n \n \n \n \n C\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {C}}}\n \n of \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C}\n \n.","title":"Weyl chambers and the Weyl group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simple complex Lie algebras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Lie_algebra"},{"link_name":"simply connected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simply_connected"},{"link_name":"simply connected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simply_connected"},{"link_name":"compact Lie groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_group"},{"link_name":"weights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_(representation_theory)"},{"link_name":"adjoint representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjoint_representation_of_a_Lie_algebra"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"semisimple Lie algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semisimple_Lie_algebra"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"classical Lie algebras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Lie_algebras"},{"link_name":"Serre's relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_system_of_a_semi-simple_Lie_algebra#Serre.27s_relations:_Associating_a_semisimple_Lie_algebra_to_a_root_system"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"E8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E8_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"E7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E7_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"E6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E6_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"F4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F4_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"G2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G2_(mathematics)"}],"text":"Irreducible root systems classify a number of related objects in Lie theory, notably the following:simple complex Lie algebras (see the discussion above on root systems arising from semisimple Lie algebras),\nsimply connected complex Lie groups which are simple modulo centers, and\nsimply connected compact Lie groups which are simple modulo centers.In each case, the roots are non-zero weights of the adjoint representation.We now give a brief indication of how irreducible root systems classify simple Lie algebras over \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {C} }\n \n, following the arguments in Humphreys.[24] A preliminary result says that a semisimple Lie algebra is simple if and only if the associated root system is irreducible.[25] We thus restrict attention to irreducible root systems and simple Lie algebras.First, we must establish that for each simple algebra \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}}\n \n there is only one root system. This assertion follows from the result that the Cartan subalgebra of \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}}\n \n is unique up to automorphism,[26] from which it follows that any two Cartan subalgebras give isomorphic root systems.\nNext, we need to show that for each irreducible root system, there can be at most one Lie algebra, that is, that the root system determines the Lie algebra up to isomorphism.[27]\nFinally, we must show that for each irreducible root system, there is an associated simple Lie algebra. This claim is obvious for the root systems of type A, B, C, and D, for which the associated Lie algebras are the classical Lie algebras. It is then possible to analyze the exceptional algebras in a case-by-case fashion. Alternatively, one can develop a systematic procedure for building a Lie algebra from a root system, using Serre's relations.[28]For connections between the exceptional root systems and their Lie groups and Lie algebras see E8, E7, E6, F4, and G2.","title":"Root systems and Lie theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cartan matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartan_matrix"},{"link_name":"Weyl group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl_group"}],"text":"Irreducible root systems are named according to their corresponding connected Dynkin diagrams. There are four infinite families (An, Bn, Cn, and Dn, called the classical root systems) and five exceptional cases (the exceptional root systems). The subscript indicates the rank of the root system.In an irreducible root system there can be at most two values for the length (α, α)1/2, corresponding to short and long roots. If all roots have the same length they are taken to be long by definition and the root system is said to be simply laced; this occurs in the cases A, D and E. Any two roots of the same length lie in the same orbit of the Weyl group. In the non-simply laced cases B, C, G and F, the root lattice is spanned by the short roots and the long roots span a sublattice, invariant under the Weyl group, equal to r2/2 times the coroot lattice, where r is the length of a long root.In the adjacent table, |Φ<| denotes the number of short roots, I denotes the index in the root lattice of the sublattice generated by long roots, D denotes the determinant of the Cartan matrix, and |W| denotes the order of the Weyl group.","title":"Properties of the irreducible root systems"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Explicit construction of the irreducible root systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A3vzome.jpg"},{"link_name":"standard basis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_basis"},{"link_name":"reflection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"hyperplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperplane"},{"link_name":"permutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permutation"},{"link_name":"coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinates"},{"link_name":"transpositions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposition_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"permutation group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permutation_group"},{"link_name":"vertex arrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex_arrangement"},{"link_name":"triangular tiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_tiling"},{"link_name":"face-centered cubic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system"},{"link_name":"cubic close packed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-packing_of_equal_spheres"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedral-octahedral_honeycomb"},{"link_name":"Zometool construction set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zome"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"simplectic honeycomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplectic_honeycomb"}],"sub_title":"An","text":"Model of the \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{3}}\n \n root system in the Zometool systemLet E be the subspace of Rn+1 for which the coordinates sum to 0, and let Φ be the set of vectors in E of length √2 and which are integer vectors, i.e. have integer coordinates in Rn+1. Such a vector must have all but two coordinates equal to 0, one coordinate equal to 1, and one equal to −1, so there are n2 + n roots in all. One choice of simple roots expressed in the standard basis is αi = ei − ei+1 for 1 ≤ i ≤ n.The reflection σi through the hyperplane perpendicular to αi is the same as permutation of the adjacent ith and (i + 1)th coordinates. Such \ntranspositions generate the full permutation group.\nFor adjacent simple roots, \nσi(αi+1) = αi+1 + αi = σi+1(αi) = αi + αi+1, that is, reflection is equivalent to adding a multiple of 1; but\nreflection of a simple root perpendicular to a nonadjacent simple root leaves it unchanged, differing by a multiple of 0.The An root lattice – that is, the lattice generated by the An roots – is most easily described as the set of integer vectors in Rn+1 whose components sum to zero.The A2 root lattice is the vertex arrangement of the triangular tiling.The A3 root lattice is known to crystallographers as the face-centered cubic (or cubic close packed) lattice.[29] It is the vertex arrangement of the tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb.The A3 root system (as well as the other rank-three root systems) may be modeled in the Zometool construction set.[30]In general, the An root lattice is the vertex arrangement of the n-dimensional simplectic honeycomb.","title":"Explicit construction of the irreducible root systems"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bn","text":"Let E = Rn, and let Φ consist of all integer vectors in E of length 1 or √2. The total number of roots is 2n2. One choice of simple roots is αi = ei – ei+1 for 1 ≤ i ≤ n – 1 (the above choice of simple roots for An−1), and the shorter root αn = en.The reflection σn through the hyperplane perpendicular to the short root αn is of course simply negation of the nth coordinate. \nFor the long simple root αn−1, σn−1(αn) = αn + αn−1, but for reflection perpendicular to the short root, σn(αn−1) = αn−1 + 2αn, a difference by a multiple of 2 instead of 1.The Bn root lattice—that is, the lattice generated by the Bn roots—consists of all integer vectors.B1 is isomorphic to A1 via scaling by √2, and is therefore not a distinct root system.","title":"Explicit construction of the irreducible root systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Root_vectors_b3_c3-d3.png"},{"link_name":"cube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cube"},{"link_name":"octahedron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octahedron"}],"sub_title":"Cn","text":"Root system B3, C3, and A3 = D3 as points within a cube and octahedronLet E = Rn, and let Φ consist of all integer vectors in E of length √2 together with all vectors of the form 2λ, where λ is an integer vector of length 1. The total number of roots is 2n2. One choice of simple roots is: αi = ei − ei+1, for 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1 (the above choice of simple roots for An−1), and the longer root αn = 2en.\nThe reflection σn(αn−1) = αn−1 + αn, but σn−1(αn) = αn + 2αn−1.The Cn root lattice—that is, the lattice generated by the Cn roots—consists of all integer vectors whose components sum to an even integer.C2 is isomorphic to B2 via scaling by √2 and a 45 degree rotation, and is therefore not a distinct root system.","title":"Explicit construction of the irreducible root systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transposing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposition_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"orthoplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthoplex"},{"link_name":"Coxeter–Dynkin diagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter%E2%80%93Dynkin_diagram"},{"link_name":"cuboctahedron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuboctahedron"},{"link_name":"triality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triality"},{"link_name":"24-cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24-cell"}],"sub_title":"Dn","text":"Let E = Rn, and let Φ consist of all integer vectors in E of length √2. The total number of roots is 2n(n − 1). One choice of simple roots is αi = ei − ei+1 for 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1 (the above choice of simple roots for An−1) together with αn = en−1 + en.Reflection through the hyperplane perpendicular to αn is the same as transposing and negating the adjacent n-th and (n − 1)-th coordinates. Any simple root and its reflection perpendicular to another simple root differ by a multiple of 0 or 1 of the second root, not by any greater multiple.The Dn root lattice – that is, the lattice generated by the Dn roots – consists of all integer vectors whose components sum to an even integer. This is the same as the Cn root lattice.The Dn roots are expressed as the vertices of a rectified n-orthoplex, Coxeter–Dynkin diagram: .... The 2n(n − 1) vertices exist in the middle of the edges of the n-orthoplex.D3 coincides with A3, and is therefore not a distinct root system. The twelve D3 root vectors are expressed as the vertices of , a lower symmetry construction of the cuboctahedron.D4 has additional symmetry called triality. The twenty-four D4 root vectors are expressed as the vertices of , a lower symmetry construction of the 24-cell.","title":"Explicit construction of the irreducible root systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"congruent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congruence_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"E8 lattice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E8_lattice"},{"link_name":"integers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer"},{"link_name":"half-integers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-integer"},{"link_name":"even integer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Even_integer"},{"link_name":"isomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomorphic"}],"sub_title":"E6, E7, E8","text":"The E8 root system is any set of vectors in R8 that is congruent to the following set:\n \n \n \n \n D\n \n 8\n \n \n ∪\n \n {\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n 8\n \n \n \n ε\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n \n i\n \n \n \n )\n \n :\n \n ε\n \n i\n \n \n =\n ±\n 1\n ,\n \n \n ε\n \n 1\n \n \n ⋯\n \n ε\n \n 8\n \n \n =\n +\n 1\n \n }\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle D_{8}\\cup \\left\\{{\\frac {1}{2}}\\left(\\sum _{i=1}^{8}\\varepsilon _{i}\\mathbf {e} _{i}\\right):\\varepsilon _{i}=\\pm 1,\\,\\varepsilon _{1}\\cdots \\varepsilon _{8}=+1\\right\\}.}The root system has 240 roots. The set just listed is the set of vectors of length √2 in the E8 root lattice, also known simply as the E8 lattice or Γ8. This is the set of points in R8 such that:all the coordinates are integers or all the coordinates are half-integers (a mixture of integers and half-integers is not allowed), and\nthe sum of the eight coordinates is an even integer.Thus,E\n \n 8\n \n \n =\n \n {\n \n α\n ∈\n \n \n Z\n \n \n 8\n \n \n ∪\n \n \n (\n \n \n Z\n \n +\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n 8\n \n \n :\n \n |\n \n α\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n ∑\n \n α\n \n i\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n 2\n ,\n \n ∑\n \n α\n \n i\n \n \n ∈\n 2\n \n Z\n \n .\n \n }\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle E_{8}=\\left\\{\\alpha \\in \\mathbb {Z} ^{8}\\cup \\left(\\mathbb {Z} +{\\tfrac {1}{2}}\\right)^{8}:|\\alpha |^{2}=\\sum \\alpha _{i}^{2}=2,\\,\\sum \\alpha _{i}\\in 2\\mathbb {Z} .\\right\\}}The root system E7 is the set of vectors in E8 that are perpendicular to a fixed root in E8. The root system E7 has 126 roots.\nThe root system E6 is not the set of vectors in E7 that are perpendicular to a fixed root in E7, indeed, one obtains D6 that way. However, E6 is the subsystem of E8 perpendicular to two suitably chosen roots of E8. The root system E6 has 72 roots.An alternative description of the E8 lattice which is sometimes convenient is as the set Γ'8 of all points in R8 such thatall the coordinates are integers and the sum of the coordinates is even, or\nall the coordinates are half-integers and the sum of the coordinates is odd.The lattices Γ8 and Γ'8 are isomorphic; one may pass from one to the other by changing the signs of any odd number of coordinates. The lattice Γ8 is sometimes called the even coordinate system for E8 while the lattice Γ'8 is called the odd coordinate system.One choice of simple roots for E8 in the even coordinate system with rows ordered by node order in the alternate (non-canonical) Dynkin diagrams (above) is:αi = ei − ei+1, for 1 ≤ i ≤ 6, and\nα7 = e7 + e6(the above choice of simple roots for D7) along withα\n \n \n 8\n \n \n =\n \n \n β\n \n \n 0\n \n \n =\n −\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n 8\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n \n i\n \n \n =\n (\n −\n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n ,\n −\n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n ,\n −\n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n ,\n −\n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n ,\n −\n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n ,\n −\n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n ,\n −\n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n ,\n −\n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {\\alpha }}_{8}={\\boldsymbol {\\beta }}_{0}=-{\\frac {1}{2}}\\sum _{i=1}^{8}\\mathbf {e} _{i}=(-1/2,-1/2,-1/2,-1/2,-1/2,-1/2,-1/2,-1/2).}One choice of simple roots for E8 in the odd coordinate system with rows ordered by node order in alternate (non-canonical) Dynkin diagrams (above) isαi = ei − ei+1, for 1 ≤ i ≤ 7(the above choice of simple roots for A7) along withα8 = β5, where\n\n \n \n \n \n \n β\n \n \n j\n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n (\n \n −\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n j\n \n \n \n e\n \n i\n \n \n +\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n j\n +\n 1\n \n \n 8\n \n \n \n e\n \n i\n \n \n \n )\n \n .\n \n \n {\\textstyle {\\boldsymbol {\\beta }}_{j}={\\frac {1}{2}}\\left(-\\sum _{i=1}^{j}e_{i}+\\sum _{i=j+1}^{8}e_{i}\\right).}(Using β3 would give an isomorphic result. Using β1,7 or β2,6 would simply give A8 or D8. As for β4, its coordinates sum to 0, and the same is true for α1...7, so they span only the 7-dimensional subspace for which the coordinates sum to 0; in fact −2β4 has coordinates (1,2,3,4,3,2,1) in the basis (αi).)Since perpendicularity to α1 means that the first two coordinates are equal, E7 is then the subset of E8 where the first two coordinates are equal, and similarly E6 is the subset of E8 where the first three coordinates are equal. This facilitates explicit definitions of E7 and E6 asE7 = {α ∈ Z7 ∪ (Z+1/2)7 : Σαi2 + α12 = 2, Σαi + α1 ∈ 2Z},\nE6 = {α ∈ Z6 ∪ (Z+1/2)6 : Σαi2 + 2α12 = 2, Σαi + 2α1 ∈ 2Z}Note that deleting α1 and then α2 gives sets of simple roots for E7 and E6. However, these sets of simple roots are in different E7 and E6 subspaces of E8 than the ones written above, since they are not orthogonal to α1 or α2.","title":"Explicit construction of the irreducible root systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F4_roots_by_24-cell_duals.svg"},{"link_name":"24-cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24-cell"},{"link_name":"Coxeter plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter_plane"},{"link_name":"integers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer"},{"link_name":"half-integers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-integer"},{"link_name":"Hurwitz quaternions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurwitz_quaternions"}],"sub_title":"F4","text":"48-root vectors of F4, defined by vertices of the 24-cell and its dual, viewed in the Coxeter planeFor F4, let E = R4, and let Φ denote the set of vectors α of length 1 or √2 such that the coordinates of 2α are all integers and are either all even or all odd. There are 48 roots in this system. One choice of simple roots is: the choice of simple roots given above for B3, plus \n \n \n \n \n \n α\n \n \n 4\n \n \n =\n −\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n 4\n \n \n \n e\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle {\\boldsymbol {\\alpha }}_{4}=-{\\frac {1}{2}}\\sum _{i=1}^{4}e_{i}}\n \n.The F4 root lattice—that is, the lattice generated by the F4 root system—is the set of points in R4 such that either all the coordinates are integers or all the coordinates are half-integers (a mixture of integers and half-integers is not allowed). This lattice is isomorphic to the lattice of Hurwitz quaternions.","title":"Explicit construction of the irreducible root systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hexagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagram"},{"link_name":"above","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Rank_two_examples"}],"sub_title":"G2","text":"The root system G2 has 12 roots, which form the vertices of a hexagram. See the picture above.One choice of simple roots is (α1, β = α2 − α1) where \nαi = ei − ei+1 for i = 1, 2 is the above choice of simple roots for A2.The G2 root lattice—that is, the lattice generated by the G2 roots—is the same as the A2 root lattice.","title":"Explicit construction of the irreducible root systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E6HassePoset.svg"},{"link_name":"Hasse diagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasse_diagram"},{"link_name":"root poset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#The_root_poset"},{"link_name":"poset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partially_ordered_set"},{"link_name":"graded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graded_poset"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Hasse diagram of E6 root poset with edge labels identifying added simple root positionThe set of positive roots is naturally ordered by saying that \n \n \n \n α\n ≤\n β\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha \\leq \\beta }\n \n if and only if \n \n \n \n β\n −\n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta -\\alpha }\n \n is a nonnegative linear combination of simple roots. This poset is graded by \n \n \n \n deg\n \n \n (\n \n \n ∑\n \n α\n ∈\n Δ\n \n \n \n λ\n \n α\n \n \n α\n \n )\n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n α\n ∈\n Δ\n \n \n \n λ\n \n α\n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle \\deg \\left(\\sum _{\\alpha \\in \\Delta }\\lambda _{\\alpha }\\alpha \\right)=\\sum _{\\alpha \\in \\Delta }\\lambda _{\\alpha }}\n \n, and has many remarkable combinatorial properties, one of them being that one can determine the degrees of the fundamental invariants of the corresponding Weyl group from this poset.[31] The Hasse graph is a visualization of the ordering of the root poset.","title":"The root poset"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Graphs with least eigenvalue −2; a historical survey and recent developments in maximal exceptional graphs\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0024-3795%2802%2900377-4"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0024-3795(02)00377-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0024-3795%2802%2900377-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Humphreys 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHumphreys1972"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Humphreys 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHumphreys1992"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Humphreys 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHumphreys1992"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Humphreys 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHumphreys1992"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Humphreys 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHumphreys1972"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Hall 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHall2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Hall 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHall2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Killing 1889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKilling1889"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bourbaki98p270_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bourbaki98p270_11-1"},{"link_name":"Bourbaki 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBourbaki1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Coleman 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFColeman1989"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Hall 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHall2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Hall 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHall2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Hall 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHall2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Hall 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHall2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Hall 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHall2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Hall 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHall2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Hall 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHall2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Hall 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHall2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Hall 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHall2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"Hall 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHall2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Hall 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHall2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"Humphreys 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHumphreys1972"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"Hall 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHall2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Humphreys 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHumphreys1972"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Humphreys 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHumphreys1972"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Humphreys 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHumphreys1972"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"Conway, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Horton_Conway"},{"link_name":"Sloane, Neil J.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane"},{"link_name":"Sphere Packings, Lattices and Groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=upYwZ6cQumoC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-387-98585-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-98585-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"Hall 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHall2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"Humphreys 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHumphreys1992"}],"text":"^ Cvetković, Dragoš (2002). \"Graphs with least eigenvalue −2; a historical survey and recent developments in maximal exceptional graphs\". Linear Algebra and Its Applications. 356 (1–3): 189–210. doi:10.1016/S0024-3795(02)00377-4.\n\n^ Bourbaki, Ch.VI, Section 1\n\n^ Humphreys 1972, p. 42\n\n^ Humphreys 1992, p. 6\n\n^ Humphreys 1992, p. 39\n\n^ Humphreys 1992, p. 41\n\n^ Humphreys 1972, p. 43\n\n^ Hall 2015 Proposition 8.8\n\n^ Hall 2015, Section 7.5\n\n^ Killing 1889\n\n^ a b Bourbaki 1998, p. 270\n\n^ Coleman 1989, p. 34\n\n^ Hall 2015 Proposition 8.6\n\n^ Hall 2015, Theorems 8.16 and 8.17\n\n^ Hall 2015, Theorem 8.16\n\n^ Hall 2015, Proposition 8.28\n\n^ Hall 2015, Proposition 8.18\n\n^ Hall 2015, Section 8.7\n\n^ This follows from Hall 2015, Proposition 8.23\n\n^ Hall 2015, Proposition 8.32\n\n^ Hall 2015, Proposition 8.23\n\n^ Hall 2015, Propositions 8.23 and 8.27\n\n^ Hall 2015, Proposition 8.29\n\n^ See various parts of Chapters III, IV, and V of Humphreys 1972, culminating in Section 19 in Chapter V\n\n^ Hall 2015, Theorem 7.35\n\n^ Humphreys 1972, Section 16\n\n^ Humphreys 1972, Part (b) of Theorem 18.4\n\n^ Humphreys 1972 Section 18.3 and Theorem 18.4\n\n^ Conway, John; Sloane, Neil J.A. (1998). \"Section 6.3\". Sphere Packings, Lattices and Groups. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-98585-5.\n\n^ Hall 2015 Section 8.9\n\n^ Humphreys 1992, Theorem 3.20","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The structure of semi-simple algebras\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mi.mathnet.ru/umn6968"},{"link_name":"MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0027752","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0027752"}],"text":"Dynkin, E.B. (1947). \"The structure of semi-simple algebras\". Uspekhi Mat. Nauk. 2 (in Russian). 4 (20): 59–127. MR 0027752.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"The six vectors of the root system A2","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Root_system_A2_with_labels.png/250px-Root_system_A2_with_labels.png"},{"image_text":"The Weyl group of the \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{2}}\n \n root system is the symmetry group of an equilateral triangle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/A2_Weyl_group_%28revised%29.png/220px-A2_Weyl_group_%28revised%29.png"},{"image_text":"The integrality condition for \n \n \n \n ⟨\n β\n ,\n α\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle \\beta ,\\alpha \\rangle }\n \n is fulfilled only for β on one of the vertical lines, while the integrality condition for \n \n \n \n ⟨\n α\n ,\n β\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle \\alpha ,\\beta \\rangle }\n \n is fulfilled only for β on one of the red circles. Any β perpendicular to α (on the Y axis) trivially fulfills both with 0, but does not define an irreducible root system. Modulo reflection, for a given α there are only 5 nontrivial possibilities for β, and 3 possible angles between α and β in a set of simple roots. Subscript letters correspond to the series of root systems for which the given β can serve as the first root and α as the second root (or in F4 as the middle 2 roots).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Integrality_of_root_systems.svg/500px-Integrality_of_root_systems.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The labeled roots are a set of positive roots for the \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle G_{2}}\n \n root system, with \n \n \n \n \n α\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha _{1}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n α\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha _{2}}\n \n being the simple roots","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Base_for_the_G2_root_system.png/220px-Base_for_the_G2_root_system.png"},{"image_text":"Pictures of all the connected Dynkin diagrams","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Finite_Dynkin_diagrams.svg/480px-Finite_Dynkin_diagrams.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The shaded region is the fundamental Weyl chamber for the base \n \n \n \n {\n \n α\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n α\n \n 2\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{\\alpha _{1},\\alpha _{2}\\}}\n \n","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Weyl_chambers_for_A2.png/220px-Weyl_chambers_for_A2.png"},{"image_text":"Model of the \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{3}}\n \n root system in the Zometool system","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/A3vzome.jpg/220px-A3vzome.jpg"},{"image_text":"Root system B3, C3, and A3 = D3 as points within a cube and octahedron","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Root_vectors_b3_c3-d3.png/320px-Root_vectors_b3_c3-d3.png"},{"image_text":"48-root vectors of F4, defined by vertices of the 24-cell and its dual, viewed in the Coxeter plane","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/F4_roots_by_24-cell_duals.svg/100px-F4_roots_by_24-cell_duals.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Hasse diagram of E6 root poset with edge labels identifying added simple root position","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/E6HassePoset.svg/300px-E6HassePoset.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"ADE classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADE_classification"},{"title":"Affine root system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_root_system"},{"title":"Coxeter–Dynkin diagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter%E2%80%93Dynkin_diagram"},{"title":"Coxeter group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter_group"},{"title":"Coxeter matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter_matrix"},{"title":"Dynkin diagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynkin_diagram"},{"title":"root datum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_datum"},{"title":"Semisimple Lie algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semisimple_Lie_algebra"},{"title":"Weights in the representation theory of semisimple Lie algebras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_(representation_theory)#Weights_in_the_representation_theory_of_semisimple_Lie_algebras"},{"title":"Root system of a semi-simple Lie algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semisimple_Lie_algebra#Structure"},{"title":"Weyl group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl_group"}]
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[{"reference":"Cvetković, Dragoš (2002). \"Graphs with least eigenvalue −2; a historical survey and recent developments in maximal exceptional graphs\". Linear Algebra and Its Applications. 356 (1–3): 189–210. doi:10.1016/S0024-3795(02)00377-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0024-3795%2802%2900377-4","url_text":"\"Graphs with least eigenvalue −2; a historical survey and recent developments in maximal exceptional graphs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0024-3795%2802%2900377-4","url_text":"10.1016/S0024-3795(02)00377-4"}]},{"reference":"Conway, John; Sloane, Neil J.A. (1998). \"Section 6.3\". Sphere Packings, Lattices and Groups. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-98585-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Horton_Conway","url_text":"Conway, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, Neil J.A."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=upYwZ6cQumoC","url_text":"Sphere Packings, Lattices and Groups"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-98585-5","url_text":"978-0-387-98585-5"}]},{"reference":"Adams, J.F. (1983), Lectures on Lie groups, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-00530-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Adams","url_text":"Adams, J.F."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-00530-5","url_text":"0-226-00530-5"}]},{"reference":"Bourbaki, Nicolas (2002), Lie groups and Lie algebras, Chapters 4–6 (translated from the 1968 French original by Andrew Pressley), Elements of Mathematics, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3-540-42650-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Bourbaki","url_text":"Bourbaki, Nicolas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-42650-7","url_text":"3-540-42650-7"}]},{"reference":"Bourbaki, Nicolas (1998). Elements of the History of Mathematics. Springer. ISBN 3540647678.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Bourbaki","url_text":"Bourbaki, Nicolas"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/elementsofhistor0000bour","url_text":"Elements of the History of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3540647678","url_text":"3540647678"}]},{"reference":"Coleman, A.J. (Summer 1989), \"The greatest mathematical paper of all time\", The Mathematical Intelligencer, 11 (3): 29–38, doi:10.1007/bf03025189, S2CID 35487310","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf03025189","url_text":"10.1007/bf03025189"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35487310","url_text":"35487310"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Brian C. (2015), Lie groups, Lie algebras, and representations: An elementary introduction, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 222 (2nd ed.), Springer, ISBN 978-3319134666","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319134666","url_text":"978-3319134666"}]},{"reference":"Humphreys, James (1972). Introduction to Lie algebras and Representation Theory. Springer. ISBN 0387900535.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._Humphreys","url_text":"Humphreys, James"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/introductiontoli00jame","url_text":"Introduction to Lie algebras and Representation Theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0387900535","url_text":"0387900535"}]},{"reference":"Humphreys, James (1992). Reflection Groups and Coxeter Groups. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521436133.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521436133","url_text":"0521436133"}]},{"reference":"Killing, Wilhelm (June 1888). \"Die Zusammensetzung der stetigen endlichen Transformationsgruppen\". Mathematische Annalen. 31 (2): 252–290. doi:10.1007/BF01211904. S2CID 120501356. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Killing","url_text":"Killing, Wilhelm"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305074126/http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/index.php?id=11&PPN=PPN235181684_0031&DMDID=DMDLOG_0026&L=1","url_text":"\"Die Zusammensetzung der stetigen endlichen Transformationsgruppen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematische_Annalen","url_text":"Mathematische Annalen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01211904","url_text":"10.1007/BF01211904"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120501356","url_text":"120501356"},{"url":"http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/index.php?id=11&PPN=PPN235181684_0031&DMDID=DMDLOG_0026&L=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"— (March 1888). \"Part 2\". Math. Ann. 33 (1): 1–48. doi:10.1007/BF01444109. S2CID 124198118.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1428182","url_text":"\"Part 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01444109","url_text":"10.1007/BF01444109"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:124198118","url_text":"124198118"}]},{"reference":"— (March 1889). \"Part 3\". Math. Ann. 34 (1): 57–122. doi:10.1007/BF01446792. S2CID 179177899. Archived from the original on 2015-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150221152955/http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/index.php?id=11&PPN=PPN235181684_0034&DMDID=DMDLOG_0009&L=1","url_text":"\"Part 3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01446792","url_text":"10.1007/BF01446792"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:179177899","url_text":"179177899"},{"url":"http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/index.php?id=11&PPN=PPN235181684_0034&DMDID=DMDLOG_0009&L=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"— (June 1890). \"Part 4\". Math. Ann. 36 (2): 161–189. doi:10.1007/BF01207837. S2CID 179178061.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1704882","url_text":"\"Part 4\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01207837","url_text":"10.1007/BF01207837"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:179178061","url_text":"179178061"}]},{"reference":"Kac, Victor G. (1990). Infinite-Dimensional Lie Algebras (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-46693-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Kac","url_text":"Kac, Victor G."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kuEjSb9teJwC","url_text":"Infinite-Dimensional Lie Algebras"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46693-6","url_text":"978-0-521-46693-6"}]},{"reference":"Springer, T.A. (1998). Linear Algebraic Groups (2nd ed.). Birkhäuser. ISBN 0817640215.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0817640215","url_text":"0817640215"}]},{"reference":"Dynkin, E.B. (1947). \"The structure of semi-simple algebras\". Uspekhi Mat. Nauk. 2 (in Russian). 4 (20): 59–127. MR 0027752.","urls":[{"url":"https://mi.mathnet.ru/umn6968","url_text":"\"The structure of semi-simple algebras\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0027752","url_text":"0027752"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Meret_Oppenheim
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Swiss Art Awards
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["1 History","2 Principals","3 Notes and references"]
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Swiss Art Awards 2018
The Swiss Art Awards, also named the Federal Art Competition, are recognitions that are awarded by the Federal Office of Culture (FOC) in the name of the Confederation.
History
The Swiss Art Awards stem from the oldest and most important measure of support to the arts of Switzerland. They began in 1898 "as a federal grant for young artists, so as to raise the quality of Swiss Art."
The competition and awards have been managed by the FOC since its introduction in 1975.
The grants eventually turned into a competition, changing the name to Federal Art Competition in 1994 and Swiss Art Awards since 2014.
The Swiss Art Awards competition and show are held during Art Basel since 1994.
Since 2001, three to four Swiss Grand Awards for Art/Prix Meret Oppenheim are presented, out of a competition run by the Federal Commission for Art (FCA).
Principals
Artists, architects, art, and architecture mediators of Swiss origins or based in Switzerland, can submit their application to the FOC. After a first round the FCA chooses a selection of nominees who participate in the show and are considered for the award. Out of these, around ten candidates receive an award for their work along with 25,000 Swiss francs.
The Swiss Grand Award for Art/Prix Meret Oppenheim on the other hand are awarded by the FCA out of a competition to individuals that have contributed to the study and influence of contemporary Swiss arts and architecture. These distinctions are accompanied with 40,000 Swiss francs to each winner to be used to fund an important project.
Notes and references
^ FOC. "Le nouvel éclat des Swiss Art Awards" Archived 21 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine www.letemps.ch
^ *Lienhard, Pierre-André 1999. "Prix conseillé : 100 ans de Concours fédéral des beaux-arts, 1899–1999", ''Orrel Füssli, 15(367)
^ Fleury, Sylvie. "un encouragement visible et mieux doté: les bourses deviennent prix" in "
1999. "Prix conseillé : 100 ans de Concours fédéral des beaux-arts, 1899–1999", ''Orrel Füssli, 105(367)
^ Lienhard, Pierre-André 1999. "Prix conseillé : 100 ans de Concours fédéral des beaux-arts, 1899–1999", Orrel Füssli, 15(367)
^ *FOC "OFC - Office fédéral de la culture -Galerie Art Awards 2014 - Lauréat(e)s et oeuvres". Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2014. www.bak.admin.ch
^ Federal administration. Federal Art Commission (FCA)"Commission fédérale d'art CFA". Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2014. "www.admin.ch"
^ FOC. "OFC - Office fédéral de la culture -Prix suisses d'art". Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2018. "Swiss Grand Art Awards / Prix Meret Oppenheim, "www.bak.admin.ch"
Portals: Arts Switzerland
This award-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swiss_Art_Awards_2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Federal Office of Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Office_of_Culture"},{"link_name":"Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"}],"text":"Swiss Art Awards 2018The Swiss Art Awards, also named the Federal Art Competition, are recognitions that are awarded by the Federal Office of Culture (FOC) in the name of the Confederation.","title":"Swiss Art Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Art Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Basel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Swiss Art Awards stem from the oldest and most important measure of support to the arts of Switzerland.[1] They began in 1898 \"as a federal grant for young artists, so as to raise the quality of Swiss Art.\"[2]The competition and awards have been managed by the FOC since its introduction in 1975.The grants eventually turned into a competition, changing the name to Federal Art Competition in 1994[3] and Swiss Art Awards since 2014.[4]\nThe Swiss Art Awards competition and show are held during Art Basel since 1994.[5]Since 2001, three to four Swiss Grand Awards for Art/Prix Meret Oppenheim are presented, out of a competition run by the Federal Commission for Art (FCA).[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Artists, architects, art, and architecture mediators of Swiss origins or based in Switzerland, can submit their application to the FOC. After a first round the FCA chooses a selection of nominees who participate in the show and are considered for the award. Out of these, around ten candidates receive an award for their work along with 25,000 Swiss francs.The Swiss Grand Award for Art/Prix Meret Oppenheim on the other hand are awarded by the FCA out of a competition to individuals that have contributed to the study and influence of contemporary Swiss arts and architecture. These distinctions are accompanied with 40,000 Swiss francs to each winner to be used to fund an important project.[7]","title":"Principals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Le nouvel éclat des Swiss Art Awards\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.letemps.ch/Page/Uuid/1a3357d8-f598-11e3-becf-b7f9645726d2/Le_nouvel_%C3%A9clat_des_Swiss_Art_Awards"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141021035742/http://www.letemps.ch/Page/Uuid/1a3357d8-f598-11e3-becf-b7f9645726d2/Le_nouvel_%C3%A9clat_des_Swiss_Art_Awards"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"OFC - Office fédéral de la culture -Galerie Art Awards 2014 - Lauréat(e)s et oeuvres\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141021225732/http://www.bak.admin.ch/aktuelles/01832/02332/05218/index.html?lang=fr"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bak.admin.ch/aktuelles/01832/02332/05218/index.html?lang=fr"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Commission fédérale d'art CFA\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141023212635/http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/cf/ko/index_44.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.admin.ch/ch/f/cf/ko/index_44.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"OFC - Office fédéral de la culture -Prix suisses d'art\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170822012402/http://www.bak.admin.ch/kulturschaffen/04163/04164/04165/index.html?lang=fr"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bak.admin.ch/kulturschaffen/04163/04164/04165/index.html?lang=fr"},{"link_name":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png"},{"link_name":"Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Arts"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Switzerland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_barnstar.svg"},{"link_name":"award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Award"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swiss_Art_Awards&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Award-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Award-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Award-stub"}],"text":"^ FOC. \"Le nouvel éclat des Swiss Art Awards\" Archived 21 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine www.letemps.ch\n\n^ *Lienhard, Pierre-André 1999. \"Prix conseillé : 100 ans de Concours fédéral des beaux-arts, 1899–1999\", ''Orrel Füssli, 15(367)\n\n^ Fleury, Sylvie. \"un encouragement visible et mieux doté: les bourses deviennent prix\" in \"\n1999. \"Prix conseillé : 100 ans de Concours fédéral des beaux-arts, 1899–1999\", ''Orrel Füssli, 105(367)\n\n^ Lienhard, Pierre-André 1999. \"Prix conseillé : 100 ans de Concours fédéral des beaux-arts, 1899–1999\", Orrel Füssli, 15(367)\n\n^ *FOC \"OFC - Office fédéral de la culture -Galerie Art Awards 2014 - Lauréat(e)s et oeuvres\". Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2014. www.bak.admin.ch\n\n^ Federal administration. Federal Art Commission (FCA)\"Commission fédérale d'art CFA\". Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2014. \"www.admin.ch\"\n\n^ FOC. \"OFC - Office fédéral de la culture -Prix suisses d'art\". Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2018. \"Swiss Grand Art Awards / Prix Meret Oppenheim, \"www.bak.admin.ch\"Portals: Arts SwitzerlandThis award-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes and references"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Swiss Art Awards 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Swiss_Art_Awards_2018.jpg/220px-Swiss_Art_Awards_2018.jpg"}]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Banff_and_Buchan
|
List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Banff and Buchan
|
[]
|
The following is a list of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in the Banff and Buchan Area of Search. For other areas, see List of SSSIs by Area of Search.
Bullers of Buchan Coast
Cairnbulg to St Combs Coast
Cullen to Stakeness Coast
Gamrie and Pennan Coast
Geordie Craigs
Gight Woods
Hill of Longhaven
Kirkhill
Loch of Strathbeg
Moss of Crombie
Moss of Cruden
Philorth Valley
Reidside Moss
Rora Moss
Rosehearty to Fraserburgh Coast
Tore of Troup
Turclossie Moss
Wartle Moss
Whitehills to Melrose Coast
Windy Hills
vteSSSIs in the United Kingdom, grouped by Area of SearchEngland
Avon
Bedfordshire
Berkshire
Buckinghamshire
Cambridgeshire
Cheshire
Cleveland
Cornwall
County Durham
Cumbria
Derbyshire
Devon
Dorset
East Riding of Yorkshire
East Sussex
Essex
Gloucestershire
Greater London
Greater Manchester
Hampshire
Herefordshire
Hertfordshire
Isle of Wight
Kent
Lancashire
Leicestershire
Lincolnshire
Merseyside
Norfolk
North Yorkshire
Northamptonshire
Northumberland
Nottinghamshire
Oxfordshire
Rutland
Shropshire
Somerset
South Yorkshire
Staffordshire
Suffolk
Surrey
Tyne and Wear
Warwickshire
West Midlands
West Sussex
West Yorkshire
Wiltshire
Worcestershire
Scotland
Angus and Dundee
Annandale and Eskdale
Badenoch and Strathspey
Banff and Buchan
Berwickshire and Roxburgh
Caithness
Clydesdale and South East Glasgow
Cumnock and Kyle
Dumbarton and North Glasgow
Dunfermline and Kirkcaldy
East Perth
East Ross and Cromarty
Edinburgh and West Lothian
Falkirk and Clackmannan
Gordon and Aberdeen
Inverness
Islay and Jura
Kincardine and Deeside
Kintyre
Lorne
Mid and East Lothian
Mid Argyll and Cowal
Moray and Nairn
Mull, Coll and Tiree
Nithsdale
North East Fife
North Lochaber
North West Sutherland
North Wester Ross and Cromarty
Orkney
Renfrew and Cunninghame
Rum and the Small Isles
Shetland
Skye and Lochalsh
South East Sutherland
South Lochaber
South Perth
South Wester Ross and Cromarty
Stirling
Tweeddale and Ettrick and Lauderdale
West Perth
Western Isles North
Western Isles South
Wigtown and Stewartry
Wales
Brecknock
Carmarthen & Dinefwr
Ceredigion
Clwyd
East Gwynedd
Gwent
Mid & South Glamorgan
Montgomery
Preseli & South Pembrokeshire
Radnor
West Glamorgan
West Gwynedd
Northern Ireland
County Antrim
County Armagh
County Down
County Fermanagh
County Londonderry
County Tyrone
|
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Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosehearty_to_Fraserburgh_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tore of Troup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tore_of_Troup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Turclossie Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turclossie_Moss&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wartle Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wartle_Moss&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Whitehills to Melrose Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitehills_to_Melrose_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Windy Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windy_Hills_SSSI,_Banff_and_Buchan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:SSSI_AOS_lists"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:SSSI_AOS_lists"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SSSI_AOS_lists"},{"link_name":"SSSIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest"},{"link_name":"Area of Search","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_by_Area_of_Search"},{"link_name":"Avon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Avon"},{"link_name":"Bedfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Bedfordshire"},{"link_name":"Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Cambridgeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"County Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_County_Durham"},{"link_name":"Cumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Cumbria"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Devon"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Dorset"},{"link_name":"East Riding of Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_the_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"East Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_East_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Essex"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"Greater London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Greater_London"},{"link_name":"Greater Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Herefordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Herefordshire"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"Isle of Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_on_the_Isle_of_Wight"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Kent"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Leicestershire"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"Merseyside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Merseyside"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Nottinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Nottinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Rutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Rutland"},{"link_name":"Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Somerset"},{"link_name":"South Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_South_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Tyne and Wear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Tyne_and_Wear"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"West Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_the_West_Midlands"},{"link_name":"West Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_West_Sussex"},{"link_name":"West Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Angus and Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Angus_and_Dundee"},{"link_name":"Annandale and Eskdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Annandale_and_Eskdale"},{"link_name":"Badenoch and Strathspey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Badenoch_and_Strathspey"},{"link_name":"Banff and Buchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Berwickshire and Roxburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Berwickshire_and_Roxburgh"},{"link_name":"Caithness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Caithness"},{"link_name":"Clydesdale and South East Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Clydesdale_and_South_East_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Cumnock and Kyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Cumnock_and_Kyle"},{"link_name":"Dumbarton and North Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Dumbarton_and_North_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Dunfermline and Kirkcaldy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Dunfermline_and_Kirkcaldy"},{"link_name":"East Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_East_Perth"},{"link_name":"East Ross and Cromarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_East_Ross_and_Cromarty"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh and West Lothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Edinburgh_and_West_Lothian"},{"link_name":"Falkirk and Clackmannan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Falkirk_and_Clackmannan"},{"link_name":"Gordon and Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Gordon_and_Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"Inverness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Inverness"},{"link_name":"Islay and Jura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Islay_and_Jura"},{"link_name":"Kincardine and Deeside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Kincardine_and_Deeside"},{"link_name":"Kintyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Kintyre"},{"link_name":"Lorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Lorne"},{"link_name":"Mid and East Lothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Mid_and_East_Lothian"},{"link_name":"Mid Argyll and Cowal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Mid_Argyll_and_Cowal"},{"link_name":"Moray and Nairn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Moray_and_Nairn"},{"link_name":"Mull, Coll and Tiree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Mull,_Coll_and_Tiree"},{"link_name":"Nithsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Nithsdale"},{"link_name":"North East Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_North_East_Fife"},{"link_name":"North Lochaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_North_Lochaber"},{"link_name":"North West Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_North_West_Sutherland"},{"link_name":"North Wester Ross and Cromarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_North_Wester_Ross_and_Cromarty"},{"link_name":"Orkney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Orkney"},{"link_name":"Renfrew and Cunninghame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Renfrew_and_Cunninghame"},{"link_name":"Rum and the Small Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Rum_and_the_Small_Isles"},{"link_name":"Shetland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Shetland"},{"link_name":"Skye and Lochalsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Skye_and_Lochalsh"},{"link_name":"South East Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_South_East_Sutherland"},{"link_name":"South Lochaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_South_Lochaber"},{"link_name":"South Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_South_Perth"},{"link_name":"South Wester Ross and Cromarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_South_Wester_Ross_and_Cromarty"},{"link_name":"Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Stirling"},{"link_name":"Tweeddale and Ettrick and Lauderdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Tweeddale_and_Ettrick_and_Lauderdale"},{"link_name":"West Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_West_Perth"},{"link_name":"Western Isles North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Western_Isles_North"},{"link_name":"Western Isles South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Western_Isles_South"},{"link_name":"Wigtown and Stewartry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Wigtown_and_Stewartry"},{"link_name":"Brecknock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SSSIs_in_Brecknock"},{"link_name":"Carmarthen & Dinefwr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SSSIs_in_Carmarthen_%26_Dinefwr"},{"link_name":"Ceredigion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Ceredigion"},{"link_name":"Clwyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SSSIs_in_Clwyd"},{"link_name":"East Gwynedd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SSSIs_in_East_Gwynedd"},{"link_name":"Gwent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Gwent"},{"link_name":"Mid & South Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SSSIs_in_Mid_%26_South_Glamorgan"},{"link_name":"Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SSSIs_in_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"Preseli & South Pembrokeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SSSIs_in_Preseli_%26_South_Pembrokeshire"},{"link_name":"Radnor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SSSIs_in_Radnor"},{"link_name":"West Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SSSIs_in_West_Glamorgan"},{"link_name":"West Gwynedd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SSSIs_in_West_Gwynedd"},{"link_name":"County Antrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Areas_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Antrim"},{"link_name":"County Armagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ASSIs_in_Armagh"},{"link_name":"County Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ASSIs_in_Down"},{"link_name":"County Fermanagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ASSIs_in_Fermanagh"},{"link_name":"County Londonderry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ASSIs_in_Londonderry"},{"link_name":"County Tyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ASSIs_in_Tyrone"}],"text":"Bullers of Buchan Coast\nCairnbulg to St Combs Coast\nCullen to Stakeness Coast\nGamrie and Pennan Coast\nGeordie Craigs\nGight Woods\nHill of Longhaven\nKirkhill\nLoch of Strathbeg\nMoss of Crombie\nMoss of Cruden\nPhilorth Valley\nReidside Moss\nRora Moss\nRosehearty to Fraserburgh Coast\nTore of Troup\nTurclossie Moss\nWartle Moss\nWhitehills to Melrose Coast\nWindy HillsvteSSSIs in the United Kingdom, grouped by Area of SearchEngland\nAvon\nBedfordshire\nBerkshire\nBuckinghamshire\nCambridgeshire\nCheshire\nCleveland\nCornwall\nCounty Durham\nCumbria\nDerbyshire\nDevon\nDorset\nEast Riding of Yorkshire\nEast Sussex\nEssex\nGloucestershire\nGreater London\nGreater Manchester\nHampshire\nHerefordshire\nHertfordshire\nIsle of Wight\nKent\nLancashire\nLeicestershire\nLincolnshire\nMerseyside\nNorfolk\nNorth Yorkshire\nNorthamptonshire\nNorthumberland\nNottinghamshire\nOxfordshire\nRutland\nShropshire\nSomerset\nSouth Yorkshire\nStaffordshire\nSuffolk\nSurrey\nTyne and Wear\nWarwickshire\nWest Midlands\nWest Sussex\nWest Yorkshire\nWiltshire\nWorcestershire\nScotland\nAngus and Dundee\nAnnandale and Eskdale\nBadenoch and Strathspey\nBanff and Buchan\nBerwickshire and Roxburgh\nCaithness\nClydesdale and South East Glasgow\nCumnock and Kyle\nDumbarton and North Glasgow\nDunfermline and Kirkcaldy\nEast Perth\nEast Ross and Cromarty\nEdinburgh and West Lothian\nFalkirk and Clackmannan\nGordon and Aberdeen\nInverness\nIslay and Jura\nKincardine and Deeside\nKintyre\nLorne\nMid and East Lothian\nMid Argyll and Cowal\nMoray and Nairn\nMull, Coll and Tiree\nNithsdale\nNorth East Fife\nNorth Lochaber\nNorth West Sutherland\nNorth Wester Ross and Cromarty\nOrkney\nRenfrew and Cunninghame\nRum and the Small Isles\nShetland\nSkye and Lochalsh\nSouth East Sutherland\nSouth Lochaber\nSouth Perth\nSouth Wester Ross and Cromarty\nStirling\nTweeddale and Ettrick and Lauderdale\nWest Perth\nWestern Isles North\nWestern Isles South\nWigtown and Stewartry\nWales\nBrecknock\nCarmarthen & Dinefwr\nCeredigion\nClwyd\nEast Gwynedd\nGwent\nMid & South Glamorgan\nMontgomery\nPreseli & South Pembrokeshire\nRadnor\nWest Glamorgan\nWest Gwynedd\nNorthern Ireland\nCounty Antrim\nCounty Armagh\nCounty Down\nCounty Fermanagh\nCounty Londonderry\nCounty Tyrone","title":"List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Banff and Buchan"}]
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