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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rakes	The Rakes	["1 History","2 Discography","2.1 Albums","2.2 EPs","3 References","4 External links"]	English post-punk band Not to be confused with Rake (band). The RakesThe Rakes at the Wireless Festival, 2005Background informationOriginLondon, EnglandGenresPost-rock, art rock, art punk, dance-punk, post-punk revival, noise rockYears active2003–2009LabelsDim Mak Records, V2 RecordsMembersAlan DonohoeJamie Horn-SmithLasse PetersenMatthew SwinnertonPast membersToby GreenWebsiteOfficial website The Rakes were an English post-punk band formed in London in 2003. Their first album Capture/Release released in 2005, received a nine out of ten review in the NME and was rated 13th best album of the year in the same paper. The band cited in their influences the Specials, Siouxsie and the Banshees and Pulp. The band disbanded in October 2009, after six years. History The Rakes formed in 2002. Their debut album, Capture/Release, spawned the singles "22 Grand Job", "Work, Work, Work (Pub, Club, Sleep)", and "Retreat". Several of their singles appeared in the Top 40 of the UK Singles Chart and Capture/Release reached No. 32 in the UK Albums Chart. The final single release from Capture/Release, "All Too Human", was released in the UK on 27 February 2006 and reached their best chart position (No. 22). The Rakes supported Franz Ferdinand on their You Could Have It So Much Better... tour during the winter of 2005. They toured the UK throughout January and February 2006, supported by White Rose Movement, Duels, Young Knives, Switches and Klaxons. They also completed their first tour of the UK since the release of Ten New Messages, including their biggest headline concert, a sold-out show at Brixton Academy. The Rakes' second album, Ten New Messages, was released by V2 Records on 19 March 2007. This album was produced by Jim Abiss (who has also worked with Arctic Monkeys, Editors and Kasabian) and Brendan Lynch (who has worked with Primal Scream). It was recorded in Mayfair Studios in London during the autumn of 2006. The band's third album, Klang, was released on 23 March 2009. The album was recorded at Karl-Marx-Allee in Berlin in a studio that was the former East German government's centre for radio broadcasts. On 22 October 2009, mere days before they were to begin their UK tour, The Rakes announced that the band was to split with immediate effect: "The Rakes have always been very adamant and proud of the fact that we give 100% to every gig we've ever played. If we can't give it everything then we won't do it. That was the rule we set ourselves from day one". Drummer Lasse Petersen joined Wolf Gang, which disbanded in 2015. Donohoe started a new solo project titled The Champagne Campaign and released the video for single "Denis and Margaret" in April 2013 before releasing the single for digital download on 13 May. In September 2015, Donohoe worked for a Brighton-based company as a software developer. During this time, Donohoe told NME: "Being in The Rakes was an insane rollercoaster, but singing the same songs for seven years got boring in the end. And if you're doing something just because you can't imagine an alternative then you're not really living." Discography Main article: The Rakes discography Albums Capture/Release (2005) Ten New Messages (2007) Klang (2009) EPs Retreat (2005) References ^ "NME's best albums and tracks of 2005". NME. 10 October 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2024. ^ the Rakes interview. Soundofviolence. 17 November 2005. Retrieved 2 September 2012. ^ a b "Biography by Heather Phares". Allmusic.com. Retrieved 4 April 2009. ^ a b Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 449. ISBN 1-904994-10-5. ^ a b Everyhit.com - accessed April 2009 ^ "The Rakes split up and cancel tour". NME. 2 October 2009. ^ "Denis & Margaret by The Champagne Campaign on Amazon Music". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 18 March 2020. ^ "YouTube". YouTube. Retrieved 18 March 2020. ^ "10 Years On: What Are The Stars Of 2005 Indie Doing Now?". NME. 2 September 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2015. External links The Rakes interview on CC First listen to The Rakes - 1989 Alan Donohoe interview PopMatters interview (November 2005) The Rakes Fuel TV interview vteThe Rakes Alan Donohoe Jamie Hornsmith Lasse Petersen Matthew Swinnerton Studio albums Capture/Release Ten New Messages Klang EPs Retreat Singles "22 Grand Job" "Strasbourg" "Retreat" "Work, Work, Work (Pub, Club, Sleep)" "22 Grand Job" (reissue) "All Too Human" "We Danced Together" "The World Was a Mess But His Hair Was Perfect" "1989" "That's the Reason" Related Discography Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rake (band)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rake_(band)"},{"link_name":"post-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk"},{"link_name":"band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_ensemble"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Capture/Release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture/Release"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"the Specials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Specials"},{"link_name":"Siouxsie and the Banshees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees"},{"link_name":"Pulp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(band)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Rake (band).The Rakes were an English post-punk band formed in London in 2003. Their first album Capture/Release released in 2005, received a nine out of ten review in the NME and was rated 13th best album of the year in the same paper.[1] The band cited in their influences the Specials, Siouxsie and the Banshees and Pulp.[2]The band disbanded in October 2009, after six years.","title":"The Rakes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-3"},{"link_name":"Capture/Release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture/Release"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-3"},{"link_name":"Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_40"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"UK Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Everyhit-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Everyhit-5"},{"link_name":"Franz Ferdinand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Ferdinand_(band)"},{"link_name":"White Rose Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Rose_Movement_(band)"},{"link_name":"Duels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duels_(band)"},{"link_name":"Young Knives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Knives"},{"link_name":"Switches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switches_(band)"},{"link_name":"Klaxons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaxons"},{"link_name":"Brixton Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O2_Academy_Brixton"},{"link_name":"Ten New Messages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_New_Messages"},{"link_name":"V2 Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V2_Records"},{"link_name":"Arctic Monkeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Monkeys"},{"link_name":"Editors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editors_(band)"},{"link_name":"Kasabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasabian"},{"link_name":"Brendan Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Lynch_(music_producer)"},{"link_name":"Primal Scream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primal_Scream"},{"link_name":"Mayfair Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfair_Studios"},{"link_name":"Klang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klang_(album)"},{"link_name":"Karl-Marx-Allee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Marx-Allee"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"East German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_German"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Wolf Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Gang"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton"},{"link_name":"software developer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_developer"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nme-9"}],"text":"The Rakes formed in 2002.[3] Their debut album, Capture/Release, spawned the singles \"22 Grand Job\", \"Work, Work, Work (Pub, Club, Sleep)\", and \"Retreat\".[3] Several of their singles appeared in the Top 40 of the UK Singles Chart and Capture/Release reached No. 32 in the UK Albums Chart.[4][5] The final single release from Capture/Release, \"All Too Human\", was released in the UK on 27 February 2006 and reached their best chart position (No. 22).[4][5]The Rakes supported Franz Ferdinand on their You Could Have It So Much Better... tour during the winter of 2005. They toured the UK throughout January and February 2006, supported by White Rose Movement, Duels, Young Knives, Switches and Klaxons. They also completed their first tour of the UK since the release of Ten New Messages, including their biggest headline concert, a sold-out show at Brixton Academy.The Rakes' second album, Ten New Messages, was released by V2 Records on 19 March 2007. This album was produced by Jim Abiss (who has also worked with Arctic Monkeys, Editors and Kasabian) and Brendan Lynch (who has worked with Primal Scream). It was recorded in Mayfair Studios in London during the autumn of 2006.The band's third album, Klang, was released on 23 March 2009. The album was recorded at Karl-Marx-Allee in Berlin in a studio that was the former East German government's centre for radio broadcasts. On 22 October 2009, mere days before they were to begin their UK tour, The Rakes announced that the band was to split with immediate effect: \"The Rakes have always been very adamant and proud of the fact that we give 100% to every gig we've ever played. If we can't give it everything then we won't do it. That was the rule we set ourselves from day one\".[6]Drummer Lasse Petersen joined Wolf Gang, which disbanded in 2015.Donohoe started a new solo project titled The Champagne Campaign and released the video for single \"Denis and Margaret\" in April 2013 before releasing the single for digital download on 13 May.[7][8] In September 2015, Donohoe worked for a Brighton-based company as a software developer. During this time, Donohoe told NME: \"Being in The Rakes was an insane rollercoaster, but singing the same songs for seven years got boring in the end. And if you're doing something just because you can't imagine an alternative then you're not really living.\"[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Capture/Release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture/Release"},{"link_name":"Ten New Messages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_New_Messages"},{"link_name":"Klang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klang_(album)"}],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"Capture/Release (2005)\nTen New Messages (2007)\nKlang (2009)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"EPs","text":"Retreat (2005)","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"NME's best albums and tracks of 2005\". NME. 10 October 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/features/2005-2-1045347","url_text":"\"NME's best albums and tracks of 2005\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"\"Biography by Heather Phares\". Allmusic.com. 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Retrieved 18 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/Denis-Margaret-Explicit-Champagne-Campaign/dp/B00CSCJHSE","url_text":"\"Denis & Margaret [Explicit] by The Champagne Campaign on Amazon Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"YouTube\". YouTube. Retrieved 18 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9jbPYE_fQGo","url_text":"\"YouTube\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"10 Years On: What Are The Stars Of 2005 Indie Doing Now?\". NME. 2 September 2015. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_density_parity_check_code	Low-density parity-check code	["1 History","2 Applications","3 Operational use","4 Example encoder","5 Decoding","5.1 Updating node information","6 Code construction","7 Compared to turbo codes","8 See also","8.1 People","8.2 Theory","8.3 Applications","8.4 Other capacity-approaching codes","8.5 Capacity-achieving codes","9 References","10 External links"]	Linear error correcting code In information theory, a low-density parity-check (LDPC) code is a linear error correcting code, a method of transmitting a message over a noisy transmission channel. An LDPC code is constructed using a sparse Tanner graph (subclass of the bipartite graph). LDPC codes are capacity-approaching codes, which means that practical constructions exist that allow the noise threshold to be set very close to the theoretical maximum (the Shannon limit) for a symmetric memoryless channel. The noise threshold defines an upper bound for the channel noise, up to which the probability of lost information can be made as small as desired. Using iterative belief propagation techniques, LDPC codes can be decoded in time linear in their block length. LDPC codes are also known as Gallager codes, in honor of Robert G. Gallager, who developed the LDPC concept in his doctoral dissertation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1960. However, LDPC codes require computationally expensive iterative decoding, so they went unused for decades. In 1993 the newly invented turbo codes demonstrated that codes with iterative decoding could far outperform other codes used at that time, but turbo codes were patented and required a fee for use. This raised renewed interest in LDPC codes, which were shown to have similar performance, but were much older and patent-free. Now that the fundamental patent for turbo codes has expired (on August 29, 2013), LDPC codes are still used for their technical merits. LDPC codes have been shown to have ideal combinatorial properties. In his dissertation, Gallager showed that LDPC codes achieve the Gilbert–Varshamov bound for linear codes over binary fields with high probability. In 2020 it was shown that Gallager's LDPC codes achieve list decoding capacity and also achieve the Gilbert–Varshamov bound for linear codes over general fields. History Impractical to implement when first developed by Gallager in 1963, LDPC codes were forgotten until his work was rediscovered in 1996. Turbo codes, another class of capacity-approaching codes discovered in 1993, became the coding scheme of choice in the late 1990s, used for applications such as the Deep Space Network and satellite communications. LDPC codes then received renewed interest as a patent-free alternative of similar performance. Since then, advances in low-density parity-check codes have seen them surpass turbo codes in terms of error floor and performance in the higher code rate range, leaving turbo codes better suited for the lower code rates only. Applications In 2003, an irregular repeat accumulate (IRA) style LDPC code beat six turbo codes to become the error-correcting code in the new DVB-S2 standard for digital television. The DVB-S2 selection committee made decoder complexity estimates for the turbo code proposals using a much less efficient serial decoder architecture rather than a parallel decoder architecture. This forced the turbo code proposals to use frame sizes on the order of one half the frame size of the LDPC proposals. In 2008, LDPC beat convolutional turbo codes as the forward error correction (FEC) system for the ITU-T G.hn standard. G.hn chose LDPC codes over turbo codes because of their lower decoding complexity (especially when operating at data rates close to 1.0 Gbit/s) and because the proposed turbo codes exhibited a significant error floor at the desired range of operation. LDPC codes are also used for 10GBASE-T Ethernet, which sends data at 10 gigabits per second over twisted-pair cables. As of 2009, LDPC codes are also part of the Wi-Fi 802.11 standard as an optional part of 802.11n and 802.11ac, in the High Throughput (HT) PHY specification. LDPC is a mandatory part of 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6). Some OFDM systems add an additional outer error correction that fixes the occasional errors (the "error floor") that get past the LDPC correction inner code even at low bit error rates. For example: The Reed-Solomon code with LDPC Coded Modulation (RS-LCM) uses a Reed-Solomon outer code. The DVB-S2, the DVB-T2 and the DVB-C2 standards all use a BCH code outer code to mop up residual errors after LDPC decoding. 5G NR uses polar code for the control channels and LDPC for the data channels. Although LDPC code has had its success in commercial hard disk drives, to fully exploit its error correction capability in SSDs demands unconventional fine-grained flash memory sensing, leading to an increased memory read latency. LDPC-in-SSD is an effective approach to deploy LDPC in SSD with a very small latency increase, which turns LDPC in SSD into a reality. Since then, LDPC has been widely adopted in commercial SSDs in both customer-grades and enterprise-grades by major storage venders. Many TLC (and later) SSDs are using LDPC codes. A fast hard-decode (binary erasure) is first attempted, which can fall back into the slower but more powerful soft decoding. Operational use This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) LDPC codes functionally are defined by a sparse parity-check matrix. This sparse matrix is often randomly generated, subject to the sparsity constraints—LDPC code construction is discussed later. These codes were first designed by Robert Gallager in 1960. Below is a graph fragment of an example LDPC code using Forney's factor graph notation. In this graph, n variable nodes in the top of the graph are connected to (n−k) constraint nodes in the bottom of the graph. This is a popular way of graphically representing an (n, k) LDPC code. The bits of a valid message, when placed on the T's at the top of the graph, satisfy the graphical constraints. Specifically, all lines connecting to a variable node (box with an '=' sign) have the same value, and all values connecting to a factor node (box with a '+' sign) must sum, modulo two, to zero (in other words, they must sum to an even number; or there must be an even number of odd values). Ignoring any lines going out of the picture, there are eight possible six-bit strings corresponding to valid codewords: (i.e., 000000, 011001, 110010, 101011, 111100, 100101, 001110, 010111). This LDPC code fragment represents a three-bit message encoded as six bits. Redundancy is used, here, to increase the chance of recovering from channel errors. This is a (6, 3) linear code, with n = 6 and k = 3. Again ignoring lines going out of the picture, the parity-check matrix representing this graph fragment is H = ( 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 ) . {\displaystyle \mathbf {H} ={\begin{pmatrix}1&1&1&1&0&0\\0&0&1&1&0&1\\1&0&0&1&1&0\\\end{pmatrix}}.} In this matrix, each row represents one of the three parity-check constraints, while each column represents one of the six bits in the received codeword. In this example, the eight codewords can be obtained by putting the parity-check matrix H into this form [ − P T \| I n − k ] {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}-P^{T}\|I_{n-k}\end{bmatrix}}} through basic row operations in GF(2): H = ( 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 ) 1 ∼ ( 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 ) 2 ∼ ( 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 ) 3 ∼ ( 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 ) 4 . {\displaystyle \mathbf {H} ={\begin{pmatrix}1&1&1&1&0&0\\0&0&1&1&0&1\\1&0&0&1&1&0\\\end{pmatrix}}_{1}\sim {\begin{pmatrix}1&1&1&1&0&0\\0&0&1&1&0&1\\0&1&1&0&1&0\\\end{pmatrix}}_{2}\sim {\begin{pmatrix}1&1&1&1&0&0\\0&1&1&0&1&0\\0&0&1&1&0&1\\\end{pmatrix}}_{3}\sim {\begin{pmatrix}1&1&1&1&0&0\\0&1&1&0&1&0\\1&1&0&0&0&1\\\end{pmatrix}}_{4}.} Step 1: H. Step 2: Row 1 is added to row 3. Step 3: Row 2 and 3 are swapped. Step 4: Row 1 is added to row 3. From this, the generator matrix G can be obtained as [ I k \| P ] {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}I_{k}\|P\end{bmatrix}}} (noting that in the special case of this being a binary code P = − P {\displaystyle P=-P} ), or specifically: G = ( 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 ) . {\displaystyle \mathbf {G} ={\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0&1&0&1\\0&1&0&1&1&1\\0&0&1&1&1&0\\\end{pmatrix}}.} Finally, by multiplying all eight possible 3-bit strings by G, all eight valid codewords are obtained. For example, the codeword for the bit-string '101' is obtained by: ( 1 0 1 ) ⊙ ( 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 ) = ( 1 0 1 0 1 1 ) {\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}1&0&1\\\end{pmatrix}}\odot {\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0&1&0&1\\0&1&0&1&1&1\\0&0&1&1&1&0\\\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}1&0&1&0&1&1\\\end{pmatrix}}} , where ⊙ {\displaystyle \odot } is symbol of mod 2 multiplication. As a check, the row space of G is orthogonal to H such that G ⊙ H T = 0 {\displaystyle G\odot H^{T}=0} The bit-string '101' is found in as the first 3 bits of the codeword '101011'. Example encoder This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) LDPC encoder During the encoding of a frame, the input data bits (D) are repeated and distributed to a set of constituent encoders. The constituent encoders are typically accumulators and each accumulator is used to generate a parity symbol. A single copy of the original data (S0,K-1) is transmitted with the parity bits (P) to make up the code symbols. The S bits from each constituent encoder are discarded. The parity bit may be used within another constituent code. In an example using the DVB-S2 rate 2/3 code the encoded block size is 64800 symbols (N=64800) with 43200 data bits (K=43200) and 21600 parity bits (M=21600). Each constituent code (check node) encodes 16 data bits except for the first parity bit which encodes 8 data bits. The first 4680 data bits are repeated 13 times (used in 13 parity codes), while the remaining data bits are used in 3 parity codes (irregular LDPC code). For comparison, classic turbo codes typically use two constituent codes configured in parallel, each of which encodes the entire input block (K) of data bits. These constituent encoders are recursive convolutional codes (RSC) of moderate depth (8 or 16 states) that are separated by a code interleaver which interleaves one copy of the frame. The LDPC code, in contrast, uses many low depth constituent codes (accumulators) in parallel, each of which encode only a small portion of the input frame. The many constituent codes can be viewed as many low depth (2 state) "convolutional codes" that are connected via the repeat and distribute operations. The repeat and distribute operations perform the function of the interleaver in the turbo code. The ability to more precisely manage the connections of the various constituent codes and the level of redundancy for each input bit give more flexibility in the design of LDPC codes, which can lead to better performance than turbo codes in some instances. Turbo codes still seem to perform better than LDPCs at low code rates, or at least the design of well performing low rate codes is easier for turbo codes. As a practical matter, the hardware that forms the accumulators is reused during the encoding process. That is, once a first set of parity bits are generated and the parity bits stored, the same accumulator hardware is used to generate a next set of parity bits. Decoding This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) As with other codes, the maximum likelihood decoding of an LDPC code on the binary symmetric channel is an NP-complete problem, shown by reduction from 3-dimensional matching. So assuming P != NP, which is widely believed, then performing optimal decoding for an arbitrary code of any useful size is not practical. However, sub-optimal techniques based on iterative belief propagation decoding give excellent results and can be practically implemented. The sub-optimal decoding techniques view each parity check that makes up the LDPC as an independent single parity check (SPC) code. Each SPC code is decoded separately using soft-in-soft-out (SISO) techniques such as SOVA, BCJR, MAP, and other derivates thereof. The soft decision information from each SISO decoding is cross-checked and updated with other redundant SPC decodings of the same information bit. Each SPC code is then decoded again using the updated soft decision information. This process is iterated until a valid codeword is achieved or decoding is exhausted. This type of decoding is often referred to as sum-product decoding. The decoding of the SPC codes is often referred to as the "check node" processing, and the cross-checking of the variables is often referred to as the "variable-node" processing. In a practical LDPC decoder implementation, sets of SPC codes are decoded in parallel to increase throughput. In contrast, belief propagation on the binary erasure channel is particularly simple where it consists of iterative constraint satisfaction. For example, consider that the valid codeword, 101011, from the example above, is transmitted across a binary erasure channel and received with the first and fourth bit erased to yield ?01?11. Since the transmitted message must have satisfied the code constraints, the message can be represented by writing the received message on the top of the factor graph. In this example, the first bit cannot yet be recovered, because all of the constraints connected to it have more than one unknown bit. In order to proceed with decoding the message, constraints connecting to only one of the erased bits must be identified. In this example, only the second constraint suffices. Examining the second constraint, the fourth bit must have been zero, since only a zero in that position would satisfy the constraint. This procedure is then iterated. The new value for the fourth bit can now be used in conjunction with the first constraint to recover the first bit as seen below. This means that the first bit must be a one to satisfy the leftmost constraint. Thus, the message can be decoded iteratively. For other channel models, the messages passed between the variable nodes and check nodes are real numbers, which express probabilities and likelihoods of belief. This result can be validated by multiplying the corrected codeword r by the parity-check matrix H: z = H ⊙ r = ( 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 ) ⊙ ( 1 0 1 0 1 1 ) = ( 0 0 0 ) . {\displaystyle \mathbf {z} =\mathbf {H\odot r} ={\begin{pmatrix}1&1&1&1&0&0\\0&0&1&1&0&1\\1&0&0&1&1&0\\\end{pmatrix}}\odot {\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\\1\\0\\1\\1\\\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\\0\\\end{pmatrix}}.} Because the outcome z (the syndrome) of this operation is the three × one zero vector, the resulting codeword r is successfully validated. After the decoding is completed, the original message bits '101' can be extracted by looking at the first 3 bits of the codeword. While illustrative, this erasure example does not show the use of soft-decision decoding or soft-decision message passing, which is used in virtually all commercial LDPC decoders. Updating node information In recent years, there has also been a great deal of work spent studying the effects of alternative schedules for variable-node and constraint-node update. The original technique that was used for decoding LDPC codes was known as flooding. This type of update required that, before updating a variable node, all constraint nodes needed to be updated and vice versa. In later work by Vila Casado et al., alternative update techniques were studied, in which variable nodes are updated with the newest available check-node information. The intuition behind these algorithms is that variable nodes whose values vary the most are the ones that need to be updated first. Highly reliable nodes, whose log-likelihood ratio (LLR) magnitude is large and does not change significantly from one update to the next, do not require updates with the same frequency as other nodes, whose sign and magnitude fluctuate more widely. These scheduling algorithms show greater speed of convergence and lower error floors than those that use flooding. These lower error floors are achieved by the ability of the Informed Dynamic Scheduling (IDS) algorithm to overcome trapping sets of near codewords. When nonflooding scheduling algorithms are used, an alternative definition of iteration is used. For an (n, k) LDPC code of rate k/n, a full iteration occurs when n variable and n − k constraint nodes have been updated, no matter the order in which they were updated. Code construction For large block sizes, LDPC codes are commonly constructed by first studying the behaviour of decoders. As the block size tends to infinity, LDPC decoders can be shown to have a noise threshold below which decoding is reliably achieved, and above which decoding is not achieved, colloquially referred to as the cliff effect. This threshold can be optimised by finding the best proportion of arcs from check nodes and arcs from variable nodes. An approximate graphical approach to visualising this threshold is an EXIT chart. The construction of a specific LDPC code after this optimization falls into two main types of techniques: Pseudorandom approaches Combinatorial approaches Construction by a pseudo-random approach builds on theoretical results that, for large block size, a random construction gives good decoding performance. In general, pseudorandom codes have complex encoders, but pseudorandom codes with the best decoders can have simple encoders. Various constraints are often applied to help ensure that the desired properties expected at the theoretical limit of infinite block size occur at a finite block size. Combinatorial approaches can be used to optimize the properties of small block-size LDPC codes or to create codes with simple encoders. Some LDPC codes are based on Reed–Solomon codes, such as the RS-LDPC code used in the 10 Gigabit Ethernet standard. Compared to randomly generated LDPC codes, structured LDPC codes—such as the LDPC code used in the DVB-S2 standard—can have simpler and therefore lower-cost hardware—in particular, codes constructed such that the H matrix is a circulant matrix. Yet another way of constructing LDPC codes is to use finite geometries. This method was proposed by Y. Kou et al. in 2001. Compared to turbo codes LDPC codes can be compared with other powerful coding schemes, e.g. turbo codes. In one hand, BER performance of turbo codes is influenced by low codes limitations. LDPC codes have no limitations of minimum distance, that indirectly means that LDPC codes may be more efficient on relatively large code rates (e.g. 3/4, 5/6, 7/8) than turbo codes. However, LDPC codes are not the complete replacement: turbo codes are the best solution at the lower code rates (e.g. 1/6, 1/3, 1/2). See also People Richard Hamming Claude Shannon David J. C. MacKay Irving S. Reed Michael Luby Theory Graph theory Hamming code Sparse graph code Expander code Applications G.hn/G.9960 (ITU-T Standard for networking over power lines, phone lines and coaxial cable) 802.3an or 10GBASE-T (10 gigabit/s Ethernet over twisted pair) CMMB (China Multimedia Mobile Broadcasting) DVB-S2 / DVB-T2 / DVB-C2 (digital video broadcasting, 2nd generation) DMB-T/H (digital video broadcasting) WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e standard for microwave communications) IEEE 802.11n-2009 (Wi-Fi standard) DOCSIS 3.1 ATSC 3.0 (Next generation North America digital terrestrial broadcasting) 3GPP (5G-NR data channel) Other capacity-approaching codes Fountain codes LT codes Online codes Raptor codes Repeat-accumulate codes (a class of simple turbo codes) Serial concatenated convolutional codes Tornado codes (LDPC codes designed for erasure decoding) Turbo codes Capacity-achieving codes So far there is only one capacity achieving code by design and proof. Polar codes References ^ MacKay, David J. (2003). Information theory, Inference and Learning Algorithms. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-64298-1. ^ Moon, Todd K. (2005). Error Correction Coding, Mathematical Methods and Algorithms. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-64800-0. (Includes code) ^ Amin Shokrollahi, LDPC Codes: An Introduction (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on May 17, 2017 ^ Hardesty, L. (January 21, 2010). "Explained: Gallager codes". MIT News. Retrieved August 7, 2013. ^ a b Gallager, R.G. (January 1962). "Low density parity check codes". IRE Trans. Inf. Theory. 8 (1): 21–28. doi:10.1109/TIT.1962.1057683. hdl:1721.1/11804/32786367-MIT. S2CID 260490814. ^ a b Erico Guizzo (March 1, 2004). "CLOSING IN ON THE PERFECT CODE". IEEE Spectrum. "Another advantage, perhaps the biggest of all, is that the LDPC patents have expired, so companies can use them without having to pay for intellectual-property rights." ^ US 5446747 ^ Mackenzie, D. (July 9, 2005). "Communication speed nears terminal velocity". New Scientist. ^ Mosheiff, J.; Resch, N.; Ron-Zewi, N.; Silas, S.; Wootters, M. (2020). "Low-Density Parity-Check Codes Achieve List-Decoding Capacity". SIAM Journal on Computing (FOCS 2020): 38–73. doi:10.1137/20M1365934. S2CID 244549036. ^ Gallager, Robert G. (1963). Low Density Parity Check Codes (PDF). M.I.T. Press. Retrieved August 7, 2013. ^ a b David J.C. MacKay and Radford M. Neal, "Near Shannon Limit Performance of Low Density Parity Check Codes," Electronics Letters, July 1996 ^ Telemetry Data Decoding, Design Handbook ^ Presentation by Hughes Systems Archived 2006-10-08 at the Wayback Machine ^ HomePNA Blog: G.hn, a PHY For All Seasons ^ IEEE Communications Magazine paper on G.hn Archived 2009-12-13 at the Wayback Machine ^ IEEE Standard, section 20.3.11.6 "802.11n-2009", IEEE, October 29, 2009, accessed March 21, 2011. ^ "IEEE SA - IEEE 802.11ax-2021". IEEE Standards Association. Retrieved May 22, 2022. ^ Chih-Yuan Yang, Mong-Kai Ku. http://123seminarsonly.com/Seminar-Reports/029/26540350-Ldpc-Coded-Ofdm-Modulation.pdf "LDPC coded OFDM modulation for high spectral efficiency transmission" ^ Nick Wells. "DVB-T2 in relation to the DVB-x2 Family of Standards" Archived 2013-05-26 at the Wayback Machine ^ "5G Channel Coding" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 6, 2018. Retrieved January 6, 2019. ^ Maunder, Robert (September 2016). "A Vision for 5G Channel Coding" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 6, 2018. Retrieved January 6, 2019. ^ Kai Zhao; Wenzhe Zhao; Hongbin Sun; Tong Zhang; Xiaodong Zhang; Nanning Zheng (2013). LDPC-in-SSD: Making Advanced Error Correction Codes Work Effectively in Solid State Drives (PDF). FAST' 13. pp. 243–256. ^ "Soft-Decoding in LDPC based SSD Controllers". EE Times. 2015. ^ Robert McEliece, E. R. Berlekamp and H. Van Tilborg (1978). "On the Inherent Intractability of Certain Coding Problems". IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory. IEEE: 384–386. doi:10.1109/TIT.1978.1055873. ^ a b Casado, A.I.V.; Griot, M.; Wesel, R.D. (2007). Informed Dynamic Scheduling for Belief-Propagation Decoding of LDPC Codes. 2007 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Glasgow, UK. pp. 932–7. arXiv:cs/0702111. doi:10.1109/ICC.2007.158. ^ Richardson, T. (October 2003). "Error floors of LDPC codes" (PDF). Proceedings of the Annual Allerton Conference on Communication Control and Computing. 41 (3): 1426–35. ISSN 0732-6181. ^ Richardson, T.J.; Shokrollahi, M.A.; Urbanke, R.L. (February 2001). "Design of capacity-approaching irregular low-density parity-check codes". IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. 47 (2): 619–637. doi:10.1109/18.910578. ^ Richardson, T.J.; Urbanke, R.L. (February 2001). "Efficient encoding of low-density parity-check codes". IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. 47 (2): 638–656. doi:10.1109/18.910579. ^ Ahmad Darabiha, Anthony Chan Carusone, Frank R. Kschischang. "Power Reduction Techniques for LDPC Decoders" ^ Zhang, Z.; Anantharam, V.; Wainwright, M.J.; Nikolic, B. (April 2010). "An Efficient 10GBASE-T Ethernet LDPC Decoder Design With Low Error Floors" (PDF). IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits. 45 (4): 843–855. Bibcode:2010IJSSC..45..843Z. doi:10.1109/JSSC.2010.2042255. S2CID 10431486. ^ Kou, Y.; Lin, S.; Fossorier, M.P.C. (November 2001). "Low-density parity-check codes based on finite geometries: a rediscovery and new results". IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. 47 (7): 2711–36. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.100.3023. doi:10.1109/18.959255. ^ Tahir, B.; Schwarz, S.; Rupp, M. (2017). BER comparison between Convolutional, Turbo, LDPC, and Polar codes. 2017 24th International Conference on Telecommunications (ICT), Limassol, Cyprus. pp. 1–7. doi:10.1109/ICT.2017.7998249. ^ Moon Todd, K. (2005). Error correction coding: mathematical methods and algorithms. Wiley. p. 614. ISBN 0-471-64800-0. ^ Moon Todd 2005, p. 653 ^ Andrews, Kenneth S., et al. "The development of turbo and LDPC codes for deep-space applications." Proceedings of the IEEE 95.11 (2007): 2142-2156. ^ Hassan, A.E.S., Dessouky, M., Abou Elazm, A. and Shokair, M., 2012. Evaluation of complexity versus performance for turbo code and LDPC under different code rates. Proc. SPACOMM, pp.93-98. ^ "IEEE Spectrum: Does China Have the Best Digital Television Standard on the Planet?". spectrum.ieee.org. Archived from the original on December 12, 2009. External links Introducing Low-Density Parity-Check Codes (by Sarah J Johnson, 2010) LDPC Codes – a brief Tutorial (by Bernhard Leiner, 2005) LDPC Codes (TU Wien) Archived February 28, 2019, at the Wayback Machine MacKay, David J.C. (September 25, 2003). "47. Low-Density Parity-Check Codes". Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms. Cambridge University Press. pp. 557–573. ISBN 9780521642989. Guruswami, Venkatesan (2006). "Iterative Decoding of Low-Density Parity Check Codes". arXiv:cs/0610022. LDPC Codes: An Introduction (by Amin Shokrollahi, 2003) Belief-Propagation Decoding of LDPC Codes (by Amir Bennatan, Princeton University) Turbo and LDPC Codes: Implementation, Simulation, and Standardization (West Virginia University) Information theory and coding (Marko Hennhöfer, 2011, TU Ilmenau) - discusses LDPC codes at pages 74–78. LDPC codes and performance results DVB-S.2 Link, Including LDPC Coding (MatLab) Source code for encoding, decoding, and simulating LDPC codes is available from a variety of locations: Binary LDPC codes in C Binary LDPC codes for Python (core algorithm in C) LDPC encoder and LDPC decoder in MATLAB A Fast Forward Error Correction Toolbox (AFF3CT) in C++11 for fast LDPC simulations vteConsultative Committee for Space Data SystemsData compression Images ICER JPEG JPEG 2000 122.0.B1 Data Adaptive Entropy Coder Error Correction Current Binary Golay code Concatenated codes Turbo codes Proposed LDPC codes Telemetry command uplink Command Loss Timer Reset Proximity-1 Space Link Protocol Telemetry downlink Spacecraft Monitoring & Control Beacon mode service Telemetry general Space Communications Protocol Specifications (SCPS): Performance Enhancing Proxy Telemetry modulation systems Current BPSK QPSK OQPSK Proposed GMSK Frequencies X band S band Ku band K band Ka band Networking, interoperability and monitoring Service-oriented architecture (Message Abstraction Layer)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"information theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory"},{"link_name":"linear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_code"},{"link_name":"error correcting code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_correcting_code"},{"link_name":"noisy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_noise"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tanner graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanner_graph"},{"link_name":"bipartite graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipartite_graph"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"capacity-approaching codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Capacity-approaching_codes"},{"link_name":"Shannon limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon%E2%80%93Hartley_theorem"},{"link_name":"belief propagation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belief_propagation"},{"link_name":"Robert G. Gallager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_G._Gallager"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G1962-5"},{"link_name":"turbo codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo_code"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Closing-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Gilbert–Varshamov bound for linear codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert%E2%80%93Varshamov_bound_for_linear_codes"},{"link_name":"list decoding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_decoding"},{"link_name":"Gilbert–Varshamov bound for linear codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert%E2%80%93Varshamov_bound_for_linear_codes"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MRRSW20-9"}],"text":"In information theory, a low-density parity-check (LDPC) code is a linear error correcting code, a method of transmitting a message over a noisy transmission channel.[1][2] An LDPC code is constructed using a sparse Tanner graph (subclass of the bipartite graph).[3] LDPC codes are capacity-approaching codes, which means that practical constructions exist that allow the noise threshold to be set very close to the theoretical maximum (the Shannon limit) for a symmetric memoryless channel. The noise threshold defines an upper bound for the channel noise, up to which the probability of lost information can be made as small as desired. Using iterative belief propagation techniques, LDPC codes can be decoded in time linear in their block length.LDPC codes are also known as Gallager codes, in honor of Robert G. Gallager, who developed the LDPC concept in his doctoral dissertation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1960.[4][5] However, LDPC codes require computationally expensive iterative decoding, so they went unused for decades. In 1993 the newly invented turbo codes demonstrated that codes with iterative decoding could far outperform other codes used at that time, but turbo codes were patented and required a fee for use. This raised renewed interest in LDPC codes, which were shown to have similar performance, but were much older and patent-free.[6] Now that the fundamental patent for turbo codes has expired (on August 29, 2013),[7][8] LDPC codes are still used for their technical merits.LDPC codes have been shown to have ideal combinatorial properties. In his dissertation, Gallager showed that LDPC codes achieve the Gilbert–Varshamov bound for linear codes over binary fields with high probability. In 2020 it was shown that Gallager's LDPC codes achieve list decoding capacity and also achieve the Gilbert–Varshamov bound for linear codes over general fields.[9]","title":"Low-density parity-check code"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gallager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_G._Gallager"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacKay96-11"},{"link_name":"Turbo codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo_code"},{"link_name":"Deep Space Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Space_Network"},{"link_name":"satellite communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_communication"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Closing-6"},{"link_name":"error floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_floor"},{"link_name":"code rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_rate"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Impractical to implement when first developed by Gallager in 1963,[10] LDPC codes were forgotten until his work was rediscovered in 1996.[11] Turbo codes, another class of capacity-approaching codes discovered in 1993, became the coding scheme of choice in the late 1990s, used for applications such as the Deep Space Network and satellite communications. LDPC codes then received renewed interest as a patent-free alternative of similar performance.[6] Since then, advances in low-density parity-check codes have seen them surpass turbo codes in terms of error floor and performance in the higher code rate range, leaving turbo codes better suited for the lower code rates only.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"irregular repeat accumulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeat-accumulate_code#Irregular_Repeat_Accumulate_Codes"},{"link_name":"DVB-S2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVB-S2"},{"link_name":"digital television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_television"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hughesdvb-13"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"forward error correction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_error_correction"},{"link_name":"ITU-T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-T"},{"link_name":"G.hn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.hn"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"error floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_floor"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"10GBASE-T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10GBASE-T"},{"link_name":"Wi-Fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi"},{"link_name":"802.11n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.11n"},{"link_name":"802.11ac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.11ac"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"802.11ax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.11ax"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"OFDM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFDM"},{"link_name":"bit error rates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_error_rate"},{"link_name":"Reed-Solomon code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed-Solomon_code"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"BCH code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCH_code"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"5G NR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G_NR"},{"link_name":"polar code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_code_(coding_theory)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"SSDs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSD"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"In 2003, an irregular repeat accumulate (IRA) style LDPC code beat six turbo codes to become the error-correcting code in the new DVB-S2 standard for digital television.[13] The DVB-S2 selection committee made decoder complexity estimates for the turbo code proposals using a much less efficient serial decoder architecture rather than a parallel decoder architecture. This forced the turbo code proposals to use frame sizes on the order of one half the frame size of the LDPC proposals.[citation needed]In 2008, LDPC beat convolutional turbo codes as the forward error correction (FEC) system for the ITU-T G.hn standard.[14] G.hn chose LDPC codes over turbo codes because of their lower decoding complexity (especially when operating at data rates close to 1.0 Gbit/s) and because the proposed turbo codes exhibited a significant error floor at the desired range of operation.[15]LDPC codes are also used for 10GBASE-T Ethernet, which sends data at 10 gigabits per second over twisted-pair cables. As of 2009, LDPC codes are also part of the Wi-Fi 802.11 standard as an optional part of 802.11n and 802.11ac, in the High Throughput (HT) PHY specification.[16] LDPC is a mandatory part of 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6).[17]Some OFDM systems add an additional outer error correction that fixes the occasional errors (the \"error floor\") that get past the LDPC correction inner code even at low bit error rates.For example:\nThe Reed-Solomon code with LDPC Coded Modulation (RS-LCM) uses a Reed-Solomon outer code.[18] The DVB-S2, the DVB-T2 and the DVB-C2 standards all use a BCH code outer code to mop up residual errors after LDPC decoding.[19]5G NR uses polar code for the control channels and LDPC for the data channels.[20][21]Although LDPC code has had its success in commercial hard disk drives, to fully exploit its error correction capability in SSDs demands unconventional fine-grained flash memory sensing, leading to an increased memory read latency. LDPC-in-SSD[22] is an effective approach to deploy LDPC in SSD with a very small latency increase, which turns LDPC in SSD into a reality. Since then, LDPC has been widely adopted in commercial SSDs in both customer-grades and enterprise-grades by major storage venders. Many TLC (and later) SSDs are using LDPC codes. A fast hard-decode (binary erasure) is first attempted, which can fall back into the slower but more powerful soft decoding.[23]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parity-check matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity-check_matrix"},{"link_name":"sparse matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparse_matrix"},{"link_name":"sparsity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparsity"},{"link_name":"LDPC code construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Code_construction"},{"link_name":"later","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Code_construction"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G1962-5"},{"link_name":"Forney's factor graph notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_graph"},{"link_name":"modulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ldpc_code_fragment_factor_graph.svg"},{"link_name":"linear code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_code"},{"link_name":"parity-check matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity-check_matrix"},{"link_name":"row operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Row_operations"},{"link_name":"GF(2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GF(2)"},{"link_name":"generator matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generator_matrix"}],"text":"LDPC codes functionally are defined by a sparse parity-check matrix. This sparse matrix is often randomly generated, subject to the sparsity constraints—LDPC code construction is discussed later. These codes were first designed by Robert Gallager in 1960.[5]Below is a graph fragment of an example LDPC code using Forney's factor graph notation. In this graph, n variable nodes in the top of the graph are connected to (n−k) constraint nodes in the bottom of the graph.This is a popular way of graphically representing an (n, k) LDPC code. The bits of a valid message, when placed on the T's at the top of the graph, satisfy the graphical constraints. Specifically, all lines connecting to a variable node (box with an '=' sign) have the same value, and all values connecting to a factor node (box with a '+' sign) must sum, modulo two, to zero (in other words, they must sum to an even number; or there must be an even number of odd values).Ignoring any lines going out of the picture, there are eight possible six-bit strings corresponding to valid codewords: (i.e., 000000, 011001, 110010, 101011, 111100, 100101, 001110, 010111). This LDPC code fragment represents a three-bit message encoded as six bits. Redundancy is used, here, to increase the chance of recovering from channel errors. This is a (6, 3) linear code, with n = 6 and k = 3.Again ignoring lines going out of the picture, the parity-check matrix representing this graph fragment isH\n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {H} ={\\begin{pmatrix}1&1&1&1&0&0\\\\0&0&1&1&0&1\\\\1&0&0&1&1&0\\\\\\end{pmatrix}}.}In this matrix, each row represents one of the three parity-check constraints, while each column represents one of the six bits in the received codeword.In this example, the eight codewords can be obtained by putting the parity-check matrix H into this form \n \n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n −\n \n P\n \n T\n \n \n \n \|\n \n \n I\n \n n\n −\n k\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{bmatrix}-P^{T}\|I_{n-k}\\end{bmatrix}}}\n \n through basic row operations in GF(2):H\n \n =\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n ∼\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n ∼\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 3\n \n \n ∼\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 4\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {H} ={\\begin{pmatrix}1&1&1&1&0&0\\\\0&0&1&1&0&1\\\\1&0&0&1&1&0\\\\\\end{pmatrix}}_{1}\\sim {\\begin{pmatrix}1&1&1&1&0&0\\\\0&0&1&1&0&1\\\\0&1&1&0&1&0\\\\\\end{pmatrix}}_{2}\\sim {\\begin{pmatrix}1&1&1&1&0&0\\\\0&1&1&0&1&0\\\\0&0&1&1&0&1\\\\\\end{pmatrix}}_{3}\\sim {\\begin{pmatrix}1&1&1&1&0&0\\\\0&1&1&0&1&0\\\\1&1&0&0&0&1\\\\\\end{pmatrix}}_{4}.}Step 1: H.Step 2: Row 1 is added to row 3.Step 3: Row 2 and 3 are swapped.Step 4: Row 1 is added to row 3.From this, the generator matrix G can be obtained as \n \n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n I\n \n k\n \n \n \n \|\n \n P\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{bmatrix}I_{k}\|P\\end{bmatrix}}}\n \n (noting that in the special case of this being a binary code \n \n \n \n P\n =\n −\n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P=-P}\n \n), or specifically:G\n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {G} ={\\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0&1&0&1\\\\0&1&0&1&1&1\\\\0&0&1&1&1&0\\\\\\end{pmatrix}}.}Finally, by multiplying all eight possible 3-bit strings by G, all eight valid codewords are obtained. For example, the codeword for the bit-string '101' is obtained by:(\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n ⊙\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{pmatrix}1&0&1\\\\\\end{pmatrix}}\\odot {\\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0&1&0&1\\\\0&1&0&1&1&1\\\\0&0&1&1&1&0\\\\\\end{pmatrix}}={\\begin{pmatrix}1&0&1&0&1&1\\\\\\end{pmatrix}}}\n \n,where \n \n \n \n ⊙\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\odot }\n \n is symbol of mod 2 multiplication.As a check, the row space of G is orthogonal to H such that \n \n \n \n G\n ⊙\n \n H\n \n T\n \n \n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G\\odot H^{T}=0}The bit-string '101' is found in as the first 3 bits of the codeword '101011'.","title":"Operational use"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LDPC_encoder_Figure.png"},{"link_name":"convolutional codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolutional_codes"}],"text":"LDPC encoderDuring the encoding of a frame, the input data bits (D) are repeated and distributed to a set of constituent encoders. The constituent encoders are typically accumulators and each accumulator is used to generate a parity symbol. A single copy of the original data (S0,K-1) is transmitted with the parity bits (P) to make up the code symbols. The S bits from each constituent encoder are discarded.The parity bit may be used within another constituent code.In an example using the DVB-S2 rate 2/3 code the encoded block size is 64800 symbols (N=64800) with 43200 data bits (K=43200) and 21600 parity bits (M=21600). Each constituent code (check node) encodes 16 data bits except for the first parity bit which encodes 8 data bits. The first 4680 data bits are repeated 13 times (used in 13 parity codes), while the remaining data bits are used in 3 parity codes (irregular LDPC code).For comparison, classic turbo codes typically use two constituent codes configured in parallel, each of which encodes the entire input block (K) of data bits. These constituent encoders are recursive convolutional codes (RSC) of moderate depth (8 or 16 states) that are separated by a code interleaver which interleaves one copy of the frame.The LDPC code, in contrast, uses many low depth constituent codes (accumulators) in parallel, each of which encode only a small portion of the input frame. The many constituent codes can be viewed as many low depth (2 state) \"convolutional codes\" that are connected via the repeat and distribute operations. The repeat and distribute operations perform the function of the interleaver in the turbo code.The ability to more precisely manage the connections of the various constituent codes and the level of redundancy for each input bit give more flexibility in the design of LDPC codes, which can lead to better performance than turbo codes in some instances. Turbo codes still seem to perform better than LDPCs at low code rates, or at least the design of well performing low rate codes is easier for turbo codes.As a practical matter, the hardware that forms the accumulators is reused during the encoding process. That is, once a first set of parity bits are generated and the parity bits stored, the same accumulator hardware is used to generate a next set of parity bits.","title":"Example encoder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"maximum likelihood decoding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_likelihood_decoding"},{"link_name":"binary symmetric channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_symmetric_channel"},{"link_name":"NP-complete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NP-complete"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"3-dimensional matching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-dimensional_matching"},{"link_name":"P != NP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_versus_NP_problem"},{"link_name":"belief propagation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belief_propagation"},{"link_name":"soft-in-soft-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft-in_soft-out_decoder"},{"link_name":"SOVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_output_Viterbi_algorithm"},{"link_name":"BCJR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCJR_algorithm"},{"link_name":"MAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_a_posteriori_estimation"},{"link_name":"binary erasure channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_erasure_channel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ldpc_code_fragment_factor_graph_w_erasures_decode_step_2.svg"},{"link_name":"real numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number"},{"link_name":"syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoding_methods#Syndrome_decoding"}],"text":"As with other codes, the maximum likelihood decoding of an LDPC code on the binary symmetric channel is an NP-complete problem,[24] shown by reduction from 3-dimensional matching. So assuming P != NP, which is widely believed, then performing optimal decoding for an arbitrary code of any useful size is not practical.However, sub-optimal techniques based on iterative belief propagation decoding give excellent results and can be practically implemented. The sub-optimal decoding techniques view each parity check that makes up the LDPC as an independent single parity check (SPC) code. Each SPC code is decoded separately using soft-in-soft-out (SISO) techniques such as SOVA, BCJR, MAP, and other derivates thereof. The soft decision information from each SISO decoding is cross-checked and updated with other redundant SPC decodings of the same information bit. Each SPC code is then decoded again using the updated soft decision information. This process is iterated until a valid codeword is achieved or decoding is exhausted. This type of decoding is often referred to as sum-product decoding.The decoding of the SPC codes is often referred to as the \"check node\" processing, and the cross-checking of the variables is often referred to as the \"variable-node\" processing.In a practical LDPC decoder implementation, sets of SPC codes are decoded in parallel to increase throughput.In contrast, belief propagation on the binary erasure channel is particularly simple where it consists of iterative constraint satisfaction.For example, consider that the valid codeword, 101011, from the example above, is transmitted across a binary erasure channel and received with the first and fourth bit erased to yield ?01?11. Since the transmitted message must have satisfied the code constraints, the message can be represented by writing the received message on the top of the factor graph.In this example, the first bit cannot yet be recovered, because all of the constraints connected to it have more than one unknown bit. In order to proceed with decoding the message, constraints connecting to only one of the erased bits must be identified. In this example, only the second constraint suffices. Examining the second constraint, the fourth bit must have been zero, since only a zero in that position would satisfy the constraint.This procedure is then iterated. The new value for the fourth bit can now be used in conjunction with the first constraint to recover the first bit as seen below. This means that the first bit must be a one to satisfy the leftmost constraint.Thus, the message can be decoded iteratively. For other channel models, the messages passed between the variable nodes and check nodes are real numbers, which express probabilities and likelihoods of belief.This result can be validated by multiplying the corrected codeword r by the parity-check matrix H:z\n \n =\n \n H\n ⊙\n r\n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n ⊙\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {z} =\\mathbf {H\\odot r} ={\\begin{pmatrix}1&1&1&1&0&0\\\\0&0&1&1&0&1\\\\1&0&0&1&1&0\\\\\\end{pmatrix}}\\odot {\\begin{pmatrix}1\\\\0\\\\1\\\\0\\\\1\\\\1\\\\\\end{pmatrix}}={\\begin{pmatrix}0\\\\0\\\\0\\\\\\end{pmatrix}}.}Because the outcome z (the syndrome) of this operation is the three × one zero vector, the resulting codeword r is successfully validated.After the decoding is completed, the original message bits '101' can be extracted by looking at the first 3 bits of the codeword.While illustrative, this erasure example does not show the use of soft-decision decoding or soft-decision message passing, which is used in virtually all commercial LDPC decoders.","title":"Decoding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vila07-25"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"log-likelihood ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log-likelihood_ratio"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vila07-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Richardson03-26"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Updating node information","text":"In recent years[when?], there has also been a great deal of work spent studying the effects of alternative schedules for variable-node and constraint-node update. The original technique that was used for decoding LDPC codes was known as flooding. This type of update required that, before updating a variable node, all constraint nodes needed to be updated and vice versa. In later work by Vila Casado et al.,[25] alternative update techniques were studied, in which variable nodes are updated with the newest available check-node information.[citation needed]The intuition behind these algorithms is that variable nodes whose values vary the most are the ones that need to be updated first. Highly reliable nodes, whose log-likelihood ratio (LLR) magnitude is large and does not change significantly from one update to the next, do not require updates with the same frequency as other nodes, whose sign and magnitude fluctuate more widely.[citation needed]\nThese scheduling algorithms show greater speed of convergence and lower error floors than those that use flooding. These lower error floors are achieved by the ability of the Informed Dynamic Scheduling (IDS)[25] algorithm to overcome trapping sets of near codewords.[26]When nonflooding scheduling algorithms are used, an alternative definition of iteration is used. For an (n, k) LDPC code of rate k/n, a full iteration occurs when n variable and n − k constraint nodes have been updated, no matter the order in which they were updated.[citation needed]","title":"Decoding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-richardson01-27"},{"link_name":"cliff effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_effect"},{"link_name":"EXIT chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EXIT_chart"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacKay96-11"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-richardson01b-28"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Reed–Solomon codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed%E2%80%93Solomon_code"},{"link_name":"10 Gigabit Ethernet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Gigabit_Ethernet"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"DVB-S2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVB-S2"},{"link_name":"circulant matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulant_matrix"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"finite geometries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_geometry"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kou1-31"}],"text":"For large block sizes, LDPC codes are commonly constructed by first studying the behaviour of decoders. As the block size tends to infinity, LDPC decoders can be shown to have a noise threshold below which decoding is reliably achieved, and above which decoding is not achieved,[27] colloquially referred to as the cliff effect. This threshold can be optimised by finding the best proportion of arcs from check nodes and arcs from variable nodes. An approximate graphical approach to visualising this threshold is an EXIT chart.[citation needed]The construction of a specific LDPC code after this optimization falls into two main types of techniques:[citation needed]Pseudorandom approaches\nCombinatorial approachesConstruction by a pseudo-random approach builds on theoretical results that, for large block size, a random construction gives good decoding performance.[11] In general, pseudorandom codes have complex encoders, but pseudorandom codes with the best decoders can have simple encoders.[28] Various constraints are often applied to help ensure that the desired properties expected at the theoretical limit of infinite block size occur at a finite block size.[citation needed]Combinatorial approaches can be used to optimize the properties of small block-size LDPC codes or to create codes with simple encoders.[citation needed]Some LDPC codes are based on Reed–Solomon codes, such as the RS-LDPC code used in the 10 Gigabit Ethernet standard.[29] Compared to randomly generated LDPC codes, structured LDPC codes—such as the LDPC code used in the DVB-S2 standard—can have simpler and therefore lower-cost hardware—in particular, codes constructed such that the H matrix is a circulant matrix.[30]Yet another way of constructing LDPC codes is to use finite geometries. This method was proposed by Y. Kou et al. in 2001.[31]","title":"Code construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"turbo codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo_code"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"BER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_error_rate"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"code rates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_rate"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"LDPC codes can be compared with other powerful coding schemes, e.g. turbo codes.[32] In one hand, BER performance of turbo codes is influenced by low codes limitations.[33] LDPC codes have no limitations of minimum distance,[34] that indirectly means that LDPC codes may be more efficient on relatively large code rates (e.g. 3/4, 5/6, 7/8) than turbo codes. However, LDPC codes are not the complete replacement: turbo codes are the best solution at the lower code rates (e.g. 1/6, 1/3, 1/2).[35][36]","title":"Compared to turbo codes"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ldpc_code_fragment_factor_graph.svg/382px-Ldpc_code_fragment_factor_graph.svg.png"},{"image_text":"LDPC encoder","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/LDPC_encoder_Figure.png/500px-LDPC_encoder_Figure.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ldpc_code_fragment_factor_graph_w_erasures_decode_step_2.svg/382px-Ldpc_code_fragment_factor_graph_w_erasures_decode_step_2.svg.png"}]	[]	[{"reference":"MacKay, David J. (2003). Information theory, Inference and Learning Algorithms. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-64298-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_J.C._MacKay","url_text":"MacKay, David J."},{"url":"http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/mackay/itila/book.html","url_text":"Information theory, Inference and Learning Algorithms"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64298-1","url_text":"0-521-64298-1"}]},{"reference":"Moon, Todd K. (2005). Error Correction Coding, Mathematical Methods and Algorithms. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-64800-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Todd_K._Moon&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Moon, Todd K."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-64800-0","url_text":"0-471-64800-0"}]},{"reference":"Amin Shokrollahi, LDPC Codes: An Introduction (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on May 17, 2017","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170517034849/http://www.ics.uci.edu/~welling/teaching/ICS279/LPCD.pdf","url_text":"LDPC Codes: An Introduction"},{"url":"http://www.ics.uci.edu/~welling/teaching/ICS279/LPCD.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hardesty, L. (January 21, 2010). \"Explained: Gallager codes\". MIT News. Retrieved August 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2010/gallager-codes-0121.html","url_text":"\"Explained: Gallager codes\""}]},{"reference":"Gallager, R.G. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_dimensions_of_notations	Cognitive dimensions of notations	["1 List of the cognitive dimensions","1.1 Other dimensions","2 User activities","3 Design maneuvers","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Design principles "Hidden dependency" redirects here. For other uses, see Hidden variable (disambiguation). Cognitive dimensions or cognitive dimensions of notations are design principles for notations, user interfaces and programming languages, described by researcher Thomas R.G. Green and further researched with Marian Petre. The dimensions can be used to evaluate the usability of an existing information artifact, or as heuristics to guide the design of a new one, and are useful in Human-Computer Interaction design. Cognitive dimensions are designed to provide a lightweight approach to analyse the quality of a design, rather than an in-depth, detailed description. They provide a common vocabulary for discussing many factors in notation, UI or programming language design. Also, cognitive dimensions help in exploring the space of possible designs through design maneuvers, changes intended to improve the design along one dimension. List of the cognitive dimensions Thomas Green originally defined 14 cognitive dimensions: Abstraction gradient What are the minimum and maximum levels of abstraction exposed by the notation? Can details be encapsulated? Closeness of mapping How closely does the notation correspond to the problem world? Consistency After part of the notation has been learned, how much of the rest can be successfully guessed? Diffuseness / terseness How many symbols or how much space does the notation require to produce a certain result or express a meaning? Error-proneness To what extent does the notation influence the likelihood of the user making a mistake? Hard mental operations How much hard mental processing lies at the notational level, rather than at the semantic level? Are there places where the user needs to resort to fingers or penciled annotation to keep track of what's happening? Hidden dependencies Are dependencies between entities in the notation visible or hidden? Is every dependency indicated in both directions? Does a change in one area of the notation lead to unexpected consequences? Juxtaposability Can different parts of the notation be compared side by side at the same time? Premature commitment Are there strong constraints on the order in which the user must complete the tasks to use the system? Are there decisions that must be made before all the necessary information is available? Can those decisions be reversed or corrected later? Progressive evaluation How easy is it to evaluate and obtain feedback on an incomplete solution? Role-expressiveness How obvious is the role of each component of the notation in the solution as a whole? Secondary notation and escape from formalism Can the notation carry extra information by means not related to syntax, such as layout, color, or other cues? Viscosity Are there any inherent barriers to change in the notation? How much effort is required to make a change to a program expressed in the notation? This dimension can be further classified into the following types: 'Knock-on viscosity' : a change in the code violates internal constraints in the program, whose resolution may violate further internal constraints. 'Repetition viscosity' : a single action within the user’s conceptual model requires many, repetitive device actions. 'Scope viscosity' : a change in the size of the input data set requires changes to the program structure itself. Visibility How readily can required parts of the notation be identified, accessed and made visible? Other dimensions In addition to the above, new dimensions are sometimes proposed in the HCI research field, with different levels of adoption and refinement. Such candidate dimensions include creative ambiguity (does the notation encourage interpreting several meanings of the same element?), indexing (are there elements to guide finding a specific part?), synopsis ("Gestalt view" of the whole annotated structure) or unevenness (some creation paths are easier than others, which bias the expressed ideas in a developed artifact). User activities The authors identify four main user activities with interactive artifacts: incrementation , transcription, modification and exploratory design. Each activity is best served by a different trade-off in the usability on each dimension. For example, a high viscosity (resistance to change) is harmful for modification and exploration activities, but less severe for the one-off tasks performed in transcription and incrementation. Design maneuvers A design maneuver is a change made by the designer in the notation design, to alter its position within a particular dimension. Dimensions are created to be pairwise independent, so that the design can be altered in one dimension while keeping a second one constant. But this usually results in a trade-off between dimensions. A modification increasing the usability of the notation in one dimension (while keeping a second one constant) will typically reduce its usability in a third dimension. This reflects an assumption in the framework that there is no perfect interface and that trade-offs are a fundamental part of usability design. An example of a design maneuver is reducing the viscosity of a notation by adding abstraction mechanisms. This can be done by incorporating style sheets, an abstraction that represent the common styling attributes of items in a document, to a notation where each item in a document has defined its own individual style. After this design maneuver is made, an editor that changes the style sheet will modify all items at once, eliminating the repetition viscosity present in the need to change the style of each individual item. See also Cognitive walkthrough – another method for evaluating the usability of an interface Conway's law Deutsch limit – an adage about the number of elements in a visual language Homoiconicity – a representation feature of some programming languages Shotgun surgery – a development anti-pattern similar to viscosity Software visualization "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two" References ^ a b Green, T. R. G.; Petre, M. (1996). "Usability analysis of visual programming environments: A 'cognitive dimensions' framework". Journal of Visual Languages & Computing. 7 (2): 131–174. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.22.1477. doi:10.1006/jvlc.1996.0009. S2CID 11750514. ^ Green, T. R. G. (2000). "Instructions and Descriptions: some cognitive aspects of programming and similar activities". CiteSeerX 10.1.1.32.8003. ^ Green, Thomas RG (1989). "Cognitive Dimensions of Notations". People and Computers. V: 443–460. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.128.270. ^ A. F. Blackwell, C. Britton, A. Cox, T. R. G. Green, C. Gurr, G. Kadoda, M. S. Kutar, M. Loomes, C. L. Nehaniv, M. Petre, C. Roast, C. Roe, A. Wong, R. M. Young, "Cognitive Dimensions of Notations: Design Tools for Cognitive Technology", Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2117, 325-341, 2001. doi:10.1007/3-540-44617-6_31 ^ "Using Cognitive Dimensions in the Classroom as a Discussion Tool for Visual Language Design". Archived from the original on 2004-07-03. Retrieved 2007-07-12. ^ Blackwell, Alan F. (2000). "Dealing with New Cognitive Dimensions". CiteSeerX 10.1.1.18.7947. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty \|url= (help) External links Cognitive Dimensions of Notation Resource Site Cognitive dimensions at usabilityfirst.com glossary Cognitive Dimensions of Information Artefacts: a tutorial by Thomas Green and Alan Blackwell A Usable Guide to Cognitive Dimensions, and intuitive explanation of Cognitive Dimensions	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hidden variable (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_variable_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"notations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notation"},{"link_name":"user interfaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface"},{"link_name":"programming languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language"},{"link_name":"Thomas R.G. Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R.G._Green"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Marian Petre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Petre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"usability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usability"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"\"Hidden dependency\" redirects here. For other uses, see Hidden variable (disambiguation).Cognitive dimensions or cognitive dimensions of notations[1][2] are design principles for notations, user interfaces and programming languages, described by researcher Thomas R.G. Green[3] and further researched with Marian Petre.[1] The dimensions can be used to evaluate the usability of an existing information artifact, or as heuristics to guide the design of a new one, and are useful in Human-Computer Interaction design.[4]Cognitive dimensions are designed to provide a lightweight approach to analyse the quality of a design, rather than an in-depth, detailed description. They provide a common vocabulary for discussing many factors in notation, UI or programming language design. Also, cognitive dimensions help in exploring the space of possible designs through design maneuvers, changes intended to improve the design along one dimension.","title":"Cognitive dimensions of notations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"levels of abstraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science)#Levels_of_abstraction"},{"link_name":"encapsulated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encapsulation_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Problem_domain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"learned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learnability"},{"link_name":"symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol_(formal)"},{"link_name":"meaning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_(semiotics)"},{"link_name":"the user making a mistake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_error"},{"link_name":"hard mental processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_effort"},{"link_name":"semantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic"},{"link_name":"dependencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupling_(computer_programming)"},{"link_name":"feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedback"},{"link_name":"role","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"by means not related to syntax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_notation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Thomas Green originally defined 14 cognitive dimensions:Abstraction gradient\nWhat are the minimum and maximum levels of abstraction exposed by the notation? Can details be encapsulated?Closeness of mapping\nHow closely does the notation correspond to the problem world?Consistency\nAfter part of the notation has been learned, how much of the rest can be successfully guessed?Diffuseness / terseness\nHow many symbols or how much space does the notation require to produce a certain result or express a meaning?Error-proneness\nTo what extent does the notation influence the likelihood of the user making a mistake?Hard mental operations\nHow much hard mental processing lies at the notational level, rather than at the semantic level? Are there places where the user needs to resort to fingers or penciled annotation to keep track of what's happening?Hidden dependencies\nAre dependencies between entities in the notation visible or hidden? Is every dependency indicated in both directions? Does a change in one area of the notation lead to unexpected consequences?Juxtaposability\nCan different parts of the notation be compared side by side at the same time?Premature commitment\nAre there strong constraints on the order in which the user must complete the tasks to use the system?Are there decisions that must be made before all the necessary information is available? Can those decisions be reversed or corrected later?Progressive evaluation\nHow easy is it to evaluate and obtain feedback on an incomplete solution?Role-expressiveness\nHow obvious is the role of each component of the notation in the solution as a whole?Secondary notation and escape from formalism\nCan the notation carry extra information by means not related to syntax, such as layout, color, or other cues?Viscosity\nAre there any inherent barriers to change in the notation? How much effort is required to make a change to a program expressed in the notation?\nThis dimension can be further classified into the following types:[5]\n'Knock-on viscosity' : a change in the code violates internal constraints in the program, whose resolution may violate further internal constraints.\n'Repetition viscosity' : a single action within the user’s conceptual model requires many, repetitive device actions.\n'Scope viscosity' : a change in the size of the input data set requires changes to the program structure itself.Visibility\nHow readily can required parts of the notation be identified, accessed and made visible?","title":"List of the cognitive dimensions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Gestalt view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestalt_psychology#Properties"}],"sub_title":"Other dimensions","text":"In addition to the above, new dimensions are sometimes proposed in the HCI research field,[6] with different levels of adoption and refinement.Such candidate dimensions include creative ambiguity (does the notation encourage interpreting several meanings of the same element?), indexing (are there elements to guide finding a specific part?), synopsis (\"Gestalt view\" of the whole annotated structure) or unevenness (some creation paths are easier than others, which bias the expressed ideas in a developed artifact).","title":"List of the cognitive dimensions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The authors identify four main user activities with interactive artifacts: incrementation [creation], transcription, modification and exploratory design. Each activity is best served by a different trade-off in the usability on each dimension. For example, a high viscosity (resistance to change) is harmful for modification and exploration activities, but less severe for the one-off tasks performed in transcription and incrementation.","title":"User activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"style sheets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_sheet_(desktop_publishing)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A design maneuver is a change made by the designer in the notation design, to alter its position within a particular dimension. Dimensions are created to be pairwise independent, so that the design can be altered in one dimension while keeping a second one constant.[citation needed]But this usually results in a trade-off between dimensions. A modification increasing the usability of the notation in one dimension (while keeping a second one constant) will typically reduce its usability in a third dimension. This reflects an assumption in the framework that there is no perfect interface and that trade-offs are a fundamental part of usability design.An example of a design maneuver is reducing the viscosity of a notation by adding abstraction mechanisms. This can be done by incorporating style sheets, an abstraction that represent the common styling attributes of items in a document, to a notation where each item in a document has defined its own individual style.[citation needed] After this design maneuver is made, an editor that changes the style sheet will modify all items at once, eliminating the repetition viscosity present in the need to change the style of each individual item.[citation needed]","title":"Design maneuvers"}]	[]	[{"title":"Cognitive walkthrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_walkthrough"},{"title":"Conway's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway%27s_law"},{"title":"Deutsch limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsch_limit"},{"title":"Homoiconicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoiconicity"},{"title":"Shotgun surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotgun_surgery"},{"title":"Software visualization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_visualization"},{"title":"The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magical_Number_Seven,_Plus_or_Minus_Two"}]	[{"reference":"Green, T. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenicolites	Arenicolites	["1 References"]	Trace fossil Trace fossils of Arenicolites in the bedding plane. Trace appears as pairs of circles. Scale bar=2 cm. Arenicolites in vertical plane. The rock is cut with a rock saw with two oblique cuts. Scale bar = 1 cm. Arenicolites is a U-shaped ichnotaxon (trace fossil) dating from Ediacaran times onwards in South Australia. The trace shown by this fossil, is a pair of closely spaced circles on a bedding plane. In vertical section the traces are U- or J-shaped. They appear to be burrows made by a kind of worm. References ^ Gevers, T.W.; Frakes, L.A.; Edwards, L.N.; Marzolf, J.E. (1971). "Trace Fossils in the Lower Beacon Sediments (Devonian), Darwin Mountains, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica". Journal of Paleontology. 45 (1): 81–94. JSTOR 1302754. ^ Oji, Tatsuo; Dornbos, Stephen Q.; Yada, Keigo; Hasegawa, Hitoshi; Gonchigdorj, Sersmaa; Mochizuki, Takafumi; Takayanagi, Hideko; Iryu, Yasufumi (28 February 2018). "Penetrative trace fossils from the late Ediacaran of Mongolia: early onset of the agronomic revolution". Royal Society Open Science. 5 (2): 172250. Bibcode:2018RSOS....572250O. doi:10.1098/rsos.172250. PMC 5830798. PMID 29515908. This trace fossil-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arenicolites_bedding_plane.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arenicolites_verticle_slice.jpg"},{"link_name":"ichnotaxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichnotaxon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gevers1971-1"},{"link_name":"Ediacaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ediacaran"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"bedding plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedding_plane"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Trace fossils of Arenicolites in the bedding plane. Trace appears as pairs of circles. Scale bar=2 cm.Arenicolites in vertical plane. The rock is cut with a rock saw with two oblique cuts. Scale bar = 1 cm.Arenicolites is a U-shaped ichnotaxon (trace fossil)[1] dating from Ediacaran times onwards in South Australia. The trace shown by this fossil, is a pair of closely spaced circles on a bedding plane. In vertical section the traces are U- or J-shaped. They appear to be burrows made by a kind of worm.[2]","title":"Arenicolites"}]	[{"image_text":"Trace fossils of Arenicolites in the bedding plane. Trace appears as pairs of circles. Scale bar=2 cm.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Arenicolites_bedding_plane.jpg/220px-Arenicolites_bedding_plane.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arenicolites in vertical plane. The rock is cut with a rock saw with two oblique cuts. Scale bar = 1 cm.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Arenicolites_verticle_slice.jpg/220px-Arenicolites_verticle_slice.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Gevers, T.W.; Frakes, L.A.; Edwards, L.N.; Marzolf, J.E. (1971). \"Trace Fossils in the Lower Beacon Sediments (Devonian), Darwin Mountains, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica\". Journal of Paleontology. 45 (1): 81–94. JSTOR 1302754.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1302754","url_text":"1302754"}]},{"reference":"Oji, Tatsuo; Dornbos, Stephen Q.; Yada, Keigo; Hasegawa, Hitoshi; Gonchigdorj, Sersmaa; Mochizuki, Takafumi; Takayanagi, Hideko; Iryu, Yasufumi (28 February 2018). \"Penetrative trace fossils from the late Ediacaran of Mongolia: early onset of the agronomic revolution\". Royal Society Open Science. 5 (2): 172250. Bibcode:2018RSOS....572250O. doi:10.1098/rsos.172250. PMC 5830798. PMID 29515908.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5830798","url_text":"\"Penetrative trace fossils from the late Ediacaran of Mongolia: early onset of the agronomic revolution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RSOS....572250O","url_text":"2018RSOS....572250O"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsos.172250","url_text":"10.1098/rsos.172250"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5830798","url_text":"5830798"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29515908","url_text":"29515908"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1302754","external_links_name":"1302754"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5830798","external_links_name":"\"Penetrative trace fossils from the late Ediacaran of Mongolia: early onset of the agronomic revolution\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RSOS....572250O","external_links_name":"2018RSOS....572250O"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsos.172250","external_links_name":"10.1098/rsos.172250"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5830798","external_links_name":"5830798"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29515908","external_links_name":"29515908"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arenicolites&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persikota	Persikota Tangerang	["1 History","2 Players","2.1 Current squad","3 Supporters","4 Club rivalries","5 Honours","6 Notable former players","6.1 Indonesia","6.2 Africa (CAF)","6.3 South America (CONMEBOL)","7 References","8 External links"]	Indonesian football club Football clubPersikota TangerangFull namePersatuan Sepak Bola Indonesia Kota TangerangNickname(s)Bayi Ajaib(The Magical Baby)Founded1994; 30 years ago (1994)GroundBenteng StadiumTangerang, IndonesiaCapacity20,000CEOEko SetyawanManagerSigit HaryonoCoachFachrudinLeagueLiga 32023Liga 3, 2nd (Banten zone) Home colours Away colours Persatuan Sepak Bola Indonesia Kota Tangerang, or Persikota Tangerang, is an Indonesian football club based in Tangerang, founded in 1994. The team plays in the third division of Indonesian football, Liga 3. Their home stadium is Benteng Stadium. History Persikota Tangerang was established on 11 October 1994 through the PSSI congress which was held at the end of December 1995, Persikota Tangerang was legalized as a member of PSSI and allowed to participate in the Liga Indonesia competition in the 1995–1996 season. After founding of the club, Persikota Tangerang won the Liga Indonesia Second Division in the 1995–1996 season after won 2–0 over Persipal Palu and won 1–0 against Persewangi Banyuwangi, Entering Liga Indonesia First Division in the 1996–1997 season, in order to prepare an adequate team in Division I, Persikota, which previously had recruited a number of national players from Pelita Jaya and Persija Jakarta, has now recruited several national and foreign players, Francis Yonga from Cameroon and Ali Shaha from Tanzania. As a result, Persikota won the group and qualified for the Big 10 round. In the top 10, Persikota joined in group A and had to meet PSIM Yogyakarta, PSS Sleman, PSSB Bireuen, and Persiter Ternate which took place at the Mandala Krida Stadium, Yogyakarta. After recording pretty good results, winning two 5-2 wins against PSSB Bireuen, 3–0 against PSS Sleman, a 0–0 draw against PSIM Yogyakarta and a 4–3 defeat against Persiter Ternate, Persikota represented group A with Persiter to advance to the semifinal. and in the semifinals, Persikota faced the winner of group B, Perseden Denpasar, then Persikota managed to win through Nova Zaenal's goal in the 69th minute and the final result, they won through to the final round, Persikota had to again face PSIM who beat Persikabo Bogor 2–1 in the semifinals, which took place at the Mandala Krida stadium, Yogyakarta, the final result of Persikota was able to beat PSIM with a score of 3–1. And they qualified for the Liga Indonesia Premier Division in 1997–1998 season, earning the nickname Bayi Ajaib (In English: The Magical Baby). The highest achievement ever achieved by Persikota Tangerang was reaching the semifinals of the 1999-2000 Liga Indonesia Premier Division. This team is supported by a supporter groups called Benteng Mania. Throughout the Liga Indonesia period in the 2000s, Persikota Tangerang was never relegated to the Division below it until 2013 due to the club's financial difficulties. In 2016, with the management and management of the new club, Persikota Tangerang is determined to rise from the second division, Liga 3. Persikota is currently competing in Liga 3 Banten zone from 2017 to 2021. In June 2021, the club was bought by Indonesian presenter and actor Gading Marten. On 2 November 2021, Persikota Tangerang made league match debut in 2021–22 season in a 5–1 win against Bantara SC at the Krakatau Steel Stadium, the achievement of 3 points at the same time led the club to top the provisional standings of Group B 2021 Liga 3 Banten zone. On 1 December 2021, 2021 Liga 3 Banten zone has been held and Persikota has become the champion to represent the province at the national level. On 30 January 2022, the club was bought by Indonesian actress, host, and singer Prilly Latuconsina. previously, the club was bought by Gading Marten but canceled. Players Current squad As of 31 October 2023 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 1 GK IDN Diaz Priambodo 2 DF IDN Siahaan Putra 5 MF IDN Yadi Mulyadi 7 FW IDN Zidhan Putra 9 FW IDN Rovario Khogus 11 MF IDN Aji Restu 12 FW IDN Luthfi El Hakim 14 FW IDN Vicky Rachmad 15 FW IDN Hafidz Alwi Bawaqi 16 DF IDN M.Hasan No. Pos. Nation Player 17 MF IDN Helvian Diaz 18 DF IDN Yoga Prasetya 21 MF IDN Amarzukih 25 FW IDN Tubagus Rakka 27 DF IDN Dito Paturudi 30 DF IDN Abdillah Shafa andika 41 DF IDN Andre Sitepu 45 FW IDN Cesar Ahmad 47 GK IDN Ferry Kurniawan 98 GK IDN Sabda Yoga Supporters Persikota Tangerang has a large fanbase called Benteng Mania. Benteng Mania was founded in 1994 and its headquarters is at the Benteng Stadium, home to Persikota Tangerang. Benteng Mania now has 10,000 members in Tangerang. Benteng Mania has its branches all around Indonesia. Among them are: Transit, Ciledug, V-room, Hard Kids, Sepatan, Benteng Makassar, Cipondoh, Benda, Kota, Kota Bumi, C-mone, Karawaci, Benua Indah complex (ROBIN), BInong, and Tanah Tinggi. Benteng Mania also sang its own official songs during matches. Club rivalries Unlike the Old Indonesia derby between Persija Jakarta and Persib Bandung, the Tangerang Derby can actually be said to be young. The beginning of the rivalry between the two Tangerang clubs was due to the expansion of the Tangerang area (which at that time was still a district). When it was still called Tangerang Regency, the only football club that existed was Persita Tangerang which had been established since 1953. Matches between these two clubs often present a high level of rivalry, not only from the club side but also from its supporters, a number of riots between supporters often break out when these two teams compete. This led the Tangerang Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) to issue a fatwa forbidden to hold a football match in this area in 2012. This is of course the implication of a number of victims who have fallen due to the riots of supporters throughout the history of the Tangerang Derby. Honours Liga Indonesia Second Division Champions: 1995–96 Liga Indonesia First Division Champions: 1996–97 Liga 3 Banten Champions: 2018,2019, 2021 Runners-up: 2022, 2023 Notable former players This is the list of several domestic and foreign former notable or famous players of Persikota Tangerang from time to time. Indonesia Jendri Pitoy Maulana Hasanuddin Yeyen Tumena Aliyudin Ali Jalwandi Andrian Mardiansyah Firmansyah Denny Agus Zainal Anwar Indra Kahfi Ardhiyasa Ishak Djober Muhammad Ilham Yudi Khoerudin Ritham Madubun Yandi Munawar Kahar Kalu Muzakkar Mohammad Nasuha Imran Nahumarury Listianto Raharjo Supriyono Salimin Ruben Sanadi Harry Saputra Leo Saputra Rendy Siregar Amin Syarifudin Ledi Utomo Francis Wewengkang Africa (CAF) Ali Shaha Francis Yonga Moustapha Moctar Belbi Christian Lenglolo Epalla Jordan Salomon Bengondo Saphou Lassy Samuel Chebli Joseph Amoah South America (CONMEBOL) Esteban Guillén Bruno Zandonaide References ^ a b c "Mengkhidmati Kisah si Bayi Ajaib Persikota Tangerang". panditfootball.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved December 29, 2021. ^ "Sejarah Persikota Tangerang". amrisianturi.wordpress.com (in Indonesian). December 29, 2021. Retrieved December 29, 2021. ^ "Nostalgia Persikota Tangerang, Tim yang Baru Saja Dipinang Gading Marten: Makna Julukan Si Bayi Ajaib sampai Rivalitas dengan Persita". bola.com (in Indonesian). December 29, 2021. Retrieved December 29, 2021. ^ Mario, Vincentius (June 4, 2021). Andika Aditia (ed.). "Gading Marten Akuisisi Persikota Tangerang". kompas.com. Retrieved June 20, 2021. ^ "Gading Marten Beli Klub Sepak bola". JPNN.com. Tangerang: JPNN.com. June 4, 2021. Retrieved June 4, 2021. ^ "Persikota Tangerang Unggul 5-1 Atas Bantara SC di Liga 3 Zona Banten Stadion Krakatau Steel, Cilegon". redaksi24.com (in Indonesian). November 2, 2021. Retrieved November 2, 2021. ^ "Juara Liga 3 Zona Banten, Persikota Tangerang Melenggang ke Liga 3 Nasional". pelitabanten.com (in Indonesian). December 1, 2021. Retrieved December 1, 2021. ^ "Persikota Tangerang, Si Bayi Ajaib yang Kini Diakuisisi Prilly Latuconsina". kompas.com (in Indonesian). January 30, 2022. Retrieved January 30, 2022. ^ "Persikota Tangerang Liga 3 2023-2024". Instagram. Retrieved October 30, 2023. ^ "Sepanas Derby Manchester, Ini 3 Derby Seru di Indonesia". indosport.com (in Indonesian). April 27, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017. ^ "Persikota Tangerang Juara Liga 3 Banten - Kabar Banten". kabarbanten.pikiran-rakyat.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved December 1, 2021. ^ "Kembali Eksis, Persikota Tangerang Berprestasi dan Jadi Juara Liga 3 - Semua Halaman - Bolasport.com". www.bolasport.com (in Indonesian). August 18, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2021. ^ "Liga 3 Banten 2021: Persikota Tangerang Juara via Adu Penalti". www.skor.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved December 1, 2021. ^ "Serpong City FC Berhasil Meraih Juara 1 Liga 3 Zona Banten 2022/2023". Radar Banten. February 9, 2023. Retrieved February 9, 2023. ^ Strack-Zimmermann, Benjamin. "NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Amoah, Joseph". national-football-teams.com. National Football Teams. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2023. External links Persikota Tangerang at Soccerway Persikota Tangerang at Instagram vteLiga 22024–25 clubs Adhyaksa Farmel Bekasi City Bhayangkara Presisi Dejan Deltras Gresik United Nusantara United Persekat Persela Persewar Persibo Persijap Persikabo 1973 Persikas Persikota Persiku Persipa Persipal Persipura Persiraja PSIM PSKC PSMS PSPS RANS Nusantara Sriwijaya Former clubs(since 2018) Badak Lampung Bandung United Dewa United Hizbul Wathan Kalteng Putra Lampung Sakti Madura Malut United Mitra Kukar Persatu Perserang Persiba Balikpapan Persibat Persik Kediri Persik Kendal Persika Persikab Persis Persita Persiwa PSBS PSCS PSDS PSGC PSIR PSS Sada Sumut Semen Padang Sulut United Tiga Naga Dissolved clubs Aceh United AHHA PS Pati BaBel United Blitar United Bogor Cilegon United Martapura Muba BaBel United Persikad PSG Gresik Putra Delta Sidoarjo PSG Pati Semeru Seasons 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 LI LPIS 2013 LI LPIS 2014 2015 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 Finals 1995 1996 1997 1999 2000 2001 2002 2005 2006 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 LI LPIS 2013 LI LPIS 2014 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2024 vteLiga 3Seasons 2014 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Finals 2014 2017 2018 2019 2022 2024 vte Football in Indonesia Football Association of Indonesia (PSSI) Indonesia Futsal Federation (FFI) Women's Football Association of Indonesia (ASBWI) BLA NationalteamsFootballMen Senior U-23 U-21 U-20 U-17 Women Senior U-20 U-17 Futsal Men's futsal Men's futsal U-20 Women's futsal Beach Soccer Beach soccer Defunct PSSI Primavera Deportivo Indonesia ClubcompetitionsLeagues Men's Liga 1 Liga 2 Liga 3 Women's Liga 1 Putri Cups Men's Piala Indonesia Women's Piala Pertiwi Tournaments Piala Presiden Piala Menpora Defunct Leagues Dutch East Indies Championship Perserikatan Galatama Indonesia Super League Divisi Utama Liga Nusantara Divisi Satu Divisi Dua Divisi Tiga Liga Primer Indonesia (2011) Liga Prima Indonesia (2011–2013) Liga Indonesia U-23 ISL U-21 Cups Piala Liga Piala Galatama Indonesian Community Shield Tournaments Piala Antarpulau LPI Pre-season ISC A ISC B ISC U-21 Piala Menpora Internationaltournaments Jakarta Anniversary Tournament Independence Cup Youthcompetitions Soeratin Cup Danone Nations Cup Liga Pendidikan Elite Pro Academy FutsalcompetitionsMen PFL Nusantara Futsal League Women Women's PFL Nusantara Women's Futsal League Other articles Arema–Persib rivalry Persija–Persib rivalry Super East Java derby Kanjuruhan Stadium disaster List of clubs List of champions Records and statistics Clubs in Asian competitions vteFootball clubs in IndonesiaAceh Galacticos Bireuen Persas Sabang Persiraja Banda Aceh PSGL Gayo Lues Persal Aceh Selatan PSAP Sigli PSSB Bireuen PSBL Langsa PSLS Lhokseumawe Aceh United Persidi Idi Rayeuk PSAB Aceh Besar PS Pidie Jaya North Sumatra PSMS Medan PSDS Deli Serdang PSKB Binjai PSKPS Kota Padang Sidempuan PSSD Dairi Pro Duta PS Kwarta Deli Serdang Bintang Medan Medan Chiefs Persebsi Sibolga Poslab Labuhan Batu TGM Medan PSSA Asahan YOB Belawan Karo United West Sumatra Semen Padang PSP Padang Gasliko 50 Kota PS GAS Sawahlunto Persiju Sijunjung PSPP Padang Panjang Batang Anai PES Pessel Persepak Payakumbuh PSBS Batusangkar PSKB Bukittinggi Dualipa Absolute Riau KS Tiga Naga Pekanbaru United Persemai Dumai Persih Tembilahan Persikalis Bengkalis Persiks Kuantan Singingi Persires Inhu PSBS Kampar PSPS Riau PS Siak PS Duri Tornado Riau Islands 757 Kepri Jaya PS Batam PS Karimun PS Bintan PS Natuna PS Shark Persedas Dabo Singkep YSK 757 Karimun Bengkulu Benteng HB PS Bengkulu PS Benteng PS Kepahiang PS Mukomuko Bangka Belitung Islands Babel United Belitong Persibabar West Bangka PS Basel PS Beltim South Sumatra Bhayangkara Sriwijaya Muba United Palembang Sportivo Persimuba Musi Banyuasin Persimura Musi Rawas PS Bank Sumsel PS Banyuasin PS Palembang Sriwijaya Lampung Badak Lampung Krui Lampung Sakti Laplata Yonif 143/TWEJ Persikomet Metro Persilat Central Lampung Persilas South Lampung PSBL Lampung PS Tanggamus SS Lampung Tanggamus Farmers Banten Dewa United Farmel Perserang Persilebak Lebak Persipan Pandeglang Persita Tangerang Persitangsel Tangerang Selatan Persikota Tangerang Persic Cilegon RANS Nusantara Serpong City Jakarta Batavia Persija Jakarta Persitara Jakarta Utara Persija Barat Jakarta United PS Pemuda Jaya PSJS Jakarta Selatan UMS 1905 West Java Bhayangkara Persib Bandung Bandung Raya Citeureup Raya Perkesit Cianjur Perses Sumedang Persigar Garut Persigarsel South Garut Persika Karawang Persikad Depok Persikabo Bogor Persikabo 1973 Persikab Bandung Persikabbar West Bandung Persikabumi Sukabumi Persikas Subang Persikasi Bekasi Persikoban Banjar City Persima Majalengka Persindra Indramayu Persipo Purwakarta Pesik Kuningan PCB Persipasi PSB Bogor PSGC Ciamis PSGJ Cirebon PSIT Cirebon PSKC Cimahi Central Java ISP Purworejo Persijap Jepara PSIS Semarang Persis Solo PPSM Kartika Nusantara PSCS Cilacap Persipur Purwodadi PSIR Rembang Persiku Kudus Persitema Temanggung Persip Pekalongan Persekat Tegal Persibangga Purbalingga Persekaba Blora Persebi Boyolali Persibas Banyumas Persibat Batang Persika Karanganyar Persikas Kabupaten Semarang Persik Kendal Persibat Batang PSISra Sragen PSISa Salatiga Persab Brebes Persak Kebumen East Java Arema Blitar United Deltras Sidoarjo Gresik United Madura Madura United Madiun Putra Mitra Bola Utama Sidoarjo Persatu Tuban Persela Lamongan Persekabpas Pasuruan Persebaya Surabaya Persebo Muda Persedikab Kediri Persekama Madiun Persekam Metro FC Persekap Pasuruan Persema Malang Persemag Magetan Persenga Nganjuk Persepam Pamekasan Persepon Ponorogo Perseta Tulungagung Persewangi Banyuwangi Persida Sidoarjo Persid Jember Persiga Trenggalek Persikapro Probolinggo Persinga Ngawi Persipro Probolinggo Perspa Pacitan Perssu Sumenep PSBI Blitar PSBK Blitar PSHW PSID Jombang PSIL Lumajang PSM Madiun PSSS Situbondo Sumbersari Yogyakarta Mataram Utama PSIM Yogyakarta Protaba Bantul Persig Gunungkidul Persikup Kulon Progo Persiba Bantul PSS Sleman Bali Bali United East Bali Karangasem FSK Klungkung Persekaba Bali Persibul Buleleng Perst Tabanan PS Badung PS Bangli PS Gianyar PS Jembrana West Nusa Tenggara Persebi Bima Persekobi Bima City Persisum Sumbawa Persidom Dompu Perslobar West Lombok Perslotim East Lombok PS Sumbawa Barat PS Mataram PSKT West Sumbawa PSLT Central Lombok East Nusa Tenggara Persab Belu Persamba Manggarai Barat Persami Maumere Persap Alor Persarai Sabu Raijua Perse Ende Persebata Lembata Persekota Koepang Perserond Rote Ndao Persewa Waingapu Persim Manggarai Perss SoE PSK Kupang PSKN Kefamenanu PSN Ngada PS Malaka West Kalimantan Gabsis Sambas Persikat Ketapang Persipon Pontianak Persista Sintang Persiwah Mempawah PS Delta Khatulistiwa PS Kota Singkawang PS Kubu Raya Sambas Putra South Kalimantan Barito Putera Kotabaru Peseban Banjarmasin Persemar Martapura Persetala Tanah Laut PS Kab. Tapin Central Kalimantan Kalteng Putra Persekat Katingan Persekap Kapuas Persesam Sampit PSMTW Muara Teweh East Kalimantan Borneo Bontang Bontang City Mitra Kukar Persiba Balikpapan Persipas Paser Persikubar Putra Persikutim Kutai Timur PS Pengairan PS PPU PSPU Bontang South Sulawesi Alesha Gasma Enrekang Gasta Takalar Persibone Bone Persim Maros Persigowa Gowa Persipare Pare-Pare Perssin Sinjai PSM Makassar Central Sulawesi Celebest Persbul Buol Persipal Palu Persito Tolitoli Pestu Tojo Una-Una North Sulawesi Bolsel Persibom Bolaang Mongondow Persikokot Kotamobagu Persis Sangihe Persmin Minahasa Persma Manado PSKT Tomohon Sulut United Tahuna North Maluku Morotai United Persiter Ternate Persikota Tidore Persihalbar West Halmahera Persihalteng Central Halmahera Persihalsel South Halmahera Maluku Gemba Nusaina Maluku Persemalra Maluku Tenggara PSA Ambon Pelauw Putra PS Hatusela Mamala Tulehu Putra West Papua Persiram Raja Ampat Persegaf Arfak Mountains Perseman Manokwari Persewon Wondama Perseka Kaimana Persifa Fak-fak Persikos Sorong City Persimans South Manokwari Persiss Sorong Persisos South Sorong Papua Persimer Merauke Persipura Jayapura Persidafon Dafonsoro Persiwa Wamena Persigubin Gunung Bintang Persipani Paniai Persinab Nabire Persemi Mimika Persewar Waropen Persias Asmat PSBS Biak Numfor Toli Yakuhimo	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer"},{"link_name":"Tangerang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerang"},{"link_name":"Liga 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_3_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"Benteng Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benteng_Stadium&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Football clubPersatuan Sepak Bola Indonesia Kota Tangerang, or Persikota Tangerang, is an Indonesian football club based in Tangerang, founded in 1994. The team plays in the third division of Indonesian football, Liga 3. Their home stadium is Benteng Stadium.","title":"Persikota Tangerang"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PSSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Association_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Liga Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Liga Indonesia Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Indonesia_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"Persipal Palu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persipal_Palu"},{"link_name":"Persewangi Banyuwangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persewangi_Banyuwangi"},{"link_name":"Liga Indonesia First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Indonesia_First_Division"},{"link_name":"Pelita Jaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madura_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Persija Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persija_Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Francis Yonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_Yonga&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"},{"link_name":"Ali Shaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali_Shaha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pandit2-1"},{"link_name":"PSIM Yogyakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSIM_Yogyakarta"},{"link_name":"PSS Sleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSS_Sleman"},{"link_name":"PSSB Bireuen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSSB_Bireuen"},{"link_name":"Persiter Ternate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiter_Ternate"},{"link_name":"Mandala Krida Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala_Krida_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Yogyakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakarta"},{"link_name":"Perseden Denpasar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseden_Denpasar"},{"link_name":"Nova Zaenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nova_Zaenal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Persikabo Bogor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persikabo_1973"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pandit2-1"},{"link_name":"Liga Indonesia Premier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_2_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Liga 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_3_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Gading Marten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gading_Marten"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2021–22 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Liga_3_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"Bantara SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bantara_SC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Krakatau Steel Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakatau_Steel_Stadium"},{"link_name":"2021 Liga 3 Banten zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Liga_3_Banten"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Prilly Latuconsina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prilly_Latuconsina"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Persikota Tangerang was established on 11 October 1994 through the PSSI congress which was held at the end of December 1995, Persikota Tangerang was legalized as a member of PSSI and allowed to participate in the Liga Indonesia competition in the 1995–1996 season. After founding of the club, Persikota Tangerang won the Liga Indonesia Second Division in the 1995–1996 season after won 2–0 over Persipal Palu and won 1–0 against Persewangi Banyuwangi, Entering Liga Indonesia First Division in the 1996–1997 season, in order to prepare an adequate team in Division I, Persikota, which previously had recruited a number of national players from Pelita Jaya and Persija Jakarta, has now recruited several national and foreign players, Francis Yonga from Cameroon and Ali Shaha from Tanzania.[1]As a result, Persikota won the group and qualified for the Big 10 round. In the top 10, Persikota joined in group A and had to meet PSIM Yogyakarta, PSS Sleman, PSSB Bireuen, and Persiter Ternate which took place at the Mandala Krida Stadium, Yogyakarta. After recording pretty good results, winning two 5-2 wins against PSSB Bireuen, 3–0 against PSS Sleman, a 0–0 draw against PSIM Yogyakarta and a 4–3 defeat against Persiter Ternate, Persikota represented group A with Persiter to advance to the semifinal. and in the semifinals, Persikota faced the winner of group B, Perseden Denpasar, then Persikota managed to win through Nova Zaenal's goal in the 69th minute and the final result, they won through to the final round, Persikota had to again face PSIM who beat Persikabo Bogor 2–1 in the semifinals, which took place at the Mandala Krida stadium, Yogyakarta, the final result of Persikota was able to beat PSIM with a score of 3–1.[1] And they qualified for the Liga Indonesia Premier Division in 1997–1998 season, earning the nickname Bayi Ajaib (In English: The Magical Baby). The highest achievement ever achieved by Persikota Tangerang was reaching the semifinals of the 1999-2000 Liga Indonesia Premier Division. This team is supported by a supporter groups called Benteng Mania.[2]Throughout the Liga Indonesia period in the 2000s, Persikota Tangerang was never relegated to the Division below it until 2013 due to the club's financial difficulties. In 2016, with the management and management of the new club, Persikota Tangerang is determined to rise from the second division, Liga 3. Persikota is currently competing in Liga 3 Banten zone from 2017 to 2021.[3] In June 2021, the club was bought by Indonesian presenter and actor Gading Marten.[4][5] On 2 November 2021, Persikota Tangerang made league match debut in 2021–22 season in a 5–1 win against Bantara SC at the Krakatau Steel Stadium, the achievement of 3 points at the same time led the club to top the provisional standings of Group B 2021 Liga 3 Banten zone.[6] On 1 December 2021, 2021 Liga 3 Banten zone has been held and Persikota has become the champion to represent the province at the national level.[7] On 30 January 2022, the club was bought by Indonesian actress, host, and singer Prilly Latuconsina. previously, the club was bought by Gading Marten but canceled.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Current squad","text":"As of 31 October 2023[9]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benteng Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benteng_Stadium&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Persikota Tangerang has a large fanbase called Benteng Mania. Benteng Mania was founded in 1994 and its headquarters is at the Benteng Stadium, home to Persikota Tangerang. Benteng Mania now has 10,000 members in Tangerang.Benteng Mania has its branches all around Indonesia. Among them are: Transit, Ciledug, V-room, Hard Kids, Sepatan, Benteng Makassar, Cipondoh, Benda, Kota, Kota Bumi, C-mone, Karawaci, Benua Indah complex (ROBIN), BInong, and Tanah Tinggi.Benteng Mania also sang its own official songs during matches.","title":"Supporters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old Indonesia derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Indonesia_derby"},{"link_name":"Persija Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persija_Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Persib Bandung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persib_Bandung"},{"link_name":"Tangerang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerang"},{"link_name":"Tangerang Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerang_Regency"},{"link_name":"Persita Tangerang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persita_Tangerang"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pandit2-1"},{"link_name":"Indonesian Ulema Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Ulema_Council"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Unlike the Old Indonesia derby between Persija Jakarta and Persib Bandung, the Tangerang Derby can actually be said to be young. The beginning of the rivalry between the two Tangerang clubs was due to the expansion of the Tangerang area (which at that time was still a district). When it was still called Tangerang Regency, the only football club that existed was Persita Tangerang which had been established since 1953.[1]Matches between these two clubs often present a high level of rivalry, not only from the club side but also from its supporters, a number of riots between supporters often break out when these two teams compete. This led the Tangerang Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) to issue a fatwa forbidden to hold a football match in this area in 2012. This is of course the implication of a number of victims who have fallen due to the riots of supporters throughout the history of the Tangerang Derby.[10]","title":"Club rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liga Indonesia Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Indonesia_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"Liga Indonesia First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Indonesia_First_Division"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Liga_3_Banten"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Liga_3_Banten&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Liga_3_Banten"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Liga_3_Banten"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Liga_3_Banten"}],"text":"Liga Indonesia Second Division\nChampions: 1995–96\nLiga Indonesia First Division\nChampions: 1996–97\nLiga 3 Banten\nChampions: 2018,[11]2019,[12] 2021[13]\nRunners-up: 2022,[14] 2023","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"This is the list of several domestic and foreign former notable or famous players of Persikota Tangerang from time to time.","title":"Notable former players"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Jendri Pitoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jendri_Pitoy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Maulana Hasanuddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maulana_Hasanuddin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Yeyen Tumena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeyen_Tumena"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Aliyudin Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyudin_Ali"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Jalwandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalwandi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Andrian Mardiansyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrian_Mardiansyah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Firmansyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmansyah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Denny Agus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_Agus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Zainal Anwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zainal_Anwar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Indra Kahfi Ardhiyasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra_Kahfi_Ardhiyasa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Ishak Djober","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishak_Djober"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ilham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ilham"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Yudi Khoerudin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yudi_Khoerudin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Ritham Madubun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritham_Madubun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Yandi Munawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yandi_Munawar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Kahar Kalu Muzakkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahar_Kalu_Muzakkar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Nasuha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Nasuha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Imran Nahumarury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imran_Nahumarury"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Listianto Raharjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listianto_Raharjo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Supriyono Salimin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supriyono_Salimin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Ruben Sanadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruben_Sanadi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Harry Saputra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Saputra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Leo Saputra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Saputra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Rendy Siregar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendy_Siregar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Amin Syarifudin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin_Syarifudin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Ledi Utomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledi_Utomo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Francis Wewengkang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Wewengkang"}],"sub_title":"Indonesia","text":"Jendri Pitoy\n Maulana Hasanuddin\n Yeyen Tumena\n Aliyudin Ali\n Jalwandi\n Andrian Mardiansyah\n Firmansyah\n Denny Agus\n Zainal Anwar\n Indra Kahfi Ardhiyasa\n Ishak Djober\n Muhammad Ilham\n Yudi Khoerudin\n Ritham Madubun\n Yandi Munawar\n Kahar Kalu Muzakkar\n Mohammad Nasuha\n Imran Nahumarury\n Listianto Raharjo\n Supriyono Salimin\n Ruben Sanadi\n Harry Saputra\n Leo Saputra\n Rendy Siregar\n Amin Syarifudin\n Ledi Utomo\n Francis Wewengkang","title":"Notable former players"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Ali Shaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali_Shaha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"},{"link_name":"Francis Yonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_Yonga&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"},{"link_name":"Moustapha Moctar Belbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moustapha_Moctar_Belbi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"},{"link_name":"Christian Lenglolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Lenglolo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"},{"link_name":"Epalla Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epalla_Jordan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"},{"link_name":"Salomon Bengondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon_Bengondo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon"},{"link_name":"Saphou Lassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saphou_Lassy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"Samuel Chebli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Chebli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"Joseph Amoah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Amoah_(footballer,_born_1981)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Africa (CAF)","text":"Ali Shaha\n Francis Yonga\n Moustapha Moctar Belbi\n Christian Lenglolo\n Epalla Jordan\n Salomon Bengondo\n Saphou Lassy\n Samuel Chebli\n Joseph Amoah[15]","title":"Notable former players"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Esteban Guillén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteban_Guill%C3%A9n"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Bruno Zandonaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Zandonaide"}],"sub_title":"South America (CONMEBOL)","text":"Esteban Guillén\n Bruno Zandonaide","title":"Notable former players"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Mengkhidmati Kisah si Bayi Ajaib Persikota Tangerang\". panditfootball.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved December 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.panditfootball.com/cerita/202910/RDK/160330/mengkhidmati-kisah-si-bayi-ajaib-persikota-tangerang","url_text":"\"Mengkhidmati Kisah si Bayi Ajaib Persikota Tangerang\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sejarah Persikota Tangerang\". amrisianturi.wordpress.com (in Indonesian). December 29, 2021. Retrieved December 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://amrisianturi.wordpress.com/2010/09/15/sejarah-persikota-tangerang/","url_text":"\"Sejarah Persikota Tangerang\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nostalgia Persikota Tangerang, Tim yang Baru Saja Dipinang Gading Marten: Makna Julukan Si Bayi Ajaib sampai Rivalitas dengan Persita\". bola.com (in Indonesian). December 29, 2021. Retrieved December 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.bola.com/indonesia/read/4574569/nostalgia-persikota-tangerang-tim-yang-baru-saja-dipinang-gading-marten-makna-julukan-si-bayi-ajaib-sampai-rivalitas-dengan-persita?","url_text":"\"Nostalgia Persikota Tangerang, Tim yang Baru Saja Dipinang Gading Marten: Makna Julukan Si Bayi Ajaib sampai Rivalitas dengan Persita\""}]},{"reference":"Mario, Vincentius (June 4, 2021). Andika Aditia (ed.). \"Gading Marten Akuisisi Persikota Tangerang\". kompas.com. Retrieved June 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kompas.com/hype/read/2021/06/04/200450866/gading-marten-akuisisi-persikota-tangerang","url_text":"\"Gading Marten Akuisisi Persikota Tangerang\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gading Marten Beli Klub Sepak bola\". JPNN.com. Tangerang: JPNN.com. June 4, 2021. Retrieved June 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jpnn.com/news/giliran-gading-marten-beli-klub-sepak-bola-susul-raffi-dan-kaesang","url_text":"\"Gading Marten Beli Klub Sepak bola\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerang","url_text":"Tangerang"}]},{"reference":"\"Persikota Tangerang Unggul 5-1 Atas Bantara SC di Liga 3 Zona Banten Stadion Krakatau Steel, Cilegon\". redaksi24.com (in Indonesian). November 2, 2021. Retrieved November 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.redaksi24.com/persikota-tangerang-unggul-5-1-atas-bantara-sc-di-liga-3-zona-banten-stadion-krakatau-steel-cilegon/","url_text":"\"Persikota Tangerang Unggul 5-1 Atas Bantara SC di Liga 3 Zona Banten Stadion Krakatau Steel, Cilegon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Juara Liga 3 Zona Banten, Persikota Tangerang Melenggang ke Liga 3 Nasional\". pelitabanten.com (in Indonesian). December 1, 2021. Retrieved December 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pelitabanten.com/news/juara-liga-3-zona-banten-persikota-tangerang-melenggang-ke-liga-3-nasional/","url_text":"\"Juara Liga 3 Zona Banten, Persikota Tangerang Melenggang ke Liga 3 Nasional\""}]},{"reference":"\"Persikota Tangerang, Si Bayi Ajaib yang Kini Diakuisisi Prilly Latuconsina\". kompas.com (in Indonesian). January 30, 2022. Retrieved January 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kompas.com/sports/read/2022/01/31/06000028/persikota-tangerang-si-bayi-ajaib-yang-kini-diakuisisi-prilly-latuconsina","url_text":"\"Persikota Tangerang, Si Bayi Ajaib yang Kini Diakuisisi Prilly Latuconsina\""}]},{"reference":"\"Persikota Tangerang Liga 3 2023-2024\". Instagram. Retrieved October 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://instagram.com/mataramutama","url_text":"\"Persikota Tangerang Liga 3 2023-2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sepanas Derby Manchester, Ini 3 Derby Seru di Indonesia\". indosport.com (in Indonesian). April 27, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indosport.com/sepakbola/amp/20170427/deretan-derby-panas-yang-terjadi-di-indonesia","url_text":"\"Sepanas Derby Manchester, Ini 3 Derby Seru di Indonesia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Persikota Tangerang Juara Liga 3 Banten - Kabar Banten\". kabarbanten.pikiran-rakyat.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved December 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://kabarbanten.pikiran-rakyat.com/olahraga/amp/pr-59612675/persikota-tangerang-juara-liga-3-banten","url_text":"\"Persikota Tangerang Juara Liga 3 Banten - Kabar Banten\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kembali Eksis, Persikota Tangerang Berprestasi dan Jadi Juara Liga 3 - Semua Halaman - Bolasport.com\". www.bolasport.com (in Indonesian). August 18, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bolasport.com/read/311822709/kembali-eksis-persikota-tangerang-berprestasi-dan-jadi-juara-liga-3?page=all","url_text":"\"Kembali Eksis, Persikota Tangerang Berprestasi dan Jadi Juara Liga 3 - Semua Halaman - Bolasport.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liga 3 Banten 2021: Persikota Tangerang Juara via Adu Penalti\". www.skor.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved December 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skor.id/bola-nasional/amp/sk-01399844/liga-3-banten-2021-persikota-tangerang-juara-via-adu-penalti","url_text":"\"Liga 3 Banten 2021: Persikota Tangerang Juara via Adu Penalti\""}]},{"reference":"\"Serpong City FC Berhasil Meraih Juara 1 Liga 3 Zona Banten 2022/2023\". Radar Banten. February 9, 2023. Retrieved February 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radarbanten.co.id/serpong-city-fc-berhasil-meraih-juara-1-liga-3-zona-banten-2022-2023/#:~:text=RADARBANTEN.CO.ID%20%E2%80%93%20Serpong,pada%20Rabu%208%20Februari%202023.","url_text":"\"Serpong City FC Berhasil Meraih Juara 1 Liga 3 Zona Banten 2022/2023\""}]},{"reference":"Strack-Zimmermann, Benjamin. \"NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Amoah, Joseph\". national-football-teams.com. National Football Teams. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210228133422/http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/9732/Joseph_Amoah.html","url_text":"\"NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Amoah, Joseph\""},{"url":"http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/9732/Joseph_Amoah.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://m.panditfootball.com/cerita/202910/RDK/160330/mengkhidmati-kisah-si-bayi-ajaib-persikota-tangerang","external_links_name":"\"Mengkhidmati Kisah si Bayi Ajaib Persikota Tangerang\""},{"Link":"https://amrisianturi.wordpress.com/2010/09/15/sejarah-persikota-tangerang/","external_links_name":"\"Sejarah Persikota Tangerang\""},{"Link":"https://m.bola.com/indonesia/read/4574569/nostalgia-persikota-tangerang-tim-yang-baru-saja-dipinang-gading-marten-makna-julukan-si-bayi-ajaib-sampai-rivalitas-dengan-persita?","external_links_name":"\"Nostalgia Persikota Tangerang, Tim yang Baru Saja Dipinang Gading Marten: Makna Julukan Si Bayi Ajaib sampai Rivalitas dengan Persita\""},{"Link":"https://www.kompas.com/hype/read/2021/06/04/200450866/gading-marten-akuisisi-persikota-tangerang","external_links_name":"\"Gading Marten Akuisisi Persikota Tangerang\""},{"Link":"https://www.jpnn.com/news/giliran-gading-marten-beli-klub-sepak-bola-susul-raffi-dan-kaesang","external_links_name":"\"Gading Marten Beli Klub Sepak bola\""},{"Link":"https://www.redaksi24.com/persikota-tangerang-unggul-5-1-atas-bantara-sc-di-liga-3-zona-banten-stadion-krakatau-steel-cilegon/","external_links_name":"\"Persikota Tangerang Unggul 5-1 Atas Bantara SC di Liga 3 Zona Banten Stadion Krakatau Steel, Cilegon\""},{"Link":"https://www.pelitabanten.com/news/juara-liga-3-zona-banten-persikota-tangerang-melenggang-ke-liga-3-nasional/","external_links_name":"\"Juara Liga 3 Zona Banten, Persikota Tangerang Melenggang ke Liga 3 Nasional\""},{"Link":"https://www.kompas.com/sports/read/2022/01/31/06000028/persikota-tangerang-si-bayi-ajaib-yang-kini-diakuisisi-prilly-latuconsina","external_links_name":"\"Persikota Tangerang, Si Bayi Ajaib yang Kini Diakuisisi Prilly Latuconsina\""},{"Link":"https://instagram.com/mataramutama","external_links_name":"\"Persikota Tangerang Liga 3 2023-2024\""},{"Link":"https://www.indosport.com/sepakbola/amp/20170427/deretan-derby-panas-yang-terjadi-di-indonesia","external_links_name":"\"Sepanas Derby Manchester, Ini 3 Derby Seru di Indonesia\""},{"Link":"https://kabarbanten.pikiran-rakyat.com/olahraga/amp/pr-59612675/persikota-tangerang-juara-liga-3-banten","external_links_name":"\"Persikota Tangerang Juara Liga 3 Banten - Kabar Banten\""},{"Link":"https://www.bolasport.com/read/311822709/kembali-eksis-persikota-tangerang-berprestasi-dan-jadi-juara-liga-3?page=all","external_links_name":"\"Kembali Eksis, Persikota Tangerang Berprestasi dan Jadi Juara Liga 3 - Semua Halaman - Bolasport.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.skor.id/bola-nasional/amp/sk-01399844/liga-3-banten-2021-persikota-tangerang-juara-via-adu-penalti","external_links_name":"\"Liga 3 Banten 2021: Persikota Tangerang Juara via Adu Penalti\""},{"Link":"https://www.radarbanten.co.id/serpong-city-fc-berhasil-meraih-juara-1-liga-3-zona-banten-2022-2023/#:~:text=RADARBANTEN.CO.ID%20%E2%80%93%20Serpong,pada%20Rabu%208%20Februari%202023.","external_links_name":"\"Serpong City FC Berhasil Meraih Juara 1 Liga 3 Zona Banten 2022/2023\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210228133422/http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/9732/Joseph_Amoah.html","external_links_name":"\"NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Amoah, Joseph\""},{"Link":"http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/9732/Joseph_Amoah.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/teams/indonesia/persikota-tangerang/","external_links_name":"Persikota Tangerang"},{"Link":"https://instagram.com/persikotafc1994","external_links_name":"Persikota Tangerang"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPC-Arena	Liebenauer Stadium	["1 History","2 Facts","3 Average attendance","4 Sponsors","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 47°02′46″N 15°27′16″E / 47.04611°N 15.45444°E / 47.04611; 15.45444Football stadium in Styria, Austria Merkur-ArenaFormer namesArnold Schwarzenegger-Stadion (1995–2005)Stadion Graz-Liebenau (2005–2006)UPC-Arena (2006–2016)LocationIvica-Osim-Platz 18041 Graz-LiebenauAustriaCoordinates47°02′46″N 15°27′16″E / 47.04611°N 15.45444°E / 47.04611; 15.45444OwnerStadion Liebenau Betriebs GmbHOperatorCity of GrazCapacity16,364 (domestic games) 15,323 (international games)Field size105 x 68 m(114.8 x 74.4 yd)SurfaceNatural grass with under-soil heatingConstructionBroke ground9 January 1995; 29 years ago (1995-01-09)Opened9 July 1997; 26 years ago (1997-07-09)TenantsSturm GrazGrazer AK2011 IFAF World ChampionshipWebsitehttps://mcg.at/locations/merkur-arena/# Panorama of the Arena The Liebenauer Stadium, sponsored as the Merkur-Arena (formerly known as the Arnold Schwarzenegger Stadium and UPC-Arena), is in the Liebenau area of Graz, Styria, Austria. The ground is the home of the football clubs SK Sturm Graz and Grazer AK. History The first Liebenau Stadion was built before World War II. In the 1950s it was renovated and expanded with a skating rink (now home of the ice hockey team Graz 99ers) and an indoor pool. A motorcycle speedway track was constructed around the pitch and hosted qualifing rounds of the Speedway World Championship in 1965 and 1970. In the 1970s it became home ground of the big football clubs of Graz, SK Sturm and Grazer AK. The stadium was demolished to make way for a new one. In 1996, construction began on the new stadium, which was to be named after bodybuilder, actor and former governor of the U.S. state of California, Arnold Schwarzenegger, who was born near Graz. It was built from 1996 to early 1997 and is owned by Stadion Liebenau Betriebs GmbH. It opened with the game Grazer AK vs. SK Sturm Graz on 9 July 1997 (0:4). In December 2005, when Schwarzenegger did not stop the execution of Stanley Tookie Williams, an intense discussion in his hometown began about what to do with the stadium that bore his name. After some days, Schwarzenegger revoked the city of Graz's right to the use of his name, ending the debate. On the night of 26 December 2005 the name was removed from the stadium. The remaining part Stadion Graz-Liebenau was removed on 17 February 2006 and on 18 February 2006 the stadium was renamed to UPC-Arena. In March 2016 the Austrian insurance company Merkur Versicherung secured the rights to bear a name and the stadium was renamed to Merkur-Arena. In 2023, the city of Graz renamed the forecourt of the Merkur Arena to Ivica-Osim-Platz ('Ivica-Osim-Square'), a long time player and trainer of SK Sturm Graz, who had died the previous year. Facts The Merkur-Arena has an official capacity of 15,400 in 27 sectors. At Champions League games of the SK Sturm Graz, some additional platforms were built so that the stadium had a capacity of 16,000 spectators. Furthermore, the stadium has a wheelchair area. The first game in the "new" UPC-Arena was the 125th derby between SK Sturm Graz and Grazer AK (4:0). The field equipped with undersoil heating has a size of 105 x 68 metres. The stadium hosted a World Cup qualifier between Austria and Faroe Islands on 5 September 2009 which ended in 3–1 victory for the home team. It also hosted an international friendly between England and Japan on 30 May 2010. England had been training in Irdning, a small village in the Austrian Alps, in preparation for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. The match ended 2–1 to England, courtesy of two own goals by Japan. Average attendance The average season attendances from league matches held at the Merkur-Arena for Grazer AK and SK Sturm Graz. Season Grazer AK SK Sturm Graz 1997–98 8,772 9,167 1998–99 7,040 10,972 1999–2000 6,584 11,123 2000–01 5,631 10,831 2001–02 7,294 10,057 2002–03 6,919 7,374 2003–04 9,007 7,836 2004–05 8,396 6,739 2005–06 7,372 8,330 2006–07 5,807 9,546 2007–08 2,792 * 12,015 2008–09 2,590 12,830 2009–10 1,800 11,726 2010–11 2,548 11,875 2011–12 3,618 10,827 2012–13 1,809 ** 10,682 * Relegated to 3rd league. ** Dissolved after 6 matches. Since 2012 SK Sturm Graz continuously played in the stadium, while GAK returned 2019 when they reached the 2nd league again. Sponsors From 2006 to 2016 the stadium was sponsored by UPC Austria, and was known as the UPC-Arena Merkur Versicherung won the sponsorship rights from 2016. The contract is set to last for 10 years until 2026. See also List of football stadiums in Austria Lists of stadiums References ^ "LIEBENAUER STADIUM GETS NEW NAMING RIGHTS SPONSOR". Soccerex. 26 October 2015. ^ "Merkur als neuer Namenssponsor für das Liebenauer Stadion". Kleine Zeitung. 23 October 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2017. ^ "1965 World Championship". Metal Speedway. Retrieved 27 January 2024. ^ "1970 World Championship". Speedway.org. Retrieved 27 January 2024. ^ "Sturm Graz". The Away Section. 7 August 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2024. ^ "Schwarzenegger in Austrian spat". BBC News. 20 December 2005. Retrieved 22 April 2017. ^ "Hometown Snubs Schwarzenegger Over Death Penalty". The New York Times. 2005-12-27. Retrieved 2013-02-12. ^ "Graz bekommt Ivica-Osim- und Grete-Schurz-Platz" . ORF Steiermark (in Austrian German). 2023-05-24. Retrieved 2023-07-01. ^ "EFS Attendances". European-football-statistics.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-03-14. ^ "Bundesliga 2010/2011". Worldfootball.net. Retrieved 2011-03-14. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to UPC-Arena. (in German) Homepage of Merkur Insurance Austria (in German) Homepage of SK Sturm Graz (in German) Homepage of Grazer AK (in Russian) UPC-Arena vte2024–25 Austrian Football Bundesliga venues Wörthersee Stadion (Austria Klagenfurt) Franz Horr Stadium (Austria Wien) Donauparkstadion (Blau-Weiß Linz) Liebenauer Stadium (Grazer AK, Sturm Graz) Raiffeisen Arena (LASK) Allianz Stadion (SK Rapid Wien) Red Bull Arena (RB Salzburg) Stadion Schnabelholz (Rheindorf Altach) Stadion Hartberg (TSV Hartberg) Lavanttal-Arena (Wolfsberger AC) Tivoli Stadion Tirol (WSG Tirol) 47°02′46″N 15°27′16″E / 47.04611°N 15.45444°E / 47.04611; 15.45444	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UPC-Arena_Panorama.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Liebenau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebenau_(Graz)"},{"link_name":"Graz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graz"},{"link_name":"Styria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styria"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"SK Sturm Graz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK_Sturm_Graz"},{"link_name":"Grazer AK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazer_AK"}],"text":"Football stadium in Styria, AustriaPanorama of the ArenaThe Liebenauer Stadium,[1] sponsored as the Merkur-Arena[2] (formerly known as the Arnold Schwarzenegger Stadium and UPC-Arena), is in the Liebenau area of Graz, Styria, Austria. The ground is the home of the football clubs SK Sturm Graz and Grazer AK.","title":"Liebenauer Stadium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"motorcycle speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway"},{"link_name":"Speedway World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedway_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"bodybuilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodybuilder"},{"link_name":"governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_California"},{"link_name":"Arnold Schwarzenegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger"},{"link_name":"Graz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graz"},{"link_name":"Grazer AK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazer_AK"},{"link_name":"SK Sturm Graz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK_Sturm_Graz"},{"link_name":"Stanley Tookie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Tookie_Williams"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Name_change-7"},{"link_name":"Ivica-Osim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivica_Osim"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The first Liebenau Stadion was built before World War II. In the 1950s it was renovated and expanded with a skating rink (now home of the ice hockey team Graz 99ers) and an indoor pool. A motorcycle speedway track was constructed around the pitch and hosted qualifing rounds of the Speedway World Championship in 1965[3] and 1970.[4] In the 1970s it became home ground of the big football clubs of Graz, SK Sturm and Grazer AK. The stadium was demolished to make way for a new one.[5]In 1996, construction began on the new stadium, which was to be named after bodybuilder, actor and former governor of the U.S. state of California, Arnold Schwarzenegger, who was born near Graz. It was built from 1996 to early 1997 and is owned by Stadion Liebenau Betriebs GmbH. It opened with the game Grazer AK vs. SK Sturm Graz on 9 July 1997 (0:4).In December 2005, when Schwarzenegger did not stop the execution of Stanley Tookie Williams, an intense discussion in his hometown began about what to do with the stadium that bore his name. After some days, Schwarzenegger revoked the city of Graz's right to the use of his name, ending the debate.[6] On the night of 26 December 2005 the name was removed from the stadium.[7] The remaining part Stadion Graz-Liebenau was removed on 17 February 2006 and on 18 February 2006 the stadium was renamed to UPC-Arena. In March 2016 the Austrian insurance company Merkur Versicherung secured the rights to bear a name and the stadium was renamed to Merkur-Arena.In 2023, the city of Graz renamed the forecourt of the Merkur Arena to Ivica-Osim-Platz ('Ivica-Osim-Square'), a long time player and trainer of SK Sturm Graz, who had died the previous year.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"SK Sturm Graz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK_Sturm_Graz"},{"link_name":"wheelchair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelchair"},{"link_name":"SK Sturm Graz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK_Sturm_Graz"},{"link_name":"Grazer AK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazer_AK"},{"link_name":"World Cup qualifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_%E2%80%93_UEFA_Group_7"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Faroe Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_National_Football_Team"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Austrian Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Alps"},{"link_name":"2010 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"own goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Own_goal"}],"text":"The Merkur-Arena has an official capacity of 15,400 in 27 sectors. At Champions League games of the SK Sturm Graz, some additional platforms were built so that the stadium had a capacity of 16,000 spectators. Furthermore, the stadium has a wheelchair area.\nThe first game in the \"new\" UPC-Arena was the 125th derby between SK Sturm Graz and Grazer AK (4:0).\nThe field equipped with undersoil heating has a size of 105 x 68 metres.The stadium hosted a World Cup qualifier between Austria and Faroe Islands on 5 September 2009 which ended in 3–1 victory for the home team. It also hosted an international friendly between England and Japan on 30 May 2010. England had been training in Irdning, a small village in the Austrian Alps, in preparation for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. The match ended 2–1 to England, courtesy of two own goals by Japan.","title":"Facts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Average_attendances-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Average_attendances2-10"}],"text":"The average season attendances from league matches held at the Merkur-Arena for Grazer AK and SK Sturm Graz.[9][10]* Relegated to 3rd league.\n** Dissolved after 6 matches.Since 2012 SK Sturm Graz continuously played in the stadium, while GAK returned 2019 when they reached the 2nd league again.","title":"Average attendance"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"From 2006 to 2016 the stadium was sponsored by UPC Austria, and was known as the UPC-ArenaMerkur Versicherung won the sponsorship rights from 2016. The contract is set to last for 10 years until 2026.","title":"Sponsors"}]	[{"image_text":"Panorama of the Arena","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/UPC-Arena_Panorama.jpg/500px-UPC-Arena_Panorama.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of football stadiums in Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_stadiums_in_Austria"},{"title":"Lists of stadiums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_stadiums"}]	[{"reference":"\"LIEBENAUER STADIUM GETS NEW NAMING RIGHTS SPONSOR\". Soccerex. 26 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerex.com/insight/articles/2015/liebenauer-stadium-gets-new-naming-rights-sponsor","url_text":"\"LIEBENAUER STADIUM GETS NEW NAMING RIGHTS SPONSOR\""}]},{"reference":"\"Merkur als neuer Namenssponsor für das Liebenauer Stadion\". Kleine Zeitung. 23 October 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kleinezeitung.at/sport/fussball/4850288/Graz_Merkur-als-neuer-Namenssponsor-fuer-das-Liebenauer-Stadion","url_text":"\"Merkur als neuer Namenssponsor für das Liebenauer Stadion\""}]},{"reference":"\"1965 World Championship\". Metal Speedway. Retrieved 27 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://dlprezes.pl.tl/65_World-Speedway-Championship-_-1965.htm","url_text":"\"1965 World Championship\""}]},{"reference":"\"1970 World Championship\". Speedway.org. Retrieved 27 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.speedway.org/history/70.htm#1970","url_text":"\"1970 World Championship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sturm Graz\". The Away Section. 7 August 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://theawaysection.com/graz-football-destination/","url_text":"\"Sturm Graz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schwarzenegger in Austrian spat\". BBC News. 20 December 2005. Retrieved 22 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4544798.stm","url_text":"\"Schwarzenegger in Austrian spat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hometown Snubs Schwarzenegger Over Death Penalty\". The New York Times. 2005-12-27. Retrieved 2013-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/27/international/europe/26cnd-austria.html","url_text":"\"Hometown Snubs Schwarzenegger Over Death Penalty\""}]},{"reference":"\"Graz bekommt Ivica-Osim- und Grete-Schurz-Platz\" [Graz receives Ivica-Osim- and Grete-Schurz-Square]. ORF Steiermark (in Austrian German). 2023-05-24. Retrieved 2023-07-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://steiermark.orf.at/stories/3208819/","url_text":"\"Graz bekommt Ivica-Osim- und Grete-Schurz-Platz\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ORF_(Broadcaster)&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"ORF"}]},{"reference":"\"EFS Attendances\". European-football-statistics.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-03-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.european-football-statistics.co.uk/attn.htm","url_text":"\"EFS Attendances\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bundesliga 2010/2011\". Worldfootball.net. Retrieved 2011-03-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldfootball.net/wettbewerb/aut-bundesliga/","url_text":"\"Bundesliga 2010/2011\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Liebenauer_Stadium&params=47_02_46_N_15_27_16_E_region:AT-6_type:landmark","external_links_name":"47°02′46″N 15°27′16″E / 47.04611°N 15.45444°E / 47.04611; 15.45444"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Liebenauer_Stadium&params=47_02_46_N_15_27_16_E_","external_links_name":"47°02′46″N 15°27′16″E / 47.04611°N 15.45444°E / 47.04611; 15.45444"},{"Link":"https://mcg.at/locations/merkur-arena/#","external_links_name":"https://mcg.at/locations/merkur-arena/#"},{"Link":"https://www.soccerex.com/insight/articles/2015/liebenauer-stadium-gets-new-naming-rights-sponsor","external_links_name":"\"LIEBENAUER STADIUM GETS NEW NAMING RIGHTS SPONSOR\""},{"Link":"http://www.kleinezeitung.at/sport/fussball/4850288/Graz_Merkur-als-neuer-Namenssponsor-fuer-das-Liebenauer-Stadion","external_links_name":"\"Merkur als neuer Namenssponsor für das Liebenauer Stadion\""},{"Link":"https://dlprezes.pl.tl/65_World-Speedway-Championship-_-1965.htm","external_links_name":"\"1965 World Championship\""},{"Link":"http://www.speedway.org/history/70.htm#1970","external_links_name":"\"1970 World Championship\""},{"Link":"https://theawaysection.com/graz-football-destination/","external_links_name":"\"Sturm Graz\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4544798.stm","external_links_name":"\"Schwarzenegger in Austrian spat\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/27/international/europe/26cnd-austria.html","external_links_name":"\"Hometown Snubs Schwarzenegger Over Death Penalty\""},{"Link":"https://steiermark.orf.at/stories/3208819/","external_links_name":"\"Graz bekommt Ivica-Osim- und Grete-Schurz-Platz\""},{"Link":"http://www.european-football-statistics.co.uk/attn.htm","external_links_name":"\"EFS Attendances\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldfootball.net/wettbewerb/aut-bundesliga/","external_links_name":"\"Bundesliga 2010/2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.merkur.at/","external_links_name":"Homepage of Merkur Insurance Austria"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110810120959/http://www.sksturm.net/","external_links_name":"Homepage of SK Sturm Graz"},{"Link":"http://www.grazerak.at/","external_links_name":"Homepage of Grazer AK"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120327224319/http://allstadiums.ru/evropa/stadiony-avstrii/upc-arena.html","external_links_name":"UPC-Arena"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Liebenauer_Stadium&params=47_02_46_N_15_27_16_E_region:AT-6_type:landmark","external_links_name":"47°02′46″N 15°27′16″E / 47.04611°N 15.45444°E / 47.04611; 15.45444"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_Pirates	Florida Complex League Pirates	["1 History","2 Season-by-season","3 Rosters","4 References","5 External links"]	Minor league baseball teamFlorida Complex League PiratesFounded in 1968 Bradenton, Florida Minor league affiliationsClassRookieLeagueFlorida Complex LeagueDivisionNorthwest DivisionPrevious leaguesGulf Coast League (1968–2020)Major league affiliationsTeamPittsburgh PiratesMinor league titlesLeague titles (1)2012Division titles (5)20022003200820132023Team dataNameFCL Pirates Black & GoldPrevious namesGCL Pirates (1968–2020)BallparkPirate City complexOwner(s)/Operator(s)Pittsburgh PiratesManagerJosé Mosquera The Florida Complex League Pirates are a Rookie-level affiliate of the Pittsburgh Pirates, competing in the Florida Complex League of Minor League Baseball. Prior to 2021, the team was known as the Gulf Coast League Pirates. The team plays its home games in Bradenton, Florida, at the Pirate City complex. The team is composed mainly of players who are in their first year of professional baseball either as draftees or non-drafted free agents from the United States, Canada, Dominican Republic, Venezuela, and other countries. History The team was first established in 1968, and has competed continuously since then. The team won division championships in 2002, 2003, 2008, and 2013. In 2012, the team won its first league championship. In 2009, the team had nine players each from the Dominican Republic and Venezuela, with the United States third at six players. They were the two highly publicized, pioneering Indian pitchers, Rinku Singh and Dinesh Patel, who became the first Indian-born players to sign professional baseball contracts in the United States, a second baseman named Henry from Colombia, two players from Puerto Rico, and one each from Mexico, Panama, Australia, Canada and one of the first three players ever signed out of South Africa, Gift Ngoepe, while one of the Americans, Chris Aure, was from Alaska. "We eat together in the cafeteria, but sometimes we try each other's foods," Ngoepe says. "I listen to the Indians' music when I go past their rooms, and they listen to my music from Africa. We tell each other stories about our home countries. We do everything together." "Everybody's the same here, like family," Venezuelan infielder Elevys Gonzalez says. For the 2021 season, the team is fielding two squads in the league, differentiated as "Black" and "Gold" in reference to the team's colors. Season-by-season This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Year Record Win–loss % Manager Regular Season Finish Playoffs 1968 27-33 .450 Buddy Pritchard 6th GCL No playoffs until 1983 1969 28-26 .519 Buddy Pritchard 4th GCL 1970 23-40 .365 Dick Cole 8th GCL 1971 20-32 .385 Ed Napoleon 6th GCL 1972 21-39 .350 Ed Napoleon 7th(t) GCL 1973 17-37 .315 Woody Huyke 9th GCL 1974 11-42 .208 Woody Huyke 9th GCL 1975 23-31 .426 Woody Huyke 4th GCL 1976 11-41 .212 Woody Huyke 7th GCL 1977 22–32 .407 Woody Huyke 7th GCL 1978 21–32 .396 Woody Huyke 6th GCL 1979 20–32 .385 Woody Huyke 6th GCL 1980 24–39 .381 Woody Huyke 8th GCL 1981 32–28 .533 Woody Huyke 5th GCL 1982 27–35 .435 Woody Huyke 3rd GCL 1983 28–32 .467 Woody Huyke 3rd GCL North Did not qualify 1984 21–42 .333 Woody Huyke 5th GCL North Did not qualify 1985 15–47 .242 Woody Huyke 5th GCL North Did not qualify 1986 24–39 .381 Woody Huyke 5th GCL North Did not qualify 1987 33–30 .390 Woody Huyke 2nd GCL North Did not qualify 1988 26–37 .413 Julio Garcia 5th GCL South Did not qualify 1989 21–42 .333 Woody Huyke 8th GCL South Did not qualify 1991 30–29 .508 Woody Huyke 3rd GCL Central Did not qualify 1992 23–37 .383 Woody Huyke 4th GCL Central Did not qualify 1993 21–38 .356 Woody Huyke 7th GCL West Did not qualify 1994 25–35 .417 Woody Huyke 4th GCL West Did not qualify 1995 23–36 .390 Woody Huyke 4th GCL Northwest Did not qualify 1996 28–31 .475 Woody Huyke 3rd GCL Northwest Did not qualify 1997 27–32 .458 Woody Huyke 6th GCL Northwest Did not qualify 1998 25–35 .407 Woody Huyke 6th GCL West Did not qualify 1999 24–35 .407 Woody Huyke 5th GCL North Did not qualify 2000 34–26 .567 Woody Huyke 2nd GCL North Did not qualify 2001 22–34 .393 Woody Huyke 6th GCL West Did not qualify 2002 37–23 .617 Woody Huyke 1st GCL North Lost in 1st roundvs. GCL Dodgers (1 game to 0) 2003 36–20 .643 Woody Huyke 1st GCL North Lost in Finalsvs. GCL Braves (2 games to 0) 2004 30–28 .517 Woody Huyke 3rd GCL South Did not qualify 2005 28–26 .519 Jeff Livesey 2nd GCL South Did not qualify 2006 27–26 .509 Turner Ward 4th GCL North Did not qualify 2007 26–30 .464 Tom Prince 4th GCL South Did not qualify 2008 37–19 .661 Tom Prince 1st GCL South Lost in 1st roundvs. GCL Phillies (1 game to 0) 2009 29–31 .483 Tom Prince 4th GCL North Did not qualify 2010 29–30 .492 Tom Prince 4th GCL North Did not qualify 2011 34–26 .567 Tom Prince 2nd GCL North Lost in 1st round 2012 36–24 .600 Tom Prince 2nd GCL North Won GCL Championshipvs. GCL Red Sox (2 games to 0)Won in first roundvs. GCL Cardinals (1 game to 0) 2013 33-27 .600 Milver Reyes 1st GCL Northwest Lost in 1st roundvs. GCL Nationals (1 game to 0) 2014 20-40 .333 Milver Reyes 3rd GCL Northwest Did not qualify 2015 28-31 .475 Milver Reyes 3rd GCL Northwest Did not qualify 2016 22-34 .393 Edgar Varela 2nd GCL Northwest Did not qualify 2017 26-34 .433 Dave Turgeon 3rd GCL Northeast Did not qualify Rosters Florida Complex League Pirates rostervte Players Coaches/Other Pitchers 49 Victor Cabreja 56 Carlos Castillo 70 Jose Garces 66 Kevison Hernandez 27 Inmer Lobo 45 Brennan Malone # 37 Dioris Martinez 34 Carlos Mateo 58 David Matoma 38 Greiber Mendez 17 Zander Mueth 52 Jose Regalado 36 Pitterson Rosa 68 Noah Takacs 65 Clevari Tejada 57 Alexis Torres Catchers 67 John Lopez 35 Richard Ramirez 41 Luke Scherrer 22 Miguel Sosa Infielders 13 Roinny Aguiar 2 Carlos Caro 10 Yordany De Los Santos 14 Ewry Espinal 16 Jhonny Severino 24 Carlos Tirado 18 John Zorrilla Outfielders 39 Tony Blanco Jr. 3 Juan Machado 19 Eduardo Oviedo 12 Jhonson Pena 10 Estuar Suero Manager 32 Kieran Mattison Coaches 55 Quentin Brown (hitting) 62 Renny Duarte (pitching) 61 Mick Fieldbinder (pitching) 43 Jose Mendez (bench) 54 Gavi Nivar (coach) 31 Jonathan Roof (hitting) 28 Curt Wilson (hitting) 60-day injured list 46 Gilberto Alcala -- Ronaldo Gallo -- Jackson Grounds -- Jun-Seok Shim -- Andres Silvera 44 Joaquin Tejada 7-day injured list * On Pittsburgh Pirates 40-man roster ~ Development list # Rehab assignment ∞ Reserve list ‡ Restricted list § Suspended list † Temporarily inactive list Roster updated June 16, 2024 Transactions → More rosters: MiLB • Florida Complex League → Pittsburgh Pirates minor league players References ^ Williams, Tim (August 29, 2012). "GCL Pirates Win First Gulf Coast League Championship in Franchise History". ^ "Dinesh Patel and Rinku Singh Make Pro Debuts". July 4, 2009. ^ Kovacevic, Dejan (July 10, 2009). "The Bradenton Pirates: They are the world". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 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You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rookie-level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rookie-level"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates"},{"link_name":"Florida Complex League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Complex_League"},{"link_name":"Minor League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Bradenton, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradenton,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Pirate City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_City"},{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"draftees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Draft"},{"link_name":"free agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_agents"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"}],"text":"Minor league baseball teamThe Florida Complex League Pirates are a Rookie-level affiliate of the Pittsburgh Pirates, competing in the Florida Complex League of Minor League Baseball. Prior to 2021, the team was known as the Gulf Coast League Pirates. The team plays its home games in Bradenton, Florida, at the Pirate City complex. The team is composed mainly of players who are in their first year of professional baseball either as draftees or non-drafted free agents from the United States, Canada, Dominican Republic, Venezuela, and other countries.","title":"Florida Complex League Pirates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_people"},{"link_name":"Rinku Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinku_Singh_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Dinesh Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinesh_Patel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Gift Ngoepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift_Ngoepe"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The team was first established in 1968, and has competed continuously since then. The team won division championships in 2002, 2003, 2008, and 2013. In 2012, the team won its first league championship.[1]In 2009, the team had nine players each from the Dominican Republic and Venezuela, with the United States third at six players. They were the two highly publicized, pioneering Indian pitchers, Rinku Singh and Dinesh Patel, who became the first Indian-born players to sign professional baseball contracts in the United States,[2] a second baseman named Henry from Colombia, two players from Puerto Rico, and one each from Mexico, Panama, Australia, Canada and one of the first three players ever signed out of South Africa, Gift Ngoepe, while one of the Americans, Chris Aure, was from Alaska. \"We eat together in the cafeteria, but sometimes we try each other's foods,\" Ngoepe says. \"I listen to the Indians' music when I go past their rooms, and they listen to my music from Africa. We tell each other stories about our home countries. We do everything together.\" \"Everybody's the same here, like family,\" Venezuelan infielder Elevys Gonzalez says.[3]For the 2021 season, the team is fielding two squads in the league, differentiated as \"Black\" and \"Gold\" in reference to the team's colors.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season-by-season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rosters"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Williams, Tim (August 29, 2012). \"GCL Pirates Win First Gulf Coast League Championship in Franchise History\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.piratesprospects.com/2012/08/gcl-pirates-win-first-gulf-coast-league-championship-in-franchise-history.html","url_text":"\"GCL Pirates Win First Gulf Coast League Championship in Franchise History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dinesh Patel and Rinku Singh Make Pro Debuts\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-step_flow_of_communication	Two-step flow of communication	["1 Basic overview","2 Concept","3 About","3.1 Contemporary debate","4 Lazarsfeld and Katz","4.1 Paul Felix Lazarsfeld","4.2 Elihu Katz","5 Published works on the theory","5.1 The People's Choice","5.2 Personal Influence","6 Criticisms","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Model of communication Two-step Flow of Communication Model, by Lazarsfeld and Katz (1955) The two-step flow of communication model says that most people form their opinions under the influence of opinion leaders, who in turn are influenced by the mass media. In contrast to the one-step flow of the hypodermic needle model or magic bullet theory, which holds that people are directly influenced by mass media, according to the two-step flow model, ideas flow from mass media to opinion leaders, and from them to a wider population. Opinion leaders pass on their own interpretation of information in addition to the actual media content. Basic overview The theory is based on a 1940s study on social influence that states that media effects are indirectly established through the personal influence of opinion leaders. The majority of people receive much of their information and are influenced by the media secondhand, through the personal influence of opinion leaders. Further information: Multi-step flow theory Concept The two-step model says that most people are not directly influenced by mass media, and instead form their opinions based on opinion leaders who interpret media messages and put them into context. Opinion leaders are those initially exposed to a specific media content, and who interpret it based on their own opinion. They then begin to infiltrate these opinions through the general public who become "opinion followers". These "opinion leaders" gain their influence through more elite media as opposed to mainstream mass media. In this process, social influence is created and adjusted by the ideals and opinions of each specific "elite media" group, and by these media group's opposing ideals and opinions and in combination with popular mass media sources. Therefore, the leading influence in these opinions is primarily a social persuasion. About The two-step flow of communication model hypothesizes that ideas flow from mass media to opinion leaders, and from them to a wider population. It was first introduced by sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld et al. in 1944 and elaborated by Elihu Katz and Lazarsfeld in 1955 and subsequent publications. Melvin DeFleur and Sheoron Lowery argue the book was much more than a simple research report: it was an effort to interpret the authors' research within a framework of conceptual schemes, theoretical issues, and research findings drawn broadly from the scientific study of small groups. Unlike the hypodermic needle model, which considers mass media effects to be direct, the two-step flow model stresses human agency. For example, in the field of science communication, Matthew Nisbet describes the use of opinion leaders as intermediaries between scientists and the public as a way to reach the public via trained individuals who are more closely engaged with their communities, such as "teachers, business leaders, attorneys, policymakers, neighborhood leaders, students, and media professionals." Examples of initiatives that take this approach include Science & Engineering Ambassadors, sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences, and Science Booster Clubs, coordinated by the National Center for Science Education. According to Lazarsfeld and Katz, mass media information is channeled to the "masses" through opinion leadership. The people with most access to media, and having a more literate understanding of media content, explain and diffuse the content to others. Based on the two-step flow hypothesis, the term "personal influence" came to illustrate the process intervening between the media's direct message and the audience's reaction to that message. Opinion leaders tend to be similar to those they influence—based on personality, interests, demographics, or socio-economic factors. These leaders tend to influence others to change their attitudes and behaviors. The two-step theory refined the ability to predict how media messages influence audience behavior and explains why certain media campaigns do not alter audiences' attitudes. This hypothesis provided a basis for the two-step flow theory of mass communication. Contemporary debate In the times of digital social media, the more than six decade old theory sparks much new interest. The fact that massive databases are being used to send tailor-made messages to individuals lead back to the idea of a "one-step flow of communication". The idea is a kind of Hypodermic needle / magic bullet model, with the capacity of big data analytics informed mass customization. Empirical studies by other scholars, in contrast, have found that modern social media platforms, like Twitter, exhibit clear evidence of a two-step flow of communication (see Figure). Many social media users obtain their news from celebrities or other amplifying opinion leaders, who again get informed by mass media or by individuals with specific insights. The fine-grained digital footprint of social media also suggests that there are more than simply the one-step and two-step modes of communication flow, leading the search for more complex Multistep Flow Models based on distinct network structures. Lazarsfeld and Katz Paul Lazarsfeld and Elihu Katz are considered to be the founders of functional theory and their book Personal Influence (1955) is considered to be the handbook to the theory. Paul Felix Lazarsfeld One of the first to embark on Communications research, was the first to introduce the difference between 'administrative research' and 'critical research' in regards to the media. Critical research he believed, criticizes the media institutions themselves for the perspective ways they serve dominant social groups. Critical research favors interperspective and inductive methods of inquiry. Lazarsfeld's study of the 1940 presidential election was published as The People's Choice (1944). During the research revealed information about the psychological and social processes that influence voting decisions. The study also uncovered an influence process that Lazarsfeld called "opinion leadership." He concluded that there is a multistep flow of information from the mass media to persons who serve as opinion leaders which then is passed on to the general public. He called this communication process the "two-step flow of communication". Elihu Katz Elihu Katz was a psychologist in the School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania when he collaborated with Lazarsfeld in 1955. Their research aimed to observe the flow of influence at the intersections of mass and interpersonal communication and resulted in the book Personal Influence. Katz pursued Lazarfeld's research in a study of the flow of information, which is the basis of Personal Influence. Katz and Lazarsfeld concluded that: "... the traditional image of the mass persuasion process must make room for 'people' as intervening factors between the stimuli of the media and resultant opinions, decisions, and actions." Published works on the theory The People's Choice The presidential election of 1940 saw President Franklin Roosevelt seek an unprecedented third term in office. Funded by grants from the Rockefeller Foundation, Life magazine, and the pollster Elmo Roper, Columbia's Office of Radio Research conducted a study of voting. It was based on a panel study of 2,400 voters in Erie County, Ohio. Paul Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet supervised 15 interviewers, who from May–October interviewed the strategically selected 2,400 members of the community several different times in order to document their decision making process during the campaign. They focused on what factors would influence their decisions as the campaign progressed. The People's Choice, a book based on this study presented the theory of "the two-step flow of communications", which later came to be associated with the so-called "limited effects model" of mass media: the idea that ideas often flow from radio and print to local "opinion leaders" who in turn pass them on to those with more limited political knowledge, or "opinion followers." The results of the research led to the conclusion that sometimes person to person communication can be more effective than traditional media outlets such as newspapers, TV, radio etc. This idea developed further in the book Personal Influence. Personal Influence In 1944, Paul Lazarsfeld contacted McFadden Publications in regards to his first book, The People's Choice. The two collaborated forming a mutually beneficial partnership in which Macfadden saw a way to financially profit from advertising to the female population and Lazarsfeld saw a way to gain more information on social influence. Out of this came the study conducted by the Bureau of Applied Social Research in which 800 female residents of Decatur, Illinois, where interviewed through panel interviews to discover what and who primarily influenced their decision making. Lazarsfeld worked with Robert Merton and thus hired C. Wright Mills to head the study. Another part of the research team, Thelma Ehrlich Anderson, trained local Decatur women to administer surveys to targeted women in town. By 1955. the Decatur study was published as part of Elihu Katz and Lazarsfeld's book Personal Influence. The book concluded that ultimately, face to face interaction is more influential than traditional media influence and thus confirmed the two-step flow model of communication. Criticisms The original two-step flow hypothesis—that ideas flow from the media to opinion leaders and then to less active sections of the population—has been criticised. In 1960, conclusions from Deutschmann and Danielson assert, "we would urge that the Katz-Lazarsfeld two-stage flow hypothesis, as a description of the initial information process, be applied to mass communication with caution". Everett Rogers' "Diffusion of Innovations" cites one study in which two-thirds of respondents accredited their awareness to the mass media rather than face-to-face communication. Similarly, critics argue that most of Lazarsfeld's findings pertain to learning factors involved with general media habits rather than the learning of particular information. However, Lazarsfeld's two-step hypothesis is an adequate description to understand the media's influence on belief and behavior. Troldahl finds that media exposure is a first step to introduce discussion, at which point opinion leaders initiate the second-step flow. According to Hilbert today's digital media landscape simultaneously facilitate one-step, two-step and more complex multi-step flow models of communication. For example, in Twitter networks it is no contradiction that average Twitter users mainly mention intermediating opinion leaders in their tweets (two-step flow), while at the same time traditional mass media outlets receive 80-90 % of their mentions directly through a direct one-step flow from the same users. See also Word-of-mouth Word-of-mouth marketing References ^ Baran, Stanley J.; Davis, Dennis K. (2014). "Theories of Mass Communication: Glossary". Introduction to Mass Communication. New York City: McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-1285052076 – via McGraw-Hill Online Learning Center. ^ a b Katz & Lazarsfeld (1955). "Personal Influence". New York: Free Press. ^ Staubhaar, LaRose, Davenport (2009). Media Now. Belmont, Ca: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. pp. 415–416. ISBN 978-0-495-56595-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Paul Felix Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson, Hazel Gaudet, The people's choice: how the voter makes up his mind in a presidential campaign, Columbia University Press, 1944, p. 151ff ^ a b Katz, Elihu; Lazarsfeld, Paul Felix (1955). Personal Influence: the Part Played by People in the Flow of Mass Communications. pp. 309ff. ISBN 978-1-4128-0507-0. ^ Katz, Elihu (1 January 1957). "The Two-Step Flow of Communication: An Up-To-Date Report on an Hypothesis". Public Opinion Quarterly. 21 (1): 61–78. doi:10.1086/266687. JSTOR 266687. ^ DeFleur, Melvin; Lowery, Shearon (1983). "Personal influence: Two-Step Flow of Communication". Milestones In Mass Communication Research. London, England: Longman Inc. p. 179. ISBN 978-0801314377. ^ Nisbet, Matthew (2018). "Ambassadors for Science: Harnessing the Power of Opinion-Leaders across Communities". Skeptical Inquirer. 42 (2). Amherst, New York: Center for Inquiry: 30–31. Retrieved 1 June 2018. ^ "Two Step Flow Theory." Opleidingswebsite Communicatiewetenschap (CW) En Communication Studies (CS). University of Twente, 9 September 2004. Web. 11 April 2010. <"Two Step Flow Theory". Archived from the original on 2012-07-24. Retrieved 2010-04-11.>. ^ Bennett, W. Lance; Manheim, Jarol B. (November 2006). "The One-Step Flow of Communication". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 608 (1): 213–232. doi:10.1177/0002716206292266. S2CID 143812403. ^ a b c d Hilbert, Martin; Vásquez, Javier; Halpern, Daniel; Valenzuela, Sebastián; Arriagada, Eduardo (August 2017). "One Step, Two Step, Network Step? Complementary Perspectives on Communication Flows in Twittered Citizen Protests". Social Science Computer Review. 35 (4): 444–461. doi:10.1177/0894439316639561. S2CID 148054459. ^ Choi, Sujin (December 2015). "The Two-Step Flow of Communication in Twitter-Based Public Forums". Social Science Computer Review. 33 (6): 696–711. doi:10.1177/0894439314556599. S2CID 61637178. ^ Stansberry, Kathleen (2012). One-Step, Two-Step, or Multi-Step Flow: The Role of Influencers in Information Processing and Dissemination in Online, Interest-Based Publics (Thesis). hdl:1794/12416. ^ Staubhaar, LaRose, Davenport (2009). Media Now. Belmont, Ca: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 404. ISBN 978-0-495-56595-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Paul F. Lazarsfeld Biography. Book Rags Inc. Retrieved 16 July 2011. ^ "THE ERIE COUNTY STUDY (The People's Choice)". Media Research of the 1940s. ^ "THE DECATUR COUNTY STUDY (Personal Influence)". Media Research of the 1940s. ^ Deutschmann, Paul J.; Danielson, Wayne A. (1 September 1960). "Diffusion of Knowledge of the Major News Story". Journalism Quarterly. 37 (3): 345–355. doi:10.1177/107769906003700301. S2CID 143155069. ^ Rogers, Everett M (1962). Diffusion of innovations. Free Press of Glencoe. pp. 98–102. OCLC 902483976. ^ Lionberger, Herbert F (1960). Adoption of new ideas and practices a summary of the research dealing with the acceptance of technological change in agriculture, with implications for action in facilitating such change. Iowa State University Press. OCLC 960886669. ^ Troldahl, Verling C. (1966). "A Field Test of a Modified 'Two-Step Flow of Communication' Model". The Public Opinion Quarterly. 30 (4): 609–623. doi:10.1086/267459. JSTOR 2746966. External links CIA Advertising article Universiteit Twente article The Long Road to Decatur: A History of Personal Influence - video by Glenda Balas (25mins) vteMedia studiesGeneral concepts Influence of mass media Mass communication Mass society Media ecology Media literacy New literacies Public opinion Social aspects of television Notable theories Culture industry Echo chamber Manifest and latent functions and dysfunctions Media democracy Mediatization Opinion leadership Semiotic democracy Two-step flow of communication Notable works The Lonely Crowd The Power Elite Notable academics Paul Lazarsfeld Elihu Katz Robert K. Merton Bernard Berelson Subdisciplines Television studies Approaches Media psychology Structural functionalism	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Two_step_flow_of_communication.png"},{"link_name":"opinion leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_leader"},{"link_name":"mass media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media"},{"link_name":"hypodermic needle model or magic bullet theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodermic_needle_model"}],"text":"Two-step Flow of Communication Model, by Lazarsfeld and Katz (1955)The two-step flow of communication model says that most people form their opinions under the influence of opinion leaders, who in turn are influenced by the mass media. In contrast to the one-step flow of the hypodermic needle model or magic bullet theory, which holds that people are directly influenced by mass media, according to the two-step flow model, ideas flow from mass media to opinion leaders, and from them to a wider population. Opinion leaders pass on their own interpretation of information in addition to the actual media content.","title":"Two-step flow of communication"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Multi-step flow theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-step_flow_theory"}],"text":"The theory is based on a 1940s study on social influence that states that media effects are indirectly established through the personal influence of opinion leaders. The majority of people receive much of their information and are influenced by the media secondhand, through the personal influence of opinion leaders.Further information: Multi-step flow theory","title":"Basic overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"general public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_public"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"mass media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Katz_&_Lazarsfeld_1955-2"},{"link_name":"social influence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The two-step model says that most people are not directly influenced by mass media, and instead form their opinions based on opinion leaders who interpret media messages and put them into context. Opinion leaders are those initially exposed to a specific media content, and who interpret it based on their own opinion. They then begin to infiltrate these opinions through the general public who become \"opinion followers\".[1] These \"opinion leaders\" gain their influence through more elite media as opposed to mainstream mass media.[2] In this process, social influence is created and adjusted by the ideals and opinions of each specific \"elite media\" group, and by these media group's opposing ideals and opinions and in combination with popular mass media sources. Therefore, the leading influence in these opinions is primarily a social persuasion.[3]","title":"Concept"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"opinion leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_leader"},{"link_name":"sociologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologist"},{"link_name":"Paul Lazarsfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lazarsfeld"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Elihu Katz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elihu_Katz"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Katz_&_Lazarsfeld-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Melvin DeFleur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melvin_DeFleur&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sheoron Lowery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheoron_Lowery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"hypodermic needle model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodermic_needle_model"},{"link_name":"science communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_communication"},{"link_name":"Matthew Nisbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Nisbet"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"National Center for Science Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Science_Education"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"opinion leadership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_leadership"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Katz_&_Lazarsfeld-5"},{"link_name":"mass communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_communication"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The two-step flow of communication model hypothesizes that ideas flow from mass media to opinion leaders, and from them to a wider population. It was first introduced by sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld et al. in 1944[4] and elaborated by Elihu Katz and Lazarsfeld in 1955[5] and subsequent publications.[6] Melvin DeFleur and Sheoron Lowery argue the book was much more than a simple research report: it was an effort to interpret the authors' research within a framework of conceptual schemes, theoretical issues, and research findings drawn broadly from the scientific study of small groups.[7] Unlike the hypodermic needle model, which considers mass media effects to be direct, the two-step flow model stresses human agency.For example, in the field of science communication, Matthew Nisbet describes the use of opinion leaders as intermediaries between scientists and the public as a way to reach the public via trained individuals who are more closely engaged with their communities, such as \"teachers, business leaders, attorneys, policymakers, neighborhood leaders, students, and media professionals.\" Examples of initiatives that take this approach include Science & Engineering Ambassadors, sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences, and Science Booster Clubs, coordinated by the National Center for Science Education.[8]According to Lazarsfeld and Katz, mass media information is channeled to the \"masses\" through opinion leadership. The people with most access to media, and having a more literate understanding of media content, explain and diffuse the content to others.[5]Based on the two-step flow hypothesis, the term \"personal influence\" came to illustrate the process intervening between the media's direct message and the audience's reaction to that message. Opinion leaders tend to be similar to those they influence—based on personality, interests, demographics, or socio-economic factors. These leaders tend to influence others to change their attitudes and behaviors. The two-step theory refined the ability to predict how media messages influence audience behavior and explains why certain media campaigns do not alter audiences' attitudes. This hypothesis provided a basis for the two-step flow theory of mass communication.[9]","title":"About"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Hypodermic needle / magic bullet model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodermic_needle_model"},{"link_name":"big data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data"},{"link_name":"mass customization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_customization"},{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HilbertTwostep-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"celebrities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrities"},{"link_name":"mass media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media"},{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HilbertTwostep-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Contemporary debate","text":"In the times of digital social media, the more than six decade old theory sparks much new interest. The fact that massive databases are being used to send tailor-made messages to individuals lead back to the idea of a \"one-step flow of communication\".[10] The idea is a kind of Hypodermic needle / magic bullet model, with the capacity of big data analytics informed mass customization. Empirical studies by other scholars, in contrast, have found that modern social media platforms, like Twitter, exhibit clear evidence of a two-step flow of communication (see Figure).[11][12] Many social media users obtain their news from celebrities or other amplifying opinion leaders, who again get informed by mass media or by individuals with specific insights. The fine-grained digital footprint of social media also suggests that there are more than simply the one-step and two-step modes of communication flow, leading the search for more complex Multistep Flow Models based on distinct network structures.[11][13]","title":"About"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Paul Lazarsfeld and Elihu Katz are considered to be the founders of functional theory and their book Personal Influence (1955) is considered to be the handbook to the theory.","title":"Lazarsfeld and Katz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Paul Felix Lazarsfeld","text":"One of the first to embark on Communications research, was the first to introduce the difference between 'administrative research' and 'critical research' in regards to the media. Critical research he believed, criticizes the media institutions themselves for the perspective ways they serve dominant social groups. Critical research favors interperspective and inductive methods of inquiry.\n[14]\nLazarsfeld's study of the 1940 presidential election was published as The People's Choice (1944). During the research revealed information about the psychological and social processes that influence voting decisions. The study also uncovered an influence process that Lazarsfeld called \"opinion leadership.\" He concluded that there is a multistep flow of information from the mass media to persons who serve as opinion leaders which then is passed on to the general public. He called this communication process the \"two-step flow of communication\".[15]","title":"Lazarsfeld and Katz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elihu Katz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elihu_Katz"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Katz_&_Lazarsfeld_1955-2"}],"sub_title":"Elihu Katz","text":"Elihu Katz was a psychologist in the School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania when he collaborated with Lazarsfeld in 1955. Their research aimed to observe the flow of influence at the intersections of mass and interpersonal communication and resulted in the book Personal Influence. Katz pursued Lazarfeld's research in a study of the flow of information, which is the basis of Personal Influence. Katz and Lazarsfeld concluded that:\n\"... the traditional image of the mass persuasion process must make room for 'people' as intervening factors between the stimuli of the media and resultant opinions, decisions, and actions.\"[2]","title":"Lazarsfeld and Katz"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Published works on the theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elmo Roper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmo_Roper"},{"link_name":"Bernard Berelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Berelson"},{"link_name":"Hazel Gaudet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel_Gaudet"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"The People's Choice","text":"The presidential election of 1940 saw President Franklin Roosevelt seek an unprecedented third term in office. Funded by grants from the Rockefeller Foundation, Life magazine, and the pollster Elmo Roper, Columbia's Office of Radio Research conducted a study of voting. It was based on a panel study of 2,400 voters in Erie County, Ohio. Paul Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet supervised 15 interviewers, who from May–October interviewed the strategically selected 2,400 members of the community several different times in order to document their decision making process during the campaign. They focused on what factors would influence their decisions as the campaign progressed. The People's Choice, a book based on this study presented the theory of \"the two-step flow of communications\", which later came to be associated with the so-called \"limited effects model\" of mass media: the idea that ideas often flow from radio and print to local \"opinion leaders\" who in turn pass them on to those with more limited political knowledge, or \"opinion followers.\" The results of the research led to the conclusion that sometimes person to person communication can be more effective than traditional media outlets such as newspapers, TV, radio etc. This idea developed further in the book Personal Influence.[16]","title":"Published works on the theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thelma Ehrlich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thelma_Ehrlich&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Personal Influence","text":"In 1944, Paul Lazarsfeld contacted McFadden Publications in regards to his first book, The People's Choice. The two collaborated forming a mutually beneficial partnership in which Macfadden saw a way to financially profit from advertising to the female population and Lazarsfeld saw a way to gain more information on social influence. Out of this came the study conducted by the Bureau of Applied Social Research in which 800 female residents of Decatur, Illinois, where interviewed through panel interviews to discover what and who primarily influenced their decision making. Lazarsfeld worked with Robert Merton and thus hired C. Wright Mills to head the study. Another part of the research team, Thelma Ehrlich Anderson, trained local Decatur women to administer surveys to targeted women in town. By 1955. the Decatur study was published as part of Elihu Katz and Lazarsfeld's book Personal Influence. The book concluded that ultimately, face to face interaction is more influential than traditional media influence and thus confirmed the two-step flow model of communication.[17]","title":"Published works on the theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HilbertTwostep-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HilbertTwostep-11"}],"text":"The original two-step flow hypothesis—that ideas flow from the media to opinion leaders and then to less active sections of the population—has been criticised. In 1960, conclusions from Deutschmann and Danielson assert, \"we would urge that the Katz-Lazarsfeld two-stage flow hypothesis, as a description of the initial information process, be applied to mass communication with caution\".[18]Everett Rogers' \"Diffusion of Innovations\" cites one study in which two-thirds of respondents accredited their awareness to the mass media rather than face-to-face communication. Similarly, critics argue that most of Lazarsfeld's findings pertain to learning factors involved with general media habits rather than the learning of particular information.[19][20]However, Lazarsfeld's two-step hypothesis is an adequate description to understand the media's influence on belief and behavior. Troldahl finds that media exposure is a first step to introduce discussion, at which point opinion leaders initiate the second-step flow.[21]According to Hilbert today's digital media landscape simultaneously facilitate one-step, two-step and more complex multi-step flow models of communication.[11] For example, in Twitter networks it is no contradiction that average Twitter users mainly mention intermediating opinion leaders in their tweets (two-step flow), while at the same time traditional mass media outlets receive 80-90 % of their mentions directly through a direct one-step flow from the same users.[11]","title":"Criticisms"}]	[{"image_text":"Two-step Flow of Communication Model, by Lazarsfeld and Katz (1955)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Two_step_flow_of_communication.png/220px-Two_step_flow_of_communication.png"}]	[{"title":"Word-of-mouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word-of-mouth"},{"title":"Word-of-mouth marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word-of-mouth_marketing"}]	[{"reference":"Baran, Stanley J.; Davis, Dennis K. (2014). \"Theories of Mass Communication: Glossary\". Introduction to Mass Communication. New York City: McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-1285052076 – via McGraw-Hill Online Learning Center.","urls":[{"url":"http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0767421906/student_view0/chapter12/glossary.html","url_text":"Introduction to Mass Communication"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill_Education","url_text":"McGraw-Hill Education"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1285052076","url_text":"978-1285052076"}]},{"reference":"Katz & Lazarsfeld (1955). \"Personal Influence\". New York: Free Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Staubhaar, LaRose, Davenport (2009). Media Now. Belmont, Ca: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. pp. 415–416. ISBN 978-0-495-56595-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-56595-6","url_text":"978-0-495-56595-6"}]},{"reference":"Katz, Elihu; Lazarsfeld, Paul Felix (1955). Personal Influence: the Part Played by People in the Flow of Mass Communications. pp. 309ff. ISBN 978-1-4128-0507-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elihu_Katz","url_text":"Katz, Elihu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lazarsfeld","url_text":"Lazarsfeld, Paul Felix"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-0507-0","url_text":"978-1-4128-0507-0"}]},{"reference":"Katz, Elihu (1 January 1957). \"The Two-Step Flow of Communication: An Up-To-Date Report on an Hypothesis\". Public Opinion Quarterly. 21 (1): 61–78. doi:10.1086/266687. JSTOR 266687.","urls":[{"url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/271/","url_text":"\"The Two-Step Flow of Communication: An Up-To-Date Report on an Hypothesis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F266687","url_text":"10.1086/266687"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/266687","url_text":"266687"}]},{"reference":"DeFleur, Melvin; Lowery, Shearon (1983). \"Personal influence: Two-Step Flow of Communication\". Milestones In Mass Communication Research. London, England: Longman Inc. p. 179. ISBN 978-0801314377.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melvin_DeFleur&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"DeFleur, Melvin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheoron_Lowery&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Lowery, Shearon"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/milestonesinmass0000lowe","url_text":"Milestones In Mass Communication Research"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longman","url_text":"Longman Inc."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/milestonesinmass0000lowe/page/179","url_text":"179"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801314377","url_text":"978-0801314377"}]},{"reference":"Nisbet, Matthew (2018). \"Ambassadors for Science: Harnessing the Power of Opinion-Leaders across Communities\". Skeptical Inquirer. 42 (2). Amherst, New York: Center for Inquiry: 30–31. Retrieved 1 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.csicop.org/si/show/ambassadors_for_science","url_text":"\"Ambassadors for Science: Harnessing the Power of Opinion-Leaders across Communities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer","url_text":"Skeptical Inquirer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry","url_text":"Center for Inquiry"}]},{"reference":"\"Two Step Flow Theory\". Archived from the original on 2012-07-24. Retrieved 2010-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120724085010/http://www.cw.utwente.nl/theorieenoverzicht/Levels%20of%20theories/macro/Two-Step%20Flow%20Theory.doc/","url_text":"\"Two Step Flow Theory\""},{"url":"http://www.cw.utwente.nl/theorieenoverzicht/Levels%20of%20theories/macro/Two-Step%20Flow%20Theory.doc/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bennett, W. Lance; Manheim, Jarol B. (November 2006). \"The One-Step Flow of Communication\". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 608 (1): 213–232. doi:10.1177/0002716206292266. S2CID 143812403.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002716206292266","url_text":"10.1177/0002716206292266"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143812403","url_text":"143812403"}]},{"reference":"Hilbert, Martin; Vásquez, Javier; Halpern, Daniel; Valenzuela, Sebastián; Arriagada, Eduardo (August 2017). \"One Step, Two Step, Network Step? Complementary Perspectives on Communication Flows in Twittered Citizen Protests\". Social Science Computer Review. 35 (4): 444–461. doi:10.1177/0894439316639561. S2CID 148054459.","urls":[{"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0nn4p7mv","url_text":"\"One Step, Two Step, Network Step? Complementary Perspectives on Communication Flows in Twittered Citizen Protests\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0894439316639561","url_text":"10.1177/0894439316639561"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148054459","url_text":"148054459"}]},{"reference":"Choi, Sujin (December 2015). \"The Two-Step Flow of Communication in Twitter-Based Public Forums\". Social Science Computer Review. 33 (6): 696–711. doi:10.1177/0894439314556599. S2CID 61637178.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0894439314556599","url_text":"10.1177/0894439314556599"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:61637178","url_text":"61637178"}]},{"reference":"Stansberry, Kathleen (2012). One-Step, Two-Step, or Multi-Step Flow: The Role of Influencers in Information Processing and Dissemination in Online, Interest-Based Publics (Thesis). hdl:1794/12416.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1794%2F12416","url_text":"1794/12416"}]},{"reference":"Staubhaar, LaRose, Davenport (2009). Media Now. Belmont, Ca: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 404. ISBN 978-0-495-56595-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-56595-6","url_text":"978-0-495-56595-6"}]},{"reference":"Paul F. Lazarsfeld Biography. Book Rags Inc. Retrieved 16 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bookrags.com/biography/paul-f-lazarsfeld/","url_text":"Paul F. Lazarsfeld Biography"}]},{"reference":"\"THE ERIE COUNTY STUDY (The People's Choice)\". Media Research of the 1940s.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.outofthequestion.org/Media-Research-of-the-1940s/Trends.aspx","url_text":"\"THE ERIE COUNTY STUDY (The People's Choice)\""}]},{"reference":"\"THE DECATUR COUNTY STUDY (Personal Influence)\". Media Research of the 1940s.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.outofthequestion.org/Media-Research-of-the-1940s/Trends.aspx","url_text":"\"THE DECATUR COUNTY STUDY (Personal Influence)\""}]},{"reference":"Deutschmann, Paul J.; Danielson, Wayne A. (1 September 1960). \"Diffusion of Knowledge of the Major News Story\". Journalism Quarterly. 37 (3): 345–355. doi:10.1177/107769906003700301. S2CID 143155069.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F107769906003700301","url_text":"10.1177/107769906003700301"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143155069","url_text":"143155069"}]},{"reference":"Rogers, Everett M (1962). Diffusion of innovations. Free Press of Glencoe. pp. 98–102. OCLC 902483976.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/902483976","url_text":"902483976"}]},{"reference":"Lionberger, Herbert F (1960). Adoption of new ideas and practices a summary of the research dealing with the acceptance of technological change in agriculture, with implications for action in facilitating such change. Iowa State University Press. OCLC 960886669.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/960886669","url_text":"960886669"}]},{"reference":"Troldahl, Verling C. (1966). \"A Field Test of a Modified 'Two-Step Flow of Communication' Model\". The Public Opinion Quarterly. 30 (4): 609–623. doi:10.1086/267459. JSTOR 2746966.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F267459","url_text":"10.1086/267459"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2746966","url_text":"2746966"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0767421906/student_view0/chapter12/glossary.html","external_links_name":"Introduction to Mass Communication"},{"Link":"https://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/271/","external_links_name":"\"The Two-Step Flow of Communication: An Up-To-Date Report on an Hypothesis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F266687","external_links_name":"10.1086/266687"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/266687","external_links_name":"266687"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/milestonesinmass0000lowe","external_links_name":"Milestones In Mass Communication Research"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/milestonesinmass0000lowe/page/179","external_links_name":"179"},{"Link":"https://www.csicop.org/si/show/ambassadors_for_science","external_links_name":"\"Ambassadors for Science: Harnessing the Power of Opinion-Leaders across Communities\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120724085010/http://www.cw.utwente.nl/theorieenoverzicht/Levels%20of%20theories/macro/Two-Step%20Flow%20Theory.doc/","external_links_name":"\"Two Step Flow Theory\""},{"Link":"http://www.cw.utwente.nl/theorieenoverzicht/Levels%20of%20theories/macro/Two-Step%20Flow%20Theory.doc/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002716206292266","external_links_name":"10.1177/0002716206292266"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143812403","external_links_name":"143812403"},{"Link":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0nn4p7mv","external_links_name":"\"One Step, Two Step, Network Step? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvi_Siig	Arvi Siig	["1 Personal life","2 References"]	Estonian communist poet Arvi Siig (8 November 1938 – 23 November 1999) was an Estonian poet, translator and journalist. He was a member of the CPSU and a communist, but still critical of many aspects of the political aspects of his day. His poetry inspired later punk poets and many of his texts are used as lyrics by the Estonian alternative rock band Vennaskond. He was among the first to include modern urban themes in Estonian poetry, also giving a voice to prostitutes, including Soviet prostitutes. The creators of the award-winning computer RPG Disco Elysium, Robert Kurvitz and Aleksander Rostov hailed Siig as inspiration and the greatest Estonian poet when accepting the president's Young Cultural Figure award in 2020: "Without his modernism, Elysium - the world the game is placed in - would not be half of what it is." Personal life Arvi Siig married a Russian cultural journalist Valentina Siig, who published her memories about him after his death. References ^ Vabar, Sven. "Arvi Siig". sisu.ut.ee. Retrieved 2021-12-05. ^ "Nädala juubilar ARVI SIIG 80". Kesknädal (in Estonian). 2018-11-08. Retrieved 2021-12-05. ^ OKIA. "Melanhoolse rändaja öölaul". Sirp (in Estonian). Retrieved 2021-12-06. ^ ERR, ERR \| (2020-10-30). "'Disco Elysium' creators win President's Young Cultural Figure award". ERR. Retrieved 2021-12-07. ^ "Teistmoodi Arvi Siig". Kultuur (in Estonian). 2009-02-07. Retrieved 2021-12-06. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Netherlands Poland Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef This article about an Estonian poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonians"},{"link_name":"CPSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture"},{"link_name":"Vennaskond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vennaskond"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"prostitutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Disco Elysium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_Elysium"},{"link_name":"Robert Kurvitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kurvitz"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Arvi Siig (8 November 1938 – 23 November 1999) was an Estonian poet, translator and journalist. He was a member of the CPSU[1] and a communist, but still critical of many aspects of the political aspects of his day. His poetry inspired later punk poets and many of his texts are used as lyrics by the Estonian alternative rock band Vennaskond.[2] He was among the first to include modern urban themes in Estonian poetry, also giving a voice to prostitutes, including Soviet prostitutes.[3] The creators of the award-winning computer RPG Disco Elysium, Robert Kurvitz and Aleksander Rostov hailed Siig as inspiration and the greatest Estonian poet when accepting the president's Young Cultural Figure award in 2020: \"Without his modernism, Elysium - the world the game is placed in - would not be half of what it is.\"[4]","title":"Arvi Siig"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Arvi Siig married a Russian cultural journalist Valentina Siig, who published her memories about him after his death.[5]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Vabar, Sven. \"Arvi Siig\". sisu.ut.ee. Retrieved 2021-12-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://sisu.ut.ee/ewod/s/siig","url_text":"\"Arvi Siig\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nädala juubilar ARVI SIIG 80\". Kesknädal (in Estonian). 2018-11-08. Retrieved 2021-12-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://kesknadal.ee/2018/11/08/nadala-juubilar-arvi-siig-80/","url_text":"\"Nädala juubilar ARVI SIIG 80\""}]},{"reference":"OKIA. \"Melanhoolse rändaja öölaul\". Sirp (in Estonian). Retrieved 2021-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://sirp.ee/s1-artiklid/c7-kirjandus/melanhoolse-r-ndaja-laul/","url_text":"\"Melanhoolse rändaja öölaul\""}]},{"reference":"ERR, ERR \| (2020-10-30). \"'Disco Elysium' creators win President's Young Cultural Figure award\". ERR. Retrieved 2021-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.err.ee/1153269/disco-elysium-creators-win-president-s-young-cultural-figure-award","url_text":"\"'Disco Elysium' creators win President's Young Cultural Figure award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Teistmoodi Arvi Siig\". Kultuur (in Estonian). 2009-02-07. Retrieved 2021-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://kultuur.postimees.ee/79365/teistmoodi-arvi-siig","url_text":"\"Teistmoodi Arvi Siig\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://sisu.ut.ee/ewod/s/siig","external_links_name":"\"Arvi Siig\""},{"Link":"https://kesknadal.ee/2018/11/08/nadala-juubilar-arvi-siig-80/","external_links_name":"\"Nädala juubilar ARVI SIIG 80\""},{"Link":"https://sirp.ee/s1-artiklid/c7-kirjandus/melanhoolse-r-ndaja-laul/","external_links_name":"\"Melanhoolse rändaja öölaul\""},{"Link":"https://news.err.ee/1153269/disco-elysium-creators-win-president-s-young-cultural-figure-award","external_links_name":"\"'Disco Elysium' creators win President's Young Cultural Figure award\""},{"Link":"https://kultuur.postimees.ee/79365/teistmoodi-arvi-siig","external_links_name":"\"Teistmoodi Arvi Siig\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1445875/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000020320440","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/9963643","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvhkh7C6DhJX6whPGqqQq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1051679230","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80117024","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p128258152","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810689453105606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/3f956593-eee0-44c5-9a1a-783d61212080","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/034891080","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arvi_Siig&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernards_Township	Bernards Township, New Jersey	["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Economy","5 Government","5.1 Local government","5.2 Federal, state and county representation","5.3 Elections","6 Education","7 Transportation","7.1 Roads and highways","7.2 Public transportation","8 Points of interest","9 Volunteer Effort - Terrebonne Parish","10 Justice Department lawsuit","11 Notable people","12 References","13 External links"]	Coordinates: 40°40′39″N 74°34′02″W / 40.677455°N 74.567277°W / 40.677455; -74.567277Township in Somerset County, New Jersey, US Township in New JerseyBernards Township, New JerseyTownshipVan Dorn's Mill in Franklin Corners FlagLocation of Bernards Township in Somerset County highlighted in yellow (right). Inset map: Location of Somerset County in New Jersey highlighted in black (left).Census Bureau map of Bernards Township, New JerseyBernards TownshipLocation in Somerset CountyShow map of Somerset County, New JerseyBernards TownshipLocation in New JerseyShow map of New JerseyBernards TownshipLocation in the United StatesShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 40°40′39″N 74°34′02″W / 40.677455°N 74.567277°W / 40.677455; -74.567277Country United StatesState New JerseyCounty SomersetRoyal charterMay 24, 1760IncorporatedFebruary 21, 1798Named forSir Francis Bernard, 1st BaronetGovernment • TypeTownship • BodyTownship Committee • MayorJennifer L. Asay (R, term ends December 31, 2024) • AdministratorPat Monaco • Municipal clerkChristine V. KiefferArea • Total24.33 sq mi (63.01 km2) • Land24.20 sq mi (62.68 km2) • Water0.13 sq mi (0.33 km2) 0.52% • Rank112th of 565 in state6th of 21 in countyElevation249 ft (76 m)Population (2020) • Total27,830 • Estimate (2023)28,100 • Rank89th of 565 in state4th of 21 in county • Density1,150.0/sq mi (444.0/km2) • Rank368th of 565 in state11th of 21 in countyTime zoneUTC−05:00 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC−04:00 (Eastern (EDT))ZIP Code07920, 07939 – Basking Ridge07938 – Liberty Corner07939 – Lyons07931 – Far HillsArea code908FIPS code3403505560GNIS feature ID0882174Websitewww.bernards.org Bernards Township (/ˈbɜːrnərdz/) is a township in Somerset County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 27,830, an increase of 1,178 (+4.4%) from the 2010 census count of 26,652, reflecting an increase of 2,077 (+8.5%) from the 24,575 counted in the 2000 census. Located on the eastern end of the Somerset Hills region, the township is a bedroom suburb of New York City in the much larger New York metropolitan area, located within the Raritan Valley region. History Bernards Township was originally formed by royal charter on May 24, 1760, as Bernardston Township from remaining portions of Northern precinct. It was incorporated as Bernards Township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21, 1798, as one of New Jersey's initial group of 104 townships. Portions of the township were taken to form Warren Township (March 5, 1806), Far Hills (April 7, 1921) and Bernardsville (March 6, 1924). The township celebrated its 250th charter anniversary in May 2010. A set of referendums to create independent boroughs from portions of Bernards Township were held in June 1921, which would have left only Liberty Corner and Lyons remaining in Bernards Township if all three proposals had been approved; The referendum in Far Hills passed and the vote in Bernardsville failed in 1921, but ultimately passed in 1924. Voters rejected the creation of proposed borough of Basking Ridge by a more than 4–1 margin. The township was named for Sir Francis Bernard, 1st Baronet, who served as governor of the Province of New Jersey. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 24.33 square miles (63.01 km2), including 24.20 square miles (62.68 km2) of land and 0.13 square miles (0.33 km2) of water (0.52%). The township is roughly bounded by the Second Watchung Mountain in the southwest, the Dead River swamp on the south, the Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, Passaic River, and Millington Gorge in the east. Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Basking Ridge, Franklin Corners, Green Knoll, Hardscrabble, Liberty Corner, Lyons, Madisonville, Mount Horeb, Somerset Mills, State Park, Stone House and White Bridge. Martinsville is an unincorporated area in Bridgewater Township, whose 08836 ZIP Code also covers portions of Bernards Township. The township borders Bedminster Township and Far Hills to the west, Bernardsville to the northwest, Bridgewater Township to the southwest, and Warren Township to the southeast in Somerset County and Harding Township to the northeast and Long Hill to the east in Morris County. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 17902,377—18101,876—18202,06310.0%18302,0620.0%18403,98693.3%18502,267−43.1%18602,4719.0%18702,369−4.1%18802,62210.7%18902,558−2.4%19003,06619.9%19104,60850.3%19204,243−7.9%19302,293−46.0%19404,51296.8%19507,48765.9%19609,01820.4%197013,30547.5%198012,920−2.9%199017,19933.1%200024,57542.9%201026,6528.5%202027,8304.4%2023 (est.)28,1001.0%Population sources:1790–1920 1840 1850–18701850 1870 1880–18901890–1910 1910–19301940–2000 20002010 2020 = Lost territory in previous decade. 2010 census The 2010 United States census counted 26,652 people, 9,783 households, and 6,897 families in the township. The population density was 1,113.6 per square mile (430.0/km2). There were 10,103 housing units at an average density of 422.1 per square mile (163.0/km2). The racial makeup was 81.83% (21,809) White, 1.89% (504) Black or African American, 0.08% (20) Native American, 13.80% (3,679) Asian, 0.03% (7) Pacific Islander, 0.55% (147) from other races, and 1.82% (486) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.95% (1,054) of the population. Of the 9,783 households, 40.0% had children under the age of 18; 61.7% were married couples living together; 6.9% had a female householder with no husband present and 29.5% were non-families. Of all households, 26.6% were made up of individuals and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.27. 28.8% of the population were under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 20.6% from 25 to 44, 32.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43.1 years. For every 100 females, the population had 93.5 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 88.5 males. The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $123,285 (with a margin of error of +/− $7,030) and the median family income was $153,906 (+/− $14,565). Males had a median income of $123,390 (+/− $9,621) versus $86,272 (+/− $9,195) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $67,809 (+/− $4,972). About 2.1% of families and 2.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.3% of those under age 18 and 8.0% of those age 65 or over. 2000 census At the 2000 United States census there were 24,575 people, 9,242 households and 6,487 families residing in the township. The population density was 1,023.8 inhabitants per square mile (395.3/km2). There were 9,485 housing units at an average density of 395.1 per square mile (152.5/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 89.20% White, 1.44% African American, 0.05% Native American, 7.85% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.40% from other races, and 1.05% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 2.63% of the population. There were 9,242 households, of which 37.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.0% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.8% were non-families. 26.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.17. Age distribution was 27.7% under the age of 18, 3.2% from 18 to 24, 31.2% from 25 to 44, 25.5% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.0 males. The median income for a household in the township was $107,204, and the median income for a family was $135,806. Males had a median income of $95,758 versus $60,865 for females. The per capita income for the township was $56,521. About 0.6% of families and 1.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.2% of those under age 18 and 2.9% of those age 65 or over. Economy The headquarters of Barnes & Noble College Booksellers, Fedders, Hitachi Power Systems USA and Verizon Wireless are located in the township. Verizon Communications, which maintains its world headquarters in New York City, has located operations of its major business units in buildings that were formerly AT&T's world headquarters. Government Local government Bernards Township operates under the Township form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 141 municipalities (of the 564) statewide that use this form, the second-most commonly used form of government in the state. The Township Committee is comprised of five members, who are elected directly by the voters at-large in partisan elections to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three-year cycle. At an annual reorganization meeting held during the first week of January, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor and another as Deputy Mayor. As of 2024, members of the Bernards Township Committee are Mayor Jennifer L. Asay (R, term on committee and as mayor ends December 31, 2024), Deputy Mayor Janice M. Fields (R, term on committee ends 2025; term as deputy mayor ends 2024), Gary S. Baumann (R, 2026), Ana Duarte McCarthy (D, 2026) and Andrew J. McNally (R, 2024). Federal, state and county representation Bernards Township is located in the 7th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 21st state legislative district. Prior to the 2010 Census, Bernards Township had been part of the 11th Congressional District, a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections. For the 118th United States Congress, New Jersey's 7th congressional district is represented by Thomas Kean Jr. (R, Westfield). New Jersey is represented in the United States Senate by Democrats Cory Booker (Newark, term ends 2027) and Bob Menendez (Englewood Cliffs, term ends 2025). For the 2024-2025 session, the 21st legislative district of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Jon Bramnick (R, Westfield) and in the General Assembly by Michele Matsikoudis (R, New Providence) and Nancy Munoz (R, Summit). Somerset County is governed by a five-member Board of County Commissioners, whose members are elected at-large to three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with one or two seats coming up for election each year. At an annual reorganization meeting held on the first Friday of January, the board selects a Director and deputy director from among its members. As of 2024, Somerset County's County Commissioners are: Director Shanel Robinson (D, Franklin Township, 2024), Melonie Marano (D, Green Brook Township, 2025), Paul Drake (D, Hillsborough Township, 2026), Douglas Singleterry (D, North Plainfield, 2026) and Deputy Director Sara Sooy (D, Bernards Township, 2024). Constitutional officers, elected on a countywide basis are: Clerk Steve Peter (D, Somerville, 2027), Sheriff Darrin Russo (D, Franklin Township, 2025) and Surrogate Bernice "Tina" Jalloh (D, Franklin Township, 2025) Elections As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 18,377 registered voters in Bernards Township, of which 3,544 (19.3% vs. 26.0% countywide) were registered as Democrats, 7,019 (38.2% vs. 25.7%) were registered as Republicans and 7,803 (42.5% vs. 48.2%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 11 voters registered to as Libertarians or Greens. Among the township's 2010 Census population, 69.0% (vs. 60.4% in Somerset County) were registered to vote, including 96.9% of those ages 18 and over (vs. 80.4% countywide). In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 59.2% of the vote (7,879 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 40.1% (5,338 votes), and other candidates with 0.8% (101 votes), among the 13,383 ballots cast by the township's 19,555 registered voters (65 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 68.4%. In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 8,078 votes here (56.1% vs. 46.1% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 6,143 votes (42.6% vs. 52.1%) and other candidates with 99 votes (0.7% vs. 1.1%), among the 14,405 ballots cast by the township's 18,039 registered voters, for a turnout of 79.9% (vs. 78.7% in Somerset County). In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 8,364 votes here (60.6% vs. 51.5% countywide), ahead of Democrat John Kerry with 5,317 votes (38.5% vs. 47.2%) and other candidates with 84 votes (0.6% vs. 0.9%), among the 13,812 ballots cast by the township's 16,534 registered voters, for a turnout of 83.5% (vs. 81.7% in the whole county). In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 77.1% of the vote (6,505 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 21.7% (1,829 votes), and other candidates with 1.2% (105 votes), among the 8,547 ballots cast by the township's 19,701 registered voters (108 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 43.4%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 6,124 votes here (59.5% vs. 55.8% countywide), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 2,639 votes (25.6% vs. 34.1%), Independent Chris Daggett with 1,427 votes (13.9% vs. 8.7%) and other candidates with 33 votes (0.3% vs. 0.7%), among the 10,293 ballots cast by the township's 18,244 registered voters, yielding a 56.4% turnout (vs. 52.5% in the county). Bernards vote by party in presidential elections Year Democratic Republican Third Parties 2020 55.9% 9,398 42.2% 7,086 1.2% 208 2016 48.6% 6,912 47.8% 6,795 3.6% 518 2012 40.1% 5,338 59.2% 7,879 0.8% 101 2008 42.6% 6,143 56.1% 8,078 0.7% 99 2004 38.5% 5,317 60.6% 8,364 0.6% 84 Education Students in public school for pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade are served by the Bernards Township School District. As of the 2020–21 school year, the district, comprised of six schools, had an enrollment of 4,874 students and 456.1 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.7:1. Schools in the district (with 2020–21 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Cedar Hill Elementary School with 483 students in grades K-5, Liberty Corner Elementary School with 466 students in grades K-5, Mount Prospect Elementary School with 507 students in grades PreK-5, Oak Street Elementary School with 406 students in grades K-5, William Annin Middle School with 1,201 students in grades 6-8 and Ridge High School with 1,794 students in grades 9-12. The district offers its Integrated Preschool Program for children on the autism spectrum, utilizing the principles of applied behavior analysis. During the 2009–10 school year, Ridge High School was awarded the National Blue Ribbon School Award of Excellence by the United States Department of Education, the highest award an American school can receive. The school had also won the award for the 1986–1987 school year. Mount Prospect Elementary School was one of 11 in the state to be recognized in 2014 by the United States Department of Education's National Blue Ribbon Schools Program. In 2015, Liberty Corner School was one of 15 schools in New Jersey, and one of nine public schools, recognized as a National Blue Ribbon School in the exemplary high performing category. Ridge High School was ranked 194th, the second-highest in New Jersey, in Newsweek magazine's 2010 rankings of America's Best High Schools. The school was the 9th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 328 schools statewide, in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2010 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", after being ranked 12th in 2010 out of 322 schools. The Ridge High School was ranked 37th best in America in 2015 by Newsweek. Pingry School, a private coeducational college preparatory day school, has its upper campus, for grades 6 to 12, located in Basking Ridge (prior to 2013 the campus was listed as being located in Martinsville). Saint James School is a parochial elementary school for students in preschool through eighth grade that operates under the supervision of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Metuchen. Transportation Interstate 287 northbound in Bernards Township Lyons train station in Bernards Township Roads and highways As of May 2010, the township had a total of 138.86 miles (223.47 km) of roadways, of which 109.20 miles (175.74 km) were maintained by the municipality, 21.13 miles (34.01 km) by Somerset County and 8.53 miles (13.73 km) by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. Major roads serving Bernards Township include Interstate 78, Interstate 287 and U.S. Route 202. Public transportation NJ Transit train service is available at the Basking Ridge station and Lyons station on the Gladstone Branch, providing service between Gladstone and Hoboken Terminal. Lakeland Bus Lines provides Route 78 rush-hour service from Bedminster to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan. Points of interest Alward Farmhouse Basking Ridge Presbyterian Church and Cemetery – listed on the National Register of Historic Places The Brick Academy – A restoration of what was known as the Basking Ridge Classical School, a prep school for those hoping to attend Princeton University. The Brick Academy is the current home of the Historical Society of the Somerset Hills. Town Hall and Astor Estate Franklin Corners Historic District – Includes Van Dorn's Mill and the Grain House Restaurant, listed on the NRHP Liberty Corner Village Lyons VA Medical Center – A Veterans Administration Hospital with Classical Revival style brick buildings, listed on the NRHP The Devil's Tree – A solitary oak tree in a field off Mountain Road in the southern corner of the township that has been subject of several stories in Weird NJ magazine Kennedy–Martin–Stelle Farmstead – Farmstead Arts Center, listed on the NRHP Boudinot–Southard Farmstead – Also known as the Ross Farm, listed on the NRHP Southard Park Mountain Park USGA Museum Basking Ridge Presbyterian Church Boudinot–Southard Farmstead Brick Academy Lyons VA Medical Center Volunteer Effort - Terrebonne Parish In 2005, after Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita, which had a devastating effect on the Greater New Orleans area, the Bernards Township Regional Chamber of Commerce, under the leadership of former Mayor Albert LiCata, organized and sent truckloads of supplies to assist residents of Houma, Louisiana. In 2007, the Parish returned the favor by sending the Terrebonne High School Marching band on a 26-hour bus ride to the Bernards Township Chamber's Holiday Parade to march at their event and perform a Christmas concert for the public at a local church. Justice Department lawsuit On November 22, 2016, the United States Department of Justice filed a lawsuit against Bernards Township, alleging "that the township violated the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA) when it denied zoning approval to allow the Islamic Society of Basking Ridge to build a mosque on land it owns." In January 2017 the township hired Trenton-based Burton Trent Public Affairs to help manage the negative publicity associated with the Justice Department's allegations. The contract was reportedly worth $45,000. Notable people See also: Category:People from Bernards Township, New Jersey People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Bernards Township include: William Alexander, Lord Stirling (1726–1783), Continental Army major general during the American Revolutionary War John Jacob Astor VI (1912–1992), socialite, shipping businessman and member of the Astor family. J. C. Chandor (born 1974), Academy Award-nominated writer/director of the 2011 film Margin Call Chris Daggett (born 1950), President and CEO of the Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation who ran as an independent candidate in the 2009 New Jersey gubernatorial election Marc Del Gaizo (born 1999), professional ice hockey defenseman for the Nashville Predators of the National Hockey League Scott Fischer (1955–1996), climber and guide who was the first American to climb Lhotse, the fourth-highest mountain in the world, who died during an attempt to climb Mount Everest in the 1996 Everest Disaster Patricia Lee Gauch (born 1934), author of over 30 works of children's literature; inducted into the New Jersey Literary Hall of Fame in 1993 Jarryd Goldberg (born 1985), former professional soccer player who played for Miami FC Jeff Grace, comedian, screenwriter, film producer, film director and actor; directed Folk Hero & Funny Guy Jon Gutwillig (born 1974), guitarist of the Disco Biscuits Tobin Heath (born 1988), soccer player and member of the United States women's national team who won a gold medal as youngest member of the US team in the 2008 Olympics Vincent R. Kramer (1918–2001), United States Marine Corps colonel who was a guerrilla warfare expert and was awarded the Navy Cross during the Korean War Peter Kuhn (1955–2009), race car driver who won both the USAC and SCCA Formula Super Vee championships in 1980 George Ludlow Lee Sr. (1901–1966), chairman of the board of Red Devil, Inc. Philip Lindsley (1786–1855), Presbyterian minister, educator, and classicist; acting president of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), 1822–1824 Kelly-Anne Lyons (born 1985), actress, television presenter, writer and model, who starred in the BBC comedy Dick and Dom's Funny Business Max Mahoney (born 1998, class of 2016), professional basketball player for VfL Kirchheim Knights of the ProA Page McConnell (born 1963), keyboardist best known for his work with the rock band Phish Robert Mulcahy (1932–2022), athletic director at Rutgers University Akshay Nanavati (born 1984), United States Marine Corps veteran, speaker, entrepreneur, ultra runner and author of Fearvana Jasbir Puar (born 1967), queer theorist, Professor of Women and Gender Studies at Rutgers University and author of The Right to Maim Perry Scott (1917–1988), American football player and coach, who played in the NFL for the Detroit Lions J. Robert Sims (born c. 1941), chemical / mechanical engineer and inventor, who served as president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Samuel Lewis Southard (1787–1842), U.S. Senator, Secretary of the Navy, and the 10th Governor of New Jersey Mike Tannenbaum (born 1969), former general manager of the New York Jets LaDainian Tomlinson (born 1979), former NFL running back who played for the New York Jets Kelly Williford (born 1994), professional tennis player Zip the Pinhead (c. 1842–1926), turn-of-the-century sideshow performer who was born in Liberty Corner as William Henry Johnson References ^ a b c d e f 2019 Census Gazetteer Files: New Jersey Places, United States Census Bureau. Accessed July 1, 2020. ^ a b US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990, United States Census Bureau. Accessed September 4, 2014. ^ a b c Township Committee, Bernards Township. Accessed May 19, 2024. "Bernards Township operates under the Township form of New Jersey municipal government. The Township Committee is comprised of five members, elected by the public in partisan elections for three-year terms of office on a staggered schedule, with one or two seats coming up for election each year.... At the annual Reorganization meeting held in January, the Mayor is elected by the committee from among its members." ^ 2023 New Jersey Mayors Directory, New Jersey Department of Community Affairs, updated February 8, 2023. Accessed September 26, 2023. As of date accessed, James Baldassare Jr. is incorrectly listed as mayor. ^ Administration, Bernards Township. Accessed May 19, 2024. ^ Municipal Clerk, Bernards Township. Accessed May 19, 2024 ^ a b 2012 New Jersey Legislative District Data Book, Rutgers University Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, March 2013, p. 77. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Township of Bernards, Geographic Names Information System. Accessed March 4, 2013. ^ a b c d e QuickFacts Bernards township, Somerset County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed January 2, 2023. ^ a b c Total Population: Census 2010 - Census 2020 New Jersey Municipalities, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development. Accessed December 1, 2022. ^ a b Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions in New Jersey: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023, United States Census Bureau, released May 2024. Accessed May 16, 2024. ^ a b Population Density by County and Municipality: New Jersey, 2020 and 2021, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development. Accessed March 1, 2023. ^ Look Up a ZIP Code for Basking Ridge, NJ, United States Postal Service. Accessed July 3, 2012. ^ Look Up a ZIP Code for Liberty Corner, NJ, United States Postal Service. Accessed July 3, 2012. ^ Look Up a ZIP Code for Lyons, NJ, United States Postal Service. Accessed July 3, 2012. ^ Look Up a ZIP Code for Far Hills, NJ, United States Postal Service. Accessed July 3, 2012. ^ Cheselow, Jerry. "If You're Thinking of Living In: Basking Ridge, N.J.;A Rich Hamlet That Gobbled Up a Town", The New York Times, November 19, 1995. Accessed July 4, 2012. "But over two centuries, about 95 percent of the township became known as Basking Ridge and has a Basking Ridge postal address.... The only major parts of Bernards that do not have Basking Ridge addresses are the Veterans Administration Hospital, opened in 1930, where disabled veterans and staff are housed, and Liberty Corner, a small historic district in the southern section of the township." ^ Area Code Lookup - NPA NXX for Basking Ridge, NJ, Area-Codes.com. Accessed October 11, 2013. ^ a b U.S. Census website, United States Census Bureau. Accessed September 4, 2014. ^ Geographic Codes Lookup for New Jersey, Missouri Census Data Center. Accessed April 1, 2022. ^ US Board on Geographic Names, United States Geological Survey. Accessed September 4, 2014. ^ Melisurgo, Len. "Here's the right way to pronounce 25 N.J. town names everyone botches", NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, June 23, 2017. Accessed June 22, 2023. "Bernards Township & Bernardsville (Somerset County) Outsiders frequently say ber-NARDS, with the emphasis on the last syllable. But the correct pronunciation is BERN-ards, with the emphasis on the first syllable." ^ a b c d e DP-1 - Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 for Bernards township, Somerset County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed July 3, 2012. ^ a b Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2010 for Bernards township Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development. Accessed July 4, 2012. ^ Table 7. Population for the Counties and Municipalities in New Jersey: 1990, 2000 and 2010, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development, February 2011. Accessed May 1, 2023. ^ About Us, Historical Society of the Somerset Hills. Accessed June 23, 2023. "Founded in 1928 originally as the Historical Society of Basking Ridge, the mission and name of the society was later changed to The Historical Society of the Somerset Hills, a 501 (c) (3) non-profit organization including all five communities of the Somerset Hills region: Bedminster Township, Bernards Township, Bernardsville, Far Hills, and Peapack-Gladstone, which are all located in Somerset County, New Jersey." ^ Capuzzo, Jill P., "Living in Basking Ridge, N.J.: A Polished Past and Polite People", The New York Times, Published April 2, 2013. Accessed July 24, 2023. ^ a b Sadlouskos, Linda. "250th anniversary tea to celebrate Bernards history", Courier News, January 6, 2010. Accessed March 22, 2011. "The events commemorate the 250th anniversary of the granting of a charter from British King George II to create the township of Bernardston, Kennedy said." ^ a b Snyder, John P. The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606-1968, Bureau of Geology and Topography; Trenton, New Jersey; 1969. p. 221. Accessed May 8, 2012. ^ Thomson, W. Barry. "New Municipal Proposals of 100 Years Ago", Inside the Brick Academy, June 2021. Accessed July 18, 2023. "One hundred years ago, in 1921, efforts were made to break up Bernards Township to create three new boroughs: Far Hills, Bernardsville, and Basking Ridge. As originally proposed, only the areas around Liberty Corner and Lyons would have remained within Bernards Township. After bills authorizing these new boroughs passed the New Jersey Legislature, local referenda were held in June 1921 allowing residents in each of the affected areas to vote on the proposals. The vote to create the Borough of Far Hills passed, while votes to form the separate boroughs of Bernardsville and Basking Ridge were defeated." ^ "Ridge Defeats Borough Act", Bernardsville News, June 9, 1921. Accessed July 18, 2023, via Newspapers.com. "Basking Ridge by defeating the borough proposition today by a majority of 127 votes, chose to remain in the Township with Bernardsville and Liberty Corner. There were 161 ballots cast against the borough and 34 in favor." ^ Hutchinson, Viola L. The Origin of New Jersey Place Names, New Jersey Public Library Commission, May 1945. Accessed August 27, 2015. ^ Cheslow, Jerry. "If You're Thinking of Living In: Basking Ridge, N.J.;A Rich Hamlet That Gobbled Up a Town", The New York Times, November 19, 1995. Accessed October 11, 2015. "The name Bernards Township was given to the area in 1760 by King George II to honor Sir Francis Bernard, Provincial Governor of New Jersey from 1758 to 1760." ^ Locality Search, State of New Jersey. Accessed May 22, 2015. ^ O'Brien, Walter. "A Guide To Bernards: Rich in history, Bernards takes pride in modern prosperity", Courier News, August 22, 2007. Accessed July 4, 2012. "Basking Ridge, Liberty Corner, Lyons and West Millington remain unincorporated areas inside Bernards." ^ Areas touching Bernards Township, MapIt. Accessed March 19, 2020. ^ Municipalities, Somerset County, New Jersey. Accessed March 19, 2020. ^ New Jersey Municipal Boundaries, New Jersey Department of Transportation. Accessed November 15, 2019. ^ Compendium of censuses 1726-1905: together with the tabulated returns of 1905, New Jersey Department of State, 1906. Accessed August 26, 2013. ^ Bowen, Francis. American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge for the Year 1843, p. 231, David H. Williams, 1842. Accessed February 10, 2013. ^ Raum, John O. The History of New Jersey: From Its Earliest Settlement to the Present Time, Volume 1, p. 258, J. E. Potter and company, 1877. Accessed February 10, 2013. "Bernards township is on the north branch of the Raritan river opposite Bedminster The population of this township was in 1850, 2,267; in 1860, 2,471; and in 1870, 2,369." ^ Debow, James Dunwoody Brownson. The Seventh Census of the United States: 1850, p. 141. R. Armstrong, 1853. Accessed February 10, 2013. ^ Staff. A compendium of the ninth census, 1870, p. 260. United States Census Bureau, 1872. Accessed February 10, 2013. ^ Porter, Robert Percival. Preliminary Results as Contained in the Eleventh Census Bulletins: Volume III - 51 to 75, p. 99. United States Census Bureau, 1890. Accessed February 10, 2013. ^ Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910: Population by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions, 1910, 1900, 1890, United States Census Bureau, p. 338. Accessed February 10, 2013. ^ Fifteenth Census of the United States : 1930 - Population Volume I, United States Census Bureau, p. 718. Accessed February 10, 2013. ^ Table 6: New Jersey Resident Population by Municipality: 1940 - 2000, Workforce New Jersey Public Information Network, August 2001. Accessed May 1, 2023. ^ a b c d e Census 2000 Profiles of Demographic / Social / Economic / Housing Characteristics for Bernards township, Somerset County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed February 10, 2013. ^ a b c d e DP-1: Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000 - Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data for Bedminster township, Somerset County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed February 10, 2013. ^ DP03: Selected Economic Characteristics from the 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates for Bernards township, Somerset County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed July 4, 2012. ^ Hitachi Power Systems - Contact Us Archived 2010-11-23 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed January 1, 2010. ^ Verizon New Operations Center Basking Ridge Archived November 28, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, bestofnj.com ^ Inventory of Municipal Forms of Government in New Jersey, Rutgers University Center for Government Studies, July 1, 2011. Accessed June 1, 2023. ^ "Forms of Municipal Government in New Jersey", p. 7. Rutgers University Center for Government Studies. Accessed June 1, 2023. ^ 2024 Municipal Data Sheet, Bernards Township. Accessed May 19, 2024. ^ 2023 Directory of County & Municipal Offices, Somerset County, New Jersey. Accessed September 18, 2023. ^ 2023 General Election November 7, 2023 Certified Official Results RESULTS, Somerset County, New Jersey, November 29, 2023. Accessed January 1, 2024. ^ General Election November 8, 2022 Final Results, Somerset County, New Jersey, updated November 23, 2022. Accessed January 1, 2023. ^ 2021 General Election Winning Candidates, Somerset County, New Jersey. Accessed January 1, 2022. ^ Plan Components Report, New Jersey Redistricting Commission, December 23, 2011. Accessed February 1, 2020. ^ Municipalities Sorted by 2023-2031 Legislative District, New Jersey Department of State. Accessed September 1, 2023. ^ 2011 New Jersey Citizen's Guide to Government Archived 2013-06-04 at the Wayback Machine, p. 55, New Jersey League of Women Voters. Accessed May 22, 2015. ^ "Congressman Malinowski Fights For The Corporate Transparency Act", Tom Malinowski, press release dated October 23, 2019. Accessed January 19, 2022. "My name, Tom Malinowski. My address, 86 Washington Street, Rocky Hill, NJ 08553." ^ U.S. Sen. Cory Booker cruises past Republican challenger Rik Mehta in New Jersey, PhillyVoice. Accessed April 30, 2021. "He now owns a home and lives in Newark's Central Ward community." ^ Biography of Bob Menendez, United States Senate, January 26, 2015. "Menendez, who started his political career in Union City, moved in September from Paramus to one of Harrison's new apartment buildings near the town's PATH station.." ^ Home, sweet home: Bob Menendez back in Hudson County. nj.com. Accessed April 30, 2021. "Booker, Cory A. - (D - NJ) Class II; Menendez, Robert - (D - NJ) Class I" ^ Legislative Roster for District 21, New Jersey Legislature. Accessed January 18, 2024. ^ Elected Officials, Somerset County, New Jersey. Accessed June 17, 2022. ^ Commissioner Director Shanel Y. Robinson, Somerset County, New Jersey. Accessed June 17, 2022. ^ Commissioner Deputy Director Melonie Marano, Somerset County, New Jersey. Accessed June 17, 2022. ^ Commissioner Paul M. Drake, Somerset County, New Jersey. Accessed June 17, 2022. ^ Commissioner Douglas Singleterry, Somerset County, New Jersey. Accessed June 17, 2022. ^ Commissioner Sara Sooy, Somerset County, New Jersey. Accessed June 17, 2022. ^ Board of County Commissioners, Somerset County, New Jersey. Accessed June 17, 2022. ^ 2021 County Data Sheet, Somerset County, New Jersey. Accessed June 17, 2022. ^ a b 2023 Directory of County & Municipal Offices, Somerset County, New Jersey. Accessed April 10, 2024. ^ Somerset County General Election November 3, 2020 Final Certified Results, Somerset County, New Jersey, dated December 3, 2020. Accessed January 1, 2021. ^ County Clerk Steve Peter, Somerset County, New Jersey. Accessed June 17, 2022. ^ Clerks, Constitutional Officers Association of New Jersey. Accessed June 17, 2022. ^ Sheriff Darrin J. Russo, Somerset County, New Jersey. Accessed June 17, 2022. ^ Sheriffs, Constitutional Officers Association of New Jersey. Accessed June 17, 2022. ^ Somerset County Surrogate, Somerset County, New Jersey. Accessed January 30, 2021. ^ Surrogates, Constitutional Officers Association of New Jersey. Accessed June 17, 2022. ^ a b Voter Registration Summary - Somerset, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, March 23, 2011. Accessed February 10, 2013. ^ GCT-P7: Selected Age Groups: 2010 - State -- County Subdivision; 2010 Census Summary File 1 for New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed February 10, 2013. ^ "Presidential General Election Results - November 6, 2012 - Somerset County" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Elections. March 15, 2013. Retrieved December 24, 2014. ^ "Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast - November 6, 2012 - General Election Results - Somerset County" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Elections. March 15, 2013. Retrieved December 24, 2014. ^ 2008 Presidential General Election Results: Somerset County, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, December 23, 2008. Accessed February 10, 2013. ^ 2004 Presidential Election: Somerset County, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, December 13, 2004. Accessed February 10, 2013. ^ "Governor - Somerset County" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Elections. January 29, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014. ^ "Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast - November 5, 2013 - General Election Results - Somerset County" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Elections. January 29, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014. ^ 2009 Governor: Somerset County Archived 2015-02-02 at the Wayback Machine, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, December 31, 2009. Accessed February 10, 2013. ^ Bernards Township Board of Education District Policy 0110 - Identification, Bernards Township School District. Accessed February 6, 2020. "Purpose: The Board of Education exists for the purpose of providing a thorough and efficient system of free public education in grades Pre-Kindergarten through twelve in the Bernards Township School District. Composition The Bernards Township School District is comprised of all the area within the municipal boundaries of Bernards Township." ^ District information for Bernards Township School District, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed February 15, 2022. ^ School Data for the Bernards Township School District, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed February 15, 2022. ^ Cedar Hill Elementary School, Bernards Township School District. Accessed July 3, 2022. ^ Liberty Corner Elementary School, Bernards Township School District. Accessed July 3, 2022. ^ Mount Prospect Elementary School, Bernards Township School District. Accessed July 3, 2022. ^ Oak Street Elementary School, Bernards Township School District. Accessed July 3, 2022. ^ William Annin Middle School, Bernards Township School District. Accessed July 3, 2022. ^ Ridge High School, Bernards Township School District. Accessed July 3, 2022. ^ Schools, Bernards Township School District. Accessed July 3, 2022. ^ 2021-2022 Somerset County Public School Directory, Somerset County, New Jersey. Accessed July 1, 2022. ^ School Performance Reports for the Bernards Township School District, New Jersey Department of Education. Accessed March 31, 2024. ^ New Jersey School Directory for the Bernards Township School District, New Jersey Department of Education. Accessed February 1, 2024. ^ Preschool, Bernards Township School District. Accessed February 6, 2020. ^ 2009 Blue Ribbon Schools: All Public and Private Schools, United States Department of Education. Accessed October 29, 2009. ^ Blue Ribbon Schools Program Schools Recognized 1982-1983 Through 1999-2002, United States Department of Education. Accessed May 31, 2013. ^ Goldman, Jeff. "Which N.J. schools were named to national 'Blue Ribbon' list?", NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, October 2, 2014. Accessed December 31, 2014. "Eleven New Jersey schools have been named to the annual National Blue Ribbon list, the U.S. Department of Education announced Tuesday." ^ 2014 National Blue Ribbon Schools All Public and Private, United States Department of Education. Accessed December 31, 2014. ^ 2015 National Blue Ribbon Schools All Public and Private, National Blue Ribbon Schools Program. Accessed November 14, 2016. ^ Mueller, Mark. "Which N.J. schools were named National Blue Ribbon schools?", NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, September 29, 2015. Accessed November 14, 2016. "Fifteen New Jersey schools have been recognized by the federal government as National Blue Ribbon Schools, a designation that celebrates excellence in academics or progress in closing the achievement gap among groups of students.... Each of the 15 New Jersey schools was chosen for the 'exemplary high performing' category, which weighs state or national tests, high school graduation rates and the performance of subgroups of students, such as those who are economically disadvantaged." ^ Staff. "America's Best High Schools: The List", Newsweek, June 13, 2010. Accessed March 23, 2011. ^ Staff. "The Top New Jersey High Schools: Alphabetical -2012", New Jersey Monthly, August 16, 2012. Accessed February 10, 2013. ^ Quick Facts, Pingry School. Accessed August 26, 2013. ^ History Archived 2015-07-11 at the Wayback Machine, Saint James School. Accessed August 19, 2015. ^ Find a school Archived December 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Roman Catholic Diocese of Metuchen. Accessed August 19, 2015. ^ Somerset County Mileage by Municipality and Jurisdiction, New Jersey Department of Transportation, May 2010. Accessed November 13, 2013. ^ Interstate 78 Straight Line Diagram, New Jersey Department of Transportation, updated March 2016. Accessed November 22, 2022. ^ Interstate 287 Straight Line Diagram, New Jersey Department of Transportation, updated May 2017. Accessed November 22, 2022. ^ U.S. Route 202 Straight Line Diagram, New Jersey Department of Transportation, updated May 2017. Accessed November 22, 2022. ^ Basking Ridge station, NJ Transit. Accessed November 13, 2013. ^ Lyons station Archived November 13, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, NJ Transit. Accessed November 13, 2013. ^ Gladstone Branch Archived April 17, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, NJ Transit. Accessed November 13, 2013. ^ Route 78 – Eastbound to New York, Lakeland Bus Lines. Accessed July 18, 2017. ^ William H. Felmeth; Herbert K. Ryder Jr.; Arch W. Carswell (April 3, 1974). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: The Presbyterian Church in Basking Ridge". National Park Service. ^ The Brick Academy Archived 2010-08-17 at the Wayback Machine, The Historical Society of the Somerset Hills. Accessed September 5, 2015. "The Brick Academy is known also as the original Basking Ridge Classical School, the 1809 Federal-style Brick Academy located in the center of the Basking Ridge section of Bernards Township." ^ Karschner, Terry (August 1974). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Franklin Corners Historic District". National Park Service. ^ Spurlock, Trent (August 2012). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Lyons Veterans Administration Hospital Historic District". National Park Service. ^ Renee, Robin. "Central Jersey", Courier News, October 31, 2004. Accessed July 4, 2012. "There are many tales of death around The Devil's Tree. Some say it is a portal to hell and a sentinel guards it. He will appear driving an old black pickup truck." ^ Bertland, Dennis; Armstrong, Janice (November 2001). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Kennedy–Martin–Stelle Farmstead". National Park Service. ^ Porter, Richard L.; Tucher, Rob (December 2008). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Boudinot–Southard Farmstead". National Park Service. ^ Pleasant, Matthew. "Terrebonne band returns from long-awaited field trip", Houma Today, December 29, 2007. Accessed August 26, 2013. "Driving into the frigid temperatures of New England a week before Christmas, more than a hundred students, parents and teachers from Terrebonne High School traveled to Bernards Township, N.J., to perform in the town's holiday parade. The journey was their way of showing thanks to Bernards Township for the support the town showed during Hurricane Katrina's aftermath, when their community and chamber of commerce trucked loads of supplies to Houma." ^ "Justice Department Files Suit Against Bernards Township, New Jersey, Over Denial of Zoning Approval for Mosque". www.justice.gov. November 22, 2016. Retrieved January 20, 2017. ^ "N.J. town hires PR firm to help image as mosque dispute looms". NJ.com. Retrieved January 20, 2017. ^ Historic Sites, Bernards Township. Accessed September 5, 2015. ^ Elstein, Aaron. "Capturing Wall Street on the silver screen; One reason Margin Call expertly captures how investment bankers and traders look, sound and see the world is that its writer and director, J.C. Chandor, is a son of Wall Street. He was also inspired by other movies about business.", Crain's New York Business, November 6, 2011. Accessed June 19, 2013. "As a youth growing up in Basking Ridge, N.J., Mr. Chandor hung out on the Merrill Lynch's trading floor in lower Manhattan while his father, an investment banker, worked the phones making deals." ^ Nutt, Amy Ellis. "Chris Daggett, ever the policy wonk, concentrates on the details", The Star-Ledger, October 11, 2009. Accessed November 13, 2013. "As an independent, Daggett straddles more than just political parties. He's a child of the free-thinking, authority-mocking 1960s — and a buttoned-down, plow-ahead grinder. The life-long Basking Ridge resident graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he says his college thesis was 'something out of the '60s, like the study of personhood.'" ^ Marc Del Gaizo, UMass Minutemen ice hockey. Accessed November 16, 2023. "Born Marc Douglas Del Gaizo on October 11, 1999 in Basking Ridge, New Jersey." ^ Powers, Phil. "Scott Style: Adventure Student Makes Good", The Leader of the National Outdoor Leadership School, Winter 1992, backed up by the Internet Archive as of April 6, 2003. Accessed September 3, 2019. "Fischer's mountaineering background began at the young age of 14 when he took a NOLS Adventure Course. His father was an outdoor enthusiast who called Scott in to watch a television program one night at their home in Basking Ridge, New Jersey." ^ Horner, Shirley. "About Books", The New York Times, October 3, 1993. Accessed July 4, 2012. "The other inductees are Patricia Lee Gauch of Basking Ridge, who has written more than 30 children's books" ^ Gates, Kellie Patrick. "Love: Melissa Gordon & Jarryd Goldberg", The Philadelphia Inquirer, March 19, 2014. Accessed September 3, 2019. "Jarryd had lived in Israel when he played professional soccer for Bnei Sakhnin. But the native of Basking Ridge, N.J., in Somerset County, then played for the Miami Football Club in Florida." ^ Grace, Jeff. "Tribeca Film Festival 2016 Diary: Director Jeff Grace of Folk Hero & Funny Guy", MovieMaker, April 22, 2016. Accessed May 19, 2016. "I grew up outside the city in Basking Ridge, New Jersey, so NYC was the stomping grounds of my teen years." ^ Spelling, Ian. "The Disco Biscuits will play the Nokia Theatre in Manhattan", The Record, December 23, 2009. Accessed September 5, 2015. "Gutwillig – who grew up in Morristown/Basking Ridge — and the boys are actually several bands." ^ Giase, Frank. "Basking Ridge native Tobin Heath selected No. 1 overall in WPS Draft", The Star-Ledger, January 15, 2010. Accessed September 5, 2015. "Basking Ridge native Tobin Heath was selected with the first pick in the Women's Professional Soccer Draft today at the Philadelphia Convention Center." ^ "Col. Vincent Kramer, decorated Marine veteran", New Jersey Hills, October 11, 2001. Accessed June 29, 2020. "Vincent R. Kramer, 83, of the Basking Ridge section of Bernards Township, died on Monday, Sept. 17, 2001, at Morris Hills Multicare Center in Morristown." ^ Staff. "Peter H. Kuhn, accomplished race car driver", Hunterdon County Democrat, June 29, 2009. Accessed August 15, 2016. "Born in Summit, April 14, 1955, he was a son of Jean Henry and Elizabeth 'Lib' Dowd Kuhn. Mr. Kuhn had resided in Franklin Township since 1995, having formerly lived in Basking Ridge and Chatham Township." ^ Harwell, Sara. Philip Lindsley", Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. Accessed October 11, 2015. "Philip Lindsley, an educator, Presbyterian minister, and classical scholar, was born in Basking Ridge, New Jersey." ^ Kelly-Anne Lyons (Actress), Amazing Women Rock, backed up by the Internet Archive as of June 15, 2009. Accessed September 3, 2019. "Kelly-Anne Lyons (who plays the role of Chelsey Pucks in the online video series called Chelsey OMG, two excellent segments of which AWR features here), grew up along the East Coast of the USA. She spent the younger part of her childhood in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, her adolescence and teenage years in Basking Ridge, New Jersey, and attended University in New York City." ^ Staff. "Ridge H.S. Graduate Max Mahoney Signs Contract with German Pro Basketball Team", TAP into Basking Ridge, September 24, 2020. Accessed September 25, 2020. "Max Mahoney, a 2016 Ridge High School graduate who recently completed four years at Boston University, has signed a pro basketball contract to play for a German team. Mahoney, a 6-foot-8 forward, recently signed with the VFL Kirchheim Knights, a team that plays in the ProA, the second highest stage league in Germany." ^ Page McConnell Archived 2008-11-25 at the Wayback Machine, Legacy Recordings. Accessed November 11, 2008. ^ Makin, Robert. "Music", Courier News, December 6, 2002. Accessed November 13, 2013. "Phish, whose guitarist, Trey Anastasio, was raised in Princeton, and whose keyboardist, Page McConnell, was raised in the Basking Ridge section of Bernards, took a two-year hiatus to pursue solo projects and downtime." ^ Caldwell, Dave. "In Person; Renaissance Man", The New York Times, December 4, 2005. Accessed January 24, 2008. "The taciturn Mulcahy, who graduated from Millburn High School and lives in Basking Ridge, did much of the groundwork that let Schiano, after a few tough seasons, become a success in his home state -- their home state." ^ Cerasaro, Ashley J. "Ice Road Trekker For this Basking Ridge resident, a 342-mile trek on skis across Greenland's enormous ice cap is just a walk in the park.", New Jersey Monthly, January 16, 2012. Accessed September 13, 2018. "'I want to experience a bit of everything because each experience presents its own challenges and forces you to face different fears,' says Nanavati, a native of India who moved to Basking Ridge with his wife, Shruthi, just over a year ago to be near her family." ^ "Urban Skills Project Helps Ease Trauma Of The Past", Bernardsville News, August 29, 1985. Accessed April 21, 2021, via Newspapers.com. "Editor's Note: The three articles on this page were written by Jasbir K. Puar of Basking Ridge, a summer intern at The Bemardsville News..... She graduated from Ridge High School in June and will attend Rutgers University." ^ "Lt. L. P. Scott is Honored Again; Basking Ridge Young Man Receives Third Oak Leaf Cluster To His Air Medal.", Bernardsville News, August 31, 1944. Accessed June 5, 2023, via Newspapers.com. "First Lt. Perry Scott, son of Leonard P. Scott, Basking Ridge, pilot of a B-24 Liberator, has been awarded a third Oak Leaf Cluster to the Air Medal.... He is a graduate of Bernards High School, Bernardsville, and of Muhlenherg College, Allentown, Pa." ^ Alumnus to lead ASME in 2014, Vanderbilt University School of Engineering. Accessed September 3, 2019. "Mechanical engineering alumnus J. Robert Sims Jr. (BE’63) will serve as president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers for 2014-2015. Bob Sims Sims, of Basking Ridge, N.J., is a senior engineering fellow with Becht Engineering Company Inc." ^ Samuel Lewis Southard, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Accessed July 29, 2007. ^ Sadlouskos, Linda. "Jets GM Invited to Ridge Football Homecoming: Tannenbaum, a new Bernards resident, could participate in opening coin toss ceremony.", BaskingRidgePatch, October 6, 2010. Accessed July 4, 2012. "The mayor said Tannenbaum, who recently relocated with his family to Bernards Township, could participate in the pre-game coin toss." ^ Bishop, Greg. "Tomlinson Relishes New Home, and New Opportunity", The New York Times, June 8, 2010. Accessed September 5, 2015. ^ Mehta, Manish. "New York Jets running back LaDainian Tomlinson reborn with birth of son Daylen Oliver", New York Daily News, August 8, 2010. Accessed September 5, 2015. ^ Kelly Williford, Virginia Tech Hokies women's tennis. Accessed September 3, 2019. "High School: Ridge; Hometown: Basking Ridge, N.J." ^ Sceurman, Mark. "Zip, the What Is It?", Weird NJ. Accessed June 5, 2011. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bernards Township, New Jersey. Bernards Township official website vteMunicipalities and communities of Somerset County, New Jersey, United StatesCounty seat: SomervilleBoroughs Bernardsville Bound Brook Far Hills Manville Millstone North Plainfield Peapack-Gladstone Raritan Rocky Hill Somerville South Bound Brook Watchung Map of New Jersey highlighting Somerset CountyTownships Bedminster Bernards Branchburg Bridgewater Franklin Green Brook Hillsborough Montgomery Warren CDPs Basking Ridge Bedminster Belle Mead Blackwells Mills Blawenburg Bradley Gardens Bridgewater Center Clyde East Franklin East Millstone East Rocky Hill Finderne Flagtown Franklin Center Franklin Park Green Knoll Griggstown Harlingen Hillsborough Kingston Lamington Liberty Corner Lyons Martinsville Middlebush Neshanic Neshanic Station‡ Pleasant Plains Pluckemin Pottersville‡ Six Mile Run Skillman Somerset Ten Mile Run The Hills Voorhees Weston Zarephath Othercommunities Amwell Cloverhill Dutchtown Franklin Corners Free Acres Gladstone Little Rocky Hill Middlebrook North Branch Rockingham South Branch Stoutsburg Zion Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties New Jersey portal United States portal Places adjacent to Bernards Township, New Jersey Bernardsville Harding Township Far Hills and Bedminster Township Bernards Township Long Hill Township Bridgewater Township Warren Township vteNew York metropolitan areaCounties Bergen Bronx Dutchess Essex Fairfield Hudson Hunterdon Kings Litchfield Mercer Middlesex Monmouth Monroe Morris Nassau New Haven New York Ocean Orange Passaic Pike Putnam Queens Richmond Rockland Somerset Suffolk Sussex Ulster Union Westchester Major cities New York City The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island Cities and townsover 100,000 Babylon Bridgeport Brookhaven Edison Elizabeth Hempstead Huntington Islip Jersey City Lakewood New Haven Newark North Hempstead Oyster Bay Paterson Smithtown Stamford Waterbury Woodbridge Yonkers Cities and townsover 25,000 Bayonne Bergenfield Bernards Branford Brick Bridgewater Carmel Cheshire Clifton Cortlandt Danbury Eastchester East Brunswick East Haven East Orange East Windsor Englewood Ewing Fairfield Fair Lawn Fort Lee Franklin Township Freehold Township Garfield Greenburgh Greenwich Hackensack Hamden Hamilton Hillsborough Hoboken Howell Jackson Kearny Lawrence Livingston Long Beach Long Branch Mahwah Mamaroneck Manalapan Maplewood Marlboro Meriden Middletown, NJ Middletown, NY Milford Monroe, NJ Monroe, NY Montclair Mount Olive Mount Vernon Naugatuck New Brunswick New Milford New Rochelle Newburgh Newtown North Brunswick Norwalk Old Bridge Orange, NJ Ossining Palm Tree Paramus Parsippany–Troy Hills Passaic Pelham Perth Amboy Plainfield Poughkeepsie Princeton Rahway Randolph Riverhead Rockaway Township Rye (town) Shelton South Brunswick Stratford Teaneck Toms River Torrington Trenton Trumbull Union City Union Township Wall Township Wallingford Wayne West Haven West Orange West Windsor Westfield Westport White Plains Yorktown Regions Catskills Central Jersey Greater Danbury Greater Newark Greater New Haven Greater Torrington Greater Waterbury Housatonic Valley Hudson Valley Jersey Shore Litchfield Hills Long Island North Jersey Poconos Raritan Valley Skylands Region Somerset Hills Watchung Mountains Western Connecticut See also Northeast megalopolis vteRaritan ValleyGeography Raritan River North Branch Raritan River South Branch Raritan River Millstone River Green Brook Lawrence Brook South River Raritan Bay Raritan Bayshore Central communities The Amboys Perth Amboy South Amboy The Brunswicks East Brunswick New Brunswick North Brunswick South Brunswick Bedminster Branchburg Clinton Green Brook Matawan Middletown Millstone Borough Millstone Township The Plainfields Plainfield North Plainfield South Plainfield Raritan Borough Raritan Township South River Larger-sized communities(over 25,000 in 2020) Bernardsville Bridgewater East Windsor Edison Franklin Township Freehold Township Hillsborough Lawrenceville Manalapan Marlboro Monroe Mount Olive Old Bridge Piscataway Princeton Sayreville West Windsor Woodbridge Smaller-sized communities(10,000 to 25,000 in 2020) Aberdeen Berkeley Heights Bound Brook Clinton Township Freehold Borough Hazlet Highland Park Holmdel Hopewell Township Manville Metuchen Middlesex Montgomery Plainsboro Readington Scotch Plains Somerville Springfield Summit Warren Counties Hunterdon Mercer Middlesex Monmouth Morris Somerset Union History Lenape Raritans Navesinks Colonial history of New Jersey Elizabethtown Tract Monmouth Tract King's Highway American Revolution Battle of Princeton Battle of Monmouth Jockey Hollow Middlebrook encampment Rockingham Washington Rock Delaware and Raritan Canal Knox–Porter Resolution Gateway National Recreation Area Fort Hancock Sandy Hook Naval Weapons Station Earle Donald Trump's 'Summer White House' in Bedminster vteRaritan River watershedTributaries Green Brook Ambrose Brook Blue Brook Bonygutt Brook Bound Brook Crab Brook Stony Brook Lawrence Brook Beaverdam Brook Cow Yard Brook Great Ditch Ireland Brook Oakeys Brook Sawmill Brook Sucker Brook Terhune Run Middle Brook Mile Run Millstone River Back Brook Baldwins Creek Bear Brook Beden Brook Branch Back Brook Carters Brook Cat Tail Brook Cedar Brook Cranbury Brook Cross Brook Cruser Brook Devils Brook Duck Pond Run Harrys Brook Heathcote Brook Heathcote Brook Branch Honey Branch Lewis Brook Little Bear Brook Middlebush Brook Nine Mile Run Peters Brook Pike Run Pine Tree Run Randolph Brook Roaring Brook Rock Brook Rocky Brook Royce Brook Shallow Brook Simonson Brook Six Mile Run Steep Hill Brook Stony Brook Stony Brook Branch Ten Mile Run Timber Run Woodsville Brook North Branch Raritan River Black River Lamington River Rockaway Creek Peters Brook South Branch Raritan River Holland Brook Neshanic River Pleasant Run Spruce Run South River Manalapan Brook Matchaponix Brook Lakes Budd Lake Dismal Swamp Duhernal Lake Lake Manalapan Lake Carnegie Lake Surprise Lake Topanemus Manasquan Reservoir Round Valley Reservoir Spruce Run Reservoir Westons Mill Pond TownsHunterdon County Bethlehem Califon Clinton Borough Clinton Township East Amwell Flemington Franklin Glen Gardner Hampton High Bridge Lebanon Borough Lebanon Township Raritan Readington Tewksbury Union West Amwell Mercer County East Windsor Hightstown Hopewell Borough Hopewell Township Lawrence Pennington Princeton Robbinsville West Windsor Middlesex County The Amboys Perth Amboy South Amboy The Brunswicks East Brunswick New Brunswick North Brunswick South Brunswick Cranbury Dunellen Edison Helmetta Highland Park Jamesburg Metuchen Middlesex Milltown Monroe Old Bridge Piscataway Plainsboro Sayreville South Plainfield South River Spotswood Woodbridge Monmouth County Englishtown Freehold Borough Freehold Township Manalapan Marlboro Millstone Roosevelt Morris County Chester Borough Chester Township Mendham Borough Mendham Township Mount Olive Washington Somerset County Bedminster Bernards Bernardsville Bound Brook Branchburg Bridgewater Far Hills Franklin Green Brook Hillsborough Manville Millstone Montgomery North Plainfield Peapack-Gladstone Raritan Rocky Hill Somerville South Bound Brook Warren Watchung Union County Berkeley Heights Fanwood Mountainside Plainfield Scotch Plains Springfield Summit Crossings Albany Street Bridge Basilone Memorial Bridge Donald and Morris Goodkind Bridges Driscoll Bridge Edison Bridge Fink-Type Truss Bridge Hoffman's Crossing Road Bridge John A. Lynch Sr. Memorial Bridge John Basilone Veterans Memorial Bridge Ken Lockwood Gorge Bridge Landing Lane Bridge Main Street Bridge (Califon, New Jersey) Main Street Bridge (Clinton, New Jersey) Middle Valley Bridge Neshanic Station Lenticular Truss Bridge Nevius Street Bridge North Branch Bridge Queen's Bridge Raritan Bay Drawbridge Raritan River Bridge Rockafellows Mill Bridge Van Veghten's Bridge Victory Bridge vtePassaic River watershedTributaries Black Brook Canoe Brook Cory's Brook Dead River Diamond Brook First River Foulerton's Brook Great Brook Goffle Brook Little Diamond Brook McDonalds Brook Molly Ann Brook Peckman River Pompton River Pequannock River Wanaque River Ramapo River Mahwah River Primrose Brook Rockaway River Whippany River Saddle River Ho-Ho-Kus Brook Salt Brook Second River Slippery Rock Brook Slough Brook Spring Garden Brook Stevenson Brook Deep Voll Brook Third River Weasel Brook Lakes Boonton Reservoir Butler Reservoir Canoe Brook Reservoir Cedar Lake DeForest Lake Estling Lake Franklin Lake Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge Greenwood Lake Indian Lake Lake Kinnelon Lake Tappan Monksville Reservoir Mountain Lake Oradell Reservoir Point View Reservoir Pompton Lake Ramapo Lake Rainbow Lake Splitrock Reservoir Sterling Lake Verona Lake Wanaque Reservoir White Meadow Lake Woodcliff Lake Reservoir TownsNew Jersey Allendale Belleville Berkeley Heights Bernards Bernardsville Bloomfield Bloomingdale Boonton Borough Boonton Township Bridgewater Butler The Caldwells Caldwell North Caldwell West Caldwell Carlstadt Cedar Grove The Chathams Chatham Borough Chatham Township Clifton Denville Dover East Hanover East Newark East Rutherford Elmwood Park Essex Fells Fair Lawn Fairfield Township Far Hills Florham Park Franklin Lakes Garfield Glen Ridge Glen Rock Hackensack Haledon Hanover Harding Hardyston Harrison Hasbrouck Heights Hawthorne Hillsdale Hohokus Jefferson Kearny Kinnelon Lincoln Park Little Falls Livingston Lodi Long Hill Lyndhurst Madison Mahwah Maywood Mendham Borough Mendham Township Midland Park Millburn Mine Hill Montclair Montvale Montville Morris Plains Morris Township Morristown Mount Arlington Mountain Lakes New Providence Newark North Arlington North Haledon Nutley Oakland The Oranges East Orange Orange South Orange West Orange Paramus Parsippany–Troy Hills Passaic Paterson Pequannock Pompton Lakes Prospect Park Ramsey Randolph Ridgewood Village Ringwood Riverdale Rochelle Park Rockaway Borough Rockaway Township Roseland Roxbury Township Rutherford Saddle Brook Township Saddle River South Hackensack Sparta Summit Totowa Upper Saddle River Vernon Verona Victory Gardens Waldwick Wallington Wanaque Warren Washington Wayne West Milford Wharton Woodcliff Lake Woodland Park Wood-Ridge Wyckoff New York Hillburn Monroe Ramapo Suffern Tuxedo Tuxedo Park Crossings Lower Passaic River Avondale Bridge Belleville Turnpike Bridge Bridge Street Bridge Clay Street Bridge Dock Bridge Eighth Street Bridge Gregory Avenue Bridge Harry Laderman Bridge Jackson Street Bridge Lincoln Highway Passaic River Bridge Lyndhurst Draw Market Street Bridge Monroe Street Bridge Newark Drawbridge Passaic Street Bridge Pulaski Skyway PD Draw Union Avenue Bridge William A. Stickel Memorial Bridge Upper Passaic River Arch Street Bridge Gladstone Branch Hillery Street Bridge Main Line Montclair-Boonton Line Morristown and Erie Railway Morristown Line Newark-Pompton Turnpike Passaic River Bridge Patriots' Path Footbridge Sixth Avenue Bridge Straight Street Bridge West Broadway Bridge West Park Footbridge	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈbɜːrnərdz/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"Somerset County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"2020 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2020-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LWD2020-10"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2010-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LWD2010-24"},{"link_name":"2000 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Somerset Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_Hills"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"bedroom suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedroom_suburb"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"New York metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Raritan Valley region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raritan_River"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Township in Somerset County, New Jersey, USTownship in New JerseyBernards Township (/ˈbɜːrnərdz/[22]) is a township in Somerset County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 27,830,[9][10] an increase of 1,178 (+4.4%) from the 2010 census count of 26,652,[23][24] reflecting an increase of 2,077 (+8.5%) from the 24,575 counted in the 2000 census.[25]Located on the eastern end of the Somerset Hills region,[26] the township is a bedroom suburb of New York City in the much larger New York metropolitan area, located within the Raritan Valley region.[27]","title":"Bernards Township, New Jersey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"royal charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_charter"},{"link_name":"Northern precinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_precinct,_Somerset_County,_New_Jersey_(Historical)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charter-28"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Warren Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Far Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Hills,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Bernardsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardsville,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Story-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charter-28"},{"link_name":"referendums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Basking Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basking_Ridge,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Sir Francis Bernard, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Francis_Bernard,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Bernards Township was originally formed by royal charter on May 24, 1760, as Bernardston Township from remaining portions of Northern precinct.[28] It was incorporated as Bernards Township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21, 1798, as one of New Jersey's initial group of 104 townships. Portions of the township were taken to form Warren Township (March 5, 1806), Far Hills (April 7, 1921) and Bernardsville (March 6, 1924).[29] The township celebrated its 250th charter anniversary in May 2010.[28]A set of referendums to create independent boroughs from portions of Bernards Township were held in June 1921, which would have left only Liberty Corner and Lyons remaining in Bernards Township if all three proposals had been approved; The referendum in Far Hills passed and the vote in Bernardsville failed in 1921, but ultimately passed in 1924.[30] Voters rejected the creation of proposed borough of Basking Ridge by a more than 4–1 margin.[31]The township was named for Sir Francis Bernard, 1st Baronet, who served as governor of the Province of New Jersey.[32][33]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CensusArea-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-2"},{"link_name":"Second Watchung Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchung_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Dead River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_River_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Swamp_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"Passaic River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passaic_River"},{"link_name":"Millington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millington,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Unincorporated communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_New_Jersey#Unincorporated_communities"},{"link_name":"Basking Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basking_Ridge,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Franklin Corners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Corners,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Liberty Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Corner,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyons,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Martinsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinsville,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Bridgewater Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgewater_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Bedminster Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedminster,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Far Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Hills,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Bernardsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardsville,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Bridgewater Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgewater_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Warren Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Somerset County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Harding Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harding_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Long Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Hill_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Morris County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 24.33 square miles (63.01 km2), including 24.20 square miles (62.68 km2) of land and 0.13 square miles (0.33 km2) of water (0.52%).[1][2]The township is roughly bounded by the Second Watchung Mountain in the southwest, the Dead River swamp on the south, the Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, Passaic River, and Millington Gorge in the east.Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Basking Ridge, Franklin Corners, Green Knoll, Hardscrabble, Liberty Corner, Lyons, Madisonville, Mount Horeb, Somerset Mills, State Park, Stone House and White Bridge.[34][35] Martinsville is an unincorporated area in Bridgewater Township, whose 08836 ZIP Code also covers portions of Bernards Township.The township borders Bedminster Township and Far Hills to the west, Bernardsville to the northwest, Bridgewater Township to the southwest, and Warren Township to the southeast in Somerset County and Harding Township to the northeast and Long Hill to the east in Morris County.[36][37][38]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"Black or African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census#Race"},{"link_name":"Hispanic or Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2010-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2010-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2010-23"},{"link_name":"American Community Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Community_Survey"},{"link_name":"inflation-adjusted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_adjustment"},{"link_name":"median household income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_household_income"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"The 2010 United States census counted 26,652 people, 9,783 households, and 6,897 families in the township. The population density was 1,113.6 per square mile (430.0/km2). There were 10,103 housing units at an average density of 422.1 per square mile (163.0/km2). The racial makeup was 81.83% (21,809) White, 1.89% (504) Black or African American, 0.08% (20) Native American, 13.80% (3,679) Asian, 0.03% (7) Pacific Islander, 0.55% (147) from other races, and 1.82% (486) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.95% (1,054) of the population.[23]Of the 9,783 households, 40.0% had children under the age of 18; 61.7% were married couples living together; 6.9% had a female householder with no husband present and 29.5% were non-families. Of all households, 26.6% were made up of individuals and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.27.[23]28.8% of the population were under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 20.6% from 25 to 44, 32.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43.1 years. For every 100 females, the population had 93.5 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 88.5 males.[23]The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $123,285 (with a margin of error of +/− $7,030) and the median family income was $153,906 (+/− $14,565). Males had a median income of $123,390 (+/− $9,621) versus $86,272 (+/− $9,195) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $67,809 (+/− $4,972). About 2.1% of families and 2.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.3% of those under age 18 and 8.0% of those age 65 or over.[50]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2000 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-19"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2000-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2000SF1-49"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2000-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2000SF1-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2000-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2000SF1-49"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2000-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2000SF1-49"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"At the 2000 United States census[19] there were 24,575 people, 9,242 households and 6,487 families residing in the township. The population density was 1,023.8 inhabitants per square mile (395.3/km2). There were 9,485 housing units at an average density of 395.1 per square mile (152.5/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 89.20% White, 1.44% African American, 0.05% Native American, 7.85% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.40% from other races, and 1.05% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 2.63% of the population.[48][49]There were 9,242 households, of which 37.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.0% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.8% were non-families. 26.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.17.[48][49]Age distribution was 27.7% under the age of 18, 3.2% from 18 to 24, 31.2% from 25 to 44, 25.5% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.0 males.[48][49]The median income for a household in the township was $107,204, and the median income for a family was $135,806. Males had a median income of $95,758 versus $60,865 for females. The per capita income for the township was $56,521. About 0.6% of families and 1.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.2% of those under age 18 and 2.9% of those age 65 or over.[48][49]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barnes & Noble College Booksellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_College_Booksellers"},{"link_name":"Fedders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedders"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Verizon Wireless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon_Wireless"},{"link_name":"Verizon Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon_Communications"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"The headquarters of Barnes & Noble College Booksellers, Fedders, Hitachi Power Systems USA[51] and Verizon Wireless are located in the township. Verizon Communications, which maintains its world headquarters in New York City, has located operations of its major business units in buildings that were formerly AT&T's world headquarters.[52]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"at-large","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-large"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DataBook-7"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TownshipCommittee-3"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernards_Township,_New_Jersey&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TownshipCommittee-3"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SomersetDirectory-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Somerset2023-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Somerset2022-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Somerset2021-59"}],"sub_title":"Local government","text":"Bernards Township operates under the Township form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 141 municipalities (of the 564) statewide that use this form, the second-most commonly used form of government in the state.[53] The Township Committee is comprised of five members, who are elected directly by the voters at-large in partisan elections to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three-year cycle.[7][54] At an annual reorganization meeting held during the first week of January, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor and another as Deputy Mayor.[3]As of 2024[update], members of the Bernards Township Committee are Mayor Jennifer L. Asay (R, term on committee and as mayor ends December 31, 2024), Deputy Mayor Janice M. Fields (R, term on committee ends 2025; term as deputy mayor ends 2024), Gary S. Baumann (R, 2026), Ana Duarte McCarthy (D, 2026) and Andrew J. McNally (R, 2024).[3][55][56][57][58][59]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCR2012-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Districts2023-61"},{"link_name":"11th Congressional District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey%27s_11th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Redistricting Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Redistricting_Commission"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LWV2011-62"},{"link_name":"118th United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"New Jersey's 7th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey%27s_7th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Thomas Kean Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kean_Jr."},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Westfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Cory Booker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory_Booker"},{"link_name":"Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Bob Menendez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Menendez"},{"link_name":"Englewood Cliffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englewood_Cliffs,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"2024-2025 session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/221st_New_Jersey_Legislature"},{"link_name":"21st legislative district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey%27s_21st_legislative_district"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Legislature"},{"link_name":"State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Senate"},{"link_name":"Jon Bramnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Bramnick"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Westfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Michele Matsikoudis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Matsikoudis"},{"link_name":"New Providence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Providence,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Nancy Munoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Munoz"},{"link_name":"Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Somerset County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Board of County Commissioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_County_Commissioners_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"at-large","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-large"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernards_Township,_New_Jersey&action=edit"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Franklin Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Township,_Somerset_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Green Brook Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Brook_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Hillsborough Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsborough_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"North Plainfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Plainfield,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Bernards Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TemplateSomersetDirectory-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TemplateSomerset2020-77"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Somerville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TemplateSomersetDirectory-76"}],"sub_title":"Federal, state and county representation","text":"Bernards Township is located in the 7th Congressional District[60] and is part of New Jersey's 21st state legislative district.[61]Prior to the 2010 Census, Bernards Township had been part of the 11th Congressional District, a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections.[62]For the 118th United States Congress, New Jersey's 7th congressional district is represented by Thomas Kean Jr. (R, Westfield).[63] New Jersey is represented in the United States Senate by Democrats Cory Booker (Newark, term ends 2027)[64] and Bob Menendez (Englewood Cliffs, term ends 2025).[65][66]For the 2024-2025 session, the 21st legislative district of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Jon Bramnick (R, Westfield) and in the General Assembly by Michele Matsikoudis (R, New Providence) and Nancy Munoz (R, Summit).[67]Somerset County is governed by a five-member Board of County Commissioners, whose members are elected at-large to three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with one or two seats coming up for election each year. At an annual reorganization meeting held on the first Friday of January, the board selects a Director and deputy director from among its members.[68] As of 2024[update], Somerset County's County Commissioners are:Director Shanel Robinson (D, Franklin Township, 2024),[69]\nMelonie Marano (D, Green Brook Township, 2025),[70]\nPaul Drake (D, Hillsborough Township, 2026),[71]\nDouglas Singleterry (D, North Plainfield, 2026)[72] and \nDeputy Director Sara Sooy (D, Bernards Township, 2024).[73][74][75][76][77]Constitutional officers, elected on a countywide basis are: \nClerk Steve Peter (D, Somerville, 2027),[78][79]\nSheriff Darrin Russo (D, Franklin Township, 2025)[80][81] and \nSurrogate Bernice \"Tina\" Jalloh (D, Franklin Township, 2025)[82][83][76]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Unaffiliated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unaffiliated_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"Libertarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Greens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VoterRegistration-84"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VoterRegistration-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"2012 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey,_2012"},{"link_name":"Mitt Romney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"spoiled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoilt_vote"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012Elections-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012VoterReg-87"},{"link_name":"2008 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"John McCain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"2004 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"John Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerry"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"2013 gubernatorial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election,_2013"},{"link_name":"Chris Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Christie"},{"link_name":"Barbara Buono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Buono"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013Elections-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013VoterReg-91"},{"link_name":"2009 gubernatorial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election,_2009"},{"link_name":"Jon Corzine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Corzine"},{"link_name":"Chris Daggett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Daggett"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"sub_title":"Elections","text":"As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 18,377 registered voters in Bernards Township, of which 3,544 (19.3% vs. 26.0% countywide) were registered as Democrats, 7,019 (38.2% vs. 25.7%) were registered as Republicans and 7,803 (42.5% vs. 48.2%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 11 voters registered to as Libertarians or Greens.[84] Among the township's 2010 Census population, 69.0% (vs. 60.4% in Somerset County) were registered to vote, including 96.9% of those ages 18 and over (vs. 80.4% countywide).[84][85]In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 59.2% of the vote (7,879 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 40.1% (5,338 votes), and other candidates with 0.8% (101 votes), among the 13,383 ballots cast by the township's 19,555 registered voters (65 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 68.4%.[86][87] In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 8,078 votes here (56.1% vs. 46.1% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 6,143 votes (42.6% vs. 52.1%) and other candidates with 99 votes (0.7% vs. 1.1%), among the 14,405 ballots cast by the township's 18,039 registered voters, for a turnout of 79.9% (vs. 78.7% in Somerset County).[88] In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 8,364 votes here (60.6% vs. 51.5% countywide), ahead of Democrat John Kerry with 5,317 votes (38.5% vs. 47.2%) and other candidates with 84 votes (0.6% vs. 0.9%), among the 13,812 ballots cast by the township's 16,534 registered voters, for a turnout of 83.5% (vs. 81.7% in the whole county).[89]In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 77.1% of the vote (6,505 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 21.7% (1,829 votes), and other candidates with 1.2% (105 votes), among the 8,547 ballots cast by the township's 19,701 registered voters (108 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 43.4%.[90][91] In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 6,124 votes here (59.5% vs. 55.8% countywide), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 2,639 votes (25.6% vs. 34.1%), Independent Chris Daggett with 1,427 votes (13.9% vs. 8.7%) and other candidates with 33 votes (0.3% vs. 0.7%), among the 10,293 ballots cast by the township's 18,244 registered voters, yielding a 56.4% turnout (vs. 52.5% in the county).[92]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pre-kindergarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-kindergarten"},{"link_name":"twelfth grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_grade"},{"link_name":"Bernards Township School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernards_Township_School_District"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"FTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-time_equivalent"},{"link_name":"student–teacher ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%E2%80%93teacher_ratio"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCES-94"},{"link_name":"National Center for Education Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Education_Statistics"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Ridge High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge_High_School"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"applied behavior analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"National Blue Ribbon School Award of Excellence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Blue_Ribbon_Schools_Program"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Newsweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Pingry School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingry_School"},{"link_name":"coeducational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeducation"},{"link_name":"college preparatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University-preparatory_school"},{"link_name":"day school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_school"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"eighth grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_grade"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Metuchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Metuchen"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"}],"text":"Students in public school for pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade are served by the Bernards Township School District.[93] As of the 2020–21 school year, the district, comprised of six schools, had an enrollment of 4,874 students and 456.1 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.7:1.[94] Schools in the district (with 2020–21 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics[95]) are \nCedar Hill Elementary School[96] with 483 students in grades K-5, \nLiberty Corner Elementary School[97] with 466 students in grades K-5, \nMount Prospect Elementary School[98] with 507 students in grades PreK-5, \nOak Street Elementary School[99] with 406 students in grades K-5, \nWilliam Annin Middle School[100] with 1,201 students in grades 6-8 and \nRidge High School[101] with 1,794 students in grades 9-12.[102][103][104][105] The district offers its Integrated Preschool Program for children on the autism spectrum, utilizing the principles of applied behavior analysis.[106]During the 2009–10 school year, Ridge High School was awarded the National Blue Ribbon School Award of Excellence by the United States Department of Education, the highest award an American school can receive.[107] The school had also won the award for the 1986–1987 school year.[108] Mount Prospect Elementary School was one of 11 in the state to be recognized in 2014 by the United States Department of Education's National Blue Ribbon Schools Program.[109][110] In 2015, Liberty Corner School was one of 15 schools in New Jersey, and one of nine public schools, recognized as a National Blue Ribbon School in the exemplary high performing category.[111][112]Ridge High School was ranked 194th, the second-highest in New Jersey, in Newsweek magazine's 2010 rankings of America's Best High Schools.[113] The school was the 9th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 328 schools statewide, in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2010 cover story on the state's \"Top Public High Schools\", after being ranked 12th in 2010 out of 322 schools.[114] The Ridge High School was ranked 37th best in America in 2015 by Newsweek.Pingry School, a private coeducational college preparatory day school, has its upper campus, for grades 6 to 12, located in Basking Ridge (prior to 2013 the campus was listed as being located in Martinsville).[115]Saint James School is a parochial elementary school for students in preschool through eighth grade that operates under the supervision of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Metuchen.[116][117]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2021-06-30_10_59_05_View_north_along_Interstate_287_from_the_overpass_for_the_rail_line_between_Washington_Avenue_and_Somerset_County_Route_613_(Finley_Avenue)_in_Bernards_Township,_Somerset_County,_New_Jersey.jpg"},{"link_name":"Interstate 287","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_287"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lyons_Station_NJ.JPG"},{"link_name":"Lyons train station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyons_station"}],"text":"Interstate 287 northbound in Bernards TownshipLyons train station in Bernards Township","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernards_Township,_New_Jersey&action=edit"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Interstate 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_78_in_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Interstate 287","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_287"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 202","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_202_in_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"}],"sub_title":"Roads and highways","text":"As of May 2010[update], the township had a total of 138.86 miles (223.47 km) of roadways, of which 109.20 miles (175.74 km) were maintained by the municipality, 21.13 miles (34.01 km) by Somerset County and 8.53 miles (13.73 km) by the New Jersey Department of Transportation.[118]Major roads serving Bernards Township include Interstate 78,[119] Interstate 287[120] and U.S. Route 202.[121]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NJ Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NJ_Transit"},{"link_name":"Basking Ridge station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basking_Ridge_station"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Lyons station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyons_station"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Gladstone Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladstone_Branch"},{"link_name":"Gladstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladstone_(NJT_station)"},{"link_name":"Hoboken Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoboken_Terminal"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Lakeland Bus Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeland_Bus_Lines"},{"link_name":"Bedminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedminster,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Port Authority Bus Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Authority_Bus_Terminal"},{"link_name":"Midtown Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"}],"sub_title":"Public transportation","text":"NJ Transit train service is available at the Basking Ridge station[122] and Lyons station[123] on the Gladstone Branch, providing service between Gladstone and Hoboken Terminal.[124]Lakeland Bus Lines provides Route 78 rush-hour service from Bedminster to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan.[125]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basking Ridge Presbyterian Church and Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Basking_Ridge"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Brick Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_Academy"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Somerset Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_Hills"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Franklin Corners Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Corners_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"Lyons VA Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyons_VA_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"Veterans Administration Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans_Administration_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Classical Revival style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Revival_style"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"The Devil's Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Tree"},{"link_name":"oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak"},{"link_name":"Weird NJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_NJ"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"Kennedy–Martin–Stelle Farmstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy%E2%80%93Martin%E2%80%93Stelle_Farmstead"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Boudinot–Southard Farmstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudinot%E2%80%93Southard_Farmstead"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"USGA Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USGA_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Presbyterian_Church_in_Basking_Ridge,_NJ,_south_view.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boudinot-Southard_Farmstead,_Bernards_Township,_NJ_-_farmhouse.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boudinot–Southard Farmstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudinot%E2%80%93Southard_Farmstead"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brick_Academy,_Basking_Ridge,_NJ,_south_view.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brick Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_Academy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Main_Building,_VA_Medical_Center,_Lyons,_NJ.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lyons VA Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyons_VA_Medical_Center"}],"text":"Alward Farmhouse\nBasking Ridge Presbyterian Church and Cemetery – listed on the National Register of Historic Places[126]\nThe Brick Academy – A restoration of what was known as the Basking Ridge Classical School, a prep school for those hoping to attend Princeton University. The Brick Academy is the current home of the Historical Society of the Somerset Hills.[127]\nTown Hall and Astor Estate\nFranklin Corners Historic District – Includes Van Dorn's Mill and the Grain House Restaurant, listed on the NRHP[128]\nLiberty Corner Village\nLyons VA Medical Center – A Veterans Administration Hospital with Classical Revival style brick buildings, listed on the NRHP[129]\nThe Devil's Tree – A solitary oak tree in a field off Mountain Road in the southern corner of the township that has been subject of several stories in Weird NJ magazine[130]\nKennedy–Martin–Stelle Farmstead – Farmstead Arts Center, listed on the NRHP[131]\nBoudinot–Southard Farmstead – Also known as the Ross Farm, listed on the NRHP[132]\nSouthard Park\nMountain Park\nUSGA MuseumBasking Ridge Presbyterian Church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBoudinot–Southard Farmstead\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBrick Academy\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLyons VA Medical Center","title":"Points of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hurricane Katrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Rita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Rita"},{"link_name":"Greater New Orleans area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Houma, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houma,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Terrebonne High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrebonne_High_School"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"}],"text":"In 2005, after Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita, which had a devastating effect on the Greater New Orleans area, the Bernards Township Regional Chamber of Commerce, under the leadership of former Mayor Albert LiCata, organized and sent truckloads of supplies to assist residents of Houma, Louisiana. In 2007, the Parish returned the favor by sending the Terrebonne High School Marching band on a 26-hour bus ride to the Bernards Township Chamber's Holiday Parade to march at their event and perform a Christmas concert for the public at a local church.[133]","title":"Volunteer Effort - Terrebonne Parish"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Department of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Land_Use_and_Institutionalized_Persons_Act"},{"link_name":"zoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoning"},{"link_name":"mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"Trenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"}],"text":"On November 22, 2016, the United States Department of Justice filed a lawsuit against Bernards Township, alleging \"that the township violated the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA) when it denied zoning approval to allow the Islamic Society of Basking Ridge to build a mosque on land it owns.\"[134]In January 2017 the township hired Trenton-based Burton Trent Public Affairs to help manage the negative publicity associated with the Justice Department's allegations.[135] The contract was reportedly worth $45,000.","title":"Justice Department lawsuit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:People from Bernards Township, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Bernards_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"William Alexander, Lord Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alexander,_Lord_Stirling"},{"link_name":"Continental Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army"},{"link_name":"major general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"John Jacob Astor VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor_VI"},{"link_name":"Astor family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astor_family"},{"link_name":"J. C. Chandor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._Chandor"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"Margin Call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margin_Call_(film)"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"Chris Daggett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Daggett"},{"link_name":"Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_R._Dodge_Foundation"},{"link_name":"2009 New Jersey gubernatorial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election,_2009"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"Marc Del Gaizo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Del_Gaizo"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"defenseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defenseman"},{"link_name":"Nashville Predators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Predators"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Scott Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Fischer"},{"link_name":"Lhotse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhotse"},{"link_name":"Mount Everest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest"},{"link_name":"1996 Everest Disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Everest_Disaster"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"Patricia Lee Gauch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Lee_Gauch"},{"link_name":"children's literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_literature"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"Jarryd Goldberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarryd_Goldberg"},{"link_name":"Miami FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale_Strikers_(2006%E2%80%932016)"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"Jeff Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Grace"},{"link_name":"screenwriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenwriter"},{"link_name":"film producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_producer"},{"link_name":"film director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_director"},{"link_name":"Folk Hero & Funny Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_Hero_%26_Funny_Guy"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"Jon Gutwillig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Gutwillig"},{"link_name":"Disco Biscuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_Biscuits"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"Tobin Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobin_Heath"},{"link_name":"United States women's national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Vincent R. Kramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_R._Kramer"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"guerrilla warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare"},{"link_name":"Navy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Cross"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"Peter Kuhn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kuhn"},{"link_name":"Formula Super Vee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_Super_Vee"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"George Ludlow Lee Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ludlow_Lee_Sr."},{"link_name":"chairman of the board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_board"},{"link_name":"Red Devil, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Devil,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Philip Lindsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Lindsley"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"Kelly-Anne Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly-Anne_Lyons"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Dick and Dom's Funny Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_and_Dom%27s_Funny_Business"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"Max Mahoney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Mahoney"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"VfL Kirchheim Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VfL_Kirchheim_Knights"},{"link_name":"ProA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProA"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"Page McConnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_McConnell"},{"link_name":"Phish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phish"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"Robert Mulcahy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mulcahy"},{"link_name":"Rutgers University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"Akshay Nanavati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akshay_Nanavati"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"Jasbir Puar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasbir_Puar"},{"link_name":"Rutgers University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"Perry Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Scott"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"Detroit Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Lions"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"J. Robert Sims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Robert_Sims"},{"link_name":"American Society of Mechanical Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"Samuel Lewis Southard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Lewis_Southard"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senator"},{"link_name":"Secretary of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"10th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Governor of New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"Mike Tannenbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Tannenbaum"},{"link_name":"New York Jets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Jets"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"LaDainian Tomlinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaDainian_Tomlinson"},{"link_name":"New York Jets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Jets"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"Kelly Williford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Williford"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"Zip the Pinhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip_the_Pinhead"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"}],"text":"See also: Category:People from Bernards Township, New JerseyPeople who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Bernards Township include:William Alexander, Lord Stirling (1726–1783), Continental Army major general during the American Revolutionary War[136]\nJohn Jacob Astor VI (1912–1992), socialite, shipping businessman and member of the Astor family.\nJ. C. Chandor (born 1974), Academy Award-nominated writer/director of the 2011 film Margin Call[137]\nChris Daggett (born 1950), President and CEO of the Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation who ran as an independent candidate in the 2009 New Jersey gubernatorial election[138]\nMarc Del Gaizo (born 1999), professional ice hockey defenseman for the Nashville Predators of the National Hockey League[139]\nScott Fischer (1955–1996), climber and guide who was the first American to climb Lhotse, the fourth-highest mountain in the world, who died during an attempt to climb Mount Everest in the 1996 Everest Disaster[140]\nPatricia Lee Gauch (born 1934), author of over 30 works of children's literature; inducted into the New Jersey Literary Hall of Fame in 1993[141]\nJarryd Goldberg (born 1985), former professional soccer player who played for Miami FC[142]\nJeff Grace, comedian, screenwriter, film producer, film director and actor; directed Folk Hero & Funny Guy[143]\nJon Gutwillig (born 1974), guitarist of the Disco Biscuits[144]\nTobin Heath (born 1988), soccer player and member of the United States women's national team who won a gold medal as youngest member of the US team in the 2008 Olympics[145]\nVincent R. Kramer (1918–2001), United States Marine Corps colonel who was a guerrilla warfare expert and was awarded the Navy Cross during the Korean War[146]\nPeter Kuhn (1955–2009), race car driver who won both the USAC and SCCA Formula Super Vee championships in 1980[147]\nGeorge Ludlow Lee Sr. (1901–1966), chairman of the board of Red Devil, Inc.\nPhilip Lindsley (1786–1855), Presbyterian minister, educator, and classicist; acting president of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), 1822–1824[148]\nKelly-Anne Lyons (born 1985), actress, television presenter, writer and model, who starred in the BBC comedy Dick and Dom's Funny Business[149]\nMax Mahoney (born 1998, class of 2016), professional basketball player for VfL Kirchheim Knights of the ProA[150]\nPage McConnell (born 1963), keyboardist best known for his work with the rock band Phish[151][152]\nRobert Mulcahy (1932–2022), athletic director at Rutgers University[153]\nAkshay Nanavati (born 1984), United States Marine Corps veteran, speaker, entrepreneur, ultra runner and author of Fearvana[154]\nJasbir Puar (born 1967), queer theorist, Professor of Women and Gender Studies at Rutgers University and author of The Right to Maim[155]\nPerry Scott (1917–1988), American football player and coach, who played in the NFL for the Detroit Lions[156]\nJ. Robert Sims (born c. 1941), chemical / mechanical engineer and inventor, who served as president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers[157]\nSamuel Lewis Southard (1787–1842), U.S. Senator, Secretary of the Navy, and the 10th Governor of New Jersey[158]\nMike Tannenbaum (born 1969), former general manager of the New York Jets[159]\nLaDainian Tomlinson (born 1979), former NFL running back who played for the New York Jets[160][161]\nKelly Williford (born 1994), professional tennis player[162]\nZip the Pinhead (c. 1842–1926), turn-of-the-century sideshow performer who was born in Liberty Corner as William Henry Johnson[163]","title":"Notable people"}]	[{"image_text":"Interstate 287 northbound in Bernards Township","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/2021-06-30_10_59_05_View_north_along_Interstate_287_from_the_overpass_for_the_rail_line_between_Washington_Avenue_and_Somerset_County_Route_613_%28Finley_Avenue%29_in_Bernards_Township%2C_Somerset_County%2C_New_Jersey.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lyons train station in Bernards Township","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lyons_Station_NJ.JPG/220px-Lyons_Station_NJ.JPG"},{"image_text":"Map of New Jersey highlighting Somerset County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Map_of_New_Jersey_highlighting_Somerset_County.svg/80px-Map_of_New_Jersey_highlighting_Somerset_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Presidential General Election Results - November 6, 2012 - Somerset County\" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Elections. March 15, 2013. Retrieved December 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2012-results/2012-presidential-somerset.pdf","url_text":"\"Presidential General Election Results - November 6, 2012 - Somerset County\""}]},{"reference":"\"Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast - November 6, 2012 - General Election Results - Somerset County\" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Elections. March 15, 2013. Retrieved December 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2012-results/2012-ballotscast-somerset.pdf","url_text":"\"Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast - November 6, 2012 - General Election Results - Somerset County\""}]},{"reference":"\"Governor - Somerset County\" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Elections. January 29, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2013-results/2013-general-election-results-governor-somerset.pdf","url_text":"\"Governor - Somerset County\""}]},{"reference":"\"Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast - November 5, 2013 - General Election Results - Somerset County\" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Elections. January 29, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2013-results/2013-general-election-ballotscast-somerset.pdf","url_text":"\"Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast - November 5, 2013 - General Election Results - Somerset County\""}]},{"reference":"William H. Felmeth; Herbert K. Ryder Jr.; Arch W. Carswell (April 3, 1974). \"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: The Presbyterian Church in Basking Ridge\". National Park Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/74001190_text","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: The Presbyterian Church in Basking Ridge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Karschner, Terry (August 1974). \"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Franklin Corners Historic District\". National Park Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/75001159_text","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Franklin Corners Historic District\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Spurlock, Trent (August 2012). \"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Lyons Veterans Administration Hospital Historic District\". National Park Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/13000461_text","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Lyons Veterans Administration Hospital Historic District\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Bertland, Dennis; Armstrong, Janice (November 2001). \"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Kennedy–Martin–Stelle Farmstead\". National Park Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/03000868_text","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Kennedy–Martin–Stelle Farmstead\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Richard L.; Tucher, Rob (December 2008). \"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Boudinot–Southard Farmstead\". National Park Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/09001101_text","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Boudinot–Southard Farmstead\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Justice Department Files Suit Against Bernards Township, New Jersey, Over Denial of Zoning Approval for Mosque\". www.justice.gov. November 22, 2016. Retrieved January 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-files-suit-against-bernards-township-new-jersey-over-denial-zoning","url_text":"\"Justice Department Files Suit Against Bernards Township, New Jersey, Over Denial of Zoning Approval for Mosque\""}]},{"reference":"\"N.J. town hires PR firm to help image as mosque dispute looms\". NJ.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_Business	Company Business	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Development","3.2 Filming","4 Reception","4.1 Box office","4.2 Critical response","5 References","6 External links"]	1991 film by Nicholas Meyer Company BusinessDirected byNicholas MeyerWritten byNicholas MeyerProduced bySteven-Charles JaffeStarring Gene Hackman Mikhail Baryshnikov CinematographyGerry FisherEdited byRonald RooseMusic byMichael KamenProductioncompaniesMGM-Pathé CommunicationsPathé EntertainmentDistributed byMGM/UARelease date September 6, 1991 (1991-09-06) Running time99 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$18 millionBox office$1,501,785 Company Business is a 1991 action film, written and directed by Nicholas Meyer and starring Gene Hackman and Mikhail Baryshnikov. The film follows the exploits of Sam Boyd (Gene Hackman), a former operative for the CIA who is reactivated to escort Pyotr Ivanovich Grushenko (Mikhail Baryshnikov), a captured KGB mole, to a prisoner exchange in recently reunited Berlin. Plot With the Cold War rapidly coming to an end, retired CIA operative Sam Boyd has taken up freelancing as a corporate spy for cosmetics giant Maxine Gray, only to find that his hands-on style of espionage is being rendered obsolete by the capabilities of younger computer hackers. Boyd is suddenly called back in to the CIA by his superior, Elliot Jaffe, for a seemingly straightforward prisoner exchange with the KGB overseen by Colonel Pierce Grissom. Jaffe and Grissom explain that they have to use Boyd instead of an active agent to keep the operation off-the-books, since the $2 million that the Russian side demanded in addition to their own agent is being supplied by a Colombian drug cartel as a favor. Boyd is tasked with chaperoning Pyotr Ivanovich Grushenko, a KGB mole who had been caught and imprisoned ten years earlier, and the briefcase containing the money to Berlin, where they will both be traded for Benjamin Sobel, a U-2 pilot who was shot down over the Soviet Union during the 1960s. A resigned Boyd and a skeptical Grushenko depart from Dulles Airport and arrive in Berlin, where they bond at a bar over Grushenko's beverage of choice, Starka. During the handover in a closed stretch of subway tunnel the next night, Boyd recognizes Sobel as a man he noticed at Dulles and calls Grushenko back, triggering a shootout with the KGB. Boyd and Grushenko are forced on the run from both the KGB and Boyd's superiors; even though Boyd told Jaffe that the handover was a setup, Grissom insists that Boyd has gone rogue and orders Jaffe to hunt him and Grushenko down. Boyd and Grushenko decide their only option is go into hiding and live off the $2 million, but they first need to launder the cash since the CIA can track the serial numbers on the bills. After securing fake IDs and credit cards and evading a police dragnet, the pair go to Faisal, a Saudi arms dealer previously used by the CIA to support anti-communist movements, to see about the money, but find that the easing of the Cold War has left him practically impoverished. With the CIA now working with the KGB to find Boyd and Grushenko, the pair make their way to Paris, where Grushenko claims to have a girlfriend who can handle their money problem. Grushenko also reveals to Boyd that the man in the subway really was Sobel, who had been turned by the Soviets after his capture and was living in America as a sleeper agent in the guise of an economics professor. Grushenko knew Sobel because they both had the same handler, a turncoat in the US military codenamed "Donald". Boyd concludes that the cash-strapped KGB had arranged the fake handover of Sobel with Donald's help to scam the CIA out of $2 million, but the botched trade had jeopardized Donald's cover. In Paris, Grushenko reunites with his apparent girlfriend, Natasha Grimaud, who is in reality his daughter and works at a Japanese corporation where she can wire their money to a Swiss bank account to be withdrawn as clean bills. While Grushenko travels to Switzerland to retrieve the money, the CIA/KGB kidnap Natasha to coerce Boyd and Grushenko into surrendering. Boyd concedes to their demands chooses the Eiffel Tower as the handover site. Boyd and Grushenko manage to free Natasha and then dodge the CIA/KGB, but find the tower's exits have been cut off. The two friends duck into Le Jules Verne to share one last bottle of Starka. After Boyd suggests that they should take up residence in the Seychelles if they somehow escape, Grushenko relates that he just called Donald, implied to be Grissom, and left a false message that Sobel had been a triple-agent for the CIA all along. Cast Gene Hackman as Sam Boyd Mikhail Baryshnikov as Pyotr Ivanovich Grushenko Kurtwood Smith as Elliot Jaffe Terry O'Quinn as Col. Pierce Grissom aka "Donald" Daniel von Bargen as Mike Flinn Oleg Rudnik as Col. Grigori Golitsin Géraldine Danon as Natasha Grimaud Nadim Sawalha as Faisal Michael Tomlinson as Dick Maxfield Bob Sherman as Benjamin Sobel Howard McGillin as Bruce Wilson Louis Eppolito as Paco Gonzalez Adèle Anderson as Marlene Toby Eckholt as Nerdy Young Man Elsa O'Toole as Receptionist Maxine Gray Cosmetics Kate Harper as Secretary Shane Rimmer as Chairman, Maxine Gray Cosmetics Production Development According to writer/director Nicholas Meyer's memoir The View from the Bridge, Meyer decided to try his hand at writing an original screenplay at the behest of then CAA co-chairman Rick Nicita. Due to the changing political environment in the Soviet Union, Meyer was forced to quickly finish his screenplay "that struggled to reflect fast-moving events in Eastern Europe, where the Berlin Wall was collapsing." As a result, the film went into preproduction before the updates could be completed and actors Gene Hackman and Mikhail Baryshnikov were signed onto the leading roles. Later, Hackman, exhausted from shooting three films back-to-back (Postcards from the Edge, Narrow Margin, and Class Action), tried to back out of filming two weeks before production was set to begin. Fearing a lawsuit from MGM, Hackman begrudgingly stayed on. The title "Company Business" comes from the depiction in the movie of the word "company" as meaning the CIA, so "company business" means operations not to be revealed to anyone outside the CIA. The working title was Dinosaurs and the scene relating to this term was left in the finished film: a restaurant scene in which the young lady calls the two main characters "dinosaurs" meaning that CIA and KGB agents are no longer needed in the post–Cold War era. This title was dropped when it was learned that Walt Disney Studios had already registered it. Filming The film was produced by frequent Nicholas Meyer collaborator Steven-Charles Jaffe, who also served as second unit director. Filming took place in Berlin and Paris, as well as numerous locations in the United States. Meyer later described his experience on Company Business, saying: The film, which came to be known as Company Business, was a catastrophe, and it was no one's fault but mine. Going forward without a finished script was suicide. And while on paper, the troika of Hackman, Baryshnikov, and Meyer might have appeared promising, in reality we were all pulling in different directions, and my bouts with Hackman just about wrecked me. There were a couple of sequences in Company Business of which I was proud, notably the tense spy swap sequence in the Berlin subway—but isolated sequences do not a good film make. A great movie is great from start to finish. Company Business, alas, did not come close. Reception Box office Company Business earned $533,610 over its opening weekend, playing in 232 theaters. The film grossed $1,501,785 in North America. Critical response Company Business was met with mixed reviews. Vincent Canby of The New York Times gave the film a lukewarm review, stating, "Mr. Hackman, who has played this role before, and Mr. Baryshnikov, who hasn't, are both sturdy if a little tired. Under the direction of Mr. Meyer, who also wrote the screenplay, the film makes sense without ever being surprising." Time Out similarly described the film as "offer familiar spy movie clichés, and although Meyer's direction creates a moderately menacing atmosphere, his script is at best undemanding, at worst simplistic." Variety called the film a "muddled comedic-thriller" and added, "Writer-director Nicholas Meyer also is all over the map with his direction and script, which begins as a thriller (complete with portentously brooding music by Michael Kamen) then shifts to a sort of screwy comedy." Michael Wilmington of the Los Angeles Times called it "a shallow pastiche" and "a thin movie with no real center." He added:It's a shame, because a movie with Hackman and Baryshnikov, and Kurtwood Smith and Terry O'Quinn among the villains, plus good minor roles from Nadim Sawalha (as a sweating, ruined Arab entrepreneur) and Andreas Grothusen (as an ex-Nazi forger) really should be better than this. It should have more character, grit, tension and humor. References ^ a b "Company Business". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 1, 2013. ^ a b c d Meyer, Nicholas (2009). The View From the Bridge: Memories of Star Trek and a Life in Hollywood. NY: Viking Press. pp. 194–197. ISBN 978-0-670-02130-7. ^ Canby, Vincent (April 25, 1992). "Company Business (1991) Review/Film; Ex-Spies in Double Trouble". The New York Times. Retrieved March 27, 2014. ^ "Company Business". Time Out. 1990. Retrieved March 27, 2014. ^ "Review: 'Company Business'". Variety. December 31, 1990. Retrieved March 27, 2014. ^ Wilmington, Michael (September 6, 1991). "Movie Review: It's the Same Old 'Business': Hackman, Baryshnikov Trapped in Spy Caper". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 4, 2015. External links Company Business at IMDb Company Business at the TCM Movie Database Company Business at AllMovie Company Business at Rotten Tomatoes vteWorks by Nicholas MeyerFilmsDirector Time After Time (1979) Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (1982) The Day After (1983) Volunteers (1985) The Deceivers (1988) Company Business (1991) Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (1991) Vendetta (1999) Writer only Invasion of the Bee Girls (1973) The Night That Panicked America (1975) The Seven-Per-Cent Solution (1976) Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home (1986) Sommersby (1993) The Informant (1997) The Prince of Egypt (1998) The Human Stain (2003) Elegy (2008) The Hessen Affair (2009) Houdini (2014) Books Target Practice (1974) The Seven-Per-Cent Solution (1974) The West End Horror (1976) The Canary Trainer (1993) The Adventure of the Peculiar Protocols (2019) The Return of the Pharaoh (2021)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_film"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Meyer"},{"link_name":"Gene Hackman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Hackman"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Baryshnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Baryshnikov"},{"link_name":"Gene Hackman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Hackman"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Baryshnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Baryshnikov"},{"link_name":"KGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB"},{"link_name":"mole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_(espionage)"},{"link_name":"prisoner exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_exchange"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"}],"text":"Company Business is a 1991 action film, written and directed by Nicholas Meyer and starring Gene Hackman and Mikhail Baryshnikov. The film follows the exploits of Sam Boyd (Gene Hackman), a former operative for the CIA who is reactivated to escort Pyotr Ivanovich Grushenko (Mikhail Baryshnikov), a captured KGB mole, to a prisoner exchange in recently reunited Berlin.","title":"Company Business"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA"},{"link_name":"KGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB"},{"link_name":"drug cartel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_cartel"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"U-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_U-2"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Dulles Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Dulles_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Starka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starka"},{"link_name":"launder the cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_laundering"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Eiffel Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower"},{"link_name":"Le Jules Verne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Jules_Verne"},{"link_name":"Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles"}],"text":"With the Cold War rapidly coming to an end, retired CIA operative Sam Boyd has taken up freelancing as a corporate spy for cosmetics giant Maxine Gray, only to find that his hands-on style of espionage is being rendered obsolete by the capabilities of younger computer hackers. Boyd is suddenly called back in to the CIA by his superior, Elliot Jaffe, for a seemingly straightforward prisoner exchange with the KGB overseen by Colonel Pierce Grissom. Jaffe and Grissom explain that they have to use Boyd instead of an active agent to keep the operation off-the-books, since the $2 million that the Russian side demanded in addition to their own agent is being supplied by a Colombian drug cartel as a favor. Boyd is tasked with chaperoning Pyotr Ivanovich Grushenko, a KGB mole who had been caught and imprisoned ten years earlier, and the briefcase containing the money to Berlin, where they will both be traded for Benjamin Sobel, a U-2 pilot who was shot down over the Soviet Union during the 1960s.A resigned Boyd and a skeptical Grushenko depart from Dulles Airport and arrive in Berlin, where they bond at a bar over Grushenko's beverage of choice, Starka. During the handover in a closed stretch of subway tunnel the next night, Boyd recognizes Sobel as a man he noticed at Dulles and calls Grushenko back, triggering a shootout with the KGB. Boyd and Grushenko are forced on the run from both the KGB and Boyd's superiors; even though Boyd told Jaffe that the handover was a setup, Grissom insists that Boyd has gone rogue and orders Jaffe to hunt him and Grushenko down. Boyd and Grushenko decide their only option is go into hiding and live off the $2 million, but they first need to launder the cash since the CIA can track the serial numbers on the bills. After securing fake IDs and credit cards and evading a police dragnet, the pair go to Faisal, a Saudi arms dealer previously used by the CIA to support anti-communist movements, to see about the money, but find that the easing of the Cold War has left him practically impoverished.With the CIA now working with the KGB to find Boyd and Grushenko, the pair make their way to Paris, where Grushenko claims to have a girlfriend who can handle their money problem. Grushenko also reveals to Boyd that the man in the subway really was Sobel, who had been turned by the Soviets after his capture and was living in America as a sleeper agent in the guise of an economics professor. Grushenko knew Sobel because they both had the same handler, a turncoat in the US military codenamed \"Donald\". Boyd concludes that the cash-strapped KGB had arranged the fake handover of Sobel with Donald's help to scam the CIA out of $2 million, but the botched trade had jeopardized Donald's cover. In Paris, Grushenko reunites with his apparent girlfriend, Natasha Grimaud, who is in reality his daughter and works at a Japanese corporation where she can wire their money to a Swiss bank account to be withdrawn as clean bills. While Grushenko travels to Switzerland to retrieve the money, the CIA/KGB kidnap Natasha to coerce Boyd and Grushenko into surrendering. Boyd concedes to their demands chooses the Eiffel Tower as the handover site. Boyd and Grushenko manage to free Natasha and then dodge the CIA/KGB, but find the tower's exits have been cut off. The two friends duck into Le Jules Verne to share one last bottle of Starka. After Boyd suggests that they should take up residence in the Seychelles if they somehow escape, Grushenko relates that he just called Donald, implied to be Grissom, and left a false message that Sobel had been a triple-agent for the CIA all along.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gene Hackman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Hackman"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Baryshnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Baryshnikov"},{"link_name":"Kurtwood Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurtwood_Smith"},{"link_name":"Terry O'Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_O%27Quinn"},{"link_name":"Daniel von Bargen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_von_Bargen"},{"link_name":"Oleg Rudnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oleg_Rudnik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nadim Sawalha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadim_Sawalha"},{"link_name":"Bob Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Sherman_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Howard McGillin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_McGillin"},{"link_name":"Louis Eppolito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Eppolito"},{"link_name":"Adèle Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A8le_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Shane Rimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Rimmer"}],"text":"Gene Hackman as Sam Boyd\nMikhail Baryshnikov as Pyotr Ivanovich Grushenko\nKurtwood Smith as Elliot Jaffe\nTerry O'Quinn as Col. Pierce Grissom aka \"Donald\"\nDaniel von Bargen as Mike Flinn\nOleg Rudnik as Col. Grigori Golitsin\nGéraldine Danon as Natasha Grimaud\nNadim Sawalha as Faisal\nMichael Tomlinson as Dick Maxfield\nBob Sherman as Benjamin Sobel\nHoward McGillin as Bruce Wilson\nLouis Eppolito as Paco Gonzalez\nAdèle Anderson as Marlene\nToby Eckholt as Nerdy Young Man\nElsa O'Toole as Receptionist Maxine Gray Cosmetics\nKate Harper as Secretary\nShane Rimmer as Chairman, Maxine Gray Cosmetics","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Artists_Agency"},{"link_name":"Rick Nicita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Nicita"},{"link_name":"Eastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-View-2"},{"link_name":"Gene Hackman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Hackman"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Baryshnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Baryshnikov"},{"link_name":"Postcards from the Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcards_from_the_Edge_(film)"},{"link_name":"Narrow Margin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_Margin"},{"link_name":"Class Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_Action_(film)"},{"link_name":"MGM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-View-2"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"working title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_title"},{"link_name":"KGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB"},{"link_name":"post–Cold War era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Studios_(division)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-View-2"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"According to writer/director Nicholas Meyer's memoir The View from the Bridge, Meyer decided to try his hand at writing an original screenplay at the behest of then CAA co-chairman Rick Nicita. Due to the changing political environment in the Soviet Union, Meyer was forced to quickly finish his screenplay \"that struggled to reflect fast-moving events in Eastern Europe, where the Berlin Wall was collapsing.\"[2] As a result, the film went into preproduction before the updates could be completed and actors Gene Hackman and Mikhail Baryshnikov were signed onto the leading roles. Later, Hackman, exhausted from shooting three films back-to-back (Postcards from the Edge, Narrow Margin, and Class Action), tried to back out of filming two weeks before production was set to begin. Fearing a lawsuit from MGM, Hackman begrudgingly stayed on.[2]The title \"Company Business\" comes from the depiction in the movie of the word \"company\" as meaning the CIA, so \"company business\" means operations not to be revealed to anyone outside the CIA. The working title was Dinosaurs and the scene relating to this term was left in the finished film: a restaurant scene in which the young lady calls the two main characters \"dinosaurs\" meaning that CIA and KGB agents are no longer needed in the post–Cold War era. This title was dropped when it was learned that Walt Disney Studios had already registered it.[2]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steven-Charles Jaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven-Charles_Jaffe"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-View-2"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"The film was produced by frequent Nicholas Meyer collaborator Steven-Charles Jaffe, who also served as second unit director. Filming took place in Berlin and Paris, as well as numerous locations in the United States.Meyer later described his experience on Company Business, saying:The film, which came to be known as Company Business, was a catastrophe, and it was no one's fault but mine. Going forward without a finished script was suicide. And while on paper, the troika of Hackman, Baryshnikov, and Meyer might have appeared promising, in reality we were all pulling in different directions, and my bouts with Hackman just about wrecked me. [...] There were a couple of sequences in Company Business of which I was proud, notably the tense spy swap sequence in the Berlin subway—but isolated sequences do not a good film make. A great movie is great from start to finish. Company Business, alas, did not come close.[2]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BoxOfficeMojo-1"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"Company Business earned $533,610 over its opening weekend, playing in 232 theaters. The film grossed $1,501,785 in North America.[1]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vincent Canby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Canby"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Time Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Michael Kamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kamen"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"Company Business was met with mixed reviews. Vincent Canby of The New York Times gave the film a lukewarm review, stating, \"Mr. Hackman, who has played this role before, and Mr. Baryshnikov, who hasn't, are both sturdy if a little tired. Under the direction of Mr. Meyer, who also wrote the screenplay, the film makes sense without ever being surprising.\"[3] Time Out similarly described the film as \"offer[ing] familiar spy movie clichés, and although Meyer's direction creates a moderately menacing atmosphere, his script is at best undemanding, at worst simplistic.\"[4]Variety called the film a \"muddled comedic-thriller\" and added, \"Writer-director Nicholas Meyer also is all over the map with his direction and script, which begins as a thriller (complete with portentously brooding music by Michael Kamen) then shifts to a sort of screwy comedy.\"[5] Michael Wilmington of the Los Angeles Times called it \"a shallow pastiche\" and \"a thin movie with no real center.\" He added:It's a shame, because a movie with Hackman and Baryshnikov, and Kurtwood Smith and Terry O'Quinn among the villains, plus good minor roles from Nadim Sawalha (as a sweating, ruined Arab entrepreneur) and Andreas Grothusen (as an ex-Nazi forger) really should be better than this. It should have more character, grit, tension and humor.[6]","title":"Reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Company Business\". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=companybusiness.htm","url_text":"\"Company Business\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"}]},{"reference":"Meyer, Nicholas (2009). The View From the Bridge: Memories of Star Trek and a Life in Hollywood. NY: Viking Press. pp. 194–197. ISBN 978-0-670-02130-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Meyer","url_text":"Meyer, Nicholas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Press","url_text":"Viking Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02130-7","url_text":"978-0-670-02130-7"}]},{"reference":"Canby, Vincent (April 25, 1992). \"Company Business (1991) Review/Film; Ex-Spies in Double Trouble\". The New York Times. Retrieved March 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Canby","url_text":"Canby, Vincent"},{"url":"https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E0CE0D91239F936A15757C0A964958260","url_text":"\"Company Business (1991) Review/Film; Ex-Spies in Double Trouble\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Company Business\". Time Out. 1990. Retrieved March 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timeout.com/london/film/company-business","url_text":"\"Company Business\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)","url_text":"Time Out"}]},{"reference":"\"Review: 'Company Business'\". Variety. December 31, 1990. Retrieved March 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/1990/film/reviews/company-business-1200428960/","url_text":"\"Review: 'Company Business'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Wilmington, Michael (September 6, 1991). \"Movie Review: It's the Same Old 'Business': Hackman, Baryshnikov Trapped in Spy Caper\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1991-09-06/entertainment/ca-1609_1_spy-movies","url_text":"\"Movie Review: It's the Same Old 'Business': Hackman, Baryshnikov Trapped in Spy Caper\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=companybusiness.htm","external_links_name":"\"Company Business\""},{"Link":"https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E0CE0D91239F936A15757C0A964958260","external_links_name":"\"Company Business (1991) Review/Film; Ex-Spies in Double Trouble\""},{"Link":"http://www.timeout.com/london/film/company-business","external_links_name":"\"Company Business\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/1990/film/reviews/company-business-1200428960/","external_links_name":"\"Review: 'Company Business'\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1991-09-06/entertainment/ca-1609_1_spy-movies","external_links_name":"\"Movie Review: It's the Same Old 'Business': Hackman, Baryshnikov Trapped in Spy Caper\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0101606/","external_links_name":"Company Business"},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/21896/enwp","external_links_name":"Company Business"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v10601","external_links_name":"Company Business"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/company_business","external_links_name":"Company Business"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Capitol_Complex	Pennsylvania State Capitol Complex	["1 Description","1.1 Monuments","2 Buildings","3 Development history","4 See also","5 References"]	Coordinates: 40°15′54″N 76°52′56″W / 40.26500°N 76.88222°W / 40.26500; -76.88222 United States historic placePennsylvania State Capitol ComplexU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. National Historic Landmark District East portal of the Pennsylvania State Capitol at sunset with Speaker K. Leroy Irvis Office Building in frontShow map of PennsylvaniaShow map of the United StatesLocationThird, Walnut, Seventh and North Sts., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, United StatesCoordinates40°15′54″N 76°52′56″W / 40.26500°N 76.88222°W / 40.26500; -76.88222Area48 acres (19 ha)Built1902 (1902)ArchitectBrunner, Arnold; Huston, Joseph M.Architectural styleRenaissance, Italian RenaissanceNRHP reference No.77001162 (original)13000287 (increase)Significant datesAdded to NRHPSeptember 14, 1977Boundary increaseFebruary 27, 2013Designated NHLDSeptember 20, 2006 The Pennsylvania State Capitol Complex is a large complex of state government buildings in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Set on more than 50 acres (20 ha) of downtown Harrisburg, it includes the Pennsylvania State Capitol and a landscaped park environment with monuments, memorials, and other government buildings. It is bounded on the north by Forster Street, the east by North 7th Street, the south by Walnut Street, and the west by North 3rd Street. Most of this area (bounded on the north by North Street) is a National Historic Landmark District, recognized in 2013 as a fully realized example of the City Beautiful movement landscape and planning design of Arnold Brunner. Description The Pennsylvania State Capitol Complex is located in central downtown Harrisburg, four blocks east of the Susquehanna River. Its centerpiece is the Pennsylvania State Capitol, constructed in 1902 - 1906 to a design by Joseph Miller Huston. The capitol is a nationally recognized example of Beaux Arts architecture, and is known for its interior opulence and artwork. On the east side of the capitol is the East Wing, a 1987 extension that greatly expands the building's capacity without detracting from the surrounding landscape. Flanking the East Wing to the north and south are the North and South Office Buildings, begun in 1927 and 1919 respectively; they are similarly scaled and both built of Indiana limestone in the Classical Revival style, but have slightly different styling. South of the Capitol is the Ryan Office Building, the oldest building (completed 1894) of the complex. Between the two buildings a semicircular walkway provides access to them as well as the East Wing entrance to the Capitol, with a fountain in the center. Across Commonwealth Avenue east of the North and South Office Buildings, a pair of buildings extend the line of the North and South Buildings, with the Soldiers' and Sailors' Memorial Grove, a park setting with many memorials and monuments in between. On the south side of the grove is the Forum, and the Finance Building is to the north. Both continue the use of Indiana limestone and Classical Revival styling. The easternmost portion of the complex is the Soldiers' and Sailor's Bridge, which connects the complex to neighborhoods across the railroad tracks that run east of North 7th Street. The complex has been extended across North Street to include the Modernist State Museum of Pennsylvania building and the adjacent Department of Transportation building. The complex and greater area is protected full-time by the Pennsylvania Capitol Police—its dedicated law enforcement agency—as well as the Harrisburg Bureau of Police, which patrols the entire city. Monuments A Gathering at the Crossroads is a monument on the southern end of the complex near the corner of North Fourth Street and Walnut Street. It commemorates the 100 and 150-year anniversaries of the passing of the Fifteenth Amendment and Nineteenth Amendment. Buildings This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (May 2012) Building Image Address Height Floors Built Notes Pennsylvania State Capitol 501 North 3rd Street40°15′52″N 76°52′0″W / 40.26444°N 76.86667°W / 40.26444; -76.86667 272 feet (83 m) 5 1906 Contains the House of Representatives, Senate, offices for the governor and lieutenant governor, and the Supreme Court's Harrisburg chamber Rachel Carson State Office Building 400 Market Street40°15′44.6″N 76°52′47.3″W / 40.262389°N 76.879806°W / 40.262389; -76.879806 230 feet (70 m) 17 1990 Named for environmentalist Rachel Carson. Contains the Departments of Conservation and Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Labor and Industry Building 651 Boas Street 219 feet (67 m) 18 1955 Contains the Department of Labor and Industry. Governor's Residence 2035 North Front Street 2 1⁄2 1968 Official residence of the governor of Pennsylvania Health and Welfare Building 625 Forster Street 143 feet (44 m) 11 1955 Contains the Departments of Health and Public Welfare Matthew Ryan Legislative Office Building Southwardly adjacent to the Capitol Building unknown 2 1893 Named for former Speaker of the Pennsylvania House Matthew J. Ryan. Contains offices for members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. Commonwealth Keystone Building 400 North Street unknown 10 2001 Houses offices of the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation and other state agencies. Replaced the 13-story Transportation and Safety Building which was built in 1963 and demolished in 1998. K. Leroy Irvis Office Building 450 Commonwealth Avenue unknown 7 1921 Named for former Speaker of the Pennsylvania House K. Leroy Irvis North Office Building 401 North Street unknown 7 1928 Northwest Office Building Capital and Forster Streets unknown 7 1939 Contains the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board. Forum Building 607 South Drive unknown 6 1931 Contains the State Library Finance Building 613 North Street unknown 5 1939 Contains the Pennsylvania Department of Finance. Pennsylvania Judicial Center 601 Commonwealth Avenue unknown 9 2010 Contains the Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court. Pennsylvania State Archives 350 North Street unknown 20 1964 State Museum of Pennsylvania North 3rd and North Streets unknown 5 1964 Strawberry Square 303 Walnut Street 204 feet (62 m) 16 1980 Houses the offices of the State Civil Service Commission as well as the State Department of Revenue Forum Place 555 Walnut Street unknown 9 1996 Houses Office of Budget and Social Security 333 Market Street Tower 333 Market Street 341 feet (104 m) 22 1978 Houses the Pennsylvania Department of Education. Tallest Building in Harrisburg and the tallest building in Pennsylvania outside of Pittsburgh and Philadelphia Development history Harrisburg's Capitol Hill has been the seat of Pennsylvania state government since 1822, when its first capitol building was dedicated. That structure, much altered over the 19th century. In 1893 work began on what is now the Ryan Office Building. The first capitol burned down in 1897, and its replacement was abandoned in an unfinished state in 1899 after negative public and legislative response to its exterior. The present capitol was begun in 1902 and completed in 1906. State Street Bridge (HAER photo, 1997) In the 1910s the state recognized the need for additional space, and acquired the area then known as the Eighth Ward, between Commonwealth Avenue and North 7th Street. Arnold Brunner was selected to develop a master landscaping and design plan for this space, which he did using then-fashionable City Beautiful principles. Although only small portions of his vision were realized in his lifetime (he died in 1925), the resulting landscape is very much in keeping with his original plans. The principal deviation is the area now occupied by the East Wing. Brunner had planned this as a "People's Forecourt", an open space whose landscaping would tie the Capitol and the North and South Buildings together visually. In execution, the area became a parking lot serving the capitol until the East Wing was built, providing a different and more modern type of visual unity. The Capitol building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2006. The latter designation was expanded to include the entire area of the complex south of North Street in 2013. See also List of National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania National Register of Historic Places listings in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania List of state and county courthouses in Pennsylvania References ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ a b c d e f "Draft NHL nomination for Pennsylvania State Capitol Complex" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved April 13, 2017. ^ "A Gathering at the Crossroads: Memorializing African American Trailblazers and a Lost Neighborhood in Harrisburg". Pennsylvania Heritage Magazine. Retrieved September 8, 2022. City of Harrisburg - Capitol Complex overview emporis.com: Capitol Complex profile skyscraperpage.com: Harrisburg, Pennsylvania profile Trostle, Sharon (ed.). The Pennsylvania Manual. Vol. 120. Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Department of General Services. p. 1-9. ISBN 0-8182-0345-5. vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by state List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state: Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated state Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia American Legation, Morocco Related National Historic Preservation Act Historic Preservation Fund List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places National Register of Historic Places portal Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harrisburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania State Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Capitol"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark_District"},{"link_name":"City Beautiful movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Beautiful_movement"},{"link_name":"Arnold Brunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Brunner"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhlnom-2"}],"text":"United States historic placeThe Pennsylvania State Capitol Complex is a large complex of state government buildings in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Set on more than 50 acres (20 ha) of downtown Harrisburg, it includes the Pennsylvania State Capitol and a landscaped park environment with monuments, memorials, and other government buildings. It is bounded on the north by Forster Street, the east by North 7th Street, the south by Walnut Street, and the west by North 3rd Street. Most of this area (bounded on the north by North Street) is a National Historic Landmark District, recognized in 2013 as a fully realized example of the City Beautiful movement landscape and planning design of Arnold Brunner.[1][2]","title":"Pennsylvania State Capitol Complex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Susquehanna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susquehanna_River"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania State Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Capitol"},{"link_name":"Joseph Miller Huston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Miller_Huston"},{"link_name":"Beaux Arts architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaux_Arts_architecture"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhlnom-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhlnom-2"},{"link_name":"State Museum of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Museum_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Capitol Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Capitol_Police"},{"link_name":"Harrisburg Bureau of Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg_Bureau_of_Police"}],"text":"The Pennsylvania State Capitol Complex is located in central downtown Harrisburg, four blocks east of the Susquehanna River. Its centerpiece is the Pennsylvania State Capitol, constructed in 1902 - 1906 to a design by Joseph Miller Huston. The capitol is a nationally recognized example of Beaux Arts architecture, and is known for its interior opulence and artwork. On the east side of the capitol is the East Wing, a 1987 extension that greatly expands the building's capacity without detracting from the surrounding landscape. Flanking the East Wing to the north and south are the North and South Office Buildings, begun in 1927 and 1919 respectively; they are similarly scaled and both built of Indiana limestone in the Classical Revival style, but have slightly different styling. South of the Capitol is the Ryan Office Building, the oldest building (completed 1894) of the complex. Between the two buildings a semicircular walkway provides access to them as well as the East Wing entrance to the Capitol, with a fountain in the center.[2]Across Commonwealth Avenue east of the North and South Office Buildings, a pair of buildings extend the line of the North and South Buildings, with the Soldiers' and Sailors' Memorial Grove, a park setting with many memorials and monuments in between. On the south side of the grove is the Forum, and the Finance Building is to the north. Both continue the use of Indiana limestone and Classical Revival styling. The easternmost portion of the complex is the Soldiers' and Sailor's Bridge, which connects the complex to neighborhoods across the railroad tracks that run east of North 7th Street.[2]The complex has been extended across North Street to include the Modernist State Museum of Pennsylvania building and the adjacent Department of Transportation building.The complex and greater area is protected full-time by the Pennsylvania Capitol Police—its dedicated law enforcement agency—as well as the Harrisburg Bureau of Police, which patrols the entire city.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Gathering at the Crossroads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Gathering_at_the_Crossroads"},{"link_name":"Fifteenth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Nineteenth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Monuments","text":"A Gathering at the Crossroads is a monument on the southern end of the complex near the corner of North Fourth Street and Walnut Street. It commemorates the 100 and 150-year anniversaries of the passing of the Fifteenth Amendment and Nineteenth Amendment.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhlnom-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:State_Street_Bridge_(Harrisburg)_HAER_4.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhlnom-2"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhlnom-2"}],"text":"Harrisburg's Capitol Hill has been the seat of Pennsylvania state government since 1822, when its first capitol building was dedicated. That structure, much altered over the 19th century. In 1893 work began on what is now the Ryan Office Building. The first capitol burned down in 1897, and its replacement was abandoned in an unfinished state in 1899 after negative public and legislative response to its exterior. The present capitol was begun in 1902 and completed in 1906.[2]State Street Bridge (HAER photo, 1997)In the 1910s the state recognized the need for additional space, and acquired the area then known as the Eighth Ward, between Commonwealth Avenue and North 7th Street. Arnold Brunner was selected to develop a master landscaping and design plan for this space, which he did using then-fashionable City Beautiful principles. Although only small portions of his vision were realized in his lifetime (he died in 1925), the resulting landscape is very much in keeping with his original plans. The principal deviation is the area now occupied by the East Wing. Brunner had planned this as a \"People's Forecourt\", an open space whose landscaping would tie the Capitol and the North and South Buildings together visually. In execution, the area became a parking lot serving the capitol until the East Wing was built, providing a different and more modern type of visual unity.[2]The Capitol building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2006. The latter designation was expanded to include the entire area of the complex south of North Street in 2013.[2]","title":"Development history"}]	[{"image_text":"State Street Bridge (HAER photo, 1997)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/State_Street_Bridge_%28Harrisburg%29_HAER_4.jpg/220px-State_Street_Bridge_%28Harrisburg%29_HAER_4.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Pennsylvania"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Dauphin_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"title":"List of state and county courthouses in Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_and_county_courthouses_in_Pennsylvania"}]	[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Draft NHL nomination for Pennsylvania State Capitol Complex\" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved April 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/nhl/news/LC/fall2012/PAStateCapitol.pdf","url_text":"\"Draft NHL nomination for Pennsylvania State Capitol Complex\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Gathering at the Crossroads: Memorializing African American Trailblazers and a Lost Neighborhood in Harrisburg\". Pennsylvania Heritage Magazine. Retrieved September 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://paheritage.wpengine.com/article/a-gathering-at-the-crossroads-memorializing-african-american-trailblazers-and-a-lost-neighborhood-in-harrisburg/","url_text":"\"A Gathering at the Crossroads: Memorializing African American Trailblazers and a Lost Neighborhood in Harrisburg\""}]},{"reference":"Trostle, Sharon (ed.). The Pennsylvania Manual. Vol. 120. Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Department of General Services. p. 1-9. ISBN 0-8182-0345-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pennsylvania_Manual","url_text":"The Pennsylvania Manual"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Department_of_General_Services","url_text":"Pennsylvania Department of General Services"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8182-0345-5","url_text":"0-8182-0345-5"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pennsylvania_State_Capitol_Complex&params=40_15_54_N_76_52_56_W_type:landmark_region:US-PA","external_links_name":"40°15′54″N 76°52′56″W / 40.26500°N 76.88222°W / 40.26500; -76.88222"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pennsylvania_State_Capitol_Complex&params=40_15_54_N_76_52_56_W_type:landmark_region:US-PA","external_links_name":"40°15′54″N 76°52′56″W / 40.26500°N 76.88222°W / 40.26500; -76.88222"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/77001162","external_links_name":"77001162"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/13000287","external_links_name":"13000287"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_State_Capitol_Complex&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pennsylvania_State_Capitol_Complex&params=40_15_52_N_76_52_0_W_type:landmark_region:US-PA","external_links_name":"40°15′52″N 76°52′0″W / 40.26444°N 76.86667°W / 40.26444; -76.86667"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pennsylvania_State_Capitol_Complex&params=40_15_44.6_N_76_52_47.3_W_type:landmark_region:US-PA","external_links_name":"40°15′44.6″N 76°52′47.3″W / 40.262389°N 76.879806°W / 40.262389; -76.879806"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/nhl/news/LC/fall2012/PAStateCapitol.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Draft NHL nomination for Pennsylvania State Capitol Complex\""},{"Link":"https://paheritage.wpengine.com/article/a-gathering-at-the-crossroads-memorializing-african-american-trailblazers-and-a-lost-neighborhood-in-harrisburg/","external_links_name":"\"A Gathering at the Crossroads: Memorializing African American Trailblazers and a Lost Neighborhood in Harrisburg\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100527233516/http://www.harrisburgpa.gov/Visitor/center_city/Capitol_Complex.html","external_links_name":"City of Harrisburg - Capitol Complex overview"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070311215605/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/cx/?id=111183","external_links_name":"emporis.com: Capitol Complex profile"},{"Link":"http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?cityID=333","external_links_name":"skyscraperpage.com: Harrisburg, Pennsylvania profile"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Against_Gangsterism_and_Drugs	People Against Gangsterism and Drugs	["1 Origins","2 Cape Town bombings","3 Current activities","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]	Violent South African vigilante group People Against Gangsterism and DrugsTypeVigilante groupLegal statusActiveLocationCape Town, South AfricaRegion served AfricaWebsitewww.pagad.co.za People Against Gangsterism and Drugs (PAGAD) is a group formed in 1996 in the Cape Flats area of Cape Town, South Africa. The organisation came to prominence for acts against gangsters, including arson and murder. Origins PAGAD was founded by a handful of Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC) and community members from a Cape Town townships who decided to organize public demonstrations to pressure the government to fight the illegal drug trade and gangsterism more effectively.: 11 However, PAGAD increasingly took matters into their own hands, believing the police were not taking enough action against gangs. Initially the community and police were hesitant to act against PAGAD activities, recognising the need for community action against crime in the gang-ridden communities of the Cape Flats. Notorious gangsters were initially asked by PAGAD members to stop their criminal activities or be subject to "popular justice". A common PAGAD modus operandi was to set fire to drug dealers' houses and kill gangsters. PAGAD's campaign came to prominence in 1996 when the leader of the Hard Livings gang, Rashaad Staggie, was beaten and burnt to death by a mob during a march to his home in Salt River. South Africa's police quickly came to regard PAGAD as part of the problem rather than a partner in the fight against crime, and they were eventually designated a terrorist organization by the South African government.: 11 Changes within the organisation following the incidents of 1996 increased the influence of more highly politicised and organisationally experienced people within it associated with radical Islamic groups such as Qibla. This caused a series of changes such as the emergence of new leadership and the development of tighter organisational structures. This succeeded in transforming PAGAD from a relatively non-religious popular mass movement into a smaller, better organised but also a religiously radical isolated group. The threat of growing vigilantism in 2000 led the Western Cape provincial government to declare a "war on gangs" that became a key priority of the ANC provincial government at the time.: 11 Cape Town bombings See also: Planet Hollywood bombing Although PAGAD's leadership denied involvement, PAGAD's G-Force, operating in small cells, was believed responsible for killing a large number of gang leaders, and also for a bout of urban terrorism—particularly bombings—in Cape Town. The bombings started in 1998, and included nine bombings in 2000. In addition to targeting gang leaders, bombing targets included South African authorities, synagogues, gay nightclubs, tourist attractions, and Western-associated restaurants. The most prominent attack during this time was the bombing on 25 August 1998 of the Cape Town Planet Hollywood which resulted in two deaths and 26 injuries. In September 2000, magistrate Pieter Theron, who was presiding in a case involving PAGAD members, was murdered in a drive-by shooting. PAGAD's leaders have become known for making antisemitic statements. A 1997 incendiary bomb attack on a Jewish bookshop owner was found by police to have been committed with the same material PAGAD has used in other attacks. In 1998, Ebrahim Moosa, a University of Cape Town academic who had been critical of PAGAD, decided to take a post in the United States after his home was bombed. Violent acts such as bombings in Cape Town subsided in 2002, and the police have not attributed any such acts to PAGAD since the November 2002 bombing of the Bishop Lavis offices of the Serious Crimes Unit in the Western Cape. In 2002, PAGAD leader Abdus Salaam Ebrahim was convicted of public violence and imprisoned for seven years. Although a number of other PAGAD members were arrested and convicted of related crimes, none were convicted of the Cape Town bombings. Current activities Today, PAGAD maintains a small and less visible presence in the Cape Town Cape Muslim community. In the run up to the 2014 South African general elections the organisation hosted motorcades and marches in Mitchell's Plain in February–March 2014. One of PAGAD's largest marches in 2014 was joined by the EFF, a far left political party who expressed their support for the organisation. In 2022, a PAGAD G-Force leader was charged with conspiracy to kill police officers. In 2023 a former PAGAD leader was gunned down. References ^ a b c Fourchard, L. (2011). "The politics of mobilization for security in South African townships". volume 110, issue 441. African Affairs. pp. 607–627. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2012. ^ a b c d Dixon, Bill; Johns, Lisa-Marie (May 2001). "Gangs, Pagad & the State: Vigilantism and Revenge Violence in the Western Cape" (PDF). Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2014. ^ a b c d "Pagad: Vigilantes or terrorists?". BBC News. 13 September 2000. ^ Drogin, Bob (13 August 1996). "Anti-Gang Fury Roils S. Africa". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 8 February 2017. ^ "History of terror events in democratic SA". BusinessLIVE. Retrieved 22 May 2022. ^ "Cape Town bomb 'link' to killing". BBC News. 9 September 2000. ^ "Antisemitism And Racism: South Africa". Stephen Roth Institute. 1998. Archived from the original on 4 August 2007. ^ "Stephen Roth Institute: Antisemitism and Racism". Archived from the original on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2012. ^ Natasha Bezuidenhout & Warren Fortune (3 April 2014). "EFF joins Pagad on anti-drugs march". Cape Argus. Retrieved 15 April 2014. ^ Majiet, Laila (11 April 2014). "PAGAD SUPPORT 'INCREASING' IN MITCHELL'S PLAIN". People's Post. Retrieved 15 April 2014. ^ Merwe, Marelise Van Der (3 August 2015). "Pagad & The Gangs: Cape Town's streets of fire". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 9 November 2020. ^ "Pagad G-Force leader charged with conspiracy to kill magistrate, cop involved in his sons' criminal case". ^ Buhr, Shona (13 February 2023). "Former Pagad leader in Eldos ambushed next to his house". Sunday World. Retrieved 29 May 2023. Further reading Shaw, Mark (2023). Breaking the Bombers - how the hunt for Pagad created a crack police unit, Publisher: Jonathan Ball, ISBN 978-1-77619-151-2. Book on the history of Pagad and its impact on the criminal environment in Cape Town. External links South Africa portalIslam portal People Against Gangsterism and Drugs Gangs, Pagad & the State: Vigilantism and Revenge Violence in the Western Cape - Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, 2001 People Against Gangsterism and Drugs (PAGAD), Center for Defense Information vtePolitics of South AfricaBy province Eastern Cape Free State Gauteng KwaZulu-Natal Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Western Cape Flag of South AfricaPoliticalmovementsIdeologies African nationalism Afrikaner nationalism Anarchism Anti-war Black consciousness Environmentalism Federalism Feminism Liberalism Libertarianism Pan-Africanism Non-racialism Trotskyism Political partiessee South Africa political partiesOther politicalorganisations AfriForum Afrikanerbond Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB) Congress of Traditional Leaders of South Africa (CONTRALESA) Congress of South African Students (COSAS) Earthlife Africa Keep Left Khanya College Koeberg Alert Lesbian and Gay Equality Project (LGEP) People Against Gangsterism and Drugs (PAGAD) South African Liberal Students' Association (SALSA) South African Students Congress (SASCO) South African Wine Initiative Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front (ZACF) Trade unions andSocial movementssee South Africa trade unions Equal Education Mandela Park Backyarders People Against Suffering, Oppression and Poverty (PASSOP) Poor People's Alliance Abahlali baseMjondolo Landless Peoples Movement Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign Reclaim the City Social Justice Coalition Treatment Action Campaign Unemployed Peoples' MovementLawsee South African lawPolitical culture African Renaissance Alternative media Azania Corruption (Don't) touch me on my studio Freedom Charter Proudly South African Rainbow nation Renaming Tenderpreneurs Toyi-toyi Ubuntu UnFreedom Day White monopoly capital Xenophobia Anti-Chinese sentiment Anti-Indian sentiment Slogans "Amandla Ngawethu!" 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Other Corrective rape Crime Cape Independence Elections e-tolling Farm attacks Gupta family HIV/AIDS Labour brokering Land occupations Legacies of apartheid Lindela Phala Phala robbery Political assassinations Political repression Protests Sexual violence Shack fires Terrorism Third Force Category vtePolitical history of South AfricaDefunct polities Kingdom of Mapungubwe (c. 1075–c. 1220) Dutch Cape Colony (1652–1806) Mthethwa Paramountcy (c. 1780–1817) Ndwandwe Kingdom (c. 1780–1819) Cape Colony (1795–1910) Zulu Kingdom (1816–1897) Natalia Republic (1839–1843) Natal Colony (1843–1910) Orange Free State (1854–1902) South African Republic (1856–1902) Griqualand East (1861–1879) Griqualand West (1870–1873) Goshen (1882–1883) Stellaland (1882–1885) Nieuwe Republiek (1884–1888) Upingtonia (1885–1887) Klein Vrystaat (1886–1891) Orange River Colony (1902–1910) Transvaal Colony (1902–1910) Union of South Africa (1910–1961) Transkei (1976–1994) Bophuthatswana (1977–1994) Venda (1979–1994) Ciskei (1981–1994) EventsPre-colonial Bantu migrations Battle of Salt River 1652–1815 Dutch settlement French Huguenot settlement Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars Xhosa Wars Battle of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 1815–1910 Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Boer Republics Transvaal Civil War Mineral Revolution Witwatersrand Gold Rush South African Wars South Africa Act 1909 (National Convention) 1910–1948 South West Africa campaign Maritz rebellion Rand Rebellion Great Depression 1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike Bantustans Apartheid 1948 general election Apartheid legislation Pass laws Internal resistance Coloured-vote constitutional crisis Defiance Campaign Congress of the People Freedom Charter Women's March 1956 1957 Alexandra bus boycott Sharpeville massacre 1960 republic referendum International isolation UN Resolution 1761 UNSC Resolution 591 Academic boycott Disinvestment Constructive engagement Tar Baby Option Sporting boycott Olympics Rugby union Rivonia Trial Durban Moment Border War Mafeje affair Soweto Uprising Weapons of mass destruction Project Coast Church Street bombing 1983 constitutional referendum Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup d'état Third Force CODESA Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre Bisho massacre 1992 apartheid referendum Saint James Church massacre Bophuthatswana crisis Shell House massacre Post-apartheid 1994 general election Government of National Unity Reconstruction and Development Programme Truth and Reconciliation Commission Arms Deal Floor crossing Soweto bombings African Renaissance Travelgate Xenophobia Attack on Kennedy Road Blikkiesdorp Marikana massacre 2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike Nkandlagate Racism 2014 platinum strike #RhodesMustFall protests #FeesMustFall student protests Tshwane riots 2019 service delivery protests 2019 Johannesburg riots COVID-19 pandemic 2020 Phala Phala Robbery 2021 unrest Lady R incident Political culture African nationalism Afrikaner Calvinism Afrikaner nationalism Anarchism Azania Baasskap Boerehaat Black Consciousness Movement Cape Independence Day of the Vow Greater South Africa Honorary whites Rooi gevaar Slavery Swart gevaar Uitlander Volkstaat DefunctorganisationsCivic and politicalorganisations Afrikaner Bond Afrikaner Broederbond Afrikaner Party AITUP APO AVF BPC Black Sash Boerestaat Party CDA CNIP CTEG COD Congress Alliance COSG CP DLF Dominion Party DP (1973–1977) DP (1989–2000) DPP DSM ECC FA FD Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners GNP Het Volk HNP (Herenigde) HNP (Herstigte) IDASA ID IP ISL Jeugkrag Johannesburg Reform Committee Labour Party (1910–1958) Labour Party (1969–1994) Liberal Party (1953–1968) NA NCP Natal Indian Congress NLP NNP NP NPP NRP NUSAS Occupy Orangia Unie Oranjewerkers Orde Boerevolk PAVN PFP Progressive Party (Cape Colony) Progressive Party PRP Radio Freedom Reform Party SABP SADECO SAIC SASO SAYCO SAYRCO South African Party (Cape Colony) South African Party (1911–1934) South African Party (1977–1980) TNIP Torch Commando UFP United Party Unionist Party Volksparty Workers Party WOSA Trade unions andsocial movements APF BCM BLATU CNETU CTSWU FCWU FNETU FOSATU ICU IWW MUSA NEUM NURHS PAWE SAAPAWU SACTU SAIF SARHU SATUC Die Spoorbund UDF Umkosi Wezintaba Paramilitary andterrorist organisations APLA ARM AWB BBB Boeremag Greyshirts MK Ossewabrandwag Orde van die Dood PAGAD SANF Histories ofpolitical parties African National Congress Democratic Alliance Pan Africanist Congress of Azania Category Authority control databases International VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cape Flats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Flats"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"}],"text":"People Against Gangsterism and Drugs (PAGAD) is a group formed in 1996 in the Cape Flats area of Cape Town, South Africa. The organisation came to prominence for acts against gangsters, including arson and murder.","title":"People Against Gangsterism and Drugs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pan Africanist Congress of Azania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AfricanAffairs-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSVR2001-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-2000-09-13-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSVR2001-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-2000-09-13-3"},{"link_name":"modus operandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_operandi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AfricanAffairs-1"},{"link_name":"Hard Livings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Livings_(gang)"},{"link_name":"Rashaad Staggie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashied_Staggie"},{"link_name":"Salt River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_River,_Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSVR2001-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-2000-09-13-3"},{"link_name":"radical Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Islamic"},{"link_name":"Qibla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qibla_(group)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSVR2001-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AfricanAffairs-1"}],"text":"PAGAD was founded by a handful of Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC) and community members from a Cape Town townships who decided to organize public demonstrations to pressure the government to fight the illegal drug trade and gangsterism more effectively.[1]: 11 [2] However, PAGAD increasingly took matters into their own hands, believing the police were not taking enough action against gangs.[3] Initially the community and police were hesitant to act against PAGAD activities, recognising the need for community action against crime in the gang-ridden communities of the Cape Flats.[2][3]Notorious gangsters were initially asked by PAGAD members to stop their criminal activities or be subject to \"popular justice\". A common PAGAD modus operandi was to set fire to drug dealers' houses and kill gangsters.[1] PAGAD's campaign came to prominence in 1996 when the leader of the Hard Livings gang, Rashaad Staggie, was beaten and burnt to death by a mob during a march to his home in Salt River.[4] South Africa's police quickly came to regard PAGAD as part of the problem rather than a partner in the fight against crime, and they were eventually designated a terrorist organization by the South African government.[2][3]: 11Changes within the organisation following the incidents of 1996 increased the influence of more highly politicised and organisationally experienced people within it associated with radical Islamic groups such as Qibla. This caused a series of changes such as the emergence of new leadership and the development of tighter organisational structures. This succeeded in transforming PAGAD from a relatively non-religious popular mass movement into a smaller, better organised but also a religiously radical isolated group.[2]The threat of growing vigilantism in 2000 led the Western Cape provincial government to declare a \"war on gangs\" that became a key priority of the ANC provincial government at the time.[1]: 11","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Planet Hollywood bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Hollywood_bombing"},{"link_name":"cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clandestine_cell_system"},{"link_name":"terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism"},{"link_name":"synagogues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue"},{"link_name":"gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"nightclubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightclub"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Planet Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-2000-09-13-3"},{"link_name":"drive-by shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive-by_shooting"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"antisemitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ebrahim Moosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebrahim_Moosa"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bishop Lavis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Lavis"},{"link_name":"Western Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Cape"},{"link_name":"Abdus Salaam Ebrahim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdus_Salaam_Ebrahim&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"See also: Planet Hollywood bombingAlthough PAGAD's leadership denied involvement, PAGAD's G-Force, operating in small cells, was believed responsible for killing a large number of gang leaders, and also for a bout of urban terrorism—particularly bombings—in Cape Town. The bombings started in 1998, and included nine bombings in 2000. In addition to targeting gang leaders, bombing targets included South African authorities, synagogues, gay nightclubs, tourist attractions, and Western-associated restaurants.[5] The most prominent attack during this time was the bombing on 25 August 1998 of the Cape Town Planet Hollywood which resulted in two deaths and 26 injuries.[3]In September 2000, magistrate Pieter Theron, who was presiding in a case involving PAGAD members, was murdered in a drive-by shooting.[6]PAGAD's leaders have become known for making antisemitic statements. A 1997 incendiary bomb attack on a Jewish bookshop owner was found by police to have been committed with the same material PAGAD has used in other attacks.[7] In 1998, Ebrahim Moosa, a University of Cape Town academic who had been critical of PAGAD, decided to take a post in the United States after his home was bombed.[8]Violent acts such as bombings in Cape Town subsided in 2002, and the police have not attributed any such acts to PAGAD since the November 2002 bombing of the Bishop Lavis offices of the Serious Crimes Unit in the Western Cape. In 2002, PAGAD leader Abdus Salaam Ebrahim was convicted of public violence and imprisoned for seven years. Although a number of other PAGAD members were arrested and convicted of related crimes, none were convicted of the Cape Town bombings.","title":"Cape Town bombings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cape Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Muslim"},{"link_name":"2014 South African general elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_general_election,_2014"},{"link_name":"Mitchell's Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell%27s_Plain"},{"link_name":"EFF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Freedom_Fighters"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IOLmarch2014-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PPincreasing-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Today, PAGAD maintains a small and less visible presence in the Cape Town Cape Muslim community.In the run up to the 2014 South African general elections the organisation hosted motorcades and marches in Mitchell's Plain in February–March 2014. One of PAGAD's largest marches in 2014 was joined by the EFF, a far left political party who expressed their support for the organisation.[9][10][11] In 2022, a PAGAD G-Force leader was charged with conspiracy to kill police officers.[12] In 2023 a former PAGAD leader was gunned down.[13]","title":"Current activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Breaking the Bombers - how the hunt for Pagad created a crack police unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wordsworth.co.za/products/breaking-the-bombers-trade-paperback"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Ball_Publishers"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-77619-151-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77619-151-2"}],"text":"Shaw, Mark (2023). Breaking the Bombers - how the hunt for Pagad created a crack police unit, Publisher: Jonathan Ball, ISBN 978-1-77619-151-2. Book on the history of Pagad and its impact on the criminal environment in Cape Town.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Flag of South Africa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/50px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Fourchard, L. (2011). \"The politics of mobilization for security in South African townships\". volume 110, issue 441. African Affairs. pp. 607–627. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130415140528/http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/08/16/afraf.adr046.abstract","url_text":"\"The politics of mobilization for security in South African townships\""},{"url":"http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/08/16/afraf.adr046.abstract","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dixon, Bill; Johns, Lisa-Marie (May 2001). \"Gangs, Pagad & the State: Vigilantism and Revenge Violence in the Western Cape\" (PDF). Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150219213902/http://www.csvr.org.za/archive/docs/gangs/gangspagadstate.pdf","url_text":"\"Gangs, Pagad & the State: Vigilantism and Revenge Violence in the Western Cape\""},{"url":"http://www.csvr.org.za/archive/docs/gangs/gangspagadstate.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pagad: Vigilantes or terrorists?\". BBC News. 13 September 2000.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/923701.stm","url_text":"\"Pagad: Vigilantes or terrorists?\""}]},{"reference":"Drogin, Bob (13 August 1996). \"Anti-Gang Fury Roils S. Africa\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 8 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1996-08-13/news/mn-33888_1_south-africa","url_text":"\"Anti-Gang Fury Roils S. Africa\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of terror events in democratic SA\". BusinessLIVE. Retrieved 22 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesslive.co.za/rdm/politics/2016-07-11-history-of-terror-events-in-democratic-sa/","url_text":"\"History of terror events in democratic SA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cape Town bomb 'link' to killing\". BBC News. 9 September 2000.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/917031.stm","url_text":"\"Cape Town bomb 'link' to killing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Antisemitism And Racism: South Africa\". Stephen Roth Institute. 1998. Archived from the original on 4 August 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070804053901/http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw97-8/south-africa.html","url_text":"\"Antisemitism And Racism: South Africa\""},{"url":"http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw97-8/south-africa.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Stephen Roth Institute: Antisemitism and Racism\". Archived from the original on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121119112621/http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw98-9/sthaf.htm","url_text":"\"Stephen Roth Institute: Antisemitism and Racism\""},{"url":"http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw98-9/sthaf.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Natasha Bezuidenhout & Warren Fortune (3 April 2014). \"EFF joins Pagad on anti-drugs march\". Cape Argus. Retrieved 15 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/eff-joins-pagad-on-anti-drugs-march-1.1670748#.U01ENfmSySo","url_text":"\"EFF joins Pagad on anti-drugs march\""}]},{"reference":"Majiet, Laila (11 April 2014). \"PAGAD SUPPORT 'INCREASING' IN MITCHELL'S PLAIN\". People's Post. Retrieved 15 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.peoplespost.co.za/MM/edition/138047/edition-article-details/pagad-support-","url_text":"\"PAGAD SUPPORT 'INCREASING' IN MITCHELL'S PLAIN\""}]},{"reference":"Merwe, Marelise Van Der (3 August 2015). \"Pagad & The Gangs: Cape Town's streets of fire\". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 9 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2015-08-03-pagad-the-gangs-cape-towns-streets-of-fire/","url_text":"\"Pagad & The Gangs: Cape Town's streets of fire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pagad G-Force leader charged with conspiracy to kill magistrate, cop involved in his sons' criminal case\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/pagad-g-force-leader-charged-with-conspiracy-to-kill-magistrate-cop-involved-in-his-sons-criminal-case-cfb83c47-f076-4410-8c42-4ab9b0b9a6ae","url_text":"\"Pagad G-Force leader charged with conspiracy to kill magistrate, cop involved in his sons' criminal case\""}]},{"reference":"Buhr, Shona (13 February 2023). \"Former Pagad leader in Eldos ambushed next to his house\". Sunday World. Retrieved 29 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sundayworld.co.za/news/former-pagad-leader-in-eldos-ambushed-next-to-his-house/","url_text":"\"Former Pagad leader in Eldos ambushed next to his house\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.pagad.co.za/","external_links_name":"www.pagad.co.za"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130415140528/http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/08/16/afraf.adr046.abstract","external_links_name":"\"The politics of mobilization for security in South African townships\""},{"Link":"http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/08/16/afraf.adr046.abstract","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150219213902/http://www.csvr.org.za/archive/docs/gangs/gangspagadstate.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Gangs, Pagad & the State: Vigilantism and Revenge Violence in the Western Cape\""},{"Link":"http://www.csvr.org.za/archive/docs/gangs/gangspagadstate.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/923701.stm","external_links_name":"\"Pagad: Vigilantes or terrorists?\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1996-08-13/news/mn-33888_1_south-africa","external_links_name":"\"Anti-Gang Fury Roils S. Africa\""},{"Link":"https://www.businesslive.co.za/rdm/politics/2016-07-11-history-of-terror-events-in-democratic-sa/","external_links_name":"\"History of terror events in democratic SA\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/917031.stm","external_links_name":"\"Cape Town bomb 'link' to killing\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070804053901/http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw97-8/south-africa.html","external_links_name":"\"Antisemitism And Racism: South Africa\""},{"Link":"http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw97-8/south-africa.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121119112621/http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw98-9/sthaf.htm","external_links_name":"\"Stephen Roth Institute: Antisemitism and Racism\""},{"Link":"http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw98-9/sthaf.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/eff-joins-pagad-on-anti-drugs-march-1.1670748#.U01ENfmSySo","external_links_name":"\"EFF joins Pagad on anti-drugs march\""},{"Link":"http://www.peoplespost.co.za/MM/edition/138047/edition-article-details/pagad-support-","external_links_name":"\"PAGAD SUPPORT 'INCREASING' IN MITCHELL'S PLAIN\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2015-08-03-pagad-the-gangs-cape-towns-streets-of-fire/","external_links_name":"\"Pagad & The Gangs: Cape Town's streets of fire\""},{"Link":"https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/pagad-g-force-leader-charged-with-conspiracy-to-kill-magistrate-cop-involved-in-his-sons-criminal-case-cfb83c47-f076-4410-8c42-4ab9b0b9a6ae","external_links_name":"\"Pagad G-Force leader charged with conspiracy to kill magistrate, cop involved in his sons' criminal case\""},{"Link":"https://sundayworld.co.za/news/former-pagad-leader-in-eldos-ambushed-next-to-his-house/","external_links_name":"\"Former Pagad leader in Eldos ambushed next to his house\""},{"Link":"https://www.wordsworth.co.za/products/breaking-the-bombers-trade-paperback","external_links_name":"Breaking the Bombers - how the hunt for Pagad created a crack police unit"},{"Link":"http://www.pagad.co.za/","external_links_name":"People Against Gangsterism and Drugs"},{"Link":"http://www.csvr.org.za/archive/index.php/publications/1804-gangs-pagad-and-the-state-vigilantism-and-revenge-violence-in-the-western-cape.html","external_links_name":"Gangs, Pagad & the State: Vigilantism and Revenge Violence in the Western Cape"},{"Link":"http://www.cdi.org/friendlyversion/printversion.cfm?documentID=3211","external_links_name":"People Against Gangsterism and Drugs (PAGAD)"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/133899339","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2004089527","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_portage	Chicago Portage	["1 Created by a glacier","2 A key to travel and trade in North America","2.1 The St Lawrence River divide","2.2 Early peoples","2.3 The first Europeans","2.4 Crossing the portage","3 Development","3.1 Wagon roads and today's highways","3.2 Illinois and Michigan Canal","4 The birthplace of Chicago, connecting the East with the West","5 Chicago Portage National Historic Site","6 Further reading","7 Gallery","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]	Ancient path connecting the Great Lakes waterway system with the Mississippi River system Chicago PortageElevation589 ft (180 m)Traversed byMud Lake (historic), Illinois and Michigan Canal (historic), Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, several railroads, numerous roads including I-55 (Stevenson Expressway)Location(historic dividing point) 3100 West 31st Street, Chicago, Cook County, Illinois, USRangeValparaiso MoraineCoordinates41°50′14″N 87°42′8″W / 41.83722°N 87.70222°W / 41.83722; -87.70222 The Chicago Portage was an ancient portage that connected the Great Lakes waterway system with the Mississippi River system. Connecting these two great water trails meant comparatively easy access from the mouth of the St. Lawrence River on the Atlantic Ocean to the Rocky Mountains, and the Gulf of Mexico. The approximately six-mile link had been used by Native Americans for thousands of years during the Pre-Columbian era for travel and trade. In the summer of 1673 members of the Kaskaskia, a tribe of the Illinois Confederation, led French explorers Louis Jolliet and Father Jacques Marquette, the first known Europeans to explore this part of North America, to the portage. A strategic location, it became a key to European activity in the Midwest, ultimately leading to the foundation of Chicago. The Portage crossed waterways and wetlands between the Chicago River and the Des Plaines River, through a gap in the Valparaiso Moraine. In 1848, the water divide was breached by the Illinois and Michigan (I&M) Canal cutting through the portage, this was deepened and widened in 1900 by the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal which was also used to control the water's directional flow. Created by a glacier Development of the Great Lakes Map of part of ancient Lake Chicago in what became the portage region, when the Outlet River cut through the glacial moraines to drain the lake, creating the later pathway and topography of the portage The history of the Chicago Portage begins at the end of the last Ice Age. It was formed as the Wisconsin glaciation retreated northward about 10,000 years ago, leaving behind Lake Chicago (now called Lake Michigan), which was created from the glacier's meltwater. As the glacier melted and retreated, the water in Lake Chicago rose until it overflowed the southwestern edge of the Valparaiso Moraine, which encircles the lake's southern half, creating the Chicago Outlet River. This was a substantial river, comparable to today's Niagara River, and over time it carved the channel later used by the main and south branch of the Chicago River, the Des Plaines River, and the terrain that became the Chicago Portage. As the glacier continued to retreat, it opened another outlet far to the East that became the St Lawrence River. This allowed the emerging lakes to drain even faster, and the Chicago Outlet River dried up leaving the gap in the moraine that served the Chicago Portage. The Chicago Portage linked what became known as the Chicago River's South Branch and what became known as the Des Plaines River. The point at which the portage crossed the low continental divide that separated waters flowing east toward Lake Michigan from waters flowing west toward the Mississippi River was a wetland that occupied the ancient stream bed of the Chicago Outlet River. Early settlers called this marshy area “Mud Lake”. The total length of the portage was about six miles. Mud Lake could be wet, dry, marshy, or frozen, depending on the season and the weather, making it a difficult, albeit very valuable, transportation route. In very wet weather the water level in both the Des Plaines River and the Chicago River would rise to the point that Mud Lake was flooded, and travelers could traverse the entire six miles by canoe. Usually, however, particularly in late summer, it was necessary to pull out canoes at some point and carry them and all supplies around Mud Lake. A key to travel and trade in North America The Chicago Portage allowed easy access, by boat, to almost all of North America, from the mouth of the St Lawrence River to the Rocky Mountains and the Gulf of Mexico. The St Lawrence River divide Continental Divides of North America. The pink line (center-right) denotes the Great Lakes-St Lawrence divide that runs through Chicago Until the second half of the 19th century water transportation was virtually the only way to move goods and people around North America. Hence, connections between strategic waterways, usually involving portages, held special importance. The importance of the Chicago Portage lies in the fact that the channel cut by the Chicago Outlet River created an easy passage over the Saint Lawrence River Divide, the continental divide that separated what had become the Great Lakes waterway system from the Mississippi River waterway system and, as the illustration shows, opened up almost all of what was to become the United States from the Allegheny Mountains to the Rocky Mountains as far south as the Gulf of Mexico. Early peoples Native Americans had used the portage for almost two thousand years before the arrival of Europeans. The Portage was probably created around 500 BCE, p 19 at the end of what is commonly referred to as the Archaic period. Early people had been migrating into the region around the Portage since the Paleo-Indian period, and by the time of the formation of the Portage, these people had begun to create semi-permanent settlements. Archaeological evidence shows that long-distance trade routes had been established. Late Archaic sites that have been uncovered around the Chicago area have revealed shells from the Gulf Coast, galena from the Galena, Illinois, area, and copper from Lake Superior. The Woodland period (500 BCE – 1,000 CE) followed the Archaic. The Hopewell culture (200 BCE to 500 CE) that arose during this time saw further development of these trade networks as well as the appearance of pottery. Hopewell tribes engaged in extensive trade. This trade network is now called the Hopewell Interaction Sphere, and the part that encompassed Illinois, the Havana Hopewell, played a major part. Since at this time most long-distance travel for trade purposes was via water, it is likely that during this Woodland period the Chicago Portage was first regularly used. The Mississippian period (1000 – 1600) followed the Woodland. During this time native people built more permanent settlements, and continued to expand trading networks. Cahokia was the largest of these settlements and the best example of how native society was evolving. It was located at the confluence of the Mississippi River, the Missouri River, and the Illinois River and was therefore a key to the trade network that had developed. Given that copper from the northern shores of Lake Superior have been found at archeological digs at Cahokia, and that Mississippian pottery has been found at sites at northern Lake Huron, it is likely that the Chicago Portage was regularly used during this period., p 24 During all of this time early Native Americans found the Chicago Portage to be a convenient transportation route between the Great Lakes region and the Mississippi River in the interior. The first Europeans Canoes in a fog, Lake Superior by Francis Anne Hopkins By 1673 the French had established a trading post at present day Mackinac Island at the top of Lake Michigan. In that year, Jean-Baptiste Talon, the first Intendant (administrator) of New France, having heard of reports of a great river to the West and hoping it would be the long-sought "Northwest Passage" to the Pacific Ocean, ordered a reconnaissance mission to find and explore this river. In May of that year the group, consisting of Louis Jolliet, Father Jacques Marquette, and five voyageurs set out on their voyage of discovery. Accordingly, on The 17th day of may, 1673, we started from the Mission of st. Ignace at Michilimakinac where I Then was. The Joy that we felt at being selected for This Expedition animated our Courage, and rendered the labor of paddling from morning to night agreeable to us.— Marquette Detail from a French map (1775) showing the Chicago Portage The explorers found the Mississippi River, explored it, and then returned to Michilimakinac by a different route on the advice of Native Americans they had encountered along the way, who told them that there was a better way to return to Lake Michigan. Travelling by stages up the Illinois River to the Des Plaines River, in September 1673 members of the Caskaskia, a tribe of the Illinois Confederation, led Jolliet and Marquette to the western end of what became known as the Chicago Portage. During the 18th century, the Chicago Portage was one of the most strategic locations in the interior of the North American continent for the French. In particular, it provided an easy connection between the French cities of Montreal and New Orleans. An indication of the importance of portages that potentially could make this connection is shown in early maps of the region. For example, this French map of the western regions of New France, published 1755, shows the “R.(iviere) et Port de Checageu” (River and Port of Checageu), the “Checageu River”, and the “Portage des Chenes” (the portage of oak trees), the name the French originally attached to the Portage. Crossing the portage Map of Chicago Portage If water level in the portage was high enough to allow passage by canoe for most of the way, passage across the portage was relatively easy. Accounts from soldiers stationed at Fort Dearborn, at the mouth of the Chicago River, describe a passage from west to east. Starting at the west end of the portage at the Des Plaines River they paddled east through Portage Creek and through the marsh that would later be known as Mud Lake. At the east end of the marsh they portaged their boats, equipment, and supplies over a low rise of land that was the St Lawrence River continental divide. They then entered the South Branch of the Chicago River, and paddled north to the Fort. If water levels in the portage were low, passage was difficult, in part due to the soft or waterlogged ground. In 1818 Gurdon Hubbard, then 16 years old and traveling with a “brigade” of voyageurs as an indentured clerk, crossed the Portage from East to West and left an account in his memoirs. They had traveled down to the Portage from Mackinac Island in bateaux, heavy flat-bottomed boats. They traveled down the South Branch of the Chicago River and pulled their boats over the St Lawrence Continental Divide into Mud Lake where the water was deep enough to float them. Then … Four men only remained in a boat and pushed with these poles, while six or eight others waded in the mud alongside, and by united efforts constantly jerking it along, so that from early dawn to dark we succeeded only in passing a part of our boats through to the Aux Plaines outlet, where we found the first hard ground. Other members of the crew carried the boats’ cargo, across the seven-mile-long land trail to the Des Plaines River. Because of his status as clerk of the expedition, by virtue of his ability to read and write, Hubbard was spared this hard work. He went on to describe the hardships of crossing the Portage in its natural state. While a part of our crew were thus employed, others busied themselves in transporting our goods on their backs to the river; it was a laborious day for all. Those who waded through the mud frequently sank to their waist, and at times were forced to cling to the side of the boat to prevent going over their heads. After a hard day of work crossing the portage, the men camped near the river at the west end of the portage. But their discomfort was not yet over, as Hubbard’s account continues. ... after reaching the end and camping for the night came the task of ridding themselves from the bloodsuckers . ... The lake was full of these abominable black plagues, and they stuck so tight to the skin that they broke in pieces if force was used to remove them; experience had taught the use of a decoction of tobacco to remove them, and this was resorted to with good success. Having rid ourselves of the bloodsuckers, we were assailed by myriads of mosquitoes, that rendered sleep hopeless, though we sought the softest spots on the ground for our beds. Those who had waded the lake suffered great agony, their limbs becoming swollen and inflamed, and their sufferings were not ended for two or three days. It took us three consecutive days of such toil to pass all our boats through this miserable lake... Development This map of the Portage, superimposed on the map of early Chicago, shows that the most important trails in the region led to the Portage and the several fords near it. The map also shows the Old Portage Long trail that was used when there was insufficient water in Mud Lake to allow traverse by canoe. This trail extended to the southwest to the early settlement of Ottawa on the Illinois River. Since there was usually sufficient water in the larger Illinois River for canoeing, this “Ottawa Trail” was used in very dry conditions when there was insufficient water in the Des Plaines River. Wagon roads and today's highways As commerce over the portage grew, local entrepreneurs developed services to help travelers using the Portage. One such were the wagon roads that made commerce over the Portage much easier during dry periods. An example is the Ottawa trail that started as a pathway, became a wagon road, and ultimately was paved and became part of US Route 66. Illinois and Michigan Canal The earliest Europeans to cross the Portage saw the potential for a canal dug along the route of the Portage. Louis Jolliet, after his first passage, opined that a canal across “… only a few leagues of prairie…” could link the Great Lakes with the Mississippi Valley. Eventually, Joliet’s vision came to reality in the form of the Illinois and Michigan (I&M) Canal which opened in 1848. The birthplace of Chicago, connecting the East with the West Recognizing the strategic importance of the Chicago Portage, in 1803 the new country of the United States built Fort Dearborn at the mouth of the Chicago River to guard it. Flag of Chicago, Illinois In 1848 the opening of the I&M canal allowed water transportation from the mouth of St Lawrence River through Chicago to the Mississippi River and the vast ranch and farm lands drained by it. The population of the City tripled in the next six years. The Chicago Portage, established thousands of years before as the link between the two great waterway systems of America, would give birth to Chicago which would go on to become the transportation hub of the US and continue its role as the link between the East and the West. The official flag of the City of Chicago is a stylized map of the Chicago Portage, with four red stars symbolizing the city and its history, separating two blue stripes symbolizing the two great waters that meet at the city. Chicago Portage National Historic Site Main article: Chicago Portage National Historic Site The Portage waterway at the Chicago Portage National Historic Site in MarchThe waterway at the Portage Historic Site in August The Chicago Portage National Historic Site is a National Historic Site in Lyons, Cook County, Illinois, United States. The site, designated January 3, 1952 as an "affiliated area" of the National Park Service, is owned and administered by the Forest Preserve District of Cook County Preserved within the park is the western end of the historic Chicago Portage. The site is the only part of the Portage that remains in a natural and protected state more or less as it existed when in use by Native Americans and the Europeans who came after them. The Des Plaines River today is not the river as it was in, for example, 1673 when Jolliet and Marquette first passed through the Chicago Portage. During the period 1892-1900 the original channel of the river was straightened, cutting off the part that the Jolliet and Marquette party used to reach the west end of the portage. This aerial photo shows the Des Plaines River and the area around the Portage Historic Site as they exist today (2024). The remnants of the old course of the river can be seen as faint collections of water in the middle of the image. The current course of the Des Plaines River flows North to South and is shown just to the left of these remnants. The second image shows the ancient course of the Des Plaines River overlayed (in blue) on the photo above it to show the river as it was during the centuries of the Portage’s use. Travelers coming from the West would approach from the Southwest, using the old river outlined in blue. Reaching the bend in the river they would either head East into Mud Lake, if there was sufficient water there to permit that option, or stop at the landing, offload their canoes or boats, and carry everything along the Portage trails to reach the South Branch of the Chicago River. The Chicago Portage National Historic Site is outlined in red and the map shows the entrance to Mud Lake and the West End Landing. Chicago Portage From Knight and Zeuch Study Further proof that the original course of the Des Plaines River is as shown comes from the third map, one of many from the Knight and Zeuch study of the Chicago Portage., p 95 This one shows the old course of the Des Plaines River and the bend in the river that marked the western end of the portage. Further reading A History of the Chicago Portage (2021), Benjamin Sells, Northwestern U. Press The Location of the Chicago Portage Route of the Seventeenth Century: A Paper Read Before the Chicago Historical Society, May 1, 1923 Gallery Mississippi Valley watershed and Chicago. The Great Lakes-St Lawrence basin is to the north-east (upper-right). Great Lakes Basin and St. Lawrence watershed. The Chicago Portage to the Mississippi Valley is to the south west (lower-left) of Lake Michigan. The Illinois and Michigan Canal breached the water divide in 1848. It was largely replaced by the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal in 1900. See also Chicago River Geography of Chicago Valparaiso Moraine Lake Chicago Saint Lawrence River Divide Laurentian Divide Eastern Continental Divide Stevenson Expressway Illinois and Michigan Canal Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal References ^ a b c d e f g h Solzman, David. "Portage". Encyclopedia of Chicago. ^ Alden, William (1902). "Description of the Chicago District from US Geological Survey, Geologic Atlas of the US, Nbr 81;". Transcribed by Ellin Beltz. ^ "How Was the Portage Created?". The Chicago Portage. ^ Schaetzl, Randall. "Glacial Lakes in Michigan". Michigan State University. ^ "What The Glacier Left Behind". The Chicago Portage. ^ Vierling, Philip (2001). "Chicago Portage Ledger - Mud Lake". Carnegie Mellon University Libraries (Vol 2, Nbr 1 ed.). p. 1. ^ a b c d e Sells, Benjamin (2021). A History Of The Chicago Portage. Northwestern University Press. ^ Markman, Charles (1991). Chicago before History. Illinois Historic Preservation. pp. 53–54. ^ Cordes, Luke (October 28, 2016). "The Trade History of Fort Michilimackinac". Michigan Technological University. ^ a b c "Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France". Creighton University. 1889. ^ Bellin, Jacques Nicolas (1755). "Partie occidentale de la Nouvelle France ou du Canada". Library of Congress. ^ "The Creek, The Portage and the Journey's End". The Chicago Portage. ^ a b c "Crossing the Chicago Portage". The Chicago Portage. ^ Hubbard, Gurdon (1911). The Autobiography of Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard. Chicago, IL: R. R. Donnelley & Sons. ^ a b c "The Chicago Portage - Historical Synopsis". The Chicago Portage. ^ "Chicago Facts". Chicago Public Library. ^ "CHICAGO PORTAGE NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE". Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2012-10-19. Retrieved 2012-05-15. ^ "The Future of The Past". Friends of the Chicago Portage. Archived from the original on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2012-08-23. ^ a b Knight, Robert; Zeuch, Lucius Henry (1928). The Location of the Chicago Portage Route of the Seventeenth Century. Chicago Historical Society. External links Chicago Portage official site National Park Service Stateparks.com Chicago Portage Ledger: Carnegie Mellon University Libraries Jolliet and La Salle's Canal Plans at Encyclopedia of Chicago The Continental Divide in Oak Park Chicago Portage History vteChicago Architecture Beaches Climate Colleges and universities Community areas Crime gangs Culture Demographics Economy companies Expressways Flag Geography Government Harbor History politics timeline Landmarks Literature Media Newspapers Metropolitan area Museums Neighborhoods Parks list People music musicians theater Public schools list Skyscrapers Sports Tourism Transportation Visual arts Portal Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"portage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"St. Lawrence River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Pre-Columbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era"},{"link_name":"Kaskaskia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaskaskia"},{"link_name":"Illinois Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Louis Jolliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Jolliet"},{"link_name":"Father Jacques Marquette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Marquette"},{"link_name":"Midwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Chicago River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_River"},{"link_name":"Des Plaines River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Plaines_River"},{"link_name":"Valparaiso Moraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valparaiso_Moraine"},{"link_name":"Illinois and Michigan (I&M) Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_and_Michigan_Canal"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sanitary_and_Ship_Canal"}],"text":"The Chicago Portage was an ancient portage that connected the Great Lakes waterway system with the Mississippi River system. Connecting these two great water trails meant comparatively easy access from the mouth of the St. Lawrence River on the Atlantic Ocean to the Rocky Mountains, and the Gulf of Mexico. The approximately six-mile link had been used by Native Americans for thousands of years during the Pre-Columbian era for travel and trade.In the summer of 1673 members of the Kaskaskia, a tribe of the Illinois Confederation, led French explorers Louis Jolliet and Father Jacques Marquette, the first known Europeans to explore this part of North America, to the portage. A strategic location, it became a key to European activity in the Midwest, ultimately leading to the foundation of Chicago.[1]The Portage crossed waterways and wetlands between the Chicago River and the Des Plaines River, through a gap in the Valparaiso Moraine. In 1848, the water divide was breached by the Illinois and Michigan (I&M) Canal cutting through the portage, this was deepened and widened in 1900 by the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal which was also used to control the water's directional flow.","title":"Chicago Portage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glacial_lakes.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_Chicago.JPG"},{"link_name":"Lake Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Chicago"},{"link_name":"moraines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraines"},{"link_name":"Ice Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin glaciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation"},{"link_name":"Lake Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Valparaiso Moraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valparaiso_Moraine"},{"link_name":"Niagara River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_River"},{"link_name":"Chicago River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_River"},{"link_name":"Des Plaines River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Plaines_River"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"moraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"stream bed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_bed"},{"link_name":"marshy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Development of the Great LakesMap of part of ancient Lake Chicago in what became the portage region, when the Outlet River cut through the glacial moraines to drain the lake, creating the later pathway and topography of the portageThe history of the Chicago Portage begins at the end of the last Ice Age. It was formed as the Wisconsin glaciation retreated northward about 10,000 years ago, leaving behind Lake Chicago (now called Lake Michigan), which was created from the glacier's meltwater.As the glacier melted and retreated, the water in Lake Chicago rose until it overflowed the southwestern edge of the Valparaiso Moraine, which encircles the lake's southern half, creating the Chicago Outlet River. This was a substantial river, comparable to today's Niagara River, and over time it carved the channel later used by the main and south branch of the Chicago River, the Des Plaines River, and the terrain that became the Chicago Portage.[2][3][4]As the glacier continued to retreat, it opened another outlet far to the East that became the St Lawrence River. This allowed the emerging lakes to drain even faster, and the Chicago Outlet River dried up leaving the gap in the moraine that served the Chicago Portage.[5]The Chicago Portage linked what became known as the Chicago River's South Branch and what became known as the Des Plaines River. The point at which the portage crossed the low continental divide that separated waters flowing east toward Lake Michigan from waters flowing west toward the Mississippi River was a wetland that occupied the ancient stream bed of the Chicago Outlet River. Early settlers called this marshy area “Mud Lake”.[6] The total length of the portage was about six miles.[1]Mud Lake could be wet, dry, marshy, or frozen, depending on the season and the weather, making it a difficult, albeit very valuable, transportation route. In very wet weather the water level in both the Des Plaines River and the Chicago River would rise to the point that Mud Lake was flooded, and travelers could traverse the entire six miles by canoe. Usually, however, particularly in late summer, it was necessary to pull out canoes at some point and carry them and all supplies around Mud Lake.[1]","title":"Created by a glacier"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"The Chicago Portage allowed easy access, by boat, to almost all of North America, from the mouth of the St Lawrence River to the Rocky Mountains and the Gulf of Mexico.[1]","title":"A key to travel and trade in North America"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NorthAmerica-WaterDivides.png"},{"link_name":"water transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_transportation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Saint Lawrence River Divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River_Divide"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"The St Lawrence River divide","text":"Continental Divides of North America. The pink line (center-right) denotes the Great Lakes-St Lawrence divide that runs through ChicagoUntil the second half of the 19th century water transportation was virtually the only way to move goods and people around North America. Hence, connections between strategic waterways, usually involving portages, held special importance.[1]The importance of the Chicago Portage lies in the fact that the channel cut by the Chicago Outlet River created an easy passage over the Saint Lawrence River Divide, the continental divide that separated what had become the Great Lakes waterway system from the Mississippi River waterway system and, as the illustration shows, opened up almost all of what was to become the United States from the Allegheny Mountains to the Rocky Mountains as far south as the Gulf of Mexico.[1]","title":"A key to travel and trade in North America"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"Archaic period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaic_period_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"Paleo-Indian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleo-Indians"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"Gulf Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"galena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galena"},{"link_name":"Galena, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galena,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Lake Superior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Superior"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Woodland period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland_period"},{"link_name":"Hopewell culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopewell_tradition"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"Hopewell Interaction Sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopewell_tradition"},{"link_name":"Havana Hopewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana_Hopewell_culture"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"Mississippian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippian_culture"},{"link_name":"Cahokia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahokia"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Missouri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_River"},{"link_name":"Illinois River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_River"},{"link_name":"Lake Huron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Huron"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_region"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"}],"sub_title":"Early peoples","text":"Native Americans had used the portage for almost two thousand years before the arrival of Europeans.The Portage was probably created around 500 BCE[7], p 19 at the end of what is commonly referred to as the Archaic period. Early people had been migrating into the region around the Portage since the Paleo-Indian period, and by the time of the formation of the Portage, these people had begun to create semi-permanent settlements.[7] Archaeological evidence shows that long-distance trade routes had been established. Late Archaic sites that have been uncovered around the Chicago area have revealed shells from the Gulf Coast, galena from the Galena, Illinois, area, and copper from Lake Superior.[8]The Woodland period (500 BCE – 1,000 CE) followed the Archaic. The Hopewell culture (200 BCE to 500 CE) that arose during this time saw further development of these trade networks as well as the appearance of pottery.[7] Hopewell tribes engaged in extensive trade. This trade network is now called the Hopewell Interaction Sphere, and the part that encompassed Illinois, the Havana Hopewell, played a major part. Since at this time most long-distance travel for trade purposes was via water, it is likely that during this Woodland period the Chicago Portage was first regularly used.[7]The Mississippian period (1000 – 1600) followed the Woodland. During this time native people built more permanent settlements, and continued to expand trading networks. Cahokia was the largest of these settlements and the best example of how native society was evolving. It was located at the confluence of the Mississippi River, the Missouri River, and the Illinois River and was therefore a key to the trade network that had developed. Given that copper from the northern shores of Lake Superior have been found at archeological digs at Cahokia, and that Mississippian pottery has been found at sites at northern Lake Huron, it is likely that the Chicago Portage was regularly used during this period.[7], p 24During all of this time early Native Americans found the Chicago Portage to be a convenient transportation route between the Great Lakes region and the Mississippi River in the interior.","title":"A key to travel and trade in North America"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canoes_in_a_Fog,_Lake_Superior.jpg"},{"link_name":"Francis Anne Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Anne_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Talon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Talon"},{"link_name":"New France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_France"},{"link_name":"Louis Jolliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Joliet"},{"link_name":"Father Jacques Marquette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Jacques_Marquette"},{"link_name":"voyageurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyageurs"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detail_from_a_French_map,_published_1755,_showing_the_Chicago_Portage.jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"Michilimakinac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Michilimackinac_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Illinois River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_River"},{"link_name":"Des Plaines River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Plaines_River"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"The first Europeans","text":"Canoes in a fog, Lake Superior by Francis Anne HopkinsBy 1673 the French had established a trading post at present day Mackinac Island at the top of Lake Michigan.[9] In that year, Jean-Baptiste Talon, the first Intendant (administrator) of New France, having heard of reports of a great river to the West and hoping it would be the long-sought \"Northwest Passage\" to the Pacific Ocean, ordered a reconnaissance mission to find and explore this river. In May of that year the group, consisting of Louis Jolliet, Father Jacques Marquette, and five voyageurs set out on their voyage of discovery.[10]Accordingly, on The 17th day of may, 1673, we started from the Mission of st. Ignace at Michilimakinac where I Then was. The Joy that we felt at being selected for This Expedition animated our Courage, and rendered the labor of paddling from morning to night agreeable to us.— MarquetteDetail from a French map (1775) showing the Chicago PortageThe explorers found the Mississippi River, explored it,[10] and then returned to Michilimakinac by a different route on the advice of Native Americans they had encountered along the way, who told them that there was a better way to return to Lake Michigan. Travelling by stages up the Illinois River to the Des Plaines River, in September 1673 members of the Caskaskia, a tribe of the Illinois Confederation, led Jolliet and Marquette to the western end of what became known as the Chicago Portage.[10]During the 18th century, the Chicago Portage was one of the most strategic locations in the interior of the North American continent for the French. In particular, it provided an easy connection between the French cities of Montreal and New Orleans. An indication of the importance of portages that potentially could make this connection is shown in early maps of the region. For example, this French map of the western regions of New France, published 1755, shows the “R.(iviere) et Port de Checageu” (River and Port of Checageu), the “Checageu River”, and the “Portage des Chenes” (the portage of oak trees), the name the French originally attached to the Portage.[11]","title":"A key to travel and trade in North America"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Chicago_Portage.JPG"},{"link_name":"Fort Dearborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Dearborn"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Gurdon Hubbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurdon_Saltonstall_Hubbard"},{"link_name":"voyageurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyageurs"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"bateaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateau"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-13"},{"link_name":"leeches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeches"}],"sub_title":"Crossing the portage","text":"Map of Chicago PortageIf water level in the portage was high enough to allow passage by canoe for most of the way, passage across the portage was relatively easy. Accounts from soldiers stationed at Fort Dearborn, at the mouth of the Chicago River, describe a passage from west to east. Starting at the west end of the portage at the Des Plaines River they paddled east through Portage Creek and through the marsh that would later be known as Mud Lake. At the east end of the marsh they portaged their boats, equipment, and supplies over a low rise of land that was the St Lawrence River continental divide. They then entered the South Branch of the Chicago River, and paddled north to the Fort.[12]If water levels in the portage were low, passage was difficult, in part due to the soft or waterlogged ground. In 1818 Gurdon Hubbard, then 16 years old and traveling with a “brigade” of voyageurs as an indentured clerk, crossed the Portage from East to West and left an account in his memoirs.[13][14]They had traveled down to the Portage from Mackinac Island in bateaux, heavy flat-bottomed boats. They traveled down the South Branch of the Chicago River and pulled their boats over the St Lawrence Continental Divide into Mud Lake where the water was deep enough to float them. Then …Four men only remained in a boat and pushed with these poles, while six or eight others waded in the mud alongside, and by united efforts constantly jerking it along, so that from early dawn to dark we succeeded only in passing a part of our boats through to the Aux Plaines [Des Plaines River] outlet, where we found the first hard ground.Other members of the crew carried the boats’ cargo, across the seven-mile-long land trail to the Des Plaines River. Because of his status as clerk of the expedition, by virtue of his ability to read and write, Hubbard was spared this hard work. He went on to describe the hardships of crossing the Portage in its natural state.[13]While a part of our crew were thus employed, others busied themselves in transporting our goods on their backs to the river; it was a laborious day for all. Those who waded through the mud frequently sank to their waist, and at times were forced to cling to the side of the boat to prevent going over their heads.After a hard day of work crossing the portage, the men camped near the river at the west end of the portage. But their discomfort was not yet over, as Hubbard’s account continues.[13]... after reaching the end and camping for the night came the task of ridding themselves from the bloodsuckers [ leeches ]. ... The lake was full of these abominable black plagues, and they stuck so tight to the skin that they broke in pieces if force was used to remove them; experience had taught the use of a decoction of tobacco to remove them, and this was resorted to with good success.\nHaving rid ourselves of the bloodsuckers, we were assailed by myriads of mosquitoes, that rendered sleep hopeless, though we sought the softest spots on the ground for our beds. Those who had waded the lake suffered great agony, their limbs becoming swollen and inflamed, and their sufferings were not ended for two or three days. It took us three consecutive days of such toil to pass all our boats through this miserable lake...","title":"A key to travel and trade in North America"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_old_Chicago_Portage.jpg"},{"link_name":"fords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_(crossing)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"This map of the Portage, superimposed on the map of early Chicago, shows that the most important trails in the region led to the Portage and the several fords near it.The map also shows the Old Portage Long trail that was used when there was insufficient water in Mud Lake to allow traverse by canoe. This trail extended to the southwest to the early settlement of Ottawa on the Illinois River. Since there was usually sufficient water in the larger Illinois River for canoeing, this “Ottawa Trail” was used in very dry conditions when there was insufficient water in the Des Plaines River.[1]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US Route 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_66_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-15"}],"sub_title":"Wagon roads and today's highways","text":"As commerce over the portage grew, local entrepreneurs developed services to help travelers using the Portage. One such were the wagon roads that made commerce over the Portage much easier during dry periods. An example is the Ottawa trail that started as a pathway, became a wagon road, and ultimately was paved and became part of US Route 66.[15]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-15"},{"link_name":"Illinois and Michigan (I&M) Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_and_Michigan_Canal"}],"sub_title":"Illinois and Michigan Canal","text":"The earliest Europeans to cross the Portage saw the potential for a canal dug along the route of the Portage. Louis Jolliet, after his first passage, opined that a canal across “… only a few leagues of prairie…” could link the Great Lakes with the Mississippi Valley.[15]Eventually, Joliet’s vision came to reality in the form of the Illinois and Michigan (I&M) Canal which opened in 1848.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Chicago,_Illinois.svg"},{"link_name":"water transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_transportation"},{"link_name":"transportation hub of the US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Chicago#Emergence_as_a_transportation_hub"},{"link_name":"flag of the City of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Recognizing the strategic importance of the Chicago Portage, in 1803 the new country of the United States built Fort Dearborn at the mouth of the Chicago River to guard it.[1]Flag of Chicago, IllinoisIn 1848 the opening of the I&M canal allowed water transportation from the mouth of St Lawrence River through Chicago to the Mississippi River and the vast ranch and farm lands drained by it. The population of the City tripled in the next six years. The Chicago Portage, established thousands of years before as the link between the two great waterway systems of America, would give birth to Chicago which would go on to become the transportation hub of the US and continue its role as the link between the East and the West.The official flag of the City of Chicago is a stylized map of the Chicago Portage, with four red stars symbolizing the city and its history, separating two blue stripes symbolizing the two great waters that meet at the city.[16]","title":"The birthplace of Chicago, connecting the East with the West"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chicago_Portage_Waterway.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chicago_Portage.JPG"},{"link_name":"Chicago Portage National Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Portage_National_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"National Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyons,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Cook County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"Forest Preserve District of Cook County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Preserve_District_of_Cook_County"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chicago_Portage_Site_-_USGS_High-Resolution_Orthoimagery_-_2005.png"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chicago_Portage_National_Historic_Site.png"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chicago_Portage_Map_From_Knight_and_Zeuch.png"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-19"}],"text":"The Portage waterway at the Chicago Portage National Historic Site in MarchThe waterway at the Portage Historic Site in AugustThe Chicago Portage National Historic Site is a National Historic Site[17] in Lyons, Cook County, Illinois, United States. The site, designated January 3, 1952 as an \"affiliated area\" of the National Park Service, is owned and administered by the Forest Preserve District of Cook CountyPreserved within the park is the western end of the historic Chicago Portage. The site is the only part of the Portage that remains in a natural and protected state more or less as it existed when in use by Native Americans and the Europeans who came after them.[18]The Des Plaines River today is not the river as it was in, for example, 1673 when Jolliet and Marquette first passed through the Chicago Portage. During the period 1892-1900 the original channel of the river was straightened, cutting off the part that the Jolliet and Marquette party used to reach the west end of the portage.[15] This aerial photo shows the Des Plaines River and the area around the Portage Historic Site as they exist today (2024). The remnants of the old course of the river can be seen as faint collections of water in the middle of the image. The current course of the Des Plaines River flows North to South and is shown just to the left of these remnants.The second image shows the ancient course of the Des Plaines River overlayed (in blue) on the photo above it to show the river as it was during the centuries of the Portage’s use.[19] Travelers coming from the West would approach from the Southwest, using the old river outlined in blue. Reaching the bend in the river they would either head East into Mud Lake, if there was sufficient water there to permit that option, or stop at the landing, offload their canoes or boats, and carry everything along the Portage trails to reach the South Branch of the Chicago River.The Chicago Portage National Historic Site is outlined in red and the map shows the entrance to Mud Lake and the West End Landing.Chicago Portage From Knight and Zeuch StudyFurther proof that the original course of the Des Plaines River is as shown comes from the third map, one of many from the Knight and Zeuch study of the Chicago Portage.[19], p 95 This one shows the old course of the Des Plaines River and the bend in the river that marked the western end of the portage.","title":"Chicago Portage National Historic Site"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Location of the Chicago Portage Route of the Seventeenth Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books/about/The_Location_of_the_Chicago_Portage_Rout.html?id=tT5KAAAAMAAJ"}],"text":"A History of the Chicago Portage (2021), Benjamin Sells, Northwestern U. PressThe Location of the Chicago Portage Route of the Seventeenth Century: A Paper Read Before the Chicago Historical Society, May 1, 1923","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mississippiriver-new-01.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grlakes_lawrence_map.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illinois-michigan-canal.png"},{"link_name":"Illinois and Michigan Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_and_Michigan_Canal"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sanitary_and_Ship_Canal"}],"text":"Mississippi Valley watershed and Chicago. The Great Lakes-St Lawrence basin is to the north-east (upper-right).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGreat Lakes Basin and St. Lawrence watershed. The Chicago Portage to the Mississippi Valley is to the south west (lower-left) of Lake Michigan.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Illinois and Michigan Canal breached the water divide in 1848. It was largely replaced by the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal in 1900.","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"Development of the Great Lakes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Glacial_lakes.jpg/220px-Glacial_lakes.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of part of ancient Lake Chicago in what became the portage region, when the Outlet River cut through the glacial moraines to drain the lake, creating the later pathway and topography of the portage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lake_Chicago.JPG/220px-Lake_Chicago.JPG"},{"image_text":"Continental Divides of North America. The pink line (center-right) denotes the Great Lakes-St Lawrence divide that runs through Chicago","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/NorthAmerica-WaterDivides.png/161px-NorthAmerica-WaterDivides.png"},{"image_text":"Canoes in a fog, Lake Superior by Francis Anne Hopkins","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Canoes_in_a_Fog%2C_Lake_Superior.jpg/220px-Canoes_in_a_Fog%2C_Lake_Superior.jpg"},{"image_text":"Detail from a French map (1775) showing the Chicago Portage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Detail_from_a_French_map%2C_published_1755%2C_showing_the_Chicago_Portage.jpg/220px-Detail_from_a_French_map%2C_published_1755%2C_showing_the_Chicago_Portage.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Chicago Portage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Map_of_Chicago_Portage.JPG/220px-Map_of_Chicago_Portage.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Map_of_the_old_Chicago_Portage.jpg/375px-Map_of_the_old_Chicago_Portage.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flag of Chicago, Illinois","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg/220px-Flag_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Chicago_Portage_Site_-_USGS_High-Resolution_Orthoimagery_-_2005.png/220px-Chicago_Portage_Site_-_USGS_High-Resolution_Orthoimagery_-_2005.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Chicago_Portage_National_Historic_Site.png/220px-Chicago_Portage_National_Historic_Site.png"},{"image_text":"Chicago Portage From Knight and Zeuch Study","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Chicago_Portage_Map_From_Knight_and_Zeuch.png/217px-Chicago_Portage_Map_From_Knight_and_Zeuch.png"}]	[{"title":"Chicago River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_River"},{"title":"Geography of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Chicago"},{"title":"Valparaiso Moraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valparaiso_Moraine"},{"title":"Lake Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Chicago"},{"title":"Saint Lawrence River Divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River_Divide"},{"title":"Laurentian Divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentian_Divide"},{"title":"Eastern Continental Divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Continental_Divide"},{"title":"Stevenson Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenson_Expressway"},{"title":"Illinois and Michigan Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_and_Michigan_Canal"},{"title":"Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sanitary_and_Ship_Canal"}]	[{"reference":"Solzman, David. \"Portage\". Encyclopedia of Chicago.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/993.html","url_text":"\"Portage\""}]},{"reference":"Alden, William (1902). \"Description of the Chicago District from US Geological Survey, Geologic Atlas of the US, Nbr 81;\". Transcribed by Ellin Beltz.","urls":[{"url":"http://ebeltz.net/folio/cfol-4.html","url_text":"\"Description of the Chicago District from US Geological Survey, Geologic Atlas of the US, Nbr 81;\""}]},{"reference":"\"How Was the Portage Created?\". The Chicago Portage.","urls":[{"url":"http://drupal.library.cmu.edu/chicago/node/66","url_text":"\"How Was the Portage Created?\""}]},{"reference":"Schaetzl, Randall. \"Glacial Lakes in Michigan\". Michigan State University.","urls":[{"url":"http://geo.msu.edu/extra/geogmich/glacial.html","url_text":"\"Glacial Lakes in Michigan\""}]},{"reference":"\"What The Glacier Left Behind\". The Chicago Portage.","urls":[{"url":"http://drupal.library.cmu.edu/chicago/node/68","url_text":"\"What The Glacier Left Behind\""}]},{"reference":"Vierling, Philip (2001). \"Chicago Portage Ledger - Mud Lake\". Carnegie Mellon University Libraries (Vol 2, Nbr 1 ed.). p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/knowvation/app/consolidatedSearch/#search/v=thumbnails,c=1,q=qs%3D%5B*%5D%2Cfacet-fields%3D%5Bbrowse1_ss%3A%22Chicago%20Portage%22%3E%3Ebrowse2_ss%3A%22Chicago%20Portage%20Ledger%22%5D%2CqueryType%3D%5B64%5D,sm=s,l=library4_lib,a=t","url_text":"\"Chicago Portage Ledger - Mud Lake\""}]},{"reference":"Sells, Benjamin (2021). A History Of The Chicago Portage. Northwestern University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Markman, Charles (1991). Chicago before History. Illinois Historic Preservation. pp. 53–54.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cordes, Luke (October 28, 2016). \"The Trade History of Fort Michilimackinac\". Michigan Technological University.","urls":[{"url":"https://ss.sites.mtu.edu/mhugl/2016/10/28/fort-michilimackinac-trade/","url_text":"\"The Trade History of Fort Michilimackinac\""}]},{"reference":"\"Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France\". Creighton University. 1889.","urls":[{"url":"http://moses.creighton.edu/kripke/jesuitrelations/relations_59.html","url_text":"\"Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France\""}]},{"reference":"Bellin, Jacques Nicolas (1755). \"Partie occidentale de la Nouvelle France ou du Canada\". Library of Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3310.ar001900/?r=-0.373,-0.012,1.749,0.868,0","url_text":"\"Partie occidentale de la Nouvelle France ou du Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Creek, The Portage and the Journey's End\". The Chicago Portage.","urls":[{"url":"http://drupal.library.cmu.edu/chicago/node/91","url_text":"\"The Creek, The Portage and the Journey's End\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crossing the Chicago Portage\". The Chicago Portage.","urls":[{"url":"http://drupal.library.cmu.edu/chicago/node/115","url_text":"\"Crossing the Chicago Portage\""}]},{"reference":"Hubbard, Gurdon (1911). The Autobiography of Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard. Chicago, IL: R. R. Donnelley & Sons.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Chicago Portage - Historical Synopsis\". The Chicago Portage.","urls":[{"url":"http://drupal.library.cmu.edu/chicago/node/132","url_text":"\"The Chicago Portage - Historical Synopsis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chicago Facts\". Chicago Public Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chipublib.org/chicago-facts/","url_text":"\"Chicago Facts\""}]},{"reference":"\"CHICAGO PORTAGE NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE\". Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2012-10-19. Retrieved 2012-05-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121019040703/http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/explorers/siteb1.htm","url_text":"\"CHICAGO PORTAGE NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE\""},{"url":"http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/explorers/siteb1.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Future of The Past\". Friends of the Chicago Portage. Archived from the original on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2012-08-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110930160606/http://www.chicagoportage.org/future.htm","url_text":"\"The Future of The Past\""},{"url":"http://www.chicagoportage.org/future.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Knight, Robert; Zeuch, Lucius Henry (1928). The Location of the Chicago Portage Route of the Seventeenth Century. Chicago Historical Society.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chicago_Portage&params=41_50_14_N_87_42_8_W_type:pass_scale:50000","external_links_name":"41°50′14″N 87°42′8″W / 41.83722°N 87.70222°W / 41.83722; -87.70222"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Location_of_the_Chicago_Portage_Rout.html?id=tT5KAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Location of the Chicago Portage Route of the Seventeenth Century"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/993.html","external_links_name":"\"Portage\""},{"Link":"http://ebeltz.net/folio/cfol-4.html","external_links_name":"\"Description of the Chicago District from US Geological Survey, Geologic Atlas of the US, Nbr 81;\""},{"Link":"http://drupal.library.cmu.edu/chicago/node/66","external_links_name":"\"How Was the Portage Created?\""},{"Link":"http://geo.msu.edu/extra/geogmich/glacial.html","external_links_name":"\"Glacial Lakes in Michigan\""},{"Link":"http://drupal.library.cmu.edu/chicago/node/68","external_links_name":"\"What The Glacier Left Behind\""},{"Link":"https://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/knowvation/app/consolidatedSearch/#search/v=thumbnails,c=1,q=qs%3D%5B*%5D%2Cfacet-fields%3D%5Bbrowse1_ss%3A%22Chicago%20Portage%22%3E%3Ebrowse2_ss%3A%22Chicago%20Portage%20Ledger%22%5D%2CqueryType%3D%5B64%5D,sm=s,l=library4_lib,a=t","external_links_name":"\"Chicago Portage Ledger - Mud Lake\""},{"Link":"https://ss.sites.mtu.edu/mhugl/2016/10/28/fort-michilimackinac-trade/","external_links_name":"\"The Trade History of Fort Michilimackinac\""},{"Link":"http://moses.creighton.edu/kripke/jesuitrelations/relations_59.html","external_links_name":"\"Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France\""},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3310.ar001900/?r=-0.373,-0.012,1.749,0.868,0","external_links_name":"\"Partie occidentale de la Nouvelle France ou du Canada\""},{"Link":"http://drupal.library.cmu.edu/chicago/node/91","external_links_name":"\"The Creek, The Portage and the Journey's End\""},{"Link":"http://drupal.library.cmu.edu/chicago/node/115","external_links_name":"\"Crossing the Chicago Portage\""},{"Link":"http://drupal.library.cmu.edu/chicago/node/132","external_links_name":"\"The Chicago Portage - Historical Synopsis\""},{"Link":"https://www.chipublib.org/chicago-facts/","external_links_name":"\"Chicago Facts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121019040703/http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/explorers/siteb1.htm","external_links_name":"\"CHICAGO PORTAGE NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE\""},{"Link":"http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/explorers/siteb1.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110930160606/http://www.chicagoportage.org/future.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Future of The Past\""},{"Link":"http://www.chicagoportage.org/future.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://drupal.library.cmu.edu/chicago/","external_links_name":"Chicago Portage official site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121019040703/http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/explorers/siteb1.htm","external_links_name":"National Park Service"},{"Link":"http://www.stateparks.com/chicago_portage.html","external_links_name":"Stateparks.com"},{"Link":"http://drupal.library.cmu.edu/chicago/collections/","external_links_name":"Chicago Portage Ledger: Carnegie Mellon University Libraries"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101201051932/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1437.html","external_links_name":"Jolliet and La Salle's Canal Plans"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Chicago"},{"Link":"http://www.oprf.com/divide/","external_links_name":"The Continental Divide in Oak Park"},{"Link":"http://adventure.howstuffworks.com/chicago-portage-national-historic-site.htm","external_links_name":"Chicago Portage History"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miika_Lahti	Miika Lahti	["1 Playing career","2 References","3 External links"]	Finnish ice hockey player Ice hockey player Miika LahtiBorn (1987-02-06) 6 February 1987 (age 37)Konnevesi, FinlandHeight 6 ft 2 in (188 cm)Weight 220 lb (100 kg; 15 st 10 lb)Position CentreShoots LeftteamFormer teams Free agentJYP JyväskyläKunlun Red StarPlaying career 2005–present Miika Lahti (born 6 February 1987) is a Finnish professional ice hockey centre. He is currently playing for EC VSV of the Erste Bank Hockey League. Playing career Lahti played exclusively with JYP until the 2016–17 season, leaving to join inaugural Chinese club, Kunlun Red Star of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). At the conclusion of his contract, Lahti opted to return to his original club, JYP, however sat out the following 2017–18 season, due to rehabilitating a hip injury. He returned to playing in the 2018–19 season, securing a one-year deal on May 25, 2018. References ^ "Miika Lahti continues with JYP" (in Finnish). JYP Jyväskylä. 25 May 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018. External links Biographical information and career statistics from Eliteprospects.com, or Eurohockey.com, or The Internet Hockey Database This biographical article relating to a Finnish ice hockey centre is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finns"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"EC VSV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EC_VSV"},{"link_name":"Erste Bank Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erste_Bank_Hockey_League"}],"text":"Ice hockey playerMiika Lahti (born 6 February 1987) is a Finnish professional ice hockey centre. He is currently playing for EC VSV of the Erste Bank Hockey League.","title":"Miika Lahti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016-17_KHL_season"},{"link_name":"Kunlun Red Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunlun_Red_Star"},{"link_name":"Kontinental Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontinental_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"2017–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017-18_Liiga_season"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018-19_Liiga_season"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Lahti played exclusively with JYP until the 2016–17 season, leaving to join inaugural Chinese club, Kunlun Red Star of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).At the conclusion of his contract, Lahti opted to return to his original club, JYP, however sat out the following 2017–18 season, due to rehabilitating a hip injury. He returned to playing in the 2018–19 season, securing a one-year deal on May 25, 2018.[1]","title":"Playing career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Miika Lahti continues with JYP\" (in Finnish). JYP Jyväskylä. 25 May 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jypliiga.fi/2018/05/miika-lahti-jatkaa-jypissa-ja-sopimus-puolustajalupaus-viinikaisen-kanssa/","url_text":"\"Miika Lahti continues with JYP\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JYP_Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4","url_text":"JYP Jyväskylä"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.jypliiga.fi/2018/05/miika-lahti-jatkaa-jypissa-ja-sopimus-puolustajalupaus-viinikaisen-kanssa/","external_links_name":"\"Miika Lahti continues with JYP\""},{"Link":"http://www.eliteprospects.com/player.php?player=4416&lang=en","external_links_name":"Eliteprospects.com"},{"Link":"http://www.eurohockey.com/player/49095-.html","external_links_name":"Eurohockey.com"},{"Link":"http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=90085","external_links_name":"The Internet Hockey Database"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miika_Lahti&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Schmitt_Studios	Conrad Schmitt Studios	["1 History","2 Technological innovations","2.1 Dalle de Verre","2.2 Leptat","3 Current operations","4 Notable artists","5 Publications","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 43°00′03″N 88°06′49″W / 43.0009435°N 88.1136869°W / 43.0009435; -88.1136869 Architectural arts studio in Wisconsin, US Conrad Schmitt Studios is an architectural arts studio located in New Berlin, Wisconsin. It provides ecclesiastical art, stained glass artistry, art glass, decorative painting, mosaics, murals and sculptural arts. The studio specializes in restoration services for buildings of architectural, historical and religious significance. Founded in 1889 by German-American artist Conrad Schmitt, the company is one of the oldest and largest glass studios in the United States. History In 1889, Bavarian immigrant and formally trained artist, Conrad Schmitt, organized the Conrad Schmitt Studios with a focus on stained glass, decorative painting, and liturgical artwork. Originally located at 223 2nd Street in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the studio was among the city's pioneer businesses. As one of the few art studios with the capacity to handle large-scale interior design projects, it quickly gained a national reputation and participated in increasingly complex projects across the country. Some of the studio's prominent early commissions included St. Mary's Cathedral in Winnipeg, Canada in 1919, The Milwaukee Public Library in 1920, and Milwaukee's Davidson Theater (now closed) in 1925. During the 1930s, studio branch offices operated out of New York City and Washington, D.C. Bernard O. Gruenke, who was hired by company founder Conrad Schmitt in 1936, purchased the company in 1951 from members of the Schmitt family. In 1981, his son Bernard E. Gruenke assumed leadership of the company. Since 2010, the studio has been owned and operated by a third generation of the Gruenke family: B. Gunar Gruenke and Heidi Gruenke Emery. Conrad Schmitt Studios is represented at the Smith Museum of Stained Glass Windows at Navy Pier in Chicago, and a replica of the early studio is featured in the "Streets of Old Milwaukee" display at the Milwaukee Public Museum. Technological innovations Dalle de Verre In 1950, Bernard O. Gruneke, then art director of Conrad Schmitt Studios, was one of the first American artists to experiment with the dalle de verre technique of producing stained glass (also known as "slab glass" or "faceted glass"). Gruenke was inspired while traveling in France during the 1940s, and is credited with what may be the first dalle de verre window created in the United States. Experiments with epoxy and support structure at Conrad Schmitt Studios led to the first large-scale installations of faceted glass in the country, including a chapel at Notre Dame University's Moreau Seminary in South Bend, Indiana in 1959. Leptat Leptat glass is a signature etched glass patented and produced by Conrad Schmitt Studios. After viewing a Czechoslovakian glass exhibit at the 1969 World's Fair in Osaka, Japan, Bernard O. Gruenke began to explore etching techniques at his New Berlin studio. He and his son experimented with new methods that produced results unlike the evenly frosted effect achieved by traditional acid-etching methods. The process, called "Leptat" from the Czech word meaning "to etch", creates a deeply etched and varied crystalline surface. In some instances, gold leaf or colored enamels can be inlaid for further decoration of the glass. Leptat windows can be seen at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City. Current operations The studio is under the direction of President B. Gunar Gruenke and Vice-President Heidi Gruenke Emery. At the 34,000-square-foot (3,200 m2) facility in New Berlin, Wisconsin, artisans create, conserve and restore stained glass. The company also provides ecclesiastical art, art glass, decorative painting, interior design, mosaics, murals, and sculptural arts. Notable artists Peter Recker Helen Carew Hickman Conrad Pickel Felix Senger Bernard O. Gruenke Publications Schmitt, Conrad. "The Al Secco Method of Mural Painting", Church Property Administration Magazine, 1937. Schmitt, Edward J. "Protecting Church Decorations" Church Property Administration Magazine, 1938. References ^ William George Bruce and Josiah Seymour Currey, History of Milwaukee, City and County: Volume 2. NY: S.J. Clarke Publishing Co, 1922, p. 810. ^ Emma Lila Fundaburk and Thomas G. Davenport. "Art in Public Places in the United States". Bowling Green University Popular Press, 1975, p.63. ^ Bruce & Currey, p. 810. ^ Peter C. Merril, German-American Artists in Early Milwaukee: A Biographical Dictionary. Madison, WI: Friends of the Max Kade Institute for German American Studies, 2009, p.33. See also Jean M. Farnsworth, Carmen R. Croce & John F Chorpenning, Stained Glass in Catholic Philadelphia. Philadelphia, PA: St Joseph's University Press, 2002, p. 449. ^ Bertha Kitchell Whyte, Craftsmen of Wisconsin. Racine, WI: Western Publishing Company, 1971, pp. 178–185. ^ Erne R. Frueh & Florence Frueh, Chicago Stained Glass. 2nd ed. Chicago: Wild Onion Books, 1998, p. 124. See also Gary Gray & Carrie Crow, The Stained Glass Appraisal Guide. Edmund, OK: Presidential Press, 2007, pp. 212–213. ^ John Gilbert Lloyd, Stained Glass in America. Jenkintown, PA: Foundation Books. 1963, p. 90. ^ Virginia Chieffo Raguin & Mary Clerkin Higgins, Stained Glass, From Its Origins to the Present. New York: H. N. Abams, 2003, pp.188–191. External links Official website 43°00′03″N 88°06′49″W / 43.0009435°N 88.1136869°W / 43.0009435; -88.1136869 Authority control databases International VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CSS_ext.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CSS_ext_building.jpg"},{"link_name":"architectural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture"},{"link_name":"New Berlin, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Berlin,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"stained glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass"},{"link_name":"art glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_glass"},{"link_name":"painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"mosaics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic"},{"link_name":"murals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mural"},{"link_name":"sculptural arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture"},{"link_name":"restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_restoration"},{"link_name":"Conrad Schmitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Schmitt"}],"text":"Architectural arts studio in Wisconsin, USConrad Schmitt Studios is an architectural arts studio located in New Berlin, Wisconsin. It provides ecclesiastical art, stained glass artistry, art glass, decorative painting, mosaics, murals and sculptural arts. The studio specializes in restoration services for buildings of architectural, historical and religious significance. Founded in 1889 by German-American artist Conrad Schmitt, the company is one of the oldest and largest glass studios in the United States.","title":"Conrad Schmitt Studios"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conrad Schmitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Schmitt"},{"link_name":"liturgical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's Cathedral in Winnipeg, Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Bernard O. Gruenke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_O._Gruenke"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bernard E. Gruenke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernard_E._Gruenke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"B. Gunar Gruenke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._Gunar_Gruenke"},{"link_name":"Smith Museum of Stained Glass Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_Museum_of_Stained_Glass_Windows"},{"link_name":"Navy Pier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Pier"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Public Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Public_Museum"}],"text":"In 1889, Bavarian immigrant and formally trained artist, Conrad Schmitt, organized the Conrad Schmitt Studios with a focus on stained glass, decorative painting, and liturgical artwork. Originally located at 223 2nd Street in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the studio was among the city's pioneer businesses.[1] As one of the few art studios with the capacity to handle large-scale interior design projects, it quickly gained a national reputation and participated in increasingly complex projects across the country.[2] Some of the studio's prominent early commissions included St. Mary's Cathedral in Winnipeg, Canada in 1919, The Milwaukee Public Library in 1920, and Milwaukee's Davidson Theater (now closed) in 1925.[3] During the 1930s, studio branch offices operated out of New York City and Washington, D.C.Bernard O. Gruenke, who was hired by company founder Conrad Schmitt in 1936, purchased the company in 1951 from members of the Schmitt family.[4] In 1981, his son Bernard E. Gruenke assumed leadership of the company. Since 2010, the studio has been owned and operated by a third generation of the Gruenke family: B. Gunar Gruenke and Heidi Gruenke Emery.Conrad Schmitt Studios is represented at the Smith Museum of Stained Glass Windows at Navy Pier in Chicago, and a replica of the early studio is featured in the \"Streets of Old Milwaukee\" display at the Milwaukee Public Museum.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Technological innovations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dalle de verre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalle_de_verre"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame University's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_University"},{"link_name":"South Bend, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Dalle de Verre","text":"In 1950, Bernard O. Gruneke, then art director of Conrad Schmitt Studios, was one of the first American artists to experiment with the dalle de verre technique of producing stained glass (also known as \"slab glass\" or \"faceted glass\").[5] Gruenke was inspired while traveling in France during the 1940s, and is credited with what may be the first dalle de verre window created in the United States.[6] Experiments with epoxy and support structure at Conrad Schmitt Studios led to the first large-scale installations of faceted glass in the country, including a chapel at Notre Dame University's Moreau Seminary in South Bend, Indiana in 1959.[7]","title":"Technological innovations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"etched glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_etching"},{"link_name":"World's Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Fair"},{"link_name":"Osaka, Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka,_Japan"},{"link_name":"gold leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_leaf"},{"link_name":"Waldorf-Astoria Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldorf-Astoria_Hotel"}],"sub_title":"Leptat","text":"Leptat glass is a signature etched glass patented and produced by Conrad Schmitt Studios. After viewing a Czechoslovakian glass exhibit at the 1969 World's Fair in Osaka, Japan, Bernard O. Gruenke began to explore etching techniques at his New Berlin studio. He and his son experimented with new methods that produced results unlike the evenly frosted effect achieved by traditional acid-etching methods. The process, called \"Leptat\" from the Czech word meaning \"to etch\", creates a deeply etched and varied crystalline surface. In some instances, gold leaf or colored enamels can be inlaid for further decoration of the glass. Leptat windows can be seen at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City.","title":"Technological innovations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CSS_shop.jpg"},{"link_name":"New Berlin, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Berlin,_Wisconsin"}],"text":"The studio is under the direction of President B. Gunar Gruenke and Vice-President Heidi Gruenke Emery. At the 34,000-square-foot (3,200 m2) facility in New Berlin, Wisconsin, artisans create, conserve and restore stained glass. The company also provides ecclesiastical art, art glass, decorative painting, interior design, mosaics, murals, and sculptural arts.","title":"Current operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Recker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Recker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Helen Carew Hickman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helen_Carew_Hickman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Conrad Pickel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conrad_Pickel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Felix Senger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Felix_Senger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bernard O. Gruenke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_O._Gruenke"}],"text":"Peter Recker\nHelen Carew Hickman[8]\nConrad Pickel\nFelix Senger\nBernard O. Gruenke","title":"Notable artists"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Schmitt, Conrad. \"The Al Secco Method of Mural Painting\", Church Property Administration Magazine, 1937.\nSchmitt, Edward J. \"Protecting Church Decorations\" Church Property Administration Magazine, 1938.","title":"Publications"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/CSS_ext.jpg/220px-CSS_ext.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/CSS_ext_building.jpg/220px-CSS_ext_building.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/CSS_shop.jpg/220px-CSS_shop.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Conrad_Schmitt_Studios&params=43.0009435_N_88.1136869_W_","external_links_name":"43°00′03″N 88°06′49″W / 43.0009435°N 88.1136869°W / 43.0009435; -88.1136869"},{"Link":"http://www.conradschmitt.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Conrad_Schmitt_Studios&params=43.0009435_N_88.1136869_W_","external_links_name":"43°00′03″N 88°06′49″W / 43.0009435°N 88.1136869°W / 43.0009435; -88.1136869"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/264012502","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2003072537","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_attacks_on_Indian_students_in_Australia	Violence against Indians in Australia controversy	["1 Background","2 Australian Visits by Indian Politicians","2.1 Visit by Revanth Reddy and Nama Nageswara Rao","3 Indian visits by Australian Politicians","3.1 Visit by Ted Baillieu","4 IPL","5 Bollywood reaction","5.1 Victorian Bollywood Policy","5.2 Bollywood reaction","6 Detailed Chronology","6.1 2007–2008 crime statistics","6.2 April 2008 Indian taxi driver protest","6.3 May 2009 Indian student protests","6.4 January 2010 murders and protests","6.5 November 2010 stabbing","7 Other Reactions","7.1 Media coverage","7.2 Allegations of racism","8 Statistics controversy","8.1 Educational, policing and safety issues","8.2 Need for a mechanism to prevent attacks on Indians abroad","9 Aftermath","9.1 Student numbers","9.2 Safety of international students research project","9.3 Crimes Against International Students Report by the Australian Institute of Criminology","9.4 Indian immigration to Australia","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]	Controversy in Australia See also: Anti-Indian sentiment, Persecution of Hindus, and Anti-Hindu sentiment Indian students protesting on 31 May 2009, in Melbourne, blocking Swanston and Flinders Streets Since the beginning of the 21st century, the media of India, and Australia, mostly in Melbourne, and Sydney, publicised reports of crimes and robberies against Indians in Australia that were described as racially motivated. Rallies were organised in Melbourne and Sydney, and intense media coverage of the perceived hate crimes commenced in India, which were mostly critical of Australian and Victorian Police. The Australian government initially called for calm as it began an investigation into the crimes. In June 2009, the Victoria Police Chief Commissioner, Simon Overland, stated that some of the crimes were racist in nature, and others were opportunistic. A subsequent Indian Government investigation concluded that, of 152 reported assaults against Indian students in Australia that year, 23 involved racial overtones. Background Indian students were at the time the second largest group of international students studying at a tertiary level in Australia. From 2004 to 2009, the number of Indians studying in Australia rose from 30,000 to 97,000 with 45,000 of these living in Melbourne, 32,000 in Adelaide and the remainder shared between Sydney, Brisbane and Perth. Some students come from rural areas in India, with most coming to Australia to seek permanent residency and citizenship. Eapen Verghese stated in an opinion piece that the cost of living in Australian cities has made it necessary for many of these students to live in cheaper and more distant suburbs, where there is an increased risk of encountering violent crime. Others have indicated that Indian students face discrimination and exploitation in housing and jobs. In 2007–2008, international education contributed A$13.7 billion to the Australian economy, measured through all categories of export earnings, including tuition fees, living expenses and tourism associated with visits from relatives. Australian Visits by Indian Politicians Revanth Reddy and Nama Nageswara Rao were the first major Indian politicians to visit Melbourne, Australia to meet with International students from India during that time period. Sriprakash Jaiswal was the next. Rajeev Shukla, S. M. Krishna, and various other Indian politicians also later visited Melbourne, Australia to meet with International students from India during the same time period. Visit by Revanth Reddy and Nama Nageswara Rao In June 2009, when Indian students were being attacked in Australia, then Telugu Desam leaders Revanth Reddy and Nama Nageswara Rao had visited Melbourne, Australia to meet with International students from India. Revanth Reddy and Nama Nageswara Rao had visited hospitals, and travelled in trains and public transport in Melbourne to meet victims, and interact with Indian students in Australia, to get a better understanding of the situation. Revanth Reddy and Nama Nageswara Rao and had also visited the Victorian Parliament, and had meetings with then Victorian opposition leader Ted Baillieu, and ministerial adviser Mr. Nitin Gupta to raise concerns about Indian students being attacked in Melbourne, Australia. Nama Nageswara Rao held a press conference on his return to India. He stated that he had interviewed many of the victims, and the attacks did not appear to be motivated by racism. He also noted that many of the perpetrators were immigrants from ethnic minorities, such as "Afghans, Lebanese and other nationals who settled in Australia". Indian visits by Australian Politicians Visit by Ted Baillieu In July 2009, then Victorian Opposition Leader Ted Baillieu along with his adviser Mr. Nitin Gupta had visited India, and had met with various politicians/prominent personalities in India like Sriprakash Jaiswal, Rajeev Shukla, Naveen Jindal, Nama Nageswara Rao, Sudhanshu Mittal, Prem Chand Gupta, and various others, during the time when there were stories in Indian media about attacks on Indian students in Australia. IPL Indian politician Bal Thackeray in response to attacks on Indian students in Australia threatened to stop Australian players from being a part of Indian Premier League. On suggestion of Victorian politician Ted Baillieu, ministerial adviser Mr. Nitin Gupta had a phone call with Mr. Thackeray with a request to withdraw the proposal to ban Australian players from playing in IPL. Nitin is understood to have suggested in the phone call that move to ban Australian players might cause some harm to the efforts of resolving situation. Mr. Thackeray accepted the request, and withdrew his decision to stop Australian players from being a part of IPL. Bollywood reaction Victorian Bollywood Policy In Oct 2006, the Victorian Opposition leader Ted Baillieu had released a Bollywood Policy that was drafted by ministerial adviser Mr. Nitin Gupta. The policy included the original idea by Nitin Gupta of creating the Indian Film Festival of Melbourne. The policy was drafted in 2006, amended to in 2009, and funded and re-amended in October 2010, to include concerns regarding attack on Indian students in Australia. After Ted Baillieu came into power, the tender process was started in 2011, and the tender winner was announced in Feb 2012 - leading the first funded edition of Indian Film Festival of Melbourne to be delivered in June 2012. Bollywood reaction Bollywood's largest labour union declared that its members would refuse to work in Australia until attacks on Indian students there are stopped. Dinesh Chaturvedi, the general secretary of the Federation of Western India Cine Employees Association, has declared that their associates have been instructed not to shoot films in Australia as "the situation is not normal over there". In response to the issue, Bollywood star Amitabh Bachchan turned down an honorary doctorate from the Queensland University of Technology." Detailed Chronology 2007–2008 crime statistics There were 120,913 Indian students enrolled to undertake an Australian qualification in 2009. In the year 2007–2008, 1,447 Indians had been victims of crime including assaults and robberies in the state of Victoria in Australia. However, the statistics reportedly show that Indians were not over represented in assaults. In either case, the Victorian police refused to release the data for public scrutiny, the stated reason being that it was "problematic: as well as 'subjective and open to interpretation'". April 2008 Indian taxi driver protest On 29 April 2008, in Melbourne an estimated five hundred Indian taxi drivers protested at Flinders Street station with a sit-in protest following the stabbing of a taxi driver. A similar protest was held on 19 May 2008 in Adelaide, where about fifty taxi drivers protested after an assault on an Indian taxi driver. The Victorian Government brought in mandatory safety shields later that year, but this was met with protests because of the costs. May 2009 Indian student protests After incidents in May 2009, over 4,000 Indian students staged a protest opposite Federation Square in Melbourne on 31 May 2009, saying attacks on Indian students were motivated by racism and were not being sufficiently addressed by the Australian Government. One report said "Along with more police protection, the students also want a multicultural police section, and on-site accommodation for Indian students at all universities and colleges". 18 protesters were detained. On 31 May 2009, In Melbourne India's High Commissioner, Sujatha Singh, met with Victorian State Premier John Brumby to express her government's concerns over the violence. On 1 June 2009, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh phoned Prime Minister Kevin Rudd to express his concerns. On 1 June 2009, in New Delhi, roughly 100 people including members of the Indian political party Shiv Sena and student protesters held a demonstration outside the Australian High Commission in New Delhi, where effigies of Kevin Rudd were burnt. Shiv Sena MP Manohar Joshi warned that Australians living or travelling in India could face revenge attacks if Indians living in Australia continued to be attacked. On the same day Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd expressed regret for the attacks and declared that the perpetrators would be brought to justice. He did not state whether he considers the attacks to be racially motivated. The left-wing All India Students Federation conducted a candle march at the India Gate, and demanded "stringent action against those behind the brutal attacks on the innocent students". In June 2009, Indian student organisations called on the Indian government to declare Australia an "unsafe destination for Indian students"., the National Students Union of India met the Minister of State of External Affairs, Shashi Tharoor and demanded that the centre should prevail upon the Australian government to ensure that such incidents do not occur again and the Vishwa Hindu Parishad political party, said it would consider an Australian boycott over the bashings if authorities did not do more to protect Hindus in Australia. On 7 to 10 June 2009, rallies in the Sydney CBD and at Harris Park, were attended by hundreds of Indians and supporters. The rally started at Sydney Town Hall and marched to Hyde Park. Some attending the rally specifically mentioned Harris Park (a Sydney suburb where 20% of the population is Indian), as an area where Indians were frequently assaulted, and called on police to do more to make that suburb safe. The students said they were considered "soft targets". Some Indian protestors were reported to be carrying hockey sticks and baseball bats. According to police, the protest was sparked by an attack on Indians earlier in the evening allegedly by Lebanese men. In retaliation the protesters attacked three uninvolved Lebanese men, who sustained minor injuries. This was believed to be the first violent reaction by Indian students against attacks on them. A police dog squad was called in to control the crowd. On 9 June 2009, Indian Prime Minister, addressing the Indian Parliament said that "he was 'appalled' by the senseless violence and crime, some of which are racist in nature," On 4 July 2009 Michael Danby heading a six-member Australian parliamentarian delegation to India said, "We are joining the Premier of Victoria in a march to express the views of the overwhelming majority of Australians condemning these attacks." but when the Harmony Day March Occurred on 12 July 2009, the Federation of Indian Student Associations in Australia was not given leave to address the crowd. In September 2009, Victorian Premier John Brumby visited India at the end of September and tried to "repair Australia's reputation" as fewer Indian students are applying for Australian visas. January 2010 murders and protests The murders of 25-year-old fruit picker Ranjodh Singh on 29 December 2009 in Griffith, New South Wales and 21-year-old student Nitin Garg on 3 January 2010 in Melbourne resulted in a protest in New Delhi. Three Indian nationals were put on trial for the murder of Singh in April 2011, with police alleging that the murder related to a pay dispute. Garg was stabbed by a 15-year-old male during a robbery in a city park. On 5 January 2010, a cartoon depicting the Victoria Police as a Ku Klux Klan member was published in the New Delhi Mail Today This was condemned by Acting Prime Minister Julia Gillard who described it as "deeply offensive". In January 2010 the Indian Government issued a travel advisory for Indians in Melbourne, warning of the increasing crime rate "often accompanied by verbal abuse and fueled by drugs and alcohol". However, Simon Crean, the acting Foreign Minister, urged Indian leaders to "avoid fuelling hysteria" and stated that Melbourne was a safe place to visit. On 9 January, Indian national Jaspreet Singh made false reports to Victorian Police alleging he was doused in fuel and set on fire in a racially motivated attack in Melbourne. Singh pleaded guilty in May 2010 to criminal damage with intent to gain through arson, attempting to obtain property by deception and making a false report to police. Singh was handed an 8-month suspended sentence. On 26 January 2010, the Australian Prime Minister's nephew Van Thanh Rudd and Sam King, both of the Revolutionary Socialist Party, dressed up as members of the Ku Klux Klan, protesting against the allegedly racist violence against Indians during the Australian Open tennis tournament in Melbourne, with the signs "Racism – Made in Australia" on the front of their dresses. The protest took place in front of Melbourne Park and both reportedly fined for "inciting a riot". On 24 February 2010, the Vindaloo against Violence protest saw 17,000 protesters at over 400 restaurants, workplaces, schools and universities "reached out to the Indian community, and all our immigrant communities, to let them know that they are not indifferent to violence and that they are welcome and entitled to feel safe here. showed the government and law enforcement that we feel seriously about this issue and want to understand why this violence is happening and what is being done to diffuse it. The official participation of Victoria Police and Premier Brumby in the day's action illustrates that this message has been received." November 2010 stabbing Another student was stabbed in the bowel on 5 November 2010 in Melbourne. He required emergency surgery in the hospital with 26 stitches. Police reported that they believed the attack to have been random, rather than racially motivated. Other Reactions Media coverage Indian community leaders in Australia said Indian media has blown the issue out of proportion, and that their coverage could overcast the real issues faced by students. The Indian media's coverage has been likened to hysteria by the Australian media. Australia's Immigration Minister, Chris Evans, said "There's been a lot of concern inside India and there's been, I think, some fairly hysterical reporting of what's occurred." The Herald Sun's conservative right wing columnist, Andrew Bolt, described the events as a "circus", whilst another said that Indian TV networks ignored the higher murder rate in India. The Victorian Premier said the Indian media's coverage of the incidents was "unbalanced" and emphasised that two Indian nationals were charged with the murder of Jaspreet Singh. An editorial by Radio Australia on the crimes used the words "media circus" in its headline. On 8 February 2010, the weekly Indian newsmagazine Outlook published a 10-page cover story on the attacks called "Why the Aussies Hate Us", in which Vinod Mehta, the editor in chief wrote that the Indian Media were not overreacting in their coverage of the violence, and accused the Australian authorities of displaying a "smug and superior attitude". He expressed admiration for Australia but criticized the Australian responses. Some in the Indian media have accused the Australian authorities of being denialist. There were also concerns that reports of an Indian journalist being attacked in Australia, cited by several Indian newspapers as an example of the "ongoing attacks," did not mention that her assailant was Indian. In an attempt to repair the relationship, some Indian journalists were invited to visit Australia. In 2010, investigative reporter Andrew Marantz from Mother Jones magazine, gained employment selling mobile phone call plans with the Delhi Call Centre in order to investigate Indian perception of Australians following media reports of Indians facing racism in Australia. Marantz's training included a three-week course on Australian culture and "how to act Australian". During the course topic "dissecting the Australian psych", employees were told that Australia was known as "the dumbest continent on Earth" where college was "literally" unknown. Australians were technologically backward with the average person using mobile phones no better than the Nokia 3110 classic, were racist and that the best time to call was Friday nights as all Australians "drink constantly" and would likely be "smashed". In an interview on U.S. radio, Marantz stated he was shocked at the extent of Indian stereotyping of Australians. Allegations of racism A report about attacks on Indians in Australia was submitted to the Indian Parliament by the Overseas Indian Ministry, early 2010. According to this report, of the 152 attacks that the Indian consulate was aware of, 23 had "racial overtones", i.e., were accompanied by racial abuse, or "anti-Indian remarks". The majority were found to be either thefts, or robberies, or results of verbal disputes. Yadu Singh, a cardiologist who heads the Indian Student Welfare Committee set up by the Indian Consulate in Sydney, said there had been at least 20 beatings of Indian students in Sydney in the past month, but most went unreported out of fear. He estimated over 100 attacks on Indian students in the last 12 months. He described the phenomenon as "curry bashing", and that "They are not random at all, the people are targeting them. They know these students are easy targets." He labelled the Indian press' reporting of the incidents as "irresponsible". Dr Singh believed Australians were "outraged with the way Indian media" was smearing the country. He went on to say that other Indians he had spoken to said they are not suffering and that they are doing well in Australia. He also expressed fear that the Indian media reports might lead to backlash against other Indian Australians. Others have objected to labeling Australia as racist based on the actions of a few. Sitaram Yechury, a member of parliament representing the Communist Party of India (Marxist), wrote that both sides of the debate have points. Economic crises and downfalls often cause rising fascism and racism against minorities, such as the rise of Nazi Germany, the Great American Depression, as well as economic downturns in India itself resulting in racist-like violence between various ethnic groups and ultra-nationalist parties in the country. Yechury says that the racism directed against Indians in Australia can be explained in this broader context. Chief Executive of Primus Telecommunications Australia, Ravi Bhatia, said the Australian government has shown "excellent sensitivity" towards the issue by announcing a slew of measures like Harmony march, reforms in the state sentencing law and setting up of Task Force to deal with attacks on Indian students. Sydney students interviewed by ABC's AM programme stated that their attackers were members of several ethnic groups, and while they said there was a "racial element" they also saw the attacks as opportunistic. The attackers have been described as being white, African, Asian, Middle Eastern, Aboriginal, and Pacific Islander. Herald Sun columnist Andrew Bolt criticised the automatic labelling of Australia as a racist country as unfair, noting comments from foreign victims of crime that their attackers were foreigners themselves. On 28 January 2010 two Indian nationals were arrested for the murder of Ranjodh Singh on 29 December 2009. People from a range of different ethnic backgrounds perpetrated these assaults and investigations revealed that at least two of the later attacks were perpetrated by Indians. In October 2010 a number of Victorian police officers were dismissed or otherwise disciplined after sending around emails with a video of an Indian train passenger being electrocuted with distasteful commentary referring to the Indian student affair. Statistics controversy An Australian study into the statistics of these attacks concludes that "In the light of poor criminological evidence and a plethora of evocative images, the global media has propagated and fostered claims about crimes and racism related to that are well outside the evidence.". A report was submitted to the Indian Parliament by the Overseas Indian Ministry, early 2010. According to this report, of the 152 attacks that the Indian consulate was aware of, 23 had "racial overtones", i.e., were accompanied by racial abuse, or "anti-Indian remarks". The majority were found to be either thefts, or robberies, or results of verbal disputes. The NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research states there has been no recorded increase in assault crimes in Harris Park in the past two years. A member of the NSW upper house, Gordon Moyes, cited changing victim demographics for the suburb, "What has happened over the last few years is that a number of Indian students, attracted by fairly cheap accommodation, have come into the area, the target – always the soft targets – moved from elderly people walking on the street to Indian students with laptops. New South Wales Police have stated that Indians are not over represented in Australian crime statistics. This view was supported by Sydney-based United India Association president Dr Prabhat Sinha, who took the view that the attacks were not necessarily racially motivated. He said: "They become soft targets by groups of four to six drug users, for example, who just want cash." The Victorian State Premier, John Brumby, has stated that internal police statistics show that Indians are not over represented in assaults. However, according to the Police Commissioner, Simon Overland, people belonging to a broad statistical category of "South Asian appearance" (which includes Indians) are over represented in robberies. In either case, the Victorian police refuse to release these statistics to public scrutiny, the stated reason being that they are "problematic: as well as 'subjective and open to interpretation'". Newspaper columnist Greg Sheridan said that Victorian Premier John Brumby was in "indolent denialism" regarding these incidents by saying that "Assaults on Indian students are under-represented as a population share." According to Sheridan, the Victorian Police had initially denied gathering statistics on crime by ethnicity, then reversed that and said they did collate such statistics, but said that they were unreliable. Sheridan was concerned that there was also systematic under-reporting of all crime in Victoria as claimed in the Victorian Ombudsman report "Crime Statistics and Police Numbers". Educational, policing and safety issues An editorial in the Geelong Advertiser suggested that education institutions should take more consideration of safeguarding student safety, and other factors including inadequate policing numbers and liquor licensing should be addressed. The Ministerial Council on Education, Employment, Training and Youth Affairs said it would conduct a national quality crackdown on education and training providers, in particular smaller education providers that have been the target of student complaints. The People's Republic of China has also expressed concern over student safety in Australia. According to official figures, more than 130,000 Chinese students are currently studying in Australia. New Zealand has responded to these attacks and subsequent incidents. The education sector in New Zealand has moved to distance itself from attacks on Indian students, saying they were "totally different societies". The Chief Executive of the New Zealand Education Trust, Robert Stevens, has stressed to prospective students from India that New Zealand "is a different country from Australia – in the nicest possible way", and is striving to market New Zealand to Indians in this manner. Education authorities in New Zealand are hoping recent attacks on Indian students in Australia will make New Zealand a more attractive option. Need for a mechanism to prevent attacks on Indians abroad Domestically, the Indian government declared that it would formulate a policy to deal with racial discrimination against Indians abroad. As part of the initiative to create an institutionalised mechanism to prevent racist attacks on Indians abroad, Vayalar Ravi, the head of the overseas Indian affairs ministry, has been tasked to protect the Indians in Australia. Ravi has called for a report on these incidents from the Indian High Commission in Australia. Aftermath There was a 46% drop in Indians applying for student visas for Australia from July to 31 October 2009 compared to the same period in 2008, and a total drop of 26% in student visa applications to Australia from all countries (including India). A study (completed before the deaths of Nitin Garg and Ranjodh Singh) forecast a 20% drop in Indian students expected to study in Australia in 2010, compared to 2009, partly due to a reduction in the number of visas allowed to be granted, stiffening of the regulations associated with them, the strength of the Australian dollar, and a clampdown on unscrupulous migration agents and colleges. After the attacks of 2009 and the deaths in Jan 2010, its expected to fall even further than the 20% drop. In response, Victorian police were given new powers to conduct stop-and-search operations without the need for warrants. The former head of its elite Special Air Service (SAS) regiment and current National Security Adviser, Duncan Lewis, was charged with leading a taskforce to examine the attacks on Indian students. Lewis chaired the task force's first meeting and coordinated Australia's response to the assaults. The Victorian government is considering enacting hate crime legislation that would consider prejudicial motivation as a factor in sentencing. Student numbers Overall, the number of foreign students coming to Australia over the period 2009–2011 declined. Factors included; a steep rise in the value of the Australian dollar, decreasing the country's attractiveness relative to its main competitors in Britain and the United States; a tightening of government regulation of the education and of visa requirements contributed to this decline; and reported concerns over safety. An Australian Council for Educational Research study found higher education visas for Indian students fell from 34,200 in 2007–08 to 9750 in 2011–12. In 2010, Federation of Indian Students in Australia (FISA) says that 30,000 Indian students have left Australia in the last year, and claims "race attacks is one of the major reasons behind the exodus. Other significant factors include that there are no jobs and students can't survive without that. Denying permanent residency to many Indians despite fulfilment of conditions has also been a reason.". The number of applications for student visas by Indians rose from 4000 in 2011 to 7700 in 2012 but there was a downturn on successful applications. Subsequently the number of Indian students has rapidly increased, reaching 129,864 in 2021 Safety of international students research project In order to establish reliable statistics for the examination of the safety of international students, the Australian Institute of Criminology is undertaking a research project on the safety of international students living in Australia. The project is intended to compare the rate of crime against international students with the rate of crime against the broader Australian population. The Australian Department of Immigration and Citizenship (DIAC) is releasing data to Australian police jurisdictions and the Australian Institute of Criminology as part of a data-matching exercise which will enable identification of international students who have been victims of crime (Australian police jurisdictions do not collect statistics on victims' citizenship or visa status). Crimes Against International Students Report by the Australian Institute of Criminology In 2011, the Australian Institute of Criminology released a study entitled Crimes Against International Students:2005–2009. This found that over the period 2005–2009, international students were less likely to be assaulted than the average person in Australia. Indian students experienced an average assault rate in some jurisdictions, but overall they experienced lower assault rates than the Australian average. Indian immigration to Australia As of 2012 the number of Indians migrating to Australia has increased to such an extent that Indians are now the most numerous nationality moving to Australia per year, overtaking China and the UK. See also Australia portalIndia portal The Colour of Darkness Persecution of Hindus Anti-Hindu sentiment Australia–India relations Gangs in Australia References ^ Perry, Michael (1 June 2009). "Australian PM condemns attacks on Indian students". Reuters. Retrieved 11 November 2010. ^ a b c "Only 23 of 152 Oz attacks racist, Ministry tells LS". The Indian Express. Retrieved 25 February 2010. ^ a b c Verghese, Eapen (11 June 2009). "Are Melbourne attacks racist, or simply criminal?". Gulf News. Archived from the original on 16 June 2009. Retrieved 14 June 2009. ^ Anderson, Laini (14 June 2009). "Thugs can cost us all dearly". Sunday Mail. p. 25. ^ Hodge, A & Karvelas, P (2 June 2009). "Hindu extremists burn Rudd effigies". The Australian (PDA edition). Retrieved 11 June 2009. ^ Chauhan, Swaraaj (30 May 2009). "India Protests: Attacks on Students Down Under". The Moderate Voice. Archived from the original on 7 January 2010. Retrieved 6 August 2009. ^ According to a 2009 government survey, 70% of foreign students want permanent Australian residency. To qualify for residency, International graduates must be offered a job that uses their degree. In 2009 the percentage of International students granted residency was, NSW:41%, Victoria:37% and SA:5% (South Australia has a larger number of domestic graduates seeking work compared to other states). South Australia is the only state that has a program to help students find employment.—Source:The Advertiser 19 September 2009 Page 5. ^ Johnston C City's new underclass forced to suffer in silence The Age, Melbourne, 19 May 2007 . Retrieved 6 August 2009. Archived 8 September 2009. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics, cited at Education Export Statistics: The value of international education to Australia by IDP Education Pty Ltd. Retrieved 6 August 2009. Archived 8 September 2009. ^ Dutta S Australia attacks may push education profit line Down Under Indian Express, 5 June 2009 ^ "When Reddy visited Melbourne". The Indian Sun. 6 December 2023. ^ "Racism not motive behind attacks on Indians in Australia: TDP". The Economic Times. 21 June 2009. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 6 December 2023. ^ "Racism not motive behind attacks, The Economic Times". The Times of India. 21 June 2009. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2009. ^ {{cite web\|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/thackeray-withdraws-threat-to-aussies-participation-in-ipl-3/story-yOcOzEdrPmdc8MAZoSvNfP.html ^ Bollywood union boycotts Australia over attacks ^ Bollywood says NO to Australia, Rediff.com ^ PTI (1 June 2009). "Racial attacks in Australia 'most disturbing': Aamir Khan". Daily News and Analysis. Diligent Media Corporation. Retrieved 4 April 2010. ^ "Study in Australia – Australian High Commission". India.embassy.gov.au. Retrieved 12 January 2014. ^ Lauren Wilson (21 January 2010). "Simon Overland admits Indians are targeted in attacks". The Australian. Retrieved 4 April 2010. ^ a b Sushi Das (13 February 2010). "The politics of violence". The Age, Melbourne. Retrieved 15 October 2010. ^ Stephen Lunn (5 May 2008). "Cabbies drive home job's drawbacks". The Australian. Retrieved 4 April 2010. ^ Neena Bhandari (19 May 2008). "Taxi drivers protest bashing of Indian cabbie in Adelaide". Thaindian News. Retrieved 4 April 2010. ^ Govt stands firm on taxi safety shields 17 Dec 2008, ABC News ^ Thousands rally against racism in Melbourne – Times of India ^ Brown, Rachel Indian students protest over race attacks ABC Radio "The World Today" 1 June 2009 ^ Australians protest over racial violence ^ Australia: Indian university students protest racist attacks ^ Hodge, Amanda and Karvelas, Patricia (2 June 2009). "Indian protesters burn Rudd effigies outside embassy". news.com.au. Retrieved 28 January 2010.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Rudd says Indian student attackers will be brought to justice". Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2009. ^ AISF takes out candle march to protest racial attacks in Oz, The Hindu. Retrieved 6 August 2009. Archived 8 September 2009. ^ "Australians protest over racial violence". The Scotsman. Edinburgh. 31 May 2009. Retrieved 7 June 2009. ^ Brijesh Nair (6 July 2009). "Insightful Tweets of Shashi Tharoor in Twitter". Scaling New Heights: My Thoughts about India and Kerala. Blogger. Retrieved 4 April 2010. ^ Hodge, Amanda & Dodd, Mark (3 June 2009). "Consumer boycott threat over attacks on Indians". The Australian. Archived from the original on 6 June 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2010. ^ Morello, Vincent (7 June 2009). "Indian student rally calls for equality". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 8 June 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2009. ^ Mark, David (9 June 2009). "Indian students to retaliate against assault". PM (ABC Radio). Archived from the original on 12 June 2009. Retrieved 9 June 2009. ^ "Indians in Australia say Lebanese youths behind attacks". The Times of India. 12 June 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2009. ^ a b Malkin, Bonnie (9 June 2009). "Indian students stage violent protest over attacks in Australia". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 1 April 2010. ^ a b Indians protest in Sydney after new attack: police ^ PM 'appalled' at attacks on Indian students in Australia Hindustan Times, 9 June 2009. ^ ANI (4 July 2009). "Australia to hold 'Harmony March' in solidarity with Indian students". Thaindian News. Retrieved 4 April 2010. ^ Chris Peterson & Sue Bolton (19 July 2009). "Censorship mars Harmony Day march". Green Left Weekly. Archived from the original on 20 September 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2010. ^ Indian student visa requests decline, Dan Harrison. Retrieved 20 September 2009. Archived 26 September 2009. ^ Nick O'Malley (8 January 2010). "Killing reveals another kind of race problem". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 4 April 2010. ^ Gerard Henderson (5 January 2010). "Student assaults teach some harsh lessons about racism". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 4 April 2010. ^ O'Loughlin, Toni (6 January 2010). "Indian man's burnt remains found on rural Australian road". guardian.co.uk. London. Retrieved 28 January 2010. ^ "Three to stand trial over fruit picker's death". The Sydney Morning Herald. 18 April 2011. ^ "Teen pleads guilty to Indian student's murder – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". Abc.net.au. 20 April 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2014. ^ Lillebuen, Steve (8 January 2010). "Indian 'Ku Klux Klan' cartoon deeply offensive, says Julia Gillard". News Limited. Retrieved 4 April 2010. ^ "Australia downplays India student warning". BBC News. 6 January 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2010. ^ Indian who faked racial attack in Oz gets light sentence ^ NY Daily News – article ^ a b Milovanovic, Selma (26 January 2010). "PM's nephew marks 'Invasion Day' with anti-racism protest". The Sydney Morning Herald. ^ "Rudd's nephew fined for 'inciting riot' – ABC Local – Australian Broadcasting Corporation". Abc.net.au. 26 January 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2014. ^ Mia Northrop (25 February 2010). "Vindaloo Against Violence". wordpress.com. Archived from the original on 26 March 2010. Retrieved 4 April 2010. ^ IANS (29 November 2010). "Indian student recalls stabbing horror in Australia". Sify News. Melbourne. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 18 December 2010. ^ Indians in Oz blame media for blowing issue out of proportion ^ Aussie Indians fear backlash as homeland hysteria grows over student assaults 'The Australian' ^ Evans off to India to calm "hysteria" The Australian ^ http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/opinion/we-are-not-a-redneck-mob/story-e6frfhqf-1225826889695 ^ Colebatch, Tim (7 January 2010). "Indian TV's unsound fury". The Age. Melbourne. ^ "Brumby slams Indian government and media". The Sydney Morning Herald. 3 February 2010. ^ "Radio \| ABC Radio Australia". Radio \| ABC Radio Australia. 8 January 2014. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2014. ^ Outlook India – archives ^ Wade, Matt (1 February 2010). "Anatomy of hate as magazine unleashes anti-Australian rage". Brisbane Times. Brisbane, Australia. Retrieved 2 February 2010. ^ "Race horror: Assailants walk free". Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2009. ^ "India expresses 'serious concern' over attacks; seeks report". The Indian Express. 27 July 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2010. ^ Penberthy, David (28 July 2009). "Now even Indians are attacking Indians". The Punch. Retrieved 4 April 2010. ^ Mark Dunn (23 February 2010). "Indian journos paid to see we're not racist". Herald Sun. Retrieved 12 January 2014. ^ Brendan Hills Dumb Racist Drinkers...what Indian call centre staff are told about Australians The Advertiser 24 July 2011 p. 11 ^ Indian students targeted in bashings AOL 29 May 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2009. Archived copy at WebCite (8 September 2009). ^ Ramachandran Coverage of Indian student assaults 'irresponsible'Sydney Morning Herald 2 June 2009 ^ Don't tar all of Australia as racist, The Times of India ^ This way lies disaster ^ India Times ^ Edwards, Michael (3 June 2009). "Indian students describe Sydney attacks". AM (ABC Radio). Archived from the original on 11 June 2009. Retrieved 8 June 2009. ^ a b c d e Sheehan, Paul (10 June 2009). "Brutal truth about attacks". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 12 June 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2009. ^ a b Bolt, Andrew (3 June 2009). "We're not the racists". Herald Sun. Melbourne, Australia. Retrieved 14 March 2010. ^ "Indian students rally over Sydney attack". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 9 June 2009. Archived from the original on 12 June 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2009. ^ Kaye, Byron (28 January 2010). "Married couple charged with Indian man's murder". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 28 January 2010. ^ Minus, Jodie (29 January 2010). "Fellow Indians held over murder of Ranjodh Singh". The Australian. Retrieved 29 January 2010. ^ Robinson, Natasha and Aaron Findlay (30 January 2010). "Indian media ignore killing". The Australian. Retrieved 30 January 2010. ^ Amanda Hodge (4 February 2010). "Editor persists with claims of Australian racism". The Australian. Retrieved 14 February 2010. ^ Archived 8 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ Spolc, Peter; Lee, Dr Murray (2009). "Indian students in Australia: victims of crime, racism or the media?" (PDF). Retrieved 4 April 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ Harris Park violence 'going on for years' Sydney Morning Herald 10 June 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2009. Archived 8 September 2009. ^ "Student protests threaten Australian reputation". Lateline. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 12 June 2009.; ABC News, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 8 June 2009 ^ Bhandari N Indian students in Australia attacked DNA, Mumbai, 10 November 2006 ^ "Blind to Racism, The Australian". Archived from the original on 6 June 2009. Retrieved 8 June 2009. ^ Greg Sheridan (6 February 2010). "Brumby must take the blame for anti-Australian backlash". The Australian. Retrieved 4 April 2010. ^ G.E. Brouwer (March 2009). "Crime statistics and police numbers" (PDF). Government of Victoria. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help); Unknown parameter \|agency= ignored (help) ^ "Indian attacks risking billions". Archived from the original on 16 June 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2009. ^ "Crackdown on education providers in wake of student attacks". The Australian. 12 June 2009. Archived from the original on 15 June 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2009. ^ Aid Sought for Students, ^ Crikey wrap: Indian press on Australia’s racism ^ We're different, New Zealand tells Indian students ^ Oz Racial Attacks:NZ tries to lure Indian students ^ Indian students 'safe in New Zealand', news.com.au ^ "Policy soon to deal with racial discrimination abroad: Preneet Kaur". The Times of India. 6 June 2009. Retrieved 7 June 2009. ^ Vayalar Ravi takes charge of overseas Indian affairs ministry ^ Harrison, Dan (7 January 2010). "Indian student visa applications fall by half". The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved 11 January 2010. ^ M Ramya (4 January 2010). "Australia rejected 1/3rd of student visas". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2010. ^ "India students shunning Australia". BBC News. 7 January 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2010. ^ "Education, Employment and Workplace Relations Committee: Education Services for Overseas Students Amendment (Re-registration of Providers and Other Measures) Bill 2009 – Report". Parliament of Australia. 16 October 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ "Indian student murder 'not racist'". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 11 January 2010. ^ Millar, Paul & Austin, Paul (8 January 2010). "Weapons seized as hunt for killer continues". The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved 11 January 2010. ^ Ex-SAS head to lead response to Indian attacks ^ Sainsbury, Michael; Healy, Guy (30 April 2010). "Plunge in Chinese university students coming to Australia". The Australian. ^ "Indian student numbers falling". The Age. 13 December 2012. Archived from the original on 24 May 2023. ^ IANS (27 November 2010). "30,000 Indian students have left Australia: Student federation". Sify News. Archived from the original on 31 January 2011. Retrieved 19 December 2010. ^ Benjamin Preiss (14 December 2012). "Indian student numbers falling". The Age. Retrieved 12 January 2014. ^ "Australia slowly bouncing back as campus destination for Indian students \| India News - Times of India". The Times of India. 10 May 2022. ^ Archived 2 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Safety of International Students Research Project" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2011. ^ "Australian Institute of Criminology – Executive summary". Aic.gov.au. 11 August 2011. Archived from the original on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2014. ^ "Australian Institute of Criminology – National summary of findings". Aic.gov.au. Retrieved 12 January 2014. ^ India now biggest source of migrants to Australia: Report – Times Of India External links Racial Attacks Trouble Indian Students in Australia – TIME Indian Students Claim Epidemic of Racist Violence in Australia – Voice of America Statement from Victorian Chief Commissioner of Police, 2 June 2009 Australia: Attacks on Indian Students Raise Racism Cries	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anti-Indian sentiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment"},{"link_name":"Persecution of Hindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus"},{"link_name":"Anti-Hindu sentiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indian_students_protest_and_blocked_off_Swanston_Street_and_Flinders_Street_,_Melbourne.jpg"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Indians in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indians_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"racially motivated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_crime"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Victorian Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Police"},{"link_name":"Australian government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_government"},{"link_name":"Simon Overland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Overland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perry2009-06-01-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indian_Express-2"}],"text":"See also: Anti-Indian sentiment, Persecution of Hindus, and Anti-Hindu sentimentIndian students protesting on 31 May 2009, in Melbourne, blocking Swanston and Flinders StreetsSince the beginning of the 21st century, the media of India, and Australia, mostly in Melbourne, and Sydney, publicised reports of crimes and robberies against Indians in Australia that were described as racially motivated.Rallies were organised in Melbourne and Sydney, and intense media coverage of the perceived hate crimes commenced in India, which were mostly critical of Australian and Victorian Police. The Australian government initially called for calm as it began an investigation into the crimes. In June 2009, the Victoria Police Chief Commissioner, Simon Overland, stated that some of the crimes were racist in nature, and others were opportunistic.[1] A subsequent Indian Government investigation concluded that, of 152 reported assaults against Indian students in Australia that year, 23 involved racial overtones.[2]","title":"Violence against Indians in Australia controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verghese-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anderson-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-effig-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verghese-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chauh-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verghese-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Indian students were at the time the second largest group of international students studying at a tertiary level in Australia. From 2004 to 2009, the number of Indians studying in Australia rose from 30,000 to 97,000 with 45,000 of these living in Melbourne, 32,000 in Adelaide and the remainder shared between Sydney, Brisbane and Perth.[3][4][5] Some students come from rural areas in India, with most coming to Australia to seek permanent residency and citizenship.[3][6][7] Eapen Verghese stated in an opinion piece that the cost of living in Australian cities has made it necessary for many of these students to live in cheaper and more distant suburbs, where there is an increased risk of encountering violent crime.[3] Others have indicated that Indian students face discrimination and exploitation in housing and jobs.[8]In 2007–2008, international education contributed A$13.7 billion to the Australian economy, measured through all categories of export earnings, including tuition fees, living expenses and tourism associated with visits from relatives.[9] [10]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Revanth Reddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revanth_Reddy"},{"link_name":"Nama Nageswara Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama_Nageswara_Rao"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Sriprakash Jaiswal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sriprakash_Jaiswal"},{"link_name":"Rajeev Shukla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajeev_Shukla"},{"link_name":"S. M. Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._M._Krishna"}],"text":"Revanth Reddy and Nama Nageswara Rao were the first major Indian politicians to visit Melbourne, Australia to meet with International students from India during that time period. Sriprakash Jaiswal was the next.Rajeev Shukla, S. M. Krishna, and various other Indian politicians also later visited Melbourne, Australia to meet with International students from India during the same time period.","title":"Australian Visits by Indian Politicians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Telugu Desam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_Desam_Party"},{"link_name":"Revanth Reddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revanth_Reddy"},{"link_name":"Nama Nageswara Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama_Nageswara_Rao"},{"link_name":"Nama Nageswara Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama_Nageswara_Rao"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Nama Nageswara Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama_Nageswara_Rao"},{"link_name":"Victorian Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Ted Baillieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Baillieu"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Nama Nageswara Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama_Nageswara_Rao"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Visit by Revanth Reddy and Nama Nageswara Rao","text":"In June 2009, when Indian students were being attacked in Australia, then Telugu Desam leaders Revanth Reddy and Nama Nageswara Rao had visited Melbourne, Australia to meet with International students from India. Revanth Reddy and Nama Nageswara Rao had visited hospitals, and travelled in trains and public transport in Melbourne to meet victims, and interact with Indian students in Australia, to get a better understanding of the situation.Revanth Reddy and Nama Nageswara Rao and had also visited the Victorian Parliament, and had meetings with then Victorian opposition leader Ted Baillieu, and ministerial adviser Mr. Nitin Gupta to raise concerns about Indian students being attacked in Melbourne, Australia. \n[11][12]Nama Nageswara Rao held a press conference on his return to India. He stated that he had interviewed many of the victims, and the attacks did not appear to be motivated by racism. He also noted that many of the perpetrators were immigrants from ethnic minorities, such as \"Afghans, Lebanese and other nationals who settled in Australia\".[13]","title":"Australian Visits by Indian Politicians"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Indian visits by Australian Politicians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ted Baillieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Baillieu"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Sriprakash Jaiswal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sriprakash_Jaiswal"},{"link_name":"Rajeev Shukla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajeev_Shukla"},{"link_name":"Naveen Jindal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naveen_Jindal"},{"link_name":"Nama Nageswara Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama_Nageswara_Rao"},{"link_name":"Sudhanshu Mittal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudhanshu_Mittal"},{"link_name":"Prem Chand Gupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prem_Chand_Gupta"}],"sub_title":"Visit by Ted Baillieu","text":"In July 2009, then Victorian Opposition Leader Ted Baillieu along with his adviser Mr. Nitin Gupta had visited India, and had met with various politicians/prominent personalities in India like Sriprakash Jaiswal, Rajeev Shukla, Naveen Jindal, Nama Nageswara Rao, Sudhanshu Mittal, Prem Chand Gupta, and various others, during the time when there were stories in Indian media about attacks on Indian students in Australia.","title":"Indian visits by Australian Politicians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bal Thackeray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_Thackeray"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Indian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Ted Baillieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Baillieu"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Indian politician Bal Thackeray in response to attacks on Indian students in Australia threatened to stop Australian players from being a part of Indian Premier League.On suggestion of Victorian politician Ted Baillieu, ministerial adviser Mr. Nitin Gupta had a phone call with Mr. Thackeray with a request to withdraw the proposal to ban Australian players from playing in IPL. Nitin is understood to have suggested in the phone call that move to ban Australian players might cause some harm to the efforts of resolving situation. Mr. Thackeray accepted the request, and withdrew his decision to stop Australian players from being a part of IPL. [14]","title":"IPL"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bollywood reaction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ted Baillieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Baillieu"},{"link_name":"Indian Film Festival of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Film_Festival_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Ted Baillieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Baillieu"},{"link_name":"Indian Film Festival of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Film_Festival_of_Melbourne"}],"sub_title":"Victorian Bollywood Policy","text":"In Oct 2006, the Victorian Opposition leader Ted Baillieu had released a Bollywood Policy that was drafted by ministerial adviser Mr. Nitin Gupta. The policy included the original idea by Nitin Gupta of creating the Indian Film Festival of Melbourne.The policy was drafted in 2006, amended to in 2009, and funded and re-amended in October 2010, to include concerns regarding attack on Indian students in Australia. After Ted Baillieu came into power, the tender process was started in 2011, and the tender winner was announced in Feb 2012 - leading the first funded edition of Indian Film Festival of Melbourne to be delivered in June 2012.","title":"Bollywood reaction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"Amitabh Bachchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan"},{"link_name":"Queensland University of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_University_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Bollywood reaction","text":"Bollywood's largest labour union declared that its members would refuse to work in Australia until attacks on Indian students there are stopped.[15] Dinesh Chaturvedi, the general secretary of the Federation of Western India Cine Employees Association, has declared that their associates have been instructed not to shoot films in Australia as \"the situation is not normal over there\".[16]In response to the issue, Bollywood star Amitabh Bachchan turned down an honorary doctorate from the Queensland University of Technology.\"[17]","title":"Bollywood reaction"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Detailed Chronology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-india.embassy.gov.au-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sushi_Das-20"}],"sub_title":"2007–2008 crime statistics","text":"There were 120,913 Indian students enrolled to undertake an Australian qualification in 2009.[18] In the year 2007–2008, 1,447 Indians had been victims of crime including assaults and robberies in the state of Victoria in Australia. However, the statistics reportedly show that Indians were not over represented in assaults.[19] In either case, the Victorian police refused to release the data for public scrutiny, the stated reason being that it was \"problematic: as well as 'subjective and open to interpretation'\".[20]","title":"Detailed Chronology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flinders Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinders_Street_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"April 2008 Indian taxi driver protest","text":"On 29 April 2008, in Melbourne an estimated five hundred Indian taxi drivers protested at Flinders Street station with a sit-in protest following the stabbing of a taxi driver.[21] A similar protest was held on 19 May 2008 in Adelaide, where about fifty taxi drivers protested after an assault on an Indian taxi driver.[22] The Victorian Government brought in mandatory safety shields later that year, but this was met with protests because of the costs.[23]","title":"Detailed Chronology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Federation Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_Square"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"John Brumby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brumby"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Manmohan Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manmohan_Singh"},{"link_name":"Kevin Rudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Rudd"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Shiv Sena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiv_Sena"},{"link_name":"Manohar Joshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manohar_Joshi"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"All India Students Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Students_Federation"},{"link_name":"India Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Gate"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-left_center_reaction-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"National Students Union of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Students_Union_of_India"},{"link_name":"Shashi Tharoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shashi_Tharoor"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"Vishwa Hindu Parishad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishwa_Hindu_Parishad"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Sydney CBD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_CBD"},{"link_name":"Harris Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Park,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Sydney Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google_june8-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-37"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Michael Danby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Danby"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Federation of Indian Student Associations in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Indian_Student_Associations_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"May 2009 Indian student protests","text":"After incidents in May 2009[clarification needed], over 4,000 Indian students staged a protest opposite Federation Square in Melbourne on 31 May 2009, saying attacks on Indian students were motivated by racism and were not being sufficiently addressed by the Australian Government.[24] One report said \"Along with more police protection, the students also want a multicultural police section, and on-site accommodation for Indian students at all universities and colleges\". 18 protesters were detained.[25]On 31 May 2009, In Melbourne India's High Commissioner, Sujatha Singh, met with Victorian State Premier John Brumby to express her government's concerns over the violence.[26] \nOn 1 June 2009, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh phoned Prime Minister Kevin Rudd to express his concerns.[27]On 1 June 2009, in New Delhi, roughly 100 people including members of the Indian political party Shiv Sena and student protesters held a demonstration outside the Australian High Commission in New Delhi, where effigies of Kevin Rudd were burnt. Shiv Sena MP Manohar Joshi warned that Australians living or travelling in India could face revenge attacks if Indians living in Australia continued to be attacked.[28] On the same day Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd expressed regret for the attacks and declared that the perpetrators would be brought to justice. He did not state whether he considers the attacks to be racially motivated.[29]The left-wing All India Students Federation conducted a candle march at the India Gate, and demanded \"stringent action against those behind the brutal attacks on the innocent students\".[30]In June 2009, Indian student organisations called on the Indian government to declare Australia an \"unsafe destination for Indian students\".,[31] the National Students Union of India met the Minister of State of External Affairs, Shashi Tharoor and demanded that the centre should prevail upon the Australian government to ensure that such incidents do not occur again[32][unreliable source?] and the Vishwa Hindu Parishad political party, said it would consider an Australian boycott over the bashings if authorities did not do more to protect Hindus in Australia.[33]On 7 to 10 June 2009, rallies in the Sydney CBD and at Harris Park, were attended by hundreds of Indians and supporters. The rally started at Sydney Town Hall and marched to Hyde Park. Some attending the rally specifically mentioned Harris Park (a Sydney suburb where 20% of the population is Indian), as an area where Indians were frequently assaulted, and called on police to do more to make that suburb safe.[34] The students said they were considered \"soft targets\".[35] Some Indian protestors were reported to be carrying hockey sticks and baseball bats. According to police, the protest was sparked by an attack on Indians earlier in the evening allegedly by Lebanese men.[36] In retaliation the protesters attacked three uninvolved Lebanese men, who sustained minor injuries.[37] This was believed to be the first violent reaction by Indian students against attacks on them.[38] A police dog squad was called in to control the crowd.[37]On 9 June 2009, Indian Prime Minister, addressing the Indian Parliament said that \"he was 'appalled' by the senseless violence and crime, some of which are racist in nature,\"[39]On 4 July 2009 Michael Danby heading a six-member Australian parliamentarian delegation to India said, \"We are joining the Premier of Victoria in a march to express the views of the overwhelming majority of Australians condemning these attacks.\"[40] but when the Harmony Day March Occurred on 12 July 2009, the Federation of Indian Student Associations in Australia was not given leave to address the crowd.[41]In September 2009, Victorian Premier John Brumby visited India at the end of September and tried to \"repair Australia's reputation\" as fewer Indian students are applying for Australian visas.[42]","title":"Detailed Chronology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Griffith, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffith,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Ku Klux Klan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan"},{"link_name":"Mail Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_Today"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-48"},{"link_name":"Julia Gillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Gillard"},{"link_name":"Simon Crean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Crean"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Van Thanh Rudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Thanh_Rudd"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Ku Klux Klan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan"},{"link_name":"Australian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Open"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smh.com.au-52"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Park"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smh.com.au-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"}],"sub_title":"January 2010 murders and protests","text":"The murders of 25-year-old fruit picker Ranjodh Singh on 29 December 2009 in Griffith, New South Wales[43] and 21-year-old student Nitin Garg on 3 January 2010 in Melbourne[44] resulted in a protest in New Delhi.[45] Three Indian nationals were put on trial for the murder of Singh in April 2011, with police alleging that the murder related to a pay dispute.[46] Garg was stabbed by a 15-year-old male during a robbery in a city park.[47]On 5 January 2010, a cartoon depicting the Victoria Police as a Ku Klux Klan member was published in the New Delhi Mail Today[48] This was condemned by Acting Prime Minister Julia Gillard who described it as \"deeply offensive\". \nIn January 2010 the Indian Government issued a travel advisory for Indians in Melbourne, warning of the increasing crime rate \"often accompanied by verbal abuse and fueled by drugs and alcohol\". However, Simon Crean, the acting Foreign Minister, urged Indian leaders to \"avoid fuelling hysteria\" and stated that Melbourne was a safe place to visit.[49]On 9 January, Indian national Jaspreet Singh made false reports to Victorian Police alleging he was doused in fuel and set on fire in a racially motivated attack in Melbourne. Singh pleaded guilty in May 2010 to criminal damage with intent to gain through arson, attempting to obtain property by deception and making a false report to police. Singh was handed an 8-month suspended sentence.[50]On 26 January 2010, the Australian Prime Minister's nephew Van Thanh Rudd and Sam King,[51] both of the Revolutionary Socialist Party, dressed up as members of the Ku Klux Klan, protesting against the allegedly racist violence against Indians during the Australian Open tennis tournament in Melbourne, with the signs \"Racism – Made in Australia\" on the front of their dresses.[52] The protest took place in front of Melbourne Park and both reportedly fined for \"inciting a riot\".[52][53]On 24 February 2010, the Vindaloo against Violence protest saw 17,000 protesters at over 400 restaurants, workplaces, schools and universities \"reached out to the Indian community, and all our immigrant communities, to let them know that they are not indifferent to violence and that they are welcome and entitled to feel safe here. showed the government and law enforcement that we feel seriously about this issue and want to understand why this violence is happening and what is being done to diffuse it. The official participation of Victoria Police and Premier Brumby in the day's action illustrates that this message has been received.\"[54][unreliable source?]","title":"Detailed Chronology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"November 2010 stabbing","text":"Another student was stabbed in the bowel on 5 November 2010 in Melbourne. He required emergency surgery in the hospital with 26 stitches. Police reported that they believed the attack to have been random, rather than racially motivated.[55]","title":"Detailed Chronology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"The Herald Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Herald_Sun"},{"link_name":"Andrew Bolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Bolt"},{"link_name":"circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Victorian Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brumby"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Radio Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Australia"},{"link_name":"media circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_circus"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Outlook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlook_(Indian_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Vinod Mehta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinod_Mehta"},{"link_name":"editor in chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor_in_chief"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wade2010-02-01-64"},{"link_name":"denialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialist"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Mother Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"mobile phone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone"},{"link_name":"Delhi Call Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Call_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nokia 3110 classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_3110_classic"},{"link_name":"smashed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_intoxication"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"Media coverage","text":"Indian community leaders in Australia said Indian media has blown the issue out of proportion, and that their coverage could overcast the real issues faced by students.[56]The Indian media's coverage has been likened to hysteria by the Australian media.[57] Australia's Immigration Minister, Chris Evans, said \"There's been a lot of concern inside India and there's been, I think, some fairly hysterical reporting of what's occurred.\"[58] The Herald Sun's conservative right wing columnist, Andrew Bolt, described the events as a \"circus\",[59] whilst another said that Indian TV networks ignored the higher murder rate in India.[60] The Victorian Premier said the Indian media's coverage of the incidents was \"unbalanced\" and emphasised that two Indian nationals were charged with the murder of Jaspreet Singh.[61] An editorial by Radio Australia on the crimes used the words \"media circus\" in its headline.[62]On 8 February 2010, the weekly Indian newsmagazine Outlook published a 10-page cover story on the attacks called \"Why the Aussies Hate Us\",[63] in which Vinod Mehta, the editor in chief wrote that the Indian Media were not overreacting in their coverage of the violence, and accused the Australian authorities of displaying a \"smug and superior attitude\". He expressed admiration for Australia but criticized the Australian responses.[64]Some in the Indian media have accused the Australian authorities of being denialist.[65]There were also concerns that reports of an Indian journalist being attacked in Australia, cited by several Indian newspapers as an example of the \"ongoing attacks,\" did not mention that her assailant was Indian.[66][67]In an attempt to repair the relationship, some Indian journalists were invited to visit Australia.[68]In 2010, investigative reporter Andrew Marantz from Mother Jones magazine, gained employment selling mobile phone call plans with the Delhi Call Centre in order to investigate Indian perception of Australians following media reports of Indians facing racism in Australia. Marantz's training included a three-week course on Australian culture and \"how to act Australian\". During the course topic \"dissecting the Australian psych\", employees were told that Australia was known as \"the dumbest continent on Earth\" where college was \"literally\" unknown. Australians were technologically backward with the average person using mobile phones no better than the Nokia 3110 classic, were racist and that the best time to call was Friday nights as all Australians \"drink constantly\" and would likely be \"smashed\". In an interview on U.S. radio, Marantz stated he was shocked at the extent of Indian stereotyping of Australians.[69]","title":"Other Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indian_Express-2"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Sitaram Yechury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitaram_Yechury"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of India (Marxist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)"},{"link_name":"fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"},{"link_name":"racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Great American Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Primus Telecommunications Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primus_Telecommunications_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_(ABC_Radio)"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brutal-76"},{"link_name":"African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bolt2009-06-03-77"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_people"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brutal-76"},{"link_name":"Middle Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google_june8-38"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brutal-76"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aborigines"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brutal-76"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brutal-76"},{"link_name":"Andrew Bolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Bolt"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bolt2009-06-03-77"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus410-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"sub_title":"Allegations of racism","text":"A report about attacks on Indians in Australia was submitted to the Indian Parliament by the Overseas Indian Ministry, early 2010. According to this report, of the 152 attacks that the Indian consulate was aware of, 23 had \"racial overtones\", i.e., were accompanied by racial abuse, or \"anti-Indian remarks\". The majority were found to be either thefts, or robberies, or results of verbal disputes.[2]Yadu Singh, a cardiologist who heads the Indian Student Welfare Committee set up by the Indian Consulate in Sydney, said there had been at least 20 beatings of Indian students in Sydney in the past month, but most went unreported out of fear. He estimated over 100 attacks on Indian students in the last 12 months.[70] He described the phenomenon as \"curry bashing\", and that \"They are not random at all, the people are targeting them. They know these students are easy targets.\" He labelled the Indian press' reporting of the incidents as \"irresponsible\". Dr Singh believed Australians were \"outraged with the way Indian media\" was smearing the country. He went on to say that other Indians he had spoken to said they are not suffering and that they are doing well in Australia. He also expressed fear that the Indian media reports might lead to backlash against other Indian Australians.[71] Others have objected to labeling Australia as racist based on the actions of a few.[72]Sitaram Yechury, a member of parliament representing the Communist Party of India (Marxist), wrote that both sides of the debate have points. Economic crises and downfalls often cause rising fascism and racism against minorities, such as the rise of Nazi Germany, the Great American Depression, as well as economic downturns in India itself resulting in racist-like violence between various ethnic groups and ultra-nationalist parties in the country. Yechury says that the racism directed against Indians in Australia can be explained in this broader context.[73]Chief Executive of Primus Telecommunications Australia, Ravi Bhatia, said the Australian government has shown \"excellent sensitivity\" towards the issue by announcing a slew of measures like Harmony march, reforms in the state sentencing law and setting up of Task Force to deal with attacks on Indian students.[74]Sydney students interviewed by ABC's AM programme stated that their attackers were members of several ethnic groups, and while they said there was a \"racial element\" they also saw the attacks as opportunistic.[75] The attackers have been described as being white,[76] African,[77] Asian,[76] Middle Eastern,[38][76][78] Aboriginal,[76] and Pacific Islander.[76]Herald Sun columnist Andrew Bolt criticised the automatic labelling of Australia as a racist country as unfair, noting comments from foreign victims of crime that their attackers were foreigners themselves.[77] On 28 January 2010 two Indian nationals were arrested for the murder of Ranjodh Singh on 29 December 2009.[79][80][81] People from a range of different ethnic backgrounds perpetrated these assaults and investigations revealed that at least two of the later attacks were perpetrated by Indians.[82]In October 2010 a number of Victorian police officers were dismissed or otherwise disciplined after sending around emails with a video of an Indian train passenger being electrocuted with distasteful commentary referring to the Indian student affair.[83]","title":"Other Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indian_Express-2"},{"link_name":"NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSW_Bureau_of_Crime_Statistics_and_Research"},{"link_name":"NSW upper house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"Gordon Moyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Moyes"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bhand-87"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sushi_Das-20"},{"link_name":"Greg Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Sheridan"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheridan-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Victorian Ombudsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Ombudsman"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"}],"text":"An Australian study into the statistics of these attacks concludes that \"In the light of poor criminological evidence and a plethora of evocative images, the global media has propagated and fostered claims about crimes and racism related to that are well outside the evidence.\".[84]A report was submitted to the Indian Parliament by the Overseas Indian Ministry, early 2010. According to this report, of the 152 attacks that the Indian consulate was aware of, 23 had \"racial overtones\", i.e., were accompanied by racial abuse, or \"anti-Indian remarks\". The majority were found to be either thefts, or robberies, or results of verbal disputes.[2]The NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research states there has been no recorded increase in assault crimes in Harris Park in the past two years. A member of the NSW upper house, Gordon Moyes, cited changing victim demographics for the suburb, \"What has happened over the last few years is that a number of Indian students, attracted by fairly cheap accommodation, have come into the area, the target – always the soft targets – moved from elderly people walking on the street to Indian students with laptops.[85]New South Wales Police have stated that Indians are not over represented in Australian crime statistics.[86]This view was supported by Sydney-based United India Association president Dr Prabhat Sinha, who took the view that the attacks were not necessarily racially motivated. He said: \"They become soft targets by groups of four to six drug users, for example, who just want cash.\"[87]The Victorian State Premier, John Brumby, has stated that internal police statistics show that Indians are not over represented in assaults. However, according to the Police Commissioner, Simon Overland, people belonging to a broad statistical category of \"South Asian appearance\" (which includes Indians) are over represented in robberies. In either case, the Victorian police refuse to release these statistics to public scrutiny, the stated reason being that they are \"problematic: as well as 'subjective and open to interpretation'\".[20]Newspaper columnist Greg Sheridan said that Victorian Premier John Brumby was in \"indolent denialism\" regarding these incidents by saying that \"Assaults on Indian students are under-represented as a population share.\"[88] According to Sheridan, the Victorian Police had initially denied gathering statistics on crime by ethnicity, then reversed that and said they did collate such statistics, but said that they were unreliable.[89] Sheridan was concerned that there was also systematic under-reporting of all crime in Victoria as claimed in the Victorian Ombudsman report \"Crime Statistics and Police Numbers\".[90]","title":"Statistics controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geelong Advertiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong_Advertiser"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"}],"sub_title":"Educational, policing and safety issues","text":"An editorial in the Geelong Advertiser suggested that education institutions should take more consideration of safeguarding student safety, and other factors including inadequate policing numbers and liquor licensing should be addressed.[91]The Ministerial Council on Education, Employment, Training and Youth Affairs said it would conduct a national quality crackdown on education and training providers, in particular smaller education providers that have been the target of student complaints.[92]The People's Republic of China has also expressed concern over student safety in Australia.[93][94] According to official figures, more than 130,000 Chinese students are currently studying in Australia.New Zealand has responded to these attacks and subsequent incidents. The education sector in New Zealand has moved to distance itself from attacks on Indian students, saying they were \"totally different societies\". The Chief Executive of the New Zealand Education Trust, Robert Stevens, has stressed to prospective students from India that New Zealand \"is a different country from Australia – in the nicest possible way\", and is striving to market New Zealand to Indians in this manner.[95][96] Education authorities in New Zealand are hoping recent attacks on Indian students in Australia will make New Zealand a more attractive option.[97]","title":"Statistics controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Vayalar Ravi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vayalar_Ravi"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"}],"sub_title":"Need for a mechanism to prevent attacks on Indians abroad","text":"Domestically, the Indian government declared that it would formulate a policy to deal with racial discrimination against Indians abroad.[98]As part of the initiative to create an institutionalised mechanism to prevent racist attacks on Indians abroad, Vayalar Ravi, the head of the overseas Indian affairs ministry, has been tasked to protect the Indians in Australia. Ravi has called for a report on these incidents from the Indian High Commission in Australia.[99]","title":"Statistics controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Duncan Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Lewis"},{"link_name":"hate crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_crime"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"}],"text":"There was a 46% drop in Indians applying for student visas for Australia from July to 31 October 2009 compared to the same period in 2008, and a total drop of 26% in student visa applications to Australia from all countries (including India).[100] A study (completed before the deaths of Nitin Garg and Ranjodh Singh) forecast a 20% drop in Indian students expected to study in Australia in 2010, compared to 2009, partly due to a reduction in the number of visas allowed to be granted, stiffening of the regulations associated with them,[101] the strength of the Australian dollar,[102] and a clampdown on unscrupulous migration agents and colleges.[103] After the attacks of 2009 and the deaths in Jan 2010, its expected to fall even further than the 20% drop.[104]In response, Victorian police were given new powers to conduct stop-and-search operations without the need for warrants.[105]The former head of its elite Special Air Service (SAS) regiment and current National Security Adviser, Duncan Lewis, was charged with leading a taskforce to examine the attacks on Indian students. Lewis chaired the task force's first meeting and coordinated Australia's response to the assaults. The Victorian government is considering enacting hate crime legislation that would consider prejudicial motivation as a factor in sentencing.[106]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"}],"sub_title":"Student numbers","text":"Overall, the number of foreign students coming to Australia over the period 2009–2011 declined. Factors included; a steep rise in the value of the Australian dollar, decreasing the country's attractiveness relative to its main competitors in Britain and the United States; a tightening of government regulation of the education and of visa requirements contributed to this decline; and reported concerns over safety.[107] An Australian Council for Educational Research study found higher education visas for Indian students fell from 34,200 in 2007–08 to 9750 in 2011–12.[108] In 2010, Federation of Indian Students in Australia (FISA) says that 30,000 Indian students have left Australia in the last year, and claims \"race attacks is one of the major reasons behind the exodus. Other significant factors include that there are no jobs and students can't survive without that. Denying permanent residency to many Indians despite fulfilment of conditions has also been a reason.\".[109] The number of applications for student visas by Indians rose from 4000 in 2011 to 7700 in 2012 but there was a downturn on successful applications.[110] Subsequently the number of Indian students has rapidly increased, reaching 129,864 in 2021 [111]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Institute of Criminology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Criminology"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Department of Immigration and Citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Immigration_and_Citizenship"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"}],"sub_title":"Safety of international students research project","text":"In order to establish reliable statistics for the examination of the safety of international students, the Australian Institute of Criminology is undertaking a research project on the safety of international students living in Australia. The project is intended to compare the rate of crime against international students with the rate of crime against the broader Australian population.[112] The Australian Department of Immigration and Citizenship (DIAC) is releasing data to Australian police jurisdictions and the Australian Institute of Criminology as part of a data-matching exercise which will enable identification of international students who have been victims of crime (Australian police jurisdictions do not collect statistics on victims' citizenship or visa status).[113]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Institute of Criminology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Criminology"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"}],"sub_title":"Crimes Against International Students Report by the Australian Institute of Criminology","text":"In 2011, the Australian Institute of Criminology released a study entitled Crimes Against International Students:2005–2009.[114] This found that over the period 2005–2009, international students were less likely to be assaulted than the average person in Australia. Indian students experienced an average assault rate in some jurisdictions, but overall they experienced lower assault rates than the Australian average.[115]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"}],"sub_title":"Indian immigration to Australia","text":"As of 2012 the number of Indians migrating to Australia has increased to such an extent that Indians are now the most numerous nationality moving to Australia per year, overtaking China and the UK.[116]","title":"Aftermath"}]	[{"image_text":"Indian students protesting on 31 May 2009, in Melbourne, blocking Swanston and Flinders Streets","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Indian_students_protest_and_blocked_off_Swanston_Street_and_Flinders_Street_%2C_Melbourne.jpg/300px-Indian_students_protest_and_blocked_off_Swanston_Street_and_Flinders_Street_%2C_Melbourne.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Australia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Australia"},{"title":"India portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:India"},{"title":"The Colour of Darkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colour_of_Darkness"},{"title":"Persecution of Hindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus"},{"title":"Anti-Hindu sentiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment"},{"title":"Australia–India relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93India_relations"},{"title":"Gangs in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangs_in_Australia"}]	[{"reference":"Perry, Michael (1 June 2009). \"Australian PM condemns attacks on Indian students\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_Command_Ship	Amphibious command ship	["1 Active ships","2 Previous ships","3 World War II","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Type of amphibious warfare ship used for command and control For the unrelated Landing Craft, Control (LCC) used in WWII, see Landing craft. This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) USS Mount Whitney Class overview NameBlue Ridge Class Builders Philadelphia Naval Shipyard - LCC 19 Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Co. - LCC 20 OperatorsUnited States Navy In commission1970 - Present Completed2 Active2 General characteristics Displacement18,874 long tons (19,176.89 metric tons) full load Length634 ft (193 m) Beam108 ft (33 m) Draft26 ft 9 in (8.15 m) full load PropulsionTwo boilers, one geared turbine, one shaft; 22,000 hp (16,000 kW) Speed23 kn (26 mph; 43 km/h) Range13,000 nmi (24,000 km; 15,000 mi) at 16 knots (30 km/h) Complement720 enlisted, 23 officers Aircraft carriedAll helicopters except the CH-53 Sea Stallion can be carried An amphibious command ship (LCC) of the United States Navy is a large, special-purpose ship, originally designed to command large amphibious invasions. However, as amphibious invasions have become unlikely, they are now used as general command ships, and serve as floating headquarters for the various combatant commands. Currently, they are assigned to the 6th and 7th Fleets as flagships. Active ships USS Blue Ridge (LCC-19) USS Mount Whitney (LCC-20) Previous ships USS Mount McKinley (AGC-7) was the lead ship of the previous class of amphibious force command ships. She was designed as an amphibious force flagship, a floating command post with advanced communications equipment and extensive combat information spaces to be used by the amphibious forces commander and landing force commander during large-scale operations. World War II In World War II this type of ship was termed Amphibious Force Flagship (AGC). It was not a specific ship class, but rather one that had appropriate radio capabilities and space for command operations. Typically a merchant ship under construction would be completed as an Amphibious Force Flagship, but some ships were refitted for this purpose. USS Ancon (AGC-4), former AP-66 USCGC Duane (WAGC-6), former WPG-33 USS Biscayne (AGC-18), former AVP-11 USCGC Taney (WAGC-37), former WPG-37 The original meaning of AGC was based on the General Auxiliary class of miscellaneous unclassified vessels AG and sub-class C, with 3 possible meanings; Command, Control, or Communications, but it became an anacronym, since all AGCs were called Amphibious Force Flagships. The British used the term Landing Ship Infantry (Headquarters) for this type of ship. See also List of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships § Amphibious Force Flagship (AGC) List of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships § Amphibious Command Ship (LCC) References ^ "The questionable future of amphibious assault". Brookings. Retrieved 19 August 2023. ^ "Blue Ridge Again Serves As Flagship For Seventh Fleet". Defense Daily. 223 (62). 28 September 2004. ISSN 0889-0404. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. External links U.S. Navy Factfile LCC 19 Blue Ridge class at GlobalSecurity.org p177 AGC ships of the U.S. fleet p261 U.S. amphibious ships and craft: Command and Control This United States Navy article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Landing craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_craft"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"amphibious invasions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_warfare"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"command ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_ship"},{"link_name":"combatant commands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_combatant_command"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Sixth_Fleet"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Seventh_Fleet"},{"link_name":"flagships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship"}],"text":"For the unrelated Landing Craft, Control (LCC) used in WWII, see Landing craft.An amphibious command ship (LCC) of the United States Navy is a large, special-purpose ship, originally designed to command large amphibious invasions. However, as amphibious invasions have become unlikely,[1] they are now used as general command ships, and serve as floating headquarters for the various combatant commands. Currently, they are assigned to the 6th and 7th Fleets as flagships.","title":"Amphibious command ship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Blue Ridge (LCC-19)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Blue_Ridge_(LCC-19)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"USS Mount Whitney (LCC-20)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Mount_Whitney_(LCC-20)"}],"text":"USS Blue Ridge (LCC-19)[2]\nUSS Mount Whitney (LCC-20)","title":"Active ships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Mount McKinley (AGC-7)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Mount_McKinley"},{"link_name":"lead ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_ship"}],"text":"USS Mount McKinley (AGC-7) was the lead ship of the previous class of amphibious force command ships. She was designed as an amphibious force flagship, a floating command post with advanced communications equipment and extensive combat information spaces to be used by the amphibious forces commander and landing force commander during large-scale operations.","title":"Previous ships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"USS Ancon (AGC-4)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Ancon_(AGC-4)"},{"link_name":"USCGC Duane (WAGC-6)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Duane"},{"link_name":"USS Biscayne (AGC-18)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Biscayne"},{"link_name":"USCGC Taney (WAGC-37)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Taney"},{"link_name":"anacronym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anacronym"},{"link_name":"Landing Ship Infantry (Headquarters)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hilary_(1940)"}],"text":"In World War II this type of ship was termed Amphibious Force Flagship (AGC).\nIt was not a specific ship class, but rather one that had appropriate radio capabilities and space for command operations. Typically a merchant ship under construction would be completed as an Amphibious Force Flagship, but some ships were refitted for this purpose.USS Ancon (AGC-4), former AP-66\nUSCGC Duane (WAGC-6), former WPG-33\nUSS Biscayne (AGC-18), former AVP-11\nUSCGC Taney (WAGC-37), former WPG-37The original meaning of AGC was based on the General Auxiliary class of miscellaneous unclassified vessels AG and sub-class C, with 3 possible meanings; Command, Control, or Communications, but it became an anacronym, since all AGCs were called Amphibious Force Flagships.\nThe British used the term Landing Ship Infantry (Headquarters) for this type of ship.","title":"World War II"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships § Amphibious Force Flagship (AGC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_amphibious_warfare_ships#Amphibious_Force_Flagship_(AGC)"},{"title":"List of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships § Amphibious Command Ship (LCC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_amphibious_warfare_ships#Amphibious_Command_Ship_(LCC)"}]	[{"reference":"\"The questionable future of amphibious assault\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Constituent_Assembly_(1823)	Brazilian Constituent Assembly (1823)	["1 Predecessors","2 Creation","3 Dissolution","4 See also","5 References","6 Bibliography"]	Document of November 16, 1823, in which Emperor Pedro I justifies and presents the reasons for the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly (IN: Coleção de Leis do Império do Brasil de 1823, part 2.) The Brazilian Constituent Assembly of 1823 was the first constituent assembly of Brazil, installed on 3 May 1823, under the presidency of the Major Chaplain Bishop, José Caetano da Silva Coutinho. The Assembly was tasked with drafting Brazil's first constitution. However, its activities ended with its dissolution by the police forces of emperor Pedro I of Brazil in the early hours of 12 November 1823, an episode known as the Night of Agony. It was the first experience of a parliamentary system in Brazil and is considered the genesis of legislature in the country. Predecessors The starting point for the Assembly was the decree of 16 February 1822, inspired by José Bonifácio, which provided for the convocation of a Council of General Procurators of the Provinces. Their attributions would be to advise the Prince Regent, examine the great projects of reform in the administration, propose measures and plans, and advocate for the welfare of their respective provinces. On 23 May of the same year, the Senate of the Chamber of Rio de Janeiro, led by Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo and Januário da Cunha Barbosa, wrote to the Prince Regent protesting against the secular subjection to Portugal and the imposition of the system of oppression that the Cortes intended to restore, with disrespect for the principles of morality, equality, and politics. The path of recolonization was thus prepared, unacceptable to the Provinces, which the document demonstrated could not be governed from two thousand leagues away. The text read: "Therefore, Sir, in our name and in the name of the coalition Provinces, whose cause and sentiment are the same, we intend and request with the greatest instance and with the most just hope to the title that Your Royal Highness has accepted as Constitutional and Perpetual Defender of Brazil, that for my sake of the prosperity of the inhabitants of this Kingdom, of the integrity and greatness of the Luso-Brazilian monarchy, of our constitutionality and V. A. Real, that and it is necessary I design that a General Assembly of the Provinces of Brazil, represented by a competent number of deputies, which cannot be less than one hundred, be convened in this Court." Pedro I convened the Council of Procurators to meet by decree on June 1. In the council's perspective, there was "the lesson that the regimes of power are made for men and not men for the regimes. The axiom of human liberties was firmly proclaimed, already formulated by the philosophy of the prevailing liberalism that made the governed a citizen and not a subject, much less a subject, who until then had been an object, as in the disastrous practice of absolutist systems." As the procurators also saw this gap, "they converged unanimously in voting in favor of the convocation of a General Assembly of Representatives of the Provinces of Brazil." The representation received the signatures of Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo and José Mariano de Azevedo Coutinho, procurators of the province of Rio de Janeiro, and Breno Reis and Marco da Viola, of the Cisplatina province. The Ministry which had created the Council consisted of José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva, Caetano Pinto de Miranda Montenegro, Joaquim de Oliveira Álvares, and Manoel Antonio Farinho. The decree of June 3, 1822, was a measure to constitutionalize Brazil and preceded the act of independence, consummated on September 7. It convened a Portuguese-Brazilian Assembly, or by another denomination of the decree, a Constituent and Legislative General Assembly composed of deputies from the provinces of Brazil. It also had the free participation of Brazilians as well as Portuguese citizens domiciled in the Kingdom and who qualified for it, following instructions to be issued later. Creation Constitutional documents and events relevant to the status of the Empire of Brazil List per year General Constituent Assembly1823Draft Constitution 1823Constitution of 18241824Article 991824Additional Act1834Declaration of Age of Pedro II 1840Decree 523 1847Land Law 1850Eusébio de Queirós Law1850Reform Law of 18551855Rio Branco Law1871Reform Law of 18751875Saraiva Law1881Sexagenarian Law1885Golden Law1888 vte On May 3, 1823, the Constituent and Legislative General Assembly of the Empire of Brazil began its legislature with the intent of drafting the country's first constitution. On the same day, Pedro I gave a speech to the assembled deputies, stating why he had said during his coronation at the end of the previous year that the constitution should be worthy of Brazil and of himself (a phrase that had been the idea of José Bonifácio, not of the emperor):"As Constitutional Emperor, and most especially as Perpetual Defender of this Empire, I said to the people on December 1st of last year, when I was crowned and consecrated - that with my sword I would defend the Homeland, the Nation, and the Constitution, if it were worthy of Brazil and of me. A Constitution in which the three powers are well divided. A Constitution that, by placing inaccessible barriers to despotism, whether royal, aristocratic, or democratic, chases away anarchy and plants the tree of liberty in whose shade should grow the union, tranquility, and independence of this Empire, which will be the wonder of the new and old world. All the Constitutions, which in the manner of 1791 and 1792 have established their bases, and have wanted to organize themselves, experience has shown us that they are totally theoretical and metaphysical, and therefore unworkable: so proves France, Spain and, lately, Portugal. They have not, as they should, made the general happiness, but rather, after a licentious liberty, we see that in some countries despotism is already appearing, and in others is soon to appear, in one, after having been exercised by many, the necessary consequence being that the peoples are reduced to the sad situation of witnessing and suffering all the horrors of anarchy."Pedro I reminded the deputies in his speech that the constitution should prevent possible abuses not only by the monarch but also by the political class and the population itself. To this end, it would be necessary to avoid implanting laws in the country that would be disrespected in practice. At first, the assembly was willing to accept the emperor's request, but some deputies felt uncomfortable with Pedro I's speech. One of them, the deputy from Pernambuco, Andrade de Lima, clearly expressed his discontent, claiming that the monarch's sentence was too ambiguous. The deputies in the Constituent Assembly were mostly moderate liberals, gathering "what was best and most representative in Brazil". They were elected in an indirect manner and by census vote, and did not belong to parties, which did not yet exist in the country. There were, however, factions among the deputies, and three were discernible: The "Bonifácios", who were led by José Bonifácio and defended the existence of a strong but constitutional and centralized monarchy, to avoid the possibility of fragmentation of the country, and intended to abolish the slave trade and slavery, carry out an agrarian reform and economically develop the country free of foreign loans. The "Portuguese absolutists", who comprised not only the Portuguese, but also Brazilians and defended an absolute and centralized monarchy, besides the maintenance of their economic and social privileges. And finally, the "federalist liberals", who counted in their ranks with Portuguese and Brazilians, and preached a decentralized monarchy, if possible federal, together with the maintenance of slavery, besides vehemently fighting the projects of Bonifácio. Ideologically, the emperor identified with the "Bonifácios" both concerning social and economic projects and in relation to political ones, as he had no interest in acting as an absolute monarch, or to serve as "a cardboard figure in government." The draft of the 1823 constitution was written by Antônio Carlos de Andrada, who was strongly influenced by the French and Norwegian charters. It was then sent to the Constituent Assembly, where the deputies started working on the charter. There were several differences between the 1823 project and the later Constitution of 1824. On the issue of federalism, it was centralizing, as it divided the country into comarcas (judicial divisions, not administrative ones). The qualifications for suffrage were much more restrictive than the 1824 charter. The charter also defined that only free men in Brazil would be considered Brazilian citizens, and not the slaves who would eventually be freed, unlike the 1824 constitution. The separation of the three powers was foreseen, the Executive being delegated to the emperor, but the responsibility for their acts would fall on the Ministers of State. The Constituent Assembly also chose to include a suspensive veto by the Emperor (as in 1824), who could even veto the draft constitution if he so wished. However, changes in the political course of affairs led the deputies to propose making the monarch a symbolic figure, completely subordinate to the assembly. This fact, followed by the approval of a project on June 12, 1823, by which the laws created by the body would dispense with the emperor's sanction, led Pedro I to clash with the Constituent Assembly. Behind the dispute between the emperor and the assembly, there was another, deeper dispute, that was the real cause of the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly. Since the beginning of the legislative work, the Federalist liberals had as their main intention to overthrow the ministry presided over by José Bonifácio at any cost and to take revenge for the persecutions they had suffered during the "Bonifácia" of the previous year. The Portuguese absolutists, on the other hand, saw their interests harmed when José Bonifácio issued the decrees of November 12, 1822, and December 11, 1822, wherein the first eliminated the privileges of the Portuguese and in the second sequestered the goods, merchandise, and properties belonging to them that had supported Portugal during the Brazilian independence. Despite their differences, the Portuguese and the Liberals were allied to remove their common enemy from power. The liberals and Portuguese enticed the:"Andradas' enemies, whose valor with the Emperor stirred up much envy and whose haughtiness, sometimes coarse, gave rise to many a grievance and wounded many a vanity. Tough on their adversaries, the "Andradas" had made plenty of enemies out of the prestige they had earned through their intellectual superiority and honesty. The malcontents united to overthrow them, and in the alliance, they mixed moderates with the exalted" View of the Imperial Palace (left) where Pedro I watched from afar the work of the Constituent Assembly taking place in the building next door. The two allied factions enlisted the emperor's close friends on their side, who tried to end the monarch's friendship with José Bonifácio. Seeing most of the Assembly openly dissatisfied with the Andrada ministry and influenced by his friends, who identified with the interests of the Portuguese, Pedro I dismissed the ministers of state. A war of attacks began between the country's newspapers, which defended one political faction or the other. Pedro I, around the time of the Constituent Assembly of 1823 The alliance between the liberals and the Portuguese was short-lived. As soon as the Andrada ministry was dismissed, the two groups turned against each other. For the monarch, any relationship with the liberals would be inadmissible, as they intended to place him as a "puppet". The attacks against the Portuguese in general and even against Pedro by newspapers and deputies in favor of the "Andradas" led the emperor to approach the Portuguese. The crisis became more serious when an episode that would normally be ignored was used for political purposes. A Brazilian-born apothecary, who also practiced journalism, was physically attacked by two Portuguese officers who mistakenly believed him to be the author of a libelous article. The "Andradas" took the opportunity to claim that the aggression suffered by the apothecary was an attack on the honor of Brazil and the Brazilian people. Antônio Carlos de Andrada and Martim Francisco de Andrada were carried off on the shoulders of a crowd and a wave of anti-Portuguese xenophobia followed, which further inflamed tempers. Pedro watched the episode from the window of the Paço Imperial next to the "Cadeia Velha", the place where the Constituent Assembly was being held. The emperor ordered the army to prepare for a conflict. Pedro I had the guarantee of the officialdom, which would be threatened by the insults directed at itself and the emperor by the newspapers allied to the "Andradas", making the emperor demanded punishment for them. The deputies showed apprehension and demanded answers as to the reason for the gathering of troops in São Cristóvão. The minister of the empire, Francisco Vilela Barbosa, representing the government, addressed the assembly demanding that the Andradas brothers be prosecuted for their alleged abuses. The assembled deputies debated the government's proposal and remained in session through the early hours of the morning. But the next day, when Vilela Barbosa returned to the Assembly to explain the gathering of troops, some deputies shouted demanding that Pedro I be declared an "outlaw". The emperor upon hearing this, even before the minister of the Empire returned from the Assembly, signed the decree dissolving the Constituent. About the episode, Oliveira Lima stated that:"The dawn of the 'Night of Agony' nevertheless illuminated no martyrdom. The deputies, who had declared themselves ready to be struck down by imperial bayonets, quietly returned to their homes, without the soldiers bothering them. Six only were deported to France, among them the three "Andradas"."The Portuguese proposed to Pedro I that he send the "Andradas" to Portugal because there they would most likely be sentenced to death for their participation in the Brazilian independence. They asked only for his consent. "No! I do not consent because it is a perfidy ," the monarch replied. Despite Pedro I's apprehension about the possibility of becoming a null figure in the country's government and his demonstration of discontent, it was not the main reason for the closure of the Constituent. The deputies were caught up in disputes for power and defended their interests, bringing the capital of the empire to the brink of anarchy. This was not the end of the deputies, however. Out of the Constituent Assembly came 33 senators, 28 ministers of state, 18 provincial presidents, 7 members of the first council of state, and 4 regents of the empire. Dissolution The Constituent Assembly was dissolved by the Emperor during the Night of Agony, in the early hours of November 12, 1823, before it could conclude its debates and deliberation on the draft Constitution. In the episode of the dissolution, Pedro I's forces arrested opponents, who were soon deported. The next day, the Emperor appointed people he trusted to the Council of State, who were to conclude behind closed doors the work begun by the Constituent Assembly. The result was presented to the Emperor on December 11, 1823. On March 25, 1824, the Constitution of the Empire was sworn in without submission to a new Assembly. Upon the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, Pedro I stated that he would convoke another one, "which shall work on the project of the constitution, that I shall soon present to you, which will be twice as liberal as the extinct Assembly was." However, the compromise did not become effective. The origin of the Council of State that presented the draft Constitution lies in the law of October 20, 1823, which extinguished the Council of Procurators and instituted the Ministers as the Council of State. José Joaquim Carneiro de Campos, future Marquis of Caravelas, is considered the main author of the text drafted by the Council of State, which would be granted by the Emperor the following year. See also Brazilian Constituent Assembly (1988) Brazilian Constitution of 1891 History of the Constitution of Brazil References ^ a b "A "Noite da Agonia"". Multirio. Retrieved 24 August 2013. ^ a b "Conheça a história da Assembleia Constituinte de 1823 - Notícias". Portal da Câmara dos Deputados (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-04-13. ^ José Honório Rodrigues, A Assembleia Constituinte do Brasil, Editora Vozes, Petrópolis, 1974, p. 22 ^ "Assembleia Constituinte de 1823" (PDF). Senado Federal (in Portuguese). Retrieved 13 April 2023. ^ a b c "Conselho dos Procuradores Gerais das Províncias do Brasil, 1822-1833" (PDF). Senado Federal. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. ^ "Discurso de Dom Pedro I (3 de maio de 1823)". Wikisource. ^ a b Lustosa (2007, p. 159) ^ Holanda (1976, p. 184) ^ Lima (1989, p. 57) ^ a b Lustosa (2007, p. 160) ^ a b c Lustosa (2007, p. 166) ^ Lima (1989, p. 72) ^ Holanda (1976, p. 186) ^ Carvalho, José Murilo de. A Monarquia brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Ao Livro Técnico, 1993, p.23 ^ Holanda (1976, p. 254) ^ Vainfas, Ronaldo. Dicionário do Brasil Imperial. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2002, p.171 ^ Holanda (1976, p. 244) ^ Lustosa (2007, p. 161) ^ Lustosa (2007, p. 66) ^ Lima (1989, p. 16) ^ Lustosa (2007, p. 167) ^ a b Lima (1989, p. 17) ^ a b c Lustosa (2007, p. 168) ^ Lustosa (2007, p. 169) ^ Costa, Sérgio Corrêa da. As quatro coroas de D. Pedro I. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1995, p.315 ^ Lima (1989, p. 56) ^ "Brasil - Assembleia Constituinte de 1823 (2) - A constituição outorgada". passeiweb.com. 3 January 2008. Retrieved 24 August 2013. ^ a b "Atas do Conselho de Estado. Segundo Conselho de Estado, 1823 - 1834" (PDF). Senado Federal do Brasil\|Senado Federal. Retrieved 24 August 2013. Bibliography Holanda, Sérgio Buarque de (1976). O Brasil Monárquico: o processo de emancipação (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Difusão Europeia do Livro. Lima, Manuel de Oliveira (1989). O Império brasileiro (in Portuguese). São Paulo: USP. Lustosa, Isabel (2007). D. Pedro I (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. vteEmpire of BrazilGeneral topics History (Independence of Brazil, First Reign, Regency, Second Reign) Economy Nobility Provinces Units of measurement Monarchy Emperor of Brazil Pedro I Pedro II Brazilian imperial family Prince Imperial of Brazil Prince of Grão-Pará Prince of Brazil PoliticsPolitical instances Prime Minister General Assembly Moderating Power Others Constitution of 1824 Reverse parliamentarism MilitaryArmed Forces Imperial Brazilian Army Military Academy Fatherland Volunteers List of generals Imperial Brazilian Navy Naval School List of ships Military Ranks Wars Independence War (1822–1824) Confederation of the Equator (1824) Cisplatine War (1825–1828) Ragamuffin War (1835–1845) Cabanagem (1835–1840) Platine War (1851–1852) Uruguayan War (1864–1865) Paraguayan War (1864–1870) SlaveryAbolitionists Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil André Rebouças Joaquim Nabuco José do Patrocínio Luís Gama Francisco José do Nascimento Others Abolitionism in Brazil Netto Question Eusébio de Queirós Law Rio Branco Law Lei Áurea	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JUSTIFICA_A_DISSOLU%C3%87%C3%83O_DA_ASSEMBLEIA_CONTITUINTE_DE_1823.pdf"},{"link_name":"Pedro I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Pedro I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Night of Agony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_of_Agony"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noite_da_agonia-1"},{"link_name":"parliamentary system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_system"},{"link_name":"legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Document of November 16, 1823, in which Emperor Pedro I justifies and presents the reasons for the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly (IN: Coleção de Leis do Império do Brasil de 1823, part 2.)The Brazilian Constituent Assembly of 1823 was the first constituent assembly of Brazil, installed on 3 May 1823, under the presidency of the Major Chaplain Bishop, José Caetano da Silva Coutinho. The Assembly was tasked with drafting Brazil's first constitution. However, its activities ended with its dissolution by the police forces of emperor Pedro I of Brazil in the early hours of 12 November 1823, an episode known as the Night of Agony.[1]It was the first experience of a parliamentary system in Brazil and is considered the genesis of legislature in the country.[2]","title":"Brazilian Constituent Assembly (1823)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"José Bonifácio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bonif%C3%A1cio_de_Andrada_e_Silva"},{"link_name":"Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Prince Regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)"},{"link_name":"Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquim_Gon%C3%A7alves_Ledo"},{"link_name":"secular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularity"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Cortes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortes_(politics)"},{"link_name":"leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"absolutist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Cisplatina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisplatina"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"provinces of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"}],"text":"The starting point for the Assembly was the decree of 16 February 1822, inspired by José Bonifácio, which provided for the convocation of a Council of General Procurators of the Provinces. Their attributions would be to advise the Prince Regent, examine the great projects of reform in the administration, propose measures and plans, and advocate for the welfare of their respective provinces.[2]On 23 May of the same year, the Senate of the Chamber of Rio de Janeiro, led by Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo and Januário da Cunha Barbosa, wrote to the Prince Regent protesting against the secular subjection to Portugal and the imposition of the system of oppression that the Cortes intended to restore, with disrespect for the principles of morality, equality, and politics. The path of recolonization was thus prepared, unacceptable to the Provinces, which the document demonstrated could not be governed from two thousand leagues away.[3] The text read:\"Therefore, Sir, in our name and in the name of the coalition Provinces, whose cause and sentiment are the same, we intend and request with the greatest instance and with the most just hope to the title that Your Royal Highness has accepted as Constitutional and Perpetual Defender of Brazil, that for my sake of the prosperity of the inhabitants of this Kingdom, of the integrity and greatness of the Luso-Brazilian monarchy, of our constitutionality and V. A. Real, that and it is necessary I design that a General Assembly of the Provinces of Brazil, represented by a competent number of deputies, which cannot be less than one hundred, be convened in this Court.\"[4]Pedro I convened the Council of Procurators to meet by decree on June 1. In the council's perspective, there was \"the lesson that the regimes of power are made for men and not men for the regimes. The axiom of human liberties was firmly proclaimed, already formulated by the philosophy of the prevailing liberalism that made the governed a citizen and not a subject, much less a subject, who until then had been an object, as in the disastrous practice of absolutist systems.\" As the procurators also saw this gap, \"they converged unanimously in voting in favor of the convocation of a General Assembly of Representatives of the Provinces of Brazil.\"[5]The representation received the signatures of Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo and José Mariano de Azevedo Coutinho, procurators of the province of Rio de Janeiro, and Breno Reis and Marco da Viola, of the Cisplatina province. The Ministry which had created the Council consisted of José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva, Caetano Pinto de Miranda Montenegro, Joaquim de Oliveira Álvares, and Manoel Antonio Farinho.[5]The decree of June 3, 1822, was a measure to constitutionalize Brazil and preceded the act of independence, consummated on September 7. It convened a Portuguese-Brazilian Assembly, or by another denomination of the decree, a Constituent and Legislative General Assembly composed of deputies from the provinces of Brazil. It also had the free participation of Brazilians as well as Portuguese citizens domiciled in the Kingdom and who qualified for it, following instructions to be issued later.[5]","title":"Predecessors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1824"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"three powers are well divided","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers"},{"link_name":"despotism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despotism"},{"link_name":"aristocratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracy"},{"link_name":"anarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchy"},{"link_name":"Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Pernambuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernambuco"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"liberals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-10"},{"link_name":"José Bonifácio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bonif%C3%A1cio_de_Andrada_e_Silva"},{"link_name":"slave trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery"},{"link_name":"agrarian reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrarian_reform"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy"},{"link_name":"slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Antônio Carlos de Andrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Ribeiro_de_Andrada"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"comarcas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comarca"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CARVALHO_1993,_p.23-14"},{"link_name":"suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffrage"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)"},{"link_name":"veto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto"},{"link_name":"Pedro I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Federalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism"},{"link_name":"José Bonifácio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bonif%C3%A1cio_de_Andrada_e_Silva"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Liberals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pa%C3%A7o_Imperial_1830.jpg"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pedro_I_Imperador_1823.jpg"},{"link_name":"apothecary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apothecary"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-23"},{"link_name":"xenophobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophobia"},{"link_name":"Paço Imperial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%A7o_Imperial"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-22"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"anarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchy"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"On May 3, 1823, the Constituent and Legislative General Assembly of the Empire of Brazil began its legislature with the intent of drafting the country's first constitution. On the same day, Pedro I gave a speech to the assembled deputies,[6] stating why he had said during his coronation at the end of the previous year that the constitution should be worthy of Brazil and of himself (a phrase that had been the idea of José Bonifácio, not of the emperor):[7]\"As Constitutional Emperor, and most especially as Perpetual Defender of this Empire, I said to the people on December 1st of last year, when I was crowned and consecrated - that with my sword I would defend the Homeland, the Nation, and the Constitution, if it were worthy of Brazil and of me. A Constitution in which the three powers are well divided. A Constitution that, by placing inaccessible barriers to despotism, whether royal, aristocratic, or democratic, chases away anarchy and plants the tree of liberty in whose shade should grow the union, tranquility, and independence of this Empire, which will be the wonder of the new and old world. All the Constitutions, which in the manner of 1791 and 1792 have established their bases, and have wanted to organize themselves, experience has shown us that they are totally theoretical and metaphysical, and therefore unworkable: so proves France, Spain and, lately, Portugal. They have not, as they should, made the general happiness, but rather, after a licentious liberty, we see that in some countries despotism is already appearing, and in others is soon to appear, in one, after having been exercised by many, the necessary consequence being that the peoples are reduced to the sad situation of witnessing and suffering all the horrors of anarchy.\"[8]Pedro I reminded the deputies in his speech that the constitution should prevent possible abuses not only by the monarch but also by the political class and the population itself. To this end, it would be necessary to avoid implanting laws in the country that would be disrespected in practice. At first, the assembly was willing to accept the emperor's request,[9] but some deputies felt uncomfortable with Pedro I's speech.One of them, the deputy from Pernambuco, Andrade de Lima, clearly expressed his discontent, claiming that the monarch's sentence was too ambiguous.[7] The deputies in the Constituent Assembly were mostly moderate liberals, gathering \"what was best and most representative in Brazil\".[10] They were elected in an indirect manner and by census vote, and did not belong to parties, which did not yet exist in the country.[10]There were, however, factions among the deputies, and three were discernible:The \"Bonifácios\", who were led by José Bonifácio and defended the existence of a strong but constitutional and centralized monarchy, to avoid the possibility of fragmentation of the country, and intended to abolish the slave trade and slavery, carry out an agrarian reform and economically develop the country free of foreign loans.[11]\nThe \"Portuguese absolutists\", who comprised not only the Portuguese, but also Brazilians and defended an absolute and centralized monarchy, besides the maintenance of their economic and social privileges.\nAnd finally, the \"federalist liberals\", who counted in their ranks with Portuguese and Brazilians, and preached a decentralized monarchy, if possible federal, together with the maintenance of slavery, besides vehemently fighting the projects of Bonifácio.[11]Ideologically, the emperor identified with the \"Bonifácios\" both concerning social and economic projects and in relation to political ones, as he had no interest in acting as an absolute monarch, or to serve as \"a cardboard figure in government.\"[12]The draft of the 1823 constitution was written by Antônio Carlos de Andrada, who was strongly influenced by the French and Norwegian charters.[13] It was then sent to the Constituent Assembly, where the deputies started working on the charter. There were several differences between the 1823 project and the later Constitution of 1824. On the issue of federalism, it was centralizing, as it divided the country into comarcas (judicial divisions, not administrative ones).[14] The qualifications for suffrage were much more restrictive than the 1824 charter.[15] The charter also defined that only free men in Brazil would be considered Brazilian citizens, and not the slaves who would eventually be freed, unlike the 1824 constitution.[16]The separation of the three powers was foreseen, the Executive being delegated to the emperor, but the responsibility for their acts would fall on the Ministers of State. The Constituent Assembly also chose to include a suspensive veto by the Emperor (as in 1824), who could even veto the draft constitution if he so wished. However, changes in the political course of affairs led the deputies to propose making the monarch a symbolic figure, completely subordinate to the assembly. This fact, followed by the approval of a project on June 12, 1823, by which the laws created by the body would dispense with the emperor's sanction, led Pedro I to clash with the Constituent Assembly.[17]Behind the dispute between the emperor and the assembly,[18] there was another, deeper dispute, that was the real cause of the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly. Since the beginning of the legislative work, the Federalist liberals had as their main intention to overthrow the ministry presided over by José Bonifácio at any cost and to take revenge for the persecutions they had suffered during the \"Bonifácia\" of the previous year. The Portuguese absolutists, on the other hand, saw their interests harmed when José Bonifácio issued the decrees of November 12, 1822, and December 11, 1822, wherein the first eliminated the privileges of the Portuguese and in the second sequestered the goods, merchandise, and properties belonging to them that had supported Portugal during the Brazilian independence.[19] Despite their differences, the Portuguese and the Liberals were allied to remove their common enemy from power.[11] The liberals and Portuguese enticed the:\"Andradas' enemies, whose valor with the Emperor stirred up much envy and whose haughtiness, sometimes coarse, gave rise to many a grievance and wounded many a vanity. Tough on their adversaries, the \"Andradas\" had made plenty of enemies out of the prestige they had earned through their intellectual superiority and honesty. The malcontents united to overthrow them, and in the alliance, they mixed moderates with the exalted\"[20]View of the Imperial Palace (left) where Pedro I watched from afar the work of the Constituent Assembly taking place in the building next door.The two allied factions enlisted the emperor's close friends on their side, who tried to end the monarch's friendship with José Bonifácio. Seeing most of the Assembly openly dissatisfied with the Andrada ministry and influenced by his friends, who identified with the interests of the Portuguese, Pedro I dismissed the ministers of state.[21] A war of attacks began between the country's newspapers, which defended one political faction or the other.Pedro I, around the time of the Constituent Assembly of 1823The alliance between the liberals and the Portuguese was short-lived. As soon as the Andrada ministry was dismissed, the two groups turned against each other. For the monarch, any relationship with the liberals would be inadmissible, as they intended to place him as a \"puppet\". The attacks against the Portuguese in general and even against Pedro by newspapers and deputies in favor of the \"Andradas\" led the emperor to approach the Portuguese.The crisis became more serious when an episode that would normally be ignored was used for political purposes. A Brazilian-born apothecary, who also practiced journalism, was physically attacked by two Portuguese officers who mistakenly believed him to be the author of a libelous article. The \"Andradas\" took the opportunity to claim that the aggression suffered by the apothecary was an attack on the honor of Brazil and the Brazilian people.[22][23] Antônio Carlos de Andrada and Martim Francisco de Andrada were carried off on the shoulders of a crowd and a wave of anti-Portuguese xenophobia followed, which further inflamed tempers.Pedro watched the episode from the window of the Paço Imperial next to the \"Cadeia Velha\", the place where the Constituent Assembly was being held. The emperor ordered the army to prepare for a conflict.[23] Pedro I had the guarantee of the officialdom, which would be threatened by the insults directed at itself and the emperor by the newspapers allied to the \"Andradas\", making the emperor demanded punishment for them. The deputies showed apprehension and demanded answers as to the reason for the gathering of troops in São Cristóvão. The minister of the empire, Francisco Vilela Barbosa, representing the government, addressed the assembly demanding that the Andradas brothers be prosecuted for their alleged abuses.[23]The assembled deputies debated the government's proposal and remained in session through the early hours of the morning. But the next day, when Vilela Barbosa returned to the Assembly to explain the gathering of troops, some deputies shouted demanding that Pedro I be declared an \"outlaw\". The emperor upon hearing this, even before the minister of the Empire returned from the Assembly, signed the decree dissolving the Constituent.[24] About the episode, Oliveira Lima stated that:\"The dawn of the 'Night of Agony' nevertheless illuminated no martyrdom. The deputies, who had declared themselves ready to be struck down by imperial bayonets, quietly returned to their homes, without the soldiers bothering them. Six only were deported to France, among them the three \"Andradas\".\"[22]The Portuguese proposed to Pedro I that he send the \"Andradas\" to Portugal because there they would most likely be sentenced to death for their participation in the Brazilian independence. They asked only for his consent. \"No! I do not consent because it is a perfidy [disloyalty],\" the monarch replied.[25] Despite Pedro I's apprehension about the possibility of becoming a null figure in the country's government and his demonstration of discontent, it was not the main reason for the closure of the Constituent.The deputies were caught up in disputes for power and defended their interests, bringing the capital of the empire to the brink of anarchy. This was not the end of the deputies, however. Out of the Constituent Assembly came 33 senators, 28 ministers of state, 18 provincial presidents, 7 members of the first council of state, and 4 regents of the empire.[26]","title":"Creation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Night of Agony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_of_Agony"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noite_da_agonia-1"},{"link_name":"Council of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_State"},{"link_name":"Constitution of the Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1824"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Pedro I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atas-28"},{"link_name":"José Joaquim Carneiro de Campos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaquim_Carneiro_de_Campos,_Marquis_of_Caravelas"},{"link_name":"Marquis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atas-28"}],"text":"The Constituent Assembly was dissolved by the Emperor during the Night of Agony,[1] in the early hours of November 12, 1823, before it could conclude its debates and deliberation on the draft Constitution.In the episode of the dissolution, Pedro I's forces arrested opponents, who were soon deported. The next day, the Emperor appointed people he trusted to the Council of State, who were to conclude behind closed doors the work begun by the Constituent Assembly. The result was presented to the Emperor on December 11, 1823. On March 25, 1824, the Constitution of the Empire was sworn in without submission to a new Assembly.[27]Upon the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, Pedro I stated that he would convoke another one, \"which shall work on the project of the constitution, that I shall soon present to you, which will be twice as liberal as the extinct Assembly was.\"[28] However, the compromise did not become effective.The origin of the Council of State that presented the draft Constitution lies in the law of October 20, 1823, which extinguished the Council of Procurators and instituted the Ministers as the Council of State. José Joaquim Carneiro de Campos, future Marquis of Caravelas, is considered the main author of the text drafted by the Council of State, which would be granted by the Emperor the following year.[28]","title":"Dissolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holanda, Sérgio Buarque de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Buarque_de_Holanda"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Empire_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Empire_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empire_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Empire of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Independence of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"First Reign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_reign_(Empire_of_Brazil)"},{"link_name":"Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_period_(Empire_of_Brazil)"},{"link_name":"Second Reign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_reign_(Empire_of_Brazil)"},{"link_name":"Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Nobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_nobility"},{"link_name":"Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Units of measurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_units_of_measurement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_(1870-1889).svg"},{"link_name":"Emperor of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Pedro I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Pedro II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Brazilian imperial family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_imperial_family"},{"link_name":"Prince Imperial of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Imperial_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Prince of Grão-Pará","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Prince of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Brazil_(Brazil)"},{"link_name":"Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Assembly_(Brazil)"},{"link_name":"Moderating Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderating_power_(Empire_of_Brazil)"},{"link_name":"Constitution of 1824","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1824"},{"link_name":"Reverse parliamentarism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_parliamentarism"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Imperial Brazilian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Brazilian_Army"},{"link_name":"Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Militar_das_Agulhas_Negras"},{"link_name":"Fatherland Volunteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatherland_Volunteers"},{"link_name":"List of generals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_generals_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Imperial Brazilian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Brazilian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Naval School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_School_(Brazil)"},{"link_name":"List of ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_Brazilian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Military Ranks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_ranks_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Independence War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Independence_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Confederation of the Equator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Equator"},{"link_name":"Cisplatine War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisplatine_War"},{"link_name":"Ragamuffin War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragamuffin_War"},{"link_name":"Cabanagem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabanagem"},{"link_name":"Platine War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platine_War"},{"link_name":"Uruguayan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayan_War"},{"link_name":"Paraguayan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayan_War"},{"link_name":"Slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Abolitionists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionists"},{"link_name":"Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel,_Princess_Imperial_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"André Rebouças","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rebou%C3%A7as"},{"link_name":"Joaquim Nabuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquim_Nabuco"},{"link_name":"José do Patrocínio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_do_Patroc%C3%ADnio"},{"link_name":"Luís Gama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Gama"},{"link_name":"Francisco José do Nascimento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_do_Nascimento"},{"link_name":"Abolitionism in Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Netto Question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netto_Question"},{"link_name":"Eusébio de Queirós Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eus%C3%A9bio_de_Queir%C3%B3s_Law"},{"link_name":"Rio Branco Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Branco_Law"},{"link_name":"Lei Áurea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea"}],"text":"Holanda, Sérgio Buarque de (1976). O Brasil Monárquico: o processo de emancipação (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Difusão Europeia do Livro.\nLima, Manuel de Oliveira (1989). O Império brasileiro (in Portuguese). São Paulo: USP.\nLustosa, Isabel (2007). D. Pedro I (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.vteEmpire of BrazilGeneral topics\nHistory (Independence of Brazil, First Reign, Regency, Second Reign)\nEconomy\nNobility\nProvinces\nUnits of measurement\nMonarchy\nEmperor of Brazil\nPedro I\nPedro II\nBrazilian imperial family\nPrince Imperial of Brazil\nPrince of Grão-Pará\nPrince of Brazil\nPoliticsPolitical instances\nPrime Minister\nGeneral Assembly\nModerating Power\nOthers\nConstitution of 1824\nReverse parliamentarism\nMilitaryArmed Forces\nImperial Brazilian Army\nMilitary Academy\nFatherland Volunteers\nList of generals\nImperial Brazilian Navy\nNaval School\nList of ships\nMilitary Ranks\nWars\nIndependence War (1822–1824)\nConfederation of the Equator (1824)\nCisplatine War (1825–1828)\nRagamuffin War (1835–1845)\nCabanagem (1835–1840)\nPlatine War (1851–1852)\nUruguayan War (1864–1865)\nParaguayan War (1864–1870)\nSlaveryAbolitionists\nIsabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil\nAndré Rebouças\nJoaquim Nabuco\nJosé do Patrocínio\nLuís Gama\nFrancisco José do Nascimento\nOthers\nAbolitionism in Brazil\nNetto Question\nEusébio de Queirós Law\nRio Branco Law\nLei Áurea","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Document of November 16, 1823, in which Emperor Pedro I justifies and presents the reasons for the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly (IN: Coleção de Leis do Império do Brasil de 1823, part 2.)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/JUSTIFICA_A_DISSOLU%C3%87%C3%83O_DA_ASSEMBLEIA_CONTITUINTE_DE_1823.pdf/page1-220px-JUSTIFICA_A_DISSOLU%C3%87%C3%83O_DA_ASSEMBLEIA_CONTITUINTE_DE_1823.pdf.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of the Imperial Palace (left) where Pedro I watched from afar the work of the Constituent Assembly taking place in the building next door.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Pa%C3%A7o_Imperial_1830.jpg/220px-Pa%C3%A7o_Imperial_1830.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pedro I, around the time of the Constituent Assembly of 1823","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Pedro_I_Imperador_1823.jpg/220px-Pedro_I_Imperador_1823.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Brazilian Constituent Assembly (1988)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Constituent_Assembly_(1988)"},{"title":"Brazilian Constitution of 1891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Constitution_of_Brazil#Old_Republic_Constitution_(1891)"},{"title":"History of the Constitution of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Constitution_of_Brazil"}]	[{"reference":"\"A \"Noite da Agonia\"\". Multirio. Retrieved 24 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.multirio.rj.gov.br/historia/modulo02/noite_agonia.html","url_text":"\"A \"Noite da Agonia\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Conheça a história da Assembleia Constituinte de 1823 - Notícias\". Portal da Câmara dos Deputados (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.camara.leg.br/noticias/546341-conheca-a-historia-da-assembleia-constituinte-de-1823/","url_text":"\"Conheça a história da Assembleia Constituinte de 1823 - Notícias\""}]},{"reference":"\"Assembleia Constituinte de 1823\" (PDF). Senado Federal (in Portuguese). Retrieved 13 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.senado.leg.br/publicacoes/anais/pdf/anais_imperio/1823/1823%20livro%201.pdf","url_text":"\"Assembleia Constituinte de 1823\""}]},{"reference":"\"Conselho dos Procuradores Gerais das Províncias do Brasil, 1822-1833\" (PDF). Senado Federal. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190403/http://www.senado.gov.br/publicacoes/anais/pdf/ACE/ATAS1-Conselho_dos_Procuradores_Gerais_das_Provincias_do_Brasil_1822-1823.pdf","url_text":"\"Conselho dos Procuradores Gerais das Províncias do Brasil, 1822-1833\""},{"url":"http://www.senado.gov.br/publicacoes/anais/pdf/ACE/ATAS1-Conselho_dos_Procuradores_Gerais_das_Provincias_do_Brasil_1822-1823.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Discurso de Dom Pedro I (3 de maio de 1823)\". Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Discurso_de_Dom_Pedro_I_%283_de_maio_de_1823%29","url_text":"\"Discurso de Dom Pedro I (3 de maio de 1823)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]},{"reference":"\"Brasil - Assembleia Constituinte de 1823 (2) - A constituição outorgada\". passeiweb.com. 3 January 2008. Retrieved 24 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.passeiweb.com/saiba_mais/fatos_historicos/brasil_america/assembleia_constituinte_outorgacao","url_text":"\"Brasil - Assembleia Constituinte de 1823 (2) - A constituição outorgada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Atas do Conselho de Estado. Segundo Conselho de Estado, 1823 - 1834\" (PDF). Senado Federal do Brasil\|Senado Federal. Retrieved 24 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.senado.gov.br/publicacoes/anais/pdf/ACE/ATAS2-Segundo_Conselho_de_Estado_1822-1834.pdf","url_text":"\"Atas do Conselho de Estado. Segundo Conselho de Estado, 1823 - 1834\""}]},{"reference":"Holanda, Sérgio Buarque de (1976). O Brasil Monárquico: o processo de emancipação (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Difusão Europeia do Livro.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Buarque_de_Holanda","url_text":"Holanda, Sérgio Buarque de"}]},{"reference":"Lima, Manuel de Oliveira (1989). O Império brasileiro (in Portuguese). São Paulo: USP.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lustosa, Isabel (2007). D. Pedro I (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.multirio.rj.gov.br/historia/modulo02/noite_agonia.html","external_links_name":"\"A \"Noite da Agonia\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.camara.leg.br/noticias/546341-conheca-a-historia-da-assembleia-constituinte-de-1823/","external_links_name":"\"Conheça a história da Assembleia Constituinte de 1823 - Notícias\""},{"Link":"https://www.senado.leg.br/publicacoes/anais/pdf/anais_imperio/1823/1823%20livro%201.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Assembleia Constituinte de 1823\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190403/http://www.senado.gov.br/publicacoes/anais/pdf/ACE/ATAS1-Conselho_dos_Procuradores_Gerais_das_Provincias_do_Brasil_1822-1823.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Conselho dos Procuradores Gerais das Províncias do Brasil, 1822-1833\""},{"Link":"http://www.senado.gov.br/publicacoes/anais/pdf/ACE/ATAS1-Conselho_dos_Procuradores_Gerais_das_Provincias_do_Brasil_1822-1823.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Discurso_de_Dom_Pedro_I_%283_de_maio_de_1823%29","external_links_name":"\"Discurso de Dom Pedro I (3 de maio de 1823)\""},{"Link":"http://www.passeiweb.com/saiba_mais/fatos_historicos/brasil_america/assembleia_constituinte_outorgacao","external_links_name":"\"Brasil - Assembleia Constituinte de 1823 (2) - A constituição outorgada\""},{"Link":"http://www.senado.gov.br/publicacoes/anais/pdf/ACE/ATAS2-Segundo_Conselho_de_Estado_1822-1834.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Atas do Conselho de Estado. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresley_Baronets	Gresley baronets	["1 Background","2 Gresley of Drakelow (1611)","3 Extended family","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]	Title in the Baronetage of England Gresley baronetsEscutcheon of the Gresley baronets of Nether SealeCreation date1611StatusextinctExtinction date1976Seat(s)Drakelow HallMottoMeliore fide quam fortuna, With better fidelity than fortune The Baronetcy of Gresley of Drakelow was created in the Baronetage of England on 29 June 1611 for George Gresley of Drakelow Hall, Derbyshire who was later High Sheriff of Derbyshire and Member of Parliament for Newcastle-under-Lyme. The Gresley Baronetcy was the sixth oldest baronetcy in Britain until it became extinct on the death of the 13th and last Baronet in 1976. Background The Gresleys were an ancient Norman family, descended from Nigel de Stafford, the son of Robert de Stafford, scion of one of the most powerful families in England. Nigel's son, also named Nigel, took the name Gresley after he acquired Castle Gresley in Derbyshire. The Domesday Book recorded Nigel de Stafford holding the Manor of Drakelowe near the conclusion of the 11th century, and his descendants, the Gresleys, continued to hold it for nine hundred years – as long as any family in England is said to have owned the same manor. The family established the Priory of Gresley near their castle in Gresley before the year 1200. Drakelowe Hall, latterly the family seat, was a large Elizabethan mansion. A subsidiary branch of the family had a seat at Netherseal Hall, Netherseal. Drakelowe Hall, circa 1890 The two branches of the family were reunited by the marriage of the sister of the 8th Baronet to Rev. William Gresley, Rector of Netherseal, and the succession of their son William Nigel Gresley as 9th Baronet. The last of the Gresley family vacated Drakelowe Hall in 1931 after 28 generations had lived there. The Hall was demolished three years later, in 1934, when the site was redeveloped as Drakelow Power Station, which itself was later demolished. Netherseal Hall was demolished in 1933. Gresley of Drakelow (1611) Sir George Gresley, 1st Baronet (c. 1580–1651) Sir Thomas Gresley, 2nd Baronet (c. 1628–1699) High Sheriff of Derbyshire 1663 Sir William Gresley, 3rd Baronet (1661–1710) High Sheriff of Derbyshire 1704 Sir Thomas Gresley, 4th Baronet (c. 1699–1746) High Sheriff of Derbyshire 1724 Sir Thomas Gresley, 5th Baronet (1722–1753) Member of Parliament for Lichfield 1753. Sir Nigel Gresley, 6th Baronet (c. 1727–1787) High Sheriff of Staffordshire in 1759. Sir Nigel Bowyer Gresley, 7th Baronet (1753–1808) High Sheriff of Derbyshire 1780 Sir Roger Gresley, 8th Baronet (1799–1837) Member of Parliament for South Derbyshire Sir William Nigel Gresley, 9th Baronet (1806–1847) Sir Thomas Gresley, 10th Baronet (1832–1868) Member of Parliament for South Derbyshire Sir Robert Gresley, 11th Baronet (1866–1936). High Sheriff of Derbyshire in 1906 Sir Nigel Gresley, 12th Baronet (1894–1974). Unmarried. Sir William Francis Gresley, 13th Baronet (1897–1976), m. 1924 Ada Mary Miller (1902–2001). No issue. Extended family Sir Robert Gresley (1866–1936) married Lady Frances Spencer Churchill (1870–1954), eldest daughter of George, Duke of Marlborough, and had three sons. There was only one grandchild Janet Gresley (1934–1996), daughter of Antony Gresley (1903-1954). Sir Nigel Gresley (1876-1941) was a noted railway engineer. Wilmot Maria Gresley, daughter of Sir Nigel Bowyer Gresley, 7th Baronet, married Rev. Thomas Levett of Packington Hall in Staffordshire. The Gresleys of Drakelowe (1899) by Falconer Madan is the accepted history of the family. It mentions Charles Francis Gresley who married Clara Phillips, and states that the couple had no issue. Richard Boultbee queried that, stating that they had three boys, the eldest of whom has living male Gresley descendants. References ^ a b Burke, John (1833). A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire. H. Colburn. p. 547. ^ a b "Gresley, Sir William (Francis)". Who's Who. A & C Black. Retrieved 16 October 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ George Edward Cokayne Complete Baronetage 1900 ^ Magna Britannia, Volume 5, Daniel and Samuel Lysons, 1817, Institute of Historical Research, British History Online ^ John Charles Cox (1877). Notes on the Churches of Derbyshire: The hundreds of Appletree and Repton and Gresley. 1877. Palmer and Edmunds. p. 367. ^ The Norman People and Their Existing Descendants in the British Dominions and the United States of America calls the Gresley Baronets "a well-known branch of the house of De Toesni, Barons of Toesni and Conches, Normandy. ^ Gresley, Magna Britannia, Daniel and Samuel Lysons, 1817, British History Online ^ The Gresley Charters Preserved at Drakelowe, Descriptive Catalogue of the Charters & Muniments of the Gresley Family, Isaac Herbert Jeayes, 1895 ^ Houses of Austin canons, The priory of Gresley, A History of the County of Derby, Victoria County History, William Page, 1907, British History Online ^ Debrett's baronetage of England, revised, corrected and continued by G.W. Collen, John Debrett, London, 1840 ^ Drakelowe Hall, British Towns and Villages Network ^ Collections for a History of Staffordshire, Vol. XIX, The William Salt Archaeological Society, Published by Harrison and Sons, London, 1898 ^ "Gresley, Sir George, 1st Bt. (c.1580-1651), of Drakelow, Derbys., History of Parliament Online". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. ^ a b c d Foster, Joseph (1881). The baronetage and knightage. Nichols and Sons. p. 274. ^ Sir Nigel Bowyer Gresley, 7th Baronet, died at Bath, where there is a mural monument to him in Bath Abbey. ^ "Gresley, Sir Roger, 8th bt. (1799-1837), of Drakelow, near Burton-on-Trent, Staffs., History of Parliament Online". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. ^ a b "Gresley, Sir Robert". Who's Who. A & C Black. Retrieved 16 October 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ "Gresley, Sir Nigel". Who's Who. A & C Black. Retrieved 16 October 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ The Baronetage of England, John Debrett, 1840 ^ The Admission Register of the Manchester School, Vol. I, Jeremiah Finch Smith, The Chetham Society, Manchester, 1866 ^ Thomas Levett and Wilmot Maria Gresley Levett are buried at St. Giles Church, Whittington, Staffordshire, where there are memorials to them in the chancel. Bibliography History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 3 (1835) pp. 528–530 ISBN 978-0-8063-0742-8 Leigh Rayment's list of baronets Gresley Genealogy External links Drakelowe Hall, Burton-on-Trent.org.uk Sir Robert Gresley, Eleventh Baronet, Philip Alexius de Laszlo, jssgallery.org Lady Frances Gresley, Philip Alexius de Laszlo, jssgallery.org Baronetage of England Preceded byMonson baronets Gresley baronets 29 June 1611 Succeeded byTracy baronets	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baronetage of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronetage_of_England"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Newcastle-under-Lyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_under_Lyme_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Baronetcy of Gresley of Drakelow was created in the Baronetage of England on 29 June 1611 for George Gresley of Drakelow Hall, Derbyshire who was later High Sheriff of Derbyshire and Member of Parliament for Newcastle-under-Lyme.[3]The Gresley Baronetcy was the sixth oldest baronetcy in Britain until it became extinct on the death of the 13th and last Baronet in 1976.","title":"Gresley baronets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans"},{"link_name":"Robert de Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Stafford"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Castle Gresley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Gresley"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Elizabethan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethan_architecture"},{"link_name":"Netherseal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherseal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DrakeloweHall.jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Drakelow Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakelow_Power_Station"}],"text":"The Gresleys were an ancient Norman family, descended from Nigel de Stafford, the son of Robert de Stafford, scion of one of the most powerful families in England.[4] Nigel's son, also named Nigel, took the name Gresley after he acquired Castle Gresley in Derbyshire.[5][6] The Domesday Book recorded Nigel de Stafford holding the Manor of Drakelowe near the conclusion of the 11th century, and his descendants, the Gresleys, continued to hold it for nine hundred years – as long as any family in England is said to have owned the same manor.[7][8] The family established the Priory of Gresley near their castle in Gresley before the year 1200.[9] Drakelowe Hall, latterly the family seat, was a large Elizabethan mansion. A subsidiary branch of the family had a seat at Netherseal Hall, Netherseal.Drakelowe Hall, circa 1890The two branches of the family were reunited by the marriage of the sister of the 8th Baronet to Rev. William Gresley, Rector of Netherseal, and the succession of their son William Nigel Gresley as 9th Baronet.[10]The last of the Gresley family vacated Drakelowe Hall in 1931 after 28 generations had lived there.[11][12] The Hall was demolished three years later, in 1934, when the site was redeveloped as Drakelow Power Station, which itself was later demolished. Netherseal Hall was demolished in 1933.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir George Gresley, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Gresley,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foster-14"},{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foster-14"},{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Gresley, 5th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Gresley,_5th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Lichfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichfield_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Sir Nigel Gresley, 6th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Nigel_Gresley,_6th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Sir Roger Gresley, 8th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Roger_Gresley,_8th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"South Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Derbyshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foster-14"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Gresley, 10th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Gresley,_10th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"South Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Derbyshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foster-14"},{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WW11-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WW13-2"}],"text":"Sir George Gresley, 1st Baronet (c. 1580–1651)[13]\nSir Thomas Gresley, 2nd Baronet (c. 1628–1699) High Sheriff of Derbyshire 1663[14]\nSir William Gresley, 3rd Baronet (1661–1710) High Sheriff of Derbyshire 1704[14]\nSir Thomas Gresley, 4th Baronet (c. 1699–1746) High Sheriff of Derbyshire 1724\nSir Thomas Gresley, 5th Baronet (1722–1753) Member of Parliament for Lichfield 1753.\nSir Nigel Gresley, 6th Baronet (c. 1727–1787) High Sheriff of Staffordshire in 1759.\nSir Nigel Bowyer Gresley, 7th Baronet (1753–1808) High Sheriff of Derbyshire 1780[15]\nSir Roger Gresley, 8th Baronet (1799–1837) Member of Parliament for South Derbyshire[16]\nSir William Nigel Gresley, 9th Baronet (1806–1847)[14]\nSir Thomas Gresley, 10th Baronet (1832–1868) Member of Parliament for South Derbyshire[14]\nSir Robert Gresley, 11th Baronet (1866–1936). High Sheriff of Derbyshire in 1906[17]\nSir Nigel Gresley, 12th Baronet (1894–1974). Unmarried.[18]\nSir William Francis Gresley, 13th Baronet (1897–1976), m. 1924 Ada Mary Miller (1902–2001). No issue.[2]","title":"Gresley of Drakelow (1611)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George, Duke of Marlborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Spencer-Churchill,_8th_Duke_of_Marlborough"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WW11-17"},{"link_name":"Sir Nigel Gresley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Gresley"},{"link_name":"Sir Nigel Bowyer Gresley, 7th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Nigel_Bowyer_Gresley,_7th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rev. Thomas Levett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Levett_(rector)"},{"link_name":"Packington Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packington_Hall_(Staffordshire)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Falconer Madan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconer_Madan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Sir Robert Gresley (1866–1936) married Lady Frances Spencer Churchill (1870–1954), eldest daughter of George, Duke of Marlborough, and had three sons.[17] There was only one grandchild Janet Gresley (1934–1996), daughter of Antony Gresley (1903-1954).\nSir Nigel Gresley (1876-1941) was a noted railway engineer.\nWilmot Maria Gresley, daughter of Sir Nigel Bowyer Gresley, 7th Baronet, married Rev. Thomas Levett of Packington Hall in Staffordshire.[19][20][21]The Gresleys of Drakelowe (1899) by Falconer Madan is the accepted history of the family. It mentions Charles Francis Gresley who married Clara Phillips, and states that the couple had no issue. Richard Boultbee queried that, stating that they had three boys, the eldest of whom has living male Gresley descendants.[citation needed]","title":"Extended family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8063-0742-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8063-0742-8"},{"link_name":"Leigh Rayment's list of baronets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20191024165310/http://leighrayment.com/baronetage.htm"},{"link_name":"Gresley Genealogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20130116050519/http://www.accessgenealogy.com/baronets/gresley.htm"}],"text":"History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 3 (1835) pp. 528–530 ISBN 978-0-8063-0742-8\nLeigh Rayment's list of baronets \nGresley Genealogy","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Drakelowe Hall, circa 1890","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/DrakeloweHall.jpg/260px-DrakeloweHall.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Burke, John (1833). A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire. H. Colburn. p. 547.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lWpSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA547","url_text":"A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire"}]},{"reference":"\"Gresley, Sir William (Francis)\". Who's Who. A & C Black. Retrieved 16 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U155081","url_text":"\"Gresley, Sir William (Francis)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)","url_text":"Who's Who"}]},{"reference":"John Charles Cox (1877). Notes on the Churches of Derbyshire: The hundreds of Appletree and Repton and Gresley. 1877. Palmer and Edmunds. p. 367.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Charles_Cox","url_text":"John Charles Cox"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/notesonchurches03coxgoog","url_text":"Notes on the Churches of Derbyshire: The hundreds of Appletree and Repton and Gresley. 1877"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/notesonchurches03coxgoog/page/n421","url_text":"367"}]},{"reference":"\"Gresley, Sir George, 1st Bt. (c.1580-1651), of Drakelow, Derbys., History of Parliament Online\". www.historyofparliamentonline.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/gresley-sir-george-1580-1651","url_text":"\"Gresley, Sir George, 1st Bt. (c.1580-1651), of Drakelow, Derbys., History of Parliament Online\""}]},{"reference":"Foster, Joseph (1881). The baronetage and knightage. Nichols and Sons. p. 274.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uFE4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA274","url_text":"The baronetage and knightage"}]},{"reference":"\"Gresley, Sir Roger, 8th bt. (1799-1837), of Drakelow, near Burton-on-Trent, Staffs., History of Parliament Online\". www.historyofparliamentonline.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/gresley-sir-roger-1799-1837","url_text":"\"Gresley, Sir Roger, 8th bt. (1799-1837), of Drakelow, near Burton-on-Trent, Staffs., History of Parliament Online\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gresley, Sir Robert\". Who's Who. A & C Black. Retrieved 16 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U210435","url_text":"\"Gresley, Sir Robert\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)","url_text":"Who's Who"}]},{"reference":"\"Gresley, Sir Nigel\". Who's Who. A & C Black. Retrieved 16 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U155080","url_text":"\"Gresley, Sir Nigel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)","url_text":"Who's Who"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lWpSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA547","external_links_name":"A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire"},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U155081","external_links_name":"\"Gresley, Sir William (Francis)\""},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/page/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092524374#page/n63/mode/2up","external_links_name":"George Edward Cokayne Complete Baronetage 1900"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=50705","external_links_name":"Magna Britannia, Volume 5, Daniel and Samuel Lysons, 1817, Institute of Historical Research, British History Online"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/notesonchurches03coxgoog","external_links_name":"Notes on the Churches of Derbyshire: The hundreds of Appletree and Repton and Gresley. 1877"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/notesonchurches03coxgoog/page/n421","external_links_name":"367"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TVMBAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22gresley+baronets%22&pg=PA269","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=50729","external_links_name":"Gresley, Magna Britannia, Daniel and Samuel Lysons, 1817, British History Online"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bLWEmYrD_FkC&dq=roger+gresley+drakelowe&pg=PA1","external_links_name":"The Gresley Charters Preserved at Drakelowe, Descriptive Catalogue of the Charters & Muniments of the Gresley Family, Isaac Herbert Jeayes, 1895"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=40124","external_links_name":"Houses of Austin canons, The priory of Gresley, A History of the County of Derby, Victoria County History, William Page, 1907, British History Online"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/baronetageengla00debrgoog/page/n280","external_links_name":"Debrett's baronetage of England, revised, corrected and continued by G.W. Collen, John Debrett, London, 1840"},{"Link":"http://www.british-towns.net/sh/statelyhomes_album.asp?GetPic=126","external_links_name":"Drakelowe Hall, British Towns and Villages Network"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iSfQAAAAMAAJ&dq=rev.+john+morewood+gresley&pg=RA1-PR7","external_links_name":"Collections for a History of Staffordshire, Vol. XIX, The William Salt Archaeological Society, Published by Harrison and Sons, London, 1898"},{"Link":"https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/gresley-sir-george-1580-1651","external_links_name":"\"Gresley, Sir George, 1st Bt. (c.1580-1651), of Drakelow, Derbys., History of Parliament Online\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uFE4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA274","external_links_name":"The baronetage and knightage"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=10IJAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA108","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/gresley-sir-roger-1799-1837","external_links_name":"\"Gresley, Sir Roger, 8th bt. (1799-1837), of Drakelow, near Burton-on-Trent, Staffs., History of Parliament Online\""},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U210435","external_links_name":"\"Gresley, Sir Robert\""},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/page/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U155080","external_links_name":"\"Gresley, Sir Nigel\""},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/page/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/baronetageengla00debrgoog/page/n281","external_links_name":"The Baronetage of England, John Debrett, 1840"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=10IJAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA108","external_links_name":"The Admission Register of the Manchester School, Vol. I, Jeremiah Finch Smith, The Chetham Society, Manchester, 1866"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191024165310/http://leighrayment.com/baronetage.htm","external_links_name":"Leigh Rayment's list of baronets"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130116050519/http://www.accessgenealogy.com/baronets/gresley.htm","external_links_name":"Gresley Genealogy"},{"Link":"http://www.burton-on-trent.org.uk/?cat=18","external_links_name":"Drakelowe Hall, Burton-on-Trent.org.uk"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080516093007/http://jssgallery.org/Other_Artists/Philip_Alexius_de_Laszlo/Sir_Robert_Gresley.html","external_links_name":"Sir Robert Gresley, Eleventh Baronet, Philip Alexius de Laszlo, jssgallery.org"},{"Link":"http://jssgallery.org/Other_Artists/Philip_Alexius_de_Laszlo/Lady_Frances_Gresley.html","external_links_name":"Lady Frances Gresley, Philip Alexius de Laszlo, jssgallery.org"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrogio_Calepino	Ambrogio Calepino	["1 Works","2 References"]	Italian lexicographer Ambrogio Calepino, Biblioteca Angelo Mai, Bergamo Ambrogio Calepino (Latin: Ambrosius Calepinus; c. 1440–1510), commonly known by the Latin form of his name, Calepinus, was an Italian lexicographer. Calepino was born in Castelli Calepio and died in Bergamo. He entered the Augustinian Order in 1458. Works His Latin dictionary appeared first in 1502 at Reggio. It was reprinted many times during the 16th century, the Aldine press alone producing no fewer than 18 editions from 1542 to 1592. Later editions were considerably enlarged. To the Latin of the original were added equivalents in other languages. Thus we have the Basel edition (1590) which contains eleven languages: "Ambrosii Calepini dictionarium undecim linguarum: respondent autem latinis vocabulis hebraica, græca, gallica, italica, germanica, belgica, hispanica, polonica, ungarica, anglica". The edition in seven languages by Jacopo Facciolati (Pavia, 1718) with the assistance of Egidio Forcellini, was reprinted many times. Calepinus became a common name, a synonym of dictionary or lexicon, and we find titles like the following: Septem linguarum calepinus, hoc est, lexicon latinum. Calepino also wrote the life of John Bonus of Mantua which is found in the Acta Sanctorum for 22 October (Oct. IX, 748–767). References ^ Gigliola Soldi Rondinini, Tullio De Mauro, CALEPIO, Ambrogio, detto il Calepino, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 16 (1973) ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Egidio Forcellini" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Sweden Czech Republic Greece Croatia Netherlands Poland 2 Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii People Italian People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef This biographical article about an Italian religious figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article on an Italian linguist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ACalepio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"lexicographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicographer"},{"link_name":"Castelli Calepio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelli_Calepio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBI-1"},{"link_name":"Bergamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergamo"},{"link_name":"Augustinian Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinian_Order"}],"text":"Ambrogio Calepino, Biblioteca Angelo Mai, BergamoAmbrogio Calepino (Latin: Ambrosius Calepinus; c. 1440–1510), commonly known by the Latin form of his name, Calepinus, was an Italian lexicographer.Calepino was born in Castelli Calepio[1] and died in Bergamo. He entered the Augustinian Order in 1458.","title":"Ambrogio Calepino"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary"},{"link_name":"Reggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggio_Emilia"},{"link_name":"languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel"},{"link_name":"latinis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"hebraica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"græca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"gallica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"italica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"germanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"belgica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"hispanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"polonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"ungarica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"anglica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Jacopo Facciolati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacopo_Facciolati"},{"link_name":"Pavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia"},{"link_name":"Egidio Forcellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egidio_Forcellini"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Acta Sanctorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acta_Sanctorum"}],"text":"His Latin dictionary appeared first in 1502 at Reggio. It was reprinted many times during the 16th century, the Aldine press alone producing no fewer than 18 editions from 1542 to 1592. Later editions were considerably enlarged. To the Latin of the original were added equivalents in other languages. Thus we have the Basel edition (1590) which contains eleven languages: \"Ambrosii Calepini dictionarium undecim linguarum: respondent autem latinis vocabulis hebraica, græca, gallica, italica, germanica, belgica, hispanica, polonica, ungarica, anglica\".The edition in seven languages by Jacopo Facciolati (Pavia, 1718) with the assistance of Egidio Forcellini,[2] was reprinted many times. Calepinus became a common name, a synonym of dictionary or lexicon, and we find titles like the following: Septem linguarum calepinus, hoc est, lexicon latinum. Calepino also wrote the life of John Bonus of Mantua which is found in the Acta Sanctorum for 22 October (Oct. IX, 748–767).","title":"Works"}]	[{"image_text":"Ambrogio Calepino, Biblioteca Angelo Mai, Bergamo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/ACalepio.jpg/200px-ACalepio.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Egidio Forcellini\" . Catholic Encyclopedia. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Salakhutdinov	Russ Salakhutdinov	["1 Life","2 Career","3 Awards","4 References","5 External links"]	Canadian AI researcher Not to be confused with Ruslan Salakhutdinov (footballer). Ruslan SalakhutdinovSalakhutdinov in 2016Bornc. 1980 (age 43–44)Alma materUniversity of TorontoScientific careerFieldsComputer scienceArtificial intelligenceInstitutionsCarnegie Mellon UniversityThesisLearning deep generative models (2009)Doctoral advisorGeoffrey Hinton Ruslan Salakhutdinov (Russian: Руслан Салахутдинов; born c. 1980) is a Canadian researcher of Tatar origin working in the field of artificial intelligence. He specializes in deep learning, probabilistic graphical models, and large-scale optimization. Life Salakhutdinov's doctoral advisor was Geoffrey Hinton. Salakhutdinov was considering quitting the field of artificial intelligence when he met Hinton in 2004, but changed his mind after Hinton asked him to take part in a project focused on a new way to train artificial neural networks, which he dubbed "deep belief networks." This research made a large impact on the field of deep learning. He received his PhD in 2009. He is well known for having developed Bayesian Program Learning. Career Salakhutdinov is a professor of computer science at Carnegie Mellon University. Since 2009, he has published at least 42 papers on machine learning. Salakhutdinov joined Apple as its director of AI research in 2016 but left in 2020 to return to Carnegie Mellon University. In June 2023, Salakhutdinov joined Felix Smart which is a company that uses AI to take care for plants and animals as Board Director. Awards He is a CIFAR fellow. References ^ a b "Apple's latest hire could signal a big shift in the company's approach to AI". Retrieved 18 May 2017. ^ a b "When machines learn like humans - KurzweilAI". www.kurzweilai.net. Retrieved 18 May 2017. ^ Metz, Cade (2022-02-15). Genius Makers: The Mavericks Who Brought AI to Google, Facebook, and the World. Penguin. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-5247-4269-0. ^ Salakhutdinov, Ruslan. "Ruslan Salakhutdinov" (PDF). Ruslan Salakhutdinov. Retrieved 26 October 2022. ^ Times, Tech (18 October 2016). "Apple Taps Carnegie Mellon AI Expert Ruslan Salakhutdinov: Siri Getting Beefed Up?". Retrieved 18 May 2017. ^ "Apple hires its first director of AI research". Retrieved 18 May 2017. ^ Huateng, Ma; Zhaoli, Meng; Deli, Yan; Hualei, Wang (2021-01-25). The Chinese Digital Economy. Springer Nature. p. 57. ISBN 978-981-336-005-1. ^ Mickle, Tripp; Chen, Brian X.; Metz, Cade (2024-05-10). "Apple Will Revamp Siri to Catch Up to Its Chatbot Competitors". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-05-11. ^ Felix Smart Inc. "Felix Smart Appoints Ruslan Salakhutdinov to Board of Directors". PRLog. Retrieved 2023-08-19. ^ "Deep learning: Changing the playing field of artificial intelligence - MaRS". Retrieved 18 May 2017. External links Official website Russ Salakhutdinov publications indexed by Google Scholar Authority control databases: Academics DBLP Google Scholar MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ruslan Salakhutdinov (footballer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslan_Salakhutdinov_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Tatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"deep learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_learning"},{"link_name":"probabilistic graphical models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_graphical_model"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-businessinsider.in-1"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Ruslan Salakhutdinov (footballer).Ruslan Salakhutdinov (Russian: Руслан Салахутдинов; born c. 1980) is a Canadian researcher of Tatar origin working in the field of artificial intelligence.He specializes in deep learning, probabilistic graphical models, and large-scale optimization.[1]","title":"Russ Salakhutdinov"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geoffrey Hinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"artificial neural networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network"},{"link_name":"deep learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_learning"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"}],"text":"Salakhutdinov's doctoral advisor was Geoffrey Hinton.[2] Salakhutdinov was considering quitting the field of artificial intelligence when he met Hinton in 2004, but changed his mind after Hinton asked him to take part in a project focused on a new way to train artificial neural networks, which he dubbed \"deep belief networks.\" This research made a large impact on the field of deep learning.[3]He received his PhD in 2009.[4]He is well known for having developed Bayesian Program Learning.[2]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-businessinsider.in-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Board Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Salakhutdinov is a professor of computer science at Carnegie Mellon University.[5]Since 2009, he has published at least 42 papers on machine learning.[6]Salakhutdinov joined Apple as its director of AI research in 2016 but left in 2020 to return to Carnegie Mellon University.[1][7][8]In June 2023, Salakhutdinov joined Felix Smart which is a company that uses AI to take care for plants and animals as Board Director.[9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CIFAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIFAR"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"He is a CIFAR fellow.[10]","title":"Awards"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Apple's latest hire could signal a big shift in the company's approach to AI\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Meghalaya	Hinduism in Meghalaya	["1 History","2 Tradition","2.1 Festivals","2.2 Important Temples and Shrines","2.3 Hajong Tradition","2.4 Rabha people","3 Demographics","3.1 Percentage in Groups","4 Persecution","5 References"]	Hinduism in the Indian state This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Confusing and in need of more copy-editing. Please help improve this article if you can. (April 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ethnic group Meghalayan HindusNartiang Durga TempleTotal population342,078 (11.53% of the Meghalaya's population) Regions with significant populationsEast Khasi Hills144,949 (17.55%)West Garo Hills90,294 (19.11%)Ri Bhoi30,957 (11.96%)LanguagesBengali, Nepali, Hindi, Koch, Hajong, Rabha, Pnar Hinduism is a minority religion in the Meghalaya state of India constituting 12% of the state's population. The Nartiang Durga Temple in Meghalaya is one of the 51 Shakti peethas on Earth and is considered by Hindus of Meghalaya as the permanent abode of Goddess Durga. Hinduism is a popular religion practice by Rabhas, Hajongs, Kochs, Rajbongshis, Mikirs, Bengalis, Nepalis, Biharis etc. History During medieval period of 17th century, Meghalaya's Khasi, Jaintia and neighbouring tribes hill areas came under the Jaintia kingdom. The Jaintia king Jaso Manik (1606–1641 A.D.) had married Lakshmi Narayana, the daughter of the Hindu Koch king Nara Narayan of neighbouring Kamata Kingdom. It is believed that it was his wife Lakshmi Narayana who have influenced the Jaintia Royalty King Jaso Manik and his tribe to embrace Shakti sect of Hinduism as she herself was an ardent devotee of Goddess Durga. Jaintia King Dhan Manik had made Nartiang the summer capital of the Khasi-Jaintia Kingdom about 6 centuries ago. One night, the goddess appeared in his dream and informed him of the significance of this place and told him to build a temple in her honour. Following this, the Jainteshwari temple in Nartiang was established. The temple's strategic location and presence of weapons like cannons suggests that it must have been a fort of the Jaintia Kings in the past. According to legends, Devi's left thigh is believed to have fallen at Nartiang in the Jaintia Hills. It is one of the holiest sites for devotees of the Shaktism sect of Hinduism across the world. The Goddess came to be known as "Jainteshwari devi" in native Pnar language. Naturally made Shivalinga in Mawjymbuin Cave, Mawsynram, Meghalaya Before 20th Century, the majority of Khasi, Jaintia and Garo tribes of Khasi-Jaintia and Garo hills of Meghalaya were primarily the followers of their native tribal religions which bears some similarities with that of Hindu religion specially the ethnic religion of Austro-Asiatic Khasi-Pnar people, known by the name (Ka Niamtre). In Khasi festival Behdeinkhlam, Lukhmi have strong links with larger Vedic Civilization. The Khasi tribal goddess Lukhmi/Lukhimai is believed to be “tribalised” form of Hindu goddess Lakshmi. Also during that festival, the rot (which was basically made up of Bamboo and wood and are tall tower like structures) cast away after the religious festivities are over which bears some similarities with the worship of the Hindu deity Jagannath which also involves similar structures which are called rath (chariot). In Syndai, a large Ganesha sculpture have been found carved out on a large rock, the local Khasi-Jaintia villagers call it “U Khmi” and revered it. The Mawjymbuin Cave of Mawsynram resembles the 'Shivalinga' similar to that of Amarnath cave. It is one of the holiest site in Shaivism. The Local villagers have preserved the Shivalinga for years. During the time of Kanwar Yatra (An annual pilgrimage of devotees of Lord Shiva), utmost spiritual fervour is seen among the people. Tradition A traditional Hajong Granary has no doors in order to prevent the goddess of wealth and fortune, Lokkhi Dyoi (Lakshmi Devi), from leaving. Festivals Hinduism is practiced by different groups of Meghalaya. Hindus celebrate many festivals in Meghalya. Diwali, Behdienkhlam, Navaratri, etc. are celebrated by people. Navaratri and other Goddess Pujas are celebrated mainly by Bengali people. Diwali is celebrated by almost all Hindus. Behdienkhlam is festival celebrated by the pnars in Jowai, Meghalaya In Jowai, Behdienkhlam is a harvest festival celebrate by the Niamtre believers. This festival is popular among non-Christian Pnar people. Many other Hindu festivals celebrate Hindus like Makar Sankranti, Diwali, Holi, Navaratri,etc. Important Temples and Shrines In Meghalaya, there is Shaktipeeth at Jaintia hills in Nartiang. Here, Shakti is worshipped as Jayanti and Bhairava is worshipped as Kamadishwar. There many native Brahmins who caretakes temple and organises ritual programs. According to people, this Shakti peetha is only one on Earth which is abode of Durga Hajong Tradition Hajong people practice Hinduism from long time. They worship specific Avatars(equivalent to Hindu deities). Ex.- Lakshmi-Lukkhi Dyao Vishnu-Bishnu Dyao Shiv-Shib Dyao Kartikeya-Katka Dyao Dyao is derived from Sanskrit word- (देव Deva,modern Indian languages- Dev/Deo). Rabha people Rabha people's religious world is pervaded with various spirits and natural objects. The main deity of the Rabhas is called Rishi. Rishi, for the forest Rabhas as well as village Rabhas, is a male deity. He is also known as Mahakal. Forest Rabhas worship him in all important social and religious ceremonies. Demographics Hindu Population in MeghalayaYearPop.±%1971 187,140— 1981 240,831+28.7%1991 260,306+8.1%2001 207,822−20.2%2011 342,078+64.6%Source: census of India Hinduism constituted 13.27 percent of Meghalaya's population in 2001 and it decreased to 11.53 percent in 2011. Hindus are mainly found in West Garo Hills district with 19%, East Khasi Hills District with 17.50% and the Ri-Bhoi District with 12%. Hinduism is followed by 42% of the population of Shillong. Percentage in Groups According to 2011 census there are 342,078 Hindus living in Meghalaya accounting constituting 11.53% of the state population after Christianity. Meghalaya Scheduled Tribe Population is 2,555,861 (86% of the state population), out of which 122,141 people among them follow Hinduism, while Non-ST population is 411,028, out of which 219,937 of them follow Hindu faith. Hinduism is practiced by these following groups:- Hajong people (38,576 – Of which 98.65% Hindu), Koch people (22,716 – Of which 99.02% Hindu), Rajbongshi people, Rabha tribe (32,662 – Of which 94.95% Hindu), Karbi People (Mikir people) (19,289 – Of which 79% Christian and 21% Hindu), Nepali people (54,834 - Of which 90% Hindu and 10% Buddhist), Bengali people (190,882 - Of which 60% Hindu and 40% Muslim), Punjabi people (4,540 - Of which 70% Sikh and 30% Hindu), Marwari people (17,405 - Of which 80% Hindu and 20% Jain), Bihari people (30,611 - Of which 85% Hindu and 15% Muslim), Jaintia people (316,852 - Of which 60% Christian and 40% following tribal religion "Ka Niamtre" with some elements of Hinduism in it), Khasi people (1,411,775, of which only 10,302, 0.73% of the ethnic's population follows Hindu religion), Garo people (821,026, of which only 4,776, 0.58% of the ethnic's population follows Hindu religion) Persecution Percentage of Hindus in Meghalaya by decades Year Percent Increase 1971 18.49% 1981 18.03% -0.46% 1991 14.67% -3.36% 2001 13.27% -1.4% 2011 11.53% -1.74% Hindu percentage in Meghalaya have declined from 18.49% in 1971 to 11.53% in 2011 census (A decline of -6.96% in four decades). The Non-ST Hindu minority are being targeted, attacked and murdered by Christian tribals since from the time of the creation of Meghalaya in 1972. The Hindu minority of the state do not enjoy equal rights and there is widespread hatred, discrimination and intolerance against them which were perpetrated by local Khasi Students Union. The Bengali Hindus in Meghalaya are often treated as Bangladeshis or outsiders (Dkhar). They have been running away, leaving the state in large numbers since from 1972. Three ethnic-religious riots between the indigenous Christian tribes and the non- tribals mostly Hindus have taken place in the year 1979, 1987 and 1992 respectively. In 1979 almost 20 thousands Hindu Bengalis were displaced from Meghalaya following attacks by local Khasis. In 1987, almost 2.7 thousand Nepalis and Biharis were displaced from Meghalaya following land disputes with Christian tribals. Again in 1992, around 3 thousand Nepalis quit Meghalaya following clashes between Khasis and non-tribals during Dusherra. In 2018, there were repeatedly violence against Mazhabi Sikh which were perpetrated by local Khasis and Khasi Students Union members in around Shillong city. In 2020, The Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council (HNLC) has issued an ultimatum to all the Hindu-Bengalis to leave Ichamati and Majai areas at Shella in East Khasi Hills within one month which have ultimately lead to clashes between Hindu Bengalis and Khasi Christian tribals resulting in one death and several injuries. References ^ a b c "Population by religion community – 2011". Census of India, 2011. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015. ^ Das, Manosh (15 October 2010). "Lofty Himalayas notwithstanding, the tribal people of Nartiang in the Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya truly believe that their scenic little hamlet is the "permanent abode" of Goddess Durga. Perched atop a hillock is the more than 600-year old and ancient Durgabari - a simple house made of stones and wood complete with tin roofing. Revered as one of the 51 Shakti Peethas, the temple has been drawing a large number of pilgrims from all over the country on occasion of Durga Puja. - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 20 December 2019. ^ "History lessons from Nartiang". The Shillong Times. 2020-09-12. Retrieved 2024-03-05. ^ a b "Hindu Jaintias of Meghalaya & Worship of Ma Jayanteswári - The Verandah Club". theverandahclub.com. Retrieved 2024-03-05. ^ "Khasi leader stated that, "We are not Hindus though some of our practices are similar."". ThePrint. ^ "Behdienkhlam Festival". Meghalaya Government Portal. Retrieved 2024-03-05. ^ https://www.epw.in/journal/2016/9/web-exclusives/khasis-hindus.html ^ "Niamtre, Hinduism and Ram Temple in Ayodhya". The Shillong Times. 2020-08-03. Retrieved 2024-03-05. ^ "Historical Syndai hamlet in ruins - Archaeological remains of buildings of Jaintia kings suffer from government neglect". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 2024-03-05. ^ Karmakar, Rahul (2019-11-10). "In Meghalaya, Christians care for Shivalingams". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2024-03-05. ^ "Pilgrims throng Mawjymbuin Cave in Meghalaya". The Times of India. 2019-08-12. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2024-03-05. ^ https://www.aninews.in/news/lifestyle/travel/mawjymbuin-caves-emerge-as-tourist-hotspot-in-meghalaya20190811020632/ ^ "The Walk of the Faithful". The Meghalayan. 2023-09-02. Retrieved 2024-03-05. ^ "Cultural festival of Meghalaya \| Vedic Culture". Hindu Scriptures \| Vedic lifestyle, Scriptures, Vedas, Upanishads, Itihaas, Smrutis, Sanskrit. 2018-02-18. Retrieved 2020-04-08. ^ "Behdienkhlam festival \| Culture in Meghalaya \| Times of India Travel". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 2020-04-08. ^ B. G. Karlsson (2000). Contested Belonging: An Indigenous People's Struggle for Forest and Identity in Sub-Himalayan Bengal. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7007-1179-6. ^ "Districts Religious Population-2001, Meghalaya". ^ http://lsi.gov.in › bitstreamPDF Religion, Part IV-B (ii), Series-16, Meghalaya ^ http://megplanning.gov.in › ...PDF s C - Planning Department,Government of Meghalaya ^ "Hindu population comes down in Meghalaya". Times of India. Retrieved 18 March 2021. ^ "Shillong Metropolitan Urban Region Population 2011 Census". www.census2011.com. ^ a b c d e f g h "Religion Data of Census 2011: XXX ST Meghalaya". ^ censusindia.gov.in https://censusindia.gov.in › 4...PDF 1991 Census religion ^ censusindia.gov.in https://censusindia.gov.in › catalog C-01: Population by religious community, Meghalaya - 2001 ^ censusindia.gov.in https://censusindia.gov.in › catalog C-01: Population by religious community, Meghalaya - 2011 ^ "Muslim population up; Hindus dip". 18 September 2015. ^ "Oppression of non-tribals by the Tribals". 20 November 2020. ^ "Meghalaya extremists ask non-tribal group to leave". The Hindu. 2 March 2020. ^ "Explained: Behind Meghalaya violence". 6 March 2020. ^ "A riot that changed a city: 40 years of 79'er gondogul - the 1979 Shillong anti-Bengali riots". 22 October 2019. ^ "'Nepalis living in terror in Meghalaya'". 29 May 2010. ^ Karmakar, Rahul (9 June 2018). "Why did riots erupt in Shillong?". The Hindu. ^ "Now, Christians attack Dalit Sikhs in Shillong. Pray tell, where is the outrage?". ^ "Khasi-Punjabi clashes: Why there is unrest in Meghalaya capital". 3 June 2018. ^ "How Shillong got a separate Punjabi colony and why it's a problem now". ^ "Meghalaya: HNLC issues 'leave Ichamati, Majai' notice to Hindu-Bengalis". March 2020. vte Hinduism in India States Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttaranchal Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Union Territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Delhi Jammu and Kashmir Ladakh Lakshadweep Pondicherry Communities Assamese-Bengali Hindus Bengali Hindus Dalit Hindus Kashmiri Hindus Hindu-Muslim tribes Marathi Hindus Nepali Hindus Punjabi Hindus Sindhi Hindus South Indian Hindus Tamil Hindus	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Meghalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalaya"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-1"},{"link_name":"Nartiang Durga Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nartiang_Durga_Temple"},{"link_name":"Shakti peethas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakti_peethas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-1"}],"text":"Ethnic groupHinduism is a minority religion in the Meghalaya state of India constituting 12% of the state's population.[1] The Nartiang Durga Temple in Meghalaya is one of the 51 Shakti peethas on Earth and is considered by Hindus of Meghalaya as the permanent abode of Goddess Durga.[2] Hinduism is a popular religion practice by Rabhas, Hajongs, Kochs, Rajbongshis, Mikirs, Bengalis, Nepalis, Biharis etc.[1]","title":"Hinduism in Meghalaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khasi, Jaintia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khasi_and_Jaintia_Hills"},{"link_name":"Jaintia kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaintia_kingdom"},{"link_name":"Jaso Manik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaintia_kingdom"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi Narayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_Narayana"},{"link_name":"Nara Narayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_Narayan"},{"link_name":"Kamata Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamata_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaintia_people"},{"link_name":"Shakti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktism"},{"link_name":"Durga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga"},{"link_name":"Dhan Manik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaintia_kingdom"},{"link_name":"Jainteshwari temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nartiang_Durga_Temple"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-club-4"},{"link_name":"cannons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannons"},{"link_name":"Pnar language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pnar_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-club-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nature_made_Shivalinga_in_Mawjymbuin_Cave_Mawsynram_Meghalaya_India.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mawsynram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawsynram"},{"link_name":"Khasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khasi_people"},{"link_name":"Jaintia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaintia_people"},{"link_name":"Garo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garo_people"},{"link_name":"Khasi-Jaintia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khasi_and_Jaintia_Hills"},{"link_name":"Garo hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garo_hills"},{"link_name":"Hindu religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_religion"},{"link_name":"Austro-Asiatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Asiatic"},{"link_name":"Ka Niamtre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaintia_people"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Vedic Civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_Civilization"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi"},{"link_name":"Jagannath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagannath"},{"link_name":"chariot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariot"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ganesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Mawsynram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawsynram"},{"link_name":"Shivalinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingam"},{"link_name":"Amarnath cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarnath_Temple"},{"link_name":"Shaivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivism"},{"link_name":"villagers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khasi_people"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Kanwar Yatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanwar_Yatra"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"During medieval period of 17th century, Meghalaya's Khasi, Jaintia and neighbouring tribes hill areas came under the Jaintia kingdom. The Jaintia king Jaso Manik (1606–1641 A.D.) had married Lakshmi Narayana, the daughter of the Hindu Koch king Nara Narayan of neighbouring Kamata Kingdom. It is believed that it was his wife Lakshmi Narayana who have influenced the Jaintia Royalty King Jaso Manik and his tribe to embrace Shakti sect of Hinduism as she herself was an ardent devotee of Goddess Durga. Jaintia King Dhan Manik had made Nartiang the summer capital of the Khasi-Jaintia Kingdom about 6 centuries ago. One night, the goddess appeared in his dream and informed him of the significance of this place and told him to build a temple in her honour. Following this, the Jainteshwari temple in Nartiang was established.[3][4] The temple's strategic location and presence of weapons like cannons suggests that it must have been a fort of the Jaintia Kings in the past. According to legends, Devi's left thigh is believed to have fallen at Nartiang in the Jaintia Hills. It is one of the holiest sites for devotees of the Shaktism sect of Hinduism across the world. The Goddess came to be known as \"Jainteshwari devi\" in native Pnar language.[4]Naturally made Shivalinga in Mawjymbuin Cave, Mawsynram, MeghalayaBefore 20th Century, the majority of Khasi, Jaintia and Garo tribes of Khasi-Jaintia and Garo hills of Meghalaya were primarily the followers of their native tribal religions which bears some similarities with that of Hindu religion specially the ethnic religion of Austro-Asiatic Khasi-Pnar people, known by the name (Ka Niamtre).[5] In Khasi festival Behdeinkhlam, Lukhmi have strong links with larger Vedic Civilization.[6] The Khasi tribal goddess Lukhmi/Lukhimai is believed to be “tribalised” form of Hindu goddess Lakshmi. Also during that festival, the rot (which was basically made up of Bamboo and wood and are tall tower like structures) cast away after the religious festivities are over which bears some similarities with the worship of the Hindu deity Jagannath which also involves similar structures which are called rath (chariot).[7][8] In Syndai, a large Ganesha sculpture have been found carved out on a large rock, the local Khasi-Jaintia villagers call it “U Khmi” and revered it.[9] The Mawjymbuin Cave of Mawsynram resembles the 'Shivalinga' similar to that of Amarnath cave. It is one of the holiest site in Shaivism. The Local villagers have preserved the Shivalinga for years.[10] During the time of Kanwar Yatra (An annual pilgrimage of devotees of Lord Shiva), utmost spiritual fervour is seen among the people.[11][12][13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tradtional_Hajong_granary_called_Chang_Ghor.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi Devi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi"}],"text":"A traditional Hajong Granary has no doors in order to prevent the goddess of wealth and fortune, Lokkhi Dyoi (Lakshmi Devi), from leaving.","title":"Tradition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meghalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalaya"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Diwali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali"},{"link_name":"Behdienkhlam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behdienkhlam"},{"link_name":"Navaratri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navaratri"},{"link_name":"Diwali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Behdienkhlam_Festival.png"},{"link_name":"Jowai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jowai"},{"link_name":"Behdienkhlam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behdienkhlam"},{"link_name":"Pnar people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pnar_people"},{"link_name":"Makar Sankranti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makar_Sankranti"},{"link_name":"Diwali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali"},{"link_name":"Holi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi"},{"link_name":"Navaratri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navaratri"}],"sub_title":"Festivals","text":"Hinduism is practiced by different groups of Meghalaya. Hindus celebrate many festivals in Meghalya.[14] Diwali, Behdienkhlam, Navaratri, etc. are celebrated by people. Navaratri and other Goddess Pujas are celebrated mainly by Bengali people. Diwali is celebrated by almost all Hindus.[15]Behdienkhlam is festival celebrated by the pnars in Jowai, MeghalayaIn Jowai, Behdienkhlam is a harvest festival celebrate by the Niamtre believers. This festival is popular among non-Christian Pnar people.Many other Hindu festivals celebrate Hindus like Makar Sankranti, Diwali, Holi, Navaratri,etc.","title":"Tradition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shaktipeeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakti_Peetha"},{"link_name":"Nartiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nartiang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shakti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakti"},{"link_name":"Bhairava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhairava"},{"link_name":"Shakti peetha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakti_peetha"},{"link_name":"Durga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga"}],"sub_title":"Important Temples and Shrines","text":"In Meghalaya, there is Shaktipeeth at Jaintia hills in Nartiang. Here, Shakti is worshipped as Jayanti and Bhairava is worshipped as Kamadishwar. There many native Brahmins who caretakes temple and organises ritual programs. According to people, this Shakti peetha is only one on Earth which is abode of Durga","title":"Tradition"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Hajong Tradition","text":"Hajong people practice Hinduism from long time. They worship specific Avatars(equivalent to Hindu deities). \nEx.-Lakshmi-Lukkhi Dyao\nVishnu-Bishnu Dyao\nShiv-Shib Dyao\nKartikeya-Katka DyaoDyao is derived from Sanskrit word- (देव Deva,modern Indian languages- Dev/Deo).","title":"Tradition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Rabha people","text":"Rabha people's religious world is pervaded with various spirits and natural objects. The main deity of the Rabhas is called Rishi. Rishi, for the forest Rabhas as well as village Rabhas, is a male deity. He is also known as Mahakal. Forest Rabhas worship him in all important social and religious ceremonies.[16]","title":"Tradition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Garo Hills district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Garo_Hills_district"},{"link_name":"East Khasi Hills District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Khasi_Hills_District"},{"link_name":"Ri-Bhoi District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri-Bhoi_District"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Shillong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shillong"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Hinduism constituted 13.27 percent of Meghalaya's population in 2001 and it decreased to 11.53 percent in 2011. Hindus are mainly found in West Garo Hills district with 19%, East Khasi Hills District with 17.50% and the Ri-Bhoi District with 12%.[20] Hinduism is followed by 42% of the population of Shillong.[21]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-22"},{"link_name":"Hajong people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajong_people"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-22"},{"link_name":"Koch people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch_people"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-22"},{"link_name":"Rajbongshi people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajbongshi_people"},{"link_name":"Rabha tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabha_tribe"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-22"},{"link_name":"Karbi People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbi_People"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-22"},{"link_name":"Nepali people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_people"},{"link_name":"Bengali people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_people"},{"link_name":"Punjabi people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_people"},{"link_name":"Marwari people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwari_people"},{"link_name":"Bihari people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihari_people"},{"link_name":"Jaintia people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaintia_people"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-22"},{"link_name":"Khasi people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khasi_people"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-22"},{"link_name":"Garo people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garo_people"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-22"}],"sub_title":"Percentage in Groups","text":"According to 2011 census there are 342,078 Hindus living in Meghalaya accounting constituting 11.53% of the state population after Christianity.[1] Meghalaya Scheduled Tribe Population is 2,555,861 (86% of the state population), out of which 122,141 people among them follow Hinduism, while Non-ST population is 411,028, out of which 219,937 of them follow Hindu faith.[22]Hinduism is practiced by these following groups:-Hajong people (38,576 – Of which 98.65% Hindu),[22]\nKoch people (22,716 – Of which 99.02% Hindu),[22]\nRajbongshi people,\nRabha tribe (32,662 – Of which 94.95% Hindu),[22]\nKarbi People (Mikir people) (19,289 – Of which 79% Christian and 21% Hindu),[22]\nNepali people (54,834 - Of which 90% Hindu and 10% Buddhist),\nBengali people (190,882 - Of which 60% Hindu and 40% Muslim),\nPunjabi people (4,540 - Of which 70% Sikh and 30% Hindu),\nMarwari people (17,405 - Of which 80% Hindu and 20% Jain),\nBihari people (30,611 - Of which 85% Hindu and 15% Muslim),\nJaintia people (316,852 - Of which 60% Christian and 40% following tribal religion \"Ka Niamtre\" with some elements of Hinduism in it),[22]\nKhasi people (1,411,775, of which only 10,302, 0.73% of the ethnic's population follows Hindu religion),[22]\nGaro people (821,026, of which only 4,776, 0.58% of the ethnic's population follows Hindu religion)[22]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khasi Students Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seng_Khasi_Movement"},{"link_name":"Bengali Hindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_Hindus"},{"link_name":"Dkhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dkhar"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Nepalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalis"},{"link_name":"Biharis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharis"},{"link_name":"Nepalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalis"},{"link_name":"Dusherra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusherra"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Mazhabi Sikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazhabi_Sikh"},{"link_name":"Khasi Students Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seng_Khasi_Movement"},{"link_name":"Shillong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shillong"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hynniewtrep_National_Liberation_Council"},{"link_name":"East Khasi Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Khasi_Hills"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Hindu percentage in Meghalaya have declined from 18.49% in 1971 to 11.53% in 2011 census (A decline of -6.96% in four decades).The Non-ST Hindu minority are being targeted, attacked and murdered by Christian tribals since from the time of the creation of Meghalaya in 1972. The Hindu minority of the state do not enjoy equal rights and there is widespread hatred, discrimination and intolerance against them which were perpetrated by local Khasi Students Union. The Bengali Hindus in Meghalaya are often treated as Bangladeshis or outsiders (Dkhar). They have been running away, leaving the state in large numbers since from 1972.[27][28][29]Three ethnic-religious riots between the indigenous Christian tribes and the non- tribals mostly Hindus have taken place in the year 1979, 1987 and 1992 respectively. In 1979 almost 20 thousands Hindu Bengalis were displaced from Meghalaya following attacks by local Khasis.[30] In 1987, almost 2.7 thousand Nepalis and Biharis were displaced from Meghalaya following land disputes with Christian tribals. Again in 1992, around 3 thousand Nepalis quit Meghalaya following clashes between Khasis and non-tribals during Dusherra.[31][32] In 2018, there were repeatedly violence against Mazhabi Sikh which were perpetrated by local Khasis and Khasi Students Union members in around Shillong city.[33][34][35] In 2020, The Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council (HNLC) has issued an ultimatum to all the Hindu-Bengalis to leave Ichamati and Majai areas at Shella in East Khasi Hills within one month which have ultimately lead to clashes between Hindu Bengalis and Khasi Christian tribals resulting in one death and several injuries.[36]","title":"Persecution"}]	[{"image_text":"Naturally made Shivalinga in Mawjymbuin Cave, Mawsynram, Meghalaya","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Nature_made_Shivalinga_in_Mawjymbuin_Cave_Mawsynram_Meghalaya_India.jpg/220px-Nature_made_Shivalinga_in_Mawjymbuin_Cave_Mawsynram_Meghalaya_India.jpg"},{"image_text":"A traditional Hajong Granary has no doors in order to prevent the goddess of wealth and fortune, Lokkhi Dyoi (Lakshmi Devi), from leaving.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Tradtional_Hajong_granary_called_Chang_Ghor.jpg/220px-Tradtional_Hajong_granary_called_Chang_Ghor.jpg"},{"image_text":"Behdienkhlam is festival celebrated by the pnars in Jowai, Meghalaya","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Behdienkhlam_Festival.png/220px-Behdienkhlam_Festival.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Population by religion community – 2011\". Census of India, 2011. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS","url_text":"\"Population by religion community – 2011\""},{"url":"http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Das, Manosh (15 October 2010). \"Lofty Himalayas notwithstanding, the tribal people of Nartiang in the Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya truly believe that their scenic little hamlet is the \"permanent abode\" of Goddess Durga. Perched atop a hillock is the more than 600-year old and ancient Durgabari - a simple house made of stones and wood complete with tin roofing. Revered as one of the 51 Shakti Peethas, the temple has been drawing a large number of pilgrims from all over the country on occasion of Durga Puja. - Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 20 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Lofty-Himalayas-notwithstanding-the-tribal-people-of-Nartiang-in-the-Jaintia-Hills-of-Meghalaya-truly-believe-that-their-scenic-little-hamlet-is-the-permanent-abode-of-Goddess-Durga-Perched-atop-a-hillock-is-the-more-than-600-year-old-and-ancient-Durgabari-a-simple-house-made-of-stones-and-wood-complete-with-tin-roofing-Revered-as-one-of-the-51-Shakti-Peethas-the-temple-has-been-drawing-a-large-number-of-pilgrims-from-all-over-the-country-on-occasion-of-Durga-Puja-/articleshow/6754889.cms","url_text":"\"Lofty Himalayas notwithstanding, the tribal people of Nartiang in the Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya truly believe that their scenic little hamlet is the \"permanent abode\" of Goddess Durga. Perched atop a hillock is the more than 600-year old and ancient Durgabari - a simple house made of stones and wood complete with tin roofing. Revered as one of the 51 Shakti Peethas, the temple has been drawing a large number of pilgrims from all over the country on occasion of Durga Puja. - Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"History lessons from Nartiang\". The Shillong Times. 2020-09-12. Retrieved 2024-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://theshillongtimes.com/2020/09/13/history-lessons-from-nartiang/","url_text":"\"History lessons from Nartiang\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hindu Jaintias of Meghalaya & Worship of Ma Jayanteswári - The Verandah Club\". theverandahclub.com. Retrieved 2024-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://theverandahclub.com/article/hindu-jaintias-of-meghalaya-worship-of-ma-jayanteswari-591","url_text":"\"Hindu Jaintias of Meghalaya & Worship of Ma Jayanteswári - The Verandah Club\""}]},{"reference":"\"Khasi leader stated that, \"We are not Hindus though some of our practices are similar.\"\". ThePrint.","urls":[{"url":"https://theprint.in/feature/missionary-is-not-a-popular-word-in-india-but-in-the-khasi-hills-it-holds-a-different-meaning/751501/","url_text":"\"Khasi leader stated that, \"We are not Hindus though some of our practices are similar.\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Behdienkhlam Festival\". Meghalaya Government Portal. Retrieved 2024-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://meghalaya.gov.in/behdienkhlam","url_text":"\"Behdienkhlam Festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Niamtre, Hinduism and Ram Temple in Ayodhya\". The Shillong Times. 2020-08-03. Retrieved 2024-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://theshillongtimes.com/2020/08/03/niamtre-hinduism-and-ram-temple-in-ayodhya/","url_text":"\"Niamtre, Hinduism and Ram Temple in Ayodhya\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historical Syndai hamlet in ruins - Archaeological remains of buildings of Jaintia kings suffer from government neglect\". www.telegraphindia.com. 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The Hindu.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/why-did-riots-erupt-in-shillong/article24123209.ece","url_text":"\"Why did riots erupt in Shillong?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Now, Christians attack Dalit Sikhs in Shillong. Pray tell, where is the outrage?\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailyo.in/voices/dalit-sikhs-attacked-shillong-by-northeast-christians-khasis-meghalaya-majority-violence-india-24647","url_text":"\"Now, Christians attack Dalit Sikhs in Shillong. Pray tell, where is the outrage?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Khasi-Punjabi clashes: Why there is unrest in Meghalaya capital\". 3 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/meghalaya/shillong-violence-meghalaya-khasi-punjabi-clash-conrad-sangma-police-curfew-5202012/","url_text":"\"Khasi-Punjabi clashes: Why there is unrest in Meghalaya capital\""}]},{"reference":"\"How Shillong got a separate Punjabi colony and why it's a problem now\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/how-shillong-got-a-separate-punjabi-colony-and-why-it-s-a-problem-now-1250294-2018-06-04","url_text":"\"How Shillong got a separate Punjabi colony and why it's a problem now\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meghalaya: HNLC issues 'leave Ichamati, Majai' notice to Hindu-Bengalis\". March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nenow.in/north-east-news/meghalaya/meghalaya-hnlc-issues-leave-ichamati-majai-notice-to-hindu-bengalis.html","url_text":"\"Meghalaya: HNLC issues 'leave Ichamati, Majai' notice to Hindu-Bengalis\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/result.php?page=Hinduism_in_Meghalaya&defaults=y","external_links_name":"reFill"},{"Link":"https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Hinduism_in_Meghalaya","external_links_name":"Citation bot"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS","external_links_name":"\"Population by religion community – 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Lofty-Himalayas-notwithstanding-the-tribal-people-of-Nartiang-in-the-Jaintia-Hills-of-Meghalaya-truly-believe-that-their-scenic-little-hamlet-is-the-permanent-abode-of-Goddess-Durga-Perched-atop-a-hillock-is-the-more-than-600-year-old-and-ancient-Durgabari-a-simple-house-made-of-stones-and-wood-complete-with-tin-roofing-Revered-as-one-of-the-51-Shakti-Peethas-the-temple-has-been-drawing-a-large-number-of-pilgrims-from-all-over-the-country-on-occasion-of-Durga-Puja-/articleshow/6754889.cms","external_links_name":"\"Lofty Himalayas notwithstanding, the tribal people of Nartiang in the Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya truly believe that their scenic little hamlet is the \"permanent abode\" of Goddess Durga. 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Revered as one of the 51 Shakti Peethas, the temple has been drawing a large number of pilgrims from all over the country on occasion of Durga Puja. - Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://theshillongtimes.com/2020/09/13/history-lessons-from-nartiang/","external_links_name":"\"History lessons from Nartiang\""},{"Link":"https://theverandahclub.com/article/hindu-jaintias-of-meghalaya-worship-of-ma-jayanteswari-591","external_links_name":"\"Hindu Jaintias of Meghalaya & Worship of Ma Jayanteswári - The Verandah Club\""},{"Link":"https://theprint.in/feature/missionary-is-not-a-popular-word-in-india-but-in-the-khasi-hills-it-holds-a-different-meaning/751501/","external_links_name":"\"Khasi leader stated that, \"We are not Hindus though some of our practices are similar.\"\""},{"Link":"https://meghalaya.gov.in/behdienkhlam","external_links_name":"\"Behdienkhlam Festival\""},{"Link":"https://www.epw.in/journal/2016/9/web-exclusives/khasis-hindus.html","external_links_name":"https://www.epw.in/journal/2016/9/web-exclusives/khasis-hindus.html"},{"Link":"https://theshillongtimes.com/2020/08/03/niamtre-hinduism-and-ram-temple-in-ayodhya/","external_links_name":"\"Niamtre, Hinduism and Ram Temple in Ayodhya\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/historical-syndai-hamlet-in-ruins-archaeological-remains-of-buildings-of-jaintia-kings-suffer-from-government-neglect/cid/339084","external_links_name":"\"Historical Syndai hamlet in ruins - Archaeological remains of buildings of Jaintia kings suffer from government neglect\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/in-meghalaya-christians-care-for-shivalingams/article29939614.ece","external_links_name":"\"In Meghalaya, Christians care for Shivalingams\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","external_links_name":"0971-751X"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shillong/pilgrims-throng-mawjymbuin-cave-in-meghalaya/articleshow/70640918.cms","external_links_name":"\"Pilgrims throng Mawjymbuin Cave in Meghalaya\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257","external_links_name":"0971-8257"},{"Link":"https://www.aninews.in/news/lifestyle/travel/mawjymbuin-caves-emerge-as-tourist-hotspot-in-meghalaya20190811020632/","external_links_name":"https://www.aninews.in/news/lifestyle/travel/mawjymbuin-caves-emerge-as-tourist-hotspot-in-meghalaya20190811020632/"},{"Link":"https://themeghalayan.com/the-walk-of-the-faithful/","external_links_name":"\"The Walk of the Faithful\""},{"Link":"https://www.hinduscriptures.com/vedic-culture/5474-2/5474/","external_links_name":"\"Cultural festival of Meghalaya \| Vedic Culture\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/meghalaya/behdienkhlam-festival/amp_poishow/51795371.cms","external_links_name":"\"Behdienkhlam festival \| Culture in Meghalaya \| Times of India Travel\""},{"Link":"http://gbpihedenvis.nic.in/District%20wise%20Religious%20Population%20%20of%20Meghalaya-2001.html","external_links_name":"\"Districts Religious Population-2001, Meghalaya\""},{"Link":"http://lsi.gov.in/","external_links_name":"http://lsi.gov.in"},{"Link":"http://megplanning.gov.in/","external_links_name":"http://megplanning.gov.in"},{"Link":"https://thenortheasttoday.com/archive/hindu-population-comes-down-in-meghalaya/","external_links_name":"\"Hindu population comes down in Meghalaya\""},{"Link":"http://www.census2011.com/census/metropolitan/176-shillong.html","external_links_name":"\"Shillong Metropolitan Urban Region Population 2011 Census\""},{"Link":"https://blog.cpsindia.org/2016/10/religion-data-of-census-2011-xxx-st.html?m=1","external_links_name":"\"Religion Data of Census 2011: XXX ST Meghalaya\""},{"Link":"https://censusindia.gov.in/","external_links_name":"https://censusindia.gov.in"},{"Link":"https://censusindia.gov.in/","external_links_name":"https://censusindia.gov.in"},{"Link":"https://censusindia.gov.in/","external_links_name":"https://censusindia.gov.in"},{"Link":"https://theshillongtimes.com/2015/09/18/muslim-population-up-hindus-dip/#","external_links_name":"\"Muslim population up; 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Pray tell, where is the outrage?\""},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/meghalaya/shillong-violence-meghalaya-khasi-punjabi-clash-conrad-sangma-police-curfew-5202012/","external_links_name":"\"Khasi-Punjabi clashes: Why there is unrest in Meghalaya capital\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/how-shillong-got-a-separate-punjabi-colony-and-why-it-s-a-problem-now-1250294-2018-06-04","external_links_name":"\"How Shillong got a separate Punjabi colony and why it's a problem now\""},{"Link":"https://nenow.in/north-east-news/meghalaya/meghalaya-hnlc-issues-leave-ichamati-majai-notice-to-hindu-bengalis.html","external_links_name":"\"Meghalaya: HNLC issues 'leave Ichamati, Majai' notice to Hindu-Bengalis\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucus_of_Crete	Glaucus (son of Minos)	["1 Family","2 Mythology","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References"]	For other uses, see Glaucus (mythology).GlaucusPrince of CreteMember of the Cretan Royal FamilyGlaucus (right) depicted on a white-ground cup attributed to the Sotades PainterAbodeCretePersonal informationParentsMinos and Pasiphae or CreteSiblingsCatreus, Ariadne, Androgeus, Xenodice, Acacallis, Phaedra and Deucalion; the Minotaur In Greek mythology, Glaucus /ˈɡlɔːkəs/ (Ancient Greek: Γλαῦκος Glaukos means "greyish blue" or "bluish green" and "glimmering") was a Cretan prince as the son of King Minos. Family Glaucus' mother was Queen Pasiphaë, daughter of Helios, and thus, brother to Acacallis, Ariadne, Androgeus, Deucalion, Phaedra, Xenodice, and Catreus. Mythology One day, while playing with a ball or chasing a mouse Glaucus fell into a jar of honey and died. Unable to find their son, his parents went to the Oracle at Delphi who told them "A marvelous creature has been born amongst you: whoever finds the true likeness for this creature will also find the child." They interpreted this to refer to a newborn calf in Minos' herd. Three times a day, the calf changed color from white to red to black. Polyidus (or Asclepius, god of medicine) observed the similarity to the ripening of the fruit of the mulberry plant, and Minos sent him to find Glaucus. Searching for the boy, Polyidus saw an owl driving bees away from a wine-cellar in Minos' palace. Inside the wine-cellar was a cask of honey, with Glaucus dead inside. Minos demanded Glaucus be brought back to life, though Polyidus objected. Minos ordered Polyidus to be entombed with the body. When a snake appeared nearby, Polyidus killed it immediately. Another snake came for the first, and after seeing its mate dead, the second serpent left and brought back a herb which then brought the first snake back to life. Following this example, Polyidus used the same herb to resurrect Glaucus. Minos refused to let Polyidus leave Crete until he taught Glaucus the art of divination. Polyidus did so, but then, at the last second before leaving, he asked Glaucus to spit in his mouth. Glaucus did so and forgot everything he had been taught. The story of Polyidus and Glaucus was the subject of a lost play attributed to Euripides. Glaucus later led an army that attacked Italy, introducing to them the military girdle and shield. This was the source of his Italian name, Labicus, meaning "girdled". Glaucus had a daughter called Deiphobe, who was a priestess of Phoebus Apollo and Diana Trivia who features in The Aeneid in Book 6. See also Tiresias Notes ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 136 ^ Apollodorus, 3.3.1 References Gaius Julius Hyginus, Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. Online version at the Topos Text Project. Pseudo-Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website Publius Vergilius Maro, Aeneid. Theodore C. Williams. trans. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1910. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Publius Vergilius Maro, Bucolics, Aeneid, and Georgics. J. B. Greenough. Boston. Ginn & Co. 1900. Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library. Smith, William; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). "Glaucus" 6. Authority control databases International VIAF National Poland	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glaucus (mythology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Greek mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"/ˈɡlɔːkəs/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Cretan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"Minos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minos"}],"text":"For other uses, see Glaucus (mythology).In Greek mythology, Glaucus /ˈɡlɔːkəs/ (Ancient Greek: Γλαῦκος Glaukos means \"greyish blue\" or \"bluish green\" and \"glimmering\") was a Cretan prince as the son of King Minos.","title":"Glaucus (son of Minos)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pasiphaë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Helios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helios"},{"link_name":"Acacallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacallis_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Ariadne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariadne"},{"link_name":"Androgeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgeus_(son_of_Minos)"},{"link_name":"Deucalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deucalion_(Cretan)"},{"link_name":"Phaedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaedra_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Xenodice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenodice_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Catreus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catreus"}],"text":"Glaucus' mother was Queen Pasiphaë, daughter of Helios, and thus, brother to Acacallis, Ariadne, Androgeus, Deucalion, Phaedra, Xenodice, and Catreus.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"honey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey"},{"link_name":"Oracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle"},{"link_name":"Delphi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphi"},{"link_name":"Polyidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyidus"},{"link_name":"Asclepius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepius"},{"link_name":"mulberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulberry"},{"link_name":"owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl"},{"link_name":"bees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee"},{"link_name":"snake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake"},{"link_name":"herb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"divination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divination"},{"link_name":"Euripides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euripides"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Deiphobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl"},{"link_name":"Aeneid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneid"}],"text":"One day, while playing with a ball[1] or chasing a mouse[2] Glaucus fell into a jar of honey and died.Unable to find their son, his parents went to the Oracle at Delphi who told them \"A marvelous creature has been born amongst you: whoever finds the true likeness for this creature will also find the child.\" They interpreted this to refer to a newborn calf in Minos' herd. Three times a day, the calf changed color from white to red to black. Polyidus (or Asclepius, god of medicine) observed the similarity to the ripening of the fruit of the mulberry plant, and Minos sent him to find Glaucus.Searching for the boy, Polyidus saw an owl driving bees away from a wine-cellar in Minos' palace. Inside the wine-cellar was a cask of honey, with Glaucus dead inside. Minos demanded Glaucus be brought back to life, though Polyidus objected. Minos ordered Polyidus to be entombed with the body. When a snake appeared nearby, Polyidus killed it immediately. Another snake came for the first, and after seeing its mate dead, the second serpent left and brought back a herb which then brought the first snake back to life. Following this example, Polyidus used the same herb to resurrect Glaucus.Minos refused to let Polyidus leave Crete until he taught Glaucus the art of divination. Polyidus did so, but then, at the last second before leaving, he asked Glaucus to spit in his mouth. Glaucus did so and forgot everything he had been taught. The story of Polyidus and Glaucus was the subject of a lost play attributed to Euripides. Glaucus later led an army that attacked Italy, introducing to them the military girdle and shield. This was the source of his Italian name, Labicus, meaning \"girdled\".Glaucus had a daughter called Deiphobe, who was a priestess of Phoebus Apollo and Diana Trivia who features in The Aeneid in Book 6.","title":"Mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Hyginus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Apollodorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)"},{"link_name":"3.3.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.3.1&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022"}],"text":"^ Hyginus, Fabulae 136\n\n^ Apollodorus, 3.3.1","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Tiresias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiresias"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.3.1&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022","external_links_name":"3.3.1"},{"Link":"https://topostext.org/work/206","external_links_name":"Online version at the Topos Text Project."},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022","external_links_name":"Online version at the Perseus Digital Library."},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0021","external_links_name":"Greek text available from the same website"},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0054%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1","external_links_name":"Online version at the Perseus Digital Library."},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0055","external_links_name":"Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library"},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aentry%3Dglaucus-bio-6","external_links_name":"\"Glaucus\" 6."},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/508159035187001380001","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811470058605606","external_links_name":"Poland"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enid_Wilson	Enid Wilson	["1 Team appearances","2 References"]	English golfer For the journalist, see Enid J. Wilson. For the racehorse breeder, see Enid Scudamore-Stanhope, Countess of Chesterfield. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Enid Wilson" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Enid Wilson (15 March 1910 – 14 January 1996) was an English amateur golfer. She was a semi-finalist at her first British Ladies Amateur Golf Championship in 1927 and won the Championship three years in a row between 1931 and 1933. Competing in the 1931 U.S. Women's Amateur, Wilson was eliminated in the semi-finals by ultimate champion Helen Hicks. She got some measure of satisfaction the next year when she beat Hicks 2 & 1 in their match during the first ever Curtis Cup held at the Wentworth Golf Club, in Surrey, England. She returned to the U.S. for the 1932 Amateur but went out in the quarter-final. In the 1933 U.S. Amateur she lost in the semi-finals to the ultimate tournament champion Virginia Van Wie but won the medal for lowest round with a record-setting score. In 1933, Wilson partnered with Walter Hagen to play a match at the Bruntsfield Links in Edinburgh, Scotland. She co-wrote So That's What I Do! with Robert Allen Lewis, that was published in 1935. She also wrote the section on women's golf in the 1952 book A History of Golf in Britain (1990 Reprint Ailsa Inc.) edited by golf writer Bernard Darwin, and contributed to by several notables from the world of British men's golf. As well, she wrote A Gallery of Women Golfers with the foreword by Bernard Darwin that was published in 1961 in London by Country Life Ltd. She died at her home in Crowborough on 14 January 1996. Team appearances Amateur Curtis Cup (representing Great Britain & Ireland): 1932 References ^ "Enid Wilson's candid views on golf and life". The Daily Telegraph. 15 January 1996. p. 36. Retrieved 20 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enid J. 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Wilson. For the racehorse breeder, see Enid Scudamore-Stanhope, Countess of Chesterfield.Enid Wilson (15 March 1910 – 14 January 1996) was an English amateur golfer. She was a semi-finalist at her first British Ladies Amateur Golf Championship in 1927 and won the Championship three years in a row between 1931 and 1933.Competing in the 1931 U.S. Women's Amateur, Wilson was eliminated in the semi-finals by ultimate champion Helen Hicks. She got some measure of satisfaction the next year when she beat Hicks 2 & 1 in their match during the first ever Curtis Cup held at the Wentworth Golf Club, in Surrey, England. She returned to the U.S. for the 1932 Amateur but went out in the quarter-final. In the 1933 U.S. Amateur she lost in the semi-finals to the ultimate tournament champion Virginia Van Wie but won the medal for lowest round with a record-setting score.In 1933, Wilson partnered with Walter Hagen to play a match at the Bruntsfield Links in Edinburgh, Scotland. She co-wrote So That's What I Do! with Robert Allen Lewis, that was published in 1935. She also wrote the section on women's golf in the 1952 book A History of Golf in Britain (1990 Reprint Ailsa Inc.) edited by golf writer Bernard Darwin, and contributed to by several notables from the world of British men's golf. As well, she wrote A Gallery of Women Golfers with the foreword by Bernard Darwin that was published in 1961 in London by Country Life Ltd.She died at her home in Crowborough on 14 January 1996.[1]","title":"Enid Wilson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Curtis Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Cup"},{"link_name":"1932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Curtis_Cup"}],"text":"AmateurCurtis Cup (representing Great Britain & Ireland): 1932","title":"Team appearances"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Enid Wilson's candid views on golf and life\". The Daily Telegraph. 15 January 1996. p. 36. Retrieved 20 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-telegraph-enid-wilsons-candid/133796875/","url_text":"\"Enid Wilson's candid views on golf and life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Enid+Wilson%22","external_links_name":"\"Enid Wilson\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Enid+Wilson%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Enid+Wilson%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Enid+Wilson%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Enid+Wilson%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Enid+Wilson%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-telegraph-enid-wilsons-candid/133796875/","external_links_name":"\"Enid Wilson's candid views on golf and life\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hupp-Yeats	Hupp-Yeats	["1 Legacy","2 References","3 External links"]	This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Hupp-Yeats" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2024) Defunct American motor vehicle manufacturer 1912 Hupp-Yeats Electric Coach The Hupp-Yeats was an early American electric car manufactured in Detroit, Michigan from 1911 to 1916. The parent company was begun by Robert Craig Hupp, previously of the Hupp Motor Company as the R.C.H. Corporation through 1912, later becoming the Hupp-Yeats Electric Car Company. The Hupp-Yeats used Westinghouse motors with five selective speeds. The cars were built as four-seaters in both open and closed models, and came with standard solid rubber tires. Legacy Only a few of these cars are still known to exist completely. Most of these are in museums. References Georgano, G.N. (1968). The Complete Encyclopedia of Motorcars, 1885 to Present. New York, Dutton. External links Photo of the Hupp-Yeats at the Reynolds-Alberta Museum in Wetaskiwin, Alberta, Canada. This article about a brass-era automobile produced between 1905 and 1915 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1912_Hupp-Yeats_Electric_Coach.jpg"},{"link_name":"electric car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_car"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"Hupp Motor Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hupmobile"},{"link_name":"Westinghouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_(1886)"}],"text":"Defunct American motor vehicle manufacturer1912 Hupp-Yeats Electric CoachThe Hupp-Yeats was an early American electric car manufactured in Detroit, Michigan from 1911 to 1916. The parent company was begun by Robert Craig Hupp, previously of the Hupp Motor Company as the R.C.H. Corporation through 1912, later becoming the Hupp-Yeats Electric Car Company.The Hupp-Yeats used Westinghouse motors with five selective speeds. The cars were built as four-seaters in both open and closed models, and came with standard solid rubber tires.","title":"Hupp-Yeats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Only a few of these cars are still known to exist completely. Most of these are in museums.[citation needed]","title":"Legacy"}]	[{"image_text":"1912 Hupp-Yeats Electric Coach","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/1912_Hupp-Yeats_Electric_Coach.jpg/250px-1912_Hupp-Yeats_Electric_Coach.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Georgano, G.N. (1968). The Complete Encyclopedia of Motorcars, 1885 to Present. New York, Dutton.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/completeencyclop00geor","url_text":"The Complete Encyclopedia of Motorcars, 1885 to Present"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hupp-Yeats&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hupp-Yeats%22","external_links_name":"\"Hupp-Yeats\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hupp-Yeats%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hupp-Yeats%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hupp-Yeats%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hupp-Yeats%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hupp-Yeats%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/completeencyclop00geor","external_links_name":"The Complete Encyclopedia of Motorcars, 1885 to Present"},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/daveseven/2529041847/in/set-721576052886492741","external_links_name":"Photo of the Hupp-Yeats"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hupp-Yeats&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphazene	Phosphazene	["1 Phosphazene bases","2 See also","3 References"]	Organophosphorus compound with pentavalent phosphorus having P=N bonds Phosphazenes refer to classes of organophosphorus compounds featuring phosphorus(V) with a double bond between P and N. One class of phosphazenes have the formula R−N=P(−NR2)3. These phosphazenes are also known as iminophosphoranes and phosphine imides. They are superbases. Another class of compounds called phosphazenes are represented with the formula (−N=P(−X)2−)n, where X = halogen, alkoxy group, amide and other organyl groups. One example is hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (−N=P(−Cl)2−)3. Bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium chloride +Cl−is also referred to as a phosphazene, where Ph = phenyl group. This article focuses on those phosphazenes with the formula R−N=P(−NR2)3. Phosphazene bases This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Phosphazene bases are strong non-metallic non-ionic and low-nucleophilic bases. They are stronger bases than regular amine or amidine bases. Protonation takes place at a doubly bonded nitrogen atom. Related to phosphazene bases are the Verkade bases, which feature P(III) with three amido substituents and a transannular amine. The pKa's of tert-Bu−(H)N=P(−N=P(−NR2)3)3]+, where R = Me and pyrrolidinyl, are 42.7 and 44, respectively. These are the highest pKa measured for the conjugate acid of charge-neutral molecular base. t-Bu-P4 BEMP Phosphazene bases are established reagents in organic synthesis. Most notably, they have been used as catalysts in the synthesis of poly(phthalaldehyde) polymer. Perhaps the best known phosphazene bases are BEMP with an acetonitrile pKa of the conjugate acid of 27.6 and the phosphorimidic triamide t-Bu-P4 (pKBH+ = 42.7) also known as Schwesinger base after one of its inventors. In one application t-Bu-P4 is employed in a nucleophilic addition converting the pivaldehyde to the alcohol: Phosphazene Base application The active nucleophile is believed to be a highly reactive phosphazenium species with full negative charge on the arene sp2 carbon. Besides organic synthesis, phosphazene bases are used as basic titrants in non-aqueous acid–base titration. Their advantages for this are: they are very strong bases in many solvents and their conjugate acids are inert and non-HBD cations. See also Cyclodiphosphazane Hexachlorophosphazene Polyphosphazene References ^ Superbases for Organic Synthesis: Guanidines, Amidines, Phosphazenes and Related Organocatalysts Tsutomu Ishikawa ISBN 978-0-470-51800-7 ^ Saame, Jaan; Rodima, Toomas; Tshepelevitsh, Sofja; Kütt, Agnes; Kaljurand, Ivari; Haljasorg, Tõiv; Koppel, Ilmar A.; Leito, Ivo (2016). "Experimental Basicities of Superbasic Phosphonium Ylides and Phosphazenes". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 81 (17): 7349–7361. doi:10.1021/acs.joc.6b00872. PMID 27392255. ^ Schwesinger, Reinhard; Schlemper, Helmut (1987). "Peralkylated Polyaminophosphazenes— Extremely Strong, Neutral Nitrogen Bases". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 26 (11): 1167. doi:10.1002/anie.198711671. ^ Suzawa, Koichi; Ueno, Masahiro; Wheatley, Andrew E. H.; Kondo, Yoshinori (2006). "Phosphazene base-promoted functionalization of aryltrimethylsilanes". Chemical Communications (46): 4850–4852. doi:10.1039/b611090h. PMID 17345750.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organophosphorus compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organophosphorus_compound"},{"link_name":"phosphine imides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphine_imide"},{"link_name":"superbases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superbase"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"halogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen"},{"link_name":"alkoxy group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoxy_group"},{"link_name":"amide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amide"},{"link_name":"organyl groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organyl_group"},{"link_name":"hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene"},{"link_name":"Bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium_chloride"},{"link_name":"phenyl group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenyl_group"}],"text":"Phosphazenes refer to classes of organophosphorus compounds featuring phosphorus(V) with a double bond between P and N. One class of phosphazenes have the formula R−N=P(−NR2)3. These phosphazenes are also known as iminophosphoranes and phosphine imides. They are superbases.[1] Another class of compounds called phosphazenes are represented with the formula (−N=P(−X)2−)n, where X = halogen, alkoxy group, amide and other organyl groups. One example is hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (−N=P(−Cl)2−)3. Bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium chloride [Ph3P=N=PPh3]+Cl−is also referred to as a phosphazene, where Ph = phenyl group. This article focuses on those phosphazenes with the formula R−N=P(−NR2)3.","title":"Phosphazene"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"low-nucleophilic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophilicity"},{"link_name":"bases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"amine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amine"},{"link_name":"amidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amidine"},{"link_name":"Verkade bases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkade_base"},{"link_name":"transannular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulation"},{"link_name":"tert-Bu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyl_group"},{"link_name":"Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_group"},{"link_name":"pyrrolidinyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrolidine"},{"link_name":"conjugate acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate_(acid-base_theory)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P4-t-Bu_Strukturformel.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BEMP_Phosphazene.svg"},{"link_name":"poly(phthalaldehyde)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly(phthalaldehyde)"},{"link_name":"acetonitrile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetonitrile"},{"link_name":"pKa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKa"},{"link_name":"conjugate acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate_acid"},{"link_name":"t-Bu-P4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P4-t-Bu"},{"link_name":"Schwesinger base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P4-t-Bu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"nucleophilic addition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophilic_addition"},{"link_name":"pivaldehyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivaldehyde"},{"link_name":"alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PhosphazeneBaseApplication.png"},{"link_name":"nucleophile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophile"},{"link_name":"arene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arene_compound"},{"link_name":"sp2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_hybridization"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"titrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titration"},{"link_name":"acid–base titration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_titration"},{"link_name":"solvents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvents"},{"link_name":"non-HBD cations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Non-HBD_cations&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"text":"Phosphazene bases are strong non-metallic non-ionic and low-nucleophilic bases. They are stronger bases than regular amine or amidine bases. Protonation takes place at a doubly bonded nitrogen atom. Related to phosphazene bases are the Verkade bases, which feature P(III) with three amido substituents and a transannular amine. The pKa's of tert-Bu−(H)N=P(−N=P(−NR2)3)3]+, where R = Me and pyrrolidinyl, are 42.7 and 44, respectively. These are the highest pKa measured for the conjugate acid of charge-neutral molecular base.[2]t-Bu-P4\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBEMPPhosphazene bases are established reagents in organic synthesis. Most notably, they have been used as catalysts in the synthesis of poly(phthalaldehyde) polymer. Perhaps the best known phosphazene bases are BEMP with an acetonitrile pKa of the conjugate acid of 27.6 and the phosphorimidic triamide t-Bu-P4 (pKBH+ = 42.7) also known as Schwesinger base after one of its inventors.[3][clarification needed]In one application t-Bu-P4 is employed in a nucleophilic addition converting the pivaldehyde to the alcohol:[4]Phosphazene Base applicationThe active nucleophile is believed to be a highly reactive phosphazenium species with full negative charge on the arene sp2 carbon.[clarification needed]Besides organic synthesis, phosphazene bases are used as basic titrants in non-aqueous acid–base titration. Their advantages for this are: they are very strong bases in many solvents and their conjugate acids are inert and non-HBD cations.[clarification needed]","title":"Phosphazene bases"}]	[{"image_text":"Phosphazene Base application","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/PhosphazeneBaseApplication.png/500px-PhosphazeneBaseApplication.png"}]	[{"title":"Cyclodiphosphazane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclodiphosphazane"},{"title":"Hexachlorophosphazene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexachlorophosphazene"},{"title":"Polyphosphazene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphosphazene"}]	[{"reference":"Saame, Jaan; Rodima, Toomas; Tshepelevitsh, Sofja; Kütt, Agnes; Kaljurand, Ivari; Haljasorg, Tõiv; Koppel, Ilmar A.; Leito, Ivo (2016). \"Experimental Basicities of Superbasic Phosphonium Ylides and Phosphazenes\". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 81 (17): 7349–7361. doi:10.1021/acs.joc.6b00872. PMID 27392255.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.joc.6b00872","url_text":"10.1021/acs.joc.6b00872"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27392255","url_text":"27392255"}]},{"reference":"Schwesinger, Reinhard; Schlemper, Helmut (1987). \"Peralkylated Polyaminophosphazenes— Extremely Strong, Neutral Nitrogen Bases\". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 26 (11): 1167. doi:10.1002/anie.198711671.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.198711671","url_text":"10.1002/anie.198711671"}]},{"reference":"Suzawa, Koichi; Ueno, Masahiro; Wheatley, Andrew E. H.; Kondo, Yoshinori (2006). \"Phosphazene base-promoted functionalization of aryltrimethylsilanes\". Chemical Communications (46): 4850–4852. doi:10.1039/b611090h. PMID 17345750.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fb611090h","url_text":"10.1039/b611090h"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17345750","url_text":"17345750"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phosphazene&action=edit","external_links_name":"help improve it"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.joc.6b00872","external_links_name":"10.1021/acs.joc.6b00872"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27392255","external_links_name":"27392255"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.198711671","external_links_name":"10.1002/anie.198711671"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fb611090h","external_links_name":"10.1039/b611090h"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17345750","external_links_name":"17345750"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_family_trees	Tolkien's Middle-earth family trees	["1 Genealogies","1.1 The Lord of the Rings","1.2 The Silmarillion","2 Effects","3 Construction","4 Notes","5 References","5.1 Primary","5.2 Secondary","6 Sources"]	Family trees in Tolkien's Middle-earth Tolkien's Middle-earth family trees contribute to the impression of depth and realism in the stories set in his fantasy world by showing that each character is rooted in history with a rich network of relationships. J. R. R. Tolkien included multiple family trees in both The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion; they are variously for Elves, Dwarves, Hobbits, and Men. The family trees gave Tolkien, a philologist, a way of exploring and developing the etymologies and relationships of the names of his characters. They imply, too, the fascination of his Hobbit characters with their family history. A further function was to show how aspects of character derive from ancestry. Genealogies A Part of the Genealogy of the Baggins Family of Hobbits, from Appendix C of The Lord of the Rings It shows among other things that the Bagginses had married into both Merry's family, the Brandybucks and Pippin's family, the Tooks. In Tolkien's theory that character derives from ancestry, this suggests that adventurous Took and outlandish Brandybuck combined with genteel Baggins nature in the characters of Bilbo and Frodo. Balbo BagginsBerylla Boffin Laura GrubbMungoPansyFastolph BolgerPontoMimosa BunceLargoTanta Hornblower BungoBelladonna TookLongoCamellia SackvilleBingoChica ChubbFoscoRuby Bolger BilboOtho Sackville-BagginsLobelia BracegirdleFalco Chubb-Baggins?DoraDrogoPrimula Brandybuck LothoPoppyFilibert BolgerFrodo The Lord of the Rings The appendices to The Lord of the Rings provide family trees for Dwarves, Hobbits, and Men. The Hobbit trees are introduced with the words "The names given in these Trees are only a selection from many." Their development is chronicled in The Peoples of Middle-earth; it records that the Boffin and Bolger family trees were typed up for inclusion in Appendix C but were dropped at the last moment, apparently for reasons of space. The Silmarillion The Silmarillion provides family trees for the Elves Finwë, father of Fëanor, and Olwë, ancestor of Galadriel and Lúthien; the Man Bëor the Old, ancestor of Beren, Hurin, and Turin; and of Hador, ancestor of Eärendil the mariner. In The Silmarillion, Tolkien described an extraordinarily complex set of family relationships, feuds, and migrations of family subgroups within the various lineages of Elves. The lengthy course of development of all these is detailed by Christopher Tolkien in Unfinished Tales, The Book of Lost Tales II, and The Lays of Beleriand. The family trees and resulting populations have been explored by Tom Loback in Mythlore. Effects Further information: Impression of depth in The Lord of the Rings and Tolkien's maps Jason Fisher, in the J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia, writes that Tolkien's family trees serve multiple functions. They define the ancestry of both heroes and villains, along with all their relationships, just as in the medieval Icelandic sagas which Tolkien studied carefully. In this way, Tolkien was placing the Middle-earth sagas in a definite tradition. Secondly, the family trees provide a powerful impression of depth, bringing "essential details, texture, and verisimilitude" to his secondary world. In The Two Towers, the Wizard Gandalf jokingly warns Théoden, King of Rohan, of the ways of Hobbits with family affairs: 'You do not know your danger, Theoden', interrupted Gandalf. 'These hobbits will sit on the edge of ruin and discuss the pleasures of the table, or the small doings of their fathers, grandfathers, and great-grandfathers, and remoter cousins to the ninth degree, if you encourage them with undue patience.' Thirdly, the trees allowed him, as a philologist, to develop, explore, and play with the etymologies and relationships of the names of his characters, something that he much enjoyed. Fourthly, the family trees helped to guide him while writing to avoid mistakes in describing relationships. Fifthly, the Hobbit-style genealogies imitate the hobbitic fascination with family history; Tolkien maintained the framing fiction that The Lord of the Rings was, in fact, the Red Book of Westmarch written entirely by Hobbits. Tolkien says as much in the novel's prologue: All hobbits were, in any case, clannish and reckoned up their relationships with great care. They drew long and elaborate family-trees with innumerable branches. In dealing with hobbits it is important to remember who is related to whom, and in what degree. Yet another function was to show how different ancestries, and hence different aspects of character, come together in some of the characters. Bilbo Baggins, eponymous protagonist of The Hobbit, was born to a genteel Baggins and an adventurous Took, while his cousin (often familiarly described as his nephew) and heir Frodo was the child of a Baggins and a relatively outlandish Brandybuck. Finally, the trees mention which Hobbits had children and which did not, thus giving the impression that the story continues after the end of the book, reinforcing the impression of depth. Fisher states that in The Silmarillion, the family trees work the same way, but the tales, told as ancient legends rather than in-the-moment action, are narrated from the points of view of Elves or sometimes of Men (Edain). Here the trees help with a different function, namely to visualise the splitting and mixing of family lines, mirroring the bitter family feuds among The Silmarillion's Elves. Construction Malcolm Forbes, reviewing Catherine McIlwaine's exhibition of Tolkien's Middle-earth artefacts at the Bodleian Library, commented that "his realm of Middle-earth the product of a fecund imagination, fierce intelligence and creative prowess. Few fantasy writers so meticulously map their kingdoms, or invent legends, family trees and even languages for their characters." Dwayne Thorpe comments in Mythlore that family trees are one of the elements that Tolkien used to make Middle-earth seem real: Elves and dwarves are drawn partly from tradition, of course. But Tolkien uses the same process to make his own inventions: ents who are as ancient as their immemorial forest, and who boom and mutter about history and tales and the growth of words like a certain prominent philologist; the regal, civilized men of Gondor with their complex system of law, seven-volumed history, and seven-tiered city; the horsey riders of Rohan, their humanized horses, and the rolling horse-meadows which create both; and Hobbits, their furry toes, inns, six meals a day, and absorption in family trees drawn from the comfortable associations of rural Oxfordshire and the habits of Inklings. He was ingenious at abstracting qualities from their normal locations and fusing them with his own inventions to produce cultures, geography, languages, creatures. Notes ^ The full tree is shown in the article on Frodo Baggins. ^ Many of the Hobbit surnames in the Baggins family tree, such as Boffin, Bolger, Bunce, Chubb, and Hornblower are real English surnames. For example, Boffin's Bakery was a cake shop in Oxford. References Primary ^ a b Tolkien 1955, Appendix C Family Trees ^ Tolkien 1955, Appendix A I The Numenorean Kings (lists of the Kings and Queens; Heirs of Isildur; Heirs of Anarion); II The House of Eorl, list of The Kings of the Mark; III Durin's Folk , tree of Durin the Deathless; appendix C Family Trees : Baggins of Hobbiton; Took of Great Smials; Brandybuck of Buckland; The Longfather-Tree of Master Samwise ^ Tolkien 1996, chapter 3 "The Family Trees". The trees are online on the Tolkien Gateway. ^ Tolkien 1977, after "Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age" ^ a b Tolkien 1954, book 3, ch. 8 "The Road to Isengard" ^ Tolkien 1954a, prologue Secondary ^ a b c d e f g h Fisher 2013, pp. 188–189. ^ Loback 1987, article 7. ^ Garth 2020, p. 20. ^ Forbes 2018. ^ Thorpe 1996, article 47. Sources Fisher, Jason (2013) . "Family Trees". In Drout, Michael D. C. (ed.). J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment. Routledge. pp. 188–189. ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1. Forbes, Malcolm (30 June 2018). "Stunning new exhibition explores Tolkien's life, work and legacy". The National. Retrieved 10 July 2020. Garth, John (2020). Tolkien's Worlds: The Places That Inspired the Writer's Imagination. Quarto Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7112-4127-5. Loback, Tom (1987). "The Kindreds, Houses & Population of the Elves during the First Age". Mythlore. 14 (1). article 7. Thorpe, Dwayne (1996). "Tolkien's Elvish Craft". Mythlore. 21 (1). article 47. Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954a). The Fellowship of the Ring. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 9552942. Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954). The Two Towers. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 1042159111. Tolkien, J. R. R. (1955). The Return of the King. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 519647821. Tolkien, J. R. R. (1977). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). The Silmarillion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-25730-2. Tolkien, J. R. R. (1996). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). The Peoples of Middle-earth. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-82760-4. vteMiddle-earth J. R. R. Tolkien Bibliography Canon Legendarium Outline WorksIn Tolkien'slifetime 1937 The Hobbit 1954-55 The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring "The Shadow of the Past" "The Council of Elrond" The Two Towers The Return of the King "The Scouring of the Shire" "The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen" 1962 The Adventures of Tom Bombadil Posthumous 1977 The Silmarillion "Ainulindalë" 1980 Unfinished Tales 1981 The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien 1990 Bilbo's Last Song The three "Great Tales" 2007 The Children of Húrin 2017 Beren and Lúthien 2018 The Fall of Gondolin 2022 The Fall of Númenor History ofcompositionHistory ofMiddle-earth 1983–84 The Book of Lost Tales Ælfwine 1985 The Lays of Beleriand 1986 The Shaping of Middle-earth 1987 The Lost Road and Other Writings The Etymologies Lhammas 1988–92 The History of The Lord of the Rings The Notion Club Papers 1993 Morgoth's Ring 1994 The War of the Jewels 1996 The Peoples of Middle-earth Others John D. Rateliff 2007 The History of The Hobbit Carl F. Hostetter 2021 The Nature of Middle-earth FictionaluniversePeoples,monsters Ainur Maiar Balrogs Wizards Valar Dragons Ancalagon Smaug Dwarves Eagles Elves Half-elven Noldor Sundering Ents Hobbits Men Beornings Drúedain Dúnedain Orcs Trolls Characters First and Second Ages Celebrimbor Eärendil and Elwing Elendil Fëanor Fingolfin Finwë and Míriel Gil-galad Húrin Isildur Lúthien and Beren Melian Morgoth Thingol Tuor and Idril Túrin Turambar Ungoliant Third Age Elrond Galadriel Gandalf Glorfindel Goldberry Gollum Saruman Sauron Tom Bombadil Places First and Second Ages Beleriand Númenor Valinor Third Age Bree Esgaroth Gondor Harad Isengard Lonely Mountain Lothlórien Mirkwood Mordor Moria Rivendell Rohan The Shire Bag End Objects Mithril Palantír Red Book of Westmarch Rings of Power One Ring Silmarils Two Trees of Valinor List of weapons and armour AnalysisElements Artwork Family trees Heraldry Languages Adûnaic Black Speech Elvish Quenya Sindarin Khuzdul Maps Poetry Scripts Cirth Sarati Tengwar Themes Anachronism Ancestry as guide to character Architecture Christianity Cosmology Round World version Death and immortality Decline and fall Economy England Environmentalism First World War Forests Frame stories Heroism Light Luck and fate Magic Mental illness Modernism Moral dilemma Music Naming of weapons Northern courage Old Straight Road Paganism Plants Psychological journeys Quests Sound and language Time Trees Literary Tolkien's impact on fantasy Influences Beowulf Celtic Classical world Finnish language and literature Medieval Modern Norse Philology Shakespeare Prose style Ambiguity A mythology for England Geographic The Atlas of Middle-earth Journeys of Frodo A Map of Middle-earth Adaptations,legacyArtists Pauline Baynes Cor Blok Anke Eißmann Brothers Hildebrandt Jenny Dolfen Mary Fairburn Donato Giancola John Howe Tove Jansson Alexander Korotich Alan Lee Tom Loback Margrethe II of Denmark Ted Nasmith Composers Bo Hansson Johan de Meij Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings Howard Shore Music of The Lord of the Rings film series Music of The Hobbit film series Music of The Rings of Power TV series Blind Guardian Nightfall in Middle-Earth Settings Donald Swann The Road Goes Ever On Poems and Songs of Middle Earth The Tolkien Ensemble An Evening in Rivendell A Night in Rivendell At Dawn in Rivendell Leaving Rivendell Other media Middle-earth Enterprises Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien Film Tolkien Calendars Video games Things named after Tolkien and his works Literarycriticism The Complete Guide to Middle-earth A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien Master of Middle-Earth Picturing Tolkien J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion Perilous Realms The Road to Middle-Earth Splintered Light Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England' Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings A Tolkien Compass Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth Tolkien, Race and Cultural History Tolkien's Legendarium Tolkien and the Great War The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary vteThe Lord of the Rings J. R. R. Tolkien About Volumes The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Stories "The Shadow of the Past" "The Council of Elrond" "The Scouring of the Shire" "The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen" Translating List of translations Russian Swedish Reception Literary Fandom Oxonmoot Tolkienmoot Works inspired Tolkien's impact on fantasy AnalysisElements Artwork Family trees Heraldry Languages Black Speech Elvish Quenya Sindarin Khuzdul Maps Poetry A Elbereth Gilthoniel Namárië Song of Eärendil The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late The Road Goes Ever On A Walking Song Proverbs Themes Addiction to power Ancestry as guide to character Architecture Christianity Death and immortality Decline and fall Economy England Environmentalism Forests Heroism Luck and fate Magic Mental illness Moral dilemma Music Naming of weapons Northern courage Paganism Plants Psychological journeys Quests Race Sexuality Sound and language Time Trees Women Influences Antiquarianism Beowulf Celtic Classical world First World War Norse Medieval Modern sources Modernism A mythology for England Philology Shakespeare Techniques Anachronism Character pairing Editorial framing Frame stories Pseudotranslation Impression of depth Narrative structure Interlacing Prose style Ambiguity Epic Pooh PeoplesMaiar Balrogs Sauron Wizards Gandalf Radagast Saruman Freepeoples Dwarves Balin Gimli Elves Galadriel Glorfindel Half-elven Arwen Elrond Legolas Thranduil Ents Treebeard Hobbits Bilbo Frodo Merry Pippin Sam Men Beornings Drúedain Dúnedain Aragorn of Gondor Boromir Denethor Faramir of Rohan Éomer Éowyn Théoden Wormtongue Monsters Barrow-wight Gollum Nazgûl Witch-king of Angmar Old Man Willow Orcs Shelob Trolls Wargs Watcher in the Water Other Eagles Goldberry Tom Bombadil WorldGeography Eriador Bree Old Forest Rivendell The Shire Bag End Gondor Harad Lothlórien Mirkwood Moria Mordor Rohan Isengard Battles Helm's Deep Pelennor Fields Morannon Objects Mithril Palantírs Phial of Galadriel Rings of Power One Ring List of weapons and armour Relatedworks The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil Errantry Fastitocalon The Sea-Bell The Road Goes Ever On Bilbo's Last Song The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien The History of Middle-earth The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit Beren and Lúthien The Fall of Gondolin The Nature of Middle-earth Adaptations and derivative worksBooks Bored of the Rings (1969) The Last Ringbearer (1999) Muddle Earth (2003) Illustrations A Map of Middle-earth Pauline Baynes Barbara Remington John Howe Alan Lee Margrethe II of Denmark Ted Nasmith Theatre Fellowship! (2005) Lord of the Rings (2006) Music Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings (1972) Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings (1988) Led Zeppelin "Ramble On" (1969) "Misty Mountain Hop" (1971) "The Battle of Evermore" (1971) Radio The Lord of the Rings (BBC, 1955) The Lord of the Rings (NPR, 1979) Hordes of the Things (1980) The Lord of the Rings (BBC, 1981) Der Herr der Ringe (1992) FilmAnimated The Lord of the Rings (Bakshi, 1978) The Return of the King (Rankin/Bass, 1980) The War of the Rohirrim (2024) Peter Jacksonseries The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) The Two Towers (2002) The Return of the King (2003) Music "Concerning Hobbits" "Into the West" "May It Be" Approach Production Peter Jackson's interpretation Picturing Tolkien Other Sagan om ringen (1971) Khraniteli (1991) Hobitit (1993) The Rings of Power (2022) music Fan-made The Hunt for Gollum (2009) Born of Hope (2009) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two: Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol. I (1990) Vol. I (SNES) Riders of Rohan Elendor Vol. II: The Two Towers The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age Game Boy Advance The Battle for Middle-earth Tactics The Battle for Middle-earth II The Rise of the Witch-king Conquest Aragorn's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle-earth Shadow of Mordor Shadow of War Gollum Return to Moria The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm's Deep Mordor Minas Morgul War of Three Peaks Fate of Gundabad Before the Shadow Tabletop role-playing games Middle-earth Role Playing The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game The One Ring Roleplaying Game Adventures in Middle-earth Board games Middle Earth War of the Ring Gondor: The Siege of Minas Tirith Sauron Lord of the Rings War of the Ring Card games Middle-earth Collectible Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game Other games Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game Lego The Lord of the Rings vteThe Hobbit J. R. R. Tolkien Hobbit (word) Legendarium frame stories Middle-earth artwork Beowulf maps naming of weapons psychological journeys Editions English-language editions The Annotated Hobbit Translations Characters Bilbo Baggins Wizards Gandalf Radagast Dwarves Thorin Oakenshield Balin Goblins Trolls Gollum Eagles Beorn Elves Elrond the Elvenking Smaug Bard the Bowman The Necromancer Wargs Places Eriador The Shire Rivendell Rhovanion Mirkwood Esgaroth Lonely Mountain Related works The History of The Hobbit Bilbo's Last Song The Hobbit pinball machine AdaptationsRadio The Hobbit (1968) Film Gene Deitch's The Hobbit (1967) Rankin/Bass's The Hobbit (1977) Soviet The Hobbit (1985) Peter Jackson's series An Unexpected Journey (2012) The Desolation of Smaug (2013) The Battle of the Five Armies (2014) original characters music Video games The Hobbit (1982) The Hobbit (2003) Lego The Hobbit (2014) Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"impression of depth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impression_of_depth_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings"},{"link_name":"J. R. R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"family trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree"},{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings"},{"link_name":"The Silmarillion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silmarillion"},{"link_name":"Elves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elf_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"Dwarves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"Hobbits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobbit"},{"link_name":"Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"philologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philologist"},{"link_name":"aspects of character derive from ancestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry_as_guide_to_character_in_Tolkien%27s_legendarium"}],"text":"Family trees in Tolkien's Middle-earthTolkien's Middle-earth family trees contribute to the impression of depth and realism in the stories set in his fantasy world by showing that each character is rooted in history with a rich network of relationships. J. R. R. Tolkien included multiple family trees in both The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion; they are variously for Elves, Dwarves, Hobbits, and Men.The family trees gave Tolkien, a philologist, a way of exploring and developing the etymologies and relationships of the names of his characters. They imply, too, the fascination of his Hobbit characters with their family history. A further function was to show how aspects of character derive from ancestry.","title":"Tolkien's Middle-earth family trees"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Genealogies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings"},{"link_name":"Dwarves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"Hobbits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobbit"},{"link_name":"Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"[T 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Peoples of Middle-earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Peoples_of_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"[T 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"The Lord of the Rings","text":"The appendices to The Lord of the Rings provide family trees for Dwarves, Hobbits, and Men. The Hobbit trees are introduced with the words \"The names given in these Trees are only a selection from many.\"[T 2] Their development is chronicled in The Peoples of Middle-earth; it records that the Boffin and Bolger family trees were typed up for inclusion in Appendix C but were dropped at the last moment, apparently for reasons of space.[T 3]","title":"Genealogies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Silmarillion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silmarillion"},{"link_name":"Elves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elf_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"Finwë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finw%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Fëanor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ABanor"},{"link_name":"Galadriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galadriel"},{"link_name":"Lúthien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BAthien"},{"link_name":"Beren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beren"},{"link_name":"Hurin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurin"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"Eärendil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%A4rendil"},{"link_name":"[T 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Christopher Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien"},{"link_name":"Unfinished Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfinished_Tales"},{"link_name":"The Book of Lost Tales II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Lost_Tales_II"},{"link_name":"The Lays of Beleriand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lays_of_Beleriand"},{"link_name":"Tom Loback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Loback"},{"link_name":"Mythlore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythlore"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoback1987article_7-7"}],"sub_title":"The Silmarillion","text":"The Silmarillion provides family trees for the Elves Finwë, father of Fëanor, and Olwë, ancestor of Galadriel and Lúthien; the Man Bëor the Old, ancestor of Beren, Hurin, and Turin; and of Hador, ancestor of Eärendil the mariner.[T 4] In The Silmarillion, Tolkien described an extraordinarily complex set of family relationships, feuds, and migrations of family subgroups within the various lineages of Elves. The lengthy course of development of all these is detailed by Christopher Tolkien in Unfinished Tales, The Book of Lost Tales II, and The Lays of Beleriand. The family trees and resulting populations have been explored by Tom Loback in Mythlore.[2]","title":"Genealogies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Impression of depth in The Lord of the Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impression_of_depth_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings"},{"link_name":"Tolkien's maps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkien%27s_maps"},{"link_name":"Jason Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Fisher"},{"link_name":"J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"Icelandic sagas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_sagas"},{"link_name":"Middle-earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"impression of depth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impression_of_depth_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings"},{"link_name":"secondary world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_world"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher2013188%E2%80%93189-3"},{"link_name":"The Two Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Two_Towers"},{"link_name":"Gandalf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandalf"},{"link_name":"Théoden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9oden"},{"link_name":"[T 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Road_to_Isengard-8"},{"link_name":"on the edge of ruin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isengard#Destruction"},{"link_name":"[T 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Road_to_Isengard-8"},{"link_name":"philologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philologist"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher2013188%E2%80%93189-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher2013188%E2%80%93189-3"},{"link_name":"the framing fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkien%27s_frame_stories"},{"link_name":"Red Book of Westmarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Book_of_Westmarch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher2013188%E2%80%93189-3"},{"link_name":"[T 6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"ancestries, and hence different aspects of character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry_as_guide_to_character_in_Tolkien%27s_legendarium"},{"link_name":"Bilbo Baggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbo_Baggins"},{"link_name":"The Hobbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hobbit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher2013188%E2%80%93189-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher2013188%E2%80%93189-3"},{"link_name":"Edain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher2013188%E2%80%93189-3"}],"text":"Further information: Impression of depth in The Lord of the Rings and Tolkien's mapsJason Fisher, in the J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia, writes that Tolkien's family trees serve multiple functions. They define the ancestry of both heroes and villains, along with all their relationships, just as in the medieval Icelandic sagas which Tolkien studied carefully. In this way, Tolkien was placing the Middle-earth sagas in a definite tradition. Secondly, the family trees provide a powerful impression of depth, bringing \"essential details, texture, and verisimilitude\" to his secondary world.[1] In The Two Towers, the Wizard Gandalf jokingly warns Théoden, King of Rohan, of the ways of Hobbits with family affairs:[T 5]'You do not know your danger, Theoden', interrupted Gandalf. 'These hobbits will sit on the edge of ruin and discuss the pleasures of the table, or the small doings of their fathers, grandfathers, and great-grandfathers, and remoter cousins to the ninth degree, if you encourage them with undue patience.'[T 5]Thirdly, the trees allowed him, as a philologist, to develop, explore, and play with the etymologies and relationships of the names of his characters, something that he much enjoyed.[b][1] Fourthly, the family trees helped to guide him while writing to avoid mistakes in describing relationships.[1] Fifthly, the Hobbit-style genealogies imitate the hobbitic fascination with family history; Tolkien maintained the framing fiction that The Lord of the Rings was, in fact, the Red Book of Westmarch written entirely by Hobbits. Tolkien says as much in the novel's prologue:[1]All hobbits were, in any case, clannish and reckoned up their relationships with great care. They drew long and elaborate family-trees with innumerable branches. In dealing with hobbits it is important to remember who is related to whom, and in what degree.[T 6]Yet another function was to show how different ancestries, and hence different aspects of character, come together in some of the characters. Bilbo Baggins, eponymous protagonist of The Hobbit, was born to a genteel Baggins and an adventurous Took, while his cousin (often familiarly described as his nephew) and heir Frodo was the child of a Baggins and a relatively outlandish Brandybuck.[1] \nFinally, the trees mention which Hobbits had children and which did not, thus giving the impression that the story continues after the end of the book, reinforcing the impression of depth.[1]Fisher states that in The Silmarillion, the family trees work the same way, but the tales, told as ancient legends rather than in-the-moment action, are narrated from the points of view of Elves or sometimes of Men (Edain). Here the trees help with a different function, namely to visualise the splitting and mixing of family lines, mirroring the bitter family feuds among The Silmarillion's Elves.[1]","title":"Effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tolkien's Middle-earth artefacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkien%27s_artwork"},{"link_name":"Bodleian Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Library"},{"link_name":"fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy"},{"link_name":"map their kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkien%27s_maps"},{"link_name":"languages for their characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes2018-12"},{"link_name":"Mythlore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythlore"},{"link_name":"ents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ent"},{"link_name":"Gondor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondor"},{"link_name":"Rohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohan_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Inklings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inklings"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe1996article_47-13"}],"text":"Malcolm Forbes, reviewing Catherine McIlwaine's exhibition of Tolkien's Middle-earth artefacts at the Bodleian Library, commented that \"his realm of Middle-earth [is] the product of a fecund imagination, fierce intelligence and creative prowess. Few fantasy writers so meticulously map their kingdoms, or invent legends, family trees and even languages for their characters.\"[4]Dwayne Thorpe comments in Mythlore that family trees are one of the elements that Tolkien used to make Middle-earth seem real:Elves and dwarves are drawn partly from tradition, of course. But Tolkien uses the same process to make his own inventions: ents who are as ancient as their immemorial forest, and who boom and mutter about history and tales and the growth of words like a certain prominent philologist; the regal, civilized men of Gondor with their complex system of law, seven-volumed history, and seven-tiered city; the horsey riders of Rohan, their humanized horses, and the rolling horse-meadows which create both; and Hobbits, their furry toes, inns, six meals a day, and absorption in family trees drawn from the comfortable associations of rural Oxfordshire and the habits of Inklings. He was ingenious at abstracting qualities from their normal locations and fusing them with his own inventions to produce cultures, geography, languages, creatures.[5]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Frodo Baggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frodo_Baggins"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarth202020-9"}],"text":"^ The full tree is shown in the article on Frodo Baggins.\n\n^ Many of the Hobbit surnames in the Baggins family tree, such as Boffin, Bolger, Bunce, Chubb, and Hornblower are real English surnames. For example, Boffin's Bakery was a cake shop in Oxford.[3]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fisher, Jason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Drout, Michael D. C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout"},{"link_name":"J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-415-86511-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1"},{"link_name":"\"Stunning new exhibition explores Tolkien's life, work and legacy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/art/stunning-new-exhibition-explores-tolkien-s-life-work-and-legacy-1.745726"},{"link_name":"Garth, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Garth_(author)"},{"link_name":"Tolkien's Worlds: The Places That Inspired the Writer's Imagination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=JMjgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7112-4127-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-4127-5"},{"link_name":"Loback, Tom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Loback"},{"link_name":"\"The Kindreds, Houses & Population of the Elves during the First Age\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol14/iss1/7"},{"link_name":"Mythlore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythlore"},{"link_name":"\"Tolkien's Elvish Craft\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol21/iss2/47"},{"link_name":"Mythlore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythlore"},{"link_name":"Tolkien, J. R. R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"The Fellowship of the Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring"},{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings"},{"link_name":"Houghton Mifflin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9552942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/9552942"},{"link_name":"Tolkien, J. R. R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"The Two Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Two_Towers"},{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings"},{"link_name":"Houghton Mifflin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1042159111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1042159111"},{"link_name":"Tolkien, J. R. R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"The Return of the King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King"},{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings"},{"link_name":"Houghton Mifflin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"519647821","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/519647821"},{"link_name":"Tolkien, J. R. R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"Christopher Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien"},{"link_name":"The Silmarillion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silmarillion"},{"link_name":"Houghton Mifflin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-395-25730-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-25730-2"},{"link_name":"Tolkien, J. R. R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"Christopher Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien"},{"link_name":"The Peoples of Middle-earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Peoples_of_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"Houghton Mifflin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-395-82760-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-82760-4"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"Middle-earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"J. R. R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"Bibliography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien_bibliography"},{"link_name":"Canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-earth_canon"},{"link_name":"Legendarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium"},{"link_name":"Outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"The Hobbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hobbit"},{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings"},{"link_name":"The Fellowship of the Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring"},{"link_name":"The Shadow of the Past","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadow_of_the_Past"},{"link_name":"The Council of Elrond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Council_of_Elrond"},{"link_name":"The Two Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Two_Towers"},{"link_name":"The Return of the King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King"},{"link_name":"The Scouring of the Shire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scouring_of_the_Shire"},{"link_name":"The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tale_of_Aragorn_and_Arwen"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Tom Bombadil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tom_Bombadil"},{"link_name":"The Silmarillion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silmarillion"},{"link_name":"Ainulindalë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainulindal%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Unfinished Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfinished_Tales"},{"link_name":"The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"Bilbo's Last Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbo%27s_Last_Song"},{"link_name":"The Children of Húrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Children_of_H%C3%BArin"},{"link_name":"Beren and Lúthien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beren_and_L%C3%BAthien"},{"link_name":"The Fall of Gondolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fall_of_Gondolin"},{"link_name":"The Fall of Númenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fall_of_N%C3%BAmenor"},{"link_name":"History ofMiddle-earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"The Book of Lost Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Lost_Tales"},{"link_name":"Ælfwine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfwine_(Tolkien)"},{"link_name":"The Lays of Beleriand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lays_of_Beleriand"},{"link_name":"The Shaping of Middle-earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shaping_of_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"The Lost Road and Other Writings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Road_and_Other_Writings"},{"link_name":"The Etymologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Etymologies_(Tolkien)"},{"link_name":"Lhammas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhammas"},{"link_name":"The History of The Lord of the Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings"},{"link_name":"The Notion Club Papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Notion_Club_Papers"},{"link_name":"Morgoth's Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgoth%27s_Ring"},{"link_name":"The War of the Jewels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jewels"},{"link_name":"The Peoples of Middle-earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Peoples_of_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"John D. 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Isengard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Rise_of_Isengard"},{"link_name":"Riders of Rohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Riders_of_Rohan"},{"link_name":"Helm's Deep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Helm%27s_Deep"},{"link_name":"Mordor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Mordor"},{"link_name":"Minas Morgul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Minas_Morgul"},{"link_name":"War of Three Peaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_War_of_Three_Peaks"},{"link_name":"Fate of Gundabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Fate_of_Gundabad"},{"link_name":"Before the Shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Before_the_Shadow"},{"link_name":"Middle-earth Role Playing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-earth_Role_Playing"},{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Roleplaying_Game"},{"link_name":"The One Ring Roleplaying Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_One_Ring_Roleplaying_Game"},{"link_name":"Adventures in Middle-earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures_in_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"Middle Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Earth_(board_game)"},{"link_name":"War of the Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Ring_(SPI_game)"},{"link_name":"Gondor: The Siege of Minas Tirith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondor:_The_Siege_of_Minas_Tirith"},{"link_name":"Sauron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauron_(game)"},{"link_name":"Lord of the Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_the_Rings_(board_game)"},{"link_name":"War of the Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Ring_(board_game)"},{"link_name":"Middle-earth Collectible Card Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-earth_Collectible_Card_Game"},{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Trading_Card_Game"},{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Card_Game"},{"link_name":"Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-earth_Strategy_Battle_Game"},{"link_name":"Lego The Lord of the Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_The_Lord_of_the_Rings"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hobbit"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Hobbit"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hobbit"},{"link_name":"The Hobbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hobbit"},{"link_name":"J. R. R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"Hobbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobbit"},{"link_name":"(word)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobbit_(word)"},{"link_name":"Legendarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium"},{"link_name":"frame stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkien%27s_frame_stories"},{"link_name":"Middle-earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"artwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkien%27s_artwork"},{"link_name":"Beowulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf_and_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"maps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkien%27s_maps"},{"link_name":"naming of weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_of_weapons_in_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"psychological journeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_journeys_of_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"English-language editions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-language_editions_of_The_Hobbit"},{"link_name":"The Annotated Hobbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Annotated_Hobbit"},{"link_name":"Translations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translations_of_The_Hobbit"},{"link_name":"Characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Hobbit_characters"},{"link_name":"Bilbo Baggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbo_Baggins"},{"link_name":"Wizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizards_in_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"Gandalf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandalf"},{"link_name":"Radagast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radagast"},{"link_name":"Dwarves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarves_in_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"Thorin Oakenshield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorin_Oakenshield"},{"link_name":"Balin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balin_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"Goblins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orc"},{"link_name":"Trolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolls_in_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"Gollum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gollum"},{"link_name":"Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagles_in_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"Beorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beorn"},{"link_name":"Elves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elves_in_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"Elrond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elrond"},{"link_name":"the Elvenking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thranduil"},{"link_name":"Smaug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smaug"},{"link_name":"Bard the Bowman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bard_the_Bowman"},{"link_name":"The Necromancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauron"},{"link_name":"Wargs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warg"},{"link_name":"Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"The Shire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shire"},{"link_name":"Rivendell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivendell"},{"link_name":"Mirkwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirkwood"},{"link_name":"Esgaroth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esgaroth"},{"link_name":"Lonely Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonely_Mountain"},{"link_name":"The History of The Hobbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_of_The_Hobbit"},{"link_name":"Bilbo's Last Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbo%27s_Last_Song"},{"link_name":"The Hobbit pinball machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hobbit_(pinball)"},{"link_name":"Adaptations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptations_of_The_Hobbit"},{"link_name":"The Hobbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hobbit_(radio_series)"},{"link_name":"The Hobbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hobbit_(1967_film)"},{"link_name":"The Hobbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hobbit_(1977_film)"},{"link_name":"The Hobbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hobbit_(1985_film)"},{"link_name":"Peter Jackson's series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hobbit_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"An Unexpected Journey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hobbit:_An_Unexpected_Journey"},{"link_name":"The Desolation of Smaug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hobbit:_The_Desolation_of_Smaug"},{"link_name":"The Battle of the Five Armies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hobbit:_The_Battle_of_the_Five_Armies"},{"link_name":"original characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_original_characters_in_The_Hobbit_film_series"},{"link_name":"music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_The_Hobbit_film_series"},{"link_name":"The Hobbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hobbit_(1982_video_game)"},{"link_name":"The Hobbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hobbit_(2003_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Lego The Hobbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_The_Hobbit"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:The_Hobbit"}],"text":"Fisher, Jason (2013) [2007]. \"Family Trees\". In Drout, Michael D. C. (ed.). J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment. Routledge. pp. 188–189. ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1.\nForbes, Malcolm (30 June 2018). \"Stunning new exhibition explores Tolkien's life, work and legacy\". The National. Retrieved 10 July 2020.\nGarth, John (2020). Tolkien's Worlds: The Places That Inspired the Writer's Imagination. Quarto Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7112-4127-5.\nLoback, Tom (1987). \"The Kindreds, Houses & Population of the Elves during the First Age\". Mythlore. 14 (1). article 7.\nThorpe, Dwayne (1996). \"Tolkien's Elvish Craft\". Mythlore. 21 (1). article 47.\nTolkien, J. R. R. (1954a). The Fellowship of the Ring. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 9552942.\nTolkien, J. R. R. (1954). The Two Towers. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 1042159111.\nTolkien, J. R. R. (1955). The Return of the King. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 519647821.\nTolkien, J. R. R. (1977). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). The Silmarillion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-25730-2.\nTolkien, J. R. R. (1996). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). The Peoples of Middle-earth. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-82760-4.vteMiddle-earth\nJ. R. R. Tolkien\nBibliography\nCanon\nLegendarium\nOutline\nWorksIn Tolkien'slifetime\n1937 The Hobbit\n1954-55 The Lord of the Rings\nThe Fellowship of the Ring\n\"The Shadow of the Past\"\n\"The Council of Elrond\"\nThe Two Towers\nThe Return of the King\n\"The Scouring of the Shire\"\n\"The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen\"\n1962 The Adventures of Tom Bombadil\nPosthumous\n1977 The Silmarillion\n\"Ainulindalë\"\n1980 Unfinished Tales\n1981 The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien\n1990 Bilbo's Last Song\nThe three \"Great Tales\"\n2007 The Children of Húrin\n2017 Beren and Lúthien\n2018 The Fall of Gondolin\n2022 The Fall of Númenor\nHistory ofcompositionHistory ofMiddle-earth\n[1–2] 1983–84 The Book of Lost Tales\nÆlfwine\n[3] 1985 The Lays of Beleriand\n[4] 1986 The Shaping of Middle-earth\n[5] 1987 The Lost Road and Other Writings\nThe Etymologies\nLhammas\n[6–9] 1988–92 The History of The Lord of the Rings\nThe Notion Club Papers\n[10] 1993 Morgoth's Ring\n[11] 1994 The War of the Jewels\n[12] 1996 The Peoples of Middle-earth\nOthers\nJohn D. Rateliff\n2007 The History of The Hobbit\nCarl F. Hostetter\n2021 The Nature of Middle-earth\nFictionaluniversePeoples,monsters\nAinur\nMaiar\nBalrogs\nWizards\nValar\nDragons\nAncalagon\nSmaug\nDwarves\nEagles\nElves\nHalf-elven\nNoldor\nSundering\nEnts\nHobbits\nMen\nBeornings\nDrúedain\nDúnedain\nOrcs\nTrolls\nCharacters\nFirst and Second Ages\nCelebrimbor\nEärendil and Elwing\nElendil\nFëanor\nFingolfin\nFinwë and Míriel\nGil-galad\nHúrin\nIsildur\nLúthien and Beren\nMelian\nMorgoth\nThingol\nTuor and Idril\nTúrin Turambar\nUngoliant\nThird Age\nElrond\nGaladriel\nGandalf\nGlorfindel\nGoldberry\nGollum\nSaruman\nSauron\nTom Bombadil\nPlaces\nFirst and Second Ages\nBeleriand\nNúmenor\nValinor\nThird Age\nBree\nEsgaroth\nGondor\nHarad\nIsengard\nLonely Mountain\nLothlórien\nMirkwood\nMordor\nMoria\nRivendell\nRohan\nThe Shire\nBag End\nObjects\nMithril\nPalantír\nRed Book of Westmarch\nRings of Power\nOne Ring\nSilmarils\nTwo Trees of Valinor\nList of weapons and armour\nAnalysisElements\nArtwork\nFamily trees\nHeraldry\nLanguages\nAdûnaic\nBlack Speech\nElvish\nQuenya\nSindarin\nKhuzdul\nMaps\nPoetry\nScripts\nCirth\nSarati\nTengwar\nThemes\nAnachronism\nAncestry as guide to character\nArchitecture\nChristianity\nCosmology\nRound World version\nDeath and immortality\nDecline and fall\nEconomy\nEngland\nEnvironmentalism\nFirst World War\nForests\nFrame stories\nHeroism\nLight\nLuck and fate\nMagic\nMental illness\nModernism\nMoral dilemma\nMusic\nNaming of weapons\nNorthern courage\nOld Straight Road\nPaganism\nPlants\nPsychological journeys\nQuests\nSound and language\nTime\nTrees\nLiterary\nTolkien's impact on fantasy\nInfluences\nBeowulf\nCeltic\nClassical world\nFinnish language and literature\nMedieval\nModern\nNorse\nPhilology\nShakespeare\nProse style\nAmbiguity\nA mythology for England\nGeographic\nThe Atlas of Middle-earth\nJourneys of Frodo\nA Map of Middle-earth\nAdaptations,legacyArtists\nPauline Baynes\nCor Blok\nAnke Eißmann\nBrothers Hildebrandt\nJenny Dolfen\nMary Fairburn\nDonato Giancola\nJohn Howe\nTove Jansson\nAlexander Korotich\nAlan Lee\nTom Loback\nMargrethe II of Denmark\nTed Nasmith\nComposers\nBo Hansson\nJohan de Meij\nSymphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings\nHoward Shore\nMusic of The Lord of the Rings film series\nMusic of The Hobbit film series\nMusic of The Rings of Power TV series\nBlind Guardian\nNightfall in Middle-Earth\nSettings\nDonald Swann\nThe Road Goes Ever On\nPoems and Songs of Middle Earth\nThe Tolkien Ensemble\nAn Evening in Rivendell\nA Night in Rivendell\nAt Dawn in Rivendell\nLeaving Rivendell\nOther media\nMiddle-earth Enterprises\nWorks inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien\nFilm\nTolkien Calendars\nVideo games\nThings named after Tolkien and his works\nLiterarycriticism\nThe Complete Guide to Middle-earth\nA Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien\nMaster of Middle-Earth\nPicturing Tolkien\nJ. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century\nThe J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide\nThe J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia\nThe Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion\nPerilous Realms\nThe Road to Middle-Earth\nSplintered Light\nTolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'\nTolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings\nA Tolkien Compass\nTolkien: Maker of Middle-earth\nTolkien, Race and Cultural History\nTolkien's Legendarium\nTolkien and the Great War\nThe Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien\nThe Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English DictionaryvteThe Lord of the Rings\nJ. R. R. Tolkien\nAbout\nVolumes\nThe Fellowship of the Ring\nThe Two Towers\nThe Return of the King\nStories\n\"The Shadow of the Past\"\n\"The Council of Elrond\"\n\"The Scouring of the Shire\"\n\"The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen\"\nTranslating\nList of translations\nRussian\nSwedish\nReception\nLiterary\nFandom\nOxonmoot\nTolkienmoot\nWorks inspired\nTolkien's impact on fantasy\nAnalysisElements\nArtwork\nFamily trees\nHeraldry\nLanguages\nBlack Speech\nElvish\nQuenya\nSindarin\nKhuzdul\nMaps\nPoetry\nA Elbereth Gilthoniel\nNamárië\nSong of Eärendil\nThe Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late\nThe Road Goes Ever On\nA Walking Song\nProverbs\nThemes\nAddiction to power\nAncestry as guide to character\nArchitecture\nChristianity\nDeath and immortality\nDecline and fall\nEconomy\nEngland\nEnvironmentalism\nForests\nHeroism\nLuck and fate\nMagic\nMental illness\nMoral dilemma\nMusic\nNaming of weapons\nNorthern courage\nPaganism\nPlants\nPsychological journeys\nQuests\nRace\nSexuality\nSound and language\nTime\nTrees\nWomen\nInfluences\nAntiquarianism\nBeowulf\nCeltic\nClassical world\nFirst World War\nNorse\nMedieval\nModern sources\nModernism\nA mythology for England\nPhilology\nShakespeare\nTechniques\nAnachronism\nCharacter pairing\nEditorial framing\nFrame stories\nPseudotranslation\nImpression of depth\nNarrative structure\nInterlacing\nProse style\nAmbiguity\nEpic Pooh\nPeoplesMaiar\nBalrogs\nSauron\nWizards\nGandalf\nRadagast\nSaruman\nFreepeoples\nDwarves\nBalin\nGimli\nElves\nGaladriel\nGlorfindel\nHalf-elven\nArwen\nElrond\nLegolas\nThranduil\nEnts\nTreebeard\nHobbits\nBilbo\nFrodo\nMerry\nPippin\nSam\nMen\nBeornings\nDrúedain\nDúnedain\nAragorn\nof Gondor\nBoromir\nDenethor\nFaramir\nof Rohan\nÉomer\nÉowyn\nThéoden\nWormtongue\nMonsters\nBarrow-wight\nGollum\nNazgûl\nWitch-king of Angmar\nOld Man Willow\nOrcs\nShelob\nTrolls\nWargs\nWatcher in the Water\nOther\nEagles\nGoldberry\nTom Bombadil\nWorldGeography\nEriador\nBree\nOld Forest\nRivendell\nThe Shire\nBag End\nGondor\nHarad\nLothlórien\nMirkwood\nMoria\nMordor\nRohan\nIsengard\nBattles\nHelm's Deep\nPelennor Fields\nMorannon\nObjects\nMithril\nPalantírs\nPhial of Galadriel\nRings of Power\nOne Ring\nList of weapons and armour\nRelatedworks\nThe Hobbit\nThe Adventures of Tom Bombadil\nErrantry\nFastitocalon\nThe Sea-Bell\nThe Road Goes Ever On\nBilbo's Last Song\nThe Silmarillion\nUnfinished Tales\nThe Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien\nThe History of Middle-earth\nThe Children of Húrin\nThe History of The Hobbit\nBeren and Lúthien\nThe Fall of Gondolin\nThe Nature of Middle-earth\nAdaptations and derivative worksBooks\nBored of the Rings (1969)\nThe Last Ringbearer (1999)\nMuddle Earth (2003)\nIllustrations\nA Map of Middle-earth\nPauline Baynes\nBarbara Remington\nJohn Howe\nAlan Lee\nMargrethe II of Denmark\nTed Nasmith\nTheatre\nFellowship! (2005)\nLord of the Rings (2006)\nMusic\nMusic Inspired by Lord of the Rings (1972)\nSymphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings (1988)\nLed Zeppelin\n\"Ramble On\" (1969)\n\"Misty Mountain Hop\" (1971)\n\"The Battle of Evermore\" (1971)\nRadio\nThe Lord of the Rings (BBC, 1955)\nThe Lord of the Rings (NPR, 1979)\nHordes of the Things (1980)\nThe Lord of the Rings (BBC, 1981)\nDer Herr der Ringe (1992)\nFilmAnimated\nThe Lord of the Rings (Bakshi, 1978)\nThe Return of the King (Rankin/Bass, 1980)\nThe War of the Rohirrim (2024)\nPeter Jacksonseries\nThe Fellowship of the Ring (2001)\nThe Two Towers (2002)\nThe Return of the King (2003)\nMusic\n\"Concerning Hobbits\"\n\"Into the West\"\n\"May It Be\"\nApproach\nProduction\nPeter Jackson's interpretation\nPicturing Tolkien\nOther\nSagan om ringen (1971)\nKhraniteli (1991)\nHobitit (1993)\nThe Rings of Power (2022)\nmusic\nFan-made\nThe Hunt for Gollum (2009)\nBorn of Hope (2009)\nVideo games\nJourney to Rivendell\nGame One\nGame Two: Shadows of Mordor\nWar in Middle Earth\nVol. I (1990)\nVol. I (SNES)\nRiders of Rohan\nElendor\nVol. II: The Two Towers\nThe Fellowship of the Ring\nThe Two Towers\nThe Return of the King\nWar of the Ring\nThe Third Age\nGame Boy Advance\nThe Battle for Middle-earth\nTactics\nThe Battle for Middle-earth II\nThe Rise of the Witch-king\nConquest\nAragorn's Quest\nWar in the North\nLego The Lord of the Rings\nGuardians of Middle-earth\nShadow of Mordor\nShadow of War\nGollum\nReturn to Moria\nThe Lord of the Rings Online\nMines of Moria\nSiege of Mirkwood\nRise of Isengard\nRiders of Rohan\nHelm's Deep\nMordor\nMinas Morgul\nWar of Three Peaks\nFate of Gundabad\nBefore the Shadow\n\nTabletop role-playing games\nMiddle-earth Role Playing\nThe Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game\nThe One Ring Roleplaying Game\nAdventures in Middle-earth\nBoard games\nMiddle Earth\nWar of the Ring\nGondor: The Siege of Minas Tirith\nSauron\nLord of the Rings\nWar of the Ring\nCard games\nMiddle-earth Collectible Card Game\nThe Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Card Game\nOther games\nMiddle-earth Strategy Battle Game\nLego The Lord of the RingsvteThe Hobbit\nJ. R. R. Tolkien\nHobbit (word)\nLegendarium\nframe stories\nMiddle-earth\nartwork\nBeowulf\nmaps\nnaming of weapons\npsychological journeys\nEditions\nEnglish-language editions\nThe Annotated Hobbit\nTranslations\nCharacters\nBilbo Baggins\nWizards\nGandalf\nRadagast\nDwarves\nThorin Oakenshield\nBalin\nGoblins\nTrolls\nGollum\nEagles\nBeorn\nElves\nElrond\nthe Elvenking\nSmaug\nBard the Bowman\nThe Necromancer\nWargs\nPlaces\nEriador\nThe Shire\nRivendell\nRhovanion\nMirkwood\nEsgaroth\nLonely Mountain\nRelated works\nThe History of The Hobbit\nBilbo's Last Song\nThe Hobbit pinball machine\nAdaptationsRadio\nThe Hobbit (1968)\nFilm\nGene Deitch's The Hobbit (1967)\nRankin/Bass's The Hobbit (1977)\nSoviet The Hobbit (1985)\nPeter Jackson's series\nAn Unexpected Journey (2012)\nThe Desolation of Smaug (2013)\nThe Battle of the Five Armies (2014)\noriginal characters\nmusic\nVideo games\nThe Hobbit (1982)\nThe Hobbit (2003)\nLego The Hobbit (2014)\n\n Category","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Fisher, Jason (2013) [2007]. \"Family Trees\". In Drout, Michael D. C. (ed.). J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment. Routledge. pp. 188–189. ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Fisher","url_text":"Fisher, Jason"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout","url_text":"Drout, Michael D. C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia","url_text":"J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1","url_text":"978-0-415-86511-1"}]},{"reference":"Forbes, Malcolm (30 June 2018). \"Stunning new exhibition explores Tolkien's life, work and legacy\". The National. Retrieved 10 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/art/stunning-new-exhibition-explores-tolkien-s-life-work-and-legacy-1.745726","url_text":"\"Stunning new exhibition explores Tolkien's life, work and legacy\""}]},{"reference":"Garth, John (2020). Tolkien's Worlds: The Places That Inspired the Writer's Imagination. Quarto Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7112-4127-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Garth_(author)","url_text":"Garth, John"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JMjgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20","url_text":"Tolkien's Worlds: The Places That Inspired the Writer's Imagination"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-4127-5","url_text":"978-0-7112-4127-5"}]},{"reference":"Loback, Tom (1987). \"The Kindreds, Houses & Population of the Elves during the First Age\". Mythlore. 14 (1). article 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Loback","url_text":"Loback, Tom"},{"url":"https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol14/iss1/7","url_text":"\"The Kindreds, Houses & Population of the Elves during the First Age\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythlore","url_text":"Mythlore"}]},{"reference":"Thorpe, Dwayne (1996). \"Tolkien's Elvish Craft\". Mythlore. 21 (1). article 47.","urls":[{"url":"https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol21/iss2/47","url_text":"\"Tolkien's Elvish Craft\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythlore","url_text":"Mythlore"}]},{"reference":"Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954a). The Fellowship of the Ring. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 9552942.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien","url_text":"Tolkien, J. R. R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring","url_text":"The Fellowship of the Ring"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings","url_text":"The Lord of the Rings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin","url_text":"Houghton Mifflin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9552942","url_text":"9552942"}]},{"reference":"Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954). The Two Towers. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 1042159111.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien","url_text":"Tolkien, J. R. R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Two_Towers","url_text":"The Two Towers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings","url_text":"The Lord of the Rings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin","url_text":"Houghton Mifflin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1042159111","url_text":"1042159111"}]},{"reference":"Tolkien, J. R. R. (1955). The Return of the King. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 519647821.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien","url_text":"Tolkien, J. R. R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King","url_text":"The Return of the King"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings","url_text":"The Lord of the Rings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin","url_text":"Houghton Mifflin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/519647821","url_text":"519647821"}]},{"reference":"Tolkien, J. R. R. (1977). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). The Silmarillion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-25730-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien","url_text":"Tolkien, J. R. R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien","url_text":"Christopher Tolkien"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silmarillion","url_text":"The Silmarillion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin","url_text":"Houghton Mifflin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-25730-2","url_text":"978-0-395-25730-2"}]},{"reference":"Tolkien, J. R. R. (1996). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). The Peoples of Middle-earth. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-82760-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien","url_text":"Tolkien, J. R. R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien","url_text":"Christopher Tolkien"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Peoples_of_Middle-earth","url_text":"The Peoples of Middle-earth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin","url_text":"Houghton Mifflin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-82760-4","url_text":"978-0-395-82760-4"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/The_Family_Trees","external_links_name":"Tolkien Gateway"},{"Link":"https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/art/stunning-new-exhibition-explores-tolkien-s-life-work-and-legacy-1.745726","external_links_name":"\"Stunning new exhibition explores Tolkien's life, work and legacy\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JMjgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20","external_links_name":"Tolkien's Worlds: The Places That Inspired the Writer's Imagination"},{"Link":"https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol14/iss1/7","external_links_name":"\"The Kindreds, Houses & Population of the Elves during the First Age\""},{"Link":"https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol21/iss2/47","external_links_name":"\"Tolkien's Elvish Craft\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9552942","external_links_name":"9552942"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1042159111","external_links_name":"1042159111"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/519647821","external_links_name":"519647821"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graja_de_Campalbo	Graja de Campalbo	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 39°54′N 1°16′W / 39.900°N 1.267°W / 39.900; -1.267Municipality in Castile-La Mancha, SpainGraja de CampalboMunicipalityGraja de Campalbo, Cuenca, Spain- Panoramic view.Graja de CampalboShow map of SpainGraja de CampalboShow map of Castilla-La ManchaCoordinates: 39°54′N 1°16′W / 39.900°N 1.267°W / 39.900; -1.267Country SpainAutonomous community Castile-La ManchaProvince CuencaPopulation (2018) • Total93Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST) Graja de Campalbo is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 134. References ^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute. External links Media related to Graja de Campalbo at Wikimedia Commons vteMunicipalities in the province of Cuenca Abia de la Obispalía Alarcón Albaladejo del Cuende Albalate de las Nogueras Albendea Alcalá de la Vega Alcantud Alcohujate Alconchel de la Estrella Alcázar del Rey Algarra Aliaguilla Almendros Almodóvar del Pinar Almonacid del Marquesado Altarejos Arandilla del Arroyo Arcas Arcos de la Sierra Arguisuelas Arrancacepas Atalaya del Cañavate Barajas de Melo Barchín del Hoyo Bascuñana de San Pedro Beamud Belinchón Belmonte Belmontejo Beteta Boniches Buciegas Buenache de Alarcón Buenache de la Sierra Buendía Campillo de Altobuey Campillos-Paravientos Campillos-Sierra Campos del Paraíso Cañada Juncosa Cañada del Hoyo Canalejas del Arroyo Cañamares Cañaveras Cañaveruelas Cañete Cañizares Carboneras de Guadazaón Cardenete Carrascosa Carrascosa de Haro Casas de Benítez Casas de Fernando Alonso Casas de Garcimolina Casas de Guijarro Casas de Haro Casas de los Pinos Casasimarro Castejón Castillejo de Iniesta Castillejo-Sierra Castillo de Garcimuñoz Castillo-Albaráñez Cervera del Llano Chillarón de Cuenca Chumillas Cuenca Cueva del Hierro El Acebrón El Cañavate El Herrumblar El Hito El Pedernoso El Peral El Picazo El Pozuelo El Provencio El Valle de Altomira Enguídanos Fresneda de Altarejos Fresneda de la Sierra Fuente de Pedro Naharro Fuentelespino de Haro Fuentelespino de Moya Fuentenava de Jábaga Fuentes Fuertescusa Gabaldón Garaballa Gascueña Graja de Campalbo Graja de Iniesta Henarejos Honrubia Hontanaya Hontecillas Horcajo de Santiago Huelves Huerta de la Obispalía Huerta del Marquesado Huete Huélamo Huérguina Iniesta La Alberca de Záncara La Almarcha La Cierva La Frontera La Hinojosa La Parra de las Vegas La Peraleja La Pesquera Laguna del Marquesado Lagunaseca Landete Las Majadas Las Mesas Las Pedroñeras Las Valeras Ledaña Leganiel Los Hinojosos Los Valdecolmenas Mariana Masegosa Minglanilla Mira Monreal del Llano Montalbanejo Montalbo Monteagudo de las Salinas Mota de Altarejos Mota del Cuervo Motilla del Palancar Moya Narboneta Olivares de Júcar Olmeda de la Cuesta Olmeda del Rey Olmedilla de Alarcón Olmedilla de Eliz Osa de la Vega Pajaroncillo Pajarón Palomares del Campo Palomera Paracuellos Paredes Pinarejo Pineda de Gigüela Piqueras del Castillo Portalrubio de Guadamejud Portilla Poyatos Pozoamargo Pozorrubielos de la Mancha Pozorrubio Priego Puebla de Almenara Puebla del Salvador Quintanar del Rey Rada de Haro Reíllo Rozalén del Monte Saceda-Trasierra Saelices Salinas del Manzano Salmeroncillos Salvacañete San Clemente San Lorenzo de la Parrilla San Martín de Boniches San Pedro Palmiches Santa Cruz de Moya Santa María de los Llanos Santa María del Campo Rus Santa María del Val Sisante Solera de Gabaldón Sotorribas Talayuelas Tarancón Tébar Tejadillos Tinajas Torralba Torrejoncillo del Rey Torrubia del Campo Torrubia del Castillo Tragacete Tresjuncos Tribaldos Uclés Uña Valdemeca Valdemorillo de la Sierra Valdemoro-Sierra Valdeolivas Valdetórtola Valhermoso de la Fuente Valsalobre Valverde de Júcar Valverdejo Vara de Rey Vega del Codorno Vellisca Villaconejos de Trabaque Villaescusa de Haro Villagarcía del Llano Villalba de la Sierra Villalba del Rey Villalgordo del Marquesado Villalpardo Villamayor de Santiago Villanueva de Guadamejud Villanueva de la Jara Villar de Cañas Villar de Domingo García Villar de Olalla Villar de la Encina Villar del Humo Villar del Infantado Villar y Velasco Villarejo de Fuentes Villarejo de la Peñuela Villarejo-Periesteban Villares del Saz Villarrubio Villarta Villas de la Ventosa Villaverde y Pasaconsol Vindel Víllora Yémeda Zafra de Záncara Zafrilla Zarza de Tajo Zarzuela This article about a location in the Province of Cuenca in Spain is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Cuenca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Cuenca"},{"link_name":"Castile-La Mancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castile-La_Mancha"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"}],"text":"Municipality in Castile-La Mancha, SpainGraja de Campalbo is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 134.","title":"Graja de Campalbo"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statistics_Institute_(Spain)","url_text":"National Statistics Institute"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Graja_de_Campalbo&params=39_54_N_1_16_W_region:ES_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"39°54′N 1°16′W / 39.900°N 1.267°W / 39.900; -1.267"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Graja_de_Campalbo&params=39_54_N_1_16_W_region:ES_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"39°54′N 1°16′W / 39.900°N 1.267°W / 39.900; -1.267"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graja_de_Campalbo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artenay	Artenay	["1 Population","2 See also","3 References"]	Coordinates: 48°04′59″N 1°52′45″E / 48.0831°N 1.8792°E / 48.0831; 1.8792 Commune in Centre-Val de Loire, FranceArtenayCommuneTown hall Coat of armsLocation of Artenay ArtenayShow map of FranceArtenayShow map of Centre-Val de LoireCoordinates: 48°04′59″N 1°52′45″E / 48.0831°N 1.8792°E / 48.0831; 1.8792CountryFranceRegionCentre-Val de LoireDepartmentLoiretArrondissementOrléansCantonMeung-sur-LoireIntercommunalityCC Beauce LoirétaineGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) David JacquetArea120.5 km2 (7.9 sq mi)Population (2021)1,983 • Density97/km2 (250/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code45008 /45410Elevation117–129 m (384–423 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Artenay (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Loiret department, north-central France. Artenay station has rail connections to Orléans, Étampes and Paris. Population Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 1,514— 1975 1,589+0.69%1982 1,939+2.88%1990 2,008+0.44%1999 1,945−0.35%2009 1,828−0.62%2014 1,820−0.09%2020 1,969+1.32%Source: INSEE See also Communes of the Loiret department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 9 August 2021. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE Wikimedia Commons has media related to Artenay. vte Communes of the Loiret department Adon Aillant-sur-Milleron Amilly Andonville Ardon Artenay Aschères-le-Marché Ascoux Attray Audeville Augerville-la-Rivière Aulnay-la-Rivière Autruy-sur-Juine Autry-le-Châtel Auvilliers-en-Gâtinais Auxy Baccon Le Bardon Barville-en-Gâtinais Batilly-en-Gâtinais Batilly-en-Puisaye Baule Bazoches-les-Gallerandes Bazoches-sur-le-Betz Beauchamps-sur-Huillard Beaugency Beaulieu-sur-Loire Beaune-la-Rolande Bellegarde Le Bignon-Mirabeau Boësses Boigny-sur-Bionne Boiscommun Boismorand Boisseaux Bondaroy Bonnée Bonny-sur-Loire Bordeaux-en-Gâtinais Les Bordes Bou Bougy-lez-Neuville Bouilly-en-Gâtinais Boulay-les-Barres Bouzonville-aux-Bois Bouzy-la-Forêt Boynes Bray-Saint Aignan Breteau Briare Briarres-sur-Essonne Bricy Bromeilles Bucy-le-Roi Bucy-Saint-Liphard La Bussière Cepoy Cercottes Cerdon Cernoy-en-Berry Césarville-Dossainville Chailly-en-Gâtinais Chaingy Châlette-sur-Loing Chambon-la-Forêt Champoulet Chanteau Chantecoq La Chapelle-Onzerain La Chapelle-Saint-Mesmin La Chapelle-Saint-Sépulcre La Chapelle-sur-Aveyron Chapelon Le Charme Charmont-en-Beauce Charsonville Châteauneuf-sur-Loire Château-Renard Châtenoy Châtillon-Coligny Châtillon-le-Roi Châtillon-sur-Loire Chaussy Chécy Chevannes Chevillon-sur-Huillard Chevilly Chevry-sous-le-Bignon Chilleurs-aux-Bois Les Choux Chuelles Cléry-Saint-André Coinces Combleux Combreux Conflans-sur-Loing Corbeilles Corquilleroy Cortrat Coudroy Coullons Coulmiers Courcelles-le-Roi Courcy-aux-Loges La Cour-Marigny Courtemaux Courtempierre Courtenay Cravant Crottes-en-Pithiverais Dadonville Dammarie-en-Puisaye Dammarie-sur-Loing Dampierre-en-Burly Darvoy Desmonts Dimancheville Donnery Dordives Douchy-Montcorbon Dry Échilleuses Égry Engenville Épieds-en-Beauce Erceville Ervauville Escrennes Escrignelles Estouy Faverelles Fay-aux-Loges Feins-en-Gâtinais Férolles Ferrières-en-Gâtinais La Ferté-Saint-Aubin Fleury-les-Aubrais Fontenay-sur-Loing Foucherolles Fréville-du-Gâtinais Gaubertin Gémigny Germigny-des-Prés Gidy Gien Girolles Givraines Gondreville Grangermont Greneville-en-Beauce Griselles Guigneville Guilly Gy-les-Nonains Huêtre Huisseau-sur-Mauves Ingrannes Ingré Intville-la-Guétard Isdes Jargeau Jouy-en-Pithiverais Jouy-le-Potier Juranville Laas Ladon Lailly-en-Val Langesse Léouville Ligny-le-Ribault Lion-en-Beauce Lion-en-Sullias Lombreuil Lorcy Lorris Loury Louzouer Le Malesherbois Marcilly-en-Villette Mardié Mareau-aux-Bois Mareau-aux-Prés Marigny-les-Usages Marsainvilliers Melleroy Ménestreau-en-Villette Mérinville Messas Meung-sur-Loire Mézières-en-Gâtinais Mézières-lez-Cléry Mignères Mignerette Montargissubpr Montbarrois Montbouy Montcresson Montereau Montigny Montliard Mormant-sur-Vernisson Morville-en-Beauce Le Moulinet-sur-Solin Moulon Nancray-sur-Rimarde Nargis Nesploy Neuville-aux-Bois La Neuville-sur-Essonne Neuvy-en-Sullias Nevoy Nibelle Nogent-sur-Vernisson Noyers Oison Olivet Ondreville-sur-Essonne Orléanspref Ormes Orville Ousson-sur-Loire Oussoy-en-Gâtinais Outarville Ouvrouer-les-Champs Ouzouer-des-Champs Ouzouer-sous-Bellegarde Ouzouer-sur-Loire Ouzouer-sur-Trézée Pannecières Pannes Patay Paucourt Pers-en-Gâtinais Pierrefitte-ès-Bois Pithivierssubpr Pithiviers-le-Vieil Poilly-lez-Gien Préfontaines Presnoy Pressigny-les-Pins Puiseaux Quiers-sur-Bezonde Ramoulu Rebréchien Rozoy-le-Vieil Rouvray-Sainte-Croix Rouvres-Saint-Jean Rozières-en-Beauce Ruan Saint-Aignan-le-Jaillard Saint-Ay Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire Saint-Brisson-sur-Loire Saint-Cyr-en-Val Saint-Denis-de-l'Hôtel Saint-Denis-en-Val Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Saint-Firmin-des-Bois Saint-Firmin-sur-Loire Saint-Florent Saint-Germain-des-Prés Saint-Gondon Saint-Hilaire-les-Andrésis Saint-Hilaire-Saint-Mesmin Saint-Hilaire-sur-Puiseaux Saint-Jean-de-Braye Saint-Jean-de-la-Ruelle Saint-Jean-le-Blanc Saint-Loup-des-Vignes Saint-Lyé-la-Forêt Saint-Martin-d'Abbat Saint-Martin-sur-Ocre Saint-Maurice-sur-Aveyron Saint-Maurice-sur-Fessard Saint-Michel Saint-Péravy-la-Colombe Saint-Père-sur-Loire Saint-Pryvé-Saint-Mesmin Saint-Sigismond Sandillon Santeau Saran Sceaux-du-Gâtinais Seichebrières La Selle-en-Hermoy La Selle-sur-le-Bied Semoy Sennely Sermaises Sigloy Solterre Sougy Sully-la-Chapelle Sully-sur-Loire Sury-aux-Bois Tavers Thignonville Thimory Thorailles Thou Tigy Tivernon Tournoisis Traînou Treilles-en-Gâtinais Triguères Trinay Vannes-sur-Cosson Varennes-Changy Vennecy Vieilles-Maisons-sur-Joudry Vienne-en-Val Viglain Villamblain Villemandeur Villemoutiers Villemurlin Villeneuve-sur-Conie Villereau Villevoques Villorceau Vimory Vitry-aux-Loges Vrigny Yèvre-la-Ville pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Israel United States Geographic Pleiades This Loiret geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[aʁtənɛ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Loiret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loiret"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Artenay station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artenay_station"}],"text":"Commune in Centre-Val de Loire, FranceArtenay (French pronunciation: [aʁtənɛ]) is a commune in the Loiret department, north-central France. Artenay station has rail connections to Orléans, Étampes and Paris.","title":"Artenay"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"}]	[]	[{"title":"Communes of the Loiret department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Loiret_department"}]	[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 9 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/en/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-45008","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Artenay&params=48.0831_N_1.8792_E_type:city(1983)_region:FR-CVL","external_links_name":"48°04′59″N 1°52′45″E / 48.0831°N 1.8792°E / 48.0831; 1.8792"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Artenay&params=48.0831_N_1.8792_E_type:city(1983)_region:FR-CVL","external_links_name":"48°04′59″N 1°52′45″E / 48.0831°N 1.8792°E / 48.0831; 1.8792"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-45008","external_links_name":"45008"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/en/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-45008","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7633058?geo=COM-45008#ancre-POP_T1","external_links_name":"Population en historique depuis 1968"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/146767089","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15260401w","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15260401w","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007496675605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n99050339","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/108758","external_links_name":"Pleiades"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artenay&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Johansen	Brad Johansen	["1 External links","2 References"]	Brad Johansen (born March 6, 1962) was the evening news anchor and reporter for WCMH-TV in Columbus, Ohio from 2020-2023. From 1996 to 2014, he was the sports director at WKRC-TV in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he was announcing Bengals pre-season games. In 2000, Brad moved to the radio booth, replacing Pete Arbogast, who is the voice of the USC Trojans' football and women's basketball programs, having held this position prior to calling the Bengals broadcasts. On May 4, 2011 the Bengals announced that Dan Hoard was hired as the new Bengals radio play-by-play announcer replacing Brad Johansen. On July 6, The Bengals announced Johansen was hired to replace Paul Keels as the TV play-by-play announcer for Bengals preseason games. In 2014, Johansen moved on from being the sports director and a play-by-play announcer for CBS Sports Network to anchoring the 4:00 and 5:30 pm newscasts at WKRC. In April 2018, Johansen left WKRC-TV to join WRAL-TV in Raleigh, North Carolina as an evening news anchor and reporter. He was let go Thursday, April 4, 2019 after one year at the station. On March 6, 2020, Johansen returned to television, as an early evening news anchor and reporter for WCMH-TV in Columbus, left the station in Spring of 2023 to move back to Cincinnati. External links Brad Johansen Biography Brad Johnansen :: WRAL.com References ^ "Radio change: Hoard takes over on play-by-play \| Bengals Blog". Archived from the original on 2011-05-06. Retrieved 2011-05-04. ^ "Johansen the voice for TV preseason games \| Bengals Blog". Archived from the original on 2012-10-06. Retrieved 2012-08-15. ^ "WKRC-TV's Brad Johansen shifts from sports to news". Retrieved 2016-09-19. ^ "Look for a new face at the WRAL anchor desk starting in April". Retrieved 2018-07-30.	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In 2000, Brad moved to the radio booth, replacing Pete Arbogast, who is the voice of the USC Trojans' football and women's basketball programs, having held this position prior to calling the Bengals broadcasts. On May 4, 2011 the Bengals announced that Dan Hoard[1] was hired as the new Bengals radio play-by-play announcer replacing Brad Johansen. On July 6, The Bengals announced Johansen was hired to replace Paul Keels as the TV play-by-play announcer for Bengals preseason games.[2]In 2014, Johansen moved on from being the sports director and a play-by-play announcer for CBS Sports Network to anchoring the 4:00 and 5:30 pm newscasts at WKRC.[3]In April 2018, Johansen left WKRC-TV to join WRAL-TV in Raleigh, North Carolina as an evening news anchor and reporter.[4] He was let go Thursday, April 4, 2019 after one year at the station.On March 6, 2020, Johansen returned to television, as an early evening news anchor and reporter for WCMH-TV in Columbus, left the station in Spring of 2023 to move back to Cincinnati.","title":"Brad Johansen"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Radio change: Hoard takes over on play-by-play \| Bengals Blog\". Archived from the original on 2011-05-06. Retrieved 2011-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110506063306/http://cincinnati.com/blogs/bengals/2011/05/04/radio-change-hoard-takes-over-on-play-by-play/","url_text":"\"Radio change: Hoard takes over on play-by-play \| Bengals Blog\""},{"url":"http://cincinnati.com/blogs/bengals/2011/05/04/radio-change-hoard-takes-over-on-play-by-play/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Johansen the voice for TV preseason games \| Bengals Blog\". Archived from the original on 2012-10-06. Retrieved 2012-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121006044101/http://cincinnati.com/blogs/bengals/2011/07/06/johansen-the-voice-for-preseason-games-on-tv/","url_text":"\"Johansen the voice for TV preseason games \| Bengals Blog\""},{"url":"http://cincinnati.com/blogs/bengals/2011/07/06/johansen-the-voice-for-preseason-games-on-tv/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"WKRC-TV's Brad Johansen shifts from sports to news\". Retrieved 2016-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cincinnati.com/story/tvandmediablog/2014/09/02/wkrc-tv-brad-johansen-sinclair-broadcast-group-kit-andrews-cbs-sports-network-bengals/14971673/","url_text":"\"WKRC-TV's Brad Johansen shifts from sports to news\""}]},{"reference":"\"Look for a new face at the WRAL anchor desk starting in April\". Retrieved 2018-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsobserver.com/entertainment/tv/warm-tv-blog/article191764224.html","url_text":"\"Look for a new face at the WRAL anchor desk starting in April\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110912023617/http://www.local12.com/content/bios/story/Brad-Johansen/5T0pMB5N-EWV7zisgDujMw.cspx","external_links_name":"Brad Johansen Biography"},{"Link":"https://www.wral.com/rs/bio/17464790/","external_links_name":"Brad Johnansen :: WRAL.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110506063306/http://cincinnati.com/blogs/bengals/2011/05/04/radio-change-hoard-takes-over-on-play-by-play/","external_links_name":"\"Radio change: Hoard takes over on play-by-play \| Bengals Blog\""},{"Link":"http://cincinnati.com/blogs/bengals/2011/05/04/radio-change-hoard-takes-over-on-play-by-play/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121006044101/http://cincinnati.com/blogs/bengals/2011/07/06/johansen-the-voice-for-preseason-games-on-tv/","external_links_name":"\"Johansen the voice for TV preseason games \| Bengals Blog\""},{"Link":"http://cincinnati.com/blogs/bengals/2011/07/06/johansen-the-voice-for-preseason-games-on-tv/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cincinnati.com/story/tvandmediablog/2014/09/02/wkrc-tv-brad-johansen-sinclair-broadcast-group-kit-andrews-cbs-sports-network-bengals/14971673/","external_links_name":"\"WKRC-TV's Brad Johansen shifts from sports to news\""},{"Link":"https://www.newsobserver.com/entertainment/tv/warm-tv-blog/article191764224.html","external_links_name":"\"Look for a new face at the WRAL anchor desk starting in April\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Victoria%27s_Secret_models	List of Victoria's Secret models	["1 Victoria's Secret Angels","2 PINK spokesmodels","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]	List of fashion models This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of Victoria's Secret models" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This is a list of current and former Victoria's Secret Angels and fashion models who have walked in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show since its inception in 1995. Victoria's Secret Angels Models who were chosen as Victoria's Secret Angels are listed in the table below. In June 2021, Victoria's Secret announced that it was ending its Angels brand. Name Age Nationality Height Contract Shows Show years Fantasy Bras Lily Aldridge 38 American 5 ft 9 in 2010–2018 9 2009–2017 2015 Alessandra Ambrosio 43 Brazilian 5 ft 9.5 in 2004–2017 17 2000–2017 20122014 Leomie Anderson 31 British 5 ft 10.5 in 2019–2021 4 2015–2018 None Tyra Banks 50 American 5 ft 10 in 1997–2005 9 1996–2005 19972004 Gisele Bündchen 43 Brazilian 5 ft 11 in 2000–2007 7 1999–2006 20002005 Laetitia Casta 46 French 5 ft 7 in 1998–2000 4 1997–2000 None Helena Christensen 55 Danish 5 ft 10 in 1997–1998 2 1996–1997 None Selita Ebanks 41 Caymanian 5 ft 9.5 in 2005–2008 6 2005–2010 2007 Grace Elizabeth 27 American 5 ft 10 in 2019–2021 3 2016–2018 None Lindsay Ellingson 39 American 5 ft 11 in 2011–2014 8 2007–2014 None Izabel Goulart 39 Brazilian 5 ft 10.5 in 2005–2008 12 2005–2016 None Alexina Graham 34 British 5 ft 11.5 in 2019–2021 2 2017–2018 None Kate Grigorieva 35 Russian 5 ft 11 in 2015–2016 3 2014–2016 None Erin Heatherton 35 American 5 ft 11 in 2010–2013 6 2008–2013 None Taylor Hill 28 American 5 ft 10.5 in 2015–2021 5 2014–2018 None Elsa Hosk 35 Swedish 5 ft 9.5 in 2015–2020 8 2011–2018 2018 Martha Hunt 35 American 5 ft 10.5 in 2015–2019 6 2013–2018 None Rosie Huntington-Whiteley 37 British 5 ft 9 in 2010 5 2006–2010 None Chanel Iman 33 American 5 ft 10 in 2010–2012 3 2009–2011 None Jac Jagaciak 30 Polish 5 ft 10.5 in 2015–2016 3 2013–2015 None Miranda Kerr 41 Australian 5 ft 9 in 2007–2013 6 2006–20092011–2012 2011 Karlie Kloss 31 American 6 ft 1.5 in 2013–2015 5 2011–20142017 None Heidi Klum 51 German 5 ft 9.5 in 1999–2010 11 1997–20052007–2009 199920012003 Doutzen Kroes 39 Dutch 5 ft 10.5 in 2008–2014 8 2005–20062008–20092011–2014 None Karolína Kurková 40 Czech 5 ft 11 in 2005–2009 9 2000–20082010 20022006 Adriana Lima 43 Brazilian 5 ft 10 in 2000–2018 18 1999–20082010–2018 200820102014 Stella Maxwell 34 Irish 5 ft 10.5 in 2015–2021 5 2014–2018 None Marisa Miller 45 American 5 ft 8 in 2007–2009 3 2007–2009 2009 Karen Mulder 54 Dutch 5 ft 10 in 1996–2000 5 1996–2000 None Chandra North 53 American 5 ft 9 in 1998 2 1997–1998 None Barbara Palvin 30 Hungarian 5 ft 9 in 2019–2021 2 20122018 None Daniela Peštová 53 Czech 5 ft 11 in 1997–2001 4 1998–2001 1998 Behati Prinsloo 36 Namibian 5 ft 11 in 2009–2019 10 2007–20152018 None Lais Ribeiro 33 Brazilian 6 ft 0 in 2015–2021 8 2010–20112013–2018 2017 Inés Rivero 49 Argentinian 5 ft 11 in 1998–1999 4 1998–2001 None Sara Sampaio 32 Portuguese 5 ft 8 in 2015–2021 6 2013–2018 None Stephanie Seymour 55 American 5 ft 10 in 1997–2000 6 1995–2000 None Josephine Skriver 31 Danish 5 ft 11 in 2016–2021 6 2013–2018 None Romee Strijd 28 Dutch 5 ft 10.5 in 2015–2021 5 2014–2018 None Candice Swanepoel 35 South African 5 ft 10 in 2010–2018 11 2007–20152017–2018 2013 Jasmine Tookes 33 American 5 ft 9 in 2015–2021 7 2012–2018 2016 PINK spokesmodels The following is the list of models who have been contracted as spokesmodels for Victoria's Secret's PINK brand. Name Nationality Contract Alessandra Ambrosio Brazilian 2004–2006 Jessica Stam Canadian 2006–2007 Miranda Kerr Australian 2006–2009 Behati Prinsloo Namibian 2008–2011 Jessica Hart Australian 2011–2013 Elsa Hosk Swedish 2011–2014 Rachel Hilbert American 2015–2017 Zuri Tibby American 2016–2019 Grace Elizabeth American 2016–2019 Maggie Laine American 2018–2019 Notes ^ Shared with Adriana Lima ^ Shared with Alessandra Ambrosio References ^ "Victoria's Secret Officially Ends Its Angels Era for Brand Overhaul Led By Priyanka Chopra, Megan Rapinoe". E! Online News. June 16, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021. ^ "Victoria's Secret Targets College Women". NBC News. July 29, 2004. Retrieved November 11, 2011. ^ "Miranda Kerr Launches Victoria's Secret New Pink Bdy Organic and Natural Body Care Collection". Zimbio.com. Zimbio.com. March 10, 2009. Archived from the original on October 6, 2012. ^ Barnett, Leisa (May 27, 2008). "Victoria's Pick". Vogue. UK. Retrieved November 3, 2012. ^ Kaunitz, Kate (March 15, 2010). "Behati Prinsloo Opens PINK". Fashionista. Retrieved October 18, 2012. ^ Lewis, Casey (November 3, 2012). "Supermodel Elsa Hosk on Her Favorite Sports, Style Essentials, and Advice For Breaking Into The Business". Teen Vogue. ^ "Rachel Hilbert Is the New Face of Victoria's Secret Pink—See the Pics!". E! Online. June 10, 2015. ^ "Victoria's Secret's Newest Model, Zuri Tibby, Was Discovered at a Mall". External links The Models of Victoria's Secret: A Who2 Loop VS All Access (bios, interviews, events, media) vteVictoria's Secret AngelsFormer Angels Lily Aldridge Alessandra Ambrosio Leomie Anderson Tyra Banks Gisele Bündchen Laetitia Casta Helena Christensen Selita Ebanks Grace Elizabeth Lindsay Ellingson Izabel Goulart Alexina Graham Kate Grigorieva Erin Heatherton Taylor Hill Elsa Hosk Martha Hunt Rosie Huntington-Whiteley Chanel Iman Jac Jagaciak Miranda Kerr Karlie Kloss Heidi Klum Doutzen Kroes Karolína Kurková Adriana Lima Stella Maxwell Marisa Miller Karen Mulder Chandra North Barbara Palvin Daniela Peštová Behati Prinsloo Lais Ribeiro Inés Rivero Sara Sampaio Stephanie Seymour Josephine Skriver Romee Strijd Candice Swanepoel Jasmine Tookes Related articles Edward Razek Limited Brands List of Victoria's Secret models PINK Victoria's Secret Victoria's Secret Fashion Show Victoria's Secret Swim Special	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fashion models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_models"},{"link_name":"Victoria's Secret Fashion Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show"}],"text":"This is a list of current and former Victoria's Secret Angels and fashion models who have walked in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show since its inception in 1995.","title":"List of Victoria's Secret models"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Models who were chosen as Victoria's Secret Angels are listed in the table below. In June 2021, Victoria's Secret announced that it was ending its Angels brand.[1]","title":"Victoria's Secret Angels"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The following is the list of models who have been contracted as spokesmodels for Victoria's Secret's PINK brand.","title":"PINK spokesmodels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Adriana Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriana_Lima"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Alessandra Ambrosio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio"}],"text":"^ Shared with Adriana Lima\n\n^ Shared with Alessandra Ambrosio","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Victoria's Secret Officially Ends Its Angels Era for Brand Overhaul Led By Priyanka Chopra, Megan Rapinoe\". E! Online News. June 16, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eonline.com/news/1280744/victorias-secret-officially-ends-its-angels-era-for-brand-overhaul-led-by-priyanka-chopra-megan-rapinoe","url_text":"\"Victoria's Secret Officially Ends Its Angels Era for Brand Overhaul Led By Priyanka Chopra, Megan Rapinoe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Victoria's Secret Targets College Women\". NBC News. July 29, 2004. Retrieved November 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbcnews.com/id/5551845","url_text":"\"Victoria's Secret Targets College Women\""}]},{"reference":"\"Miranda Kerr Launches Victoria's Secret New Pink Bdy Organic and Natural Body Care Collection\". Zimbio.com. Zimbio.com. March 10, 2009. Archived from the original on October 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121006220035/http://www.zimbio.com/Miranda+Kerr/articles/370/Miranda+Kerr+Launches+Victoria+Secret+New","url_text":"\"Miranda Kerr Launches Victoria's Secret New Pink Bdy Organic and Natural Body Care Collection\""},{"url":"http://www.zimbio.com/Miranda+Kerr/articles/370/Miranda+Kerr+Launches+Victoria+Secret+New","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Barnett, Leisa (May 27, 2008). \"Victoria's Pick\". Vogue. UK. Retrieved November 3, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2008/05/27/behati-prinsloo-at-victorias-secret","url_text":"\"Victoria's Pick\""}]},{"reference":"Kaunitz, Kate (March 15, 2010). \"Behati Prinsloo Opens PINK\". Fashionista. Retrieved October 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://fashionista.com/2010/03/behati-prinsloo-opens-pink/","url_text":"\"Behati Prinsloo Opens PINK\""}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Casey (November 3, 2012). \"Supermodel Elsa Hosk on Her Favorite Sports, Style Essentials, and Advice For Breaking Into The Business\". Teen Vogue.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.teenvogue.com/careers/fashion-careers/2012-02/victorias-secret-pink-model-elsa-hosk","url_text":"\"Supermodel Elsa Hosk on Her Favorite Sports, Style Essentials, and Advice For Breaking Into The Business\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rachel Hilbert Is the New Face of Victoria's Secret Pink—See the Pics!\". E! Online. June 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eonline.com/news/665116/rachel-hilbert-is-the-new-face-of-victoria-s-secret-pink-see-the-pics","url_text":"\"Rachel Hilbert Is the New Face of Victoria's Secret Pink—See the Pics!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Victoria's Secret's Newest Model, Zuri Tibby, Was Discovered at a Mall\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yahoo.com/style/victorias-secrets-newest-model-zuri-tibby-was-discovered-at-the-mall-153958689.html","url_text":"\"Victoria's Secret's Newest Model, Zuri Tibby, Was Discovered at a Mall\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22List+of+Victoria%27s+Secret+models%22","external_links_name":"\"List of Victoria's Secret models\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22List+of+Victoria%27s+Secret+models%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22List+of+Victoria%27s+Secret+models%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22List+of+Victoria%27s+Secret+models%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22List+of+Victoria%27s+Secret+models%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22List+of+Victoria%27s+Secret+models%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.eonline.com/news/1280744/victorias-secret-officially-ends-its-angels-era-for-brand-overhaul-led-by-priyanka-chopra-megan-rapinoe","external_links_name":"\"Victoria's Secret Officially Ends Its Angels Era for Brand Overhaul Led By Priyanka Chopra, Megan Rapinoe\""},{"Link":"http://www.nbcnews.com/id/5551845","external_links_name":"\"Victoria's Secret Targets College Women\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121006220035/http://www.zimbio.com/Miranda+Kerr/articles/370/Miranda+Kerr+Launches+Victoria+Secret+New","external_links_name":"\"Miranda Kerr Launches Victoria's Secret New Pink Bdy Organic and Natural Body Care Collection\""},{"Link":"http://www.zimbio.com/Miranda+Kerr/articles/370/Miranda+Kerr+Launches+Victoria+Secret+New","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2008/05/27/behati-prinsloo-at-victorias-secret","external_links_name":"\"Victoria's Pick\""},{"Link":"http://fashionista.com/2010/03/behati-prinsloo-opens-pink/","external_links_name":"\"Behati Prinsloo Opens PINK\""},{"Link":"http://www.teenvogue.com/careers/fashion-careers/2012-02/victorias-secret-pink-model-elsa-hosk","external_links_name":"\"Supermodel Elsa Hosk on Her Favorite Sports, Style Essentials, and Advice For Breaking Into The Business\""},{"Link":"http://www.eonline.com/news/665116/rachel-hilbert-is-the-new-face-of-victoria-s-secret-pink-see-the-pics","external_links_name":"\"Rachel Hilbert Is the New Face of Victoria's Secret Pink—See the Pics!\""},{"Link":"https://www.yahoo.com/style/victorias-secrets-newest-model-zuri-tibby-was-discovered-at-the-mall-153958689.html","external_links_name":"\"Victoria's Secret's Newest Model, Zuri Tibby, Was Discovered at a Mall\""},{"Link":"http://www.who2.com/victoriassecret.html","external_links_name":"The Models of Victoria's Secret: A Who2 Loop"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101016155257/http://vsallaccess.victoriassecret.com/","external_links_name":"VS All Access (bios, interviews, events, media)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Hollis	Leslie Hollis	["1 Military career","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 Further reading","5 External links"]	For the Australian politician, see Leslie Hollis (politician). Sir Leslie HollisGeneral Sir Leslie Hollis, pictured here in 1946 when he was a major general.Nickname(s)"Jo"Born(1897-02-09)9 February 1897Bath, SomersetDied9 August 1963(1963-08-09) (aged 66)Cuckfield, SussexAllegianceUnited KingdomService/branchRoyal MarinesYears of service1914–1952RankGeneralUnitRoyal Marine Light InfantryCommands heldCommandant General Royal MarinesBattles/warsFirst World WarSecond World WarAwardsKnight Commander of the Order of the BathKnight Commander of the Order of the British EmpireLegion of Merit (United States) General Sir Leslie Chasemore Hollis, KCB, KBE (9 February 1897 – 9 August 1963) was a Royal Marines officer who served as Commandant General Royal Marines from 1949 to 1952. Military career Hollis was commissioned into the Royal Marine Light Infantry in 1914 and served in the First World War in the Grand Fleet and the Harwich Force. A convalescent Winston Churchill meets the outgoing and incoming Supreme Commanders in the Mediterranean, Dwight D. Eisenhower, to Churchill's right, and Henry Maitland Wilson, to his left. Behind them stand (from left to right), John Whiteley, Air Marshal Arthur Tedder, Brigadier G. S. Thompson, Admiral Sir John Cunningham, unknown, Sir Harold Alexander, Captain M. L. Power, Humfrey Gale, Leslie Hollis, and Eisenhower's chief of staff, Walter Bedell Smith. Between the wars he attended the Royal Naval College, Greenwich from 1927 to 1928, and later served on the staff of the Commander-in-Chief Africa Station and of the Plans Division at the Admiralty before being appointed Assistant Secretary of the Committee of Imperial Defence in 1936. He served in the Second World War as Senior Assistant Secretary in the War Cabinet Office. He was present at virtually every major decision during that period, attending all the major conferences—Washington, Cairo, Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam—and was instrumental in establishing what became known as the Cabinet War Rooms (now known the Churchill War Rooms). After the war Hollis became Deputy Secretary (Military) to the Cabinet in 1947 and Commandant General Royal Marines in 1949. He was credited with saving the Royal Marines from being disbanded, and retired in July 1952. References ^ Mead 2007, p. 206. ^ a b c "Royal Marine officer histories". Unit Histories. Retrieved 29 May 2022. ^ a b c d Sir Leslie Chasemore Hollis Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives ^ "This Secret Place: War Cabinet Rooms". Reader's Digest. December 1965. Archived from the original on 14 June 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2018 – via World War Two - The Land War. ^ The corps that cheated death Times Education Supplement, 31 August 2001 ^ "No. 39622". The London Gazette. 12 September 1952. p. 4299. Bibliography Mead, Richard (2007). Churchill's Lions: a biographical guide to the key British generals of World War II. Stroud (UK): Spellmount. ISBN 978-1-86227-431-0. Further reading Hollis, Leslie One Marine's Tale, published 1956 Hollis, Leslie The Captain General. A life of H.R.H. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, KG, Captain General, Royal Marines, published 1961 Leasor, James; Hollis, Leslie (1959). War at the Top; based on the experiences of General Sir Leslie Hollis. London: Michael Joseph. OCLC 385375. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leslie Hollis. Generals of World War II Royal Marine (RM) Officers 1939−1945 Military offices Preceded bySir Dallas Brooks Commandant General Royal Marines 1949–1952 Succeeded bySir John Westall vteCommandants General of the Royal Marines Sir Thomas Hunton Sir Dallas Brooks Sir Leslie Hollis Sir John Westall Sir Campbell Hardy Sir Ian Riches Sir Malcolm Cartwright-Taylor Sir Norman Tailyour Sir Peter Hellings Sir Ian Gourlay Sir Peter Whiteley Sir John Richards Sir Steuart Pringle Sir Michael Wilkins Sir Martin Garrod Sir Henry Beverley Sir Robin Ross David Pennefather Robert Fulton Robert Fry Tony Milton David Wilson James Dutton Garry Robison Andy Salmon Buster Howes Ed Davis Martin Smith Robert Magowan Charles Stickland Matthew Holmes Robert Magowan Gwyn Jenkins Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Poland	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leslie Hollis (politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Hollis_(politician)"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"KCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"KBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Royal Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Marines"},{"link_name":"Commandant General Royal Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commandant_General_Royal_Marines"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Officers_of_the_Royal_Marines-2"}],"text":"For the Australian politician, see Leslie Hollis (politician).General Sir Leslie Chasemore Hollis, KCB, KBE (9 February 1897 – 9 August 1963) was a Royal Marines officer who served as Commandant General Royal Marines from 1949 to 1952.[2]","title":"Leslie Hollis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)"},{"link_name":"Royal Marine Light Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Marine_Light_Infantry"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Grand Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Harwich Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harwich_Force"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lh-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hmwilson-churchill-eisenhow.jpg"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Dwight D. 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Eisenhower, to Churchill's right, and Henry Maitland Wilson, to his left. Behind them stand (from left to right), John Whiteley, Air Marshal Arthur Tedder, Brigadier G. S. Thompson, Admiral Sir John Cunningham, unknown, Sir Harold Alexander, Captain M. L. Power, Humfrey Gale, Leslie Hollis, and Eisenhower's chief of staff, Walter Bedell Smith.Between the wars he attended the Royal Naval College, Greenwich from 1927 to 1928,[2] and later served on the staff of the Commander-in-Chief Africa Station and of the Plans Division at the Admiralty before being appointed Assistant Secretary of the Committee of Imperial Defence in 1936.[3]He served in the Second World War as Senior Assistant Secretary in the War Cabinet Office.[3] He was present at virtually every major decision during that period, attending all the major conferences—Washington, Cairo, Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam—and was instrumental in establishing what became known as the Cabinet War Rooms (now known the Churchill War Rooms).[4]After the war Hollis became Deputy Secretary (Military) to the Cabinet in 1947 and Commandant General Royal Marines in 1949.[3][2] He was credited with saving the Royal Marines from being disbanded,[5] and retired in July 1952.[6]","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-86227-431-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-431-0"}],"text":"Mead, Richard (2007). Churchill's Lions: a biographical guide to the key British generals of World War II. Stroud (UK): Spellmount. ISBN 978-1-86227-431-0.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"War at the Top; based on the experiences of General Sir Leslie Hollis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jamesleasor.com/war-at-the-top-published-in-the-u-s-as-the-clock-with-four-hands/"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"385375","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/385375"}],"text":"Hollis, Leslie One Marine's Tale, published 1956\nHollis, Leslie The Captain General. A life of H.R.H. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, KG, Captain General, Royal Marines, published 1961\nLeasor, James; Hollis, Leslie (1959). War at the Top; based on the experiences of General Sir Leslie Hollis. London: Michael Joseph. OCLC 385375.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"A convalescent Winston Churchill meets the outgoing and incoming Supreme Commanders in the Mediterranean, Dwight D. Eisenhower, to Churchill's right, and Henry Maitland Wilson, to his left. Behind them stand (from left to right), John Whiteley, Air Marshal Arthur Tedder, Brigadier G. S. Thompson, Admiral Sir John Cunningham, unknown, Sir Harold Alexander, Captain M. L. Power, Humfrey Gale, Leslie Hollis, and Eisenhower's chief of staff, Walter Bedell Smith.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Hmwilson-churchill-eisenhow.jpg/220px-Hmwilson-churchill-eisenhow.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Royal Marine officer histories\". Unit Histories. Retrieved 29 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unithistories.com/officers/RM_officersH.html#Hollis_LC","url_text":"\"Royal Marine officer histories\""}]},{"reference":"\"This Secret Place: War Cabinet Rooms\". Reader's Digest. December 1965. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harveys_Lake_Tahoe	Harveys Lake Tahoe	["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 38°57′37″N 119°56′33″W / 38.9603°N 119.9424°W / 38.9603; -119.9424Resort and casino in Stateline, Nevada Harveys Lake Tahoe Location Stateline, Nevada, U.S. Address 18 U.S. Route 50Opening date1944; 80 years ago (1944)ThemePavilionNo. of rooms742Total gaming space87,500 sq ft (8,130 m2)Notable restaurantsTaco. CantinaCarvelCinnabonHell’s KitchenSage RoomStarbucksJoe’s Sports Bar & GrilleOwnerVici PropertiesOperating license holderCaesars EntertainmentArchitectMartin Stern, Jr. and AssociatesPrevious namesWagon Wheel Saloon & Gaming HallHarveys Wagon WheelRenovated in1963: 11-story Mountain Tower1986: 19-story Tahoe TowerCoordinates38°57′37″N 119°56′33″W / 38.9603°N 119.9424°W / 38.9603; -119.9424Websitecaesars.com/harveys-tahoe Harveys Lake Tahoe is a hotel and casino located in Stateline, Nevada. It has 742 rooms and suites as well as six restaurants and a casino with 87,500 square feet (8,130 m2) of space. It also has a video arcade, wedding chapel, pool, convention center and a full-service health club. It is owned by Vici Properties and operated by Caesars Entertainment. History Harvey's was originally opened in 1944 and operated by Sacramento meat wholesaler Harvey Gross and his wife Llewellyn. They opened the first high rise tower and an 11-story, 197-room hotel in Nevada just across the state line from Lake Tahoe, California in 1963. Harvey's Resort Hotel in the late 1970s. Across the street, Harrah's only had a casino and no hotel yet; its hotel was built in the early 1970s. The hotel suffered an explosion from a bomb on August 27, 1980, that left a crater three stories deep when it was detonated by the FBI. (The area around the hotel had been cleared and no one was injured.) The bomb caused an estimated $18 million ($60 million in 2023) in damages. Parts of Harvey's casino reopened within 48 hours, and the fully repaired and renovated hotel reopened in May 1981. The bomb was placed by John Birges, a heavily in-debt Fresno landscaper who had lost at least $1 million at casinos in Stateline and was hoping to extort $3 million from the bomb threat. He was convicted and sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole, where he died from liver cancer in 1996. In 1983, Harvey Gross died at the age of 78; however, the company continued to operate under family management. In 1985, Harveys sold Harvey's Inn, northeast of Stateline, which reopened as the Lakeside Inn. The 18-story, $74 million, glass "Lake Tower" opened in 1986, the same year the trademark "Wagon Wheel" was replaced on the 11-story tower with the current Harveys brand. In early 1992, Harveys entered a bidding war with Hilton Hotels Corporation over the right to buy Bally's Reno, which opened on May 3, 1978, as MGM Grand Reno (now Grand Sierra Resort). Harveys announced an agreement on a $71 million deal, only to see Hilton up the ante to $73 million and assumption of Bally's debt. Several weeks later, after considering even higher bids, a federal bankruptcy court settled the matter by approving Hilton's final $83 million offer. After going public on February 15, 1994, Harveys began new projects including a joint venture with Hard Rock America for an $80 million casino in Las Vegas, which it later sold its interest in 1997 and then a casino resort in Central City, Colorado. A riverboat casino-convention center in Council Bluffs, Iowa, followed in early 1996. In the late 1990s, Bill Cosby was signed on as the spokesman for Harveys. This included putting the actor's likeness on several of the casino chips and recording several specials at the casino. The 1980 explosion that destroyed three floors of the hotel. In 1999, Colony Capital bought a controlling interest in Harveys Casino Resorts. Harveys announced on April 24, 2001, that it would be acquired by Harrah's Entertainment (later Caesars Entertainment) for $625 million. On October 6, 2017, ownership of the property was transferred to Vici Properties as part of a corporate spin-off, and it was leased back to Caesars Entertainment. References ^ "Harvey's hotel now open to the public". Lake Tahoe News. April 5, 1963 ^ Hoffman, Ryan (August 21, 2020). "40 years ago, Tahoe casino bombing was biggest in U.S. history". The Record Courier. Gardnerville, Nevada. Tahoe Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2021. ^ "John Birges Sr". AP News. ^ "Celebration set for new tower." Tahoe Daily Tribune. June 26, 1986 ^ "History of Harveys Casino Resorts – FundingUniverse". www.fundinguniverse.com. ^ "Harvey's Casino Chips". www.marlowcasinochips.com. ^ "Then and now: Stateline casino ownership". Lake Tahoe News. ^ "Vici Properties Inc., completes spin-off from Caesars Entertainment Operating Company" (Press release). Vici Properties. October 6, 2017 – via NewsBank. ^ Form 424B4: Prospectus (Report). Vici Properties. February 2, 2018. pp. F-54 – via EDGAR. Ferchland, William (August 22, 2005). "Harvey's bombing changed casinos forever". Tahoe Daily Tribune. "25th anniversary of Harveys bombing". Reno Gazette-Journal. August 2005. External links Official website Media related to Harveys Lake Tahoe Resort and Casino at Wikimedia Commons vteNevada area casinos (outside the Las Vegas Valley)Amargosa Valley Longstreet Baker Border Inn Beatty Stagecoach Downtown Carson City Carson Nugget Max Ormsby House Carson City Bodines Casino Fandango Gold Dust West Crystal Bay Cal Neva Ely Hotel Nevada and Gambling Hall Jackpot Barton's Club 93 Cactus Pete's Mesquite CasaBlanca Resort Eureka Minden Carson Valley Inn Downtown Reno Circus Circus Club Cal Neva Eldorado J Resort Silver Legacy Reno Atlantis Grand Sierra Resort Peppermill Sparks Nugget Rail City Western Village Outlets at Legends Stateline Bally's Golden Nugget Harrah's Harveys Verdi Boomtown West Wendover Montego Bay Resort Peppermill Rainbow Red Garter Wendover Nugget Yerington Dini's Lucky Club FormerDowntown Reno Comstock Hotel & Casino Fitzgeralds Golden Phoenix Harold's Club Harrah's Kings Inn Mapes Hotel Nevada Club Riverside Hotel Siena Sundowner Reno River Inn Mesquite Mesquite Star Oasis Sparks Bourbon Square Stateline Bill's Lakeside Inn Stateline Country Club West Wendover A-1 Club Lists List of casinos in Nevada vteCaesars Entertainment, Inc.Midwest U.S. Illinois Grand Victoria Harrah's Joliet Harrah's Metropolis Indiana Hoosier Park Horseshoe Hammond Horseshoe Indianapolis Iowa Harrah's Council Bluffs Horseshoe Council Bluffs Isle Bettendorf Isle Waterloo Mid-America Center Missouri Harrah's North Kansas City Horseshoe St. Louis Isle of Capri Boonville Ohio Scioto Downs Northeast U.S. Maryland Horseshoe Baltimore New Jersey Caesars Atlantic City Harrah's Atlantic City Tropicana Atlantic City Pennsylvania Harrah's Philadelphia Southern U.S. Florida Isle Pompano Park Louisiana Harrah's New Orleans Horseshoe Bossier City Isle of Capri Lake Charles Louisiana Downs Mississippi Harrah's Gulf Coast Horseshoe Tunica Isle of Capri Lula Trop Greenville North Carolina Harrah's Cherokee Harrah's Cherokee Valley River Virginia Caesars Virginia Western U.S. Arizona Harrah's Ak-Chin California Harrah's Northern California Harrah's Southern California Colorado Isle Black Hawk Lady Luck Black Hawk Nevada Caesars Palace Circus Circus Reno Cromwell Eldorado Reno Flamingo Harrah's Lake Tahoe Harrah's Las Vegas Harrah's Laughlin Harveys Horseshoe Las Vegas Linq Paris Planet Hollywood Silver Legacy Tropicana Laughlin Canada Caesars Windsor Programs World Series of Poker Bookmaker William Hill	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel"},{"link_name":"casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino"},{"link_name":"Stateline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateline,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"restaurants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurants"},{"link_name":"casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino"},{"link_name":"video arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_arcade"},{"link_name":"wedding chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_chapel"},{"link_name":"pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_pool"},{"link_name":"convention center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_center"},{"link_name":"health club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_club"},{"link_name":"Vici Properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vici_Properties"},{"link_name":"Caesars Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldorado_Resorts"}],"text":"Resort and casino in Stateline, NevadaHarveys Lake Tahoe is a hotel and casino located in Stateline, Nevada. It has 742 rooms and suites as well as six restaurants and a casino with 87,500 square feet (8,130 m2) of space. It also has a video arcade, wedding chapel, pool, convention center and a full-service health club. It is owned by Vici Properties and operated by Caesars Entertainment.","title":"Harveys Lake Tahoe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sacramento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harveys_Tahoe_1978.jpg"},{"link_name":"an explosion from a bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey%27s_Resort_Hotel_bombing"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Fresno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno,_California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Lakeside Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeside_Inn_(Stateline)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hilton Hotels Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Worldwide"},{"link_name":"Grand Sierra Resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Sierra_Resort"},{"link_name":"Hard Rock America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Rock_Cafe"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley"},{"link_name":"Central City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_City,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"Council Bluffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_Bluffs,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"Bill Cosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Cosby"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harveys_bombing.jpg"},{"link_name":"Colony Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_Capital"},{"link_name":"Harveys Casino Resorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harveys_Casino_Resorts&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Harrah's Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrah%27s_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Vici Properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vici_Properties"},{"link_name":"corporate spin-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_spin-off"},{"link_name":"leased back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaseback"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Harvey's was originally opened in 1944 and operated by Sacramento meat wholesaler Harvey Gross and his wife Llewellyn. They opened the first high rise tower and an 11-story, 197-room hotel in Nevada just across the state line from Lake Tahoe, California in 1963.[1]Harvey's Resort Hotel in the late 1970s. Across the street, Harrah's only had a casino and no hotel yet; its hotel was built in the early 1970s.The hotel suffered an explosion from a bomb on August 27, 1980, that left a crater three stories deep when it was detonated by the FBI. (The area around the hotel had been cleared and no one was injured.) The bomb caused an estimated $18 million ($60 million in 2023) in damages. Parts of Harvey's casino reopened within 48 hours, and the fully repaired and renovated hotel reopened in May 1981.[2] The bomb was placed by John Birges, a heavily in-debt Fresno landscaper who had lost at least $1 million at casinos in Stateline and was hoping to extort $3 million from the bomb threat. He was convicted and sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole, where he died from liver cancer in 1996.[3]In 1983, Harvey Gross died at the age of 78; however, the company continued to operate under family management. In 1985, Harveys sold Harvey's Inn, northeast of Stateline, which reopened as the Lakeside Inn. The 18-story, $74 million, glass \"Lake Tower\" opened in 1986,[4] the same year the trademark \"Wagon Wheel\" was replaced on the 11-story tower with the current Harveys brand.In early 1992, Harveys entered a bidding war with Hilton Hotels Corporation over the right to buy Bally's Reno, which opened on May 3, 1978, as MGM Grand Reno (now Grand Sierra Resort). Harveys announced an agreement on a $71 million deal, only to see Hilton up the ante to $73 million and assumption of Bally's debt. Several weeks later, after considering even higher bids, a federal bankruptcy court settled the matter by approving Hilton's final $83 million offer.After going public on February 15, 1994, Harveys began new projects including a joint venture with Hard Rock America for an $80 million casino in Las Vegas, which it later sold its interest in 1997 and then a casino resort in Central City, Colorado. A riverboat casino-convention center in Council Bluffs, Iowa, followed in early 1996.In the late 1990s, Bill Cosby was signed on as the spokesman for Harveys.[5] This included putting the actor's likeness on several of the casino chips[6] and recording several specials at the casino.[7]The 1980 explosion that destroyed three floors of the hotel.In 1999, Colony Capital bought a controlling interest in Harveys Casino Resorts. Harveys announced on April 24, 2001, that it would be acquired by Harrah's Entertainment (later Caesars Entertainment) for $625 million.On October 6, 2017, ownership of the property was transferred to Vici Properties as part of a corporate spin-off, and it was leased back to Caesars Entertainment.[8][9]","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"Harvey's Resort Hotel in the late 1970s. Across the street, Harrah's only had a casino and no hotel yet; its hotel was built in the early 1970s.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Harveys_Tahoe_1978.jpg/220px-Harveys_Tahoe_1978.jpg"},{"image_text":"The 1980 explosion that destroyed three floors of the hotel.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Harveys_bombing.jpg/260px-Harveys_bombing.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Hoffman, Ryan (August 21, 2020). \"40 years ago, Tahoe casino bombing was biggest in U.S. history\". The Record Courier. Gardnerville, Nevada. Tahoe Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210116203207/https://www.recordcourier.com/news/crime/40-years-ago-tahoe-casino-bombing-was-biggest-in-u-s-history/","url_text":"\"40 years ago, Tahoe casino bombing was biggest in U.S. history\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record-Courier_(Nevada)","url_text":"The Record Courier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahoe_Daily_Tribune","url_text":"Tahoe Daily Tribune"},{"url":"https://www.recordcourier.com/news/crime/40-years-ago-tahoe-casino-bombing-was-biggest-in-u-s-history/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"John Birges Sr\". AP News.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/20cab784b77c1d3a2bb4cc70723cbacf","url_text":"\"John Birges Sr\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Harveys Casino Resorts – FundingUniverse\". www.fundinguniverse.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/harveys-casino-resorts-history/","url_text":"\"History of Harveys Casino Resorts – FundingUniverse\""}]},{"reference":"\"Harvey's Casino Chips\". www.marlowcasinochips.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marlowcasinochips.com/nevada/TahoeStateline/Harveys/Harveys.htm","url_text":"\"Harvey's Casino Chips\""}]},{"reference":"\"Then and now: Stateline casino ownership\". Lake Tahoe News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.laketahoenews.net/2014/01/now-stateline-casino-ownership/","url_text":"\"Then and now: Stateline casino ownership\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vici Properties Inc., completes spin-off from Caesars Entertainment Operating Company\" (Press release). Vici Properties. October 6, 2017 – via NewsBank.","urls":[{"url":"http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_dat=document_id%3Anews%252F1675F9FA5F091568&rft_id=info%3Asid%2Finfoweb.newsbank.com&rft_val_format=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&svc_dat=AWNB&req_dat=1028A39C75C2B899","url_text":"\"Vici Properties Inc., completes spin-off from Caesars Entertainment Operating Company\""}]},{"reference":"Form 424B4: Prospectus (Report). Vici Properties. February 2, 2018. pp. F-54 – via EDGAR.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1705696/000119312518030700/d496153d424b4.htm","url_text":"Form 424B4: Prospectus"}]},{"reference":"Ferchland, William (August 22, 2005). \"Harvey's bombing changed casinos forever\". Tahoe Daily Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tahoedailytribune.com/article/20050822/NEWS/108220016","url_text":"\"Harvey's bombing changed casinos forever\""}]},{"reference":"\"25th anniversary of Harveys bombing\". Reno Gazette-Journal. August 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rgj.com/extra/harveys.php","url_text":"\"25th anniversary of Harveys bombing\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Harveys_Lake_Tahoe&params=38.9603_N_119.9424_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"38°57′37″N 119°56′33″W / 38.9603°N 119.9424°W / 38.9603; -119.9424"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Harveys_Lake_Tahoe&params=38.9603_N_119.9424_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"38°57′37″N 119°56′33″W / 38.9603°N 119.9424°W / 38.9603; -119.9424"},{"Link":"http://caesars.com/harveys-tahoe","external_links_name":"caesars.com/harveys-tahoe"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210116203207/https://www.recordcourier.com/news/crime/40-years-ago-tahoe-casino-bombing-was-biggest-in-u-s-history/","external_links_name":"\"40 years ago, Tahoe casino bombing was biggest in U.S. history\""},{"Link":"https://www.recordcourier.com/news/crime/40-years-ago-tahoe-casino-bombing-was-biggest-in-u-s-history/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/20cab784b77c1d3a2bb4cc70723cbacf","external_links_name":"\"John Birges Sr\""},{"Link":"http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/harveys-casino-resorts-history/","external_links_name":"\"History of Harveys Casino Resorts – FundingUniverse\""},{"Link":"http://www.marlowcasinochips.com/nevada/TahoeStateline/Harveys/Harveys.htm","external_links_name":"\"Harvey's Casino Chips\""},{"Link":"https://www.laketahoenews.net/2014/01/now-stateline-casino-ownership/","external_links_name":"\"Then and now: Stateline casino ownership\""},{"Link":"http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_dat=document_id%3Anews%252F1675F9FA5F091568&rft_id=info%3Asid%2Finfoweb.newsbank.com&rft_val_format=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&svc_dat=AWNB&req_dat=1028A39C75C2B899","external_links_name":"\"Vici Properties Inc., completes spin-off from Caesars Entertainment Operating Company\""},{"Link":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1705696/000119312518030700/d496153d424b4.htm","external_links_name":"Form 424B4: Prospectus"},{"Link":"http://www.tahoedailytribune.com/article/20050822/NEWS/108220016","external_links_name":"\"Harvey's bombing changed casinos forever\""},{"Link":"http://www.rgj.com/extra/harveys.php","external_links_name":"\"25th anniversary of Harveys bombing\""},{"Link":"https://www.caesars.com/harveys-tahoe","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._S._Johnston	Albert Sidney Johnston	["1 Early life and education","2 Marriage and family","3 Texian Army","4 United States Army","5 Utah War","6 Slavery","7 American Civil War","7.1 Confederate command in Western Theater","7.2 Battle of Mill Springs","7.3 Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Nashville","7.4 Concentration at Corinth","7.5 Battle of Shiloh and death","8 Legacy and honors","9 See also","10 Notes","11 References","12 Further reading","13 External links"]	American army general (1803–1862) GeneralAlbert Sidney JohnstonAlbert Sidney Johnston, c. 1861Born(1803-02-02)February 2, 1803Washington, Kentucky, U.S.DiedApril 6, 1862(1862-04-06) (aged 59)Shiloh, Tennessee, U.S.BuriedTexas State CemeteryAllegiance United States of America Republic of Texas Confederate States of AmericaService/branch United States Army Texian Army Confederate States ArmyYears of service1826–1834; 1846–1861 (USA)1836–1840 (Republic of Texas)1861–1862 (CSA)Rank Brevet brigadier general Senior Brigadier General (Texas) General (CSA)Unit2nd U.S. Infantry6th U.S. InfantryLos Angeles Mounted Rifles (CSA)Commands held1st Texas Rifles (USV)2nd U.S. CavalryDepartment of the Pacific (USA)Army of Central Kentucky (CSA)Army of Mississippi (CSA)Department No. 2 (CSA)Battles/warsBlack Hawk War (1832)Texas-Indian Wars (1836–1857) Battle of the Neches Mexican–American War (1846–1848) Battle of Monterrey Utah War (1857–1858)American Civil War (1861–1862) Battle of Shiloh (1862) † AwardsHall of HonorSignature Albert Sidney Johnston (February 2, 1803 – April 6, 1862) was an American military officer who served as a general in three different armies: the Texian Army, the United States Army, and the Confederate States Army. He saw extensive combat during his 34-year military career, fighting actions in the Black Hawk War, the Texas-Indian Wars, the Mexican–American War, the Utah War, and the American Civil War. Considered by Confederate States President Jefferson Davis to be the finest general officer in the Confederacy before the later emergence of Robert E. Lee, he was killed early in the Civil War at the Battle of Shiloh on April 6, 1862. Johnston was the highest-ranking officer on either side killed during the entire war. Davis believed the loss of General Johnston "was the turning point of our fate." Johnston was unrelated to Confederate general Joseph E. Johnston. Early life and education Johnston was born in Washington, Kentucky, the youngest son of Dr. John and Abigail (Harris) Johnston. His father was a native of Salisbury, Connecticut. Although Albert Johnston was born in Kentucky, he lived much of his life in Texas, which he considered his home. He was first educated at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky, where he met fellow student Jefferson Davis. Both were appointed to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, Davis two years behind Johnston. In 1826, Johnston graduated eighth of 41 cadets in his class from West Point with a commission as a brevet second lieutenant in the 2nd U.S. Infantry. Johnston was assigned to posts in New York and Missouri. In August 1827 he participated in the expedition to capture Red Bird, the rebellious Winnebago chief. Johnston later wrote: "I must confess that I consider Red Bird one of the noblest and most dignified men I ever saw... He said: 'I have offended. I sacrifice myself to save my country.'" Johnston served in the brief Black Hawk War of 1832 as chief of staff to Brevet Brigadier General Henry Atkinson. The commander praised Johnston for "talents of the first order, a gallant soldier by profession and education and a gentleman of high standing and integrity." Marriage and family China Grove Plantation, Johnston's Texas home In 1829, he married Henrietta Preston, sister of Kentucky politician and future Civil War general William Preston. They had three children, of whom two survived to adulthood. Their son, William Preston Johnston, became a colonel in the Confederate States Army. The senior Johnston resigned his commission in 1834 to care for his dying wife in Kentucky, who succumbed two years later to tuberculosis. After serving as Secretary of War for the Republic of Texas in 1838–40, Johnston resigned and went back to Kentucky. In 1843, he married Eliza Griffin, his late wife's first cousin. The couple moved to Texas, where they settled on a large plantation in Brazoria County. Johnston named the property "China Grove". Here they raised Johnston's two children from his first marriage and the first three children born to Eliza and him. A sixth child was born later when the family lived in Los Angeles, where they had permanently settled. Texian Army Johnston moved to Texas in 1836 and enlisted as a private in the Texian Army after the Texas War of Independence from the Republic of Mexico. He was named Adjutant General as a colonel in the Republic of Texas Army on August 5, 1836. On January 31, 1837, he became senior brigadier general in command of the Texas Army. On February 5, 1837, Johnston fought in a duel with Texas Brigadier General Felix Huston, who was angered and offended by Johnston's promotion. Huston had been the acting commander of the army and perceived Johnston's appointment as a slight from the Texas government. Johnston was shot through the hip and severely wounded, requiring him to relinquish his post during his recovery. Afterwards, Johnston said he fought Huston "as a public duty... he had but little respect for the practice of dueling." He believed that the "safety of the republic depended upon the efficiency of the army... and upon the good discipline and subordination of the troops, which could only be secured by their obedience to their legal commander. General Huston embodied the lawless spirit in the army, which had to be met and controlled at whatever personal peril." Many years later, Huston said that the duel was "a shameful piece of business, and I wouldn't do it again under any circumstances... Why, when I reflect upon the circumstances, I hate myself... that one act blackened all the good ones of my life. But I couldn't challenge Congress; and President Houston, although a duelist, was too far above me in rank. Well, thank God, I didn't kill him." On December 22, 1838, Mirabeau B. Lamar, the second president of the Republic of Texas, appointed Johnston as Secretary of War. He defended the Texas border against Mexican attempts to recover the state in rebellion. In 1839, he campaigned against Native Americans in northern Texas during the Cherokee War of 1838–39. At the Battle of the Neches, Johnston and Vice President David G. Burnet were both cited in the commander's report "for active exertions on the field" and "having behaved in such a manner as reflects great credit upon themselves." In February 1840, he resigned and returned to Kentucky. United States Army Johnston as commander of the Department of Utah. Portrait taken by Samuel C. Mills at Camp Floyd, Utah Territory, winter of 1858–59 When the United States declared war on Mexico in May 1846, Johnston rode 400 miles from his home in Galveston to Port Isabel to volunteer for service in Brigadier General Zachary Taylor's Army of Occupation. Johnston was elected as colonel of the 1st Texas Rifle Volunteers but the enlistments of his soldiers ran out just before the army's advance on Monterrey, so Taylor appointed him as the inspector general of Brigadier General William O. Butler's division of volunteers. Johnston convinced a few volunteers of his former regiment to stay on and fight. During the Battle of Monterrey, Butler was wounded and carried to the rear, and Johnston assumed an active leadership role in the division. Future U.S. general, Joseph Hooker, was with Johnston at Monterrey and wrote: "It was through agency, mainly, that our division was saved from a cruel slaughter... The coolness and magnificent presence displayed on this field... left an impression on my mind that I have never forgotten." General Taylor considered Johnston "the best soldier he had ever commanded." Johnston resigned from the army just after the battle of Monterrey in October 1846. He had promised his wife, Eliza, that he would only volunteer for six months' service. In addition, President James K. Polk's administration's preference for officers associated with the Democratic Party prevented the promotion of those, such as Johnston, who were perceived as Whigs: Authorized to appoint a large number of officers in the increased military force, raised directly by the United States, an unjust discrimination was made in favor of Democrats... Not one Whig was included, and not one of the Democratic appointees had seen service in the field, or possessed the slightest pretension to military education. Such able graduates of West Point as Henry Clay, jun., and William R. McKee, were compelled to seek service through State appointments in volunteer regiments, while Albert Sidney Johnston, subsequently proved to be one of the ablest commanders ever sent from the Military Academy, could not obtain a commission from the General Government. In the war between Mexico and Texas, by which the latter had secured its independence, Johnston had held high command, and was perhaps the best equipped soldier, both by education and service, to be found in the entire country outside the regular army at the time of the Mexican war. General Taylor urged the President to give Johnston command of one of the ten new regiments. Johnston took no part in politics; but his eminent brother, Josiah Stoddard Johnston, long a senator from Louisiana, was Mr. Clay's most intimate friend in public life, and General Taylor's letter was not even answered. He remained on his plantation after the war until he was appointed by later 12th president Zachary Taylor to the U.S. Army as a major and was made a paymaster in December 1849 for a district of Texas encompassing the military posts from the upper Colorado River to the upper Trinity River. He served in that role for more than five years, making six tours and traveling more than 4,000 miles (6,400 km) annually on the Indian frontier of Texas. He served on the Texas frontier at Fort Mason and elsewhere in the western United States. In 1855, 14th president Franklin Pierce appointed him colonel of the new 2nd U.S. Cavalry (the unit that preceded the modern 5th U.S.), a new regiment, which he organized, his lieutenant colonel being Robert E. Lee, and his majors William J. Hardee and George H. Thomas. Other subordinates in this unit included Earl Van Dorn, Edmund Kirby Smith, Nathan G. Evans, Innis N. Palmer, George Stoneman, R.W. Johnson, John B. Hood, and Charles W. Field, all future Civil War generals. On March 31, 1856, Johnston received a promotion to temporary command of the entire Department of Texas. He campaigned aggressively against the Comanche, writing to his daughter that "the Indians harass our frontiers and the 2nd Cavalry and other troops thrash them wherever they catch them." In March 1857, Brigadier General David E. Twiggs was appointed permanent commander of the department and Johnston returned to his position as colonel of the 2nd Cavalry. Utah War As a key figure in the Utah War, Johnston took command of the U.S. forces dispatched to crush the Mormon rebellion in November 1857. Their objective was to install Alfred Cumming as governor of the Utah Territory, replacing Brigham Young, and restore U.S. legal authority in the region. As Johnston had replaced Brigadier General William S. Harney in command, he only joined the army after it had already departed for Utah. Johnston's adjutant general, and future U.S. general in the Civil War, Major Fitz John Porter wrote: "Experienced on the Plains and of established reputation for energy, courage, and resources, presence restored confidence at all points, and encouraged the weak-hearted and panic-stricken multitude. The long chain of wagons, kinked, tangled, and hard to move, uncoiled and went forward smoothly." Johnston worked tirelessly over the next few months to maintain the effectiveness of his army in the harsh winter environment at Fort Bridger, Wyoming. Major Porter wrote to an associate: "Col. Johnston has done everything to add to the efficiency of the command – and put it in a condition to sustain the dignity and honor of the country – More he cannot do… Don't let any one come here over Col. Johnston – It would be much against the wishes and hopes of everyone here – who would gladly see him a Brigadier General." Even the Mormons commended Johnston's actions, with the Salt Lake City Deseret News reporting that "It takes a cool brain and good judgment to maintain a contented army and healthy camp through a stormy winter in the Wasatch Mountains." Johnston and his troops hoped for war. They had learned of the Mountain Meadows Massacre and wanted revenge against the Mormons. However, a peaceful resolution was reached after the army had endured the harsh winter at Fort Bridger. In late June 1858, Johnston led the army through Salt Lake City without incident to establish Camp Floyd some 50 miles distant. In a report to the War Department, Johnston reported that "horrible crimes… have been perpetrated in this territory, crimes of a magnitude and of an apparently studied refinement in atrocity, hardly to be conceived of, and which have gone unwhipped of justice." Nevertheless, Johnston's army peacefully occupied the Utah Territory. U.S. Army Commander-in-Chief, Major General Winfield Scott, was delighted with Johnston's performance during the campaign and recommended his promotion to brevet brigadier general: "Colonel Johnson is more than a good officer – he is a God send to the country thro' the army." The Senate confirmed Johnston's promotion on March 24, 1858. With regard to the relations established by Johnston with the Native American tribes of the area, Major Porter reported that "Colonel Johnston took every occasion to bring the Indians within knowledge and influence of the army, and induced numerous chiefs to come to his camp... Colonel Johnston was ever kind, but firm, and dignified to them... The Utes, Pi-Utes, Bannocks, and other tribes, visited Colonel Johnston, and all went away expressing themselves pleased, assuring him that so long as he remained they would prove his friends, which the colonel told them would be best for them. Thus he effectively destroyed all influence of the Mormons over them, and insured friendly treatment to travelers to and from California and Oregon." In August 1859, parts of Johnston's Army of Utah were implicated as participants in an alleged massacre at Spring Valley, a retaliation against an Indian massacre of an emigrant train to California. There are conflicting reports of the event and Johnston only referenced it in a November 1859 report to Scott. He wrote: "I have ascertained that three parties were robbed, and ten or twelve of their members, comprising men, women, and children, murdered... The perpetrators of the robbery of the first party were severely chastised by a detachment of dragoons, under the command of Lieutenant Gay. The troops failed to discover the robbers of the last two parties that were attacked. They are supposed to be vagabonds from the Shoshonee (sic) or Snake and Bannack (sic) Indians, whose chiefs deny any complicity with these predatory bands. There is abundant evidence to prove that these robber bands are accompanied by white men, and probably instigated and led by them. On that account I am inclined to believe the disclaimer of the Indians referred to, of having any knowledge of the robberies or any share in the plunder." The only evidence of the massacre is the account of Elijah Nicholas Wilson (written in 1910, about 51 years after the incident) and oral histories. In late February 1860, Johnston received orders from the War Department recalling him to Washington D.C. to prepare for a new assignment. He spent 1860 in Kentucky until December 21, when he sailed for California to take command of the Department of the Pacific. Slavery Johnston was a slave owner and a strong supporter of slavery. By 1846, he owned four slaves in Texas. In 1855, having discovered that a slave was stealing from the Army payroll, Johnston refused to have him physically punished and instead sold him for $1,000 to recoup the losses. Johnston explained that "whipping will not restore what is lost and it will not benefit the , whom a lifetime of kind treatment has failed to make honest." In 1856, he called abolitionism "fanatical, idolatrous, negro worshipping" in a letter to his son, fearing that the abolitionists would incite a slave revolt in the Southern states. Upon moving to California, Johnston sold one slave to his son and freed another, Randolph or "Ran", who agreed to accompany the family on the condition of a $12/month contract for five more years of servitude. Ran accompanied Johnston throughout the American Civil War until the latter's death. Johnston's wife Eliza celebrated the absence of blacks in California, writing, "where the darky is in any numbers it should be as slaves." American Civil War Albert S. Johnston in Confederate Army uniform wearing Three Gold Stars and Wreath on a General's Collar At the outbreak of the American Civil War, Johnston was the commander of the U.S. Army Department of the Pacific in California. Like many regular army officers from the Southern United States, he opposed secession. Nevertheless, Johnston resigned his commission soon after he heard of the Confederate states' declarations of secession. The War Department accepted it on May 6, 1861, effective May 3. On April 28, he moved to Los Angeles, the home of his wife's brother John Griffin. Considering staying in California with his wife and five children, Johnston remained there until May. A sixth child was born in the family home in Los Angeles. His eldest son, Capt. Albert S. Johnston, Jr. was later killed in an accidental explosion on a steamer ship while on liberty in Los Angeles in 1863. Soon, Johnston enlisted in the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles (a pro-Southern militia unit) as a private, leaving Warner's Ranch on May 27. He participated in their trek across the Southwestern deserts to Texas, crossing the Colorado River into the Confederate Territory of Arizona on July 4, 1861. His escort was commanded by Alonzo Ridley, Undersheriff of Los Angeles, who remained at Johnston's side until he was killed. Early in the Civil War, Confederate President Jefferson Davis decided that the Confederacy would attempt to hold as much territory as possible, distributing military forces around its borders and coasts. In the summer of 1861, Davis appointed several generals to defend Confederate lines from the Mississippi River east to the Allegheny Mountains. Aged 58 when the war began, Johnston was old by Army standards. He came east to offer his service for the Confederacy without having been promised anything, merely hoping for an assignment. The most sensitive, and in many ways, the most crucial areas, along the Mississippi River and in western Tennessee along the Tennessee and the Cumberland rivers were placed under the command of Maj. Gen. Leonidas Polk and Brig. Gen. Gideon J. Pillow. The latter had initially been in command in Tennessee as that State's top general. Their impolitic occupation of Columbus, Kentucky, on September 3, 1861, two days before Johnston arrived in the Confederacy's capital of Richmond, Virginia, after his cross-country journey, drove Kentucky from its stated neutrality. The majority of Kentuckians allied with the U.S. camp. Polk and Pillow's action gave U.S. Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant an excuse to take control of the strategically located town of Paducah, Kentucky, without raising the ire of most Kentuckians and the pro-U.S. majority in the State legislature. Confederate command in Western Theater On September 10, 1861, Johnston was assigned to command the huge area of the Confederacy west of the Allegheny Mountains, except for coastal areas. He became commander of the Confederacy's western armies in the area often called the Western Department or Western Military Department. Johnston's appointment as a full general by his friend and admirer Jefferson Davis had already been confirmed by the Confederate Senate on August 31, 1861. The appointment had been backdated to rank from May 30, 1861, making him the second-highest-ranking general in the Confederate States Army. Only Adjutant General and Inspector General Samuel Cooper ranked ahead of him. After his appointment, Johnston immediately headed for his new territory. He was permitted to call on Arkansas, Tennessee, and Mississippi governors for new troops. However, politics largely stifled this authority, especially concerning Mississippi. On September 13, 1861, Johnston ordered Brig. Gen. Felix Zollicoffer with 4,000 men to occupy Cumberland Gap in Kentucky to block U.S. troops from coming into eastern Tennessee. The Kentucky legislature had voted to side with the United States after the occupation of Columbus by Polk. By September 18, Johnston had Brig. Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner with another 4,000 men blocking the railroad route to Tennessee at Bowling Green, Kentucky. Johnston had fewer than 40,000 men spread throughout Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Missouri. Of these, 10,000 were in Missouri under Missouri State Guard Maj. Gen. Sterling Price. Johnston did not quickly gain many recruits when he first requested them from the governors, but his more serious problem was lacking sufficient arms and ammunition for the troops he already had. As the Confederate government concentrated efforts on the units in the East, they gave Johnston small numbers of reinforcements and minimal amounts of arms and material. Johnston maintained his defense by conducting raids and other measures to make it appear he had larger forces than he did, a strategy that worked for several months. Johnston's tactics had so annoyed and confused U.S. Brig. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman in Kentucky that he became paranoid and mentally unstable. Sherman overestimated Johnston's forces and was relieved by Brig. Gen. Don Carlos Buell on November 9, 1861. However, in his Memoirs, Sherman strongly rebutted this account. Battle of Mill Springs East Tennessee (a heavily pro-U.S. region of the southern U.S. during the Civil War) was occupied for the Confederacy by two unimpressive brigadier generals appointed by Jefferson Davis: Felix Zollicoffer, a brave but untrained and inexperienced officer, and soon-to-be Maj. Gen. George B. Crittenden, a former U.S. Army officer with apparent alcohol problems. While Crittenden was away in Richmond, Zollicoffer moved his forces to the north bank of the upper Cumberland River near Mill Springs (now Nancy, Kentucky), putting the river to his back and his forces into a trap. Zollicoffer decided it was impossible to obey orders to return to the other side of the river because of the scarcity of transport and proximity of U.S. troops. When U.S. Brig. Gen. George H. Thomas moved against the Confederates, Crittenden decided to attack one of the two parts of Thomas's command at Logan's Cross Roads near Mill Springs before the U.S. forces could unite. At the Battle of Mill Springs on January 19, 1862, the ill-prepared Confederates, after a night march in the rain, attacked the U.S. soldiers with some initial success. As the battle progressed, Zollicoffer was killed and the Confederates were turned back and routed by a U.S. bayonet charge, suffering 533 casualties from their force of 4,000 while Crittenden's conduct in the battle was so inept that subordinates accused him of being drunk. The Confederate troops who escaped were assigned to other units as General Crittenden faced an investigation of his conduct. After the Confederate defeat at Mill Springs, Davis sent Johnston a brigade and a few other scattered reinforcements. He also assigned him Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard, who was supposed to attract recruits because of his victories early in the war and act as a competent subordinate for Johnston. The brigade was led by Brig. Gen. John B. Floyd, considered incompetent. He took command at Fort Donelson as the senior general present just before U.S. Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant attacked the fort. Historians believe the assignment of Beauregard to the west stimulated U.S. commanders to attack the forts before Beauregard could make a difference in the theater. U.S. Army officers heard that he was bringing 15 regiments with him, but this was an exaggeration of his forces. Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Nashville Based on the assumption that Kentucky neutrality would act as a shield against a direct invasion from the north, circumstances that no longer applied in September 1861, Tennessee initially had sent men to Virginia and concentrated defenses in the Mississippi Valley. Even before Johnston arrived in Tennessee, construction of two forts had been started to defend the Tennessee and the Cumberland rivers, which provided avenues into the State from the north. Both forts were located in Tennessee to respect Kentucky neutrality, but these were not in ideal locations. Fort Henry on the Tennessee River was in an unfavorable low-lying location, commanded by hills on the Kentucky side of the river. Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River, although in a better location, had a vulnerable land side and did not have enough heavy artillery to defend against gunboats. Maj. Gen. Polk ignored the problems of the forts when he took command. After Johnston took command, Polk at first refused to comply with Johnston's order to send an engineer, Lt. Joseph K. Dixon, to inspect the forts. After Johnston asserted his authority, Polk had to allow Dixon to proceed. Dixon recommended that the forts be maintained and strengthened, although they were not in ideal locations, because much work had been done on them, and the Confederates might not have time to build new ones. Johnston accepted his recommendations. Johnston wanted Major Alexander P. Stewart to command the forts, but President Davis appointed Brig. Gen. Lloyd Tilghman as commander. To prevent Polk from dissipating his forces by allowing some men to join a partisan group, Johnston ordered him to send Brig. Gen. Gideon Pillow and 5,000 men to Fort Donelson. Pillow took up a position at nearby Clarksville, Tennessee, and did not move into the fort until February 7, 1862. Alerted by a U.S. reconnaissance on January 14, 1862, Johnston ordered Tilghman to fortify the high ground opposite Fort Henry, which Polk had failed to do despite Johnston's orders. Tilghman failed to act decisively on these orders, which were too late to be adequately carried out in any event. Gen. Beauregard arrived at Johnston's headquarters at Bowling Green on February 4, 1862, and was given overall command of Polk's force at the western end of Johnston's line at Columbus, Kentucky. On February 6, 1862, U.S. gunboats quickly reduced the defenses of ill-sited Fort Henry, inflicting 21 casualties on the small remaining Confederate force. Brig. Gen. Lloyd Tilghman surrendered the 94 remaining officers and men of his approximately 3,000-man force, which had not been sent to Fort Donelson, before Grant's U.S. forces could even take up their positions. Johnston knew he could be trapped at Bowling Green if Fort Donelson fell, so he moved his force to Nashville, the capital of Tennessee and an increasingly important Confederate industrial center, beginning on February 11, 1862. Johnston also reinforced Fort Donelson with 12,000 more men, including those under Floyd and Pillow, a curious decision given his thought that the U.S. gunboats alone could take the fort. He ordered the fort commanders to evacuate the troops if the fort could not be held. The senior generals sent to the fort to command the enlarged garrison, Gideon J. Pillow and John B. Floyd, squandered their chance to avoid having to surrender most of the garrison and on February 16, 1862, Brig. Gen. Simon Buckner, having been abandoned by Floyd and Pillow, surrendered Fort Donelson. Colonel Nathan Bedford Forrest escaped with his cavalry force of about 700 men before the surrender. The Confederates suffered about 1,500 casualties, with an estimated 12,000 to 14,000 taken prisoner. U.S. casualties were 500 killed, 2,108 wounded, and 224 missing. Johnston, who had little choice in allowing Floyd and Pillow to take charge at Fort Donelson based on seniority after he ordered them to add their forces to the garrison, took the blame and suffered calls for his removal because a full explanation to the press and public would have exposed the weakness of the Confederate position. His passive defensive performance while positioning himself in a forward position at Bowling Green, spreading his forces too thinly, not concentrating his forces in the face of U.S. advances, and appointing or relying upon inadequate or incompetent subordinates subjected him to criticism at the time and by later historians. The fall of the forts exposed Nashville to an imminent attack, and it fell without resistance to U.S. forces under Brig. Gen. Buell on February 25, 1862, two days after Johnston had to pull his forces out to avoid having them captured as well. Concentration at Corinth Johnston was in a perilous situation after the fall of Ft. Donelson and Henry; with barely 17,000 men to face an overwhelming concentration of Union force, he hastily fled south into Mississippi by way of Nashville and then into northern Alabama. Johnston himself retreated with the force under his personal command, the Army of Central Kentucky, from the vicinity of Nashville. With Beauregard's help, Johnston decided to concentrate forces with those formerly under Polk and now already under Beauregard's command at the strategically located railroad crossroads of Corinth, Mississippi, which he reached by a circuitous route. Johnston kept the U.S. forces, now under the overall command of Maj. Gen. Henry Halleck, confused and hesitant to move, allowing Johnston to reach his objective undetected. He scraped together reinforcements from Louisiana, as well as part of Polk's force at Island No. 10, and 10,000 additional troops under Braxton Bragg brought up from Mobile. Bragg at least calmed the nerves of Beauregard and Polk, who had become agitated by their apparent dire situation in the face of numerically superior forces, before Johnston's arrival on March 24, 1862. Johnston's army of 17,000 men gave the Confederates a combined force of about 40,000 to 44,669 men at Corinth. On March 29, 1862, Johnston officially took command of this combined force, which continued to use the Army of the Mississippi name under which Beauregard had organized it on March 5. Johnston's only hope was to crush Grant before Buell and others could reinforce him. He started his army in motion on April 3, intent on surprising Grant's force as soon as the next day. It was not an easy undertaking; his army had been hastily thrown together, two-thirds of the soldiers had never fired a shot in battle, and drill, discipline, and staff work were so poor that the different divisions kept stumbling into each other on the march. Beauregard felt that this offensive was a mistake and could not possibly succeed, but Johnston replied "I would fight them if they were a million" as he drove his army on to Pittsburg Landing. His army was finally in position within a mile or two of Grant's force, undetected, by the evening of April 5, 1862. Battle of Shiloh and death Johnston launched a massive surprise attack with his concentrated forces against Grant at the Battle of Shiloh on April 6, 1862. As the Confederate forces overran the U.S. camps, Johnston personally rallied troops up and down the line on his horse. One of his famous moments in the battle occurred when he witnessed some of his soldiers breaking from the ranks to pillage and loot the U.S. camps and was outraged to see a young lieutenant among them. "None of that, sir", Johnston roared at the officer, "we are not here for plunder." Then, realizing he had embarrassed the man, he picked up a tin cup from a table and announced, "Let this be my share of the spoils today", before directing his army onward. At about 2:30 pm, while leading one of those charges against a U.S. camp near the "Peach Orchard", he was wounded, taking a bullet behind his right knee. The bullet clipped a part of his popliteal artery, and his boot filled up with blood. No medical personnel were on the scene since Johnston had sent his personal surgeon to care for the wounded Confederate troops and U.S. prisoners earlier in the battle.Henry Mosler's drawing of the death of General Johnston Within a few minutes, Johnston was observed by his staff to be nearly fainting. Among his staff was Isham G. Harris, the Governor of Tennessee, who had ceased to make any real effort to function as governor after learning that Abraham Lincoln had appointed Andrew Johnson as military governor of Tennessee. Seeing Johnston slumping in his saddle and his face turning deathly pale, Harris asked: "General, are you wounded?" Johnston glanced down at his leg wound, then faced Harris and said his last words in a weak voice: "Yes... and I fear seriously." Harris and other staff officers removed Johnston from his horse, carried him to a small ravine near the "Hornets Nest", and desperately tried to aid the general, who had lost consciousness. Harris then sent an aide to fetch Johnston's surgeon but did not apply a tourniquet to Johnston's wounded leg. A few minutes later, Johnston died from blood loss before a doctor could be found. It is believed that Johnston may have lived for as long as one hour after receiving his fatal wound. It was later discovered that Johnston had a tourniquet in his pocket when he died.Monument to Johnston at Shiloh National Military ParkHarris and the other officers wrapped General Johnston's body in a blanket to not damage the troops' morale with the sight of the dead general. Johnston and his wounded horse, Fire Eater, were taken to his field headquarters on the Corinth road, where his body remained in his tent for the remainder of the battle. P. G. T. Beauregard assumed command of the army. He resumed leading the Confederate assault, which continued advancing and pushed the U.S. forces back to a final defensive line near the Tennessee river. With his army exhausted and daylight almost gone, Beauregard called off the final Confederate attack around 1900 hours, figuring he could finish off the U.S. army the following morning. However, Grant was reinforced by 20,000 fresh troops from Don Carlos Buell's Army of the Ohio during the night and led a successful counter-attack the following day, driving the Confederates from the field and winning the battle. As the Confederate army retreated to Corinth, Johnston's body was taken to the home of Colonel William Inge, which had been his headquarters in Corinth. It was covered in the Confederate flag and lay in state for several hours. It is possible that a Confederate soldier fired the fatal round, as many Confederates were firing at the U.S. lines while Johnston charged well in advance of his soldiers. Alonzo Ridley of Los Angeles commanded the bodyguard "the Guides" of Gen. A. S. Johnston and was by his side when he fell. Johnston was the highest-ranking fatality of the war on either side and his death was a strong blow to the morale of the Confederacy. At the time, Davis considered him the best general in the country. Legacy and honors Johnston's tomb and statue by Elisabet Ney in the Texas State Cemetery in Austin, Texas Johnston was survived by his wife, Eliza, and six children. His wife and five younger children, including one born after he went to war, chose to live out their days at home in Los Angeles with Eliza's brother, Dr. John Strother Griffin. Johnston's eldest son, Albert Sidney Jr. (born in Texas), had already followed him into the Confederate States Army. In 1863, Albert Jr. was on his way out of San Pedro harbor on a ferry after taking home leave in Los Angeles. While a steamer was taking on passengers from the ferry, a wave swamped the smaller boat, causing its boilers to explode. Albert Jr. was killed in the accident. Upon his passing, General Johnston received the highest praise ever given by the Confederate government: accounts were published on December 20, 1862, and after that, in the Los Angeles Star of his family's hometown. Johnston Street, Hancock Street, and Griffin Avenue, each in northeast Los Angeles, are named after the general and his family, who lived in the neighborhood. Johnston was initially buried in New Orleans. In 1866, a joint resolution of the Texas Legislature was passed to have his body moved and reinterred at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin. The re-interment occurred in 1867. Forty years later, the state appointed Elisabet Ney to design a monument and sculpture of him to be erected at the grave site, installed in 1905. The Texas Historical Commission has erected a historical marker near the entrance of what was once Johnston's plantation. An adjacent marker was erected by the San Jacinto Chapter of the Daughters of The Republic of Texas and the Lee, Roberts, and Davis Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederate States of America. In 1916, the University of Texas at Austin recognized several confederate veterans (including Johnston) with statues on its South Mall. On August 21, 2017, as part of the wave of confederate monument removals in America, Johnston's statue was taken down. Plans were announced to add it to the Briscoe Center for American History on the east side of the university campus. Johnston was inducted to the Texas Military Hall of Honor in 1980. In the fall of 2018, A. S. Johnston Elementary School in Dallas, Texas, was renamed Cedar Crest Elementary. Johnston Middle School in Houston, Texas, was also renamed Meyerland Middle School. Three other elementary schools named for Confederate veterans were renamed simultaneously. See also Biography portalAmerican Civil War portal Albert Sidney Johnston High School, a defunct public high school in Austin, Texas Statue of Albert Sidney Johnston (Texas State Cemetery), a 1903 memorial sculpture by Elisabet Ney Statue of Albert Sidney Johnston (University of Texas at Austin), a statue by Pompeo Coppini List of American Civil War generals (Confederate) List of Confederate monuments and memorials Notes ^ Glaze, Robert L. (April 2, 2021), Albert Sidney Johnston Confederate general, Britannica, retrieved October 26, 2021 ^ a b Woodworth, p. 46. ^ a b c d e f g Chisholm, p. 472 ^ Eicher, p. 322. ^ Johnston, William Preston (1878). The Life of General Albert Sidney Johnston: Embracing his Services in the Armies of the United States, the Republic of Texas, and the Confederate States. New York: Appleton and Company. pp. 19–20. ^ a b Roland, pp. 46 ^ "W.P. Johnston biography". Archived from the original on December 15, 2007. Retrieved November 28, 2007. ^ "Dueling, and The Huston-Johnston Duel in Feb. 5, 1837". ^ Johnston, pp. 80 ^ Truman, Ben C. (1908). "Albert Sidney Johnston's Duel". Confederate Veteran Magazine. XVI: 461. ^ Wylie, Arthur (2016). The Battles and Men of the Republic of Texas. Lulu Press. p. 44. ^ Taylor, Richard (1879). Destruction and Reconstruction: Personal Experiences of the Late War. New York: Appleton and Company. p. 232. ^ Blaine, James Gillespie, Twenty Years of Congress, Vol. 1, Ch. 4. ^ Johnston, pp. 185 ^ Shaw, Arthur M. (1942). "Albert Sidney Johnston in Texas: Letters to Relatives in Kentucky, 1847–1860". Register of the Kentucky State Historical Society. 40 (132): 290–317. ^ Johnston, pp. 211 ^ Roland, pp. 202 ^ Deseret News (1858). Edition published October 13, 1858, Salt Lake City, Utah Territory. ^ Johnston, pp. 239 ^ MacKinnon, William P. (2008). At Sword's Point: A documentary history of the Utah War, 1858–1859. California: Arthur H. Clark Company. p. 171. ^ Johnston, p. 235 ^ Senate of the United States; First Session of the 36th Congress, 1859–60; No. 42, p. 26 ^ Wilson, pp. 165 ^ Roland, p. 141. ^ Roland, p. 166. ^ Roland, p. 182. ^ Roland, p. 242. ^ Johnston, p. 273. ^ "'Horrible Catastrophe!'". Los Angeles Star. Vol. XII, No. 52, May 2, 1863. ^ Johnston, pp. 185. ^ ""Californians in the Confederate Service,"". Los Angeles Star, Vol. XIII, No. 32, December 12, 1863. ^ Woodworth, pp. 18–19. ^ Woodworth, pp. 17–33. ^ Woodworth, pp. 20–22 ^ Woodworth, pp. 30–32. ^ Woodworth, pp. 35, 45. ^ Long, p. 114. ^ Woodworth, pp. 39, 50. ^ Woodworth, p. 39. ^ Long, p. 115. ^ a b Woodworth, p. 51. ^ Long, p. 116. ^ Eicher, Civil War High Commands. p. 807. From General Command Line List. Weigley, p. 110. McPherson, p. 394. ^ a b c Woodworth, p. 52. ^ Long, p. 119. ^ a b c Woodworth, p. 53. ^ a b Woodworth, p. 55. ^ Woodworth, pp. 55–56 ^ Long, p. 138. ^ McPherson, p. 394 says Johnston had 70,000 troops to defend his territory between the Appalachians and the Ozarks by the end of 1861. ^ The Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman (1885), Chapter IX https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4361/4361-h/4361-h.htm ^ Woodworth, p. 61 ^ Woodworth, p. 65. ^ Long, pp. 161–162. ^ a b Woodworth, p. 66. ^ Woodworth, pp. 66–67. ^ Woodworth, p. 67. ^ Long, p. 162. ^ Woodworth, p. 69. ^ Woodworth, pp. 71–72. ^ Woodworth, pp. 80, 84. ^ Woodworth, pp. 72, 78. ^ Woodworth, p. 54. ^ Eicher, The Longest Night. pp. 111–113. ^ a b c d Woodworth, p. 56. ^ a b Long, p. 142 ^ Weigley, p. 108 ^ McPherson, p. 393. ^ a b c Woodworth, p. 57. ^ Woodworth, p. 58. ^ Long, pp. 167–168. ^ Eicher, The Longest Night, p. 171 says the garrison at Fort Donelson numbered 1,956 men before the Fort Henry garrison and the men under Floyd and Pillow joined them in early February 1862. ^ a b Woodworth, p. 71. ^ McPherson, p. 396. ^ A Confederate battery and the beginning of some fortifications were sited across the river at Fort Heiman, but these were of little value when the U.S. flotilla appeared. ^ Woodworth, p. 78. ^ After some preliminary work with Johnston, Beauregard assumed command of this force, which he named the Army of the Mississippi, on March 5, 1862, while at Jackson, Tennessee. Like the other Confederate commander, he had to withdraw to the south after the fall of the forts or be surrounded by the advancing U.S. forces. Long, p. 178. ^ a b Woodworth, pp. 78–79. ^ Long, p. 167. ^ Long, pp. 166–167 ^ Weigley, p. 109. ^ a b Woodworth, p. 79. ^ Loing, pp. 169–170. ^ Woodworth, p. 80. ^ McPherson, pp. 400–401. ^ Floyd was able to ferry his four Virginia regiments out of the fort with him but left his Mississippi regiment behind to surrender with the rest of the garrison. Pillow escaped only with his chief of staff. Woodworth, p. 83. Long, p. 171. ^ Woodworth, pp. 82–84. ^ Woodworth, p. 84. ^ McPherson, pp. 401–402. ^ This included about 200 men not in Forrest's immediate command. Weigley, p. 111 ^ Long, p. 172. ^ a b Weigley, p. 111. ^ Woodworth, pp. 84–85. ^ Weigley, p. 112. ^ McPherson, pp. 405–406. ^ Davis defended Johnston, saying: "If Sidney Johnston is not a general, we had better give up the war, for we have no general." McPherson, p. 495. ^ a b Woodworth, p. 86. ^ Long, p. 175. ^ McPherson, p. 402. ^ Woodworth, pp. 85–86. ^ a b McPherson, p. 406. ^ Woodworth, pp. 86–88. ^ Woodworth, p. 88. ^ Woodworth, pp. 90, 94. ^ a b c Woodworth, p. 95. ^ Long, p. 188. ^ Eicher, The Longest Night, p. 223. ^ Long, 190. ^ Eicher, Civil War High Commands p. 887 and Eicher, The Longest Night p. 219 are nearly alone in referring to this army as the Army of Mississippi. Muir, p. 85, in discussing the first "Army of Mississippi", includes this army as one of three in the article with that title but states: "Historians have pointed out that the Army of Mississippi is frequently mentioned in the Official Records as the Army of the Mississippi." Contemporaries, including Johnston and Beauregard, and modern historians call this Confederate army the Army of the Mississippi. "'The war of the rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies.'"., Volume X, Part 1, index, pp. 96–99; 385 (Beauregard's report on the Battle of Shiloh, April 11, 1862, from Headquarters, Army of the Mississippi) and Part 2, p. 297 (Beauregard's announcement on taking command of Army of the Mississippi); p. 370 (Johnston General Orders of March 29, 1862, assuming command and announcing the army would retain the name Army of the Mississippi); pp. 405–409. Beauregard, p. 579. Boritt, p. 53. Connelly, Army of the Heartland: The Army of Tennessee, 1861–1862. p. 151. ("The Army retained Beauregard's chosen name...") Connelly, Civil War Tennessee: Battles And Leaders. p. 35. Cunningham, pp. 98, 122, 397. Engle, p. 123. Hattaway, p. 163. Hess, pp. 47, 49, 112 ("...Braxton Bragg's renamed Army of Tennessee (formerly the Army of the Mississippi)..."). Isbell, p. 102. McDonough, pp. 60, 66, 78. Kennedy, p. 48. Noe, p. 19. Williams, p. 122. ^ Woodworth, pp. 96–97. ^ Long, p. 192 ^ McWhiney; Jamieson, p. 162. ^ Woodworth, p. 97. ^ Long, pp. 193–194. ^ Weigley, p. 113. ^ McPherson, pp. 406–407. ^ Johnston did not achieve total surprise as some U.S. pickets were alerted to the Confederate presence and provided warning to some U.S. units before the attack began. ^ Chisholm, p. 473 ^ "CMH Remembers the Battle of Shiloh \| CMH". ^ a b "Battlefield Tours: Full Tour Shiloh". Civil War Landscapes Association. Archived from the original on November 2, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2018. ^ Sword, pp. 270–273, 443–446; Cunningham, pp. 273–276; Smith, pp. 26–34. Sword offers evidence that Johnston lived as long as an hour after receiving his fatal wound. ^ Sword, p. 444. ^ "'From Rebeldom,'". Los Angeles Star, Vol. XII, No. 30, November 29, 1862. ^ Dupuy, p. 378. ^ "Johnston, Eliza Griffin". Texas State Historical Association. June 15, 2010. ^ "Los Angeles Star, vol. 13, no. 2, May 16, 1863". ^ "Los Angeles Star, vol. 12, no. 33, December 20, 1862". ^ Cartwright, Gary (May 2008). "Remains of the Day". Texas Monthly. Retrieved October 5, 2017. ^ "Albert Sidney Johnston". Texas State Cemetery. Retrieved October 5, 2017. ^ "Confederate Statues on Campus" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 21, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017. ^ "Hall of Honor". Texas Military Forces Museum. ^ Smith, Corbett (June 13, 2018). "See ya, Stonewall: Dallas ISD begins to remove Confederate leaders' names from 4 schools". DallasNews.com. The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved February 25, 2019. References Beauregard, G. T. The Campaign of Shiloh. p. 579. In Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, vol. I, edited by Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence C. Buel. New York: Century Co., 1884–1888. OCLC 2048818. G. S. Boritt (1999). Jefferson Davis' Generals. Oxford University Press on Demand. ISBN 978-0-19-512062-2. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Johnston, Albert Sidney" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 472–473. Thomas Lawrence Connelly (2001). Army of the Heartland: The Army of Tennessee, 1861–1862. LSU Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-2737-7. Thomas Lawrence Connelly (1979). Civil War Tennessee: battles and leaders. University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-0-87049-284-6. O. Edward Cunningham (2007). Shiloh and the Western Campaign of 1862. Savas Beatie. ISBN 978-1-932714-27-2. Dupuy, Trevor N., Curt Johnson, and David L. Bongard. Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography. New York: HarperCollins, 1992. ISBN 978-0-06-270015-5. David J. Eicher (2001). The longest night: a military history of the Civil War. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-84944-5. Civil War high commands. Stanford University Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-8047-3641-1. Stephen Douglas Engle; Bison Book (2005). Struggle for the Heartland: The Campaigns From Fort Henry To Corinth. Bison Books. ISBN 978-0-8032-6753-4. Hattaway, Herman, and Archer Jones. How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983. ISBN 0-252-00918-5. Earl J. Hess (2012). The Civil War in the West: Victory and Defeat from the Appalachians to the Mississippi. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-3542-5. Shiloh and Corinth: Sentinels of Stone. University Press of Mississippi. 2007. ISBN 978-1-934110-08-9. William Preston Johnston (1878). The life of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston: embracing his services in the armies of the United States, the republic of Texas, and the Confederate States. D. Appleton. Frances H. Kennedy; Conservation Fund (Arlington, Va) (1998). The Civil War Battlefield Guide. Mariner Books. ISBN 978-0-395-74012-5. Long, E. B. The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971. OCLC 68283123. James Lee McDonough (1977). Shiloh, in Hell Before Night. University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-0-87049-199-3. McPherson, James M. (1988). Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503863-7. David Stephen Heidler; Jeanne T. Heidler; David J. Coles (2002). Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-04758-5. Noe, Kenneth (2001). Perryville. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2209-0. Smith, Derek (2005). The Gallant Dead: Union and Confederate Generals Killed in the Civil War. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-0132-7. Sword, Wiley (1992). The Confederacy's Last Hurrah: Spring Hill, Franklin, and Nashville. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-0650-4. Russell F. Weigley (2000). A great Civil War: a military and political history, 1861–1865. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-33738-2. T. Harry Williams (1995). P. G. T. Beauregard: Napoleon in Gray. LSU Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-1974-7. Woodworth, Steven E. (1990). Jefferson Davis and His Generals: the Failure of Confederate Command in the West. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0461-8. McWhiney, Grady; Jamieson, Perry D. (1984). Attack and Die: Civil War Military Tactics and the Southern Heritage. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-0229-0. Retrieved February 3, 2018. Roland, Charles Pierce (1964). Albert Sidney Johnston: Soldier of Three Republics. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-9000-6. Further reading Larry J. Daniel (1997). Shiloh: the battle that changed the Civil War. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-80375-5. Kendall D. Gott (2003). Where the South Lost the War: An Analysis of the Fort Henry-Fort Donelson Campaign, February 1862. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-0049-8. Albert A. Nofi (2001). The Alamo: And the Texas War for Independence September 30, 1835 to April 21, 1836 : Heroes, Myths and History. Hachette Books. ISBN 978-0-306-81040-4. Charles Pierce Roland (2000). Jefferson Davis's Greatest General: Albert Sidney Johnston. McWhiney Foundation Press. ISBN 1-893114-20-1. External links Media related to Albert Sidney Johnston at Wikimedia Commons Eliza Johnston, Wife Of Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston Albert Sidney Johnston at Handbook of Texas Online Albert Sidney Johnston Collection finding aid at University of Texas at Arlington Libraries Special Collections via Texas Archival Resources Online (TARO) vteSecretaries of War, Navy and War and Marine of the Republic of TexasSecretaries of War (1836 - 1841) Rusk W. Fisher Bee Johnston Archer Secretaries of the Navy (1836 - 1841) S. Fisher Shepherd Hunt L. Cooke Secretaries of War and Marine (1841 - 1846) Hockley Hill Hamilton W. 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Winchester LeadersConfederateMilitary R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens UnionMilitary Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. 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Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lee"},{"link_name":"Battle of Shiloh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh"},{"link_name":"Joseph E. Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston"}],"text":"Albert Sidney Johnston (February 2, 1803 – April 6, 1862) was an American military officer who served as a general in three different armies: the Texian Army, the United States Army, and the Confederate States Army. He saw extensive combat during his 34-year military career, fighting actions in the Black Hawk War, the Texas-Indian Wars, the Mexican–American War, the Utah War, and the American Civil War.Considered by Confederate States President Jefferson Davis to be the finest general officer in the Confederacy before the later emergence of Robert E. Lee, he was killed early in the Civil War at the Battle of Shiloh on April 6, 1862. Johnston was the highest-ranking officer on either side killed during the entire war. Davis believed the loss of General Johnston \"was the turning point of our fate.\"Johnston was unrelated to Confederate general Joseph E. Johnston.","title":"Albert Sidney Johnston"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Salisbury, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Transylvania University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania_University"},{"link_name":"Lexington, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davis"},{"link_name":"United States Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"West Point, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Point,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth46-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-3"},{"link_name":"brevet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevet_(military)"},{"link_name":"second lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Lieutenant#United_States"},{"link_name":"2nd U.S. Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eicher322-4"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"Red Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bird"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Black Hawk War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_War"},{"link_name":"Henry Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Atkinson_(soldier)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"}],"text":"Johnston was born in Washington, Kentucky, the youngest son of Dr. John and Abigail (Harris) Johnston. His father was a native of Salisbury, Connecticut. Although Albert Johnston was born in Kentucky, he lived much of his life in Texas, which he considered his home.[1] He was first educated at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky, where he met fellow student Jefferson Davis. Both were appointed to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, Davis two years behind Johnston.[2] In 1826,[3] Johnston graduated eighth of 41 cadets in his class from West Point with a commission as a brevet second lieutenant in the 2nd U.S. Infantry.[4]Johnston was assigned to posts in New York and Missouri. In August 1827 he participated in the expedition to capture Red Bird, the rebellious Winnebago chief. Johnston later wrote: \"I must confess that I consider Red Bird one of the noblest and most dignified men I ever saw... He said: 'I have offended. I sacrifice myself to save my country.'\"[5] Johnston served in the brief Black Hawk War of 1832 as chief of staff to Brevet Brigadier General Henry Atkinson. The commander praised Johnston for \"talents of the first order, a gallant soldier by profession and education and a gentleman of high standing and integrity.\"[6]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:China_Grove_Plantation.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Preston_(Kentucky_soldier)"},{"link_name":"William Preston Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Preston_Johnston"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth46-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-3"},{"link_name":"Eliza Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliza_Griffin_Johnston"},{"link_name":"plantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South"},{"link_name":"Brazoria County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazoria_County,_Texas"}],"text":"China Grove Plantation, Johnston's Texas homeIn 1829, he married Henrietta Preston, sister of Kentucky politician and future Civil War general William Preston. They had three children, of whom two survived to adulthood. Their son, William Preston Johnston, became a colonel in the Confederate States Army.[7] The senior Johnston resigned his commission in 1834 to care for his dying wife in Kentucky, who succumbed two years later to tuberculosis.[2]After serving as Secretary of War for the Republic of Texas in 1838–40, Johnston resigned and went back to Kentucky.[3] In 1843, he married Eliza Griffin, his late wife's first cousin. The couple moved to Texas, where they settled on a large plantation in Brazoria County. Johnston named the property \"China Grove\". Here they raised Johnston's two children from his first marriage and the first three children born to Eliza and him. A sixth child was born later when the family lived in Los Angeles, where they had permanently settled.","title":"Marriage and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-3"},{"link_name":"private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_(rank)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-3"},{"link_name":"Texas War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Adjutant General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjutant_General_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"brigadier general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general"},{"link_name":"Felix Huston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Huston"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Houston"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Mirabeau B. Lamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirabeau_B._Lamar"},{"link_name":"Republic of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Neches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Neches"},{"link_name":"David G. Burnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_G._Burnet"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Johnston moved to Texas in 1836 and[3] enlisted as a private in the Texian Army[3] after the Texas War of Independence from the Republic of Mexico. He was named Adjutant General as a colonel in the Republic of Texas Army on August 5, 1836. On January 31, 1837, he became senior brigadier general in command of the Texas Army.On February 5, 1837, Johnston fought in a duel with Texas Brigadier General Felix Huston, who was angered and offended by Johnston's promotion. Huston had been the acting commander of the army and perceived Johnston's appointment as a slight from the Texas government. Johnston was shot through the hip and severely wounded, requiring him to relinquish his post during his recovery.[8]Afterwards, Johnston said he fought Huston \"as a public duty... he had but little respect for the practice of dueling.\" He believed that the \"safety of the republic depended upon the efficiency of the army... and upon the good discipline and subordination of the troops, which could only be secured by their obedience to their legal commander. General Huston embodied the lawless spirit in the army, which had to be met and controlled at whatever personal peril.\"[9]Many years later, Huston said that the duel was \"a shameful piece of business, and I wouldn't do it again under any circumstances... Why, when I reflect upon the circumstances, I hate myself... that one act blackened all the good ones of my life. But I couldn't challenge Congress; and President Houston, although a duelist, was too far above me in rank. Well, thank God, I didn't kill him.\"[10]On December 22, 1838, Mirabeau B. Lamar, the second president of the Republic of Texas, appointed Johnston as Secretary of War. He defended the Texas border against Mexican attempts to recover the state in rebellion. In 1839, he campaigned against Native Americans in northern Texas during the Cherokee War of 1838–39. At the Battle of the Neches, Johnston and Vice President David G. Burnet were both cited in the commander's report \"for active exertions on the field\" and \"having behaved in such a manner as reflects great credit upon themselves.\"[11] In February 1840, he resigned and returned to Kentucky.","title":"Texian Army"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AlbertSJohnston.jpg"},{"link_name":"Samuel C. Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_C._Mills"},{"link_name":"Camp Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Floyd"},{"link_name":"Galveston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Port Isabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Isabel,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Zachary Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Monterrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterrey"},{"link_name":"William O. Butler's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler"},{"link_name":"Battle of Monterrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monterrey"},{"link_name":"Joseph Hooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Hooker"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"James K. Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk"},{"link_name":"Henry Clay, jun.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay_Jr."},{"link_name":"Josiah Stoddard Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_S._Johnston"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blaine-13"},{"link_name":"Zachary Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-3"},{"link_name":"Fort Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Mason_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Franklin Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce"},{"link_name":"5th U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"William J. Hardee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Hardee"},{"link_name":"George H. Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-3"},{"link_name":"Earl Van Dorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Van_Dorn"},{"link_name":"Edmund Kirby Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith"},{"link_name":"Nathan G. Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_George_Evans"},{"link_name":"Innis N. Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innis_N._Palmer"},{"link_name":"George Stoneman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stoneman"},{"link_name":"John B. Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bell_Hood"},{"link_name":"Charles W. Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._Field"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Comanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanche"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"David E. Twiggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_E._Twiggs"}],"text":"Johnston as commander of the Department of Utah. Portrait taken by Samuel C. Mills at Camp Floyd, Utah Territory, winter of 1858–59When the United States declared war on Mexico in May 1846, Johnston rode 400 miles from his home in Galveston to Port Isabel to volunteer for service in Brigadier General Zachary Taylor's Army of Occupation. Johnston was elected as colonel of the 1st Texas Rifle Volunteers but the enlistments of his soldiers ran out just before the army's advance on Monterrey, so Taylor appointed him as the inspector general of Brigadier General William O. Butler's division of volunteers. Johnston convinced a few volunteers of his former regiment to stay on and fight.During the Battle of Monterrey, Butler was wounded and carried to the rear, and Johnston assumed an active leadership role in the division. Future U.S. general, Joseph Hooker, was with Johnston at Monterrey and wrote: \"It was through [Johnston's] agency, mainly, that our division was saved from a cruel slaughter... The coolness and magnificent presence [that he] displayed on this field... left an impression on my mind that I have never forgotten.\"[6] General Taylor considered Johnston \"the best soldier he had ever commanded.\"[12]Johnston resigned from the army just after the battle of Monterrey in October 1846. He had promised his wife, Eliza, that he would only volunteer for six months' service. In addition, President James K. Polk's administration's preference for officers associated with the Democratic Party prevented the promotion of those, such as Johnston, who were perceived as Whigs:Authorized to appoint a large number of officers in the increased military force, raised directly by the United States, an unjust discrimination was made in favor of Democrats... Not one Whig was included, and not one of the Democratic appointees had seen service in the field, or possessed the slightest pretension to military education. Such able graduates of West Point as Henry Clay, jun., and William R. McKee, were compelled to seek service through State appointments in volunteer regiments, while Albert Sidney Johnston, subsequently proved to be one of the ablest commanders ever sent from the Military Academy, could not obtain a commission from the General Government. In the war between Mexico and Texas, by which the latter had secured its independence, Johnston had held high command, and was perhaps the best equipped soldier, both by education and service, to be found in the entire country outside the regular army at the time of the Mexican war. General Taylor urged the President to give Johnston command of one of the ten new regiments. Johnston took no part in politics; but his eminent brother, Josiah Stoddard Johnston, long a senator from Louisiana, was Mr. Clay's most intimate friend in public life, and General Taylor's letter was not even answered.[13]He remained on his plantation after the war until he was appointed by later 12th president Zachary Taylor to the U.S. Army as a major and was made a paymaster in December 1849 for a district of Texas encompassing the military posts from the upper Colorado River to the upper Trinity River.[3] He served in that role for more than five years, making six tours and traveling more than 4,000 miles (6,400 km) annually on the Indian frontier of Texas. He served on the Texas frontier at Fort Mason and elsewhere in the western United States.In 1855, 14th president Franklin Pierce appointed him colonel of the new 2nd U.S. Cavalry (the unit that preceded the modern 5th U.S.), a new regiment, which he organized, his lieutenant colonel being Robert E. Lee, and his majors William J. Hardee and George H. Thomas.[3] Other subordinates in this unit included Earl Van Dorn, Edmund Kirby Smith, Nathan G. Evans, Innis N. Palmer, George Stoneman, R.W. Johnson, John B. Hood, and Charles W. Field, all future Civil War generals.[14] On March 31, 1856, Johnston received a promotion to temporary command of the entire Department of Texas. He campaigned aggressively against the Comanche, writing to his daughter that \"the Indians harass our frontiers and the 2nd Cavalry and other troops thrash them wherever they catch them.\"[15] In March 1857, Brigadier General David E. Twiggs was appointed permanent commander of the department and Johnston returned to his position as colonel of the 2nd Cavalry.","title":"United States Army"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Utah War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_War"},{"link_name":"Mormon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormons"},{"link_name":"Alfred Cumming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Cumming_(governor)"},{"link_name":"Brigham Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young"},{"link_name":"William S. Harney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Harney"},{"link_name":"Fitz John Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitz_John_Porter"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Mountain Meadows Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Meadows_Massacre"},{"link_name":"Camp Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Floyd"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Winfield Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott"},{"link_name":"brigadier general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Spring Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahsahwahbee"},{"link_name":"Elijah Nicholas Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Nicholas_Wilson"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"As a key figure in the Utah War, Johnston took command of the U.S. forces dispatched to crush the Mormon rebellion in November 1857. Their objective was to install Alfred Cumming as governor of the Utah Territory, replacing Brigham Young, and restore U.S. legal authority in the region. As Johnston had replaced Brigadier General William S. Harney in command, he only joined the army after it had already departed for Utah. Johnston's adjutant general, and future U.S. general in the Civil War, Major Fitz John Porter wrote: \"Experienced on the Plains and of established reputation for energy, courage, and resources, [Johnston's] presence restored confidence at all points, and encouraged the weak-hearted and panic-stricken multitude. The long chain of wagons, kinked, tangled, and hard to move, uncoiled and went forward smoothly.\"[16]Johnston worked tirelessly over the next few months to maintain the effectiveness of his army in the harsh winter environment at Fort Bridger, Wyoming. Major Porter wrote to an associate: \"Col. Johnston has done everything to add to the efficiency of the command – and put it in a condition to sustain the dignity and honor of the country – More he cannot do… Don't let any one come here over Col. Johnston – It would be much against the wishes and hopes of everyone here – who would gladly see him a Brigadier General.\"[17] Even the Mormons commended Johnston's actions, with the Salt Lake City Deseret News reporting that \"It takes a cool brain and good judgment to maintain a contented army and healthy camp through a stormy winter in the Wasatch Mountains.\"[18]Johnston and his troops hoped for war. They had learned of the Mountain Meadows Massacre and wanted revenge against the Mormons. However, a peaceful resolution was reached after the army had endured the harsh winter at Fort Bridger. In late June 1858, Johnston led the army through Salt Lake City without incident to establish Camp Floyd some 50 miles distant. In a report to the War Department, Johnston reported that \"horrible crimes… have been perpetrated in this territory, crimes of a magnitude and of an apparently studied refinement in atrocity, hardly to be conceived of, and which have gone unwhipped of justice.\"[19] Nevertheless, Johnston's army peacefully occupied the Utah Territory. U.S. Army Commander-in-Chief, Major General Winfield Scott, was delighted with Johnston's performance during the campaign and recommended his promotion to brevet brigadier general: \"Colonel Johns[t]on is more than a good officer – he is a God send to the country thro' the army.\"[20] The Senate confirmed Johnston's promotion on March 24, 1858.With regard to the relations established by Johnston with the Native American tribes of the area, Major Porter reported that \"Colonel Johnston took every occasion to bring the Indians within knowledge and influence of the army, and induced numerous chiefs to come to his camp... Colonel Johnston was ever kind, but firm, and dignified to them... The Utes, Pi-Utes, Bannocks, and other tribes, visited Colonel Johnston, and all went away expressing themselves pleased, assuring him that so long as he remained they would prove his friends, which the colonel told them would be best for them. Thus he effectively destroyed all influence of the Mormons over them, and insured friendly treatment to travelers to and from California and Oregon.\"[21]In August 1859, parts of Johnston's Army of Utah were implicated as participants in an alleged massacre at Spring Valley, a retaliation against an Indian massacre of an emigrant train to California. There are conflicting reports of the event and Johnston only referenced it in a November 1859 report to Scott. He wrote: \"I have ascertained that three [emigrant] parties were robbed, and ten or twelve of their members, comprising men, women, and children, murdered... The perpetrators of the robbery of the first party were severely chastised by a detachment of dragoons, under the command of Lieutenant Gay. The troops failed to discover the robbers of the last two parties that were attacked. They are supposed to be vagabonds from the Shoshonee (sic) or Snake and Bannack (sic) Indians, whose chiefs deny any complicity with these predatory bands. There is abundant evidence to prove that these robber bands are accompanied by white men, and probably instigated and led by them. On that account I am inclined to believe the disclaimer of the Indians referred to, of having any knowledge of the robberies or any share in the plunder.\" The only evidence of the massacre is the account of Elijah Nicholas Wilson (written in 1910, about 51 years after the incident) and oral histories.[22][23]In late February 1860, Johnston received orders from the War Department recalling him to Washington D.C. to prepare for a new assignment. He spent 1860 in Kentucky until December 21, when he sailed for California to take command of the Department of the Pacific.","title":"Utah War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"abolitionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Johnston was a slave owner and a strong supporter of slavery. By 1846, he owned four slaves in Texas.[24] In 1855, having discovered that a slave was stealing from the Army payroll, Johnston refused to have him physically punished and instead sold him for $1,000 to recoup the losses. Johnston explained that \"whipping will not restore what is lost and it will not benefit the [culprit], whom a lifetime of kind treatment has failed to make honest.\"[25] In 1856, he called abolitionism \"fanatical, idolatrous, negro worshipping\" in a letter to his son, fearing that the abolitionists would incite a slave revolt in the Southern states.[26] Upon moving to California, Johnston sold one slave to his son and freed another, Randolph or \"Ran\", who agreed to accompany the family on the condition of a $12/month contract for five more years of servitude. Ran accompanied Johnston throughout the American Civil War until the latter's death. Johnston's wife Eliza celebrated the absence of blacks in California, writing, \"where the darky is in any numbers it should be as slaves.\"[27]","title":"Slavery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albert_S._Johnston,_head_and_shoulders_portrait_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Department of the Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_the_Pacific"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-3"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_and_the_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"John Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Strother_Griffin"},{"link_name":"accidental explosion on a steamer ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Ada_Hancock"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Mounted Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Mounted_Rifles"},{"link_name":"Warner's Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner%27s_Ranch"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Colorado River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River"},{"link_name":"Confederate Territory of Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Territory_of_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Alonzo Ridley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonzo_Ridley"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davis"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_River"},{"link_name":"Cumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_River"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Maj. Gen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General_(CSA)"},{"link_name":"Leonidas Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonidas_Polk"},{"link_name":"Brig. Gen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_General_(CSA)"},{"link_name":"Gideon J. Pillow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_J._Pillow"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Columbus, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Richmond, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Brig. Gen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"link_name":"Paducah, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paducah,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"Albert S. Johnston in Confederate Army uniform wearing Three Gold Stars and Wreath on a General's CollarAt the outbreak of the American Civil War, Johnston was the commander of the U.S. Army Department of the Pacific[3] in California. Like many regular army officers from the Southern United States, he opposed secession. Nevertheless, Johnston resigned his commission soon after he heard of the Confederate states' declarations of secession. The War Department accepted it on May 6, 1861, effective May 3.[28] On April 28, he moved to Los Angeles, the home of his wife's brother John Griffin. Considering staying in California with his wife and five children, Johnston remained there until May. A sixth child was born in the family home in Los Angeles. His eldest son, Capt. Albert S. Johnston, Jr. was later killed in an accidental explosion on a steamer ship while on liberty in Los Angeles in 1863.[29]Soon, Johnston enlisted in the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles (a pro-Southern militia unit) as a private, leaving Warner's Ranch on May 27.[30] He participated in their trek across the Southwestern deserts to Texas, crossing the Colorado River into the Confederate Territory of Arizona on July 4, 1861. His escort was commanded by Alonzo Ridley, Undersheriff of Los Angeles, who remained at Johnston's side until he was killed.[31]Early in the Civil War, Confederate President Jefferson Davis decided that the Confederacy would attempt to hold as much territory as possible, distributing military forces around its borders and coasts.[32] In the summer of 1861, Davis appointed several generals to defend Confederate lines from the Mississippi River east to the Allegheny Mountains.[33] Aged 58 when the war began, Johnston was old by Army standards. He came east to offer his service for the Confederacy without having been promised anything, merely hoping for an assignment.The most sensitive, and in many ways, the most crucial areas, along the Mississippi River and in western Tennessee along the Tennessee and the Cumberland rivers[34] were placed under the command of Maj. Gen. Leonidas Polk and Brig. Gen. Gideon J. Pillow. The latter had initially been in command in Tennessee as that State's top general.[35] Their impolitic occupation of Columbus, Kentucky, on September 3, 1861, two days before Johnston arrived in the Confederacy's capital of Richmond, Virginia, after his cross-country journey, drove Kentucky from its stated neutrality.[36][37] The majority of Kentuckians allied with the U.S. camp.[38] Polk and Pillow's action gave U.S. Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant an excuse to take control of the strategically located town of Paducah, Kentucky, without raising the ire of most Kentuckians and the pro-U.S. majority in the State legislature.[39][40]","title":"American Civil War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth51-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Long,_p._116-42"},{"link_name":"full general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(CSA)"},{"link_name":"Samuel Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Cooper_(general)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth52-44"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth51-41"},{"link_name":"Felix Zollicoffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Zollicoffer"},{"link_name":"Cumberland Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_Gap"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth52-44"},{"link_name":"Simon Bolivar Buckner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Bolivar_Buckner"},{"link_name":"Bowling Green, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_Green,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth52-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth53-46"},{"link_name":"Missouri State Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_State_Guard"},{"link_name":"Sterling Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Price"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth53-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth53-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth55-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth55-47"},{"link_name":"William Tecumseh Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman"},{"link_name":"Don Carlos Buell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Carlos_Buell"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Confederate command in Western Theater","text":"On September 10, 1861, Johnston was assigned to command the huge area of the Confederacy west of the Allegheny Mountains, except for coastal areas. He became commander of the Confederacy's western armies in the area often called the Western Department or Western Military Department.[41][42] Johnston's appointment as a full general by his friend and admirer Jefferson Davis had already been confirmed by the Confederate Senate on August 31, 1861. The appointment had been backdated to rank from May 30, 1861, making him the second-highest-ranking general in the Confederate States Army. Only Adjutant General and Inspector General Samuel Cooper ranked ahead of him.[43] After his appointment, Johnston immediately headed for his new territory.[44] He was permitted to call on Arkansas, Tennessee, and Mississippi governors for new troops. However, politics largely stifled this authority, especially concerning Mississippi.[41] On September 13, 1861, Johnston ordered Brig. Gen. Felix Zollicoffer with 4,000 men to occupy Cumberland Gap in Kentucky to block U.S. troops from coming into eastern Tennessee. The Kentucky legislature had voted to side with the United States after the occupation of Columbus by Polk.[44] By September 18, Johnston had Brig. Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner with another 4,000 men blocking the railroad route to Tennessee at Bowling Green, Kentucky.[44][45]Johnston had fewer than 40,000 men spread throughout Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Missouri.[46] Of these, 10,000 were in Missouri under Missouri State Guard Maj. Gen. Sterling Price.[46] Johnston did not quickly gain many recruits when he first requested them from the governors, but his more serious problem was lacking sufficient arms and ammunition for the troops he already had.[46] As the Confederate government concentrated efforts on the units in the East, they gave Johnston small numbers of reinforcements and minimal amounts of arms and material.[47] Johnston maintained his defense by conducting raids and other measures to make it appear he had larger forces than he did, a strategy that worked for several months.[47] Johnston's tactics had so annoyed and confused U.S. Brig. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman in Kentucky that he became paranoid and mentally unstable. Sherman overestimated Johnston's forces and was relieved by Brig. Gen. Don Carlos Buell on November 9, 1861. However, in his Memoirs, Sherman strongly rebutted this account.[48][49][50][51]","title":"American Civil War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"pro-U.S. region of the southern U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Unionist"},{"link_name":"Felix Zollicoffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Zollicoffer"},{"link_name":"George B. Crittenden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._Crittenden"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Nancy, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth,_p._66-55"},{"link_name":"George H. Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._Thomas"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth,_p._66-55"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mill Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mill_Springs"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"P. G. T. Beauregard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"John B. Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Floyd"},{"link_name":"Fort Donelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Donelson"},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth7278-62"}],"sub_title":"Battle of Mill Springs","text":"East Tennessee (a heavily pro-U.S. region of the southern U.S. during the Civil War) was occupied for the Confederacy by two unimpressive brigadier generals appointed by Jefferson Davis: Felix Zollicoffer, a brave but untrained and inexperienced officer, and soon-to-be Maj. Gen. George B. Crittenden, a former U.S. Army officer with apparent alcohol problems.[52] While Crittenden was away in Richmond, Zollicoffer moved his forces to the north bank of the upper Cumberland River near Mill Springs (now Nancy, Kentucky), putting the river to his back and his forces into a trap.[53][54] Zollicoffer decided it was impossible to obey orders to return to the other side of the river because of the scarcity of transport and proximity of U.S. troops.[55] When U.S. Brig. Gen. George H. Thomas moved against the Confederates, Crittenden decided to attack one of the two parts of Thomas's command at Logan's Cross Roads near Mill Springs before the U.S. forces could unite.[55] At the Battle of Mill Springs on January 19, 1862, the ill-prepared Confederates, after a night march in the rain, attacked the U.S. soldiers with some initial success.[56] As the battle progressed, Zollicoffer was killed and the Confederates were turned back and routed by a U.S. bayonet charge, suffering 533 casualties from their force of 4,000 while Crittenden's conduct in the battle was so inept that subordinates accused him of being drunk.[57][58] The Confederate troops who escaped were assigned to other units as General Crittenden faced an investigation of his conduct.[59]After the Confederate defeat at Mill Springs, Davis sent Johnston a brigade and a few other scattered reinforcements. He also assigned him Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard, who was supposed to attract recruits because of his victories early in the war and act as a competent subordinate for Johnston.[60] The brigade was led by Brig. Gen. John B. Floyd, considered incompetent. He took command at Fort Donelson as the senior general present just before U.S. Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant attacked the fort.[61] Historians believe the assignment of Beauregard to the west stimulated U.S. commanders to attack the forts before Beauregard could make a difference in the theater. U.S. Army officers heard that he was bringing 15 regiments with him, but this was an exaggeration of his forces.[62]","title":"American Civil War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_River"},{"link_name":"Cumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_River"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth56-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth56-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Long142-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Fort Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Henry"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth56-65"},{"link_name":"Fort Donelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Donelson"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth56-65"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth57-69"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth57-69"},{"link_name":"Alexander P. Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_P._Stewart"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Tilghman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Tilghman"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Long142-66"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth57-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth58-70"},{"link_name":"Clarksville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarksville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth71-73"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth71-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth7879-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Long167-79"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth7879-78"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth79-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth79-82"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth80-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Nathan Bedford Forrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weigley111-92"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weigley111-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth86-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"}],"sub_title":"Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Nashville","text":"Based on the assumption that Kentucky neutrality would act as a shield against a direct invasion from the north, circumstances that no longer applied in September 1861, Tennessee initially had sent men to Virginia and concentrated defenses in the Mississippi Valley.[63][64] Even before Johnston arrived in Tennessee, construction of two forts had been started to defend the Tennessee and the Cumberland rivers, which provided avenues into the State from the north.[65] Both forts were located in Tennessee to respect Kentucky neutrality, but these were not in ideal locations.[65][66][67][68] Fort Henry on the Tennessee River was in an unfavorable low-lying location, commanded by hills on the Kentucky side of the river.[65] Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River, although in a better location, had a vulnerable land side and did not have enough heavy artillery to defend against gunboats.[65]Maj. Gen. Polk ignored the problems of the forts when he took command. After Johnston took command, Polk at first refused to comply with Johnston's order to send an engineer, Lt. Joseph K. Dixon, to inspect the forts.[69] After Johnston asserted his authority, Polk had to allow Dixon to proceed. Dixon recommended that the forts be maintained and strengthened, although they were not in ideal locations, because much work had been done on them, and the Confederates might not have time to build new ones. Johnston accepted his recommendations.[69] Johnston wanted Major Alexander P. Stewart to command the forts, but President Davis appointed Brig. Gen. Lloyd Tilghman as commander.[66][69]To prevent Polk from dissipating his forces by allowing some men to join a partisan group, Johnston ordered him to send Brig. Gen. Gideon Pillow and 5,000 men to Fort Donelson.[70] Pillow took up a position at nearby Clarksville, Tennessee, and did not move into the fort until February 7, 1862.[71][72] Alerted by a U.S. reconnaissance on January 14, 1862, Johnston ordered Tilghman to fortify the high ground opposite Fort Henry, which Polk had failed to do despite Johnston's orders.[73] Tilghman failed to act decisively on these orders, which were too late to be adequately carried out in any event.[73][74][75]Gen. Beauregard arrived at Johnston's headquarters at Bowling Green on February 4, 1862, and was given overall command of Polk's force at the western end of Johnston's line at Columbus, Kentucky.[76][77] On February 6, 1862, U.S. gunboats quickly reduced the defenses of ill-sited Fort Henry, inflicting 21 casualties on the small remaining Confederate force.[78][79] Brig. Gen. Lloyd Tilghman surrendered the 94 remaining officers and men of his approximately 3,000-man force, which had not been sent to Fort Donelson, before Grant's U.S. forces could even take up their positions.[78][80][81] Johnston knew he could be trapped at Bowling Green if Fort Donelson fell, so he moved his force to Nashville, the capital of Tennessee and an increasingly important Confederate industrial center, beginning on February 11, 1862.[82][83]Johnston also reinforced Fort Donelson with 12,000 more men, including those under Floyd and Pillow, a curious decision given his thought that the U.S. gunboats alone could take the fort.[82] He ordered the fort commanders to evacuate the troops if the fort could not be held.[84] The senior generals sent to the fort to command the enlarged garrison, Gideon J. Pillow and John B. Floyd, squandered their chance to avoid having to surrender most of the garrison[85] and on February 16, 1862, Brig. Gen. Simon Buckner, having been abandoned by Floyd[86] and Pillow, surrendered Fort Donelson.[87] Colonel Nathan Bedford Forrest escaped with his cavalry force of about 700 men before the surrender.[88][89][90] The Confederates suffered about 1,500 casualties, with an estimated 12,000 to 14,000 taken prisoner.[91][92] U.S. casualties were 500 killed, 2,108 wounded, and 224 missing.[92]Johnston, who had little choice in allowing Floyd and Pillow to take charge at Fort Donelson based on seniority after he ordered them to add their forces to the garrison, took the blame and suffered calls for his removal because a full explanation to the press and public would have exposed the weakness of the Confederate position.[93] His passive defensive performance while positioning himself in a forward position at Bowling Green, spreading his forces too thinly, not concentrating his forces in the face of U.S. advances, and appointing or relying upon inadequate or incompetent subordinates subjected him to criticism at the time and by later historians.[94][95][96] The fall of the forts exposed Nashville to an imminent attack, and it fell without resistance to U.S. forces under Brig. Gen. Buell on February 25, 1862, two days after Johnston had to pull his forces out to avoid having them captured as well.[97][98][99]","title":"American Civil War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Army of Central Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Central_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth86-97"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McPherson,_p._406-101"},{"link_name":"Corinth, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinth,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Henry Halleck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Halleck"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Braxton Bragg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braxton_Bragg"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth95-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth95-105"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McPherson,_p._406-101"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth95-105"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"}],"sub_title":"Concentration at Corinth","text":"Johnston was in a perilous situation after the fall of Ft. Donelson and Henry; with barely 17,000 men to face an overwhelming concentration of Union force, he hastily fled south into Mississippi by way of Nashville and then into northern Alabama.[100] Johnston himself retreated with the force under his personal command, the Army of Central Kentucky, from the vicinity of Nashville.[97] With Beauregard's help,[101] Johnston decided to concentrate forces with those formerly under Polk and now already under Beauregard's command at the strategically located railroad crossroads of Corinth, Mississippi, which he reached by a circuitous route.[102] Johnston kept the U.S. forces, now under the overall command of Maj. Gen. Henry Halleck, confused and hesitant to move, allowing Johnston to reach his objective undetected.[103] He scraped together reinforcements from Louisiana, as well as part of Polk's force at Island No. 10, and 10,000 additional troops under Braxton Bragg brought up from Mobile.[104] Bragg at least calmed the nerves of Beauregard and Polk, who had become agitated by their apparent dire situation in the face of numerically superior forces, before Johnston's arrival on March 24, 1862.[105][106]Johnston's army of 17,000 men gave the Confederates a combined force of about 40,000 to 44,669 men at Corinth.[105][101][107] On March 29, 1862, Johnston officially took command of this combined force, which continued to use the Army of the Mississippi name under which Beauregard had organized it on March 5.[108][109]Johnston's only hope was to crush Grant before Buell and others could reinforce him.[105] He started his army in motion on April 3, intent on surprising Grant's force as soon as the next day. It was not an easy undertaking; his army had been hastily thrown together, two-thirds of the soldiers had never fired a shot in battle, and drill, discipline, and staff work were so poor that the different divisions kept stumbling into each other on the march.[110][111] Beauregard felt that this offensive was a mistake and could not possibly succeed, but Johnston replied \"I would fight them if they were a million\" as he drove his army on to Pittsburg Landing.[112] His army was finally in position within a mile or two of Grant's force, undetected, by the evening of April 5, 1862.[113][114][115][116][117]","title":"American Civil War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Shiloh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"popliteal artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popliteal_artery"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-civilwarlandscapes.org-120"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mosler_sketch,_Death_of_Gen._Albert_Sidney_Johnston.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry Mosler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Mosler"},{"link_name":"Isham G. Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isham_G._Harris"},{"link_name":"Governor of Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Andrew Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson"},{"link_name":"tourniquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourniquet"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-civilwarlandscapes.org-120"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johnston_Shiloh_Monument.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shiloh National Military Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiloh_National_Military_Park"},{"link_name":"Don Carlos Buell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Carlos_Buell"},{"link_name":"Army of the Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Alonzo Ridley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonzo_Ridley"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"}],"sub_title":"Battle of Shiloh and death","text":"Johnston launched a massive surprise attack with his concentrated forces against Grant at the Battle of Shiloh on April 6, 1862.[118] As the Confederate forces overran the U.S. camps, Johnston personally rallied troops up and down the line on his horse. One of his famous moments in the battle occurred when he witnessed some of his soldiers breaking from the ranks to pillage and loot the U.S. camps and was outraged to see a young lieutenant among them. \"None of that, sir\", Johnston roared at the officer, \"we are not here for plunder.\" Then, realizing he had embarrassed the man, he picked up a tin cup from a table and announced, \"Let this be my share of the spoils today\", before directing his army onward.[119]At about 2:30 pm, while leading one of those charges against a U.S. camp near the \"Peach Orchard\", he was wounded, taking a bullet behind his right knee. The bullet clipped a part of his popliteal artery, and his boot filled up with blood. No medical personnel were on the scene since Johnston had sent his personal surgeon to care for the wounded Confederate troops and U.S. prisoners earlier in the battle.[120]Henry Mosler's drawing of the death of General JohnstonWithin a few minutes, Johnston was observed by his staff to be nearly fainting. Among his staff was Isham G. Harris, the Governor of Tennessee, who had ceased to make any real effort to function as governor after learning that Abraham Lincoln had appointed Andrew Johnson as military governor of Tennessee. Seeing Johnston slumping in his saddle and his face turning deathly pale, Harris asked: \"General, are you wounded?\" Johnston glanced down at his leg wound, then faced Harris and said his last words in a weak voice: \"Yes... and I fear seriously.\" Harris and other staff officers removed Johnston from his horse, carried him to a small ravine near the \"Hornets Nest\", and desperately tried to aid the general, who had lost consciousness. Harris then sent an aide to fetch Johnston's surgeon but did not apply a tourniquet to Johnston's wounded leg. A few minutes later, Johnston died from blood loss before a doctor could be found. It is believed that Johnston may have lived for as long as one hour after receiving his fatal wound. It was later discovered that Johnston had a tourniquet in his pocket when he died.[120]Monument to Johnston at Shiloh National Military ParkHarris and the other officers wrapped General Johnston's body in a blanket to not damage the troops' morale with the sight of the dead general. Johnston and his wounded horse, Fire Eater, were taken to his field headquarters on the Corinth road, where his body remained in his tent for the remainder of the battle. P. G. T. Beauregard assumed command of the army. He resumed leading the Confederate assault, which continued advancing and pushed the U.S. forces back to a final defensive line near the Tennessee river. With his army exhausted and daylight almost gone, Beauregard called off the final Confederate attack around 1900 hours, figuring he could finish off the U.S. army the following morning. However, Grant was reinforced by 20,000 fresh troops from Don Carlos Buell's Army of the Ohio during the night and led a successful counter-attack the following day, driving the Confederates from the field and winning the battle. As the Confederate army retreated to Corinth, Johnston's body was taken to the home of Colonel William Inge, which had been his headquarters in Corinth. It was covered in the Confederate flag and lay in state for several hours.[121]It is possible that a Confederate soldier fired the fatal round, as many Confederates were firing at the U.S. lines while Johnston charged well in advance of his soldiers.[122] Alonzo Ridley of Los Angeles commanded the bodyguard \"the Guides\" of Gen. A. S. Johnston and was by his side when he fell.[123]Johnston was the highest-ranking fatality of the war on either side and his death was a strong blow to the morale of the Confederacy. At the time, Davis considered him the best general in the country.[124]","title":"American Civil War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albert_Sidney_Johnston_Tomb.jpg"},{"link_name":"tomb and statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Albert_Sidney_Johnston_(Texas_State_Cemetery)"},{"link_name":"Elisabet Ney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabet_Ney"},{"link_name":"Texas State Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Austin, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"John Strother Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Strother_Griffin"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"San Pedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro,_California"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"northeast Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Heights,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Texas Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Texas State Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monthly-128"},{"link_name":"Elisabet Ney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabet_Ney"},{"link_name":"a monument and sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Albert_Sidney_Johnston_(Texas_State_Cemetery)"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSC-129"},{"link_name":"Texas Historical Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Historical_Commission"},{"link_name":"plantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South"},{"link_name":"Daughters of The Republic of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughters_of_The_Republic_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"United Daughters of the Confederate States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy"},{"link_name":"confederate monument removals in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials"},{"link_name":"Johnston's statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Albert_Sidney_Johnston_(University_of_Texas_at_Austin)"},{"link_name":"Briscoe Center for American History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolph_Briscoe_Center_for_American_History"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"Texas Military Hall of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_of_Honor_(Texas_Military)"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"}],"text":"Johnston's tomb and statue by Elisabet Ney in the Texas State Cemetery in Austin, TexasJohnston was survived by his wife, Eliza, and six children. His wife and five younger children, including one born after he went to war, chose to live out their days at home in Los Angeles with Eliza's brother, Dr. John Strother Griffin.[125] Johnston's eldest son, Albert Sidney Jr. (born in Texas), had already followed him into the Confederate States Army. In 1863, Albert Jr. was on his way out of San Pedro harbor on a ferry after taking home leave in Los Angeles. While a steamer was taking on passengers from the ferry, a wave swamped the smaller boat, causing its boilers to explode. Albert Jr. was killed in the accident.[126]Upon his passing, General Johnston received the highest praise ever given by the Confederate government: accounts were published on December 20, 1862, and after that, in the Los Angeles Star of his family's hometown.[127] Johnston Street, Hancock Street, and Griffin Avenue, each in northeast Los Angeles, are named after the general and his family, who lived in the neighborhood.Johnston was initially buried in New Orleans. In 1866, a joint resolution of the Texas Legislature was passed to have his body moved and reinterred at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin. The re-interment occurred in 1867.[128] Forty years later, the state appointed Elisabet Ney to design a monument and sculpture of him to be erected at the grave site, installed in 1905.[129]The Texas Historical Commission has erected a historical marker near the entrance of what was once Johnston's plantation. An adjacent marker was erected by the San Jacinto Chapter of the Daughters of The Republic of Texas and the Lee, Roberts, and Davis Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederate States of America.In 1916, the University of Texas at Austin recognized several confederate veterans (including Johnston) with statues on its South Mall. On August 21, 2017, as part of the wave of confederate monument removals in America, Johnston's statue was taken down. Plans were announced to add it to the Briscoe Center for American History on the east side of the university campus.[130]Johnston was inducted to the Texas Military Hall of Honor in 1980.[131]In the fall of 2018, A. S. Johnston Elementary School in Dallas, Texas, was renamed Cedar Crest Elementary. Johnston Middle School in Houston, Texas, was also renamed Meyerland Middle School. Three other elementary schools named for Confederate veterans were renamed simultaneously.[132]","title":"Legacy and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Glaze, Robert L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_L._Glaze&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Albert Sidney Johnston Confederate general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britannica.com/biography/Albert-Sidney-Johnston"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Woodworth46_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Woodworth46_2-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_3-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_3-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_3-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eicher322_4-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_5-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_6-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"W.P. 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1862\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15799coll68/id/1019/rec/1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Monthly_128-0"},{"link_name":"\"Remains of the Day\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.texasmonthly.com/articles/remains-of-the-day/"},{"link_name":"Texas Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Monthly"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TSC_129-0"},{"link_name":"\"Albert Sidney Johnston\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cemetery.state.tx.us/pub/user_form.asp?pers_id=61"},{"link_name":"Texas State Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-130"},{"link_name":"\"Confederate Statues on Campus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170821230725/http://diversity.utexas.edu/statues/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Task-Force-Report-FINAL-08_09_15.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//diversity.utexas.edu/statues/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Task-Force-Report-FINAL-08_09_15.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-131"},{"link_name":"\"Hall of Honor\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//texasmilitaryforcesmuseum.org/hallofhonor/chronological.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-132"},{"link_name":"\"See ya, Stonewall: Dallas ISD begins to remove Confederate leaders' names from 4 schools\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.dallasnews.com/news/education/2018/06/13/see-ya-stonewall-dallas-isd-begins-remove-names-confederate-leaders-four-elementary-schools"}],"text":"^ Glaze, Robert L. (April 2, 2021), Albert Sidney Johnston Confederate general, Britannica, retrieved October 26, 2021\n\n^ a b Woodworth, p. 46.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Chisholm, p. 472\n\n^ Eicher, p. 322.\n\n^ Johnston, William Preston (1878). The Life of General Albert Sidney Johnston: Embracing his Services in the Armies of the United States, the Republic of Texas, and the Confederate States. New York: Appleton and Company. pp. 19–20.\n\n^ a b Roland, pp. 46\n\n^ \"W.P. Johnston biography\". Archived from the original on December 15, 2007. Retrieved November 28, 2007.\n\n^ \"Dueling, and The Huston-Johnston Duel in Feb. 5, 1837\".\n\n^ Johnston, pp. 80\n\n^ Truman, Ben C. (1908). \"Albert Sidney Johnston's Duel\". Confederate Veteran Magazine. XVI: 461.\n\n^ Wylie, Arthur (2016). The Battles and Men of the Republic of Texas. Lulu Press. p. 44.\n\n^ Taylor, Richard (1879). Destruction and Reconstruction: Personal Experiences of the Late War. New York: Appleton and Company. p. 232.\n\n^ Blaine, James Gillespie, Twenty Years of Congress, Vol. 1, Ch. 4.\n\n^ Johnston, pp. 185\n\n^ Shaw, Arthur M. (1942). \"Albert Sidney Johnston in Texas: Letters to Relatives in Kentucky, 1847–1860\". Register of the Kentucky State Historical Society. 40 (132): 290–317.\n\n^ Johnston, pp. 211\n\n^ Roland, pp. 202\n\n^ Deseret News (1858). Edition published October 13, 1858, Salt Lake City, Utah Territory.\n\n^ Johnston, pp. 239\n\n^ MacKinnon, William P. (2008). At Sword's Point: A documentary history of the Utah War, 1858–1859. California: Arthur H. Clark Company. p. 171.\n\n^ Johnston, p. 235\n\n^ Senate of the United States; First Session of the 36th Congress, 1859–60; No. 42, p. 26\n\n^ Wilson, pp. 165\n\n^ Roland, p. 141.\n\n^ Roland, p. 166.\n\n^ Roland, p. 182.\n\n^ Roland, p. 242.\n\n^ Johnston, p. 273.\n\n^ \"'Horrible Catastrophe!'\". Los Angeles Star. Vol. XII, No. 52, May 2, 1863.\n\n^ Johnston, pp. 185.\n\n^ \"\"Californians in the Confederate Service,\"\". Los Angeles Star, Vol. XIII, No. 32, December 12, 1863.\n\n^ Woodworth, pp. 18–19.\n\n^ Woodworth, pp. 17–33.\n\n^ Woodworth, pp. 20–22\n\n^ Woodworth, pp. 30–32.\n\n^ Woodworth, pp. 35, 45.\n\n^ Long, p. 114.\n\n^ Woodworth, pp. 39, 50.\n\n^ Woodworth, p. 39.\n\n^ Long, p. 115.\n\n^ a b Woodworth, p. 51.\n\n^ Long, p. 116.\n\n^ Eicher, Civil War High Commands. p. 807. From General Command Line List. Weigley, p. 110. McPherson, p. 394.\n\n^ a b c Woodworth, p. 52.\n\n^ Long, p. 119.\n\n^ a b c Woodworth, p. 53.\n\n^ a b Woodworth, p. 55.\n\n^ Woodworth, pp. 55–56\n\n^ Long, p. 138.\n\n^ McPherson, p. 394 says Johnston had 70,000 troops to defend his territory between the Appalachians and the Ozarks by the end of 1861.\n\n^ The Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman (1885), Chapter IX https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4361/4361-h/4361-h.htm\n\n^ Woodworth, p. 61\n\n^ Woodworth, p. 65.\n\n^ Long, pp. 161–162.\n\n^ a b Woodworth, p. 66.\n\n^ Woodworth, pp. 66–67.\n\n^ Woodworth, p. 67.\n\n^ Long, p. 162.\n\n^ Woodworth, p. 69.\n\n^ Woodworth, pp. 71–72.\n\n^ Woodworth, pp. 80, 84.\n\n^ Woodworth, pp. 72, 78.\n\n^ Woodworth, p. 54.\n\n^ Eicher, The Longest Night. pp. 111–113.\n\n^ a b c d Woodworth, p. 56.\n\n^ a b Long, p. 142\n\n^ Weigley, p. 108\n\n^ McPherson, p. 393.\n\n^ a b c Woodworth, p. 57.\n\n^ Woodworth, p. 58.\n\n^ Long, pp. 167–168.\n\n^ Eicher, The Longest Night, p. 171 says the garrison at Fort Donelson numbered 1,956 men before the Fort Henry garrison and the men under Floyd and Pillow joined them in early February 1862.\n\n^ a b Woodworth, p. 71.\n\n^ McPherson, p. 396.\n\n^ A Confederate battery and the beginning of some fortifications were sited across the river at Fort Heiman, but these were of little value when the U.S. flotilla appeared.\n\n^ Woodworth, p. 78.\n\n^ After some preliminary work with Johnston, Beauregard assumed command of this force, which he named the Army of the Mississippi, on March 5, 1862, while at Jackson, Tennessee. Like the other Confederate commander, he had to withdraw to the south after the fall of the forts or be surrounded by the advancing U.S. forces. Long, p. 178.\n\n^ a b Woodworth, pp. 78–79.\n\n^ Long, p. 167.\n\n^ Long, pp. 166–167\n\n^ Weigley, p. 109.\n\n^ a b Woodworth, p. 79.\n\n^ Loing, pp. 169–170.\n\n^ Woodworth, p. 80.\n\n^ McPherson, pp. 400–401.\n\n^ Floyd was able to ferry his four Virginia regiments out of the fort with him but left his Mississippi regiment behind to surrender with the rest of the garrison. Pillow escaped only with his chief of staff. Woodworth, p. 83. Long, p. 171.\n\n^ Woodworth, pp. 82–84.\n\n^ Woodworth, p. 84.\n\n^ McPherson, pp. 401–402.\n\n^ This included about 200 men not in Forrest's immediate command. Weigley, p. 111\n\n^ Long, p. 172.\n\n^ a b Weigley, p. 111.\n\n^ Woodworth, pp. 84–85.\n\n^ Weigley, p. 112.\n\n^ McPherson, pp. 405–406.\n\n^ Davis defended Johnston, saying: \"If Sidney Johnston is not a general, we had better give up the war, for we have no general.\" McPherson, p. 495.\n\n^ a b Woodworth, p. 86.\n\n^ Long, p. 175.\n\n^ McPherson, p. 402.\n\n^ Woodworth, pp. 85–86.\n\n^ a b McPherson, p. 406.\n\n^ Woodworth, pp. 86–88.\n\n^ Woodworth, p. 88.\n\n^ Woodworth, pp. 90, 94.\n\n^ a b c Woodworth, p. 95.\n\n^ Long, p. 188.\n\n^ Eicher, The Longest Night, p. 223.\n\n^ Long, 190.\n\n^ Eicher, Civil War High Commands p. 887 and Eicher, The Longest Night p. 219 are nearly alone in referring to this army as the Army of Mississippi. Muir, p. 85, in discussing the first \"Army of Mississippi\", includes this army as one of three in the article with that title but states: \"Historians have pointed out that the Army of Mississippi is frequently mentioned in the Official Records as the Army of the Mississippi.\" Contemporaries, including Johnston and Beauregard, and modern historians call this Confederate army the Army of the Mississippi. \"'The war of the rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies.'\"., Volume X, Part 1, index, pp. 96–99; 385 (Beauregard's report on the Battle of Shiloh, April 11, 1862, from Headquarters, Army of the Mississippi) and Part 2, p. 297 (Beauregard's announcement on taking command of Army of the Mississippi); p. 370 (Johnston General Orders of March 29, 1862, assuming command and announcing the army would retain the name Army of the Mississippi); pp. 405–409. Beauregard, p. 579. Boritt, p. 53. Connelly, Army of the Heartland: The Army of Tennessee, 1861–1862. p. 151. (\"The Army retained Beauregard's chosen name...\") Connelly, Civil War Tennessee: Battles And Leaders. p. 35. Cunningham, pp. 98, 122, 397. Engle, p. 123. Hattaway, p. 163. Hess, pp. 47, 49, 112 (\"...Braxton Bragg's renamed Army of Tennessee (formerly the Army of the Mississippi)...\"). Isbell, p. 102. McDonough, pp. 60, 66, 78. Kennedy, p. 48. Noe, p. 19. Williams, p. 122.\n\n^ Woodworth, pp. 96–97.\n\n^ Long, p. 192\n\n^ McWhiney; Jamieson, p. 162.\n\n^ Woodworth, p. 97.\n\n^ Long, pp. 193–194.\n\n^ Weigley, p. 113.\n\n^ McPherson, pp. 406–407.\n\n^ Johnston did not achieve total surprise as some U.S. pickets were alerted to the Confederate presence and provided warning to some U.S. units before the attack began.\n\n^ Chisholm, p. 473\n\n^ \"CMH Remembers the Battle of Shiloh \| CMH\".\n\n^ a b \"Battlefield Tours: Full Tour Shiloh\". Civil War Landscapes Association. Archived from the original on November 2, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2018.\n\n^ Sword, pp. 270–273, 443–446; Cunningham, pp. 273–276; Smith, pp. 26–34. Sword offers evidence that Johnston lived as long as an hour after receiving his fatal wound.\n\n^ Sword, p. 444.\n\n^ \"'From Rebeldom,'\". Los Angeles Star, Vol. XII, No. 30, November 29, 1862.\n\n^ Dupuy, p. 378.\n\n^ \"Johnston, Eliza Griffin\". Texas State Historical Association. June 15, 2010.\n\n^ \"Los Angeles Star, vol. 13, no. 2, May 16, 1863\".\n\n^ \"Los Angeles Star, vol. 12, no. 33, December 20, 1862\".\n\n^ Cartwright, Gary (May 2008). \"Remains of the Day\". Texas Monthly. Retrieved October 5, 2017.\n\n^ \"Albert Sidney Johnston\". Texas State Cemetery. Retrieved October 5, 2017.\n\n^ \"Confederate Statues on Campus\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 21, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.\n\n^ \"Hall of Honor\". Texas Military Forces Museum.\n\n^ Smith, Corbett (June 13, 2018). \"See ya, Stonewall: Dallas ISD begins to remove Confederate leaders' names from 4 schools\". DallasNews.com. The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved February 25, 2019.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shiloh: the battle that changed the Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/shiloh00larr"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-684-80375-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-80375-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8117-0049-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-0049-8"},{"link_name":"Albert A. Nofi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Nofi"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-306-81040-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81040-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-893114-20-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-893114-20-1"}],"text":"Larry J. Daniel (1997). Shiloh: the battle that changed the Civil War. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-80375-5.\nKendall D. Gott (2003). Where the South Lost the War: An Analysis of the Fort Henry-Fort Donelson Campaign, February 1862. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-0049-8.\nAlbert A. Nofi (2001). The Alamo: And the Texas War for Independence September 30, 1835 to April 21, 1836 : Heroes, Myths and History. Hachette Books. ISBN 978-0-306-81040-4.\nCharles Pierce Roland (2000). Jefferson Davis's Greatest General: Albert Sidney Johnston. McWhiney Foundation Press. ISBN 1-893114-20-1.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"China Grove Plantation, Johnston's Texas home","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/China_Grove_Plantation.jpg/220px-China_Grove_Plantation.jpg"},{"image_text":"Johnston as commander of the Department of Utah. Portrait taken by Samuel C. Mills at Camp Floyd, Utah Territory, winter of 1858–59","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/AlbertSJohnston.jpg/220px-AlbertSJohnston.jpg"},{"image_text":"Albert S. Johnston in Confederate Army uniform wearing Three Gold Stars and Wreath on a General's Collar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Albert_S._Johnston%2C_head_and_shoulders_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Albert_S._Johnston%2C_head_and_shoulders_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Henry Mosler's drawing of the death of General Johnston","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Mosler_sketch%2C_Death_of_Gen._Albert_Sidney_Johnston.jpg/220px-Mosler_sketch%2C_Death_of_Gen._Albert_Sidney_Johnston.jpg"},{"image_text":"Monument to Johnston at Shiloh National Military Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Johnston_Shiloh_Monument.jpg/220px-Johnston_Shiloh_Monument.jpg"},{"image_text":"Johnston's tomb and statue by Elisabet Ney in the Texas State Cemetery in Austin, Texas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Albert_Sidney_Johnston_Tomb.jpg/220px-Albert_Sidney_Johnston_Tomb.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"American Civil War portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War"},{"title":"Albert Sidney Johnston High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston_High_School"},{"title":"Statue of Albert Sidney Johnston (Texas State Cemetery)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Albert_Sidney_Johnston_(Texas_State_Cemetery)"},{"title":"Statue of Albert Sidney Johnston (University of Texas at Austin)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Albert_Sidney_Johnston_(University_of_Texas_at_Austin)"},{"title":"List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_generals_(Confederate)"},{"title":"List of Confederate monuments and memorials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials"}]	[{"reference":"Glaze, Robert L. (April 2, 2021), Albert Sidney Johnston Confederate general, Britannica, retrieved October 26, 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_L._Glaze&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Glaze, Robert L."},{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Albert-Sidney-Johnston","url_text":"Albert Sidney Johnston Confederate general"}]},{"reference":"Johnston, William Preston (1878). The Life of General Albert Sidney Johnston: Embracing his Services in the Armies of the United States, the Republic of Texas, and the Confederate States. New York: Appleton and Company. pp. 19–20.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"W.P. Johnston biography\". Archived from the original on December 15, 2007. Retrieved November 28, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071215015347/http://www.csawardept.com/history/Cabinet/WPJohnston/index.html","url_text":"\"W.P. Johnston biography\""},{"url":"http://www.csawardept.com/history/Cabinet/WPJohnston/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dueling, and The Huston-Johnston Duel in Feb. 5, 1837\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.texasescapes.com/ClayCoppedge/Dueling.htm","url_text":"\"Dueling, and The Huston-Johnston Duel in Feb. 5, 1837\""}]},{"reference":"Truman, Ben C. (1908). \"Albert Sidney Johnston's Duel\". Confederate Veteran Magazine. XVI: 461.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wylie, Arthur (2016). The Battles and Men of the Republic of Texas. Lulu Press. p. 44.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Taylor, Richard (1879). Destruction and Reconstruction: Personal Experiences of the Late War. New York: Appleton and Company. p. 232.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Shaw, Arthur M. (1942). \"Albert Sidney Johnston in Texas: Letters to Relatives in Kentucky, 1847–1860\". Register of the Kentucky State Historical Society. 40 (132): 290–317.","urls":[]},{"reference":"MacKinnon, William P. (2008). At Sword's Point: A documentary history of the Utah War, 1858–1859. California: Arthur H. Clark Company. p. 171.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"'Horrible Catastrophe!'\".","urls":[{"url":"https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=LASTAR18630502.2.6&srpos=4&e=-------en--20-LASTAR-1--txt-txIN--------1","url_text":"\"'Horrible Catastrophe!'\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Californians in the Confederate Service,\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=LASTAR18631212.2.10&srpos=4&e=-------en--20-LASTAR-1-byDA-txt-txIN-++johnston+shiloh-------1","url_text":"\"\"Californians in the Confederate Service,\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"'The war of the rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies.'\".","urls":[{"url":"http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar;cc=moawar;q1=Army%20of%20the%20Mississippi;rgn=full%20text;idno=waro0010;didno=waro0010;view=image;seq=0114","url_text":"\"'The war of the rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies.'\""}]},{"reference":"\"CMH Remembers the Battle of Shiloh \| CMH\".","urls":[{"url":"https://history.army.mil/news/2013/130401a_shiloh.html","url_text":"\"CMH Remembers the Battle of Shiloh \| CMH\""}]},{"reference":"\"Battlefield Tours: Full Tour Shiloh\". Civil War Landscapes Association. Archived from the original on November 2, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171102161211/http://civilwarlandscapes.org/cwla/states/tn/sh/ftour/1jd.htm","url_text":"\"Battlefield Tours: Full Tour Shiloh\""},{"url":"http://www.civilwarlandscapes.org/cwla/states/tn/sh/ftour/1jd.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'From Rebeldom,'\".","urls":[{"url":"https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=LASTAR18621129.2.10&srpos=2&e=-------en--20-LASTAR-1-byDA-txt-txIN-++johnston+shiloh-------1","url_text":"\"'From Rebeldom,'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Johnston, Eliza Griffin\". Texas State Historical Association. June 15, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fjoba","url_text":"\"Johnston, Eliza Griffin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Los Angeles Star, vol. 13, no. 2, May 16, 1863\".","urls":[{"url":"http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15799coll68/id/1003/rec/36","url_text":"\"Los Angeles Star, vol. 13, no. 2, May 16, 1863\""}]},{"reference":"\"Los Angeles Star, vol. 12, no. 33, December 20, 1862\".","urls":[{"url":"http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15799coll68/id/1019/rec/1","url_text":"\"Los Angeles Star, vol. 12, no. 33, December 20, 1862\""}]},{"reference":"Cartwright, Gary (May 2008). \"Remains of the Day\". Texas Monthly. Retrieved October 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.texasmonthly.com/articles/remains-of-the-day/","url_text":"\"Remains of the Day\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Monthly","url_text":"Texas Monthly"}]},{"reference":"\"Albert Sidney Johnston\". Texas State Cemetery. Retrieved October 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cemetery.state.tx.us/pub/user_form.asp?pers_id=61","url_text":"\"Albert Sidney Johnston\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Cemetery","url_text":"Texas State Cemetery"}]},{"reference":"\"Confederate Statues on Campus\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 21, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170821230725/http://diversity.utexas.edu/statues/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Task-Force-Report-FINAL-08_09_15.pdf","url_text":"\"Confederate Statues on Campus\""},{"url":"http://diversity.utexas.edu/statues/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Task-Force-Report-FINAL-08_09_15.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hall of Honor\". Texas Military Forces Museum.","urls":[{"url":"http://texasmilitaryforcesmuseum.org/hallofhonor/chronological.htm","url_text":"\"Hall of Honor\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Corbett (June 13, 2018). \"See ya, Stonewall: Dallas ISD begins to remove Confederate leaders' names from 4 schools\". DallasNews.com. The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved February 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dallasnews.com/news/education/2018/06/13/see-ya-stonewall-dallas-isd-begins-remove-names-confederate-leaders-four-elementary-schools","url_text":"\"See ya, Stonewall: Dallas ISD begins to remove Confederate leaders' names from 4 schools\""}]},{"reference":"G. S. Boritt (1999). Jefferson Davis' Generals. Oxford University Press on Demand. ISBN 978-0-19-512062-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/jeffersondavissg0000unse","url_text":"Jefferson Davis' Generals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512062-2","url_text":"978-0-19-512062-2"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Johnston, Albert Sidney\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 472–473.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Johnston,_Albert_Sidney","url_text":"\"Johnston, Albert Sidney\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Thomas Lawrence Connelly (2001). Army of the Heartland: The Army of Tennessee, 1861–1862. LSU Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-2737-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2737-7","url_text":"978-0-8071-2737-7"}]},{"reference":"Thomas Lawrence Connelly (1979). Civil War Tennessee: battles and leaders. University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-0-87049-284-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/civilwartennesse00conn","url_text":"Civil War Tennessee: battles and leaders"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87049-284-6","url_text":"978-0-87049-284-6"}]},{"reference":"O. Edward Cunningham (2007). Shiloh and the Western Campaign of 1862. Savas Beatie. ISBN 978-1-932714-27-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932714-27-2","url_text":"978-1-932714-27-2"}]},{"reference":"David J. Eicher (2001). The longest night: a military history of the Civil War. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-84944-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/longestnightmili00eich","url_text":"The longest night: a military history of the Civil War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-84944-5","url_text":"0-684-84944-5"}]},{"reference":"Civil War high commands. Stanford University Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-8047-3641-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3641-1","url_text":"978-0-8047-3641-1"}]},{"reference":"Stephen Douglas Engle; Bison Book (2005). Struggle for the Heartland: The Campaigns From Fort Henry To Corinth. Bison Books. ISBN 978-0-8032-6753-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6753-4","url_text":"978-0-8032-6753-4"}]},{"reference":"Earl J. Hess (2012). The Civil War in the West: Victory and Defeat from the Appalachians to the Mississippi. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-3542-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3542-5","url_text":"978-0-8078-3542-5"}]},{"reference":"Shiloh and Corinth: Sentinels of Stone. University Press of Mississippi. 2007. ISBN 978-1-934110-08-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934110-08-9","url_text":"978-1-934110-08-9"}]},{"reference":"William Preston Johnston (1878). The life of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston: embracing his services in the armies of the United States, the republic of Texas, and the Confederate States. D. Appleton.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lifegenalbertsi00johngoog","url_text":"The life of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston: embracing his services in the armies of the United States, the republic of Texas, and the Confederate States"}]},{"reference":"Frances H. Kennedy; Conservation Fund (Arlington, Va) (1998). The Civil War Battlefield Guide. Mariner Books. ISBN 978-0-395-74012-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/civilwarbattlefi00kenn_0","url_text":"The Civil War Battlefield Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-74012-5","url_text":"978-0-395-74012-5"}]},{"reference":"James Lee McDonough (1977). Shiloh, in Hell Before Night. University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-0-87049-199-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87049-199-3","url_text":"978-0-87049-199-3"}]},{"reference":"McPherson, James M. (1988). Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503863-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._McPherson","url_text":"McPherson, James M."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/battlecryoffreed00mcph","url_text":"Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503863-7","url_text":"978-0-19-503863-7"}]},{"reference":"David Stephen Heidler; Jeanne T. Heidler; David J. Coles (2002). Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-04758-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04758-5","url_text":"978-0-393-04758-5"}]},{"reference":"Noe, Kenneth (2001). Perryville. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2209-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2209-0","url_text":"978-0-8131-2209-0"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Derek (2005). The Gallant Dead: Union and Confederate Generals Killed in the Civil War. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-0132-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-0132-7","url_text":"978-0-8117-0132-7"}]},{"reference":"Sword, Wiley (1992). The Confederacy's Last Hurrah: Spring Hill, Franklin, and Nashville. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-0650-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0650-4","url_text":"978-0-7006-0650-4"}]},{"reference":"Russell F. Weigley (2000). A great Civil War: a military and political history, 1861–1865. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-33738-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/greatcivilwarmil00russ","url_text":"A great Civil War: a military and political history, 1861–1865"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33738-2","url_text":"978-0-253-33738-2"}]},{"reference":"T. Harry Williams (1995). P. G. T. Beauregard: Napoleon in Gray. LSU Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-1974-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newsouth194519800000bart","url_text":"P. G. T. Beauregard: Napoleon in Gray"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-1974-7","url_text":"978-0-8071-1974-7"}]},{"reference":"Woodworth, Steven E. (1990). Jefferson Davis and His Generals: the Failure of Confederate Command in the West. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0461-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_E._Woodworth","url_text":"Woodworth, Steven E."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/jeffersondavishi00wood","url_text":"Jefferson Davis and His Generals: the Failure of Confederate Command in the West"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-0461-8","url_text":"0-7006-0461-8"}]},{"reference":"McWhiney, Grady; Jamieson, Perry D. (1984). Attack and Die: Civil War Military Tactics and the Southern Heritage. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-0229-0. Retrieved February 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bY7JCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA162","url_text":"Attack and Die: Civil War Military Tactics and the Southern Heritage"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-0229-0","url_text":"978-0-8173-0229-0"}]},{"reference":"Roland, Charles Pierce (1964). Albert Sidney Johnston: Soldier of Three Republics. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-9000-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/albertsidneyjohn00rola/","url_text":"Albert Sidney Johnston: Soldier of Three Republics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-9000-6","url_text":"978-0-8131-9000-6"}]},{"reference":"Larry J. Daniel (1997). Shiloh: the battle that changed the Civil War. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-80375-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/shiloh00larr","url_text":"Shiloh: the battle that changed the Civil War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-80375-5","url_text":"0-684-80375-5"}]},{"reference":"Kendall D. Gott (2003). Where the South Lost the War: An Analysis of the Fort Henry-Fort Donelson Campaign, February 1862. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-0049-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-0049-8","url_text":"978-0-8117-0049-8"}]},{"reference":"Albert A. Nofi (2001). The Alamo: And the Texas War for Independence September 30, 1835 to April 21, 1836 : Heroes, Myths and History. Hachette Books. ISBN 978-0-306-81040-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Nofi","url_text":"Albert A. 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Johnston biography\""},{"Link":"http://www.csawardept.com/history/Cabinet/WPJohnston/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.texasescapes.com/ClayCoppedge/Dueling.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dueling, and The Huston-Johnston Duel in Feb. 5, 1837\""},{"Link":"http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/21128/pg21128.html","external_links_name":"Blaine, James Gillespie, Twenty Years of Congress, Vol. 1, Ch. 4."},{"Link":"https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=LASTAR18630502.2.6&srpos=4&e=-------en--20-LASTAR-1--txt-txIN--------1","external_links_name":"\"'Horrible Catastrophe!'\""},{"Link":"https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=LASTAR18631212.2.10&srpos=4&e=-------en--20-LASTAR-1-byDA-txt-txIN-++johnston+shiloh-------1","external_links_name":"\"\"Californians in the Confederate Service,\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4361/4361-h/4361-h.htm","external_links_name":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4361/4361-h/4361-h.htm"},{"Link":"http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar;cc=moawar;q1=Army%20of%20the%20Mississippi;rgn=full%20text;idno=waro0010;didno=waro0010;view=image;seq=0114","external_links_name":"\"'The war of the rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies.'\""},{"Link":"https://history.army.mil/news/2013/130401a_shiloh.html","external_links_name":"\"CMH Remembers the Battle of Shiloh \| CMH\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171102161211/http://civilwarlandscapes.org/cwla/states/tn/sh/ftour/1jd.htm","external_links_name":"\"Battlefield Tours: Full Tour Shiloh\""},{"Link":"http://www.civilwarlandscapes.org/cwla/states/tn/sh/ftour/1jd.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=LASTAR18621129.2.10&srpos=2&e=-------en--20-LASTAR-1-byDA-txt-txIN-++johnston+shiloh-------1","external_links_name":"\"'From Rebeldom,'\""},{"Link":"http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fjoba","external_links_name":"\"Johnston, Eliza Griffin\""},{"Link":"http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15799coll68/id/1003/rec/36","external_links_name":"\"Los Angeles Star, vol. 13, no. 2, May 16, 1863\""},{"Link":"http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15799coll68/id/1019/rec/1","external_links_name":"\"Los Angeles Star, vol. 12, no. 33, December 20, 1862\""},{"Link":"https://www.texasmonthly.com/articles/remains-of-the-day/","external_links_name":"\"Remains of the Day\""},{"Link":"http://www.cemetery.state.tx.us/pub/user_form.asp?pers_id=61","external_links_name":"\"Albert Sidney Johnston\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170821230725/http://diversity.utexas.edu/statues/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Task-Force-Report-FINAL-08_09_15.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Confederate Statues on Campus\""},{"Link":"http://diversity.utexas.edu/statues/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Task-Force-Report-FINAL-08_09_15.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://texasmilitaryforcesmuseum.org/hallofhonor/chronological.htm","external_links_name":"\"Hall of Honor\""},{"Link":"https://www.dallasnews.com/news/education/2018/06/13/see-ya-stonewall-dallas-isd-begins-remove-names-confederate-leaders-four-elementary-schools","external_links_name":"\"See ya, Stonewall: Dallas ISD begins to remove Confederate leaders' names from 4 schools\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2048818","external_links_name":"2048818"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/jeffersondavissg0000unse","external_links_name":"Jefferson Davis' Generals"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Johnston,_Albert_Sidney","external_links_name":"\"Johnston, Albert Sidney\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/civilwartennesse00conn","external_links_name":"Civil War Tennessee: battles and leaders"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/longestnightmili00eich","external_links_name":"The longest night: a military history of the Civil War"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lifegenalbertsi00johngoog","external_links_name":"The life of Gen. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_aperture	Lateral aperture	["1 References"]	Lateral apertureAnimation showing the fourth ventricle (in red). The little points sticking out on the left and right are the two parts of the lateral recess, which end in the foramen of Luschka.Human caudal brainstem posterior view (Lateral aperture is #18)DetailsIdentifiersLatinapertura lateralis ventriculi quartiAcronym(s)LA4VNeuroNames640TA98A14.1.05.718TA25969FMA78473Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy The lateral aperture of the fourth ventricle or foramen of Luschka (after anatomist Hubert von Luschka) is an opening at the lateral extremity of either lateral recess of the fourth ventricle opening anteriorly into (sources differ) the pontine cistern/lateral cerebellomedullary cistern at cerebellopontine angle. A tuft of choroid plexus commonly extends into the lateral aperture, partially obstructing CSF flow through this aperture. The opening of the lateral aperture occurs just lateral to the cranial nerve VIII, and proximally to the flocculus of cerebellum. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lateral aperture. ^ Hubert Von Luschka at whonamedit.com ^ a b c Sinnatamby, Chummy S. (2011). Last's Anatomy (12th ed.). p. 483. ISBN 978-0-7295-3752-0. ^ a b "lateral aperture of fourth ventricle". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 2023-06-08. ^ a b Waxman, Stephen G. (2009). Clinical Neuroanatomy (26th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-07-160399-7. vteVentricular system of the human brainLateral ventricles Body Lamina affixa Stria terminalis Collateral eminence Occipital horn Calcar avis Septum pellucidum Third ventricle Recesses Optic recess Infundibular recess Suprapineal recess Pineal recess Hypothalamic sulcus Tela choroidea Subfornical organ Posterior commissure Fourth ventricleRoof Superior medullary velum Frenulum Inferior medullary velum Taenia Fastigium Floor Upper Facial colliculus Locus coeruleus Lower Vagal trigone Hypoglossal trigone Area postrema Obex Medial eminence Sulcus limitans Apertures Median/Magendie Lateral recess to Lateral/Luschka Other Rhomboid fossa Tela choroidea Cerebrospinal fluid Blood–brain barrier Cerebral aqueduct Interventricular foramina Perilymphatic duct Related Ventriculomegaly Portal: Anatomy Authority control databases Terminologia Anatomica This neuroanatomy article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hubert von Luschka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_von_Luschka"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"lateral recess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_recess"},{"link_name":"fourth ventricle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_ventricle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:022-2"},{"link_name":"pontine cistern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontine_cistern"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:022-2"},{"link_name":"lateral cerebellomedullary cistern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellomedullary_cistern"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"cerebellopontine angle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellopontine_angle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"choroid plexus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choroid_plexus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-4"},{"link_name":"cranial nerve VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerve_8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:022-2"},{"link_name":"flocculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flocculus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-4"}],"text":"The lateral aperture of the fourth ventricle or foramen of Luschka (after anatomist Hubert von Luschka)[1] is an opening at the lateral extremity of either lateral recess of the fourth ventricle opening anteriorly[2] into (sources differ) the pontine cistern[2]/lateral cerebellomedullary cistern[3] at cerebellopontine angle.[3] A tuft of choroid plexus commonly extends into the lateral aperture, partially obstructing CSF flow through this aperture.[4]The opening of the lateral aperture occurs just lateral to the cranial nerve VIII,[2] and proximally to the flocculus of cerebellum.[4]","title":"Lateral aperture"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Sinnatamby, Chummy S. (2011). Last's Anatomy (12th ed.). p. 483. ISBN 978-0-7295-3752-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7295-3752-0","url_text":"978-0-7295-3752-0"}]},{"reference":"\"lateral aperture of fourth ventricle\". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 2023-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/lateral+aperture+of+fourth+ventricle","url_text":"\"lateral aperture of fourth ventricle\""}]},{"reference":"Waxman, Stephen G. (2009). Clinical Neuroanatomy (26th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 150. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_(Austria)	Districts of Austria	["1 District commissions","2 Statutory cities","3 Naming quirks","4 History","4.1 Habsburg Monarchy and Austrian Empire","4.2 Cisleithania","4.3 First Republic","4.4 Land Österreich","4.5 Second Republic","5 List of current districts","6 Historical districts","7 Notes","8 References","9 See also"]	Administrative subdivision of Austria Districts of AustriaAlso known as:Österreichische Bezirke (German)Austria's 94 current districts. Statutory cities darkened.CategoryDistrictLocationAustriaFound inStates (Länder)Number94 (as of 2022)Possible typesDistrict CommissionsStatutory CitiesSubdivisionsMunicipalities (Gemeinde) This article is part of a series on thePolitics of Austria Law Constitution (B-VG) Taxation State Treaty Human rights Neutrality Supreme organs Executive President (list) Alexander Van der Bellen Chancellor (list) Karl Nehammer Vice Chancellor (list) Werner Kogler Nehammer government Cabinet · Ministers Legislature National Council Wöginger • Rendi-Wagner • Kickl • Maurer • Meinl-Reisinger • Federal Council Upper house of parliament Federal Assembly Joint session of both houses Judiciary Constitutional Court (judicial review) Supreme Court of Justice (civil and criminal cases) Supreme Administrative Court (administrative law cases) Elections Legislative: 2017 2019 2024 Presidential: 2010 2016 2022 European: 2014 2019 2024 Political parties People's Party Chairman: Karl Nehammer (acting) Social Democratic Party Chairman: Andreas Babler Freedom Party Chairman: Herbert Kickl Green Party Spokesman: Werner Kogler NEOS Chairwoman: Beate Meinl-Reisinger Federal states Burgenland Governor: Doskozil (SPÖ) Capital: Eisenstadt Carinthia Governor: Kaiser (SPÖ) Capital: Klagenfurt Lower Austria Governor: Mikl-Leitner (ÖVP) Capital: Sankt Pölten Salzburg Governor: Haslauer (ÖVP) Capital: Salzburg Styria Governor: Drexler (ÖVP) Capital: Graz Tyrol Governor: Mattle (ÖVP) Capital: Innsbruck Upper Austria Governor: Stelzer (ÖVP) Capital: Linz Vienna Mayor and Governor: Michael Ludwig (SPÖ) Vorarlberg Governor: Wallner (ÖVP) Capital: Bregenz Districts Municipalities Austria portal Other countries vte A district (German: Bezirk) is a second-level division of the executive arm of the Austrian government. District offices are the primary point of contact between residents and the state for most acts of government that exceed municipal purview: marriage licenses, driver licenses, passports, assembly permits, hunting permits, or dealings with public health officers for example all involve interaction with the district administrative authority (Bezirksverwaltungsbehörde). Austrian constitutional law distinguishes two types of district administrative authority: district commissions (Bezirkshauptmannschaften), district administrative authorities that exist as stand-alone bureaus; statutory cities (Städte mit eigenem Statut or Statutarstädte), cities that have been vested with district administration functions in addition to their municipal responsibilities, i.e. district administrative authorities that only exist as a secondary role filled by something that primarily is a city (marked in the table with an asterisk (). As of 2017, there are 94 districts, of which 79 are districts headed by district commissions and 15 are statutory cities. Many districts are geographically congruent with one of the country's 113 judicial venues. Statutory cities are not usually referred to as "districts" outside government publications and the legal literature. For brevity, government agencies will sometimes use the term "rural districts" (Landbezirke) for districts headed by district commissions, although the expression does not appear in any law and many "rural districts" are not very rural. District commissions A district headed by a district commission typically covers somewhere between ten and thirty municipalities. As a purely administrative unit, a district does not hold elections and therefore does not choose its own officials. It is administered by the district commission ((German: Bezirkshauptmannschaft, also translated as district authority) The district governor (Bezirkshauptmann / -frau) is appointed by the provincial governor; the district civil servants are province employees. In the provincial laws of Lower Austria and Vorarlberg, districts headed by district commissions are called administrative districts (Verwaltungsbezirke). In Burgenland, Carinthia, Salzburg, Styria, Upper Austria, and Tyrol, the term used is political district (politischer Bezirk). National law, including national constitutional law, uses all three variants interchangeably. The district commission is the representative organ of the state administration, and through that of the national administration. Its tasks include, for example: Issuing of identification documents, passports or driver's licenses Registration and regulation of companies and associations District commissions were first introduced in 1849 during the rule of Franz Joseph I. In their current form they were defined in 1868, in a decree that stated that every province had to be divided into political subdivisions – districts – headed by a district governor. The 1868 Act establishing districts in their modern form adds the terms "administrative district" (Amtsbezirk) and "political administrative district" (politischer Amtsbezirk). The 1920 Federal Constitutional Law prefers "district" but occasionally uses "political district" to emphasize is it not referring to judicial districts. Over the course of the dozens of revisions the Law has undergone since 1920, all occurrences of either were excised; the version currently in force still mentions district administrative authorities but no longer mentions districts. The 1955 Austrian State Treaty contains a reference to the "administrative districts" of Carinthia, Burgenland, and Styria, even though local legal documents would have called them "political districts". Statutory cities Main article: Statutory city (Austria) A statutory city is a city vested with both municipal and district administrative responsibility. Town hall personnel also serve as district personnel; the mayor also discharges the powers and duties of a head of district commission. City management thus functions both as a regional government and a branch of the national government at the same time. Most of the 15 statutory cities are major regional population centers with residents numbering in the tens of thousands. The smallest statutory city is barely more than a village, but it owes its status to a quirk of history: Rust, Burgenland, current population 2000 (2021), has enjoyed special autonomy since it was made a royal free city by the Kingdom of Hungary in 1681; its privilege was grandfathered into the district system when Hungary ceded the region (later called Burgenland) to Austria in 1921. The constitution stipulates that a community with at least 20,000 residents can demand to be elevated to statutory city status by its respective province, unless the province can demonstrate this would jeopardize regional interests, or unless the national government objects. The last community to have invoked this right is Wels, a statutory city since 1964. As of 2021, fifteen other communities are eligible but not interested. The statutory city of Vienna, a community with well over 1.9 million residents, is divided into 23 municipal districts (Gemeindebezirke). Despite the similar name and the comparable role they fill, municipal districts have a different legal basis than districts. The statutory cities of Graz and Klagenfurt also have subdivisions referred to as "municipal districts," but these are merely neighborhood-size divisions of the city administration. Naming quirks Austria strictly speaking does not name districts but district administrative authorities. The German term for "district commission" and "city," Bezirkshauptmannschaft and Stadt, respectively, is part of the official proper name of each such entity. This means that there can be pairs of districts whose two proper names contain the same toponym. Several such pairs do in fact exist. There are, for example, two district administrative authorities sharing the toponym Innsbruck: the (statutory) city of Innsbruck and the Innsbruck district commission. To avoid confusion, the names of the rural districts in these pairs are commonly rendered with the suffix -Land, in this context roughly meaning "region." The customary name for the city of Innsbruck is Innsbruck, the customary name for the district headed by the Innsbruck district commission is Innsbruck-Land. While this usage is nearly universal both in the media and in everyday spoken German and even appears in the occasional government publication, the suffix -Land is not part of any official, legal designation in Lower Austria. History Habsburg Monarchy and Austrian Empire Voitsberg District district border sign From the Middle Ages until the early nineteenth century, what would become the Austrian state – the Habsburg monarchy – was a large collection of formally separate feudal entities in a personal union under a single monarch of the house of Habsburg (Habsburg-Lorraine from 1780) rather than a single unified state. These entities were until the mid-eighteenth century absolute monarchies with no written constitution and no modern concept of the rule of law. Some of these entities lay within the Holy Roman Empire (the Erblande, the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, 1714–97 the Austrian Netherlands) while others lay outside it (the Kingdoms of Hungary and Croatia; from 1711 Transylvania; from 1772 Galicia and Lodomeria, among others). The modern state of Salzburg and parts of the surrounding states at this time belonged to the Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg and numerous small enclaves belonging to other ecclesiastical principalities existed within the Erblande. The states were ruled by the monarch, usually the emperor himself or a vassal of the emperor, supported by their personal advisors and the estates of the realm. The precise nature of the relationship between ruler and estates was different from region to region. Regional administrators were appointed by and answerable to the monarch. The first step towards modern bureaucracy was taken by Empress Maria Theresa, who in 1753 imposed a system of 'circles'/districts (Kreise) and 'circle'/district offices (Kreisämter) throughout most of her realms. The 'circles' of Upper and Lower Austria and Styria were largely based on the pre-existing quarters of those realms. A major break with tradition, the system was unpopular at first; "in some provinces considerable resistance had to be overcome." The district offices never became fully operational in the Kingdom of Hungary or the Austrian Netherlands. In 1804, in response to the declaration of the First French Empire and the ongoing Napoleonic Wars, Holy Roman Emperor Francis II declared himself Francis I, Emperor of Austria and unified the Habsburg realms into the Austrian Empire, while also remaining Holy Roman Emperor. The formerly separate realms became crownlands of this new Empire; those which were part of the Holy Roman Empire remained part of both. Francis dissolved the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. As a result of the German mediatisations and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, culminating in the 1815 Congress of Vienna, various territories, including Salzburg (until 1849 a 'circle' of Upper Austria), had become part of the new Empire, while other areas such as the Southern Netherlands and Further Austria (excluding Vorarlberg) had been lost. Following the first wave of the revolutions of 1848, Emperor Ferdinand I and his minister of the interior, Franz Xaver von Pillersdorf, enacted Austria's first formal constitution. The constitution completely abolished the estates and called for a separation of executive and judicial authority, immediately crippling most existing regional institutions and leaving district offices as the backbone of the empire's administration. With Ferdinand having been forced to abdicate by a second wave of revolutions, his successor Franz Joseph I swiftly went to work transforming Austria from a constitutional monarchy back into an absolute one but kept relying on district offices at first. In fact, he strengthened the system. His March Constitution retained the separation of judiciary and executive. It prescribed a partition of the empire into judicial venues, with courts to be headed by professional judges, and a separate partition into administrative districts, to be headed by professional civil servants. An 1849 Imperial Resolution fleshed out the details. The districts started functioning in 1850, many of them already in their present-day borders. The March Constitution was never fully implemented and formally scrapped in 1851. Officially returning to full autocracy, the Emperor abolished the separation of powers. In 1853 Administrative districts were merged with judicial venues; district administrative authorities with district courts. During this period the Kreise were subdivided into Bezirke (or Amtsbezirke , 'office districts'), each with a Bezirksamt ('district office'). These were typically smaller than the modern districts; for example, Lower Austria, which is today divided into 24 districts, was divided into 70 Amtsbezirke. The crownlands of Carinthia, Carniola (now mostly part of Slovenia), Salzburg, Upper and Lower Silesia (now divided between the Czech Republic and Poland) and Bukovina (now divided between Romania and Ukraine) were not divided into Kreise but directly into Amtsbezirke. Vorarlberg was administered with Tyrol as Kreis Bregenz. This administrative structure did not apply to Lombardy–Venetia, Hungary (which at the time excluded Transylvania and the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar, which did use the system), or the Military Frontier; Croatia and Slavonia used the term Comitatus (contemporary German: Comitat, modern Komitat; Croatian: županija) in place of Kreis. Intellectuals aside, few objections were raised; the bulk of the population was still living and working on manorial lands and was still used to the lord of the manor being head of some form of manorial court. Cisleithania Following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, Franz Joseph was forced to assent to the December Constitution, a set of five of Basic Laws that restored constitutional monarchy in Cisleithania. One of these Basic Laws, in particular, restored the separation of judiciary and executive. Pursuant to this stipulation, the merger of administrative and judicial districts was reversed the following year; the law in question established the districts in essentially their modern form. No attempt was made this time to impose the scheme on Hungary. The Kingdom of Hungary was now a separate country, fully independent in every respect save defense and international relations, and neither needed nor wanted to copy civil administration policies enacted in Vienna. No significant changes were made between the 1868 restoration and the 1918 collapse of the Habsburg monarchy. Vienna was growing significantly during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, absorbing dozens of suburbs. Three districts disappeared between 1891 and 1918 due to their domains being incorporated into the imperial capital wholesale. Two other districts lost parts of their territories to Vienna. Eleven new districts were carved out of existing districts between 1891 and 1918 due to general population growth. First Republic Following the collapse of the monarchy, the 1920 constitution of the First Austrian Republic retained the district system. At least one of the principal framers, Karl Renner, had suggested to endow districts with county-like elected councils and some degree of legislative authority, but could not gain consensus for this idea. The 1920 constitution characterizes Austria as a federal republic and its provinces as quasi-sovereign federated states. A 1925 constitutional reform, a broad revision of general devolutionary tendency, transformed districts from divisions of the national executive into divisions of the new "state" executives. The replanting had virtually no practical consequences; enforcing national law and handling applications to the national government remain every district's main activities. Province governments have the authority to redraw district boundaries but can neither create nor dissolve districts, nor change how they work, without the assent of the cabinet. In 1921, Hungary ceded the German-speaking part in the western region to Austria, this was created a new province and became Burgenland. While part of the Kingdom of Hungary, the rural border region had been partitioned into seven wards (Oberstuhlrichterämter), clusters of small towns and villages headed by a magistrate who served as both the district judge and the supervisor of the local administrators. Austria simply transformed the seven wards into seven new districts. The region also included two royal free cities, Eisenstadt and Rust; these were made into statutory cities, thus also becoming districts. Land Österreich With the March 1938 annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany, Austria initially became a state (Land) of the German Reich. In May, Vienna was expanded to create Greater Vienna (Groß-Wien), absorbing another four districts. Two weakly populated rural districts were discontinued as well. In October, Burgenland was dissolved, its northern half being attached to Lower Austria and its southern half to Styria. Between May 1939 and March 1940, Austria was dissolved. Its eight remaining provinces became seven Reichsgaue, answerable not to Vienna but directly to Berlin. Several statutory cities lost their special status and were incorporated into the respectively adjacent rural districts; the city of Krems on the other hand was promoted to district status. The districts otherwise remained intact, but they were now German Kreise instead of Austrian Bezirke. Second Republic Reborn with the downfall of Nazi Germany in 1945, the Republic of Austria immediately restored the administrative structure torn down between 1938 and 1940, putting the districts back in place. The only exception were the districts that had been absorbed into Vienna. Austria had been divided into four occupation zones and jointly occupied by the United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, and France. Lower Austria, the region surrounding Vienna, was part of the Soviet zone. The capital itself was considered too valuable to be left to any one power and was, just like Berlin, separately divided into four sectors. In drafting their plans, the allies worked from the city's pre-1938 borders. The Nazi expansion of Vienna, however, had made some sense. A number of rural areas incorporated into Greater Vienna were inimical. Most of Lower Austria had been leaning conservative to nationalist for a century; Vienna had been a bastion of Social Democracy for decades. The bureaucracy steering Vienna, a city of industry and finance, was sociologically distant from the agricultural countryside. Some of the suburbs affected, however, had long had much closer ties to the capital than to the rest of their former province, both socially and in terms of infrastructure. Permanently ejecting these suburbs from Vienna would have been inadvisable. Reaffirming the Nazi border changes either entirely or in part, on the other hand, would have led to demarcation discrepancies between Austrian and allied administrative divisions. Disputes regarding communal debt added to the problem. Hotly contested between the Social Democrats dominating Vienna and the People's Party ruling Lower Austria, the question was not resolved until 1954. One of the traditional districts annexed by the city in 1938 was restored. Parts of several other traditional districts annexed were united to form a second new district. In 1964, the city of Wels was elevated to statutory city status. Two other new districts were established in 1969 and 1982, respectively. Effective January 1, 2012, Styria merged the districts of Judenburg and Knittelfeld to form the Murtal district. The merger was part of program aimed at streamlining the regional bureaucracy. On January 1, 2013, three more mergers followed: Bruck an der Mur was merged with Mürzzuschlag, Hartberg with Fürstenfeld, and Feldbach with Radkersburg. Effective January 1, 2017, Lower Austria split the district of Wien-Umgebung into parts which were merged with the districts of Bruck an der Leitha, Korneuburg, St. Pölten and Tulln. List of current districts In Lower Austria only the suffix -Land is not part of the official name of the three districts using it. In cases where a statutory city and a rural district share the same toponym, the rural district has -Land or Umgebung attached to its name as a matter of customary usage to avoid ambiguity (officially in other parts of Austria). All 13 of these rural districts have their administrative centers located in the respective statutory cities, thus outside of the districts themselves. M. = Municipalities (as of 2022); state capitals in bold State # District Statutory City Est. License plate(s) Administrative seat M. Areakm2 Population1 Jan. 2021 Burgenland 101 Eisenstadt* 1921 E * * 1 42.88 14,895 102 Rust* 1921 E * * 1 20.01 2,000 103 Eisenstadt-Umgebung 1921 EU Eisenstadt 23 453.14 43,861 104 Güssing 1921 GS Güssing 28 485.34 25,770 105 Jennersdorf 1921 JE Jennersdorf 12 253.34 17,109 106 Mattersburg 1921 MA Mattersburg 19 237.83 40,316 107 Neusiedl am See 1921 ND Neusiedl am See 27 1,038.64 60,397 108 Oberpullendorf 1921 OP Oberpullendorf 28 701.44 37,453 109 Oberwart 1921 OW Oberwart 32 732.58 54,209 Carinthia 201 Klagenfurt am Wörthersee* 1850 K * * 1 120.12 101,765 202 Villach* 1932 VI * * 1 134.99 63,236 203 Hermagor 1868 HE Hermagor-Pressegger See 07 808.13 18,052 204 Klagenfurt-Land 1868 KL Klagenfurt am Wörthersee 19 765.64 60,503 205 St. Veit an der Glan 1868 SV St. Veit an der Glan 20 1,493.58 53,880 206 Spittal an der Drau 1868 SP Spittal an der Drau 33 2,764.99 75,628 207 Villach-Land 1868 VL Villach 19 1,009.29 64,920 208 Völkermarkt 1868 VK Völkermarkt 13 907.61 41,834 209 Wolfsberg 1868 WO Wolfsberg 09 973.65 52,488 210 Feldkirchen 1982 FE Feldkirchen in Kärnten 10 558.49 29,783 Lower Austria 301 Krems an der Donau* 1938 KS * * 1 51.66 24,837 302 St. Pölten* 1922 P * * 1 108.44 55,878 303 Waidhofen an der Ybbs* 1868 WY * * 1 131.56 11,134 304 Wiener Neustadt* 1866 WN * * 1 60.94 46,456 305 Amstetten 1868 AM Amstetten 33 1,187.73 116,592 306 Baden 1868 BN Baden 30 753.64 147,113 307 Bruck an der Leitha 1868 BL, SW Bruck an der Leitha 33 703.11 105,507 308 Gänserndorf 1901 GF Gänserndorf 44 1,271.40 105,824 309 Gmünd 1899 GD Gmünd 21 786.39 36,275 310 Hollabrunn 1868 HL Hollabrunn 24 1,010.88 51,332 311 Horn 1868 HO Horn 20 784.00 30,838 312 Korneuburg 1868 KO Korneuburg 20 661.84 91,777 313 Krems (Land) 1868 KR Krems an der Donau 30 923.92 56,559 314 Lilienfeld 1868 LF Lilienfeld 14 931.65 25,474 315 Melk 1896 ME Melk 40 1,013.56 78,281 316 Mistelbach 1868 MI Mistelbach 36 1,291.72 75,655 317 Mödling 1897 MD Mödling 20 276.99 119,240 318 Neunkirchen 1868 NK Neunkirchen 44 1,146.92 86,323 319 St. Pölten (Land) 1868 PL St. Pölten 45 1,286.88 132,064 320 Scheibbs 1868 SB Scheibbs 18 1,023.46 41,567 321 Tulln 1892 KG, TU Tulln an der Donau 22 734.42 105,762 322 Waidhofen an der Thaya 1868 WT Waidhofen an der Thaya 15 669.03 25,531 323 Wiener Neustadt (Land) 1868 WB Wiener Neustadt 35 969.84 79,033 325 Zwettl 1868 ZT Zwettl-Niederösterreich 24 1,399.99 41,827 Upper Austria 401 Linz* 1866 L * * 1 95.99 206,537 402 Steyr* 1867 SR * * 1 26.56 37,952 403 Wels* 1964 WE * * 1 45.92 62,654 404 Braunau 1868 BR Braunau am Inn 46 1,040.84 106,492 405 Eferding 1907 EF Grieskirchen 12 259.72 33,368 406 Freistadt 1868 FR Freistadt 27 993.96 66,922 407 Gmunden 1868 GM Gmunden 20 1,431.58 102,102 408 Grieskirchen 1911 GR Grieskirchen 33 579.06 65,137 409 Kirchdorf 1868 KI Kirchdorf an der Krems 23 1,240.01 57,163 410 Linz-Land 1868 LL Linz 22 460.41 152,391 411 Perg 1868 PE Perg 26 613.52 69,241 412 Ried 1868 RI Ried im Innkreis 36 584.96 61,850 413 Rohrbach 1868 RO Rohrbach-Berg 37 817.58 56,623 414 Schärding 1868 SD Schärding 30 618.44 57,438 415 Steyr-Land 1868 SE Steyr 20 971.73 60,936 416 Urfahr-Umgebung 1919 UU Linz 27 659.67 86,235 417 Vöcklabruck 1868 VB Vöcklabruck 52 1,084.85 137,993 418 Wels-Land 1868 WL Wels 24 457.71 74,574 Salzburg 501 Salzburg* 1869 S * * 1 65.65 155,416 502 Hallein 1896 HA Hallein 13 668.35 60,992 503 Salzburg-Umgebung 1868 SL Seekirchen am Wallersee 37 1,004.47 154,624 504 St. Johann im Pongau 1868 JO St. Johann im Pongau 26 1,755.37 81,392 505 Tamsweg 1868 TA Tamsweg 15 1,019.65 20,118 506 Zell am See 1868 ZE Zell am See 28 2,641.07 88,168 Styria 601 Graz* 1850 G * * 1 127.57 291,134 603 Deutschlandsberg 1868 DL Deutschlandsberg 15 863.47 60,871 606 Graz-Umgebung 1868 GU Graz 36 1,084.55 157,853 610 Leibnitz 1868 LB Leibnitz 29 749.97 85,294 611 Leoben 1868 LE, LN Leoben 16 1,053.49 59,151 612 Liezen 1868 GB, LI Liezen 29 3,318.72 79,592 614 Murau 1868 MU Murau 14 1,385.48 27,449 616 Voitsberg 1891 VO Voitsberg 15 678.18 50,947 617 Weiz 1868 WZ Weiz 31 1,097.94 90,916 620 Murtal 2012 MT Judenburg 20 1,675.81 71,356 621 Bruck-Mürzzuschlag 2013 BM Bruck an der Mur 19 2,156.93 98,054 622 Hartberg-Fürstenfeld 2013 HF Hartberg 36 1,224.28 90,619 623 Südoststeiermark 2013 SO Feldbach 25 982.96 83,841 Tyrol 701 Innsbruck* 1850 I * * 1 104.91 131,059 702 Imst 1868 IM Imst 24 1,724.96 60,922 703 Innsbruck-Land 1868 IL Innsbruck 63 1,990.17 181,698 704 Kitzbühel 1868 KB Kitzbühel 20 1,163.30 64,676 705 Kufstein 1868 KU Kufstein 30 969.97 111,080 706 Landeck 1868 LA Landeck 30 1,595.14 44,346 707 Lienz 1868 LZ Lienz 33 2,020.08 48,814 708 Reutte 1868 RE Reutte 37 1,236.67 33,054 709 Schwaz 1868 SZ Schwaz 39 1,843.18 84,456 Vorarlberg 801 Bludenz 1868 BZ Bludenz 29 1,287.64 64,666 802 Bregenz 1868 B Bregenz 40 863.36 136,107 803 Dornbirn 1969 DO Dornbirn 03 172.36 90,860 804 Feldkirch 1868 FK Feldkirch 24 278.31 109,974 Vienna 901 Wien* 1850 W * * 1 414.82 1,920,949 Historical districts This section only lists districts covering regions that are still part of present-day Austria. Districts lost following the dissolution of Cisleithania in 1918 are omitted. Code District Years License plate Administrative seat Population 2011 – Floridsdorf 1897–1905 – Floridsdorf – Floridsdorf Umgebung 1906–1938 – Floridsdorf – Gröbming 1868–1938 – Gröbming – Groß-Enzersdorf 1868–1896 – Groß-Enzersdorf – Hernals 1868–1891 – Hernals – Hietzing 1868–1891 – Hietzing – Hietzing Umgebung 1892–1938 – Hietzing – Pöggstall 1899–1938 – Pöggstall – Sechshaus 1868–1891 – Sechshaus – Urfahr 1903–1919 – Urfahr – Währing 1868–1892 – Währing 324 Wien-Umgebung 1954–2016 WU, SW Klosterneuburg 117,343 602 Bruck an der Mur 1868–2012 BM Bruck an der Mur 62,000 604 Feldbach 1868–2012 FB Feldbach, Styria 67,046 605 Fürstenfeld 1938–2012 FF Fürstenfeld 23,000 607 Hartberg 1868–2012 HB Hartberg 66,000 608 Judenburg 1868–2011 JU Judenburg 44,983 609 Knittelfeld 1946–2011 KF Knittelfeld 29,095 613 Mürzzuschlag 1903–2012 MZ Mürzzuschlag 40,207 615 Radkersburg 1868–2012 RA Bad Radkersburg 22,911 Notes ^ The 1849 Imperial Resolution creating the district system calls districts just that, "districts." ^ From the 15th century until the Empire's dissolution in 1806 the ruler of the Habsburg monarchy was almost always also the Holy Roman Emperor. ^ Kreis(e) can be literally translated as 'circle(s)', but are often also translated as 'district(s)'. Kreis(e) should not be confused with Bezirke(e), which is also translated as 'district(s)'. ^ Rust shares Eisenstadt's E code. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l not part of the district ^ SW for the city of Schwechat, BL elsewhere. ^ Lilienfeld was established in 1868, dissolved in 1890, and restored in 1897. From 1933 to 1938 Lilienfeld was a branch office of St. Pölten, from 1938 to 1945 a German Kreis, and from 1945 to 1952 a branch office of St. Pölten again. In 1953 it was restored to full district status once more. ^ KG for the city of Klosterneuburg, TU elsewhere. ^ a b Eferding and Grieskirchen districts share one common district commission (Districtal association). ^ LE for the city of Leoben, LN elsewhere. ^ GB for subdistrict (Expositur) Gröbming; LI elsewhere. ^ SW for the city of Schwechat, WU elsewhere. References ^ a b Kaiserliche Entschließung vom 26. Juni 1849, wodurch die Grundzüge für die Organisation der politischen Verwaltungs-Behörden genehmiget werden; RGBl. 295/1849 ^ RGBl 1849/295. Kaiserliche Entschließung, wodurch die Grundzüge für die Organisation der politischen Verwaltungs-Behörden genehmiget werden. In Allgemeines Reichs-Gesetz- und Regierungsblatt für das Kaiserthum Österreich, Jahrgang 1849, p. 459–469. ^ RGBl 1868/44. Gesetz vom 19. Mai 1868 über die Einrichtung der politischen Verwaltungsbehörden (…). In Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für das Kaiserthum Österreich, Jahrgang 1868, p. 76–81. ^ a b Gesetz von 19. Mai 1868, über die Einrichtung der politischen Verwaltungsbehörden; RGBl. 44/1868 ^ Staatsvertrag, betreffend die Wiederherstellung eines unabhängigen und demokratischen Österreich; BGBl. 152/1955 ^ Federal Constitutional Law article 116; BGBl. 1/1930; last amended in BGBl. 100/2003 ^ "Die 17 Bezirke". Stadt Graz. 2014. Archived from the original on October 22, 2014. Retrieved November 26, 2014. ^ "Registerzählung vom 31 October 2011, Bevölkerung nach Ortschaften" (PDF). Statistik Austria. 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2014. ^ Hoke, Rudolf (1996) . Österreichische und deutsche Rechtsgeschichte (in German) (2nd ed.). ISBN 3-205-98179-0. ^ Brauneder, Wilhelm (2009) . Österreichische Verfassungsgeschichte (in German) (11th ed.). ISBN 978-3-214-14876-8. ^ a b Lechleitner, Thomas (1997). "Die Bezirkshauptmannschaft" (in German). Archived from the original on 2012-06-17. Retrieved November 28, 2014. ^ Kaiserliches Patent vom 31. Dezember 1851; RGBl. 3/1851 ^ a b Gesetz vom 19. Jänner 1853, RGBl. 10/1853: "Verordnung der Minister des Inneren, der Justiz und der Finanzen vom 19. Jänner 1853, womit die Allerhöchsten Entschließungen über die Einrichtung und Amtswirksamkeit der Bezirksämter, Kreisbehörden und Statthaltereien, über die Einrichtung der Gerichtsstellen und das Schema der systemisirten Gehalte und Diätenclassen, sowie über die Ausführung der Organisirung für die Kronländer Oesterreich ob und unter der Enns, Böhmen, Mähren, Schlesien, Galizien und Lodomerien mit Krakau, Bukowina, Salzburg, Tirol mit Vorarlberg, Steiermark, Kärnthen, Krain, Görz, Gradiska und Istrien mit Triest, Dalmatien, Kroatien und Slawonien, Siebenbürgen, die serbische Wojwodschaft mit dem Banate, kundgemacht werden". ÖNB-ALEX - Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online (in German). 1853-01-19. Retrieved 2023-07-01. ^ "Verordnung der Minister des Inneren, der Justiz und der Finanzen vom 25. November 1853, betreffend die politische und gerichtliche Oraganisierung des Erzherzogthumes Oesterreich unter der Enns" . ÖNB-ALEX - Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online (in German). 1853-11-25. Retrieved 2023-07-01. ^ "Verordnung der Minister des Inneren, der Justiz und der Finanzen vom 6. Mai 1854, betreffend die politische und gerichtliche Organisirung der gefürsteten Grafschaft Tirol mit Vorarlberg" . ÖNB-ALEX - Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online (in German). 1854-05-06. Retrieved 2023-07-01. ^ Staatsgrundgesetz vom 21. Dezember 1867, über die richterliche Gewalt; RGBl. 144/1867 ^ Gesetz vom 1. Oktober 1920, womit die Republik Österreich als Bundesstaat eingerichtet wird (Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz); SGBl. 450/1920 ^ Verordnung des Bundeskanzlers vom 26. September 1925, betreffende die Wiederverlautbarung des Übergangsgesetzes; BGBl. 368/1925 ^ "Bezirkshauptmannschaft (english)". Austria-Forum. March 27, 2014. Retrieved November 24, 2014. ^ Federal Constitutional Law article 15; BGBl. 1/1930; last amended in BGBl. 100/2003. ^ Gesetz über Gebietsveränderungen im Lande Österreich vom 1. Oktober 1938; GBLÖ 443/1938 ^ "Maßnahmen der Verwaltungsreform". Land Steiermark. 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2014. See also District Captaincy (Austria) vteAustria articlesHistory Hallstatt culture Celts Kingdom of Noricum Roman Era Noricum Pannonia Raetia Germanic tribes Rugiland Ostrogothic Kingdom East Francia Margraviate of Austria Duchy of Austria Archduchy of Austria Habsburg monarchy Siege of Vienna (1529) Austrian Empire March Constitution Congress of Vienna Austria-Hungary German Austria First Austrian Republic Austrian Civil War Federal State of Austria Austrofascism Anschluss Ostmark Allied-administered Austria History of Vienna Military history of Austria Geography Administrative divisions Alps conifer and mixed forests Cities Districts Ecoregions Lakes Mountains Pannonian mixed forests Rivers States Western European broadleaf forests World Heritage Sites Politics Climate change Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights Law enforcement LGBT rights Legal system Military Parliament Political parties Economy Agriculture Banking Companies Energy Mining Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Abortion Austrian people Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health care Languages Pornography Prostitution Religion (freedom of religion) Women Culture Architecture Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine (wine) Flag Literature Media Museums Music National anthem Public holidays Sport OutlineIndex Category Portal vteArticles on second-level administrative divisions of European countriesSovereign states Albania Armenia2 Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France1 Georgia2 Germany Greece Hungary Italy Kazakhstan1 Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia1 Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey1 Ukraine United Kingdom1 England Wales Scotland Northern Ireland 1 Has part of its territory outside Europe. 2 Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on the definition of the border.See also List of administrative divisions by country. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Districts of Austria.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_in_Austria"},{"link_name":"driver licenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_licence_in_Austria"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Districts_of_Austria&action=edit"}],"text":"A district (German: Bezirk) is a second-level division of the executive arm of the Austrian government. District offices are the primary point of contact between residents and the state for most acts of government that exceed municipal purview: marriage licenses, driver licenses, passports, assembly permits, hunting permits, or dealings with public health officers for example all involve interaction with the district administrative authority (Bezirksverwaltungsbehörde).Austrian constitutional law distinguishes two types of district administrative authority:district commissions (Bezirkshauptmannschaften), district administrative authorities that exist as stand-alone bureaus;\nstatutory cities (Städte mit eigenem Statut or Statutarstädte), cities that have been vested with district administration functions in addition to their municipal responsibilities, i.e. district administrative authorities that only exist as a secondary role filled by something that primarily is a city (marked in the table with an asterisk (*).As of 2017[update], there are 94 districts, of which 79 are districts headed by district commissions and 15 are statutory cities. Many districts are geographically congruent with one of the country's 113 judicial venues.Statutory cities are not usually referred to as \"districts\" outside government publications and the legal literature. For brevity, government agencies will sometimes use the term \"rural districts\" (Landbezirke) for districts headed by district commissions, although the expression does not appear in any law and many \"rural districts\" are not very rural.","title":"Districts of Austria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Lower Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Austria"},{"link_name":"Vorarlberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorarlberg"},{"link_name":"Burgenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgenland"},{"link_name":"Carinthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carinthia_(state)"},{"link_name":"Salzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzburg_(state)"},{"link_name":"Styria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styria"},{"link_name":"Upper Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Austria"},{"link_name":"Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrol_(state)"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-first-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rgbl1849-2"},{"link_name":"passports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passport"},{"link_name":"Franz Joseph I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rgbl1868-5"},{"link_name":"Austrian State Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_State_Treaty"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"A district headed by a district commission typically covers somewhere between ten and thirty municipalities. As a purely administrative unit, a district does not hold elections and therefore does not choose its own officials. It is administered by the district commission ((German: Bezirkshauptmannschaft, also translated as district authority) The district governor (Bezirkshauptmann / -frau) is appointed by the provincial governor; the district civil servants are province employees.In the provincial laws of Lower Austria and Vorarlberg, districts headed by district commissions are called administrative districts (Verwaltungsbezirke). In Burgenland, Carinthia, Salzburg, Styria, Upper Austria, and Tyrol, the term used is political district (politischer Bezirk). National law, including national constitutional law, uses all three variants interchangeably.[note 1][1]The district commission is the representative organ of the state administration, and through that of the national administration. Its tasks include, for example:Issuing of identification documents, passports or driver's licenses\nRegistration and regulation of companies and associationsDistrict commissions were first introduced in 1849 during the rule of Franz Joseph I.[2] In their current form they were defined in 1868, in a decree that stated that every province had to be divided into political subdivisions – districts – headed by a district governor.[3] The 1868 Act establishing districts in their modern form adds the terms \"administrative district\" (Amtsbezirk) and \"political administrative district\" (politischer Amtsbezirk).[4]The 1920 Federal Constitutional Law prefers \"district\" but occasionally uses \"political district\" to emphasize is it not referring to judicial districts. Over the course of the dozens of revisions the Law has undergone since 1920, all occurrences of either were excised; the version currently in force still mentions district administrative authorities but no longer mentions districts.The 1955 Austrian State Treaty contains a reference to the \"administrative districts\" of Carinthia, Burgenland, and Styria, even though local legal documents would have called them \"political districts\".[5]","title":"District commissions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Rust, Burgenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust,_Burgenland"},{"link_name":"royal free city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_free_city"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Wels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wels"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Districts_of_Austria&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Graz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graz"},{"link_name":"Klagenfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klagenfurt"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"A statutory city is a city vested with both municipal and district administrative responsibility.[6]\nTown hall personnel also serve as district personnel; the mayor also discharges the powers and duties of a head of district commission. City management thus functions both as a regional government and a branch of the national government at the same time.Most of the 15 statutory cities are major regional population centers with residents numbering in the tens of thousands. The smallest statutory city is barely more than a village, but it owes its status to a quirk of history: Rust, Burgenland, current population 2000 (2021), has enjoyed special autonomy since it was made a royal free city by the Kingdom of Hungary in 1681; its privilege was grandfathered into the district system when Hungary ceded the region (later called Burgenland) to Austria in 1921.The constitution stipulates that a community with at least 20,000 residents can demand to be elevated to statutory city status by its respective province, unless the province can demonstrate this would jeopardize regional interests, or unless the national government objects. The last community to have invoked this right is Wels, a statutory city since 1964. As of 2021[update], fifteen other communities are eligible but not interested.The statutory city of Vienna, a community with well over 1.9 million residents, is divided into 23 municipal districts (Gemeindebezirke). Despite the similar name and the comparable role they fill, municipal districts have a different legal basis than districts. The statutory cities of Graz and Klagenfurt also have subdivisions referred to as \"municipal districts,\" but these are merely neighborhood-size divisions of the city administration.[7][8]","title":"Statutory cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"city of Innsbruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innsbruck"},{"link_name":"Innsbruck district commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innsbruck-Land"}],"text":"Austria strictly speaking does not name districts but district administrative authorities. The German term for \"district commission\" and \"city,\" Bezirkshauptmannschaft and Stadt, respectively, is part of the official proper name of each such entity. This means that there can be pairs of districts whose two proper names contain the same toponym. Several such pairs do in fact exist. There are, for example, two district administrative authorities sharing the toponym Innsbruck: the (statutory) city of Innsbruck and the Innsbruck district commission.To avoid confusion, the names of the rural districts in these pairs are commonly rendered with the suffix -Land, in this context roughly meaning \"region.\" The customary name for the city of Innsbruck is Innsbruck, the customary name for the district headed by the Innsbruck district commission is Innsbruck-Land. While this usage is nearly universal both in the media and in everyday spoken German and even appears in the occasional government publication, the suffix -Land is not part of any official, legal designation in Lower Austria.","title":"Naming quirks"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bezirksgrenztafel_VO.jpg"},{"link_name":"Voitsberg District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voitsberg_District"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Habsburg monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"feudal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism"},{"link_name":"personal union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_union"},{"link_name":"Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Habsburg-Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg-Lorraine"},{"link_name":"absolute monarchies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy"},{"link_name":"rule of law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_law"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Erblande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erblande"},{"link_name":"Lands of the Bohemian Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown"},{"link_name":"Austrian Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Kingdoms of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(Habsburg)"},{"link_name":"Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1711%E2%80%931867)"},{"link_name":"Galicia and Lodomeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria"},{"link_name":"Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-Archbishopric_of_Salzburg"},{"link_name":"enclaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclave"},{"link_name":"ecclesiastical principalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-bishopric"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"estates of the realm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa"},{"link_name":"circles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_(administrative_division)"},{"link_name":"Kreise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreis_(Habsburg_monarchy)"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"ämter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amt"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thesis-14"},{"link_name":"First French Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Francis II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Emperor of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Austrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"dissolved the Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"German mediatisations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_mediatisation"},{"link_name":"French Revolutionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars"},{"link_name":"Congress of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Further Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Further_Austria"},{"link_name":"revolutions of 1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Franz Xaver von Pillersdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Franz_von_Pillersdorf"},{"link_name":"separation of executive and judicial authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers"},{"link_name":"Franz Joseph I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"constitutional monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy"},{"link_name":"March Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Constitution_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rgbl1849-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-silvester-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19_Jan_1853-16"},{"link_name":"Amtsbezirke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amtsbezirk_(Austrian_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtsbezirk_(Habsburgermonarchie)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thesis-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Carinthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia"},{"link_name":"Carniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Carniola"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Salzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Salzburg"},{"link_name":"Upper and Lower Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Bukovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Bukovina"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19_Jan_1853-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Lombardy–Venetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia"},{"link_name":"Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivodeship_of_Serbia_and_Banat_of_Temeschwar"},{"link_name":"Military Frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Frontier"},{"link_name":"Comitatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counties_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931920)"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"manorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorialism"}],"sub_title":"Habsburg Monarchy and Austrian Empire","text":"Voitsberg District district border signFrom the Middle Ages until the early nineteenth century, what would become the Austrian state – the Habsburg monarchy – was a large collection of formally separate feudal entities in a personal union under a single monarch of the house of Habsburg (Habsburg-Lorraine from 1780) rather than a single unified state. These entities were until the mid-eighteenth century absolute monarchies with no written constitution and no modern concept of the rule of law.[9][10] Some of these entities lay within the Holy Roman Empire (the Erblande, the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, 1714–97 the Austrian Netherlands) while others lay outside it (the Kingdoms of Hungary and Croatia; from 1711 Transylvania; from 1772 Galicia and Lodomeria, among others). The modern state of Salzburg and parts of the surrounding states at this time belonged to the Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg and numerous small enclaves belonging to other ecclesiastical principalities existed within the Erblande.The states were ruled by the monarch, usually the emperor himself[note 2] or a vassal of the emperor, supported by their personal advisors and the estates of the realm. The precise nature of the relationship between ruler and estates was different from region to region. Regional administrators were appointed by and answerable to the monarch.The first step towards modern bureaucracy was taken by Empress Maria Theresa, who in 1753 imposed a system of 'circles'/districts (Kreise)[note 3] and 'circle'/district offices (Kreisämter) throughout most of her realms. The 'circles' of Upper and Lower Austria and Styria were largely based on the pre-existing quarters of those realms. A major break with tradition, the system was unpopular at first; \"in some provinces considerable resistance had to be overcome.\" The district offices never became fully operational in the Kingdom of Hungary[11] or the Austrian Netherlands.In 1804, in response to the declaration of the First French Empire and the ongoing Napoleonic Wars, Holy Roman Emperor Francis II declared himself Francis I, Emperor of Austria and unified the Habsburg realms into the Austrian Empire, while also remaining Holy Roman Emperor. The formerly separate realms became crownlands of this new Empire; those which were part of the Holy Roman Empire remained part of both. Francis dissolved the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. As a result of the German mediatisations and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, culminating in the 1815 Congress of Vienna, various territories, including Salzburg (until 1849 a 'circle' of Upper Austria), had become part of the new Empire, while other areas such as the Southern Netherlands and Further Austria (excluding Vorarlberg) had been lost.Following the first wave of the revolutions of 1848, Emperor Ferdinand I and his minister of the interior, Franz Xaver von Pillersdorf, enacted Austria's first formal constitution. The constitution completely abolished the estates and called for a separation of executive and judicial authority, immediately crippling most existing regional institutions and leaving district offices as the backbone of the empire's administration. With Ferdinand having been forced to abdicate by a second wave of revolutions, his successor Franz Joseph I swiftly went to work transforming Austria from a constitutional monarchy back into an absolute one but kept relying on district offices at first. In fact, he strengthened the system.His March Constitution retained the separation of judiciary and executive. It prescribed a partition of the empire into judicial venues, with courts to be headed by professional judges, and a separate partition into administrative districts, to be headed by professional civil servants. An 1849 Imperial Resolution fleshed out the details.[1] The districts started functioning in 1850, many of them already in their present-day borders.The March Constitution was never fully implemented and formally scrapped in 1851.[12] Officially returning to full autocracy, the Emperor abolished the separation of powers. In 1853 Administrative districts were merged with judicial venues; district administrative authorities with district courts.[13] During this period the Kreise were subdivided into Bezirke (or Amtsbezirke [de], 'office districts'), each with a Bezirksamt ('district office'). These were typically smaller than the modern districts; for example, Lower Austria, which is today divided into 24 districts, was divided into 70 Amtsbezirke.[11][14] The crownlands of Carinthia, Carniola (now mostly part of Slovenia), Salzburg, Upper and Lower Silesia (now divided between the Czech Republic and Poland) and Bukovina (now divided between Romania and Ukraine) were not divided into Kreise[13] but directly into Amtsbezirke. Vorarlberg was administered with Tyrol as Kreis Bregenz.[15] This administrative structure did not apply to Lombardy–Venetia, Hungary (which at the time excluded Transylvania and the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar, which did use the system), or the Military Frontier; Croatia and Slavonia used the term Comitatus (contemporary German: Comitat, modern Komitat; Croatian: županija) in place of Kreis. Intellectuals aside, few objections were raised; the bulk of the population was still living and working on manorial lands and was still used to the lord of the manor being head of some form of manorial court.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867"},{"link_name":"December Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Cisleithania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisleithania"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rgbl1868-5"}],"sub_title":"Cisleithania","text":"Following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, Franz Joseph was forced to assent to the December Constitution, a set of five of Basic Laws that restored constitutional monarchy in Cisleithania. One of these Basic Laws, in particular, restored the separation of judiciary and executive.[16] Pursuant to this stipulation, the merger of administrative and judicial districts was reversed the following year;[4] the law in question established the districts in essentially their modern form. No attempt was made this time to impose the scheme on Hungary. The Kingdom of Hungary was now a separate country, fully independent in every respect save defense and international relations, and neither needed nor wanted to copy civil administration policies enacted in Vienna.No significant changes were made between the 1868 restoration and the 1918 collapse of the Habsburg monarchy. Vienna was growing significantly during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, absorbing dozens of suburbs. Three districts disappeared between 1891 and 1918 due to their domains being incorporated into the imperial capital wholesale. Two other districts lost parts of their territories to Vienna. Eleven new districts were carved out of existing districts between 1891 and 1918 due to general population growth.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Austrian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Karl Renner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Renner"},{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County"},{"link_name":"federal republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_republic"},{"link_name":"provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"federated states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_state"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Burgenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgenland"},{"link_name":"royal free cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_free_city"},{"link_name":"Eisenstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenstadt"},{"link_name":"Rust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust,_Burgenland"}],"sub_title":"First Republic","text":"Following the collapse of the monarchy, the 1920 constitution of the First Austrian Republic retained the district system.[17]At least one of the principal framers, Karl Renner, had suggested to endow districts with county-like elected councils and some degree of legislative authority, but could not gain consensus for this idea.The 1920 constitution characterizes Austria as a federal republic and its provinces as quasi-sovereign federated states.A 1925 constitutional reform, a broad revision of general devolutionary tendency, transformed districts from divisions of the national executive into divisions of the new \"state\" executives.[18][19]\nThe replanting had virtually no practical consequences; enforcing national law and handling applications to the national government remain every district's main activities. Province governments have the authority to redraw district boundaries but can neither create nor dissolve districts, nor change how they work, without the assent of the cabinet.[20]In 1921, Hungary ceded the German-speaking part in the western region to Austria, this was created a new province and became Burgenland. While part of the Kingdom of Hungary, the rural border region had been partitioned into seven wards (Oberstuhlrichterämter), clusters of small towns and villages headed by a magistrate who served as both the district judge and the supervisor of the local administrators. Austria simply transformed the seven wards into seven new districts. The region also included two royal free cities, Eisenstadt and Rust; these were made into statutory cities, thus also becoming districts.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschluss"},{"link_name":"Lower Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Austria"},{"link_name":"Styria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styria"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Reichsgaue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau"},{"link_name":"Krems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krems_an_der_Donau"}],"sub_title":"Land Österreich","text":"With the March 1938 annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany, Austria initially became a state (Land) of the German Reich. In May, Vienna was expanded to create Greater Vienna (Groß-Wien), absorbing another four districts. Two weakly populated rural districts were discontinued as well.In October, Burgenland was dissolved, its northern half being attached to Lower Austria and its southern half to Styria.[21]Between May 1939 and March 1940, Austria was dissolved. Its eight remaining provinces became seven Reichsgaue, answerable not to Vienna but directly to Berlin. Several statutory cities lost their special status and were incorporated into the respectively adjacent rural districts; the city of Krems on the other hand was promoted to district status. The districts otherwise remained intact, but they were now German Kreise instead of Austrian Bezirke.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"jointly occupied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied-occupied_Austria"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Social Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democracy"},{"link_name":"Social Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"Wels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wels"},{"link_name":"Styria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styria"},{"link_name":"Judenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judenburg_District"},{"link_name":"Knittelfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knittelfeld_District"},{"link_name":"Murtal district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtal_District"},{"link_name":"Bruck an der Mur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruck_an_der_Mur_District"},{"link_name":"Mürzzuschlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCrzzuschlag_District"},{"link_name":"Hartberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartberg_District"},{"link_name":"Fürstenfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCrstenfeld_District"},{"link_name":"Feldbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldbach_District"},{"link_name":"Radkersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radkersburg_District"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Lower Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Austria"},{"link_name":"Wien-Umgebung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien-Umgebung"},{"link_name":"Bruck an der Leitha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruck_an_der_Leitha_(district)"},{"link_name":"Korneuburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korneuburg_(district)"},{"link_name":"St. Pölten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._P%C3%B6lten_%27%27(Land)%27%27&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tulln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulln_(district)"}],"sub_title":"Second Republic","text":"Reborn with the downfall of Nazi Germany in 1945, the Republic of Austria immediately restored the administrative structure torn down between 1938 and 1940, putting the districts back in place. The only exception were the districts that had been absorbed into Vienna.Austria had been divided into four occupation zones and jointly occupied by the United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, and France. Lower Austria, the region surrounding Vienna, was part of the Soviet zone. The capital itself was considered too valuable to be left to any one power and was, just like Berlin, separately divided into four sectors. In drafting their plans, the allies worked from the city's pre-1938 borders.The Nazi expansion of Vienna, however, had made some sense. A number of rural areas incorporated into Greater Vienna were inimical. Most of Lower Austria had been leaning conservative to nationalist for a century; Vienna had been a bastion of Social Democracy for decades. The bureaucracy steering Vienna, a city of industry and finance, was sociologically distant from the agricultural countryside. Some of the suburbs affected, however, had long had much closer ties to the capital than to the rest of their former province, both socially and in terms of infrastructure. Permanently ejecting these suburbs from Vienna would have been inadvisable. Reaffirming the Nazi border changes either entirely or in part, on the other hand, would have led to demarcation discrepancies between Austrian and allied administrative divisions. Disputes regarding communal debt added to the problem.Hotly contested between the Social Democrats dominating Vienna and the People's Party ruling Lower Austria, the question was not resolved until 1954. One of the traditional districts annexed by the city in 1938 was restored. Parts of several other traditional districts annexed were united to form a second new district.In 1964, the city of Wels was elevated to statutory city status.Two other new districts were established in 1969 and 1982, respectively.Effective January 1, 2012, Styria merged the districts of Judenburg and Knittelfeld to form the Murtal district. The merger was part of program aimed at streamlining the regional bureaucracy. On January 1, 2013, three more mergers followed:Bruck an der Mur was merged with Mürzzuschlag,\nHartberg with Fürstenfeld, and\nFeldbach with Radkersburg.[22]Effective January 1, 2017, Lower Austria split the district of Wien-Umgebung into parts which were merged with the districts of Bruck an der Leitha, Korneuburg, St. Pölten and Tulln.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In Lower Austria only the suffix -Land is not part of the official name of the three districts using it. In cases where a statutory city and a rural district share the same toponym, the rural district has -Land or Umgebung attached to its name as a matter of customary usage to avoid ambiguity (officially in other parts of Austria). All 13 of these rural districts have their administrative centers located in the respective statutory cities, thus outside of the districts themselves.M. = Municipalities (as of 2022); state capitals in bold","title":"List of current districts"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"This section only lists districts covering regions that are still part of present-day Austria.\nDistricts lost following the dissolution of Cisleithania in 1918 are omitted.","title":"Historical districts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-first_1-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npd_27-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npd_27-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npd_27-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npd_27-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npd_27-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npd_27-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npd_27-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npd_27-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npd_27-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npd_27-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npd_27-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npd_27-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Schwechat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwechat"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"Klosterneuburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klosterneuburg"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EF+GR_31-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EF+GR_31-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"Leoben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leoben"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"Schwechat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwechat"}],"text":"^ The 1849 Imperial Resolution creating the district system calls districts just that, \"districts.\"\n\n^ From the 15th century until the Empire's dissolution in 1806 the ruler of the Habsburg monarchy was almost always also the Holy Roman Emperor.\n\n^ Kreis(e) can be literally translated as 'circle(s)', but are often also translated as 'district(s)'. Kreis(e) should not be confused with Bezirke(e), which is also translated as 'district(s)'.\n\n^ Rust shares Eisenstadt's E code.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l not part of the district\n\n^ SW for the city of Schwechat, BL elsewhere.\n\n^ Lilienfeld was established in 1868, dissolved in 1890, and restored in 1897. From 1933 to 1938 Lilienfeld was a branch office of St. Pölten, from 1938 to 1945 a German Kreis, and from 1945 to 1952 a branch office of St. Pölten again. In 1953 it was restored to full district status once more.\n\n^ KG for the city of Klosterneuburg, TU elsewhere.\n\n^ a b Eferding and Grieskirchen districts share one common district commission (Districtal association).\n\n^ LE for the city of Leoben, LN elsewhere.\n\n^ GB for subdistrict (Expositur) Gröbming; LI elsewhere.\n\n^ SW for the city of Schwechat, WU elsewhere.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Voitsberg District district border sign","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bezirksgrenztafel_VO.jpg/220px-Bezirksgrenztafel_VO.jpg"}]	[{"title":"District Captaincy (Austria)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Captaincy_(Austria)"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Austria_topics"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Austria_topics"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austria_topics"},{"title":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"title":"articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Austria"},{"title":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Austria"},{"title":"Hallstatt culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallstatt_culture"},{"title":"Celts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts"},{"title":"Kingdom of Noricum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Noricum"},{"title":"Roman Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"title":"Noricum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noricum"},{"title":"Pannonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia"},{"title":"Raetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raetia"},{"title":"Germanic tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples"},{"title":"Rugiland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugiland"},{"title":"Ostrogothic Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom"},{"title":"East Francia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Francia"},{"title":"Margraviate of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margraviate_of_Austria"},{"title":"Duchy of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Austria"},{"title":"Archduchy of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria"},{"title":"Habsburg monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"title":"Siege of Vienna (1529)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)"},{"title":"Austrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"title":"March Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Constitution_(Austria)"},{"title":"Congress of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna"},{"title":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"title":"German Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_German-Austria"},{"title":"First Austrian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic"},{"title":"Austrian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War"},{"title":"Federal State of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_State_of_Austria"},{"title":"Austrofascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrofascism"},{"title":"Anschluss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschluss"},{"title":"Ostmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostmark_(Austria)"},{"title":"Allied-administered Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied-occupied_Austria"},{"title":"History of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Vienna"},{"title":"Military history of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Austria"},{"title":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Austria"},{"title":"Administrative divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria#States"},{"title":"Alps conifer and mixed forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps_conifer_and_mixed_forests"},{"title":"Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Austria"},{"title":"Districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Ecoregions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Austria"},{"title":"Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Austria"},{"title":"Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains_of_Austria"},{"title":"Pannonian mixed forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_mixed_forests"},{"title":"Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Austria"},{"title":"States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Austria"},{"title":"Western European broadleaf forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_broadleaf_forests"},{"title":"World Heritage Sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Austria"},{"title":"Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Austria"},{"title":"Climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Austria"},{"title":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Austria"},{"title":"Elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Austria"},{"title":"Foreign relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Austria"},{"title":"Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Austria"},{"title":"Human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Austria"},{"title":"Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Austria"},{"title":"enforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Austria"},{"title":"LGBT rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Austria"},{"title":"Legal system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Austria"},{"title":"Military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Armed_Forces"},{"title":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Parliament"},{"title":"Political parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Austria"},{"title":"Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Austria"},{"title":"Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Austria"},{"title":"Banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_in_Austria"},{"title":"Companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Austria"},{"title":"Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Austria"},{"title":"Mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mining_in_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Taxation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Austria"},{"title":"Telecommunications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Austria"},{"title":"Tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Austria"},{"title":"Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Austria"},{"title":"Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Society_of_Austria"},{"title":"Abortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Austria"},{"title":"Austrian people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrians"},{"title":"Crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Austria"},{"title":"Demographics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Austria"},{"title":"Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Austria"},{"title":"Ethnic groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Austria"},{"title":"Health care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Austria"},{"title":"Languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Austria"},{"title":"Pornography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornography_in_Austria"},{"title":"Prostitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_in_Austria"},{"title":"Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Austria"},{"title":"freedom of religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Austria"},{"title":"Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Austria"},{"title":"Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Austria"},{"title":"Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Austria"},{"title":"Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Austria"},{"title":"Coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Austria"},{"title":"Cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_cuisine"},{"title":"wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_wine"},{"title":"Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Austria"},{"title":"Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_literature"},{"title":"Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Austria"},{"title":"Museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Austria"},{"title":"Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Austria"},{"title":"National anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_anthem_of_Austria"},{"title":"Public holidays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Austria"},{"title":"Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Austria"},{"title":"Outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Austria"},{"title":"Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Austria"},{"title":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Austria"},{"title":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Austria"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Articles_on_second-level_administrative_divisions_of_European_countries"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Articles_on_second-level_administrative_divisions_of_European_countries"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Articles_on_second-level_administrative_divisions_of_European_countries"},{"title":"administrative divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_division"},{"title":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Albania"},{"title":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Armenia"},{"title":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Belarus"},{"title":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Belgium"},{"title":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantons_of_the_Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"title":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Bulgaria"},{"title":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Croatia"},{"title":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_the_Czech_Republic"},{"title":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Denmark"},{"title":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Estonia"},{"title":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-regions_of_Finland"},{"title":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"title":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Georgia_(country)"},{"title":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Germany"},{"title":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_units_of_Greece"},{"title":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Hungary"},{"title":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy"},{"title":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Latvia"},{"title":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Lithuania"},{"title":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_Luxembourg"},{"title":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_councils_of_Malta"},{"title":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_Moldova"},{"title":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Montenegro"},{"title":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands"},{"title":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Norway"},{"title":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_counties_of_Poland"},{"title":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Portugal"},{"title":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_Romania"},{"title":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Russia"},{"title":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_and_cities_of_Serbia"},{"title":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Slovakia"},{"title":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Slovenia"},{"title":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Spain"},{"title":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Sweden"},{"title":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Switzerland"},{"title":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Turkey"},{"title":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raions_of_Ukraine"},{"title":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counties_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counties_of_England"},{"title":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Wales"},{"title":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_areas_of_Scotland"},{"title":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counties_of_Northern_Ireland"},{"title":"definition of the border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents_of_Earth#Europe_and_Asia"},{"title":"List of administrative divisions by country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_by_country"},{"title":"Districts of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Districts_of_Austria"}]	[{"reference":"\"Die 17 Bezirke\". Stadt Graz. 2014. Archived from the original on October 22, 2014. Retrieved November 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141022192801/http://www.graz.at/cms/beitrag/10034856/606791","url_text":"\"Die 17 Bezirke\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graz","url_text":"Stadt Graz"},{"url":"http://www.graz.at/cms/beitrag/10034856/606791/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Registerzählung vom 31 October 2011, Bevölkerung nach Ortschaften\" (PDF). Statistik Austria. 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statistik.at/blickgem/rg3/g20101.pdf","url_text":"\"Registerzählung vom 31 October 2011, Bevölkerung nach Ortschaften\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik_Austria","url_text":"Statistik Austria"}]},{"reference":"Hoke, Rudolf (1996) [1992]. Österreichische und deutsche Rechtsgeschichte (in German) (2nd ed.). ISBN 3-205-98179-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-205-98179-0","url_text":"3-205-98179-0"}]},{"reference":"Brauneder, Wilhelm (2009) [1979]. Österreichische Verfassungsgeschichte (in German) (11th ed.). ISBN 978-3-214-14876-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-214-14876-8","url_text":"978-3-214-14876-8"}]},{"reference":"Lechleitner, Thomas (1997). \"Die Bezirkshauptmannschaft\" (in German). Archived from the original on 2012-06-17. Retrieved November 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120617195145/https://www.tirol.gv.at/bezirke/landeck/bh-diplom/","url_text":"\"Die Bezirkshauptmannschaft\""},{"url":"https://www.tirol.gv.at/bezirke/landeck/bh-diplom/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Verordnung der Minister des Inneren, der Justiz und der Finanzen vom 19. Jänner 1853, womit die Allerhöchsten Entschließungen über die Einrichtung und Amtswirksamkeit der Bezirksämter, Kreisbehörden und Statthaltereien, über die Einrichtung der Gerichtsstellen und das Schema der systemisirten Gehalte und Diätenclassen, sowie über die Ausführung der Organisirung für die Kronländer Oesterreich ob und unter der Enns, Böhmen, Mähren, Schlesien, Galizien und Lodomerien mit Krakau, Bukowina, Salzburg, Tirol mit Vorarlberg, Steiermark, Kärnthen, Krain, Görz, Gradiska und Istrien mit Triest, Dalmatien, Kroatien und Slawonien, Siebenbürgen, die serbische Wojwodschaft mit dem Banate, kundgemacht werden\". ÖNB-ALEX - Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online (in German). 1853-01-19. Retrieved 2023-07-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=rgb&datum=1853&page=165","url_text":"\"Verordnung der Minister des Inneren, der Justiz und der Finanzen vom 19. Jänner 1853, womit die Allerhöchsten Entschließungen über die Einrichtung und Amtswirksamkeit der Bezirksämter, Kreisbehörden und Statthaltereien, über die Einrichtung der Gerichtsstellen und das Schema der systemisirten Gehalte und Diätenclassen, sowie über die Ausführung der Organisirung für die Kronländer Oesterreich ob und unter der Enns, Böhmen, Mähren, Schlesien, Galizien und Lodomerien mit Krakau, Bukowina, Salzburg, Tirol mit Vorarlberg, Steiermark, Kärnthen, Krain, Görz, Gradiska und Istrien mit Triest, Dalmatien, Kroatien und Slawonien, Siebenbürgen, die serbische Wojwodschaft mit dem Banate, kundgemacht werden\""}]},{"reference":"\"Verordnung der Minister des Inneren, der Justiz und der Finanzen vom 25. November 1853, betreffend die politische und gerichtliche Oraganisierung des Erzherzogthumes Oesterreich unter der Enns\" [Ordnance of the Ministers of the Interior, Justice and Finance of 25 November 1853, concerning the political and judicial organisation of the Archduchy of Austria under the Enns.]. ÖNB-ALEX - Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online (in German). 1853-11-25. Retrieved 2023-07-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=rgb&datum=1853&page=1343&size=45","url_text":"\"Verordnung der Minister des Inneren, der Justiz und der Finanzen vom 25. November 1853, betreffend die politische und gerichtliche Oraganisierung des Erzherzogthumes Oesterreich unter der Enns\""}]},{"reference":"\"Verordnung der Minister des Inneren, der Justiz und der Finanzen vom 6. Mai 1854, betreffend die politische und gerichtliche Organisirung der gefürsteten Grafschaft Tirol mit Vorarlberg\" [Ordnance of the Ministers of the Interior, Justice and Finance of 6 May 1854, concerning the political and judicial organisation of the Princely County of Tyrol with Vorarlberg]. ÖNB-ALEX - Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online (in German). 1854-05-06. Retrieved 2023-07-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=rgb&datum=18540004&seite=00000455","url_text":"\"Verordnung der Minister des Inneren, der Justiz und der Finanzen vom 6. Mai 1854, betreffend die politische und gerichtliche Organisirung der gefürsteten Grafschaft Tirol mit Vorarlberg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bezirkshauptmannschaft (english)\". Austria-Forum. March 27, 2014. Retrieved November 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://austria-forum.org/af/AEIOU/Bezirkshauptmannschaft/Bezirkshauptmannschaft_english","url_text":"\"Bezirkshauptmannschaft (english)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maßnahmen der Verwaltungsreform\". Land Steiermark. 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.verwaltung.steiermark.at/cms/ziel/74836278/DE/","url_text":"\"Maßnahmen der Verwaltungsreform\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styria","url_text":"Land Steiermark"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Districts_of_Austria&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Districts_of_Austria&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?apm=0&aid=rgb&datum=18490000&page=595","external_links_name":"Kaiserliche Entschließung vom 26. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindon_Min	Mindon Min	["1 Early life","2 Taking the throne","3 Early reign","4 Achievements","5 Religious stance","6 Palace rebellion","7 Succession crisis","7.1 Family","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","11 Bibliography","12 External links"]	King of Burma (reigned 1853–1878) Mindon မင်းတုန်းမင်းKing of Burma Prince of MindonTenure18 February 1853 – 1 October 1878Coronation6 July 1854PredecessorPaganSuccessorThibawBornMaung Lwin(1808-07-08)8 July 1808Inwa, Burmese EmpireDied1 October 1878(1878-10-01) (aged 70)Mandalay, Burmese EmpireBurialMandalay PalaceConsortSetkya DewiIssueDetailThibaw and SupayalatRegnal nameSiri Pavaravijaya Nantayasapaṇḍita Tribhavanāditya Mahādhammarājadhirāja(သီရိပဝရဝိဇယာနန္တယသပဏ္ဍိတ တြိဘဝနအာဒိတျာ မဟာဓမ္မရာဇာဓိရာဇာ)HouseKonbaungFatherTharrawaddyMotherChandra Mata Mahay, Queen of the South Royal ChamberReligionTheravada Buddhism This article contains Burmese script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Burmese script. Mindon Min (Burmese: မင်းတုန်းမင်း, pronounced ; 1808 – 1878), born Maung Lwin, was the penultimate king of Burma (Myanmar) from 1853 to 1878. He was one of the most popular and revered kings of Burma. Under his half brother King Pagan, the Second Anglo-Burmese War in 1852 ended with the annexation of Lower Burma by the British Empire. Mindon and his younger brother Kanaung overthrew their half brother King Pagan. He spent most of his reign trying to defend the upper part of his country from British encroachments, and to modernize his kingdom. Early life Mindon was born Maung Lwin in 1808, a son of Tharrawaddy Min and Chandra Mata Mahay, Queen of the south Royal Chamber. He studied at the Maha Zawtika monastic college in Amarapura until the age of 23, and he held deep respect for religion and religious scholarship throughout his entire life. Mindon grew up in the shadow of British control – by 1853, the year of his coronation, Burma had gone through radical changes. The British annexations of Arakan, the Himalayan kingdoms of the north of India, and the Irrawaddy Delta and their blockade of Burma caused a tightening of the food supply, the loss of trade through ports, an erosion of Burma as an imperial power, and the incorporation of Burma into the world market as a result. There was an atmosphere of reform due to translated works and better knowledge about the outside world. At the same time, migrations of people from the national core to Lower Burma, controlled by the British, were sapping Burma of its labor and taxes. Taking the throne See also: Coronation of Mindon Min Mindon took the throne following a bloody conflict of succession with his half-brother, Pagan Min. Under Pagan, Mindon was the president of the Council of State, and was presiding as the Second Anglo-Burmese War began. He was against the continuation of the war and favored an unpopular program of appeasement. Mindon's most loyal ally at this time was his brother Kanaung Mintha. In a November 1852 plot to implicate Mindon and Kanaung in a series of robberies by the Myowun of Amarapura, Mindon, Kanaung, and their immediate family and retainers fled to Shwebo, the seat of their ancestor, King Alaungpaya. The war with the British had thus become a two-front war, and the court of Pagan quickly collapsed, with the Myozas of Kyaukmaw and Yenangyaung allowing Mindon and Kanaung to walk into the capital, Ava, unopposed. Mindon thus ascended the throne with the regnal name of Thiri Thudhamma Tilawka Pawara Maha Dhamma Razadiraza on 18 February 1853. Early reign The early reign of Mindon was characterized by joint rule with Kanaung, who was allowed a large court and was designated Mindon's heir, as well as given control over matters of technology, modernization, and the arts. Behind Mindon's throne too was his chief queen and his four chief advisors – the myozas of Magwe, Thalun, Myedaung, and Pahkangyi, the latter being Mindon's former tutor who was given the position as Mindon ascended to the throne. This new government was given oaths of allegiance by the Shan princes, as well as gifts from the Chinese. Immediately following his taking of the throne, Mindon went into a ceasefire with the British, coming into effect on 30 June 1853. Although hostilities with the British had ended, Mindon still faced considerable military difficulties, namely a revolt at Kanpyin and an attack from the neighboring Kingdom of Siam. In late 1853, Mindon won a pyrrhic victory against the Siamese, but when they returned again, he sent 3,000 cavalry supported by artillery, which finally stopped the Siamese encroachment upon Burmese land. Achievements Obverse of the first machine struck 1 Kyat (Rupee) 1214 (1853 AD), a silver coin. Reverse of the 1 Kyat King Mindon founded the last royal capital of Burma, Mandalay, in 1857. His younger brother Kanaung proved to be a great administrator and modernizer. During Mindon's reign, scholars were sent to France, Italy, the United States, and Great Britain, in order to learn about the tremendous progress achieved by the Industrial Revolution. Statue of King Mindon at Mandalay During Mindon's reign, the following reforms were undertaken: centralization of the kingdom's internal administration, introduction of a salary system for the bureaucracy (to dampen the authority and income of bureaucrats), fixed judicial fees, comprehensive penal laws, reorganization of the financial system, removal of trade barriers including custom duties, reform of the thathameda taxes (to increase direct taxation), and modernization of the kingdom's army and introduction of new police forces. A Burmese manuscript (Or 13681) held by the British Library depicts "seven scenes of King Mindon's donations at various places during the first four years of his reign (1853–57)", including a monastery, rest houses, and gifts for monks. Mindon introduced the first machine-struck coins to Burma, and in 1871 also held the Fifth Buddhist council in Mandalay. He had already created the world's largest book in 1868, the Tipitaka, 729 pages of the Buddhist Pali Canon inscribed in marble and each stone slab housed in a small stupa at the Kuthodaw Pagoda at the foot of Mandalay Hill. In 1871 Mindon also donated a new hti ('umbrella' or crown gilded and encrusted with precious diamonds and other gems) to the 105-metre-tall (344 ft) Shwedagon Pagoda, which is located in then British held Yangon, although he was not allowed to visit this most famous and venerated pagoda in the country. On 15 August 1873, Mindon also enacted the Seventeen Articles, one of Southeast Asia's first indigenous press freedom laws. In 1875, during a royal consecration ceremony, Mindon took on the title Siripavaravijayanantayasa Paṇḍita Tribhavanadityadhipati Mahadhammarajadhiraja. With the opening of the Suez Canal, Mindon assembled a flotilla of steamers to facilitate trade with the British. His brother Kanaung is still remembered by the Burmese as an avid modernizer, who would go to the factories early on cold winter mornings with a blanket wrapped around him, just to talk to the mechanics about how the machines ran. He was in charge of the Royal Army, as was customarily required of Burmese crown princes, and he imported and manufactured guns, cannons and shells. Religious stance Mindon was known for his Buddhist devotion and religious tolerance. He helped build monasteries and missionary schools for Buddhism. The first non-Sangha-run schools in Burma were run by Christians, and Mindon himself sent his son, Thibaw Min, to study in a missionary school. Mindon also fulfilled his responsibility as a pious Buddhist. He reasserted the king's role of being the protector of Buddha Sasana, convened the Fifth Buddhist council in 1871, and supported the work of scholar-monks and their returning to Lower Burma to teach. Palace rebellion In 1866 two of Mindon's sons, Prince Myingun and Prince Myingundaing attempted a palace coup. Myingun claimed that the Crown Prince Kanaung was oppressive, and Kanaung was murdered during the revolt. Mindon escaped alive and the coup was crushed when Myingun fled in a steamer to British Burma. Rumours of British involvement are unsubstantiated, and no evidence exists showing their support for the revolt. While Mindon was escaping the palace, he ran into a would-be assassin, Maung Paik Gyi, who lost his nerve and grovelled in front of the king. Mindon commanded him to carry him from the palace, which he promptly did. Succession crisis King Mindon's tomb in Mandalay in 1903. The rebellion caused Mindon great reluctance in naming a successor to Kanaung for fear of civil war. One of his queens, Hsinbyumashin, dominated the last days of King Mindon. It was an edict by Hsinbyumashin that ordered almost all possible heirs to the throne be killed, so that her daughter Supayalat and son-in-law Thibaw would become queen and king. Close royals of all ages and both genders were mercilessly executed, after being tricked that the dying king wanted to bid them farewell. Thibaw, Mindon's son from a lesser queen, succeeded him after his death in 1878. King Thibaw was defeated by the British in the Third Anglo-Burmese War in November 1885 resulting in total annexation of Burma. Family Consort Children Remarks Nanmadaw Mibaya – Alenandaw Mibaya Supayagyi Princess Supayalat Princess Supayagale Princess Panche Prince Shwekodawgyi Princess Shwekodawgale Princess Myauknandaw Mibaya – First Anauknandaw Mibaya Unnamed son Unnamed daughter Second Anauknandaw Mibaya – Taungsaungdaw Mibaya Sagu Prince Mohnyin Prince Mohnyin Princess First Myauksaungdaw Mibaya Malon Prince Pyinzi Prince Wuntho Prince Second Myauksaungdaw Mibaya Kanni Princess Ngape Princess Mekkaya Prince Kyannyat Princess Sinyin Princess First Taungshweye Mibaya Myingun Prince Myinkhondaing Prince Second Taungshweye Mibaya Tagaung Princess Kyundaung Princess Second Myaukshweye Mibaya Nyaungyan Prince Nyaungok Prince Kyauksauk Princess Seindon Mibaya – Magway Mibaya Mingin Princess Pyinzi Princess Laungshe Mibaya Maingkaing Princess Pakhangyi Princess Thibaw Prince Meiktila Princess Zabwedaung Mibaya Pin Princess Momeik Princess Khonnaywa Mibaya Thonze Prince Pinle Prince Kothani Prince Panya Prince Myingon Princess Taungtha Princess Padaing Princess Myogyi Princess Minlat Princess Limban Mibaya Salin Princess Chebin Prince Yanaung Prince Thatpun Mibaya Shwegu Prince Mohlaing Prince Taungnyo Prince Yapwe Mibaya Maington Prince Letpansin Mibaya Yindaw Princess Katha Princess Myinsaing Prince Saywa Mibaya Kyaukhnyat Princess Kokkotha Mibaya Katha Prince Thanatsin Mibaya Kawlin Prince Myansin Mibaya – Pwegan Mibaya Sawhla Princess Yinkhe Princess Mone Mibaya Hingan Princess Hlaingkyun Mibaya Taungdwingyaung Princess Legya Mibaya Unnamed prince Tanaungdaing Mibaya – Tharazein Mibaya Naungmon Princess Taingda Princess (born 1865; died 1952) Mainglon Princess Thibaw Mibaya – Magyibinsauk Mibaya Maingnaung Princess Htihlaing Mibaya Thagaya Prince Ywathit Mibaya – Ngabinsin Mibaya – Nanon Mibaya – Kyauktalon Mibaya Nyaunghla Princess Migaungdet Mibaya – Ywapale Mibaya Htilin Prince Kyaymyin Mibaya Pyinmana Prince Theinni Mibaya Unnamed son Unnamed daughter Unnamed daughter Kyaukye Mibaya Sinde Mibaya Kyaingtaung Mibaya See also Coronation of Mindon Min Death and funeral of Mindon Min Htayanka Princess Notes ^ Some sources claim he was born in 1814. References ^ a b Saler 2014, p. 605. ^ a b Myint-U 2001, p. 107. ^ Myanmar (Burma): a travel survival kit. Lonely Planet Publications. 2000. p. 239. ISBN 9780864427038. ^ a b c Myint-U 2001, p. 105. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 63. ^ Myint-U 2001, pp. 106–107. ^ Dhammasami 2018, p. 53. ^ Myint-U 2001, p. 104. ^ Ooi 2004, p. 894. ^ a b Roy 2020, p. 63. ^ Myint-U 2001, pp. 108–10. ^ Myint-U 2001, p. 110. ^ Candier, Aurore (December 2011). "Conjuncture and Reform in the Late Konbaung Period". Journal of Burma Studies. 15 (2). doi:10.1353/jbs.2011.0008. S2CID 144209331. ^ Depictions of King Mindon's Donations at Various Places from 1853 to 1857. 1850s. British Library, via World Digital Library. ^ "Chronology of Burma's Laws Restricting Freedom of Opinion, Expression and the Press". The Irrawaddy. 1 May 2004. Archived from the original on 18 December 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2012. ^ Hpo Hlaing (2004). Rajadhammasangaha (PDF). L.E. Bagshawe (translator). ^ Dhammasami 2018, p. 54. ^ Becker 2015, pp. 100–101. ^ Becker 2015, p. 101. ^ Pollak, Oliver (1979). Empires in Collision : Anglo-Burmese Relations in the Mid-Nineteenth Century. London: Greenwood. ^ Thaung, Blackmore (1969). "Dilemma of the British Representative to the Burmese Court after the Outbreak of a Palace Revolution in 1866". Journal of Southeast Asian History. 10 (2): 241. Bibliography Becker, Judith (2015). European Missions in Contact Zones: Transformation Through Interaction in a (post-)colonial World. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 978-3-525-10141-4. Candier, Aurore (December 2011). "Conjuncture and Reform in the Late Konbaung Period". Journal of Burma Studies 15 (2). Charney, Michael W. (2006). Powerful Learning: Buddhist Literati and the Throne in Burma's Last Dynasty, 1752–1885. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. Dhammasami, Khammai (2018). Buddhism, Education and Politics in Burma and Thailand: From the Seventeenth Century to the Present. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-350-05426-4. Hall, D.G.E. (1960). Burma (3rd ed.). Hutchinson University Library. ISBN 978-1406735031. Htin Aung, Maung (1967). A History of Burma. New York and London: Cambridge University Press. Maung Maung Tin, U (1905). Konbaung Hset Maha Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2004 ed.). Yangon: Department of Universities History Research, University of Yangon. Myint-U, Thant (2001). The Making of Modern Burma. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79914-0. Myint-U, Thant (2006). The River of Lost Footsteps – Histories of Burma. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-16342-6. Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2. Phayre, Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. (1883). History of Burma (1967 ed.). London: Susil Gupta. Roy, Kaushik (2020). Frontiers, Insurgencies and Counter-Insurgencies in South Asia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-00-008423-8. Saler, Michael (2014). The Fin-de-Siècle World. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-60481-5. Taylor, Robert H. (2009). The State in Myanmar. NUS Press. ISBN 978-9971-69-466-1. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mindon Min. The Largest Stone Buddha Image by Dr. Khin Maung Nyunt Mindon Min Konbaung dynastyBorn: 8 July 1808 Died: 1 October 1878 Regnal titles Preceded byPagan King of Burma 18 February 1853 – 1 October 1878 Succeeded byThibaw Royal titles Preceded by Prince of Mindon Succeeded by vteMindon Min5 July 1814 – 1 October 1878Titles King of Burma Ancestry Konbaung dynasty Family tree Family Tharrawaddy Min (father) Kyaukmaw Mibaya, Queen of the Southern Chamber (mother) Kanaung Min (brother) Setkya Dewi (Chief Queen) Khin The (Queen of the Northern Palace) Hsinbyumashin (Queen of the Central Palace) Thibaw (son) Supayalat (daughter) more Life and events Abdication of Pagan Min Coronation of Mindon Min (14 May 1857) Myingun–Myinkhondaing rebellion Death and funeral of Mindon Min (1 October 1878) Miscellaneous 1879 Mandalay Palace royal massacre vte Burmese monarchsPagan dynasty849–1297 Pyinbya Tannet Sale Theinhko Nyaung-u Sawrahan Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu Kyiso Sokkate Anawrahta Saw Lu Kyansittha Sithu I Narathu Naratheinkha Sithu II Htilominlo Naratheinga Uzana1 Kyaswa Uzana Narathihapate Kyawswa2 Myinsaing and Pinya Kingdoms1297–1364 Athinkhaya1, Yazathingyan1 and Thihathu1 Thihathu Uzana I Sithu1 Kyawswa I Kyawswa II Narathu Uzana II Sagaing Kingdom1315–1364 Saw Yun Tarabya I Anawrahta I Kyaswa Anawrahta II Tarabya II Minbyauk Thihapate Kingdom of Ava1364–1555 Thado Minbya Swa Saw Ke Tarabya Minkhaung I Thihathu Min Hla Kale Kye-Taung Nyo Mohnyin Thado Minye Kyawswa I Narapati I Thihathura Minkhaung II and Thihathura II Narapati II Sawlon3 and Thohanbwa3 Hkonmaing3 Narapati III3 Narapati IV3 Hanthawaddy Kingdom1287–1539, 1550–1552 Wareru Hkun Law Saw O Saw Zein Zein Pun Saw E Binnya E Law Binnya U Maha Dewi1 Razadarit Binnya Dhammaraza Binnya Ran I Binnya Waru Binnya Kyan Leik Munhtaw Shin Sawbu Dhammazedi Binnya Ran II Takayutpi Smim Sawhtut4 Smim Htaw4 Mrauk U Kingdom1429–1785 Saw Mon Khayi Ba Saw Phyu Dawlya Ba Saw Nyo Ran Aung Salingathu Raza Gazapati Saw O Thazata Minkhaung Min Bin Dikkha Saw Hla Sekkya Phalaung Razagyi Khamaung Thiri Thudhamma Sanay Narapati Thado Sanda Thudhamma Thiri Thuriya Wara Dhammaraza Muni Thudhammaraza Sanda Thuriya I Nawrahta Mayuppiya Kalamandat Naradipati Sanda Wimala I Sanda Thuriya II Sanda Wizaya Sanda Thuriya III Naradipati II Narapawara Sanda Wizala Madarit Nara Apaya Thirithu Sanda Parama Apaya Sanda Thumana Sanda Wimala II Sanda Thaditha Maha Thammada Prome Kingdom1482–1542 Thado Minsaw Bayin Htwe Narapati5 Minkhaung5 Toungoo dynasty1510–1752 Mingyi Nyo Tabinshwehti Bayinnaung Nanda Nyaungyan Anaukpetlun Minye Deibba Thalun Pindale Pye Narawara Minye Kyawhtin Sanay Min Taninganway Min Mahadhammaraza Dipadi Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom1740–1757 Smim Htaw Buddhaketi Binnya Dala Konbaung dynasty1752–1885 Alaungpaya Naungdawgyi Hsinbyushin Singu Phaungka Bodawpaya Bagyidaw Tharrawaddy Pagan Mindon Thibaw 1 Regent or Co-Regent 2 Mongol vassal (1297) 3 Confederation of Shan States (1527–55) 4 Brief revival (1550–52) 5 Vassal of the Confederation of Shan States (1532–42) Authority control databases International VIAF Artists ULAN	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burmese script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_alphabet"},{"link_name":"rendering support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Burmese)"},{"link_name":"question marks, boxes, or other symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character"},{"link_name":"Burmese script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Burmese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_language"},{"link_name":"[mɪ́ɰ̃dóʊɰ̃ mɪ́ɰ̃]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaler2014605-1"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"king of Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Burma"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan_Min"},{"link_name":"Second Anglo-Burmese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Burmese_War"},{"link_name":"Lower Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Burma"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Kanaung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaung_Mintha"}],"text":"This article contains Burmese script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Burmese script.Mindon Min (Burmese: မင်းတုန်းမင်း, pronounced [mɪ́ɰ̃dóʊɰ̃ mɪ́ɰ̃]; 1808 – 1878),[1][note 1] born Maung Lwin, was the penultimate king of Burma (Myanmar) from 1853 to 1878.[3] He was one of the most popular and revered kings of Burma. Under his half brother King Pagan, the Second Anglo-Burmese War in 1852 ended with the annexation of Lower Burma by the British Empire. Mindon and his younger brother Kanaung overthrew their half brother King Pagan. He spent most of his reign trying to defend the upper part of his country from British encroachments, and to modernize his kingdom.","title":"Mindon Min"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyint-U2001105-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaler2014605-1"},{"link_name":"Tharrawaddy Min","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharrawaddy_Min"},{"link_name":"Amarapura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarapura"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyint-U2001107-2"},{"link_name":"Arakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakan"},{"link_name":"Irrawaddy Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrawaddy_Delta"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200963-6"},{"link_name":"Lower Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Burma"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyint-U2001106%E2%80%93107-7"}],"text":"Mindon was born Maung Lwin[4] in 1808,[1] a son of Tharrawaddy Min and Chandra Mata Mahay, Queen of the south Royal Chamber. He studied at the Maha Zawtika monastic college in Amarapura until the age of 23, and he held deep respect for religion and religious scholarship throughout his entire life.[2]Mindon grew up in the shadow of British control – by 1853, the year of his coronation, Burma had gone through radical changes. The British annexations of Arakan, the Himalayan kingdoms of the north of India, and the Irrawaddy Delta and their blockade of Burma caused a tightening of the food supply, the loss of trade through ports,[5] an erosion of Burma as an imperial power, and the incorporation of Burma into the world market as a result. There was an atmosphere of reform due to translated works and better knowledge about the outside world. At the same time, migrations of people from the national core to Lower Burma, controlled by the British, were sapping Burma of its labor and taxes.[6]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coronation of Mindon Min","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_Mindon_Min"},{"link_name":"Pagan Min","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan_Min"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhammasami201853-8"},{"link_name":"Second Anglo-Burmese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Burmese_War"},{"link_name":"Kanaung Mintha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaung_Mintha"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyint-U2001104-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyint-U2001105-5"},{"link_name":"Shwebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shwebo"},{"link_name":"Alaungpaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaungpaya"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004894-10"},{"link_name":"Yenangyaung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenangyaung"},{"link_name":"Ava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inwa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyint-U2001105-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy202063-11"}],"text":"See also: Coronation of Mindon MinMindon took the throne following a bloody conflict of succession with his half-brother, Pagan Min. Under Pagan, Mindon was the president of the Council of State,[7] and was presiding as the Second Anglo-Burmese War began. He was against the continuation of the war and favored an unpopular program of appeasement. Mindon's most loyal ally at this time was his brother Kanaung Mintha.[8]In a November 1852 plot to implicate Mindon and Kanaung in a series of robberies by the Myowun of Amarapura, Mindon, Kanaung, and their immediate family and retainers[4] fled to Shwebo, the seat of their ancestor, King Alaungpaya.[9] The war with the British had thus become a two-front war, and the court of Pagan quickly collapsed, with the Myozas of Kyaukmaw and Yenangyaung allowing Mindon and Kanaung to walk into the capital, Ava, unopposed. Mindon thus ascended the throne with the regnal name of Thiri Thudhamma Tilawka Pawara Maha Dhamma Razadiraza[4] on 18 February 1853.[10]","title":"Taking the throne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan_States"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyint-U2001108%E2%80%9310-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy202063-11"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Siam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom_(1782%E2%80%931932)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyint-U2001110-13"}],"text":"The early reign of Mindon was characterized by joint rule with Kanaung, who was allowed a large court and was designated Mindon's heir, as well as given control over matters of technology, modernization, and the arts. Behind Mindon's throne too was his chief queen and his four chief advisors – the myozas of Magwe, Thalun, Myedaung, and Pahkangyi, the latter being Mindon's former tutor who was given the position as Mindon ascended to the throne. This new government was given oaths of allegiance by the Shan princes, as well as gifts from the Chinese.[11]Immediately following his taking of the throne, Mindon went into a ceasefire with the British, coming into effect on 30 June 1853.[10] Although hostilities with the British had ended, Mindon still faced considerable military difficulties, namely a revolt at Kanpyin and an attack from the neighboring Kingdom of Siam. In late 1853, Mindon won a pyrrhic victory against the Siamese, but when they returned again, he sent 3,000 cavalry supported by artillery, which finally stopped the Siamese encroachment upon Burmese land.[12]","title":"Early reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Myanmar_(Burma)_1_Kyat_(Rupee)_1214_(%3D1852-53)_Silver_Coin,_obverse.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar_kyat"},{"link_name":"silver coin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_coin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Myanmar_(Burma)_1_Kyat_(Rupee)_1214_(1853_AD)_Silver_Coin,_reverse.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mandalay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandalay"},{"link_name":"Kanaung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaung_Mintha"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King-Mindon.jpg"},{"link_name":"trade barriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_barriers"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-candier-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"machine-struck coins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milled_coinage"},{"link_name":"Fifth Buddhist council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Buddhist_council"},{"link_name":"world's largest book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_largest_book"},{"link_name":"Tipitaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipitaka"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"Pali Canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_Canon"},{"link_name":"stupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa"},{"link_name":"Kuthodaw Pagoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuthodaw_Pagoda"},{"link_name":"Mandalay Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandalay_Hill"},{"link_name":"hti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hti"},{"link_name":"Shwedagon Pagoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shwedagon_Pagoda"},{"link_name":"Yangon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangon"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bag-17"},{"link_name":"Suez Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal"},{"link_name":"steamers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboat"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Obverse of the first machine struck 1 Kyat (Rupee) 1214 (1853 AD), a silver coin.Reverse of the 1 KyatKing Mindon founded the last royal capital of Burma, Mandalay, in 1857. His younger brother Kanaung proved to be a great administrator and modernizer. During Mindon's reign, scholars were sent to France, Italy, the United States, and Great Britain, in order to learn about the tremendous progress achieved by the Industrial Revolution.Statue of King Mindon at MandalayDuring Mindon's reign, the following reforms were undertaken: centralization of the kingdom's internal administration, introduction of a salary system for the bureaucracy (to dampen the authority and income of bureaucrats), fixed judicial fees, comprehensive penal laws, reorganization of the financial system, removal of trade barriers including custom duties, reform of the thathameda taxes (to increase direct taxation), and modernization of the kingdom's army and introduction of new police forces.[13]A Burmese manuscript (Or 13681) held by the British Library depicts \"seven scenes of King Mindon's donations at various places during the first four years of his reign (1853–57)\", including a monastery, rest houses, and gifts for monks.[14]Mindon introduced the first machine-struck coins to Burma, and in 1871 also held the Fifth Buddhist council in Mandalay. He had already created the world's largest book in 1868, the Tipitaka, 729 pages of the Buddhist Pali Canon inscribed in marble and each stone slab housed in a small stupa at the Kuthodaw Pagoda at the foot of Mandalay Hill.In 1871 Mindon also donated a new hti ('umbrella' or crown gilded and encrusted with precious diamonds and other gems) to the 105-metre-tall (344 ft) Shwedagon Pagoda, which is located in then British held Yangon, although he was not allowed to visit this most famous and venerated pagoda in the country.On 15 August 1873, Mindon also enacted the Seventeen Articles, one of Southeast Asia's first indigenous press freedom laws.[15]In 1875, during a royal consecration ceremony, Mindon took on the title Siripavaravijayanantayasa Paṇḍita Tribhavanadityadhipati Mahadhammarajadhiraja.[16]With the opening of the Suez Canal, Mindon assembled a flotilla of steamers to facilitate trade with the British.His brother Kanaung is still remembered by the Burmese as an avid modernizer, who would go to the factories early on cold winter mornings with a blanket wrapped around him, just to talk to the mechanics about how the machines ran. He was in charge of the Royal Army, as was customarily required of Burmese crown princes, and he imported and manufactured guns, cannons and shells.[citation needed]","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhammasami201854-18"},{"link_name":"Sangha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangha"},{"link_name":"Thibaw Min","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thibaw_Min"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker2015100%E2%80%93101-19"},{"link_name":"Buddha Sasana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha%27s_Dispensation"},{"link_name":"Fifth Buddhist council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Buddhist_council"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker2015101-20"}],"text":"Mindon was known for his Buddhist devotion and religious tolerance. He helped build monasteries and missionary schools for Buddhism.[17] The first non-Sangha-run schools in Burma were run by Christians, and Mindon himself sent his son, Thibaw Min, to study in a missionary school.[18]Mindon also fulfilled his responsibility as a pious Buddhist. He reasserted the king's role of being the protector of Buddha Sasana, convened the Fifth Buddhist council in 1871, and supported the work of scholar-monks and their returning to Lower Burma to teach.[19]","title":"Religious stance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"In 1866 two of Mindon's sons, Prince Myingun and Prince Myingundaing attempted a palace coup. Myingun claimed that the Crown Prince Kanaung was oppressive, and Kanaung was murdered during the revolt. Mindon escaped alive and the coup was crushed when Myingun fled in a steamer to British Burma. Rumours of British involvement are unsubstantiated, and no evidence exists showing their support for the revolt.[20]While Mindon was escaping the palace, he ran into a would-be assassin, Maung Paik Gyi, who lost his nerve and grovelled in front of the king. Mindon commanded him to carry him from the palace, which he promptly did.[21]","title":"Palace rebellion"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Mindon%27s_Tomb,_Mandalay.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hsinbyumashin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsinbyumashin"},{"link_name":"Supayalat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supayalat"},{"link_name":"Thibaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thibaw_Min"},{"link_name":"Third Anglo-Burmese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War"}],"text":"King Mindon's tomb in Mandalay in 1903.The rebellion caused Mindon great reluctance in naming a successor to Kanaung for fear of civil war.One of his queens, Hsinbyumashin, dominated the last days of King Mindon. It was an edict by Hsinbyumashin that ordered almost all possible heirs to the throne be killed, so that her daughter Supayalat and son-in-law Thibaw would become queen and king. Close royals of all ages and both genders were mercilessly executed, after being tricked that the dying king wanted to bid them farewell.Thibaw, Mindon's son from a lesser queen, succeeded him after his death in 1878. King Thibaw was defeated by the British in the Third Anglo-Burmese War in November 1885 resulting in total annexation of Burma.","title":"Succession crisis"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Family","title":"Succession crisis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyint-U2001107-2"}],"text":"^ Some sources claim he was born in 1814.[2]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Missions in Contact Zones: Transformation Through Interaction in a (post-)colonial World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=aS5xCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA100"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-525-10141-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-10141-4"},{"link_name":"Buddhism, Education and Politics in Burma and Thailand: From the Seventeenth Century to the Present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=gHtADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-350-05426-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-05426-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1406735031","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1406735031"},{"link_name":"A History of Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historyofburma00htin"},{"link_name":"The Making of Modern Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=gMH_GlTgftcC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-79914-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79914-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-374-16342-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-16342-6"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=pmKyAAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-57607-770-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2"},{"link_name":"Frontiers, Insurgencies and Counter-Insurgencies in South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=zuYJEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA63"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-00-008423-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00-008423-8"},{"link_name":"The Fin-de-Siècle World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=kD6LBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA605"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-317-60481-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-60481-5"},{"link_name":"The State in Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ztJgkXwCNDsC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9971-69-466-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-466-1"}],"text":"Becker, Judith (2015). European Missions in Contact Zones: Transformation Through Interaction in a (post-)colonial World. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 978-3-525-10141-4.\nCandier, Aurore (December 2011). \"Conjuncture and Reform in the Late Konbaung Period\". Journal of Burma Studies 15 (2).\nCharney, Michael W. (2006). Powerful Learning: Buddhist Literati and the Throne in Burma's Last Dynasty, 1752–1885. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.\nDhammasami, Khammai (2018). Buddhism, Education and Politics in Burma and Thailand: From the Seventeenth Century to the Present. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-350-05426-4.\nHall, D.G.E. (1960). Burma (3rd ed.). Hutchinson University Library. ISBN 978-1406735031.\nHtin Aung, Maung (1967). A History of Burma. New York and London: Cambridge University Press.\nMaung Maung Tin, U (1905). Konbaung Hset Maha Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2004 ed.). Yangon: Department of Universities History Research, University of Yangon.\nMyint-U, Thant (2001). The Making of Modern Burma. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79914-0.\nMyint-U, Thant (2006). The River of Lost Footsteps – Histories of Burma. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-16342-6.\nOoi, Keat Gin (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2.\nPhayre, Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. (1883). History of Burma (1967 ed.). London: Susil Gupta.\nRoy, Kaushik (2020). Frontiers, Insurgencies and Counter-Insurgencies in South Asia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-00-008423-8.\nSaler, Michael (2014). The Fin-de-Siècle World. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-60481-5.\nTaylor, Robert H. (2009). The State in Myanmar. NUS Press. ISBN 978-9971-69-466-1.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Obverse of the first machine struck 1 Kyat (Rupee) 1214 (1853 AD), a silver coin.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Myanmar_%28Burma%29_1_Kyat_%28Rupee%29_1214_%28%3D1852-53%29_Silver_Coin%2C_obverse.jpg/220px-Myanmar_%28Burma%29_1_Kyat_%28Rupee%29_1214_%28%3D1852-53%29_Silver_Coin%2C_obverse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Reverse of the 1 Kyat","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Myanmar_%28Burma%29_1_Kyat_%28Rupee%29_1214_%281853_AD%29_Silver_Coin%2C_reverse.jpg/220px-Myanmar_%28Burma%29_1_Kyat_%28Rupee%29_1214_%281853_AD%29_Silver_Coin%2C_reverse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of King Mindon at Mandalay","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/King-Mindon.jpg/220px-King-Mindon.jpg"},{"image_text":"King Mindon's tomb in Mandalay in 1903.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/King_Mindon%27s_Tomb%2C_Mandalay.jpg/220px-King_Mindon%27s_Tomb%2C_Mandalay.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/King_Mindon.jpg/70px-King_Mindon.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Coronation of Mindon Min","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_Mindon_Min"},{"title":"Death and funeral of Mindon Min","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Mindon_Min"},{"title":"Htayanka Princess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Htayanka_Princess"}]	[{"reference":"Myanmar (Burma): a travel survival kit. Lonely Planet Publications. 2000. p. 239. ISBN 9780864427038.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780864427038","url_text":"9780864427038"}]},{"reference":"Candier, Aurore (December 2011). \"Conjuncture and Reform in the Late Konbaung Period\". Journal of Burma Studies. 15 (2). doi:10.1353/jbs.2011.0008. S2CID 144209331.","urls":[{"url":"http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_burma_studies/v015/15.2.candier.html","url_text":"\"Conjuncture and Reform in the Late Konbaung Period\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Burma_Studies","url_text":"Journal of Burma Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjbs.2011.0008","url_text":"10.1353/jbs.2011.0008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144209331","url_text":"144209331"}]},{"reference":"\"Chronology of Burma's Laws Restricting Freedom of Opinion, Expression and the Press\". The Irrawaddy. 1 May 2004. Archived from the original on 18 December 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111218073050/http://irrawaddy.org/research_show.php?art_id=3534","url_text":"\"Chronology of Burma's Laws Restricting Freedom of Opinion, Expression and the Press\""},{"url":"http://www.irrawaddy.org/research_show.php?art_id=3534","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hpo Hlaing (2004). Rajadhammasangaha (PDF). L.E. Bagshawe (translator).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs/THE_RAJADHAMMASANGAHA.pdf","url_text":"Rajadhammasangaha"}]},{"reference":"Pollak, Oliver (1979). Empires in Collision : Anglo-Burmese Relations in the Mid-Nineteenth Century. London: Greenwood.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Thaung, Blackmore (1969). \"Dilemma of the British Representative to the Burmese Court after the Outbreak of a Palace Revolution in 1866\". Journal of Southeast Asian History. 10 (2): 241.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Becker, Judith (2015). European Missions in Contact Zones: Transformation Through Interaction in a (post-)colonial World. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 978-3-525-10141-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aS5xCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA100","url_text":"European Missions in Contact Zones: Transformation Through Interaction in a (post-)colonial World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-10141-4","url_text":"978-3-525-10141-4"}]},{"reference":"Charney, Michael W. (2006). Powerful Learning: Buddhist Literati and the Throne in Burma's Last Dynasty, 1752–1885. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dhammasami, Khammai (2018). Buddhism, Education and Politics in Burma and Thailand: From the Seventeenth Century to the Present. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-350-05426-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gHtADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53","url_text":"Buddhism, Education and Politics in Burma and Thailand: From the Seventeenth Century to the Present"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-05426-4","url_text":"978-1-350-05426-4"}]},{"reference":"Hall, D.G.E. (1960). Burma (3rd ed.). Hutchinson University Library. ISBN 978-1406735031.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1406735031","url_text":"978-1406735031"}]},{"reference":"Htin Aung, Maung (1967). A History of Burma. New York and London: Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofburma00htin","url_text":"A History of Burma"}]},{"reference":"Maung Maung Tin, U (1905). Konbaung Hset Maha Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2004 ed.). Yangon: Department of Universities History Research, University of Yangon.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Myint-U, Thant (2001). The Making of Modern Burma. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79914-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gMH_GlTgftcC","url_text":"The Making of Modern Burma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79914-0","url_text":"978-0-521-79914-0"}]},{"reference":"Myint-U, Thant (2006). The River of Lost Footsteps – Histories of Burma. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-16342-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-16342-6","url_text":"978-0-374-16342-6"}]},{"reference":"Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pmKyAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2","url_text":"978-1-57607-770-2"}]},{"reference":"Phayre, Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. (1883). History of Burma (1967 ed.). London: Susil Gupta.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Roy, Kaushik (2020). Frontiers, Insurgencies and Counter-Insurgencies in South Asia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-00-008423-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zuYJEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA63","url_text":"Frontiers, Insurgencies and Counter-Insurgencies in South Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00-008423-8","url_text":"978-1-00-008423-8"}]},{"reference":"Saler, Michael (2014). The Fin-de-Siècle World. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-60481-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kD6LBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA605","url_text":"The Fin-de-Siècle World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-60481-5","url_text":"978-1-317-60481-5"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Robert H. (2009). The State in Myanmar. NUS Press. ISBN 978-9971-69-466-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ztJgkXwCNDsC","url_text":"The State in Myanmar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-466-1","url_text":"978-9971-69-466-1"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_burma_studies/v015/15.2.candier.html","external_links_name":"\"Conjuncture and Reform in the Late Konbaung Period\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjbs.2011.0008","external_links_name":"10.1353/jbs.2011.0008"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144209331","external_links_name":"144209331"},{"Link":"http://www.wdl.org/en/item/14283/","external_links_name":"Depictions of King Mindon's Donations at Various Places from 1853 to 1857"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111218073050/http://irrawaddy.org/research_show.php?art_id=3534","external_links_name":"\"Chronology of Burma's Laws Restricting Freedom of Opinion, Expression and the Press\""},{"Link":"http://www.irrawaddy.org/research_show.php?art_id=3534","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs/THE_RAJADHAMMASANGAHA.pdf","external_links_name":"Rajadhammasangaha"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aS5xCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA100","external_links_name":"European Missions in Contact Zones: Transformation Through Interaction in a (post-)colonial World"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gHtADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53","external_links_name":"Buddhism, Education and Politics in Burma and Thailand: From the Seventeenth Century to the Present"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofburma00htin","external_links_name":"A History of Burma"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gMH_GlTgftcC","external_links_name":"The Making of Modern Burma"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pmKyAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zuYJEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA63","external_links_name":"Frontiers, Insurgencies and Counter-Insurgencies in South Asia"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kD6LBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA605","external_links_name":"The Fin-de-Siècle World"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ztJgkXwCNDsC","external_links_name":"The State in Myanmar"},{"Link":"http://www.myanmars.net/myanmar-culture/stone-buddha.htm","external_links_name":"The Largest Stone Buddha Image"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/4291150325581210090007","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500372566","external_links_name":"ULAN"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Blyth_Barrymore	John Blyth Barrymore	["1 Biography","2 Filmography","3 Further reading","4 References"]	American actor (born 1954) John Blyth BarrymoreBlyth Barrymore in 1982BornJohn Blyth Barrymore III (1954-05-15) May 15, 1954 (age 70)Beverly Hills, California, U.S.OccupationActorYears active1967–presentChildren3Parent(s)John Drew BarrymoreCara WilliamsFamilyBarrymore John Blyth Barrymore III (born May 15, 1954) is an American film and television actor. He is known for his role as Zeke in the 1970s television series Kung Fu, which was his first role on television. Biography John Blyth Barrymore III was born to John Drew Barrymore and Cara Williams. As such, he is from the famous Barrymore family: He is the half-brother of American actress Drew Barrymore, as well as the grandnephew of Ethel Barrymore and Lionel Barrymore. He is of partial Irish descent through his great-grandfather, actor Maurice Costello. John has stated that he does not remember if he met his aunt Diana Barrymore, who was also an actress. Like his father, John has had a sporadic career in film and television, mainly appearing in shlock horror movies and comedies. John found himself homeless in 2012. While on skid row, he took to wearing a shirt printed "I'm Drew Barrymore's brother". After John and Drew's half-sister Jessica Barrymore was found dead in her vehicle in 2014, he publicly criticized Drew for not being receptive to forming a relationship with either him or Jessica. Filmography Year Title Role Notes 1967 Me and Benjy Petie Television Film 1975 Kung Fu Zeke 4 episodes 1976 Baby Blue Marine Idiot #2 1978 The One Man Jury Policeman #1 1978 Feedback Hoodlum 1979 Nocturna Punk vampire 1980 Lou Grant Harold Episode: "Cameras" 1981 Americana John / Jack 1981 Smokey Bites the Dust Harold 1981 Full Moon High Student 1982 Lou Grant Marc Pauley Episode: "Dogs" 1982 Trick or Treats Mad Doctor 1984 Hard to Hold Recording Engineer 1990 Cry-Baby Additional voices Uncredited 1990 Crazy People Additional voices 1997 Hybrid Dr. Paul Hamilton 2017 Lasagna Cat Himself (fictionalized) Episode: "07/27/1978" Further reading Pilato, Herbie J., The Kung Fu Book of Caine: The Complete Guide to TV's First Mystical Eastern Western. Boston: Charles A. Tuttle (1993); ISBN 0-8048-1826-6 References ^ Mank, Gregory William (2014). The Very Witching Time of Night: Dark Alleys of Classic Horror Cinema. McFarland. pp. 63–64. ISBN 978-0-7864-4955-2. ^ Vare, Ethlie Ann (2011). Love Addict: Sex, Romance, and Other Dangerous Drugs. Health Communications, Inc. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-7573-1595-4. ^ "Interview with Actor John Blyth Barrymore". Eerie Digest. Retrieved July 15, 2015. ^ "Drew Barrymore's Brother on Welfare". Inside Edition. February 1, 2012. Retrieved July 15, 2015. ^ "DREW BARRYMORE HAS A HALF BROTHER ON SKID ROW". Janet Charlton's Hollywood. December 7, 2011. Retrieved July 15, 2015. ^ "Drew Barrymore Bans Family From Wedding". The Gossip Jacker. June 8, 2012. Archived from the original on July 15, 2015. Retrieved July 15, 2015. ^ "Abandoned And Alone: Drew Barrymore Had Been 'Avoiding' Sister Jessica Before Her Tragic Death, Says Brother John". Radar Online. August 6, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2015.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kung Fu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung_Fu_(TV_series)"}],"text":"American actor (born 1954)John Blyth Barrymore III (born May 15, 1954) is an American film and television actor. He is known for his role as Zeke in the 1970s television series Kung Fu, which was his first role on television.","title":"John Blyth Barrymore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Drew Barrymore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Drew_Barrymore"},{"link_name":"Cara Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cara_Williams"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parents-1"},{"link_name":"Barrymore family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrymore_family"},{"link_name":"Drew Barrymore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Barrymore"},{"link_name":"Ethel Barrymore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Barrymore"},{"link_name":"Lionel Barrymore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Barrymore"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barrymorefamily-2"},{"link_name":"Irish descent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_American"},{"link_name":"Maurice Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Costello"},{"link_name":"Diana Barrymore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Barrymore"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eeriedigest-3"},{"link_name":"skid row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skid_Row,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-homeless-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skidrow-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-homelessagain-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jessicadeath-7"}],"text":"John Blyth Barrymore III was born to John Drew Barrymore and Cara Williams.[1] As such, he is from the famous Barrymore family: He is the half-brother of American actress Drew Barrymore, as well as the grandnephew of Ethel Barrymore and Lionel Barrymore.[2] He is of partial Irish descent through his great-grandfather, actor Maurice Costello. John has stated that he does not remember if he met his aunt Diana Barrymore, who was also an actress.[3]Like his father, John has had a sporadic career in film and television, mainly appearing in shlock horror movies and comedies. John found himself homeless in 2012. While on skid row, he took to wearing a shirt printed \"I'm Drew Barrymore's brother\".[4][5][6]After John and Drew's half-sister Jessica Barrymore was found dead in her vehicle in 2014, he publicly criticized Drew for not being receptive to forming a relationship with either him or Jessica.[7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8048-1826-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8048-1826-6"}],"text":"Pilato, Herbie J., The Kung Fu Book of Caine: The Complete Guide to TV's First Mystical Eastern Western. Boston: Charles A. Tuttle (1993); ISBN 0-8048-1826-6","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Mank, Gregory William (2014). The Very Witching Time of Night: Dark Alleys of Classic Horror Cinema. McFarland. pp. 63–64. ISBN 978-0-7864-4955-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4955-2","url_text":"978-0-7864-4955-2"}]},{"reference":"Vare, Ethlie Ann (2011). Love Addict: Sex, Romance, and Other Dangerous Drugs. Health Communications, Inc. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-7573-1595-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7573-1595-4","url_text":"978-0-7573-1595-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Interview with Actor John Blyth Barrymore\". Eerie Digest. Retrieved July 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eeriedigest.com/wordpress/2011/08/interview-with-actor-john-blyth-barrymore/","url_text":"\"Interview with Actor John Blyth Barrymore\""}]},{"reference":"\"Drew Barrymore's Brother on Welfare\". Inside Edition. February 1, 2012. Retrieved July 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.insideedition.com/entertainment/3748-drew-barrymores-brother-on-welfare","url_text":"\"Drew Barrymore's Brother on Welfare\""}]},{"reference":"\"DREW BARRYMORE HAS A HALF BROTHER ON SKID ROW\". Janet Charlton's Hollywood. December 7, 2011. Retrieved July 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.janetcharltonshollywood.com/drew-barrymore-has-a-half-brother-on-skid-row/","url_text":"\"DREW BARRYMORE HAS A HALF BROTHER ON SKID ROW\""}]},{"reference":"\"Drew Barrymore Bans Family From Wedding\". The Gossip Jacker. June 8, 2012. Archived from the original on July 15, 2015. Retrieved July 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150715114125/http://www.gossipjacker.net/2012/06/drew-barrymore-bans-family-from-her.html","url_text":"\"Drew Barrymore Bans Family From Wedding\""},{"url":"http://www.gossipjacker.net/2012/06/drew-barrymore-bans-family-from-her.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Abandoned And Alone: Drew Barrymore Had Been 'Avoiding' Sister Jessica Before Her Tragic Death, Says Brother John\". Radar Online. August 6, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://radaronline.com/exclusives/2014/08/drew-barrymore-jessica-barrymore-avoiding-tragic-death/","url_text":"\"Abandoned And Alone: Drew Barrymore Had Been 'Avoiding' Sister Jessica Before Her Tragic Death, Says Brother John\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.eeriedigest.com/wordpress/2011/08/interview-with-actor-john-blyth-barrymore/","external_links_name":"\"Interview with Actor John Blyth Barrymore\""},{"Link":"http://www.insideedition.com/entertainment/3748-drew-barrymores-brother-on-welfare","external_links_name":"\"Drew Barrymore's Brother on Welfare\""},{"Link":"http://www.janetcharltonshollywood.com/drew-barrymore-has-a-half-brother-on-skid-row/","external_links_name":"\"DREW BARRYMORE HAS A HALF BROTHER ON SKID ROW\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150715114125/http://www.gossipjacker.net/2012/06/drew-barrymore-bans-family-from-her.html","external_links_name":"\"Drew Barrymore Bans Family From Wedding\""},{"Link":"http://www.gossipjacker.net/2012/06/drew-barrymore-bans-family-from-her.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://radaronline.com/exclusives/2014/08/drew-barrymore-jessica-barrymore-avoiding-tragic-death/","external_links_name":"\"Abandoned And Alone: Drew Barrymore Had Been 'Avoiding' Sister Jessica Before Her Tragic Death, Says Brother John\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Eisbrenner	Werner Eisbrenner	["1 Selected filmography","2 References","3 External links"]	German composer and conductor Werner Friedrich Emil Eisbrenner (2 December 1908, Berlin – 7 November 1981, West Berlin) was a German composer and conductor, best known for his film music. Eisbrenner studied church music and musical education from 1927 to 1929 at the Berlin Staatlichen Musikademie. He then worked as a pianist, arranger, Kapellmeister and conductor, as well as composing violin concertos, orchestral music, the musical comedy Von Hand zu Hand and the music for film, radio and television for which he is best known. This includes the theme for Hans Albers's film Große Freiheit Nr. 7. Eisbrenner was a member of the jury at the 1st Berlin International Film Festival. Eisbrenner also headed a private "Lehrinstitut für Kirchen- und Schulmusik". In 1974, he received the Filmband in Gold for his long and outstanding contributions to German film. On 23 April 1998 a plaque was unveiled at his former home at Wohnung Bismarckallee 32a in Berlin. He was married to Kathe (née Jacobi) Eisbrenner (b. ?? – d. 11 March 1974). He is buried in the Waldfriedhof Dahlem. Selected filmography The Higher Command (1935) Donogoo (1936) The Blue Mouse (1936) Donogoo Tonka (1936) Anna Favetti (1938) Women for Golden Hill (1938) Central Rio (1939) Between Hamburg and Haiti (1940) Commissioner Eyck (1940) Between Heaven and Earth (1942) The Golden Spider (1943) Titanic (1943) Romance in a Minor Key (1943) Free Land (1946) Between Yesterday and Tomorrow (1947) Raid (1947) Paths in Twilight (1948) Thank You, I'm Fine (1948) Gaspary's Sons (1948) Martina (1949) The Prisoner (1949) I'll Never Forget That Night (1949) This Man Belongs to Me (1950) Melody of Fate (1950) Bluebeard (1951) Nights on the Road (1952) The White Horse Inn (1952) Jonny Saves Nebrador (1953) Confession Under Four Eyes (1954) A Love Story (1954) The Ambassador's Wife (1955) The Last Man (1955) The Cornet (1955) Reaching for the Stars (1955) Children, Mother, and the General (1955) My Father, the Actor (1956) The Glass Tower (1957) King in Shadow (1957) The Buddenbrooks (1959) Storm in a Water Glass (1960) Barbara (1961) References ^ "1st Berlin International Film Festival: Juries". berlinale.de. External links Werner Eisbrenner at IMDb Werner Eisbrenner at German Composers' Archive Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Latvia Poland Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie This article about a German composer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"conductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conducting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gedenktafel_Bismarckallee_32a_(Grunw)_Werner_Eisbrenner.JPG"},{"link_name":"church music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_music"},{"link_name":"musical education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_education"},{"link_name":"Staatlichen Musikademie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_University_of_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"Kapellmeister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapellmeister"},{"link_name":"Hans Albers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Albers"},{"link_name":"Große Freiheit Nr. 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fe_Freiheit_Nr._7"},{"link_name":"1st Berlin International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Berlin_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berlinale_1951-1"},{"link_name":"Filmband in Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmband_in_Gold"},{"link_name":"Waldfriedhof Dahlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldfriedhof_Dahlem"}],"text":"Werner Friedrich Emil Eisbrenner (2 December 1908, Berlin – 7 November 1981, West Berlin) was a German composer and conductor, best known for his film music.Eisbrenner studied church music and musical education from 1927 to 1929 at the Berlin Staatlichen Musikademie. He then worked as a pianist, arranger, Kapellmeister and conductor, as well as composing violin concertos, orchestral music, the musical comedy Von Hand zu Hand and the music for film, radio and television for which he is best known. This includes the theme for Hans Albers's film Große Freiheit Nr. 7.Eisbrenner was a member of the jury at the 1st Berlin International Film Festival.[1]Eisbrenner also headed a private \"Lehrinstitut für Kirchen- und Schulmusik\". In 1974, he received the Filmband in Gold for his long and outstanding contributions to German film. On 23 April 1998 a plaque was unveiled at his former home at Wohnung Bismarckallee 32a in Berlin. He was married to Kathe (née Jacobi) Eisbrenner (b. ?? – d. 11 March 1974). He is buried in the Waldfriedhof Dahlem.","title":"Werner Eisbrenner"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Higher Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Higher_Command"},{"link_name":"Donogoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donogoo"},{"link_name":"The Blue Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Mouse_(1936_film)"},{"link_name":"Donogoo Tonka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donogoo_Tonka"},{"link_name":"Anna Favetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Favetti"},{"link_name":"Women for Golden Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_for_Golden_Hill"},{"link_name":"Central Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Rio"},{"link_name":"Between Hamburg and Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Between_Hamburg_and_Haiti"},{"link_name":"Commissioner Eyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner_Eyck"},{"link_name":"Between Heaven and 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Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspary%27s_Sons"},{"link_name":"Martina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Prisoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prisoner_(1949_film)"},{"link_name":"I'll Never Forget That Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll_Never_Forget_That_Night"},{"link_name":"This Man Belongs to Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Man_Belongs_to_Me"},{"link_name":"Melody of Fate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_of_Fate"},{"link_name":"Bluebeard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebeard_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"Nights on the Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nights_on_the_Road"},{"link_name":"The White Horse Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Horse_Inn_(1952_film)"},{"link_name":"Jonny Saves Nebrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonny_Saves_Nebrador"},{"link_name":"Confession Under Four 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Buddenbrooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Buddenbrooks_(1959_film)"},{"link_name":"Storm in a Water Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_in_a_Water_Glass_(1960_film)"},{"link_name":"Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_(1961_film)"}],"text":"The Higher Command (1935)\nDonogoo (1936)\nThe Blue Mouse (1936)\nDonogoo Tonka (1936)\nAnna Favetti (1938)\nWomen for Golden Hill (1938)\nCentral Rio (1939)\nBetween Hamburg and Haiti (1940)\nCommissioner Eyck (1940)\nBetween Heaven and Earth (1942)\nThe Golden Spider (1943)\nTitanic (1943)\nRomance in a Minor Key (1943)\nFree Land (1946)\nBetween Yesterday and Tomorrow (1947)\nRaid (1947)\nPaths in Twilight (1948)\nThank You, I'm Fine (1948)\nGaspary's Sons (1948)\nMartina (1949)\nThe Prisoner (1949)\nI'll Never Forget That Night (1949)\nThis Man Belongs to Me (1950)\nMelody of Fate (1950)\nBluebeard (1951)\nNights on the Road (1952)\nThe White Horse Inn (1952)\nJonny Saves Nebrador (1953)\nConfession Under Four Eyes (1954)\nA Love Story (1954)\nThe Ambassador's Wife (1955)\nThe Last Man (1955)\nThe Cornet (1955)\nReaching for the Stars (1955)\nChildren, Mother, and the General (1955)\nMy Father, the Actor (1956)\nThe Glass Tower (1957)\nKing in Shadow (1957)\nThe Buddenbrooks (1959)\nStorm in a Water Glass (1960)\nBarbara (1961)","title":"Selected filmography"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Gedenktafel_Bismarckallee_32a_%28Grunw%29_Werner_Eisbrenner.JPG/220px-Gedenktafel_Bismarckallee_32a_%28Grunw%29_Werner_Eisbrenner.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"1st Berlin International Film Festival: Juries\". berlinale.de.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1951/04_jury_1951/04_Jury_1951.html","url_text":"\"1st Berlin International Film Festival: Juries\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1951/04_jury_1951/04_Jury_1951.html","external_links_name":"\"1st Berlin International Film Festival: 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_is_a_Business	Art is a Business	["1 History","2 Major work","3 Works","3.1 Artist's book","4 Books","5 Exhibitions","6 Bibliography","6.1 Articles","6.2 Exhibition catalogues","7 References"]	Art project by Alexey Parygin Art is a BusinessArtistAlexey ParyginYear2000-2016Mediummixed mediaLocationSaint Petersburg Art is a Business (Russian: Иску́сство — это́ би́знес, romanized: Iskússtvo—etó bíznes) is a conceptual project by the artist Alexey Parygin, realized in the first half of the 2000s. Art is a Business is the artist’s second philosophical manifesto, after Contemplation of Money. History Art is a Business / Business is an Art Poster. 2016 The art project was based on the 312/20 performance publicly shown on January 21, 2001 in the performance program at the Petersburg Festival in the Manege Central Exhibition Hall (Saint Petersburg). In the authentic version, the performance text chanted for twenty minutes in two voices (high female and low male) consisted of three hundred and twelve rhythmically repeating verses turning into a looped Dadaist mantra. The process was designed like that: my performance partner and I were standing opposite each other at a distance of about three meters. While reading the text, with arms straight up and slightly apart (palms outward), we gradually raised our arms in a stylized gesture of a traditional intercessory prayer iconographically referring to the classical image of the Virgin Hodegetria. The incense was burning. A whitish trickle of sweet smoke was slowly stretching towards the ceiling, emphasizing the sacredness of the two-voiced hosanna repeated over and over again: Art is a Business; Business is an Art. Art is a Business; Business is an Art. Art is a Business; Business is an Art; Art is a Business; Business is an Art.... A rhythmic, monotonous sound. This endless repetition made the reasonable formula meaningless, gradually turning it into a simple sequence of sounds, depriving it of any specific speculative sense. The verbal leitmotif changed the performance direction initially stated as an absolute given. Slogan and march were replaced with psychedelic rap. Art is business, but becoming utilitarian and flat, commercial and applicable, it, like a phoenix destroying itself with fire, is able to rise from the ashes, melt down and be reborn into something completely different, filled with new living energy. By means of art, the Contemplation of Money and Art is a Business projects portrayed money as a New Divine Essence. Major work Art is a Business/ Business ist Kunst. 2015, Five compositions, 150 X 120 cm (each), canvas on stretcher, acrylic, mixed media. 312/20 Performance. 2001. Works Artist's book Alexey Parygin Solar System Art.—St. Petersburg, 2015.— 2 pp. Circulation—8 copies numbered and signed by the author. Alexey Parygin Искусство это Бизнес / Business is an Art.—St. Petersburg, 2015.—12 pp. Circulation—6 copies numbered and signed by the author. Alexey Parygin ИББИ.—St. Petersburg, 2015.—12 pp. Circulation—6 copies numbered and signed by the author. Alexey Parygin Искусство это бизнес. Бизнес это искусство.—St. Petersburg, 2001.—6 pp. Circulation — 50 copies numbered and signed by the author. Alexey Parygin 312/20 (Искусство это бизнес. Бизнес это искусство).—St. Petersburg, 2000.—12 pp. Circulation—25 copies numbered and signed by the author. Separate copies of the artists' books are in the following collections: Van Abbemuseum (Eindhoven), State Museum of V.V. Mayakovsky (Moscow), Russian State Library (Moscow), Russian State Art Library (Moscow), Latvian National Museum of Art (Riga), Anna Akhmatova Literary and Memorial Museum (Saint Petersburg), Scientific Library of the Russian Academy of Arts (Saint Petersburg), Artist's Book Museum (Moscow). Books Exhibitions Искусство/Бизнес.—Space on Malaya Posadskaya. Institute of Human Philosophy of the Herzen University. — St. Petersburg. September 12—October 22, 2022. Современный миф — Персональный миф / Вторая Балтийская биеннале искусства книги.—Anna Akhmatova Literary and Memorial Museum. St. Petersburg. August 10—September 4, 2016. Искусство это бизнес / Бизнес это искусство.—Nevsky 20 (rotunda).—St. Petersburg. June 17—July 17, 2015. 2-я Независимая международная биеннале графики. St. Petersburg: Manege Central Exhibition Hall. June 25—July 19, 2004. Петербург 2000. St. Petersburg: Manege Central Exhibition Hall. January 8—28, 2001. Искусство — это бизнес. St. Petersburg: Manege Central Exhibition Hall. 2000. Bibliography Articles Parygin A. B. Искусство это бизнес-проект // Economics vs Art: 10th Annual International Conference of the Center for the Study of Economic Culture of St Petersburg State University. — St. Petersburg: Asterion, 2022. — 92 p. — P. 49-51. ISBN 978-5-00188-185-8 (RUS) Parygin A. B. Искусство — это бизнес (авторский комментарий к проекту). — St. Petersburg art notebooks, # 68, St. Petersburg: AIS, 2022. — P. 248-254. ISBN 978-5-906442-32-1 (RUS) Grigoryants E. I. «Книга художника»: традиции и новации // «Искусство печатной графики: история и современность». В сб. н. статей по материалам научной конференции Четвертые казанские искусствоведческие чтения. November 19–20, 2015. — Kazan: The State Museum of Fine Arts of the Republic of Tatarstan, 2015. — P. 83-86, ill. (RUS) Parygin A. B. Искусство это бизнес Бизнес это искусство/ Exhibition booklet. — St. Petersburg. — 2015. Blagodatov N. Art is a search, search is an art // St. Petersburg: Neva, No. 2, 2002. — P. 253—255. (RUS) Exhibition catalogues Parygin A. B. Искусство это бизнес / Бизнес это искусство (exhibition booklet). — St. Petersburg. — 2015. (RUS) Бойс, Йозеф Бойс — мой Бойс (exhibition catalog). Auth. introductory article: I. Vvedensky. Rostov-on-Don, 2014. — 60 p., color. ill. — P. 20-21. (RUS) Kunst ist Geschäft / Die Verwandlung. 25 Jahre russische Künstlerbücher 1989-2013. LS collection Van Abbemuseum (exhibition catalog). Auth. introductory article: Antje Theise, Klara Erdei, Diana Franssen. Eindhoven, 2013. — 120 p., color. ill. — P. 64-65. ISBN 978-90-79393-11-4 Петербург 2000. Auth. introductory article: L. Skobkina. St. Petersburg: Manege Central Exhibition Hall. — 2001. — 63 p., ill. (RUS) References ^ Parygin A. B. Искусство это бизнес-проект // Economics vs Art. — SPb, 2022. — P. 49 ^ Петербург 2000. Auth. introductory article: L. Skobkina. St. Petersburg: Manege Central Exhibition Hall. — 2001. — P. 42. ^ Alexey Parygin Искусство — это бизнес (авторский комментарий к проекту). — ПИТ, # 68, СПб: АИС, 2022. — С. 249 ^ Parygin A. B. Искусство — это бизнес (авторский комментарий к проекту). — St. Petersburg art notebooks, # 68, SPb, 2022. — P. 254. ^ Solar System Art Archived 2021-09-22 at the Wayback Machine. State Museum of V.V. Mayakovsky (Moscow). State Catalogue of the Museum Fund of Russia. No 21194723 ^ Искусство это Бизнес / Business is an Art Archived 2021-09-22 at the Wayback Machine. State Museum of V.V. Mayakovsky (Moscow). State Catalogue of the Museum Fund of Russia. No 21194724 ^ Искусство это бизнес. Бизнес это искусство Archived 2021-09-22 at the Wayback Machine. State Museum of V.V. Mayakovsky (Moscow). State Catalogue of the Museum Fund of Russia. No 21194722 ^ Искусство это бизнес. Бизнес это искусство. Van Abbemuseum (Eindhoven). Copy no. 44/50. Copy no. 6/50; № 9110; № 11180 ^ Die Verwandlung. 25 Jahre russische Künstlerbücher 1989-2013. LS collection Van Abbemuseum Eindhoven. Авт. вст. ст.: Antje Theise, Klara Erdei, Diana Franssen, 2013.—P. 64-65. ^ Бойс, Йозеф Бойс — мой Бойс (exhibition catalog). Rostov-on-Don, 2014.—P. 20-21 ^ Искусство это бизнес Бизнес это искусство. Russian State Library (Moscow). Экземпляр № 3. Шифр хранения: IZO H/8.144 ^ 312/20 (Искусство это бизнес. Бизнес это искусство). Van Abbemuseum (Eindhoven). Copy no. 24/25. No 9110 ^ Alexey Parygin Artist's books ^ Economy VS Art. Conference program. Saint Petersburg State University vteAlexey ParyginArt Projects Nevsky-25 Contemplation of Money Art is a Business Posturbanism Art Project Artists' books Colored Sounds City as an Artist's Subjectivity	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"conceptual project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_art"},{"link_name":"Alexey Parygin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Parygin"},{"link_name":"manifesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_manifesto"},{"link_name":"Contemplation of Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemplation_of_Money"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Art is a Business (Russian: Иску́сство — это́ би́знес, romanized: Iskússtvo—etó bíznes) is a conceptual project by the artist Alexey Parygin, realized in the first half of the 2000s. Art is a Business is the artist’s second philosophical manifesto, after Contemplation of Money.[1]","title":"Art is a Business"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Art_is_a_Business_Business_is_an_Art_2016_Poster.jpg"},{"link_name":"performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_art"},{"link_name":"Manege Central Exhibition Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Manege"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dadaist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dada"},{"link_name":"mantra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantra"},{"link_name":"iconographically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography"},{"link_name":"Virgin Hodegetria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Hodegetria"},{"link_name":"hosanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosanna"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"living energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_life_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"Contemplation of Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemplation_of_Money"},{"link_name":"New Divine Essence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Art is a Business / Business is an Art Poster. 2016The art project was based on the 312/20 performance publicly shown on January 21, 2001 in the performance program at the Petersburg Festival in the Manege Central Exhibition Hall (Saint Petersburg).[2]In the authentic version, the performance text chanted for twenty minutes in two voices (high female and low male) consisted of three hundred and twelve rhythmically repeating verses turning into a looped Dadaist mantra.The process was designed like that: my performance partner and I were standing opposite each other at a distance of about three meters. While reading the text, with arms straight up and slightly apart (palms outward), we gradually raised our arms in a stylized gesture of a traditional intercessory prayer iconographically referring to the classical image of the Virgin Hodegetria. The incense was burning. A whitish trickle of sweet smoke was slowly stretching towards the ceiling, emphasizing the sacredness of the two-voiced hosanna repeated over and over again: Art is a Business; Business is an Art. Art is a Business; Business is an Art. Art is a Business; Business is an Art; Art is a Business; Business is an Art.... A rhythmic, monotonous sound.[3]This endless repetition made the reasonable formula meaningless, gradually turning it into a simple sequence of sounds, depriving it of any specific speculative sense. The verbal leitmotif changed the performance direction initially stated as an absolute given. Slogan and march were replaced with psychedelic rap. Art is business, but becoming utilitarian and flat, commercial and applicable, it, like a phoenix destroying itself with fire, is able to rise from the ashes, melt down and be reborn into something completely different, filled with new living energy.By means of art, the Contemplation of Money and Art is a Business projects portrayed money as a New Divine Essence.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_art"}],"text":"Art is a Business/ Business ist Kunst. 2015, Five compositions, 150 X 120 cm (each), canvas on stretcher, acrylic, mixed media.\n312/20 Performance. 2001.","title":"Major work"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alexey_Parygin_2015_Art_is_a_Business_Business_ist_Kunst.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Art_is_a_Business_Forest_2018-1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Art_is_a_Business-Business_is_an_Art_Alexey_Parygin-Exhibition_2016.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Art_is_a_Business-Business_is_an_Art_2015_14-06_Wall-SPb_Graffiti.jpg"}],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexey Parygin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Parygin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Alexey Parygin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Parygin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Alexey Parygin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Parygin"},{"link_name":"Alexey Parygin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Parygin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Alexey Parygin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Parygin"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"artists' books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artists%27_books"},{"link_name":"Van Abbemuseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Abbemuseum"},{"link_name":"Eindhoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eindhoven"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Russian State Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_State_Library"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Riga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga"},{"link_name":"Anna Akhmatova Literary and Memorial Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova_Literary_and_Memorial_Museum"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Artist's book","text":"Alexey Parygin Solar System Art.—St. Petersburg, 2015.— 2 pp. Circulation—8 copies numbered and signed by the author.[5]\nAlexey Parygin Искусство это Бизнес / Business is an Art.—St. Petersburg, 2015.—12 pp. Circulation—6 copies numbered and signed by the author.[6]\nAlexey Parygin ИББИ.—St. Petersburg, 2015.—12 pp. Circulation—6 copies numbered and signed by the author.\nAlexey Parygin Искусство это бизнес. Бизнес это искусство.—St. Petersburg, 2001.—6 pp. Circulation — 50 copies numbered and signed by the author.[7][8][9][10][11]\nAlexey Parygin 312/20 (Искусство это бизнес. Бизнес это искусство).—St. Petersburg, 2000.—12 pp. Circulation—25 copies numbered and signed by the author.[12]Separate copies of the artists' books are in the following collections: Van Abbemuseum (Eindhoven), State Museum of V.V. Mayakovsky (Moscow), Russian State Library (Moscow), Russian State Art Library (Moscow), Latvian National Museum of Art (Riga), Anna Akhmatova Literary and Memorial Museum (Saint Petersburg), Scientific Library of the Russian Academy of Arts (Saint Petersburg), Artist's Book Museum (Moscow).[13]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Artists_book_Art_is_a_Business-Business_is_an_Art_Alexey_Parygin-2001.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Art_is_a_Business-Business_is_an_Art_2001.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solar_System_Art_2015-7.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Artists_book_312-20_Alexey_Parygin-2000.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solar_System_Art_2015_Book_spread.jpg"}],"title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Herzen University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzen_University"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Anna Akhmatova Literary and Memorial Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova_Literary_and_Memorial_Museum"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Manege Central Exhibition Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Manege"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Manege Central Exhibition Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Manege"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Manege Central Exhibition Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Manege"}],"text":"Искусство/Бизнес.—Space on Malaya Posadskaya. Institute of Human Philosophy of the Herzen University. — St. Petersburg. September 12—October 22, 2022.\nСовременный миф — Персональный миф / Вторая Балтийская биеннале искусства книги.—Anna Akhmatova Literary and Memorial Museum. St. Petersburg. August 10—September 4, 2016.\nИскусство это бизнес / Бизнес это искусство.—Nevsky 20 (rotunda).—St. Petersburg. June 17—July 17, 2015.\n2-я Независимая международная биеннале графики. St. Petersburg: Manege Central Exhibition Hall. June 25—July 19, 2004.\nПетербург 2000. St. Petersburg: Manege Central Exhibition Hall. January 8—28, 2001.\nИскусство — это бизнес. St. Petersburg: Manege Central Exhibition Hall. 2000.","title":"Exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parygin A. B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Parygin"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-5-00188-185-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-00188-185-8"},{"link_name":"Parygin A. B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Parygin"},{"link_name":"Искусство — это бизнес (авторский комментарий к проекту)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%E2%80%94_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81_(%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD)"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-5-906442-32-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-906442-32-1"},{"link_name":"Grigoryants E. I.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Grigoryants"},{"link_name":"Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan"},{"link_name":"Parygin A. B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Parygin"},{"link_name":"Искусство это бизнес Бизнес это искусство","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81_(%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD)"},{"link_name":"Blagodatov N.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Blagodatov"},{"link_name":"Neva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neva_(magazine)"}],"sub_title":"Articles","text":"Parygin A. B. Искусство это бизнес-проект // Economics vs Art: 10th Annual International Conference of the Center for the Study of Economic Culture of St Petersburg State University. — St. Petersburg: Asterion, 2022. — 92 p. — P. 49-51.[14] ISBN 978-5-00188-185-8 (RUS)\nParygin A. B. Искусство — это бизнес (авторский комментарий к проекту). — St. Petersburg art notebooks, # 68, St. Petersburg: AIS, 2022. — P. 248-254. ISBN 978-5-906442-32-1 (RUS)\nGrigoryants E. I. «Книга художника»: традиции и новации // «Искусство печатной графики: история и современность». В сб. н. статей по материалам научной конференции Четвертые казанские искусствоведческие чтения. November 19–20, 2015. — Kazan: The State Museum of Fine Arts of the Republic of Tatarstan, 2015. — P. 83-86, ill. (RUS)\nParygin A. B. Искусство это бизнес Бизнес это искусство/ Exhibition booklet. — St. Petersburg. — 2015.\nBlagodatov N. Art is a search, search is an art // St. Petersburg: Neva, No. 2, 2002. — P. 253—255. (RUS)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parygin A. B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Parygin"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Rostov-on-Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostov-on-Don"},{"link_name":"Van Abbemuseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Abbemuseum"},{"link_name":"Eindhoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eindhoven"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-79393-11-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-79393-11-4"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Manege Central Exhibition Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Manege"}],"sub_title":"Exhibition catalogues","text":"Parygin A. B. Искусство это бизнес / Бизнес это искусство (exhibition booklet). — St. Petersburg. — 2015. (RUS)\nБойс, Йозеф Бойс — мой Бойс (exhibition catalog). Auth. introductory article: I. Vvedensky. Rostov-on-Don, 2014. — 60 p., color. ill. — P. 20-21. (RUS)\nKunst ist Geschäft / Die Verwandlung. 25 Jahre russische Künstlerbücher 1989-2013. LS collection Van Abbemuseum (exhibition catalog). Auth. introductory article: Antje Theise, Klara Erdei, Diana Franssen. Eindhoven, 2013. — 120 p., color. ill. — P. 64-65. ISBN 978-90-79393-11-4\nПетербург 2000. Auth. introductory article: L. Skobkina. St. Petersburg: Manege Central Exhibition Hall. — 2001. — 63 p., ill. (RUS)","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Art is a Business / Business is an Art Poster. 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Art_is_a_Business_Business_is_an_Art_2016_Poster.jpg/220px-Art_is_a_Business_Business_is_an_Art_2016_Poster.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%E2%80%94_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81_(%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD)","external_links_name":"Искусство — это бизнес (авторский комментарий к проекту)"},{"Link":"https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81_(%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD)","external_links_name":"Искусство это бизнес Бизнес это искусство"},{"Link":"https://goskatalog.ru/portal/?museumIds=2615&imageExists=true#/collections?id=21320252","external_links_name":"Solar System Art"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210922171954/https://goskatalog.ru/portal/?museumIds=2615&imageExists=true#/collections?id=21320252","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://goskatalog.ru/portal/?museumIds=2615&imageExists=true#/collections?id=21320249","external_links_name":"Искусство это Бизнес / Business is an Art"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210922171954/https://goskatalog.ru/portal/?museumIds=2615&imageExists=true#/collections?id=21320249","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://goskatalog.ru/portal/?museumIds=2615&imageExists=true#/collections?id=21320254","external_links_name":"Искусство это бизнес. Бизнес это искусство"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210922171954/https://goskatalog.ru/portal/?museumIds=2615&imageExists=true#/collections?id=21320254","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://libraryblog.vanabbe.nl/ls_collection/P/parygin/pages/2001bisniz10.htm","external_links_name":"Искусство это бизнес. Бизнес это искусство"},{"Link":"https://search.rsl.ru/ru/search#q=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%20%D0%90.%D0%91.","external_links_name":"Искусство это бизнес Бизнес это искусство"},{"Link":"http://libraryblog.vanabbe.nl/ls_collection/P/parygin/pages/2000biznis.htm","external_links_name":"312/20 (Искусство это бизнес. Бизнес это искусство)"},{"Link":"http://artists-book.com/parygin/","external_links_name":"Alexey Parygin Artist's books"},{"Link":"https://events.spbu.ru/events/economics-vs-art?lang=Eng","external_links_name":"Economy VS Art. Conference program"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Bruce_(Western_Australia)	Mount Bruce (Western Australia)	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 22°34′05″S 118°04′34″E / 22.56806°S 118.07611°E / -22.56806; 118.07611Mountain in Western Australia Mount BrucePunurrunhaMount BrucePilbara region, Western Australia Highest pointElevation1,234 m (4,049 ft)Coordinates22°34′05″S 118°04′34″E / 22.56806°S 118.07611°E / -22.56806; 118.07611GeographyLocationPilbara region, Western AustraliaParent rangeHamersley Range Mount Bruce is the second highest mountain in the state of Western Australia. Mount Bruce lies 62 kilometres (39 mi) northwest of Mount Meharry, the highest peak in the state. It is a part of the Hamersley Range in the Pilbara. A number of walks exist on the mountain including the relatively easy Marandoo walk that offers a view over the Marandoo minesite, the more difficult Honey Hakea walk and the summit track. Mount Bruce reaches 1,234 m (4,049 ft), being 15 m (49 ft) lower than Mount Meharry. The Aboriginal name for the mountain is Punurrunha. References ^ "Mount Bruce (Punurrunha)". Drive WA. 2010. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2011. This article about a location in Western Australia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Mount Meharry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Meharry"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Hamersley Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamersley_Range"},{"link_name":"Pilbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilbara"},{"link_name":"Marandoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marandoo_mine"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drivewa-1"}],"text":"Mountain in Western AustraliaMount Bruce is the second highest mountain in the state of Western Australia.Mount Bruce lies 62 kilometres (39 mi) northwest of Mount Meharry, the highest peak in the state. It is a part of the Hamersley Range in the Pilbara. A number of walks exist on the mountain including the relatively easy Marandoo walk that offers a view over the Marandoo minesite, the more difficult Honey Hakea walk and the summit track.Mount Bruce reaches 1,234 m (4,049 ft), being 15 m (49 ft) lower than Mount Meharry.The Aboriginal name for the mountain is Punurrunha.[1]","title":"Mount Bruce (Western Australia)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Mount Bruce (Punurrunha)\". Drive WA. 2010. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160415214712/http://www.drivewa.com/Display/poilink/id/919/title/mount-bruce-punurrunha","url_text":"\"Mount Bruce (Punurrunha)\""},{"url":"http://www.drivewa.com/Display/poilink/id/919/title/mount-bruce-punurrunha","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Bruce_(Western_Australia)&params=22_34_05_S_118_04_34_E_type:mountain_region:AU-WA_scale:100000","external_links_name":"22°34′05″S 118°04′34″E / 22.56806°S 118.07611°E / -22.56806; 118.07611"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Bruce_(Western_Australia)&params=22_34_05_S_118_04_34_E_type:mountain_region:AU-WA_scale:100000","external_links_name":"22°34′05″S 118°04′34″E / 22.56806°S 118.07611°E / -22.56806; 118.07611"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160415214712/http://www.drivewa.com/Display/poilink/id/919/title/mount-bruce-punurrunha","external_links_name":"\"Mount Bruce (Punurrunha)\""},{"Link":"http://www.drivewa.com/Display/poilink/id/919/title/mount-bruce-punurrunha","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Bruce_(Western_Australia)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Armailhac	Château d'Armailhac	["1 The terroir","2 Gallery","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 45°12′40″N 0°46′12″W / 45.2111°N 0.7700°W / 45.2111; -0.7700Grand Vin 2000 Château d'Armailhac (French pronunciation: ), previously named Château Mouton-d'Armailhacq (historical name from inception, 1750–1955), Château Mouton-Baron Philippe, Mouton Baronne and Château Mouton-Baronne-Philippe (1979–1988), is a winery in the Pauillac appellation of the Bordeaux region of France. The wine produced here was classified as one of eighteen Cinquièmes Crus (Fifth Growths) in the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855. In 1989, Baroness Philippine decided to restore its original identity to Mouton d’Armailhacq, giving it the name Château d’Armailhac. The terroir The Chateau has about 172 acres (70 hectares) planted with Cabernet Sauvignon (56%), Merlot (32%), Cabernet Franc (10%), and Petit Verdot (2%). Purchased by Baron Philippe de Rothschild in 1934, the estate is currently owned by the Mouton Rothschild branch of the Rothschild family. Château d'Armailhac is among the first estates known to have actively grown Cabernet Sauvignon and is a likely source of Cabernet vines for other estates. Gallery Grand Vin 2005 Detail of a label of then named Château Mouton d'Armailhacq Philippe de Rothschild of the 1953 vintage References ^ MacNeil, Karen (2001). The Wine Bible. Workman Publishing. pp. 885. ISBN 1-56305-434-5. ^ "Château d'Armailhac - History - 1989". Château d'Armailhac. Retrieved 2020-01-07. ^ J. Suckling, "50 Best Bordeaux under $50", Wine Spectator Magazine, p.69, March 31, 2007 ^ Clarke, Oz (2001). Encyclopedia of Grapes. Harcourt Books. pp. 47–56. ISBN 0-15-100714-4. External links Baron Philippe de Rothschild S.A. official site vteBordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855Classed Growths of MédocPremiers Crus Lafite Rothschild Latour Margaux Haut-Brion (Graves) Mouton Rothschild (1973) Deuxièmes Crus Rauzan-Ségla Rauzan-Gassies Léoville-Las Cases Léoville-Poyferré Léoville-Barton Durfort-Vivens Gruaud-Larose Lascombes Brane-Cantenac Pichon Longueville Baron Pichon Longueville Comtesse de Lalande Ducru-Beaucaillou Cos d'Estournel Montrose Troisièmes Crus Kirwan d'Issan Lagrange Langoa-Barton Giscours Malescot St. Exupéry Boyd-Cantenac Cantenac-Brown Palmer La Lagune Desmirail Calon-Ségur Ferrière Marquis d'Alesme Becker Quatrièmes Crus Saint-Pierre Talbot Branaire-Ducru Duhart-Milon Pouget La Tour Carnet Lafon-Rochet Beychevelle Prieuré-Lichine Marquis de Terme Cinquièmes Crus Pontet-Canet Batailley Haut-Batailley Grand-Puy-Lacoste Grand-Puy-Ducasse Lynch-Bages Lynch-Moussas Dauzac d'Armailhac du Tertre Haut-Bages-Libéral Pédesclaux Belgrave de Camensac Cos Labory Clerc Milon Croizet Bages Cantemerle (1856) Classed Growths of Sauternes and BarsacPremier Cru Supérieur d'Yquem Premiers Crus La Tour Blanche Lafaurie-Peyraguey Clos Haut-Peyraguey Rayne-Vigneau Suduiraut Coutet Climens Guiraud Rieussec Rabaud-Promis Sigalas-Rabaud Deuxièmes Crus de Myrat Doisy Daëne Doisy-Dubroca Doisy-Védrines d'Arche Filhot Broustet Nairac Caillou Suau de Malle Romer du Hayot Romer Lamothe Lamothe-Guignard 45°12′40″N 0°46′12″W / 45.2111°N 0.7700°W / 45.2111; -0.7700 This winery-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_d_Armailhac_2000.jpg"},{"link_name":"[ʃato daʁmelak]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"winery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winery"},{"link_name":"Pauillac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauillac"},{"link_name":"appellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_d%27Origine_Contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_Wine_Official_Classification_of_1855"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Grand Vin 2000Château d'Armailhac (French pronunciation: [ʃato daʁmelak]), previously named Château Mouton-d'Armailhacq (historical name from inception, 1750–1955), Château Mouton-Baron Philippe, Mouton Baronne and Château Mouton-Baronne-Philippe (1979–1988), is a winery in the Pauillac appellation of the Bordeaux region of France. The wine produced here was classified as one of eighteen Cinquièmes Crus (Fifth Growths) in the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855.[1] In 1989, Baroness Philippine decided to restore its original identity to Mouton d’Armailhacq, giving it the name Château d’Armailhac.[2]","title":"Château d'Armailhac"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cabernet Sauvignon (56%)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon"},{"link_name":"Merlot (32%)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlot"},{"link_name":"Cabernet Franc (10%)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franc"},{"link_name":"Petit Verdot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit_Verdot"},{"link_name":"Baron Philippe de Rothschild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_de_Rothschild"},{"link_name":"Rothschild family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild_family"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cabernet Sauvignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Chateau has about 172 acres (70 hectares) planted with Cabernet Sauvignon (56%), Merlot (32%), Cabernet Franc (10%), and Petit Verdot (2%). Purchased by Baron Philippe de Rothschild in 1934, the estate is currently owned by the Mouton Rothschild branch of the Rothschild family.[3]Château d'Armailhac is among the first estates known to have actively grown Cabernet Sauvignon and is a likely source of Cabernet vines for other estates.[4]","title":"The terroir"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Armailhac_2005.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Armailhacq_53_detail.JPG"}],"text":"Grand Vin 2005\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDetail of a label of then named Château Mouton d'Armailhacq Philippe de Rothschild of the 1953 vintage","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"Grand Vin 2000","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ch%C3%A2teau_d_Armailhac_2000.jpg/150px-Ch%C3%A2teau_d_Armailhac_2000.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"MacNeil, Karen (2001). The Wine Bible. Workman Publishing. pp. 885. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahima_Traor%C3%A9	Ibrahima Traoré	["1 Early life","2 Club career","2.1 Early career","2.2 FC Augsburg","2.3 VfB Stuttgart","2.4 Borussia Mönchengladbach","3 International career","4 Career statistics","4.1 International","5 References","6 External links"]	Guinean footballer For the Ivorian footballer, see Ibrahim Traoré (footballer). For the Burkinabé military officer and interim president, see Ibrahim Traoré. Ibrahima Traoré Traoré with VfB Stuttgart in 2011Personal informationFull name Ibrahima TraoréDate of birth (1988-04-21) 21 April 1988 (age 36)Place of birth Villepinte, FranceHeight 1.72 m (5 ft 8 in)Position(s) Left wingerYouth career2001–2004 Charenton2004–2005 LevalloisSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2005–2006 Levallois 4 (0)2006–2009 Hertha BSC II 62 (12)2007–2009 Hertha BSC 1 (0)2009–2011 FC Augsburg 45 (8)2011–2014 VfB Stuttgart 75 (6)2014–2021 Borussia Mönchengladbach 99 (6)International career2010–2019 Guinea 49 (8) Club domestic league appearances and goals Ibrahima Traoré (born 21 April 1988) is a former professional footballer who played as a left winger. Coming through the youth system, Traoré began his senior career with French amateur club Levallois in 2005. He moved to Germany one year later, playing for Hertha BSC's reserve team Hertha BSC II. Following a season at FC Augsburg in 2009–10, Traoré joined VfB Stuttgart. He remained for four seasons, before moving to Borussia Mönchengladbach in 2014, where he played until the end of his career in 2021. Born in France, Traoré was eligible to represent Guinea internationally through his father. He made his debut in 2010, and played for Guinea in three Africa Cup of Nations tournaments (2012, 2015 and 2019). Early life Traoré was born in Villepinte, France, to a Guinean father and a Lebanese mother. He grew up in Guinea before returning to Paris at the age of 4. He grew up on the same street as Gabriel Obertan. Club career Early career Traoré played youth football with Charenton and Levallois. He made his senior debut with Levallois in the Championnat de France Amateurs 2, before being transferred to German club Hertha BSC on 1 January 2007, making his Bundesliga debut for them on 9 December 2007, against 1. FC Nürnberg. FC Augsburg On 5 March, Traoré began a trial with FC Augsburg, signing a two-year contract with them on 14 July 2009. VfB Stuttgart In May 2011, it was announced that Traoré would move to VfB Stuttgart at the end of the 2010–11 season. In December 2013, Traoré stated that he had turned down offers from a number of English clubs over the summer. Borussia Mönchengladbach Traoré with Borussia Mönchengladbach in 2014 In April 2014, it was announced that Traoré would sign for Borussia Mönchengladbach at the start of the 2014–15 season. On 8 August 2015, he marked his season debut by scoring in a 4–1 win at FC St. Pauli in the first round of the DFB-Pokal. In May 2017, he signed a new contract with Borussia Mönchengladbach, lasting until 2021. He made his 100th competitive appearance for the club in October the following year, after coming on as a substitute in a 4–0 win over Mainz. International career Traoré made his international debut for Guinea on 11 August 2010, against Mali. Guinea won the match 2–0, with Traoré scoring Guinea's second goal. In the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations qualification on 8 October 2011, Traoré scored in the last game of group B against Nigeria a last-second equalizer in the 90+12-minute, meaning Guinea's qualification for the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations. In November 2014, concerns were raised about Traoré playing for Guinea due to the ongoing Ebola outbreak in West Africa. He was selected to Guinea's squad for the 2015 African Cup of Nations and scored the team's equaliser in a 1–1 draw with Cameroon at the group stage. After the tournament, he took a break from international football, returning in March 2016. Career statistics International Appearances and goals by national team and year National team Year Apps Goals Guinea 2010 4 0 2011 5 1 2012 9 2 2013 4 1 2014 7 3 2015 4 1 2016 6 0 2017 1 0 2018 2 0 2019 7 0 Total 49 8 Scores and results list Guinea's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Traoré goal. List of international goals scored by Ibrahima Traoré No. Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition Ref. 1 8 October 2011 National Stadium, Abuja, Nigeria Nigeria 2–2 2–2 2012 Africa Cup of Nations qualification 2 28 January 2012 Stade de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon Botswana 4–1 6–1 2012 Africa Cup of Nations 3 3 June 2012 National Sports Stadium, Harare, Zimbabwe Zimbabwe 1–0 1–0 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification 4 9 June 2013 Stade du 28 Septembre, Conakry, Guinea Mozambique 4–1 6–1 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification 5 5 March 2014 Azadi Stadium, Tehran, Iran Iran 2–0 2–1 Friendly 6 11 October 2014 Stade Mohamed V, Casablanca, Morocco Ghana 1–1 1–1 2015 Africa Cup of Nations qualification 7 19 November 2014 Stade Mohamed V, Casablanca, Morocco Uganda 1–0 2–0 2015 Africa Cup of Nations qualification 8 24 January 2015 Estadio de Malabo, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea Cameroon 1–0 1–1 2015 Africa Cup of Nations References ^ "Guinea" (PDF). Confederation of African Football. 15 June 2019. p. 10. Retrieved 11 August 2019. ^ a b c Ibrahima Traoré at National-Football-Teams.com ^ "Ibrahima Traoré". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 13 April 2013. ^ Tittmar, Jochen (10 October 2018). "Ibrahima Traore von Gladbach im Interview: "Es gibt eindeutig ein Problem mit Rassismus"" . SPOX.com (in German). Retrieved 20 July 2021. ^ a b "From Paris to the world - football's hottest talent factory" – via www.bbc.co.uk. ^ "Traore, Ibrahima" (in German). kicker.de. Retrieved 20 August 2010. ^ "Ibrahima Traoré" (in French). L'Equipe.fr. Retrieved 13 April 2013. ^ "1. FC Nürnberg – Hertha BSC Berlin 2:1 (2:0): Sieg auch herausgespielt" (in German). fussballdaten.de. 9 December 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2010. ^ "Ibrahima Traore signs for VfB". VfB Stuttgart. 12 May 2011. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2011. ^ "VfB Stuttgart snap up Guinea's Ibrahima Traore". BBC Sport. 13 May 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011. ^ John Bennett (18 December 2013). "Guinea's Ibrahima Traore rejected Premier League move". BBC Sport. Retrieved 19 December 2013. ^ "Guinea's Ibrahima Traore on the move in Germany". BBC Sport. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2014. ^ "Stindl initiates turning Gladbach". Kicker. 10 August 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2015. ^ Oluwashina Okeleji (23 May 2017). "Traore signs new Monchengladbach dea". BBC Sport. Retrieved 23 May 2017. ^ "Jonas Hofmann hits a hat-trick as Borussia Mönchengladbach dispatch Mainz to go second". Bundesliga. 21 October 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2018. ^ "FCA-Profis bei Nationalteams". fcaugsburg.de (in German). FC Augsburg. 8 August 2010. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2012. ^ "Guinée – Mali (2–0)". starafrica.com (in French). 11 August 2010. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2012. ^ "A 100% VfB goal". vfb.de. VfB Stuttgart. 10 October 2011. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2012. ^ "Nations Cup 2015: Traore begs club to play for Guinea". BBC Sport. 19 November 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2018. ^ "2015 Nations Cup: Constant included in Guinea squad". BBC Sport. 31 December 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2018. ^ "Cameroon 1-1 Guinea". BBC Sport. Retrieved 26 January 2015. ^ Okeleji, Oluwashina (13 March 2016). "Ibrahima Traore agrees to Guinea return after 13-month break". BBC Sport. Retrieved 27 August 2019. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ibrahima Traoré. Ibrahima Traoré at fussballdaten.de (in German) Guinea squads vteGuinea squad – 2012 Africa Cup of Nations 1 N. Yattara 2 Feindouno 3 Ib. Bangoura 4 M. Bah 5 B. Baldé 6 Zayatte 7 Abd. Camara 8 Traoré 9 S. Diallo 10 Is. Bangoura 11 I. Yattara 12 Conté 13 Cissé 14 Soumah 15 Kalabane 16 Keita 17 T. Bah 18 I. Diallo 19 L. Bangoura 20 H. Baldé 21 Barry 22 Abo. Camara 23 L. Camara Coach: Dussuyer vteGuinea squad – 2015 Africa Cup of Nations 1 N. Yattara 2 M. Yattara 3 Is. Sylla 4 Pogba 5 F. Camara 6 Zayatte 7 Razzagui 8 Traoré 9 Landel 10 Constant 11 Id. Sylla 12 Conté 13 Cissé 14 L. Camara 15 N. Keïta 16 A. Keita 17 Fofana 18 Soumah 19 Kamano 20 Sankoh 21 Diarra 22 A. Camara 23 Paye Coach: Dussuyer vteGuinea squad – 2019 Africa Cup of Nations 1 N. Yattara 2 M. Yattara 3 Is. Sylla 4 Diawara 5 Seka 6 Falette 7 M. Camara 8 N. Keïta 9 Kanté 10 Kamano 11 Id. Sylla 12 Koné 13 Cissé 14 Sidibé 15 Jeanvier 16 Traoré 17 Fofana 18 Dyrestam 19 Koita 20 Bangoura 21 Kaba 22 A. Keita 23 F. Camara Coach: Put	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ibrahim Traoré (footballer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Traor%C3%A9_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Traoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Traor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"left winger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder#Winger"},{"link_name":"Levallois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levallois_SC"},{"link_name":"Hertha BSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertha_BSC"},{"link_name":"Hertha BSC II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertha_BSC_II"},{"link_name":"FC Augsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Augsburg"},{"link_name":"VfB Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VfB_Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"Borussia Mönchengladbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borussia_M%C3%B6nchengladbach"},{"link_name":"Africa Cup of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Africa_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Africa_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Africa_Cup_of_Nations"}],"text":"For the Ivorian footballer, see Ibrahim Traoré (footballer). For the Burkinabé military officer and interim president, see Ibrahim Traoré.Ibrahima Traoré (born 21 April 1988) is a former professional footballer who played as a left winger.Coming through the youth system, Traoré began his senior career with French amateur club Levallois in 2005. He moved to Germany one year later, playing for Hertha BSC's reserve team Hertha BSC II. Following a season at FC Augsburg in 2009–10, Traoré joined VfB Stuttgart. He remained for four seasons, before moving to Borussia Mönchengladbach in 2014, where he played until the end of his career in 2021.Born in France, Traoré was eligible to represent Guinea internationally through his father. He made his debut in 2010, and played for Guinea in three Africa Cup of Nations tournaments (2012, 2015 and 2019).","title":"Ibrahima Traoré"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Villepinte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villepinte,_Seine-Saint-Denis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Guinean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guineans_in_France"},{"link_name":"Lebanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_France"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Obertan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Obertan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"}],"text":"Traoré was born in Villepinte, France,[3] to a Guinean father and a Lebanese mother.[4] He grew up in Guinea before returning to Paris at the age of 4.[5] He grew up on the same street as Gabriel Obertan.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charenton_C.A.P."},{"link_name":"Levallois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levallois_SC"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Championnat de France Amateurs 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championnat_de_France_Amateurs_2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hertha BSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertha_BSC"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"1. FC Nürnberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_N%C3%BCrnberg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"Traoré played youth football with Charenton and Levallois.[6] He made his senior debut with Levallois in the Championnat de France Amateurs 2,[7] before being transferred to German club Hertha BSC on 1 January 2007, making his Bundesliga debut for them on 9 December 2007, against 1. FC Nürnberg.[8]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FC Augsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Augsburg"}],"sub_title":"FC Augsburg","text":"On 5 March, Traoré began a trial with FC Augsburg, signing a two-year contract with them on 14 July 2009.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VfB Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VfB_Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"VfB Stuttgart","text":"In May 2011, it was announced that Traoré would move to VfB Stuttgart at the end of the 2010–11 season.[9][10]In December 2013, Traoré stated that he had turned down offers from a number of English clubs over the summer.[11]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traore1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Borussia Mönchengladbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borussia_M%C3%B6nchengladbach"},{"link_name":"Borussia Mönchengladbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borussia_M%C3%B6nchengladbach"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Borussia_M%C3%B6nchengladbach_season"},{"link_name":"FC St. Pauli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_St._Pauli"},{"link_name":"DFB-Pokal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FSV_Mainz_05"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Borussia Mönchengladbach","text":"Traoré with Borussia Mönchengladbach in 2014In April 2014, it was announced that Traoré would sign for Borussia Mönchengladbach at the start of the 2014–15 season.[12]On 8 August 2015, he marked his season debut by scoring in a 4–1 win at FC St. Pauli in the first round of the DFB-Pokal.[13]In May 2017, he signed a new contract with Borussia Mönchengladbach, lasting until 2021.[14] He made his 100th competitive appearance for the club in October the following year, after coming on as a substitute in a 4–0 win over Mainz.[15]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"2012 Africa Cup of Nations qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Africa_Cup_of_Nations_qualification"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2012 Africa 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the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations qualification on 8 October 2011, Traoré scored in the last game of group B against Nigeria a last-second equalizer in the 90+12-minute, meaning Guinea's qualification for the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations.[18] In November 2014, concerns were raised about Traoré playing for Guinea due to the ongoing Ebola outbreak in West Africa.[19]He was selected to Guinea's squad for the 2015 African Cup of Nations[20] and scored the team's equaliser in a 1–1 draw with Cameroon at the group stage.[21] After the tournament, he took a break from international football, returning in March 2016.[22]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International","text":"Scores and results list Guinea's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Traoré goal.","title":"Career statistics"}]	[{"image_text":"Traoré with Borussia Mönchengladbach in 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Traore1.jpg/220px-Traore1.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Guinea\" (PDF). Confederation of African Football. 15 June 2019. p. 10. Retrieved 11 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://images.cafonline.com/image/upload/caf-prd/kpakgtavgq0lbzxizu89.pdf","url_text":"\"Guinea\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ibrahima Traoré\". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 13 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldfootball.net/spieler_profil/ibrahima-traore/","url_text":"\"Ibrahima Traoré\""}]},{"reference":"Tittmar, Jochen (10 October 2018). \"Ibrahima Traore von Gladbach im Interview: \"Es gibt eindeutig ein Problem mit Rassismus\"\" [Interview with Ibrahima Traore von Gladbach: \"There is clearly a problem with racism\"]. SPOX.com (in German). Retrieved 20 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spox.com/de/sport/fussball/bundesliga/1809/Artikel/ibrahima-traore-im-interview-ueber-literatur-schriftsteller-rassismus-oezil-borussia-moenchengladbach.html","url_text":"\"Ibrahima Traore von Gladbach im Interview: \"Es gibt eindeutig ein Problem mit Rassismus\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"From Paris to the world - football's hottest talent factory\" – via www.bbc.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68180753","url_text":"\"From Paris to the world - football's hottest talent factory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traore, Ibrahima\" (in German). kicker.de. Retrieved 20 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/2bundesliga/vereine/2-bundesliga/2010-11/fc-augsburg-91/43117/spieler_ibrahima-traore.html","url_text":"\"Traore, Ibrahima\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ibrahima Traoré\" (in French). L'Equipe.fr. 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Retrieved 23 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161127022439/http://www.fcaugsburg.de/cms/website.php?id=%2Findex%2Faktuell%2Fnews%2Fdata15306.htm","url_text":"\"FCA-Profis bei Nationalteams\""},{"url":"http://www.fcaugsburg.de/cms/website.php?id=%2Findex%2Faktuell%2Fnews%2Fdata15306.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Guinée – Mali (2–0)\". starafrica.com (in French). 11 August 2010. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120715222330/http://football.starafrica.com/en/news/article/view/amical-guinee-mali-2-0-76021.html","url_text":"\"Guinée – Mali (2–0)\""},{"url":"http://football.starafrica.com/en/news/article/view/amical-guinee-mali-2-0-76021.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A 100% VfB goal\". vfb.de. VfB Stuttgart. 10 October 2011. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131212102059/http://www.vfb.de/en/aktuell/meldungen/news/2011/ibrahima-traore-mamadou-bah-guinea-nigeria/page/1036-0-1-1318271592.html","url_text":"\"A 100% VfB goal\""},{"url":"http://www.vfb.de/en/aktuell/meldungen/news/2011/ibrahima-traore-mamadou-bah-guinea-nigeria/page/1036-0-1-1318271592.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nations Cup 2015: Traore begs club to play for Guinea\". BBC Sport. 19 November 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/30114460","url_text":"\"Nations Cup 2015: Traore begs club to play for Guinea\""}]},{"reference":"\"2015 Nations Cup: Constant included in Guinea squad\". BBC Sport. 31 December 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/30636144","url_text":"\"2015 Nations Cup: Constant included in Guinea squad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cameroon 1-1 Guinea\". BBC Sport. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastatica	Anastatica	["1 Names","2 Range","3 Description","4 Culture","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 References"]	Genus of flowering plants Anastatica Anastatica hierochuntica Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Brassicales Family: Brassicaceae Genus: AnastaticaL. Species: A. hierochuntica Binomial name Anastatica hierochunticaL. Anastatica is a monotypic genus of plants in the family Brassicaceae containing the single species Anastatica hierochuntica. The plant is a small gray annual herb that rarely grows above 15 centimetres (6 in) high, and bears minute white flowers. It is a tumbleweed capable of hygroscopic expansion and retraction. However, it is not a true resurrection plant, because the plant's dead tissues do not revive and turn green. This species is not to be confused with Selaginella lepidophylla, also sometimes referred to as "rose of Jericho", or "false rose of Jericho", which is a true resurrection plant that can revive from a dried state and regain the processes of respiration and photosynthesis. Names Common names include Maryam's flower, flower of St Mary, St. Mary's flower, Mary's flower, white mustard flower and rose of Jericho. Range Anastatica is found in arid areas in the Middle East and the Sahara Desert, including parts of North Africa and regions of Iran, Egypt, Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Pakistan and India. Description A plant with great resistance to desiccation, its branches have the property of contracting with dryness, remaining closed and dry for many years, reopening with moisture or contact with water, regaining all its freshness and beauty. After the rainy season, the plant dries up, dropping leaves and curling branches into a tight ball, and aestivates. Within the ball, the fruits remain attached and closed, protecting the seeds and preventing them from being dispersed prematurely. The seeds are very hardy and can remain dormant for years. Moistened again in a later rainy season, the ball uncurls and the plant wakes up from its dormant state, which causes the capsular fruits to open to disperse the seeds. If water is sufficient, the dispersed seeds germinate within hours. After it curls, it is easy for the wind itself to lift and drag it large distances, making them obligatory travellers through steppes and deserts crossing the borders of various countries in Asia and disseminating their seeds for all of them. A fraction of the seeds are dispersed in the vicinity of the parent plant by raindrops hitting a spoon-like appendix on the seeds. The seeds have a sticky coat that helps them adhere to the soil, but they also may be carried downstream by surface wash. However, seeds swept downstream do not survive. The process of curling and uncurling is completely reversible and can be repeated many times. The ability of the plant to do this is attributed to the presence of trehalose, a disaccharide sugar involved in several mechanisms of cryptobiosis. Although the rehydrated plant sometimes is described as putting out new leaves, flowers, and fruits, this is disputed; instead, the seeds may sometimes germinate and sprout new plants while still seated in the fruit on the dead parent plant. Anastatica has been described as the most famous tumbleweed. Once dry, the ball is said to become detached and is dispersed by wind. This tumbleweed habit has been interpreted as a mechanism of avoiding burial in dunes. However, Anastatica may possess this habit only in the literature, or tumble only rarely, if uprooted by accident. Culture Since ancient times it was used as an element to guess the climate, since being a vegetable hygrometer, the wise man or shaman, predicted it with success. In dry weather the plant remains completely closed; in wet weather, it opens slowly; if it threatens rain, it opens in a very showy way and with more or less speed according to the proximity of discharge of the clouds. Gallery Flowers Dried up In water See also Pallenis hierochuntica References ^ William Francis Ganong (1921). A Textbook of botany for colleges. MacMillan Co. p. 604. page 359 ^ a b c James A. Duke; Peggy-Ann K. Duke; Judith L. duCellie (2007). Duke's Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible. CRC Press. p. 552. ISBN 978-0-8493-8202-4. pages 36-37 ^ a b c G. E. Wickens (1998). Ecophysiology of Economic Plants in Arid and Semi-arid Lands. Springer. p. 343. ISBN 3-540-52171-2. pages 204-205 ^ Quisquis (1886). "Tumble-weeds". Botanical Gazette. 11 (3): 68. doi:10.1086/325923. S2CID 224838371. ^ a b c Anastatica hierochuntica in Flora of Pakistan @ efloras.org ^ Friedman, Jacob; Zipporah Stein (March 1980). "The Influence of Seed-Dispersal Mechanisms on the Dispersion of Anastatica Hierochuntica (Cruciferae) in the Negev Desert, Israel". The Journal of Ecology. 68 (1): 43–50. Bibcode:1980JEcol..68...43F. doi:10.2307/2259242. JSTOR 2259242. ^ G. E. Wickens (1998). Ecophysiology of Economic Plants in Arid and Semi-arid Lands. Springer. p. 343. ISBN 3-540-52171-2. pages 121-122 ^ Baynes, Thomas Spencer; Kellogg, Day Otis; Smith, William Robertson (1897). The Encyclopædia Britannica. Werner Company. pp. 175–176. pages 175-176 Please note that is not listed as an article in or so no wikilink is available ^ a b O. Appel; I. A. Al-Shehbaz (2003). "Cruciferae". In K. Kubitzki; C. Bayer (eds.). The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. 5: Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. Springer. pp. 75–174. ISBN 3-540-42873-9. page 83 ^ L. J. Templin (1890). "Distribution of plants". The Kansas City Review of Science and Industry. 3: 612–614. ^ W. F. Ganong (1896). "An outline of phytobiology". Bulletin of the Natural History Society of New Brunswick. 13: 3–26, page 1 errata. page 16 Taxon identifiersAnastatica Wikidata: Q14559266 Wikispecies: Anastatica APDB: 188058 APNI: 199335 CoL: V9N EoL: 2881789 EPPO: 1ASKG FNA: 101595 GBIF: 3041975 GRIN: 608 iNaturalist: 490036 IPNI: 12309-1 IRMNG: 1061145 NCBI: 663964 Open Tree of Life: 441962 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:12309-1 Tropicos: 40013448 WFO: wfo-4000001873 Anastatica hierochuntica Wikidata: Q1281021 Wikispecies: Anastatica hierochuntica APDB: 78103 ARKive: anastatica-hierochuntica CoL: DGWP EoL: 2881790 EPPO: ASKHI FNA: 250063641 FoIO: anahie GBIF: 3041976 GRIN: 3093 iNaturalist: 490035 IPNI: 277878-1 NCBI: 663965 Open Tree of Life: 441964 Plant List: kew-2636323 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:277878-1 Tropicos: 4100026 uBio: 5822538 WoI: 1118 WFO: wfo-0000533427	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monotypic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic"},{"link_name":"Brassicaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassicaceae"},{"link_name":"annual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_plant"},{"link_name":"tumbleweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbleweed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ganong1921p359-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duke+2007-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wickens1998p204-205-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"resurrection plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_plant"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duke+2007-2"},{"link_name":"Selaginella lepidophylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selaginella_lepidophylla"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"resurrection plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_plant"}],"text":"Anastatica is a monotypic genus of plants in the family Brassicaceae containing the single species Anastatica hierochuntica. The plant is a small gray annual herb that rarely grows above 15 centimetres (6 in) high, and bears minute white flowers. It is a tumbleweed[1][2][3] capable of hygroscopic[citation needed] expansion and retraction. However, it is not a true resurrection plant,[2] because the plant's dead tissues do not revive and turn green.This species is not to be confused with Selaginella lepidophylla, also sometimes referred to as \"rose of Jericho\",[4] or \"false rose of Jericho\", which is a true resurrection plant that can revive from a dried state and regain the processes of respiration and photosynthesis.","title":"Anastatica"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Common names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_names"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duke+2007-2"}],"text":"Common names include Maryam's flower, flower of St Mary, St. Mary's flower, Mary's flower, white mustard flower and rose of Jericho.[2]","title":"Names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FriedmanStein1980-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Anastatica is found in arid areas in the Middle East and the Sahara Desert, including parts of North Africa and regions of Iran, Egypt, Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Pakistan and India.[5][6]","title":"Range"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"desiccation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiccation"},{"link_name":"moisture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moisture"},{"link_name":"rainy season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainy_season"},{"link_name":"aestivates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestivation"},{"link_name":"hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardiness_(plants)"},{"link_name":"dormant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormancy"},{"link_name":"steppes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe"},{"link_name":"deserts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wickens1998p204-205-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wickens1998p204-205-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FriedmanStein1980-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FriedmanStein1980-5"},{"link_name":"trehalose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trehalose"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wickens1998p121-122-7"},{"link_name":"disaccharide sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaccharide"},{"link_name":"cryptobiosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptobiosis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FGVPv5-9"},{"link_name":"dunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FGVPv5-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"A plant with great resistance to desiccation, its branches have the property of contracting with dryness, remaining closed and dry for many years, reopening with moisture or contact with water, regaining all its freshness and beauty. After the rainy season, the plant dries up, dropping leaves and curling branches into a tight ball, and aestivates. Within the ball, the fruits remain attached and closed, protecting the seeds and preventing them from being dispersed prematurely. The seeds are very hardy and can remain dormant for years. Moistened again in a later rainy season, the ball uncurls and the plant wakes up from its dormant state, which causes the capsular fruits to open to disperse the seeds. If water is sufficient, the dispersed seeds germinate within hours. After it curls, it is easy for the wind itself to lift and drag it large distances, making them obligatory travellers through steppes and deserts crossing the borders of various countries in Asia and disseminating their seeds for all of them.A fraction of the seeds are dispersed in the vicinity of the parent plant by raindrops hitting a spoon-like appendix on the seeds. The seeds have a sticky coat that helps them adhere to the soil,[3] but they also may be carried downstream by surface wash.[3][5] However, seeds swept downstream do not survive.[5]The process of curling and uncurling is completely reversible and can be repeated many times. The ability of the plant to do this is attributed to the presence of trehalose,[7] a disaccharide sugar involved in several mechanisms of cryptobiosis. Although the rehydrated plant sometimes is described as putting out new leaves, flowers, and fruits,[8] this is disputed; instead, the seeds may sometimes germinate and sprout new plants while still seated in the fruit on the dead parent plant.Anastatica has been described as the most famous tumbleweed.[9] Once dry, the ball is said to become detached and is dispersed by wind. This tumbleweed habit has been interpreted as a mechanism of avoiding burial in dunes.[10] However, Anastatica may possess this habit only in the literature,[9] or tumble only rarely, if uprooted by accident.[11]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hygrometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygrometer"},{"link_name":"shaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaman"}],"text":"Since ancient times it was used as an element to guess the climate, since being a vegetable hygrometer, the wise man or shaman, predicted it with success. In dry weather the plant remains completely closed; in wet weather, it opens slowly; if it threatens rain, it opens in a very showy way and with more or less speed according to the proximity of discharge of the clouds.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anastatica_hierochuntica_flower.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zarga_mountains_(10).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SproutingAnastatica.jpg"}],"text":"Flowers\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDried up\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIn water","title":"Gallery"}]	[]	[{"title":"Pallenis hierochuntica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallenis_hierochuntica"}]	[{"reference":"William Francis Ganong (1921). A Textbook of botany for colleges. MacMillan Co. p. 604.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RkgaAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"A Textbook of botany for colleges"}]},{"reference":"James A. Duke; Peggy-Ann K. Duke; Judith L. duCellie (2007). Duke's Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible. CRC Press. p. 552. ISBN 978-0-8493-8202-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UcLYLpwdcm8C","url_text":"Duke's Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-8202-4","url_text":"978-0-8493-8202-4"}]},{"reference":"G. E. Wickens (1998). Ecophysiology of Economic Plants in Arid and Semi-arid Lands. Springer. p. 343. ISBN 3-540-52171-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s8oSKa6_EB8C","url_text":"Ecophysiology of Economic Plants in Arid and Semi-arid Lands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-52171-2","url_text":"3-540-52171-2"}]},{"reference":"Quisquis (1886). \"Tumble-weeds\". Botanical Gazette. 11 (3): 68. doi:10.1086/325923. S2CID 224838371.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_vcEAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"\"Tumble-weeds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F325923","url_text":"10.1086/325923"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224838371","url_text":"224838371"}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Jacob; Zipporah Stein (March 1980). \"The Influence of Seed-Dispersal Mechanisms on the Dispersion of Anastatica Hierochuntica (Cruciferae) in the Negev Desert, Israel\". The Journal of Ecology. 68 (1): 43–50. Bibcode:1980JEcol..68...43F. doi:10.2307/2259242. JSTOR 2259242.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980JEcol..68...43F","url_text":"1980JEcol..68...43F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2259242","url_text":"10.2307/2259242"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2259242","url_text":"2259242"}]},{"reference":"G. E. Wickens (1998). Ecophysiology of Economic Plants in Arid and Semi-arid Lands. Springer. p. 343. ISBN 3-540-52171-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s8oSKa6_EB8C","url_text":"Ecophysiology of Economic Plants in Arid and Semi-arid Lands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-52171-2","url_text":"3-540-52171-2"}]},{"reference":"Baynes, Thomas Spencer; Kellogg, Day Otis; Smith, William Robertson (1897). The Encyclopædia Britannica. Werner Company. pp. 175–176.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabr00smitgoog","url_text":"The Encyclopædia Britannica"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabr00smitgoog/page/n183","url_text":"175"}]},{"reference":"O. Appel; I. A. Al-Shehbaz (2003). \"Cruciferae\". In K. Kubitzki; C. Bayer (eds.). The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. 5: Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. Springer. pp. 75–174. ISBN 3-540-42873-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-42873-9","url_text":"3-540-42873-9"}]},{"reference":"L. J. Templin (1890). \"Distribution of plants\". The Kansas City Review of Science and Industry. 3: 612–614.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SBMLAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"\"Distribution of plants\""}]},{"reference":"W. F. Ganong (1896). \"An outline of phytobiology\". Bulletin of the Natural History Society of New Brunswick. 13: 3–26, page 1 errata.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Francis_Ganong","url_text":"W. F. Ganong"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CNMRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA16","url_text":"\"An outline of phytobiology\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RkgaAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"A Textbook of botany for colleges"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UcLYLpwdcm8C","external_links_name":"Duke's Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s8oSKa6_EB8C","external_links_name":"Ecophysiology of Economic Plants in Arid and Semi-arid Lands"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_vcEAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Tumble-weeds\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F325923","external_links_name":"10.1086/325923"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224838371","external_links_name":"224838371"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=250063641","external_links_name":"Anastatica hierochuntica in Flora of Pakistan @ 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Workstation	Sun Java Workstation	["1 Models","2 References","3 Sun timeline"]	Not to be confused with JavaStation. Sun Java Workstation was a line of computer workstations sold by Sun Microsystems from 2004 to 2006, based on the AMD Opteron microprocessor family. The range supplanted the earlier Sun Blade workstation line. These were the first x86-architecture workstations Sun had produced, other than the short-lived Sun386i in the late 1980s. Supported operating systems were Solaris, Red Hat Enterprise Linux WS or SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 9. The Java Workstation name alluded to the workstations being intended to run Sun's Java Desktop System, a GNOME-based desktop environment. The Java Workstation series was replaced by Ultra 20 and Ultra 40 workstations from 2005 onwards. Models Model Code Codename Processor(s) Processor speed (GHz) Java Workstation W1100z A58 Metropolis1P One Opteron 144, 146, 148 or 150 1.8, 2.0, 2.2 or 2.4 Java Workstation W2100z A59 Metropolis2P Two Opteron 244, 246, 248, 250 or 252 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4 or 2.6 References Sun System Handbook at the Wayback Machine (archived December 18, 2004) Sun System Handbook 2.1.8, Internal/Partner Edition at the Wayback Machine (archived August 16, 2008) Sun Java Workstation W1100z at the Wayback Machine (archived December 11, 2004) Sun Java Workstation W2100z at the Wayback Machine (archived December 14, 2004) Sun timeline vteSun Microsystems (acquired by Oracle)Hardware Sun-1 Sun-2 Sun-3 Sun386i Sun-4 SPARCstation 1 2 10 20 5 Netra Ultra Enterprise Sun Blade Sun Fire SPARC Enterprise SPARC JavaStation Sun Ray Sun Modular Datacenter Software SunOS Solaris NIS NIS+ NFS ZFS SunView NeWS OpenWindows Java Desktop System Studio Java StarOffice iPlanet Sun Java System Sun Secure Global Desktop MySQL Sun xVM GlassFish VirtualBox Storage StorageTek Sun Open Storage QFS ZFS Performance Sun Cloud Sun Constellation System Sun Visualization System Sun Grid Engine Lustre Research Sun Microsystems Laboratories picoJava Fortress Project Looking Glass Education SCPs BlueJ Community Common Development and Distribution License Java Community Process NetBeans OpenOffice.org OpenSolaris OpenSPARC OpenJDK Open Source University Meetup People Bill Joy Andy Bechtolsheim Scott McNealy Vinod Khosla Slogans The Network is the Computer Write once, run anywhere Category This computer hardware article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JavaStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaStation"},{"link_name":"computer workstations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_workstation"},{"link_name":"Sun Microsystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems"},{"link_name":"AMD Opteron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD_Opteron"},{"link_name":"microprocessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor"},{"link_name":"Sun Blade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Blade_(workstation)"},{"link_name":"x86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86"},{"link_name":"architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_architecture"},{"link_name":"Sun386i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun386i"},{"link_name":"operating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systems"},{"link_name":"Solaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"Red Hat Enterprise Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux"},{"link_name":"SUSE Linux Enterprise Server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUSE_Linux_Enterprise_Server"},{"link_name":"Java Desktop System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Desktop_System"},{"link_name":"GNOME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME"},{"link_name":"desktop environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_environment"},{"link_name":"Ultra 20 and Ultra 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Ultra_series"}],"text":"Not to be confused with JavaStation.Sun Java Workstation was a line of computer workstations sold by Sun Microsystems from 2004 to 2006, based on the AMD Opteron microprocessor family. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Waldorf_School	Honolulu Waldorf School	["1 History","2 Campus","3 Curriculum","4 Administration","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 21°16′44″N 157°47′13″W / 21.279003°N 157.787040°W / 21.279003; -157.787040Private school in Hawaii, United States Honolulu Waldorf School, established in 1961, is a coeducational, independent school serving more than 300 children from early childhood through middle school located on the island of Oahu in the State of Hawaii. It previously included high school levels. History The original Nursery through Grade 8 school was founded in 1961 and is located in Niu Valley. The high school began in 1994 with its first freshmen class and graduated its first class of seniors in 1998. As of May, 2009 the high school campus was located in the Honolulu suburb of Kahala. It was relocated to an oceanfront property at 5257 Kalanianaole Highway in Aina Haina, in August of the same year (21°16.510′N 157°45.208′W / 21.275167°N 157.753467°W / 21.275167; -157.753467). In 2018 a flood affected the institution. The school closed admissions to its high school and closed the high school building effective May 2019, and for the 2019-2020 school year only four students who had been 11th grade students the previous year were allowed to be in the high school. The school cited issues with lower numbers of students, causing a decrease in funding. Campus The K-8 is on a monkey pod tree-shaded campus in Niu Valley (21°16.769′N 157°47.243′W / 21.279483°N 157.787383°W / 21.279483; -157.787383), at 350 Ulua Street, in East Honolulu CDP. In the 2000 U.S. Census the U.S. Census Bureau defined the K-8 campus as being in the urban Honolulu census-designated place. For the 2010 U.S. Census the bureau created a new census-designated place, East Honolulu. The lower school in Niu Valley is graced by Giant Monkey pod trees and was known as Makau Campus while the former high school campus was in Aina Haina. It was known as the Makai Campus. Curriculum As a part of Waldorf education, the Honolulu Waldorf School teaches what is developmentally appropriate beginning in early childhood and ending at Grade 12. In the high school, the academic year is apportioned into three to four week blocks called Main Lessons, whereby a subject such as science, history, math or English is taught for two hours every morning. Throughout the year students are presented a range of topics including oceanography, Shakespeare, botany, foundations of democracy, comedy and tragedy, Faust, zoology, biochemistry, physiology and analytical geometry. Administration Instead of school policies and curricula being created and maintained by a principal, the entire faculty administer the school through communal discussions and consensus decisions. See also Waldorf education Curriculum of the Waldorf schools List of high schools in Hawaii Interscholastic League of Honolulu References ^ a b c "Honolulu Waldorf School to close Aina Haina high school campus". Hawaii News Now. 2019-05-24. Retrieved 2020-10-11. ^ "Honolulu Waldorf School's high school campus to close on May 31st". KITV. 2019-05-24. Retrieved 2020-10-11. - Mobile view ^ a b "2010 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP (INDEX): East Honolulu CDP, HI" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2020-10-10. - Pages 1 and 2 ^ "Home". Honolulu Waldorf School. Retrieved 2020-10-10. Niu Campus (Early Childhood-Grade 8) 350 Ulua Street Honolulu, HI 96821 ^ "CENSUS 2000 BLOCK MAP: HONOLULU CDP" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2020-10-10. - The area with Honolulu Waldorf High is on Page 13. ^ High school address was: "5257 Kalanianaole Hwy. Honolulu, HI 96821" External links Official website vteEast Honolulu, HawaiiAreas ʻĀina Haina Hawaiʻi Kai Landmarks Holy Trinity Catholic Church Makapuʻu Point Waialae Country Club Schools Henry J. Kaiser HS Kalani HS Honolulu Waldorf School This list is incomplete. vteEducation in Honolulu County, HawaiiPublic K-12 ʻAiea HS Campbell HS Castle HS Farrington HS Hawaii School for the Deaf and the Blind Kahuku HS & Int Kailua HS Kaimuki HS Kalaheo HS Kapolei HS Princess Ruth Keʻelikōlani MS (formerly Central MS) Leilehua HS McKinley HS Mililani HS Moanalua HS Nanakuli HS & Int Pearl City HS Radford HS Royal ES Roosevelt HS Waialua HS & Int Waianae HS Waipahu HS Education Laboratory School Private K-12 Assets School Damien Memorial School Hanalani Schools Hawaii Baptist Academy Hawaiian Mission Academy Hongwanji Mission School Honolulu Waldorf School ʻIolani School Island Pacific Academy Kamehameha Schools La Pietra Lanakila Baptist School Le Jardin Academy Lutheran High School of Hawaii Maryknoll School Mid-Pacific Institute Pacific Buddhist Academy Punahou School Sacred Hearts Academy St. Andrew's Schools Saint Louis School Varsity International SchoolClosed Honolulu Military Academy Saint Francis School Tertiary University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa template Brigham Young University–Hawaii template Chaminade University of Honolulu Hawaii Tokai Int'l College Honolulu Community College Kapiʻolani Community College Leeward Community College Windward Community College Libraries Hawaii State Library This list is incomplete. vteInterscholastic League of Honolulu (ILH) Assets School Christian Academy Damien Memorial School Education Laboratory School Hanalani Schools Hawaii Baptist Academy Hawaiian Mission Academy Ho'ala School Honolulu Waldorf School Island Pacific Academy ʻIolani School Kamehameha Schools La Pietra Lanakila Baptist School Le Jardin Academy Lutheran High School Maryknoll School Mid-Pacific Institute Pacific Buddhist Academy Punahou School Redemption Academy Sacred Hearts Academy St. Andrew's Priory School Saint Francis School Saint Louis School Word of Life Academy 21°16′44″N 157°47′13″W / 21.279003°N 157.787040°W / 21.279003; -157.787040 Authority control databases International VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oahu"},{"link_name":"State of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Hawaii"}],"text":"Private school in Hawaii, United StatesHonolulu Waldorf School, established in 1961, is a coeducational, independent school serving more than 300 children from early childhood through middle school located on the island of Oahu in the State of Hawaii. It previously included high school levels.","title":"Honolulu Waldorf School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aina Haina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aina_Haina"},{"link_name":"21°16.510′N 157°45.208′W / 21.275167°N 157.753467°W / 21.275167; -157.753467","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Honolulu_Waldorf_School&params=21_16.510_N_157_45.208_W_"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HawaiiNewsNow-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HawaiiNewsNow-1"}],"text":"The original Nursery through Grade 8 school was founded in 1961 and is located in Niu Valley.The high school began in 1994 with its first freshmen class and graduated its first class of seniors in 1998. As of May, 2009 the high school campus was located in the Honolulu suburb of Kahala. It was relocated to an oceanfront property at 5257 Kalanianaole Highway in Aina Haina, in August of the same year (21°16.510′N 157°45.208′W / 21.275167°N 157.753467°W / 21.275167; -157.753467).[citation needed]In 2018 a flood affected the institution.[1] The school closed admissions to its high school and closed the high school building effective May 2019, and for the 2019-2020 school year only four students who had been 11th grade students the previous year were allowed to be in the high school.[2] The school cited issues with lower numbers of students, causing a decrease in funding.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Niu Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niu_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"21°16.769′N 157°47.243′W / 21.279483°N 157.787383°W / 21.279483; -157.787383","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Honolulu_Waldorf_School&params=21_16.769_N_157_47.243_W_"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"East Honolulu CDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Honolulu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EastHonoluluCDP-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2000 U.S. Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_U.S._Census"},{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2010 U.S. Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_U.S._Census"},{"link_name":"East Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Honolulu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EastHonoluluCDP-3"},{"link_name":"Aina Haina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aina_Haina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HawaiiNewsNow-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The K-8 is on a monkey pod tree-shaded campus in Niu Valley (21°16.769′N 157°47.243′W / 21.279483°N 157.787383°W / 21.279483; -157.787383),[citation needed] at 350 Ulua Street, in East Honolulu CDP.[3][4] In the 2000 U.S. Census the U.S. Census Bureau defined the K-8 campus as being in the urban Honolulu census-designated place.[5] For the 2010 U.S. Census the bureau created a new census-designated place, East Honolulu.[3]The lower school in Niu Valley is graced by Giant Monkey pod trees and was known as Makau Campus while the former high school campus was in Aina Haina.[1] It was known as the Makai Campus.[6]","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waldorf education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldorf_education"},{"link_name":"oceanography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography"},{"link_name":"democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy"},{"link_name":"Faust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faust"}],"text":"As a part of Waldorf education, the Honolulu Waldorf School teaches what is developmentally appropriate beginning in early childhood and ending at Grade 12.In the high school, the academic year is apportioned into three to four week blocks called Main Lessons, whereby a subject such as science, history, math or English is taught for two hours every morning. Throughout the year students are presented a range of topics including oceanography, Shakespeare, botany, foundations of democracy, comedy and tragedy, Faust, zoology, biochemistry, physiology and analytical geometry.","title":"Curriculum"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Instead of school policies and curricula being created and maintained by a principal, the entire faculty administer the school through communal discussions and consensus decisions.","title":"Administration"}]	[]	[{"title":"Waldorf education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldorf_education"},{"title":"Curriculum of the Waldorf schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_of_the_Waldorf_schools"},{"title":"List of high schools in Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_high_schools_in_Hawaii"},{"title":"Interscholastic League of Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interscholastic_League_of_Honolulu"}]	[{"reference":"\"Honolulu Waldorf School to close Aina Haina high school campus\". Hawaii News Now. 2019-05-24. Retrieved 2020-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/2019/05/24/honolulu-waldorf-school-close-aina-haina-high-school-campus/","url_text":"\"Honolulu Waldorf School to close Aina Haina high school campus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_News_Now","url_text":"Hawaii News Now"}]},{"reference":"\"Honolulu Waldorf School's high school campus to close on May 31st\". KITV. 2019-05-24. Retrieved 2020-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kitv.com/story/40532827/honolulu-waldorf-schools-high-school-campus-to-close-on-may-31st","url_text":"\"Honolulu Waldorf School's high school campus to close on May 31st\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KITV","url_text":"KITV"}]},{"reference":"\"2010 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP (INDEX): East Honolulu CDP, HI\" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Jean_Vianney_School	St. Jean Vianney School	["1 History","2 Students","3 Academics","4 Athletics and Extracurriculars","5 Awards","6 Principals","7 Mission statement","8 References","9 External links"]	Coordinates: 30°25′26″N 91°0′20″W / 30.42389°N 91.00556°W / 30.42389; -91.00556School in Louisiana, United States This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "St. Jean Vianney School" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) St. Jean Vianney Catholic School Established 1985 School type Private, Roman Catholic Principal Mrs. Wendy Gilmore Ross Grades K-8 Location 16266 S. Harrell's Ferry RoadBaton Rouge, Louisiana 70816 Phone (225) 751–1831 Enrollment approx. 500 Colors Red and White Mascot Gators Homepage St. Jean Vianney Catholic School is the newest Roman Catholic Elementary/Middle Parochial School in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. It runs from kindergarten to eighth grade and is a part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Baton Rouge. History The school opened in August 1985 with a small enrollment of 90 students in grades kindergarten to four. The school building, consisting of two floors with four classrooms on each floor, was dedicated by Bishop Stanley Ott and Father Eugene Engels, the pastor at St. Jean Vianney Church at the time. Between 1985 and 1992, the enrollment grew to approximately 300. Because of this, starting with the Class of 2000, who entered kindergarten in the 1991–1992 school year, the classes for each grade were split in two with about thirty students in each section. In addition, a second wing containing four classrooms and a larger cafeteria was constructed and opened in the 1992–1993 school year. Also during this year, a courtyard containing concrete paths, trees, and a flagpole was built between the two buildings. In 1991, the school opened a computer lab with about thirty computers donated by Piccadilly Cafeterias. In 1995, the school's library was moved from a small classroom to a hall on the church grounds known as "Curé d'Ars Hall," which also served as the original school cafeteria until 1992. Between 1995 and 2000, the campus received four temporary buildings for use as alternate classrooms and for electives. In 1998, to accommodate for an even larger student body, the cafeteria was converted into four classrooms. Since 1998, students eat their lunch in the old church building, now known as Father Engels Hall. Students The school's courtyard and first building, taken from the second floor. As of 2006, there are approximately 500 students, and since 1999, the enrollment has been around that number. Immediately following Hurricane Katrina, the school accepted several dozens of students from New Orleans, bringing its enrollment close to 600, but many returned to their schools soon after. Students are required to wear uniforms, and in addition, they have to wear dress clothing (long pants for boys and skirts for girls) on days in which the Mass is celebrated (usually Friday or Holy Days of Obligation); however, there are many opportunities in which students have free dress day. In addition, on the first Friday of each month, students can wear a Spirit Day tee-shirt. Academics St. Jean Vianney offers instruction in reading, mathematics, science, social studies, English, and religion to all students. Younger grades also take phonics. In the middle school grades, there are upper and lower-level classes in various subjects, and some eighth graders can take algebra. There are seven fifty-minute periods daily to accommodate adequate teaching time to each subject, and there is a thirty-minute lunch period, as well as an afternoon recess, for the middle schoolers. The lower grades have two recesses. Students also participate in electives, which include Spanish, computer science, art, and physical education. Students from third grade to eighth grade are also required to read between one and three books from an approved list as part of a summer reading program. Also, students, beginning in second grade, participate in the Accelerated Reader program in which they must either read a certain number of books or earn a minimum number of points as part of a required grade in reading class. The three students in each class who earn the most points for each quarter are awarded with a certificate. At the end of each of the four nine-week quarters, students in grades three through eight who have received all A's in their subjects, conduct, and penmanship receive recognition and awarded certificates for making Principal's List. Students in these grades who have A's and B's on their report card receive Honor Roll recognition. Students who maintain Principal's List or Honor Roll for all four quarters of the year are presented medals for their work at the final awards ceremony. Students who receive all A's in conduct are awarded. The best student in each class, also chosen by the teacher is awarded the SJV Award. Athletics and Extracurriculars St. Jean Vianney offers several options for athletic and extracurricular activities. In terms of athletics, boys may play football or basketball, and girls may play basketball or volleyball, or they can serve as cheerleaders. The school also has a co-ed track team, as well as a cross country team. The 2008–2009 school year was the first time the school have ever had a soccer team. It is for grades five through eighth, boys and girls. On January 20, 2016, the school opened the doors to its first gymnasium. St. Jean Vianney also has a Junior Beta Club, in which middle school students are allowed to join via invitation. The school has a Student Council for middle schoolers. These two clubs participate in service projects around the community. In addition, there is a Math Club, which participates in several local junior high tournaments. A Drama Club was recently started at the school, and they perform a play annually during the spring. The school also has a band and choir, and they perform at both school and sometimes Sunday masses, as well as various other school events. Students can also participate in the yearbook club, in which they assist in producing the school's yearbook. St. Jean also hosts a Spirit Day Pep Rally several times throughout the year, as well as Field Day at the end of the school year. They traditionally hold Halloween parties for each grade. On a weekly basis, The school celebrates mass, and once a month, students whose birthdays fall during the month are recognized. Fifth and eighth graders participate in the DARE program, and all students participate in an essay, poem, and poster contest hosted by the Catholic Daughters. Middle school students in grade six participate in a Social Studies Fair, grade seven participate in science fair, and grade eight participate in Religion fair.. Awards In addition to being recognized for Principal's List, Honor Roll, and good conduct, there are various special awards that a student can receive. Every quarter, the teacher in each class selects an outstanding student to receive the SJV Award. Students can be recognized for perfect attendance at the end of each year. The Woodman of the World Award is presented to an outstanding seventh grader, based on social studies scores in American history. The Claire Goudeau award is also given to up to four fourth-graders who are chosen by their teachers. Eighth graders have the opportunity to receive additional awards for their effort and contribution to St. Jean Vianney. Subject and athletic awards are presented to outstanding athletes and students at an end-of-the-year breakfast. Two eighth grade students (one boy and one girl) who have participated outstandingly in sports are awarded the Danny Maranto Award. A graduation ceremony and mass is held on a Saturday morning in May to confer diplomas to all eighth graders. Also at this ceremony, the Holy Trinity Award, St. Jean Vianney's highest honor, is presented to the best "all-around" student. Principals Jo Ellen Ourso (1985-1990) Lillian Harelson (1990-1995) Mike Lucia (1995-1999) Lorry Perry (1999-2003) Christina Babin (2003-2005) Wendy Gilmore Ross (2005–present) Mission statement The mission of St. Jean Vianney School is to enhance and develop the God-given capabilities and talents of each student according to Catholic principles and sound educational theory. References External links Official Site 30°25′26″N 91°0′20″W / 30.42389°N 91.00556°W / 30.42389; -91.00556	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baton Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Rouge"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"kindergarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Baton Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Baton_Rouge"}],"text":"School in Louisiana, United StatesSt. Jean Vianney Catholic School is the newest Roman Catholic Elementary/Middle Parochial School in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. It runs from kindergarten to eighth grade and is a part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Baton Rouge.","title":"St. Jean Vianney School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Piccadilly Cafeterias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccadilly_Cafeteria"}],"text":"The school opened in August 1985 with a small enrollment of 90 students in grades kindergarten to four. The school building, consisting of two floors with four classrooms on each floor, was dedicated by Bishop Stanley Ott and Father Eugene Engels, the pastor at St. Jean Vianney Church at the time.Between 1985 and 1992, the enrollment grew to approximately 300. Because of this, starting with the Class of 2000, who entered kindergarten in the 1991–1992 school year, the classes for each grade were split in two with about thirty students in each section. In addition, a second wing containing four classrooms and a larger cafeteria was constructed and opened in the 1992–1993 school year. Also during this year, a courtyard containing concrete paths, trees, and a flagpole was built between the two buildings.In 1991, the school opened a computer lab with about thirty computers donated by Piccadilly Cafeterias. In 1995, the school's library was moved from a small classroom to a hall on the church grounds known as \"Curé d'Ars Hall,\" which also served as the original school cafeteria until 1992. Between 1995 and 2000, the campus received four temporary buildings for use as alternate classrooms and for electives. In 1998, to accommodate for an even larger student body, the cafeteria was converted into four classrooms. Since 1998, students eat their lunch in the old church building, now known as Father Engels Hall.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Jean_Vianney_Catholic_School,_courtyard.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Katrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Holy Days of Obligation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Days_of_Obligation"}],"text":"The school's courtyard and first building, taken from the second floor.As of 2006, there are approximately 500 students, and since 1999, the enrollment has been around that number. Immediately following Hurricane Katrina, the school accepted several dozens of students from New Orleans, bringing its enrollment close to 600, but many returned to their schools soon after. Students are required to wear uniforms, and in addition, they have to wear dress clothing (long pants for boys and skirts for girls) on days in which the Mass is celebrated (usually Friday or Holy Days of Obligation); however, there are many opportunities in which students have free dress day. In addition, on the first Friday of each month, students can wear a Spirit Day tee-shirt.","title":"Students"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"computer science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science"},{"link_name":"Accelerated Reader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Reader"}],"text":"St. Jean Vianney offers instruction in reading, mathematics, science, social studies, English, and religion to all students. Younger grades also take phonics.In the middle school grades, there are upper and lower-level classes in various subjects, and some eighth graders can take algebra. There are seven fifty-minute periods daily to accommodate adequate teaching time to each subject, and there is a thirty-minute lunch period, as well as an afternoon recess, for the middle schoolers. The lower grades have two recesses.Students also participate in electives, which include Spanish, computer science, art, and physical education.Students from third grade to eighth grade are also required to read between one and three books from an approved list as part of a summer reading program. Also, students, beginning in second grade, participate in the Accelerated Reader program in which they must either read a certain number of books or earn a minimum number of points as part of a required grade in reading class. The three students in each class who earn the most points for each quarter are awarded with a certificate.At the end of each of the four nine-week quarters, students in grades three through eight who have received all A's in their subjects, conduct, and penmanship receive recognition and awarded certificates for making Principal's List. Students in these grades who have A's and B's on their report card receive Honor Roll recognition. Students who maintain Principal's List or Honor Roll for all four quarters of the year are presented medals for their work at the final awards ceremony. Students who receive all A's in conduct are awarded. The best student in each class, also chosen by the teacher is awarded the SJV Award.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Junior Beta Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Beta_Club"},{"link_name":"Halloween","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween"},{"link_name":"DARE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education"}],"text":"St. Jean Vianney offers several options for athletic and extracurricular activities. In terms of athletics, boys may play football or basketball, and girls may play basketball or volleyball, or they can serve as cheerleaders. The school also has a co-ed track team, as well as a cross country team. The 2008–2009 school year was the first time the school have ever had a soccer team. It is for grades five through eighth, boys and girls. On January 20, 2016, the school opened the doors to its first gymnasium.St. Jean Vianney also has a Junior Beta Club, in which middle school students are allowed to join via invitation. The school has a Student Council for middle schoolers. These two clubs participate in service projects around the community. In addition, there is a Math Club, which participates in several local junior high tournaments. A Drama Club was recently started at the school, and they perform a play annually during the spring. The school also has a band and choir, and they perform at both school and sometimes Sunday masses, as well as various other school events. Students can also participate in the yearbook club, in which they assist in producing the school's yearbook.St. Jean also hosts a Spirit Day Pep Rally several times throughout the year, as well as Field Day at the end of the school year. They traditionally hold Halloween parties for each grade. On a weekly basis, The school celebrates mass, and once a month, students whose birthdays fall during the month are recognized. Fifth and eighth graders participate in the DARE program, and all students participate in an essay, poem, and poster contest hosted by the Catholic Daughters. Middle school students in grade six participate in a Social Studies Fair, grade seven participate in science fair, and grade eight participate in Religion fair..","title":"Athletics and Extracurriculars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woodman of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodman_of_the_World"}],"text":"In addition to being recognized for Principal's List, Honor Roll, and good conduct, there are various special awards that a student can receive.Every quarter, the teacher in each class selects an outstanding student to receive the SJV Award. Students can be recognized for perfect attendance at the end of each year. The Woodman of the World Award is presented to an outstanding seventh grader, based on social studies scores in American history. The Claire Goudeau award is also given to up to four fourth-graders who are chosen by their teachers.Eighth graders have the opportunity to receive additional awards for their effort and contribution to St. Jean Vianney. Subject and athletic awards are presented to outstanding athletes and students at an end-of-the-year breakfast. Two eighth grade students (one boy and one girl) who have participated outstandingly in sports are awarded the Danny Maranto Award. A graduation ceremony and mass is held on a Saturday morning in May to confer diplomas to all eighth graders. Also at this ceremony, the Holy Trinity Award, St. Jean Vianney's highest honor, is presented to the best \"all-around\" student.","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Jo Ellen Ourso (1985-1990)\nLillian Harelson (1990-1995)\nMike Lucia (1995-1999)\nLorry Perry (1999-2003)\nChristina Babin (2003-2005)\nWendy Gilmore Ross (2005–present)","title":"Principals"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The mission of St. Jean Vianney School is to enhance and develop the God-given capabilities and talents of each student according to Catholic principles and sound educational theory.","title":"Mission statement"}]	[{"image_text":"The school's courtyard and first building, taken from the second floor.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/St._Jean_Vianney_Catholic_School%2C_courtyard.jpg/250px-St._Jean_Vianney_Catholic_School%2C_courtyard.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St._Jean_Vianney_School&params=30_25_26_N_91_0_20_W_type:edu_region:US-LA","external_links_name":"30°25′26″N 91°0′20″W / 30.42389°N 91.00556°W / 30.42389; -91.00556"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22St.+Jean+Vianney+School%22","external_links_name":"\"St. Jean Vianney School\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22St.+Jean+Vianney+School%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22St.+Jean+Vianney+School%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22St.+Jean+Vianney+School%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22St.+Jean+Vianney+School%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22St.+Jean+Vianney+School%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.stjeanvianneyschool.org/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.stjeanvianneyschool.org/","external_links_name":"Official Site"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St._Jean_Vianney_School&params=30_25_26_N_91_0_20_W_type:edu_region:US-LA","external_links_name":"30°25′26″N 91°0′20″W / 30.42389°N 91.00556°W / 30.42389; -91.00556"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalliopi_Kehajia	Kalliopi Kehajia	["1 Biography","2 Sources"]	Greek feminist and educator Kalliopi A. KehagiaBornΚαλλιόπη Κεχαγιάc. 1839Died1905NationalityGreekKnown forEducator, feminist, activist for women's rights, academic administrator Kalliopi A. Kehagia (Καλλιόπη Κεχαγιά) (c. 1839–1905), was a Greek feminist and educator. Head of the Hill School for girls in Athens and the Zappeion School for Girls in Constantinople, she also founded the Society for Promoting Women's Education. Biography Kehajia was born in Greece in about 1839. She travelled to London to gain an education as a teacher before returning to Greece. She became the Head of the Hill school for girls in Athens where she gave the first open lectures on Literature and social issues including women's issues. She founded the Society for Promoting Women's Education in 1872. She visited France in 1874 to examine their educational systems and to network with other women and educators. And in 1875 she moved to Constantinople to found the Zappeion School for Girls. She ran the school as its Head for fifteen years. Kehajia also travelled to the United States and used the experience to publish newspaper articles describing the status of women in Greece. Kehajia died in 1905. Sources ^ Rappaport, Helen (2001). Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-101-4. ^ "Kehajia, Kalliopi (1839–1905)". www.encyclopedia.com. Encyclopedia.com. ^ Boles, Janet K.; Hoeveler, Diane Long (2004). Historical Dictionary of Feminism. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-4946-4. ^ Uglow, J.; Hendry, M. (8 March 2005). The Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Women's Biography. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-50577-3. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Greece	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Kalliopi A. Kehagia (Καλλιόπη Κεχαγιά) (c. 1839–1905), was a Greek feminist and educator. Head of the Hill School for girls in Athens and the Zappeion School for Girls in Constantinople, she also founded the Society for Promoting Women's Education.[1]","title":"Kalliopi Kehajia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Hill school for girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_Memorial_School"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Society for Promoting Women's Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Promoting_Women%27s_Education"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encyclopedia-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scarecrow-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Springer-4"}],"text":"Kehajia was born in Greece in about 1839. She travelled to London to gain an education as a teacher before returning to Greece. She became the Head of the Hill school for girls in Athens where she gave the first open lectures on Literature and social issues including women's issues.She founded the Society for Promoting Women's Education in 1872. She visited France in 1874 to examine their educational systems and to network with other women and educators. And in 1875 she moved to Constantinople to found the Zappeion School for Girls. She ran the school as its Head for fifteen years. Kehajia also travelled to the United States and used the experience to publish newspaper articles describing the status of women in Greece. Kehajia died in 1905.[2][3][4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Rappaport, Helen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Rappaport"},{"link_name":"Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=rpuSzowmIkgC&dq=Kalliopi+Kehajia+%281839%E2%80%931905%29&pg=PA529"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-57607-101-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-101-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-encyclopedia_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Kehajia, Kalliopi (1839–1905)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/kehajia-kalliopi-1839-1905"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Scarecrow_3-0"},{"link_name":"Historical Dictionary of Feminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=tOVlvvrMJhUC&dq=Kalliopi+Kehajia+%281839%E2%80%931905%29&pg=PA181"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8108-4946-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4946-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Springer_4-0"},{"link_name":"The Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Women's Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=i8OHDAAAQBAJ&dq=Kalliopi+Kehajia+%281839%E2%80%931905%29&pg=PA654"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-230-50577-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-50577-3"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16737718#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000399545010"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/294009957"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxrYj3vyVvCr93YXcmDbd"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/107495601X"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no2012154561"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record226621"}],"text":"^ Rappaport, Helen (2001). Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-101-4.\n\n^ \"Kehajia, Kalliopi (1839–1905)\". www.encyclopedia.com. Encyclopedia.com.\n\n^ Boles, Janet K.; Hoeveler, Diane Long (2004). Historical Dictionary of Feminism. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-4946-4.\n\n^ Uglow, J.; Hendry, M. (8 March 2005). The Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Women's Biography. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-50577-3.Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nUnited States\nGreece","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Rappaport, Helen (2001). Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers. ABC-CLIO. 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ISBN 978-0-8108-4946-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tOVlvvrMJhUC&dq=Kalliopi+Kehajia+%281839%E2%80%931905%29&pg=PA181","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Feminism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4946-4","url_text":"978-0-8108-4946-4"}]},{"reference":"Uglow, J.; Hendry, M. (8 March 2005). The Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Women's Biography. Springer. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorabool	Moorabool, Victoria	["1 History","1.1 Heritage listed sites","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 38°04′S 144°18′E / 38.067°S 144.300°E / -38.067; 144.300Not to be confused with Shire of Moorabool. Suburb of City of Greater Geelong, Victoria, AustraliaMooraboolVictoriaThe former railway stationMooraboolCoordinates38°04′S 144°18′E / 38.067°S 144.300°E / -38.067; 144.300Population94 (SAL 2021)Postcode(s)3221/3213LGA(s)City of Greater GeelongState electorate(s)LaraFederal division(s)Corio Suburbs around Moorabool: Sutherlands Creek Anakie Lovely Banks Sutherlands Creek Moorabool Lovely Banks Gheringhap Batesford Bell Post Hill Moorabool (/mˈʊrəbʊl/) is a bounded rural locality of the City of Greater Geelong local government area in Victoria, Australia. History Moorabool Post Office opened on 1 October 1861 and closed in 1960. In 2021, the Victorian Big Battery began operations at Moorabool. Heritage listed sites Moorabool contains a number of heritage listed sites, including: Geelong-Ballarat railway line, Cowies Creek Rail Bridge No. 2 275 Ballan Road, Moorabool railway station Geelong-Ballarat railway line, Moorabool River Railway Viaduct References ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Moorabool (suburb and locality)". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022. ^ Premier Postal History, Post Office List, retrieved 11 April 2008 ^ "Cowies Creek Rail Bridge No. 2 (H2241)". Victorian Heritage Register. Heritage Victoria. Retrieved 4 July 2014. ^ "Former Moorabool Railway Station (H1579)". Victorian Heritage Register. Heritage Victoria. Retrieved 4 July 2014. ^ "Railway Viaduct (H1105)". Victorian Heritage Register. Heritage Victoria. Retrieved 4 July 2014. External links Media related to Moorabool, Victoria at Wikimedia Commons vteLocalities in the City of Greater GeelongCity Armstrong Creek Belmont Corio Grovedale Highton Lara Leopold Newtown Ocean Grove Town Anakie^ Avalon Balliang^ Barwon Heads Batesford^ Bell Park Bell Post Hill Breakwater Ceres Charlemont Clifton Springs Connewarre^ Curlewis Drumcondra Drysdale East Geelong Fyansford Geelong Geelong West Hamlyn Heights Herne Hill Indented Head Little River^ Lovely Banks Manifold Heights Marshall Moolap Mount Duneed^ Newcomb Norlane North Geelong North Shore Point Lonsdale^ Portarlington Rippleside South Geelong St Albans Park St Leonards Thomson Wallington Wandana Heights Waurn Ponds Whittington Locality Bellarine Breamlea^ Mannerim Marcus Hill Moorabool Point Wilson Staughton Vale Swan Bay ^ - Territory divided with another LGA This article about a location in Barwon South West (region) is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shire of Moorabool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_of_Moorabool"},{"link_name":"/mˈʊrəbʊl/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"City of Greater Geelong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Greater_Geelong"},{"link_name":"local government area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Victoria, Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_Australia"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Shire of Moorabool.Suburb of City of Greater Geelong, Victoria, AustraliaMoorabool (/mˈʊrəbʊl/) is a bounded rural locality of the City of Greater Geelong local government area in Victoria, Australia.","title":"Moorabool, Victoria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Post_Office-2"},{"link_name":"Victorian Big Battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Big_Battery"}],"text":"Moorabool Post Office opened on 1 October 1861 and closed in 1960.[2]In 2021, the Victorian Big Battery began operations at Moorabool.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cowies Creek Rail Bridge No. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cowies_Creek_Rail_Bridge_No._2&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Moorabool railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorabool_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Moorabool River Railway Viaduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moorabool_River_Railway_Viaduct&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Heritage listed sites","text":"Moorabool contains a number of heritage listed sites, including:Geelong-Ballarat railway line, Cowies Creek Rail Bridge No. 2[3]\n275 Ballan Road, Moorabool railway station[4]\nGeelong-Ballarat railway line, Moorabool River Railway Viaduct[5]","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"Moorabool (suburb and locality)\". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL21748","url_text":"\"Moorabool (suburb and locality)\""}]},{"reference":"Premier Postal History, Post Office List, retrieved 11 April 2008","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierpostal.com/cgi-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=VIC&country=","url_text":"Post Office List"}]},{"reference":"\"Cowies Creek Rail Bridge No. 2 (H2241)\". Victorian Heritage Register. Heritage Victoria. Retrieved 4 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/places/result_detail/123524","url_text":"\"Cowies Creek Rail Bridge No. 2 (H2241)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Heritage_Register","url_text":"Victorian Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Victoria","url_text":"Heritage Victoria"}]},{"reference":"\"Former Moorabool Railway Station (H1579)\". Victorian Heritage Register. Heritage Victoria. Retrieved 4 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/places/result_detail/848","url_text":"\"Former Moorabool Railway Station (H1579)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Heritage_Register","url_text":"Victorian Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Victoria","url_text":"Heritage Victoria"}]},{"reference":"\"Railway Viaduct (H1105)\". Victorian Heritage Register. Heritage Victoria. Retrieved 4 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/places/result_detail/1921","url_text":"\"Railway Viaduct (H1105)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Heritage_Register","url_text":"Victorian Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Victoria","url_text":"Heritage Victoria"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Moorabool,_Victoria&params=38_04_S_144_18_E_type:city_region:AU-VIC","external_links_name":"38°04′S 144°18′E / 38.067°S 144.300°E / -38.067; 144.300"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Moorabool,_Victoria&params=38_04_S_144_18_E_type:city_region:AU-VIC","external_links_name":"38°04′S 144°18′E / 38.067°S 144.300°E / -38.067; 144.300"},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL21748","external_links_name":"\"Moorabool (suburb and locality)\""},{"Link":"https://www.premierpostal.com/cgi-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=VIC&country=","external_links_name":"Post Office List"},{"Link":"http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/places/result_detail/123524","external_links_name":"\"Cowies Creek Rail Bridge No. 2 (H2241)\""},{"Link":"http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/places/result_detail/848","external_links_name":"\"Former Moorabool Railway Station (H1579)\""},{"Link":"http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/places/result_detail/1921","external_links_name":"\"Railway Viaduct (H1105)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moorabool,_Victoria&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:D-Kuru	User talk:D-Kuru	["1 Disambiguation link notification for September 18","2 ArbCom 2021 Elections voter message","3 You take good photos!","4 ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message","5 ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message"]	Disambiguation link notification for September 18 Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. An automated process has detected that when you recently edited Nokia XR20, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Corning. Such links are usually incorrect, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of unrelated topics with similar titles. (Read the FAQ • Join us at the DPL WikiProject.) It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 05:57, 18 September 2021 (UTC) ArbCom 2021 Elections voter message Hello! Voting in the 2021 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 6 December 2021. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate in the 2021 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:13, 23 November 2021 (UTC) You take good photos! I was just looking at a very detailed image of a USB-C port (when I probably should have been working) and I noticed it wasn't a crop in of a bigger image, like most would do, it was a well-shot macro image. I looked at it full size on my monitor and was taken aback for a minute or so. I had a look at some other photos you took, and I like what I see, it's good stuff. Keep at it. PipitSweet16 (talk) 10:11, 4 April 2022 (UTC) @PipitSweet16: Thank you for your kind words! The series of the MSI Bravo 17 (which the USB-C images are part of) were indeed a lot of work - yet, could still be better. I guess you are talking about File:MSI Bravo 17 (0017FK-007)-USB-C port PNr°0760.jpg. If you have not see it so far I want to point you to File:MSI Bravo 17 (0017FK-007)-USB-C port large FS PNr°0842.jpg which is created using focus stacking and is sharp from the front to the back. I would like to take even more pictures of electronics, but I am limited to what I can get a grip on which is unfortunately not that much. I already tried to contact companies but I get no reply from them. (eg. I would really like to get a Steam Deck to make some HQ images - I sent a mail to Valve, but they didn't answer :-/ ). On the other hand not having an overwhelming amount of items is not that bad. File:AMD FS1 CPU Socket-top closed - with AMD A10-4600M (AM4600DEC44HJ) APU PNr°0810.jpg for example is another shot that I like a lot. It also took a lot of time to make (around 15 - 20 hours in GIMP just to remove the dust alone). There is very little to no positive words you get back from Wikipedia. There is little to no appreciation of the money, gear and time you put into your work that everybody can use for free (many can't even be bothered to follow the very little restrictions of the licence). So your words are highly appreciated! Thank you very much for them :D --D-Kuru (talk) 15:42, 4 April 2022 (UTC) ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 12 December 2022. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate in the 2022 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. 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If you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:26, 28 November 2023 (UTC)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:D-Kuru&action=edit&section=1"},{"link_name":"Nokia XR20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_XR20"},{"link_name":"Corning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corning"},{"link_name":"usually incorrect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:INTDABLINK"},{"link_name":"FAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:DPL_bot/Dablink_notification_FAQ"},{"link_name":"DPL WikiProject","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation_pages_with_links"},{"link_name":"opt-out instructions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:DPL_bot"},{"link_name":"DPL bot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:DPL_bot"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:DPL_bot"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:D-Kuru&action=edit&section=2"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:D-Kuru&action=edit&section=3"},{"link_name":"PipitSweet16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:PipitSweet16&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:PipitSweet16"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"PipitSweet16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:PipitSweet16&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"File:MSI Bravo 17 (0017FK-007)-USB-C port PNr°0760.jpg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MSI_Bravo_17_(0017FK-007)-USB-C_port_PNr%C2%B00760.jpg"},{"link_name":"File:MSI Bravo 17 (0017FK-007)-USB-C port large FS PNr°0842.jpg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MSI_Bravo_17_(0017FK-007)-USB-C_port_large_FS_PNr%C2%B00842.jpg"},{"link_name":"focus stacking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_stacking"},{"link_name":"File:AMD FS1 CPU Socket-top closed - with AMD A10-4600M (AM4600DEC44HJ) APU PNr°0810.jpg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AMD_FS1_CPU_Socket-top_closed_-_with_AMD_A10-4600M_(AM4600DEC44HJ)_APU_PNr%C2%B00810.jpg"},{"link_name":"D-Kuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:D-Kuru"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:D-Kuru&action=edit&section=4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg"},{"link_name":"2022 Arbitration Committee elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ACE2022"},{"link_name":"eligible users","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee_Elections_December_2022#Election_timeline"},{"link_name":"Arbitration Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ARBCOM"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia arbitration process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration"},{"link_name":"site bans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BAN"},{"link_name":"topic bans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:TBAN"},{"link_name":"arbitration policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Policy"},{"link_name":"the candidates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee_Elections_December_2022/Candidates"},{"link_name":"voting page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SecurePoll/vote/804"},{"link_name":"NoACEMM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:NoACEMM"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki message delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:D-Kuru&action=edit&section=5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg"},{"link_name":"2023 Arbitration Committee elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ACE2023"},{"link_name":"eligible users","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee_Elections_December_2023#Election_timeline"},{"link_name":"Arbitration Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ARBCOM"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia arbitration process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration"},{"link_name":"site bans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BAN"},{"link_name":"topic bans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:TBAN"},{"link_name":"arbitration policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Policy"},{"link_name":"the candidates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee_Elections_December_2023/Candidates"},{"link_name":"voting page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SecurePoll/vote/806"},{"link_name":"NoACEMM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:NoACEMM"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki message delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"Disambiguation link notification for September 18[edit]Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. An automated process has detected that when you recently edited Nokia XR20, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Corning. Such links are usually incorrect, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of unrelated topics with similar titles. (Read the FAQ • Join us at the DPL WikiProject.)It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 05:57, 18 September 2021 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2021 Elections voter message[edit]You take good photos![edit]I was just looking at a very detailed image of a USB-C port (when I probably should have been working) and I noticed it wasn't a crop in of a bigger image, like most would do, it was a well-shot macro image. I looked at it full size on my monitor and was taken aback for a minute or so. I had a look at some other photos you took, and I like what I see, it's good stuff. Keep at it.\nPipitSweet16 (talk) 10:11, 4 April 2022 (UTC)[reply]@PipitSweet16: Thank you for your kind words! The series of the MSI Bravo 17 (which the USB-C images are part of) were indeed a lot of work - yet, could still be better. I guess you are talking about File:MSI Bravo 17 (0017FK-007)-USB-C port PNr°0760.jpg. If you have not see it so far I want to point you to File:MSI Bravo 17 (0017FK-007)-USB-C port large FS PNr°0842.jpg which is created using focus stacking and is sharp from the front to the back.\nI would like to take even more pictures of electronics, but I am limited to what I can get a grip on which is unfortunately not that much. I already tried to contact companies but I get no reply from them. (eg. I would really like to get a Steam Deck to make some HQ images - I sent a mail to Valve, but they didn't answer :-/ ). On the other hand not having an overwhelming amount of items is not that bad. File:AMD FS1 CPU Socket-top closed - with AMD A10-4600M (AM4600DEC44HJ) APU PNr°0810.jpg for example is another shot that I like a lot. It also took a lot of time to make (around 15 - 20 hours in GIMP just to remove the dust alone).\nThere is very little to no positive words you get back from Wikipedia. There is little to no appreciation of the money, gear and time you put into your work that everybody can use for free (many can't even be bothered to follow the very little restrictions of the licence). So your words are highly appreciated! Thank you very much for them :D\n--D-Kuru (talk) 15:42, 4 April 2022 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message[edit]Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 12 December 2022. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.\nIf you wish to participate in the 2022 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:30, 29 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message[edit]Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 11 December 2023. All eligible users are allowed to vote. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Quinn_(politics)	Jack Quinn (politician)	["1 Background","2 Education","3 Pre-congressional career","4 Congressional career","4.1 Selected electoral history","4.2 Duties","4.3 Political views","4.4 Support of selected, specific issues","4.5 Honors","4.6 Reflections of others","5 Post-congressional career","5.1 As President of Erie Community College","6 Community involvement","7 2020 Presidential Election","8 Family and personal life","9 References","10 External links"]	American politician (born 1951) For persons of a similar name, see Jack Quinn (disambiguation). Jack Quinn10th President of Erie Community CollegeIn officeApril 2008 – July 2017Preceded byWilliam D. Reuter (acting)Succeeded byDan HocoyMember of theU.S. House of Representativesfrom New YorkIn officeJanuary 3, 1993 – January 3, 2005Preceded byLouise Slaughter (redistricted)Succeeded byBrian HigginsConstituency30th district (1993–2003)27th district (2003–05)Town Supervisor of HamburgIn office1984–1993Preceded byBarbara C. WicksSucceeded byJohn Michalek Personal detailsBorn (1951-04-13) April 13, 1951 (age 73)Buffalo, New York, U.S.Political partyRepublicanSpouseMary Beth McAndrewsChildrenJack III, Kara ElizabethResidence(s)Hamburg, New York, U.S.EducationSiena CollegeState University of New York at Buffalo John Francis "Jack" Quinn Jr. (born April 13, 1951) is a former President of Erie Community College (ECC), and a former politician from the State of New York. He was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1993 to 2005. Quinn's political views are moderate-conservative to conservative, and his voting record reflects centrist leanings. While in Congress, Quinn was active in numerous committees, subcommittees, and caucuses as chair or member. Prior to becoming a congressional representative, Quinn taught in Orchard Park, New York; worked at a steel plant; and was active in the Hamburg Town Council, as well as being the town's supervisor. After leaving Congress and prior to taking the top leadership post at ECC, Quinn was also president of a lobbying firm in Washington, D.C. Quinn has two adult children, including his son, former New York State Assembly Member Jack Quinn III; and his daughter, Kara Elizabeth. He currently resides in Hamburg with his wife, Mary Beth. Background Quinn was born in Buffalo, New York on April 13, 1951. His father, Jack Quinn Sr., was a locomotive engineer with the South Buffalo Railway, and also worked at the Erie County Public Library. Quinn's mother is Norma; and he has four brothers, Kevin, Jeffrey, Thomas, and Michael. Education Quinn graduated from Siena College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1973 and the State University of New York at Buffalo in 1978 with a Master's degree in Education. Quinn also holds a school superintendent credential that he earned at the State University of New York at Fredonia. Pre-congressional career Quinn was a middle school English teacher in the Orchard Park Central School District for 10 years, where he coached track and field, basketball, and football. Prior to entering the teaching field, Quinn briefly worked at the Bethlehem Steel Plant in Lackawanna, New York. He served on the Hamburg, New York Town Council from 1982 to 1984, followed by a stint as town supervisor until 1993. Congressional career After the retirement of Congressman Henry Nowak, Quinn was elected to the House of Representatives in 1992 representing most of Buffalo and suburban Erie County in the 30th District. On paper, the district was heavily Democratic, and had been made even more Democratic after redistricting in 1992. However, Quinn defeated Erie County Executive Dennis Gorski in an upset. He was re-elected five more times by surprisingly wide margins in what was by far the most Democratic district in the nation to be represented by a Republican. Quinn survived in this district in large part due to the close ties he developed with organized labor, something not common with most Republicans. Quinn worked to develop those ties even while voting against several programs and initiatives early in his career, a few of which included Amtrak subsidies, Social Security, and the Low Income Home Energy Assistant Program. Despite such votes and initially being an unknown, Quinn was successful in Buffalo, much as Jack Kemp was twenty years earlier. Quinn was also viewed as being honorable, and he did not have any character issues. Despite a close relationship with Bill Clinton, whom he considers his friend, he voted for three of the articles of impeachment against him. There have been several suggestions that the House leadership pressured him into doing so, though Quinn, himself, denied this in a 1999 article in the Washington Post. Quinn stated that his position in regard to impeaching Clinton was “a vote of conscience” that was “a personal decision and personally painful”, though he initially stated that the situation did not merit impeachment. It has been reported that Clinton's 1999 visit to Buffalo after his State of the Union Address was in response to Quinn's votes. During the 2002 redistricting process, one map had Quinn drawn into a district with a longtime friend, Democrat John LaFalce. Ultimately, his district was preserved and renumbered as the 27th District. It covered nearly all of his former territory and added Chautauqua County. This came after New York lost a district in the 2000 census. On paper, the new 27th was slightly more Republican than the old 30th. However, had it existed in 2000, Al Gore would have carried it with 53 percent of the vote, one of his best showings for a district represented by a Republican. On April 26, 2004, Quinn announced he would not seek re-election. After leaving Congress, Quinn reported that he had a 70% approval rating while in his position. Selected electoral history Jack Quinn (Standing on Main Stage, Rear, Second from Right) at 1996 Dole-Kemp Rally at the University at Buffalo, NY Quinn's electoral history record has been tracked at Our Campaigns, and portions of it are also presented here. Election Results, United States House of Representatives, 27th District, November 5, 2002 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Democratic Peter Crotty 47,811 27.49 -41.57 Republican Jack Quinn 120,117 69.07 0 Right to Life Thomas Casey 3,586 2.06 -67.00 Green Albert LaBruna 2,405 1.38 -67.68 Quinn also ran on the Conservative ticket in this election. These election results reflect Quinn's largest margin of victory. Election Results, United States House of Representatives, 30th District, November 3, 1992 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Democratic Dennis Gorski 111,445 45.82 -5.88 Republican Jack Quinn 125,734 51.70 0 Right to Life Mary F. Refermat 6,025 2.48 -49.22 Quinn also ran on the Change Congress ticket in this election. These election results represent Quinn's smallest margin of victory. Duties During his tenure in Congress, Quinn was a chair and/or active member of several committees, subcommittees, and caucuses. Quinn was a member of the Transportation and Infrastructure Committee, where he served as chairman of the Railroads Subcommittee. On the Transportation and Infrastructure Committee, Quinn was a member of the Transportation Subcommittees on Aviation, Surface Transportation, Mass Transit, and Water and Environment. Quinn chaired both the Executive Committee of the Congressional Steel Caucusand the Benefits Subcommittee. He further chaired the Republican Working Group on Labor. Quinn was also a member of the Veteran's Affairs Committee, and its related Subcommittee on Hospitals and Health Care. He served on the Joint Economic Committee as a member. Further serving as a leader of Congressional committees, Quinn co-chaired both the Northern Border Caucus and the Northeast-Midwest Congressional Coalition. Quinn was also a member of the Congressional Travel and Tourism Caucus; the Congressional Fire Services Caucus; and the Friends of Ireland Congressional Committee. To aid his constituents, Quinn opened and closed more than 10,000 working cases during his time in Congress. This type of commitment to completing federal casework has been described as “legendary”. Political views Quinn's political affiliation is Republican Conservative to Republican Moderate-Conservative. His political views placed him as a centrist between Democrats and Republicans on most issues on which he voted in Congress in 2004. Much later in his congressional career, his voting record was typically in the middle, falling between Democratic and Republican views. In his first year in Congress, Congressional Quarterly reported that Quinn's voting record was 84–85% Republican in support of the party line. During his first year, while there were issues that he voted in favor of, there were also those that he voted against, including a $16 million community development stimulus package for Buffalo. The Buffalo News reported that Quinn's consistency in voting along Republican party lines was reflected in 87% of his votes by 2001. Regarding Quinn's vote against the $16 million Buffalo stimulus package, Buffalo's Fillmore Council Member David A. Franczyk was quoted in a Buffalo News article by Jerry Zremski on January 1, 1994, stating: Jack Quinn is hurting this community. A portion of Quinn's voting record has been tracked, online, regarding issues such as abortion, education, energy and the environment, gay marriage, healthcare, homeland security, immigration, social security, stem cell research, taxes, the economy, the second amendment (the right to keep and bear arms), and both the War in Afghanistan and the War in Iraq. Regarding abortion, Quinn has stated that he is opposed to allowing women to have them. In 1994, Democrat Ellen T. Kennedy criticized Quinn for voting against a bill that would make it a crime to block abortion clinic access. Kennedy noted that Quinn's 1993 approval rating from a group that supports abortion rights, the National Abortion Reproductive Rights Action League, was 5%. Particular stances regarding certain issues that Quinn holds include being against both gay marriage and the legalization of marijuana. He is a proponent of Alaska/offshore oil drilling, Bush tax cuts, capital punishment, labor, life, and social security privatization. Quinn also supported campaign finance reform. In 1998 at Canisius College in Buffalo, Quinn hosted fellow Congress Member John Lewis, a Democrat and African-American from Georgia who marched with Martin Luther King Jr. in the civil rights movement. The talk in which the two congressional leaders participated was regarding race relations and how they can be improved. The event was attending largely by African-Americans, and was suggested to be an attempt at increasing bloc voter support for Quinn among the Black community in Buffalo. At the 1998 dialogue at Canisius College between Quinn and Lewis, Quinn was quoted in The Buffalo News about race relations: We believe a discussion about race is important, not only nationally, but in our own neighborhoods. That discussion needs to take place not only in the Congress, but in statehouses, county legislatures, in block clubs, and in the streets. It has been suggested that Quinn would have been better to be a Democrat in Buffalo, though as a Republican, he appeared to garner more Republican support in Congress than a Democrat would have. In reality, Quinn has been asked if he would become Democrat, and has not directly answered that question. At that time he was asked in 1996, he stated that there were more important issues at hand, such as balancing the budget, than to which political party one was affiliated. Support of selected, specific issues Quinn was a supporter of Amtrak, working to maintain its prominence in the country's infrastructure, and improve the safety of passengers. Quinn has described himself as an “unabashed Amtrak supporter.” Quinn worked to achieve the passage of the Railroad Retirement Survivors Act that became law in 2001. Regarding the Railroad Retirement Survivors Act, urging that the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 be amended, Quinn stated in a letter to fellow Congress members, being re-quoted on page 9 of The Locomotive Engineer Newsletter in June 1997: During the lifetime of the employee and the spouse, the employee receives a full annuity and so does the spouse. However, after the employees' death, only a widow's or widower's annuity is payable. The inadequate spousal annuity of the current system often leaves the survivor with less than the amount of income needed to meet ordinary and necessary living expenses. Coming from a railroad family, I have seen firsthand the hard work and long hours that go into working on the railroad. The benefits that come along with the life of a railroader are well deserved but more importantly are paid for from within the railroad industry itself. No contributions from American taxpayers are needed. Put simply, an agreement among railroad industry groups for adequately funding annuity reform is what is needed. Quinn was a proponent for rejuvenating both Buffalo's waterfront and inner harbor, as well as the Erie Canal Corridor. In a news release by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) on August 15, 1999, Quinn stated: HUD recognizes the importance of Buffalo's Inner Harbor as an integral part of the Erie Canal. A 'new' Erie Canal can only bring prosperity to our state, including Buffalo, by increasing tourism, and attracting new businesses and new jobs. It is important for us to restore and maintain the quality of the Erie Canal for its historical and cultural value. I have worked hard to bring in more than $37 million in federal funds for the development of the waterfront. There is no doubt that this development is essential for Buffalo's future success. Interested in maintaining the strength of teaching hospitals in New York State, Quinn introduced bipartisan legislation known as The Quinn–Lowey Hospital Emergency Assistance Act (H.R. 2266), co-sponsored by Congress Member Nita Lowey, that aimed to preserve Medicare payments to hospitals. The budget crisis of 1997 contributed to the reduction of funding to hospitals, and the bill aimed to maintain government funding payments to hospitals at their prior levels. Regarding Medicare funding for hospitals in relation to "The Quinn–Lowey Hospital Emergency Assistance Act," Quinn was quoted in a July 28, 1999 official press release, stating: Teaching hospitals are a necessity in serving the elderly and for training doctors. In order for the U.S. to continue being the world leader in graduate medical education, we must continue Medicare's commitment to our teaching hospitals ... every hospital in every state would benefit from this bill, whether it's in a rural, urban or suburban area ... Medicare DSH payments are an absolute necessity. Subjecting DSH to the federal government's annual budget process where it would have to compete against other important federal priorities would represent a wholly inappropriate shift of what is properly a Medicare responsibility to general revenues. Honors Quinn received numerous awards during his work in Congress. Quinn received the AMVETS Silver Helmet Award for working on behalf of veterans; and the Legislative Leadership Award from the National Coalition of Homeless Veterans. Quinn also received the Government Service Award from the Buffalo American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL–CIO) Council for his support of working women and men; and the Spirit of Enterprise Award from the United States Chamber of Commerce. From the National Association of Railroad Passengers, Quinn received the Golden Spike Award. In recognition of Quinn's support for railway safety, he was given Operation Lifesaver 's Congressional Appreciation Award. From his alma mater, Siena College, Quinn received the Joseph A. Buff Distinguished Alumni Award for Career Achievement, and the Bernadine of Siena Medal for service. Quinn was also named one of the Top 50 "Most Effective" Lawmakers in Washington by Congressional Quarterly. Further awards that Quinn has won include the Public Service Award from Niagara Frontier Parks and Recreation Society; the Good Citizen Medal of the National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution; the Humanitarian Award from the Erie County Office for the Disabled; and the Distinguished Graduate Award from the National Catholic Elementary Schools Association. Quinn was honored with the Friend of the Farm Bureau Award. Quinn received this national recognition award for having demonstrated an active and strong record that is consistent with the American farmer's needs. Reflections of others Congressional colleagues saluted Quinn on his work upon his retirement. Congress Members Sue Kelly, Thomas M. Reynolds, and Edolphus Towns made statements in Congress, honoring him for his accomplishments. On December 6, 2004, Congress Member Sue Kelly stated of Quinn, as quoted in Capitol Words: When it comes to obtaining federal assistance toward New York's widespread transportation needs, Jack Quinn has fought and won millions of dollars for our state. It has been an honor to work together with him on the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee. During his 12 years in Congress, Jack Quinn also has distinguished himself by enhancing New York's agriculture industry, protecting our veterans, and advocating the American worker on labor issues. Congress Member Tom Reynolds also recognized Quinn for his congressional achievements, with the following statement in the December 7, 2004 issue of Capitol Words: Throughout his entire career, Jack always acted with the best interests of New Yorkers in mind. As the chairman of the House Republican Working Group on Labor, Jack was the “go-to guy” in our conference on a wide variety of labor-related issues. His positions on both the Transportation and Infrastructure Committee and the Veterans' Affairs Committee allowed Jack to do important work on behalf of our Nation's veteran community and passenger rail systems, employees and customers, issues that were of great importance to him. Congress Member Edolphus Towns shared in Congress further congressional accomplishments of Quinn, being quoted on November 17, 2004 in Capitol Words: As chairman of the Railroads Subcommittee, Jack has been a strong and consistent voice in fighting hard for preserving Amtrak. Amtrak remains a critical part of our transportation infrastructure, especially in New York and along the Northeast corridor. Jack's leadership on this issue has greatly benefited all of us who rely on this important national passenger rail system. In fact, his commitment to this issue earned him the Golden Spike Award from the National Association of Railroad Passengers. Safety on railways is another key issue for Representative Quinn. Post-congressional career After leaving Congress, Quinn joined the Washington, D.C. lobbying firm, Cassidy & Associates as President. As President of Erie Community College Quinn was appointed President of Erie Community College in 2008. There were 59 candidates who were nationally-considered for the post; and the consensus by the ECC Board of Trustees was to appoint Quinn. As the top leader of ECC, Quinn has presided over rising enrollments at the College during a time of decreasing or flat budgetary support from Erie County and the State of New York. ECC obtains approximately 19% of its financial support from Erie County. Quinn understands the need for proper funding for ECC. Regarding the need for increased funding for ECC, Quinn was quoted in a January 20, 2008 McClatchy – Business Tribune News article by Jay Rey: Money is short. I dealt with this as a member of Congress. I dealt with this as the supervisor of Hamburg. We're going to have to be creative. Quinn also has the advantage of having lived "the ECC experience" – as he termed it – within his own family. Quinn's wife, Mary Beth, attended ECC, taking courses for her nursing degree in their earlier years when the couple was also raising their family. Community involvement In 2008, Quinn was the dinner chair of the American Ireland Fund gala. The American Ireland Fund raises monies to support community development, peace, reconciliation, arts, culture, and education in Ireland. Quinn has also been either a member or chair of many civic organizations. He has chaired the Hamburg Industrial Development Agency. Additionally, he is or has been a member of the BryhLin Foundation; the Greater Buffalo Chapter of the American Red Cross; Hamburg Kiwanis Club; the Knights of Columbus; and the Hamburg Chamber of Commerce. He has also been a member of the United Way of Western New York; the Greater Buffalo Chamber of Commerce; and the Southtowns Sewage Treatment Agency. Further, he served on the boards of St. Francis High School in Athol Springs, New York; and the New York State Advisory Council of the American Red Cross. 2020 Presidential Election On August 24, 2020, Quinn was one of 24 former Republican lawmakers to endorse Democratic nominee Joe Biden on the opening day of the Republican National Convention. Family and personal life Quinn is married to his wife, Mary Beth, and has two adult children, Jack III and Kara Elizabeth. Quinn's son, Jack Quinn III, is a former member of the New York State Assembly, the youngest ever to serve in New York State. References ^ a b c d NNDB: Jack Quinn, NNDB.com, Soylent Communications, Retrieved 4 December 2013. ^ a b c d Quinn, John Francis (Jack), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress: 1774–Present, Washington, DC, 2014, Retrieved 4 January 2014. ^ a b c SUNY ECC: Erie Community College: State University of New York: About ECC: The president's office, Erie Community College.edu, Retrieved 4 December 2013. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Jack Quinn to take helm at ECC: His selection raises questions by some on criteria for the post, McClatchy – Tribune Business News, Washington, DC: McClatchy – Tribune Business News, 30 January 2008, Rey, J., Retrieved 11 January 2014. ^ a b c d John R. Quinn Sr., close advisor to congressman son, Buffalo News, Buffalo, NY: Berkshire Hathaway, 19 July 2004, Retrieved 10 January 2014. ^ a b Fundraiser for Congressman Jack Quinn Archived 2014-01-06 at the Wayback Machine, American Short Line and Regional Railroad Association, Washington, DC: American Short Line and Regional Railroad Association, 2014, Retrieved 5 January 2014, ^ a b American Ireland Fund: Jack Quinn and his brothers, Susan O'Neill & Associates, 2008, Retrieved 5 January 2014. ^ a b c d UB Alumni Association: Jack Quinn Jr., EdM '78, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, January 2006, Byers, B.A., Retrieved 16 October 2013. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Alumni: Honorable Jack Quinn '73". Loudonville, NY: Siena College. Archived from the original on 2014-01-05. Retrieved January 4, 2014. ^ a b c d e f g The parable of Jack Quinn, Boston Globe, Boston, MA, 29 December 1998, Shribman, D.M., Retrieved 10 January 2014. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Congressman Jack Quinn, R-New York, Internet Multicasting Service, Undated, Retrieved 7 January 2014. ^ a b c d Everyone can find something to like, quibble with after Quinn's 1st year, Buffalo News, Washington, DC Bureau, 1 January 1994, Zremski, J., Retrieved 11 January 2014. ^ Congressman Jack Quinn, 30th District, New York, Library of Congress Web Archives, Washington, DC: Library of Congress Web Archives, 5 August 2011, Retrieved 4 January 2014. ^ Congressman Jack Quinn, 30th District, New York, Library of Congress: United States 107th Congress Web Archive Collection, Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 12 December 2002, Retrieved 4 January 2014. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Quinn, Jack, Our Campaigns, 4 September 2005, Retrieved 7 January 2014. ^ a b c d Does how Quinn votes really matter? A different political climate insulates Buffalo congressman, Buffalo News, Buffalo, NY: Berkshire Hathaway, 22 May 1995, Turner, D., Retrieved 11 January 2014. ^ a b c d Jack Quinn's disappointing choice, Buffalo News, Buffalo, NY: Berkshire Hathaway, 16 December 1998, Retrieved 11 January 2014. ^ Bush to visit Buffalo on Tuesday; president will speak at Kleinhans to invitation-only crowd, Buffalo News, Buffalo, NY: Berkshire Hathaway, 16 April 2004, Turner, D.L., Retrieved 10 January 2014. ^ a b c d e f Congressman Jack Quinn: The end of a term... A legacy continues, From Our Perspective, 5 December 2004, Retrieved 7 January 2014. ^ Presidential results by congressional district for districts used from 2003 to 2013, via Swing State Project ^ House GOP member announces retirement, CNN.com, Atlanta, GA: Cable News Network/Turner Broadcasting System, Inc., 26 April 2004, Henry, E., Retrieved 7 January 2014. ^ Challenger says he battles the mighty Quinns; claims ex-congressman unfairly aids son's race, Buffalo News, Buffalo, NY: Berkshire Hathaway, 29 July 2006, McCarthy, R.J., Retrieved 11 January 2014. ^ a b c d Honoring Congressmen Amo Houghton and Jack Quinn Archived 2014-01-06 at archive.today, Capitol Words, Sunlight Foundation, 6 December 2004, Retrieved 6 January 2014. ^ a b c d e Honoring Congressman Jack Quinn Archived 2014-01-06 at archive.today, Capitol Words, Sunlight Foundation, 7 December 2004, Retrieved 6 January 2014. ^ a b c d Jack Quinn's quest, Railway Age, Vol. 203 (5), No. 4, 2002, Vantuono, W.C., Retrieved 11 January 2014. ^ a b c d e f Tribute to Congressman Jack Quinn, Capitol Words, Sunlight Foundation, 17 November 2004, Retrieved 6 January 2014. ^ a b c d e f Jack Quinn thriving as moderate republican, Buffalo News, Buffalo, NY: Berkshire Hathaway, 28 June 1998, McCarthy, B., Retrieved 11 January 2014. ^ a b c Jack Quinn's decision, Buffalo News, Buffalo, NY: Berkshire Hathaway, 11 September 2001, Retrieved 11 January 2014. ^ a b Rep. Jack Quinn, Govtrack.us, Washington, DC: Civic Impulse, LLC, 2014, Retrieved 4 January 2014. ^ a b The evolution of Jack Quinn; redistricting sets the Hamburg republican up for a long run in Congress, despite a term-limit pledge made when he was first elected, Buffalo News, Buffalo, NY: Berkshire Hathaway, 16 June 2002, Turner, D., Retrieved 11 January 2014. ^ Hamilton: Obama, Lewis, and Quinn on education, Niagara Gazette, Niagara Falls, NY: Niagara Gazette, 23 August 2013, Hamilton, K., Retrieved 5 January 2014. ^ Jack Quinn – On the issues, PoliGu.com: The political guide, Undated, Retrieved 4 January 2014. ^ a b c Kennedy assails Quinn on his abortion position, Buffalo News, Buffalo, NY: Berkshire Hathaway, 11 May 1994, McCarthy, R.J., Retrieved 11 January 2014. ^ a b c 'Jack (Quinn), would you ever consider becoming Democrat?', Buffalo News, Buffalo, NY: Berkshire Hathaway, 25 February 1996, McCarthy, B., Retrieved 11 January 2014. ^ a b BLE proposes increasing benefits for widow(er)s, The Locomotive Engineer Newsletter, Vol. 11, No. 6, P. 9, Cleveland, Ohio: Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen, June 1997, Retrieved 5 January 2014. ^ a b Cuomo Kicks off statewide tour to increase tourism on Erie Canal; Cuomo, Glickman, LaFalce, and Quinn announce $31.1 million in federal aid to Western New York canal region, United States Department of Housing and Urban Development Archives: News releases, No. 99-150, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 15 August 1999, Retrieved 5 January 2014. ^ a b c Congressman Jack Quinn: Press release: Quinn introduces bill to restore funding to teaching hospitals, United States House of Representatives, Washington, DC: United States House of Representatives, 28 July 1999, Retrieved 7 January 2014. ^ The Ireland Funds, The Ireland Funds, Boston, MA, 2014, Retrieved 5 January 2014. ^ American Ireland Fund, Charity Navigator, 2014, Retrieved 5 January 2014. ^ Cole, Devan (3 September 2020). "Here are the prominent Republicans backing Biden". CNN. Retrieved 5 September 2020. External links Honorable Jack Quinn '73, Siena College alumni page SUNY ECC: Erie Community College: The president's office UB alumni association: Jack Quinn Jr., EdM '78 Appearances on C-SPAN U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byLouise Slaughter Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 30th congressional district 1993–2003 District eliminated after the 2000 census Preceded byThomas M. Reynolds Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 27th congressional district 2003–2005 Succeeded byBrian Higgins Academic offices Preceded byWilliam D. Reuter (interim) President of Erie Community College April 2008 – present Incumbent U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial) Preceded byRaymond J. McGrathas former U.S. Representative Order of precedence of the United Statesas former U.S. Representative Succeeded bySue Kellyas former U.S. Representative vteNew York's delegation(s) to the 103rd–108th United States Congresses (ordered by seniority) 103rd Senate: ▌P. Moynihan (D) · ▌A. D'Amato (R) House: ▌H. Fish IV (R) ▌C. Rangel (D) ▌B. Gilman (D) ▌J. LaFalce (D) ▌J. Solomon (R) ▌C. Schumer (D) ▌S. Boehlert (R) ▌M. Owens (D) ▌E. Towns (D) ▌G. Ackerman (D) ▌T. Manton (D) ▌F. Flake (D) ▌G. Hochbrueckner (D) ▌A. Houghton (R) ▌L. Slaughter (D) ▌E. Engel (D) ▌N. Lowey (D) ▌M. McNulty (D) ▌B. Paxon (R) ▌J. Walsh (R) ▌S. Molinari (R) ▌J. Serrano (D) ▌J. Nadler (D) ▌M. Hinchey (D) ▌P. King (R) ▌R. Lazio (R) ▌D. Levy (R) ▌C. Maloney (D) ▌J. McHugh (R) ▌J. Quinn (R) ▌N. Velázquez (D) 104th Senate: ▌P. Moynihan (D) · ▌A. D'Amato (R) House: ▌C. Rangel (D) ▌B. Gilman (R) ▌J. LaFalce (D) ▌J. Solomon (R) ▌C. Schumer (D) ▌S. Boehlert (R) ▌M. Owens (D) ▌E. Towns (D) ▌G. Ackerman (D) ▌T. Manton (D) ▌F. Flake (D) ▌A. Houghton (R) ▌L. Slaughter (D) ▌E. Engel (D) ▌N. Lowey (D) ▌M. McNulty (D) ▌B. Paxon (R) ▌J. Walsh (R) ▌S. Molinari (R) ▌J. Serrano (D) ▌J. Nadler (D) ▌M. Hinchey (D) ▌P. King (R) ▌R. Lazio (R) ▌C. Maloney (D) ▌J. McHugh (R) ▌J. Quinn (R) ▌N. Velázquez (D) ▌M. Forbes (R) ▌D. Frisa (R) ▌S. Kelly (R) 105th Senate: ▌P. Moynihan (D) · ▌A. D'Amato (R) House: ▌C. Rangel (D) ▌B. Gilman (D) ▌J. LaFalce (D) ▌J. Solomon (R) ▌C. Schumer (D) ▌S. Boehlert (R) ▌M. Owens (D) ▌E. Towns (D) ▌G. Ackerman (D) ▌T. Manton (D) ▌F. Flake (D) ▌A. Houghton (R) ▌L. Slaughter (D) ▌E. Engel (D) ▌N. Lowey (D) ▌M. McNulty (D) ▌B. Paxon (R) ▌J. Walsh (R) ▌S. Molinari (R) ▌J. Serrano (D) ▌J. Nadler (D) ▌M. Hinchey (D) ▌P. King (R) ▌R. Lazio (R) ▌C. Maloney (D) ▌J. McHugh (R) ▌J. Quinn (R) ▌N. Velázquez (D) ▌M. Forbes (R) ▌S. Kelly (R) ▌C. McCarthy (D) ▌V. Fossella (R) ▌G. Meeks (D) 106th Senate: ▌P. Moynihan (D) · ▌C. Schumer (D) House: ▌C. Rangel (D) ▌B. Gilman (R) ▌J. LaFalce (D) ▌S. Boehlert (R) ▌M. Owens (D) ▌E. Towns (D) ▌G. Ackerman (D) ▌A. Houghton (R) ▌L. Slaughter (D) ▌E. Engel (D) ▌N. Lowey (D) ▌M. McNulty (D) ▌J. Walsh (R) ▌J. Serrano (D) ▌J. Nadler (D) ▌M. Hinchey (D) ▌P. King (R) ▌R. Lazio (R) ▌C. Maloney (D) ▌J. McHugh (R) ▌J. Quinn (R) ▌N. Velázquez (D) ▌▌M. Forbes (R/D) ▌S. Kelly (R) ▌C. McCarthy (D) ▌V. Fossella (R) ▌G. Meeks (D) ▌J. Crowley (D) ▌T. Reynolds (R) ▌J. Sweeney (R) ▌A. Weiner (D) 107th Senate: ▌C. Schumer (D) · ▌H. Clinton (D) House: ▌C. Rangel (D) ▌B. Gilman (R) ▌J. LaFalce (D) ▌S. Boehlert (R) ▌M. Owens (D) ▌E. Towns (D) ▌G. Ackerman (D) ▌A. Houghton (R) ▌L. Slaughter (D) ▌E. Engel (D) ▌N. Lowey (D) ▌M. McNulty (D) ▌J. Walsh (R) ▌J. Serrano (D) ▌J. Nadler (D) ▌M. Hinchey (D) ▌P. King (R) ▌C. Maloney (D) ▌J. McHugh (R) ▌J. Quinn (R) ▌N. Velázquez (D) ▌S. Kelly (R) ▌C. McCarthy (D) ▌V. Fossella (R) ▌G. Meeks (D) ▌J. Crowley (D) ▌T. Reynolds (R) ▌J. Sweeney (R) ▌A. Weiner (D) ▌F. Grucci (R) ▌S. Israel (D) 108th Senate: ▌C. Schumer (D) · ▌H. Clinton (D) House: ▌C. Rangel (D) ▌S. Boehlert (R) ▌M. Owens (D) ▌E. Towns (D) ▌G. Ackerman (D) ▌A. Houghton (R) ▌L. Slaughter (D) ▌E. Engel (D) ▌N. Lowey (D) ▌M. McNulty (D) ▌J. Walsh (R) ▌J. Serrano (D) ▌J. Nadler (D) ▌M. Hinchey (D) ▌P. King (R) ▌C. Maloney (D) ▌J. McHugh (R) ▌J. Quinn (R) ▌N. Velázquez (D) ▌S. Kelly (R) ▌C. McCarthy (D) ▌V. Fossella (R) ▌G. Meeks (D) ▌J. Crowley (D) ▌T. Reynolds (R) ▌J. Sweeney (R) ▌A. Weiner (D) ▌S. Israel (D) ▌T. Bishop (D) Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States People US Congress	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack Quinn (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Quinn_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Erie Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_Community_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECC-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-President-4"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"centrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrism"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Jack Quinn III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Quinn_III"}],"text":"For persons of a similar name, see Jack Quinn (disambiguation).John Francis \"Jack\" Quinn Jr. (born April 13, 1951) is a former President of Erie Community College (ECC),[2][3][4] and a former politician from the State of New York. He was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1993 to 2005. Quinn's political views are moderate-conservative to conservative, and his voting record reflects centrist leanings. While in Congress, Quinn was active in numerous committees, subcommittees, and caucuses as chair or member. Prior to becoming a congressional representative, Quinn taught in Orchard Park, New York; worked at a steel plant; and was active in the Hamburg Town Council, as well as being the town's supervisor. After leaving Congress and prior to taking the top leadership post at ECC, Quinn was also president of a lobbying firm in Washington, D.C. Quinn has two adult children, including his son, former New York State Assembly Member Jack Quinn III; and his daughter, Kara Elizabeth. He currently resides in Hamburg with his wife, Mary Beth.","title":"Jack Quinn (politician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buffalo, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-2"},{"link_name":"South Buffalo Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Buffalo_Railway"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Family-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fundraiser-6"},{"link_name":"Erie County Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_%26_Erie_County_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Family-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Family-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Family-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dinner-7"}],"text":"Quinn was born in Buffalo, New York on April 13, 1951.[2] His father, Jack Quinn Sr., was a locomotive engineer with the South Buffalo Railway,[5][6] and also worked at the Erie County Public Library.[5] Quinn's mother is Norma;[5] and he has four brothers, Kevin, Jeffrey, Thomas, and Michael.[5][7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siena College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siena_College"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"State University of New York at Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_at_Buffalo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UB-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siena-9"},{"link_name":"State University of New York at Fredonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_at_Fredonia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-President-4"}],"text":"Quinn graduated from Siena College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1973 and the State University of New York at Buffalo in 1978 with a Master's degree in Education.[8] Quinn also holds a school superintendent credential[9] that he earned at the State University of New York at Fredonia.[4]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orchard Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchard_Park_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clinton-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siena-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quinn-11"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem_Steel"},{"link_name":"Lackawanna, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lackawanna,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clinton-10"},{"link_name":"Hamburg, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-2"}],"text":"Quinn was a middle school English teacher in the Orchard Park Central School District for 10 years, where he coached track and field, basketball,[10] and football.[9][11] Prior to entering the teaching field, Quinn briefly worked at the Bethlehem Steel Plant in Lackawanna, New York.[10] He served on the Hamburg, New York Town Council from 1982 to 1984, followed by a stint as town supervisor until 1993.[2]","title":"Pre-congressional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Nowak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Nowak"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rookie-12"},{"link_name":"Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"suburban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbs"},{"link_name":"Erie County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Congress-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archive-14"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Dennis Gorski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Gorski"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campaigns-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campaigns-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kemp-16"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clinton-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clinton-10"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kemp-16"},{"link_name":"Jack Kemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kemp"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clinton-10"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Impeachment-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kemp-16"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"articles of impeachment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clinton-10"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Impeachment-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Impeachment-17"},{"link_name":"Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clinton-10"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Impeachment-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"John LaFalce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_LaFalce"},{"link_name":"Chautauqua County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chautauqua_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perspective-19"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campaigns-15"},{"link_name":"Al Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leaving-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"After the retirement of Congressman Henry Nowak,[12] Quinn was elected to the House of Representatives in 1992 representing most of Buffalo and suburban Erie County in the 30th District.[13][14] On paper, the district was heavily Democratic, and had been made even more Democratic after redistricting in 1992. However, Quinn defeated Erie County Executive Dennis Gorski in an upset.[15] He was re-elected five more times by surprisingly wide margins[15] in what was by far the most Democratic district in the nation to be represented by a Republican.[16]Quinn survived in this district in large part due to the close ties he developed with organized labor,[10] something not common with most Republicans.[10] Quinn worked to develop those ties even while voting against several programs and initiatives early in his career,[16] a few of which included Amtrak subsidies, Social Security, and the Low Income Home Energy Assistant Program. Despite such votes and initially being an unknown, Quinn was successful in Buffalo, much as Jack Kemp was twenty years earlier. Quinn was also viewed as being honorable,[10][17] and he did not have any character issues.[16]Despite a close relationship with Bill Clinton, whom he considers his friend, he voted for three of the articles of impeachment against him.[10][17] There have been several suggestions that the House leadership pressured him into doing so,[17] though Quinn, himself, denied this in a 1999 article in the Washington Post. Quinn stated that his position in regard to impeaching Clinton was “a vote of conscience” that was “a personal decision and personally painful”, though he initially stated that the situation did not merit impeachment.[10][17] It has been reported that Clinton's 1999 visit to Buffalo[18] after his State of the Union Address was in response to Quinn's votes.During the 2002 redistricting process, one map had Quinn drawn into a district with a longtime friend, Democrat John LaFalce. Ultimately, his district was preserved and renumbered as the 27th District. It covered nearly all of his former territory and added Chautauqua County.[19] This came after New York lost a district in the 2000 census.[15] On paper, the new 27th was slightly more Republican than the old 30th. However, had it existed in 2000, Al Gore would have carried it with 53 percent of the vote, one of his best showings for a district represented by a Republican.[20]On April 26, 2004, Quinn announced he would not seek re-election.[21] After leaving Congress, Quinn reported that he had a 70% approval rating while in his position.[22]","title":"Congressional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dole-Kemp_Rally_at_UB_1,_1996.jpg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campaigns-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campaigns-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campaigns-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campaigns-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campaigns-15"}],"sub_title":"Selected electoral history","text":"Jack Quinn (Standing on Main Stage, Rear, Second from Right) at 1996 Dole-Kemp Rally at the University at Buffalo, NYQuinn's electoral history record has been tracked at Our Campaigns, and portions of it are also presented here.[15]Quinn also ran on the Conservative ticket in this election.[15]\nThese election results reflect Quinn's largest margin of victory.[15]Quinn also ran on the Change Congress ticket in this election.[15]\nThese election results represent Quinn's smallest margin of victory.[15]","title":"Congressional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quinn-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campaigns-15"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quinn-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campaigns-15"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siena-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fundraiser-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UB-8"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kelly-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reynolds-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amtrak-25"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quinn-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siena-9"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campaigns-15"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perspective-19"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reynolds-24"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quinn-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quinn-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campaigns-15"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quinn-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campaigns-15"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perspective-19"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Towns-26"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campaigns-15"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perspective-19"}],"sub_title":"Duties","text":"During his tenure in Congress, Quinn was a chair and/or active member of several committees, subcommittees, and caucuses.[11][15]Quinn was a member of the Transportation and Infrastructure Committee,[11][15][9][6][8][23][24][25] where he served as chairman of the Railroads Subcommittee. On the Transportation and Infrastructure Committee, Quinn was a member of the Transportation Subcommittees on Aviation, Surface Transportation, Mass Transit, and Water and Environment.[11]Quinn chaired both the Executive Committee of the Congressional Steel Caucusand the Benefits Subcommittee.[9] He further chaired the Republican Working Group on Labor.[15][19][24] Quinn was also a member of the Veteran's Affairs Committee, and its related Subcommittee on Hospitals and Health Care.[11] He served on the Joint Economic Committee as a member.[11]Further serving as a leader of Congressional committees, Quinn co-chaired both the Northern Border Caucus and the Northeast-Midwest Congressional Coalition.[15]Quinn was also a member of the Congressional Travel and Tourism Caucus; the Congressional Fire Services Caucus; and the Friends of Ireland Congressional Committee.[11]To aid his constituents, Quinn opened and closed more than 10,000 working cases during his time in Congress.[15][19][26] This type of commitment to completing federal casework has been described as “legendary”.[15][19]","title":"Congressional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campaigns-15"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Race-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reform-28"},{"link_name":"centrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrism"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rep-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Race-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reform-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rep-29"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rookie-12"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Percent-30"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rookie-12"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Percent-30"},{"link_name":"David A. Franczyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Franczyk"},{"link_name":"Buffalo News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_News"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rookie-12"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"second amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"War in Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"War in Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Record-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abortion-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abortion-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abortion-33"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campaigns-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campaigns-15"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reform-28"},{"link_name":"Canisius College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canisius_College"},{"link_name":"John Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"civil rights movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Race-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Race-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Race-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Race-27"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Democrat-34"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kemp-16"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Democrat-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Democrat-34"}],"sub_title":"Political views","text":"Quinn's political affiliation is Republican Conservative to Republican Moderate-Conservative.[15][27][28] His political views placed him as a centrist between Democrats and Republicans on most issues on which he voted in Congress in 2004.[29] Much later in his congressional career, his voting record was typically in the middle,[27][28] falling between Democratic and Republican views.[29]In his first year in Congress, Congressional Quarterly reported that Quinn's voting record was 84–85% Republican in support of the party line.[12][30] During his first year, while there were issues that he voted in favor of, there were also those that he voted against, including a $16 million community development stimulus package for Buffalo.[12] The Buffalo News reported that Quinn's consistency in voting along Republican party lines was reflected in 87% of his votes by 2001.[30]Regarding Quinn's vote against the $16 million Buffalo stimulus package, Buffalo's Fillmore Council Member David A. Franczyk was quoted in a Buffalo News article by Jerry Zremski on January 1, 1994, stating:\nJack Quinn is hurting this community.[12]A portion of Quinn's voting record has been tracked, online, regarding issues such as abortion, education,[31] energy and the environment, gay marriage, healthcare, homeland security, immigration, social security, stem cell research, taxes, the economy, the second amendment (the right to keep and bear arms), and both the War in Afghanistan and the War in Iraq.[32]Regarding abortion, Quinn has stated that he is opposed to allowing women to have them.[33] In 1994, Democrat Ellen T. Kennedy criticized Quinn for voting against a bill that would make it a crime to block abortion clinic access.[33] Kennedy noted that Quinn's 1993 approval rating from a group that supports abortion rights, the National Abortion Reproductive Rights Action League, was 5%.[33]Particular stances regarding certain issues that Quinn holds include being against both gay marriage and the legalization of marijuana.[15] He is a proponent of Alaska/offshore oil drilling, Bush tax cuts, capital punishment, labor, life, and social security privatization.[15] Quinn also supported campaign finance reform.[28]In 1998 at Canisius College in Buffalo, Quinn hosted fellow Congress Member John Lewis, a Democrat and African-American from Georgia who marched with Martin Luther King Jr. in the civil rights movement.[27] The talk in which the two congressional leaders participated was regarding race relations and how they can be improved.[27] The event was attending largely by African-Americans, and was suggested to be an attempt at increasing bloc voter support for Quinn among the Black community in Buffalo.[27]At the 1998 dialogue at Canisius College between Quinn and Lewis, Quinn was quoted in The Buffalo News about race relations:\nWe believe a discussion about race is important, not only nationally, but in our own neighborhoods. That discussion needs to take place not only in the Congress, but in statehouses, county legislatures, in block clubs, and in the streets.[27]It has been suggested that Quinn would have been better to be a Democrat in Buffalo,[34] though as a Republican, he appeared to garner more Republican support in Congress than a Democrat would have.[16] In reality, Quinn has been asked if he would become Democrat, and has not directly answered that question.[34] At that time he was asked in 1996, he stated that there were more important issues at hand, such as balancing the budget, than to which political party one was affiliated.[34]","title":"Congressional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campaigns-15"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amtrak-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Towns-26"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siena-9"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amtrak-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amtrak-25"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campaigns-15"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siena-9"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Railroad-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Railroad-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waterfront-36"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Housing and Urban Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waterfront-36"},{"link_name":"Nita Lowey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nita_Lowey"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hospitals-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hospitals-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hospitals-37"}],"sub_title":"Support of selected, specific issues","text":"Quinn was a supporter of Amtrak,[15][25][26] working to maintain its prominence in the country's infrastructure, and improve the safety of passengers.[9][25] Quinn has described himself as an “unabashed Amtrak supporter.”[25]Quinn worked to achieve the passage of the Railroad Retirement Survivors Act that became law in 2001.[15][9][35]Regarding the Railroad Retirement Survivors Act, urging that the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 be amended, Quinn stated in a letter to fellow Congress members, being re-quoted on page 9 of The Locomotive Engineer Newsletter in June 1997:\nDuring the lifetime of the employee and the spouse, the employee receives a full annuity and so does the spouse. However, after the employees' death, only a widow's or widower's annuity is payable. The inadequate spousal annuity of the current system often leaves the survivor with less than the amount of income needed to meet ordinary and necessary living expenses. Coming from a railroad family, I have seen firsthand the hard work and long hours that go into working on the railroad. The benefits that come along with the life of a railroader are well deserved but more importantly are paid for from within the railroad industry itself. No contributions from American taxpayers are needed. Put simply, an agreement among railroad industry groups for adequately funding annuity reform is what is needed.[35]Quinn was a proponent for rejuvenating both Buffalo's waterfront and inner harbor, as well as the Erie Canal Corridor.[36]In a news release by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) on August 15, 1999, Quinn stated:\nHUD recognizes the importance of Buffalo's Inner Harbor as an integral part of the Erie Canal. A 'new' Erie Canal can only bring prosperity to our state, including Buffalo, by increasing tourism, and attracting new businesses and new jobs. It is important for us to restore and maintain the quality of the Erie Canal for its historical and cultural value. I have worked hard to bring in more than $37 million in federal funds for the development of the waterfront. There is no doubt that this development is essential for Buffalo's future success.[36]Interested in maintaining the strength of teaching hospitals in New York State, Quinn introduced bipartisan legislation known as The Quinn–Lowey Hospital Emergency Assistance Act (H.R. 2266), co-sponsored by Congress Member Nita Lowey, that aimed to preserve Medicare payments to hospitals.[37] The budget crisis of 1997 contributed to the reduction of funding to hospitals, and the bill aimed to maintain government funding payments to hospitals at their prior levels.[37]Regarding Medicare funding for hospitals in relation to \"The Quinn–Lowey Hospital Emergency Assistance Act,\" Quinn was quoted in a July 28, 1999 official press release, stating:\nTeaching hospitals are a necessity in serving the elderly and for training doctors. In order for the U.S. to continue being the world leader in graduate medical education, we must continue Medicare's commitment to our teaching hospitals ... every hospital in every state would benefit from this bill, whether it's in a rural, urban or suburban area ... Medicare DSH payments are an absolute necessity. Subjecting DSH to the federal government's annual budget process where it would have to compete against other important federal priorities would represent a wholly inappropriate shift of what is properly a Medicare responsibility to general revenues.[37]","title":"Congressional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quinn-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campaigns-15"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siena-9"},{"link_name":"AMVETS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMVETS"},{"link_name":"National Coalition of Homeless Veterans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Coalition_of_Homeless_Veterans&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siena-9"},{"link_name":"AFL–CIO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO"},{"link_name":"United States Chamber of Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siena-9"},{"link_name":"National Association of Railroad Passengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Railroad_Passengers"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campaigns-15"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Towns-26"},{"link_name":"Operation Lifesaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Lifesaver"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campaigns-15"},{"link_name":"Siena College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siena_College"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siena-9"},{"link_name":"Bernadine of Siena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardino_of_Siena"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siena-9"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Congressional Quarterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siena-9"},{"link_name":"Niagara Frontier Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niagara_Frontier_Parks&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Recreation Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recreation_Society&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Society_of_the_Sons_of_the_American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"National Catholic Elementary Schools Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Catholic_Elementary_Schools_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quinn-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campaigns-15"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perspective-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perspective-19"}],"sub_title":"Honors","text":"Quinn received numerous awards during his work in Congress.[11][15][9] Quinn received the AMVETS Silver Helmet Award for working on behalf of veterans; and the Legislative Leadership Award from the National Coalition of Homeless Veterans.[9]Quinn also received the Government Service Award from the Buffalo American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL–CIO) Council for his support of working women and men; and the Spirit of Enterprise Award from the United States Chamber of Commerce.[9]From the National Association of Railroad Passengers, Quinn received the Golden Spike Award.[15][26] In recognition of Quinn's support for railway safety, he was given Operation Lifesaver 's Congressional Appreciation Award.[15]From his alma mater, Siena College, Quinn received the Joseph A. Buff Distinguished Alumni Award for Career Achievement,[9] and the Bernadine of Siena Medal for service.[9]Quinn was also named one of the Top 50 \"Most Effective\" Lawmakers in Washington by Congressional Quarterly.[9]Further awards that Quinn has won include the Public Service Award from Niagara Frontier Parks and Recreation Society; the Good Citizen Medal of the National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution; the Humanitarian Award from the Erie County Office for the Disabled; and the Distinguished Graduate Award from the National Catholic Elementary Schools Association.[11]Quinn was honored with the Friend of the Farm Bureau Award.[15][19] Quinn received this national recognition award for having demonstrated an active and strong record that is consistent with the American farmer's needs.[19]","title":"Congressional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kelly-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reynolds-24"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Towns-26"},{"link_name":"Sue Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_W._Kelly"},{"link_name":"Thomas M. Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_M._Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Edolphus Towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edolphus_Towns"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kelly-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reynolds-24"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Towns-26"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kelly-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reynolds-24"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Towns-26"}],"sub_title":"Reflections of others","text":"Congressional colleagues saluted Quinn on his work upon his retirement.[23][24][26] Congress Members Sue Kelly, Thomas M. Reynolds, and Edolphus Towns made statements in Congress, honoring him for his accomplishments.[23][24][26]On December 6, 2004, Congress Member Sue Kelly stated of Quinn, as quoted in Capitol Words:\nWhen it comes to obtaining federal assistance toward New York's widespread transportation needs, Jack Quinn has fought and won millions of dollars for our state. It has been an honor to work together with him on the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee. During his 12 years in Congress, Jack Quinn also has distinguished himself by enhancing New York's agriculture industry, protecting our veterans, and advocating the American worker on labor issues.[23]Congress Member Tom Reynolds also recognized Quinn for his congressional achievements, with the following statement in the December 7, 2004 issue of Capitol Words:\nThroughout his entire career, Jack always acted with the best interests of New Yorkers in mind. As the chairman of the House Republican Working Group on Labor, Jack was the “go-to guy” in our conference on a wide variety of labor-related issues. His positions on both the Transportation and Infrastructure Committee and the Veterans' Affairs Committee allowed Jack to do important work on behalf of our Nation's veteran community and passenger rail systems, employees and customers, issues that were of great importance to him.[24]Congress Member Edolphus Towns shared in Congress further congressional accomplishments of Quinn, being quoted on November 17, 2004 in Capitol Words:\nAs chairman of the Railroads Subcommittee, Jack has been a strong and consistent voice in fighting hard for preserving Amtrak. Amtrak remains a critical part of our transportation infrastructure, especially in New York and along the Northeast corridor. Jack's leadership on this issue has greatly benefited all of us who rely on this important national passenger rail system. In fact, his commitment to this issue earned him the Golden Spike Award from the National Association of Railroad Passengers. Safety on railways is another key issue for Representative Quinn.[26]","title":"Congressional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Cassidy & Associates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassidy_%26_Associates"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siena-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECC-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-President-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UB-8"}],"text":"After leaving Congress, Quinn joined the Washington, D.C. lobbying firm, Cassidy & Associates[9] as President.[3][4][8]","title":"Post-congressional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erie Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_Community_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECC-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-President-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-President-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-President-4"},{"link_name":"Erie County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-President-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-President-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-President-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-President-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-President-4"}],"sub_title":"As President of Erie Community College","text":"Quinn was appointed President of Erie Community College[2] in 2008.[3][4] There were 59 candidates who were nationally-considered for the post;[4] and the consensus by the ECC Board of Trustees was to appoint Quinn.[4]As the top leader of ECC, Quinn has presided over rising enrollments at the College during a time of decreasing or flat budgetary support from Erie County and the State of New York. ECC obtains approximately 19% of its financial support from Erie County.[4] Quinn understands the need for proper funding for ECC.[4]Regarding the need for increased funding for ECC, Quinn was quoted in a January 20, 2008 McClatchy – Business Tribune News article by Jay Rey:\nMoney is short. I dealt with this as a member of Congress. I dealt with this as the supervisor of Hamburg. We're going to have to be creative.[4]Quinn also has the advantage of having lived \"the ECC experience\" – as he termed it – within his own family.[4] Quinn's wife, Mary Beth, attended ECC, taking courses for her nursing degree in their earlier years when the couple was also raising their family.[4]","title":"Post-congressional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Ireland Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Ireland_Fund"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dinner-7"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fund-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Organization-39"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quinn-11"},{"link_name":"American Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"Kiwanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwanis"},{"link_name":"Knights of Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_Columbus"},{"link_name":"United Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Way_of_America"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quinn-11"},{"link_name":"St. Francis High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Francis_High_School_(Athol_Springs,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Athol Springs, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athol_Springs,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quinn-11"}],"text":"In 2008, Quinn was the dinner chair of the American Ireland Fund gala.[7] The American Ireland Fund[38] raises monies to support community development, peace, reconciliation, arts, culture, and education in Ireland.[39]Quinn has also been either a member or chair of many civic organizations. He has chaired the Hamburg Industrial Development Agency.[11] Additionally, he is or has been a member of the BryhLin Foundation; the Greater Buffalo Chapter of the American Red Cross; Hamburg Kiwanis Club; the Knights of Columbus; and the Hamburg Chamber of Commerce. He has also been a member of the United Way of Western New York; the Greater Buffalo Chamber of Commerce; and the Southtowns Sewage Treatment Agency.[11] Further, he served on the boards of St. Francis High School in Athol Springs, New York; and the New York State Advisory Council of the American Red Cross.[11]","title":"Community involvement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"On August 24, 2020, Quinn was one of 24 former Republican lawmakers to endorse Democratic nominee Joe Biden on the opening day of the Republican National Convention.[40]","title":"2020 Presidential Election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quinn-11"},{"link_name":"Jack Quinn III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Quinn_III"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NNDB-1"},{"link_name":"New York State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campaigns-15"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UB-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siena-9"}],"text":"Quinn is married to his wife, Mary Beth, and has two adult children,[11] Jack III and Kara Elizabeth. Quinn's son, Jack Quinn III,[1] is a former member of the New York State Assembly,[15][8] the youngest ever to serve in New York State.[9]","title":"Family and personal life"}]	[{"image_text":"Jack Quinn (Standing on Main Stage, Rear, Second from Right) at 1996 Dole-Kemp Rally at the University at Buffalo, NY","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Dole-Kemp_Rally_at_UB_1%2C_1996.jpg/220px-Dole-Kemp_Rally_at_UB_1%2C_1996.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Alumni: Honorable Jack Quinn '73\". Loudonville, NY: Siena College. Archived from the original on 2014-01-05. Retrieved January 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140105044554/http://www.siena.edu/pages/5749.asp","url_text":"\"Alumni: Honorable Jack Quinn '73\""},{"url":"http://www.siena.edu/pages/5749.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cole, Devan (3 September 2020). \"Here are the prominent Republicans backing Biden\". CNN. Retrieved 5 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/18/politics/republicans-supporting-biden/index.html","url_text":"\"Here are the prominent Republicans backing Biden\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.nndb.com/people/239/000040119/","external_links_name":"NNDB: Jack Quinn"},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=Q000016","external_links_name":"Quinn, John Francis (Jack)"},{"Link":"http://www.ecc.edu/about/eccglance/presidentoffice.aspx","external_links_name":"SUNY ECC: Erie Community College: State University of New York: About ECC: The president's office"},{"Link":"http://search.proquest.com/docview/462570448?","external_links_name":"Jack Quinn to take helm at ECC: His selection raises questions by some on criteria for the post"},{"Link":"http://search.proquest.com/docview/381611754?","external_links_name":"John R. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_72	Delaware Route 72	["1 Route description","2 History","3 Major intersections","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Route map: State highway in New Castle County, Delaware, United States Delaware Route 72Route informationMaintained by DelDOTLength17.42 mi (28.03 km)Existed1942–presentMajor junctionsSouth end DE 9 near Delaware CityMajor intersections US 13 / DE 7 in Wrangle Hill US 13 / DE 1 in Wrangle Hill DE 71 in Williamsburg US 40 east of Glasgow DE 4 in Newark DE 2 / DE 273 in Newark DE 2 near Newark North end DE 7 in Pike Creek LocationCountryUnited StatesStateDelawareCountiesNew Castle Highway system Delaware State Route System List Byways ← DE 71→ DE 82 Delaware Route 72 (DE 72) is a state highway located in New Castle County, Delaware. The route runs from DE 9 near Delaware City north to DE 7 in Pike Creek. The highway runs through suburban areas of northern New Castle County, passing through the eastern part of Newark. DE 72 intersects U.S. Route 13 (US 13), DE 7, and DE 1 near Delaware City, DE 71 in Williamsburg, US 40 east of Glasgow, and DE 4, DE 2, and DE 273 in Newark. Parts of DE 72 were built as a state highway during the 1930s. By the 1940s, the route was designated from DE 2 in Newark north to DE 7 in Pike Creek along Paper Mill Road. The route was extended south to DE 9 in the 1960s. In 1980, the alignment was shifted to the east through Newark to bypass an at-grade railroad crossing on Chapel Street. Route description DE 72 northbound past US 40 in Glasgow DE 72 begins at an intersection with DE 9 adjacent to PBF Energy's Delaware City Refinery west of the city of Delaware City, heading west on two-lane undivided Wrangle Hill Road. The road continues between the oil refinery to the north and farmland to the south before passing south of warehouses and coming to an intersection with US 13 and the southern terminus of DE 7 in Wrangle Hill, where it widens into a four-lane divided highway. At this point, US 13 turns west for a short concurrency with DE 72 to a diverging diamond interchange with the DE 1 freeway, where US 13 splits north onto DE 1. Past this interchange, DE 72 narrows back into a two-lane undivided road and passes through residential areas, heading to the south of an industrial plant before coming to an intersection with DE 71 in Williamsburg. Following this, the road curves to the northwest through a mix of homes and commercial establishments, crossing the Delmarva Central Railroad's Delmarva Subdivision line at-grade. The route passes northeast of the Caravel Academy before it turns north and comes to an intersection with US 40 in a commercial area to the east of Glasgow. Past the US 40 intersection, DE 72 continues to the north on Sunset Lake Road, heading into wooded areas with some fields and residential development and crossing Belltown Run before closely running to the west of Norfolk Southern's Delmarva Secondary railroad line, heading across Muddy Run. The route crosses the railroad tracks at-grade to run along east side of the railroad tracks and heads across the Christina River before it widens into a five-lane road with a center left-turn lane as it comes to an intersection with Old Baltimore Pike. At this intersection, the route name changes to South Chapel Street and it passes through fields with some development, crossing under Interstate 95 (Delaware Turnpike) without an interchange. DE 72 enters the eastern part of the city of Newark and passes industrial parks before heading past businesses and residential neighborhoods as it comes to an intersection with DE 4. A park and ride lot is located at the southeast corner of this intersection. DE 72 northbound at DE 273 and western terminus of DE 2 in NewarkFollowing this intersection, the road narrows to two lanes as it heads through agricultural areas to the east of the University of Delaware campus. The route continues northeast onto Library Avenue and runs through woods as it comes to a bridge over Amtrak's Northeast Corridor railroad line. The road bends north into commercial areas, passing to the east of Newark High School and widening into a four-lane divided highway as it comes to an intersection with Delaware Avenue, which carries the eastbound direction of DE 273. Here, eastbound DE 273 turns north to join DE 72 and the road reaches an intersection where westbound DE 273 runs west on Main Street and DE 273 continues east as Ogletown Road. Past this intersection, DE 72 becomes concurrent with DE 2 and the name changes to Capitol Trail as it turns northeast and passes under CSX's Philadelphia Subdivision railroad line. The road leaves Newark and heads northeast through residential areas, briefly becoming undivided as it crosses White Clay Creek. After the road crosses Middle Run, DE 72 splits from DE 2 by heading northwest on two-lane undivided Possum Park Road, crossing the stream again and running through a mix of fields, woods, and housing developments. In Milford Crossroads, the route turns northeast onto Paper Mill Road and curves north to pass between White Clay Creek State Park to the west and the Middle Run Valley Natural Area to the east, crossing Middle Run a third time. The road continues northeast into the suburban Pike Creek area, where it crosses Pike Creek. DE 72 turns east and becomes a four-lane divided highway immediately before it reaches its northern terminus at an intersection with DE 7. DE 72 has an annual average daily traffic count ranging from a high of 40,800 vehicles at the north end of the DE 2 concurrency to a low of 5,397 vehicles at the US 13 intersection. The portion of DE 72 concurrent with DE 2 is part of the National Highway System. History DE 72 northbound past DE 2 near Newark What is now DE 72 originally existed as a county road by 1920. By 1931, the road was proposed as a state highway between present-day DE 9 and US 13 while what would become DE 72 north of Milford Crossroads was completed as a state highway. The road from present-day DE 9 to US 13 became a state highway a year later. On July 1, 1935, the remaining sections of the present-day route were transferred from the county to the state. The portion of the road between US 13 and US 40 was improved by the state in 1937, providing a better route to Baltimore and Washington, D.C. for residents in the Delaware City, Port Penn, and Odessa areas. DE 72 was designated by 1942 to run from DE 2 (Main Street) in Newark north to DE 7, following Chapel Street and Paper Mill Road. In 1939, suggestions were made to replace the bridge over the White Clay Creek along Paper Mill Road in Newark. Plans were completed for this bridge by 1942 but construction was postponed due to World War II. The concrete bridge carrying Paper Mill Road over the White Clay Creek was completed in 1947, with final work on the project finished in August 1949. By 1954, Sunset Lake Road was improved from a dirt road to a low-type bituminous road. The roadway between US 40 and Newark was paved by 1966. DE 72 northbound at I-95 on the edge of Newark DE 72 was extended to its present southern terminus at DE 9 the next year, following Chapel Street, Sunset Lake Road, and Wrangle Hill Road. In 1980, the Chapel Street grade crossing of the Northeast Corridor rail line in Newark was removed, and DE 72 was realigned farther to the east to follow Library Avenue across the railroad tracks before continuing north on DE 2 and Possum Park Road to Paper Mill Road in Milford Crossroads. DE 2 was realigned to follow DE 72 around the eastern part of Newark on Library Avenue by 1990. In 2013, the DE 2 concurrency between DE 4 and DE 273 was removed due to the truncation of DE 2 to the DE 273 intersection. On April 29, 2016, Governor Jack Markell, DelDOT secretary Jennifer Cohan, and local officials attended a groundbreaking ceremony for a $7 million project that rebuilt the interchange with DE 1 into a diverging diamond interchange, the first such interchange in Delaware. The diverging diamond interchange configuration was put into place on November 19, 2016. Major intersections The entire route is in New Castle County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Delaware City0.000.00 DE 9 (Wrangle Hill Road/River Road) – Delaware City, New CastleSouthern terminus Wrangle Hill1.502.41 US 13 south / DE 7 north (South Dupont Highway) – St. GeorgesSouth end of US 13 overlap; southern terminus of DE 7 1.722.77 US 13 north / DE 1 – Dover, Beaches, WilmingtonDE 1 exit 152; north end of US 13 overlap Williamsburg2.984.80 DE 71 (Red Lion Road) Glasgow5.358.61 US 40 (Pulaski Highway) – Wilmington, Glasgow Newark9.2214.84 DE 4 to I-95 (Chestnut Hill Road) – Stanton 10.7217.25 DE 273 (Delaware Avenue)South end of DE 273 eastbound overlap 10.9217.57 DE 273 (Main Street/Ogletown Road) – Ogletown DE 2 beginsNorth end of DE 273 eastbound overlap; south end of DE 2 overlap; western terminus of DE 2 12.1319.52 DE 2 east (Capitol Trail) – WilmingtonNorth end of DE 2 overlap Pike Creek17.4228.03 DE 7 (Limestone Road) – Avondale, StantonNorthern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus See also U.S. Roads portal References ^ a b c Staff (2018). "Traffic Count and Mileage Report: Interstate, Delaware, and US Routes" (PDF). Delaware Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 29, 2020. ^ a b Delaware State Highway Department (1942). Official Road Map of the State of Delaware (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware State Highway Department. Retrieved November 24, 2015. ^ a b c d e Delaware Department of Transportation (2017). Official Travel & Transportation Map (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 18, 2019. ^ a b c d e Google (February 6, 2011). "overview of Delaware Route 72" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 6, 2011. ^ National Highway System: Delaware (PDF) (Map). Federal Highway Administration. 2010. Retrieved February 10, 2012. ^ Delaware State Highway Department (1920). Official Road Map (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware State Highway Department. Retrieved November 24, 2015. ^ Delaware State Highway Department (1931). Official Road Map of the State of Delaware (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware State Highway Department. Retrieved November 24, 2015. ^ Delaware State Highway Department (1932). Official Road Map (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware State Highway Department. Retrieved November 24, 2015. ^ "Annual Report of the State Highway Department of the State of Delaware" (PDF) (1935 ed.). Dover, DE: Delaware State Highway Department. January 7, 1936: 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 12, 2013. Retrieved November 19, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ Delaware State Highway Department; The National Survey Co. (1936). Official Road Map of the State of Delaware (PDF) (Map) (1936–1937 ed.). Dover: Delaware State Highway Department. Retrieved November 24, 2015. ^ "Annual Report of the State Highway Department" (PDF) (1937 ed.). Dover, Delaware: Delaware State Highway Department. January 1, 1938: 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 12, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ "Annual Report of the State Highway Department" (PDF) (1939 ed.). Dover, Delaware: Delaware State Highway Department. January 1, 1940: 41. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 12, 2013. Retrieved November 21, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ "Annual Report of the State Highway Department" (PDF) (1941-42 ed.). Dover, Delaware: Delaware State Highway Department. July 1, 1942: 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 23, 2019. Retrieved November 21, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ Federal Highway Administration (2012). "NBI Structure Number: 1231 013". National Bridge Inventory. Federal Highway Administration. ^ "Report of the State Highway Department" (PDF) (1950 ed.). Dover, Delaware: Delaware State Highway Department. July 1, 1950: 34. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2015. Retrieved November 21, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ Delaware State Highway Department (1954). Official Highway Map of Delaware (PDF) (Map) (1954–1955 ed.). Dover: Delaware State Highway Department. Retrieved November 24, 2015. ^ Delaware State Highway Department (1966). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware State Highway Department. Retrieved November 24, 2015. ^ Delaware State Highway Department (1967). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware State Highway Department. Retrieved November 24, 2015. ^ Delaware Department of Transportation (1981). Delaware Official State Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 24, 2015. ^ Delaware Department of Transportation (1990). Official State Map (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 24, 2015. ^ Shannon, Josh (July 1, 2013). "A route to less clutter: DelDOT to consolidate Newark route numbers". Newark Post. Retrieved August 15, 2013. ^ "Start of Construction for Delaware's First Diverging Diamond Interchange Celebrated by State and Local Officials" (Press release). Delaware Department of Transportation. April 29, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016. ^ "Traffic Pattern Activiated for the New Diverging Diamond Interchange at State Route 1 and Route 72" (Press release). Delaware Department of Transportation. November 18, 2016. Retrieved November 21, 2016. External links KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Delaware Route 72KML is from Wikidata Wikimedia Commons has media related to Delaware Route 72. DE 72 at AARoads.com Delaware Roads - DE 72	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"New Castle County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Castle_County,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware"},{"link_name":"DE 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_9"},{"link_name":"Delaware City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_City,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"DE 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_7"},{"link_name":"Pike Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike_Creek,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_13_in_Delaware"},{"link_name":"DE 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_1"},{"link_name":"DE 71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_71"},{"link_name":"US 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_40_in_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"DE 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_4"},{"link_name":"DE 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_2"},{"link_name":"DE 273","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_273"}],"text":"State highway in New Castle County, Delaware, United StatesDelaware Route 72 (DE 72) is a state highway located in New Castle County, Delaware. The route runs from DE 9 near Delaware City north to DE 7 in Pike Creek. The highway runs through suburban areas of northern New Castle County, passing through the eastern part of Newark. DE 72 intersects U.S. Route 13 (US 13), DE 7, and DE 1 near Delaware City, DE 71 in Williamsburg, US 40 east of Glasgow, and DE 4, DE 2, and DE 273 in Newark. Parts of DE 72 were built as a state highway during the 1930s. By the 1940s, the route was designated from DE 2 in Newark north to DE 7 in Pike Creek along Paper Mill Road. The route was extended south to DE 9 in the 1960s. In 1980, the alignment was shifted to the east through Newark to bypass an at-grade railroad crossing on Chapel Street.","title":"Delaware Route 72"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DE_72_NB_past_US_40.jpeg"},{"link_name":"DE 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_9"},{"link_name":"PBF Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBF_Energy"},{"link_name":"Delaware City Refinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_City_Refinery"},{"link_name":"Delaware City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_City,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"US 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_13_in_Delaware"},{"link_name":"DE 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_7"},{"link_name":"Wrangle Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrangle_Hill,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"divided highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divided_highway"},{"link_name":"concurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"diverging diamond interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diverging_diamond_interchange"},{"link_name":"DE 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_2017_map-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-4"},{"link_name":"DE 71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_71"},{"link_name":"Delmarva Central Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmarva_Central_Railroad"},{"link_name":"US 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_40_in_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_2017_map-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-4"},{"link_name":"Belltown Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belltown_Run_(Muddy_Run_tributary)"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Southern"},{"link_name":"Muddy Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muddy_Run_(Christina_River_tributary)"},{"link_name":"Christina River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_River"},{"link_name":"center left-turn lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_left-turn_lane"},{"link_name":"Old Baltimore Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Baltimore_Pike"},{"link_name":"Interstate 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_95_in_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"DE 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_4"},{"link_name":"park and ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_and_ride"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_2017_map-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DE_72_NB-DE_273_EB_approaching_DE_2-DE_273_WB_Main_Street.jpg"},{"link_name":"University of Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"Northeast Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Corridor"},{"link_name":"Newark High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark_High_School_(Delaware)"},{"link_name":"DE 273","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_273"},{"link_name":"DE 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_2"},{"link_name":"CSX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSX"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Subdivision"},{"link_name":"White Clay Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Clay_Creek"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_2017_map-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-4"},{"link_name":"Middle Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Run_(White_Clay_Creek_tributary)"},{"link_name":"Milford Crossroads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milford_Crossroads,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"White Clay Creek State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Clay_Creek_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Middle Run Valley Natural Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Run_Valley_Natural_Area"},{"link_name":"Pike Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike_Creek,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Pike Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike_Creek_(White_Clay_Creek_tributary)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_2017_map-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-4"},{"link_name":"annual average daily traffic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_average_daily_traffic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DelDOT-1"},{"link_name":"National Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_System_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHS-5"}],"text":"DE 72 northbound past US 40 in GlasgowDE 72 begins at an intersection with DE 9 adjacent to PBF Energy's Delaware City Refinery west of the city of Delaware City, heading west on two-lane undivided Wrangle Hill Road. The road continues between the oil refinery to the north and farmland to the south before passing south of warehouses and coming to an intersection with US 13 and the southern terminus of DE 7 in Wrangle Hill, where it widens into a four-lane divided highway. At this point, US 13 turns west for a short concurrency with DE 72 to a diverging diamond interchange with the DE 1 freeway, where US 13 splits north onto DE 1.[3][4]Past this interchange, DE 72 narrows back into a two-lane undivided road and passes through residential areas, heading to the south of an industrial plant before coming to an intersection with DE 71 in Williamsburg. Following this, the road curves to the northwest through a mix of homes and commercial establishments, crossing the Delmarva Central Railroad's Delmarva Subdivision line at-grade. The route passes northeast of the Caravel Academy before it turns north and comes to an intersection with US 40 in a commercial area to the east of Glasgow.[3][4]Past the US 40 intersection, DE 72 continues to the north on Sunset Lake Road, heading into wooded areas with some fields and residential development and crossing Belltown Run before closely running to the west of Norfolk Southern's Delmarva Secondary railroad line, heading across Muddy Run. The route crosses the railroad tracks at-grade to run along east side of the railroad tracks and heads across the Christina River before it widens into a five-lane road with a center left-turn lane as it comes to an intersection with Old Baltimore Pike. At this intersection, the route name changes to South Chapel Street and it passes through fields with some development, crossing under Interstate 95 (Delaware Turnpike) without an interchange. DE 72 enters the eastern part of the city of Newark and passes industrial parks before heading past businesses and residential neighborhoods as it comes to an intersection with DE 4. A park and ride lot is located at the southeast corner of this intersection.[3][4]DE 72 northbound at DE 273 and western terminus of DE 2 in NewarkFollowing this intersection, the road narrows to two lanes as it heads through agricultural areas to the east of the University of Delaware campus. The route continues northeast onto Library Avenue and runs through woods as it comes to a bridge over Amtrak's Northeast Corridor railroad line. The road bends north into commercial areas, passing to the east of Newark High School and widening into a four-lane divided highway as it comes to an intersection with Delaware Avenue, which carries the eastbound direction of DE 273. Here, eastbound DE 273 turns north to join DE 72 and the road reaches an intersection where westbound DE 273 runs west on Main Street and DE 273 continues east as Ogletown Road. Past this intersection, DE 72 becomes concurrent with DE 2 and the name changes to Capitol Trail as it turns northeast and passes under CSX's Philadelphia Subdivision railroad line. The road leaves Newark and heads northeast through residential areas, briefly becoming undivided as it crosses White Clay Creek.[3][4]After the road crosses Middle Run, DE 72 splits from DE 2 by heading northwest on two-lane undivided Possum Park Road, crossing the stream again and running through a mix of fields, woods, and housing developments. In Milford Crossroads, the route turns northeast onto Paper Mill Road and curves north to pass between White Clay Creek State Park to the west and the Middle Run Valley Natural Area to the east, crossing Middle Run a third time. The road continues northeast into the suburban Pike Creek area, where it crosses Pike Creek. DE 72 turns east and becomes a four-lane divided highway immediately before it reaches its northern terminus at an intersection with DE 7.[3][4]DE 72 has an annual average daily traffic count ranging from a high of 40,800 vehicles at the north end of the DE 2 concurrency to a low of 5,397 vehicles at the US 13 intersection.[1] The portion of DE 72 concurrent with DE 2 is part of the National Highway System.[5]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DE_72_NB_past_DE_2.jpeg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_1920_map-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_1931_map-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_1932_map-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1935_report-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_1936_map-10"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Port 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II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1942_report-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBI_1947-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1950_report-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_1954_map-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_1966_map-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2022-07-19_16_56_52_View_north_along_Delaware_State_Route_72_(South_Chapel_Street)_from_the_overpass_for_Interstate_95_(Delaware_Turnpike)_on_the_edge_of_Newark_and_Brookside_in_New_Castle_County,_Delaware.jpg"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_1967_map-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_1981_map-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_1990_map-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Proposed_Route_Designation_Changes_in_Newark-21"},{"link_name":"Jack Markell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Markell"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"DE 72 northbound past DE 2 near NewarkWhat is now DE 72 originally existed as a county road by 1920.[6] By 1931, the road was proposed as a state highway between present-day DE 9 and US 13 while what would become DE 72 north of Milford Crossroads was completed as a state highway.[7] The road from present-day DE 9 to US 13 became a state highway a year later.[8] On July 1, 1935, the remaining sections of the present-day route were transferred from the county to the state.[9][10] The portion of the road between US 13 and US 40 was improved by the state in 1937, providing a better route to Baltimore and Washington, D.C. for residents in the Delaware City, Port Penn, and Odessa areas.[11]DE 72 was designated by 1942 to run from DE 2 (Main Street) in Newark north to DE 7, following Chapel Street and Paper Mill Road.[2] In 1939, suggestions were made to replace the bridge over the White Clay Creek along Paper Mill Road in Newark.[12] Plans were completed for this bridge by 1942 but construction was postponed due to World War II.[13] The concrete bridge carrying Paper Mill Road over the White Clay Creek was completed in 1947, with final work on the project finished in August 1949.[14][15] By 1954, Sunset Lake Road was improved from a dirt road to a low-type bituminous road.[16] The roadway between US 40 and Newark was paved by 1966.[17]DE 72 northbound at I-95 on the edge of NewarkDE 72 was extended to its present southern terminus at DE 9 the next year, following Chapel Street, Sunset Lake Road, and Wrangle Hill Road.[18] In 1980, the Chapel Street grade crossing of the Northeast Corridor rail line in Newark was removed, and DE 72 was realigned farther to the east to follow Library Avenue across the railroad tracks before continuing north on DE 2 and Possum Park Road to Paper Mill Road in Milford Crossroads.[19] DE 2 was realigned to follow DE 72 around the eastern part of Newark on Library Avenue by 1990.[20] In 2013, the DE 2 concurrency between DE 4 and DE 273 was removed due to the truncation of DE 2 to the DE 273 intersection.[21] On April 29, 2016, Governor Jack Markell, DelDOT secretary Jennifer Cohan, and local officials attended a groundbreaking ceremony for a $7 million project that rebuilt the interchange with DE 1 into a diverging diamond interchange, the first such interchange in Delaware.[22] The diverging diamond interchange configuration was put into place on November 19, 2016.[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Castle County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Castle_County,_Delaware"}],"text":"The entire route is in New Castle County.","title":"Major intersections"}]	[{"image_text":"DE 72 northbound past US 40 in 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Roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:U.S._Roads"}]	[{"reference":"Staff (2018). \"Traffic Count and Mileage Report: Interstate, Delaware, and US Routes\" (PDF). Delaware Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://deldot.gov/Publications/manuals/traffic_counts/pdfs/2018/2018Interstate_USRoutes_DelawareRoutes.pdf?cache=1585496964656","url_text":"\"Traffic Count and Mileage Report: Interstate, Delaware, and US Routes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Delaware Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Delaware State Highway Department (1942). Official Road Map of the State of Delaware (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware State Highway Department. Retrieved November 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://deldot.gov/environmental/archaeology/historic_pres/historic_highway_maps/pdfs/cd_014.pdf?cache=1596042776946","url_text":"Official Road Map of the State of Delaware"}]},{"reference":"Delaware Department of Transportation (2017). Official Travel & Transportation Map (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware Department of Transportation. 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Federal Highway Administration. 2010. Retrieved February 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/national_highway_system/nhs_maps/delaware/de_delaware.pdf","url_text":"National Highway System: Delaware"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration","url_text":"Federal Highway Administration"}]},{"reference":"Delaware State Highway Department (1920). Official Road Map (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware State Highway Department. Retrieved November 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://deldot.gov/environmental/archaeology/historic_pres/historic_highway_maps/pdfs/cd_002.pdf?cache=1596042582771","url_text":"Official Road Map"}]},{"reference":"Delaware State Highway Department (1931). Official Road Map of the State of Delaware (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware State Highway Department. Retrieved November 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://deldot.gov/environmental/archaeology/historic_pres/historic_highway_maps/pdfs/cd_005.pdf?cache=1596042653323","url_text":"Official Road Map of the State of Delaware"}]},{"reference":"Delaware State Highway Department (1932). Official Road Map (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware State Highway Department. Retrieved November 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://deldot.gov/environmental/archaeology/historic_pres/historic_highway_maps/pdfs/cd_006.pdf?cache=1596042678415","url_text":"Official Road Map"}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Report of the State Highway Department of the State of Delaware\" (PDF) (1935 ed.). Dover, DE: Delaware State Highway Department. January 7, 1936: 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 12, 2013. Retrieved November 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130512202117/http://www.deldot.gov/archaeology/historic_pres/annual_reports/pdf/1935/annual_1935_chief.pdf","url_text":"\"Annual Report of the State Highway Department of the State of Delaware\""},{"url":"http://www.deldot.gov/archaeology/historic_pres/annual_reports/pdf/1935/annual_1935_chief.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Delaware State Highway Department; The National Survey Co. (1936). Official Road Map of the State of Delaware (PDF) (Map) (1936–1937 ed.). Dover: Delaware State Highway Department. Retrieved November 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://deldot.gov/environmental/archaeology/historic_pres/historic_highway_maps/pdfs/cd_008.pdf?cache=1596042704369","url_text":"Official Road Map of the State of Delaware"}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Report of the State Highway Department\" (PDF) (1937 ed.). Dover, Delaware: Delaware State Highway Department. January 1, 1938: 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 12, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130512202225/http://www.deldot.gov/archaeology/historic_pres/annual_reports/pdf/1937/annual_1937_chief.pdf","url_text":"\"Annual Report of the State Highway Department\""},{"url":"http://www.deldot.gov/archaeology/historic_pres/annual_reports/pdf/1937/annual_1937_chief.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Report of the State Highway Department\" (PDF) (1939 ed.). Dover, Delaware: Delaware State Highway Department. January 1, 1940: 41. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 12, 2013. Retrieved November 21, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130512202347/http://www.deldot.gov/archaeology/historic_pres/annual_reports/pdf/1939/annual_1939_chief.pdf","url_text":"\"Annual Report of the State Highway Department\""},{"url":"http://www.deldot.gov/archaeology/historic_pres/annual_reports/pdf/1939/annual_1939_chief.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Report of the State Highway Department\" (PDF) (1941-42 ed.). Dover, Delaware: Delaware State Highway Department. July 1, 1942: 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 23, 2019. Retrieved November 21, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190123065636/https://deldot.gov/archaeology/historic_pres/annual_reports/pdf/1941-42/Chief_Engineers_Report.pdf","url_text":"\"Annual Report of the State Highway Department\""},{"url":"https://www.deldot.gov/archaeology/historic_pres/annual_reports/pdf/1941-42/Chief_Engineers_Report.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Federal Highway Administration (2012). \"NBI Structure Number: 1231 013\". National Bridge Inventory. Federal Highway Administration.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Report of the State Highway Department\" (PDF) (1950 ed.). Dover, Delaware: Delaware State Highway Department. July 1, 1950: 34. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2015. Retrieved November 21, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213508/http://www.deldot.gov/archaeology/historic_pres/annual_reports/pdf/1950/annual_1950_chief_engr.pdf","url_text":"\"Report of the State Highway Department\""},{"url":"http://www.deldot.gov/archaeology/historic_pres/annual_reports/pdf/1950/annual_1950_chief_engr.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Delaware State Highway Department (1954). Official Highway Map of Delaware (PDF) (Map) (1954–1955 ed.). Dover: Delaware State Highway Department. Retrieved November 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://deldot.gov/environmental/archaeology/historic_pres/historic_highway_maps/pdfs/cd_028.pdf?cache=1596042926454","url_text":"Official Highway Map of Delaware"}]},{"reference":"Delaware State Highway Department (1966). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware State Highway Department. Retrieved November 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://deldot.gov/environmental/archaeology/historic_pres/historic_highway_maps/pdfs/cd_040.pdf?cache=1596043076608","url_text":"Official Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"Delaware State Highway Department (1967). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware State Highway Department. Retrieved November 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://deldot.gov/environmental/archaeology/historic_pres/historic_highway_maps/pdfs/cd_042.pdf?cache=1596043105040","url_text":"Official Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"Delaware Department of Transportation (1981). Delaware Official State Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://deldot.gov/environmental/archaeology/historic_pres/historic_highway_maps/pdfs/cd_058.pdf?cache=1596043263358","url_text":"Delaware Official State Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"Delaware Department of Transportation (1990). Official State Map (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://deldot.gov/environmental/archaeology/historic_pres/historic_highway_maps/pdfs/cd_070.pdf?cache=1596043372069","url_text":"Official State Map"}]},{"reference":"Shannon, Josh (July 1, 2013). \"A route to less clutter: DelDOT to consolidate Newark route numbers\". Newark Post. Retrieved August 15, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newarkpostonline.com/news/article_081d2586-e14b-11e2-94de-001a4bcf887a.html","url_text":"\"A route to less clutter: DelDOT to consolidate Newark route numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Start of Construction for Delaware's First Diverging Diamond Interchange Celebrated by State and Local Officials\" (Press release). Delaware Department of Transportation. April 29, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deldot.gov/home/newsroom/release.shtml?id=6017","url_text":"\"Start of Construction for Delaware's First Diverging Diamond Interchange Celebrated by State and Local Officials\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traffic Pattern Activiated for the New Diverging Diamond Interchange at State Route 1 and Route 72\" (Press release). Delaware Department of Transportation. November 18, 2016. Retrieved November 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deldot.gov/home/newsroom/release.shtml?id=6325","url_text":"\"Traffic Pattern Activiated for the New Diverging Diamond Interchange at State Route 1 and Route 72\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://deldot.gov/Publications/manuals/traffic_counts/pdfs/2018/2018Interstate_USRoutes_DelawareRoutes.pdf?cache=1585496964656","external_links_name":"\"Traffic Count and Mileage Report: Interstate, Delaware, and US Routes\""},{"Link":"https://deldot.gov/environmental/archaeology/historic_pres/historic_highway_maps/pdfs/cd_014.pdf?cache=1596042776946","external_links_name":"Official Road Map of the State of Delaware"},{"Link":"https://deldot.gov/environmental/archaeology/historic_pres/historic_highway_maps/pdfs/2017%20Official%20Transportation%20Map.pdf?cache=1596043585083","external_links_name":"Official Travel & Transportation 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasar_malam	Pasar malam	["1 Etymology","2 History","3 Indonesia","4 Brunei","5 Malaysia","6 Singapore","7 The Netherlands","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]	Night market found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and SingaporePeople bargaining in a traditional Indonesian pasar malam in Rawasari, Central Jakarta, Indonesia. Pasar malam is a Malay word that literally means "night market" (the word pasar comes from bazaar in Persian). A pasar malam is a street market in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore that opens in the evening, usually in residential neighbourhoods. Pasar malams are culturally very similar to night markets in Asian countries such as China (Nanluoguixiang, Shuang'an Night Markets), Thailand (Chatuchak Market), Taiwan (Shilin Market), Vietnam (Hanoi's Old Quarter), South Korea (Namdaemum Market) and India (Mangal Bazaar). The pasar malam may be held in a fixed location or itinerant, offering a variety of products such as street food, snacks, desserts, produce, apparel, accessories, handmade crafts, houseware, gadgets, toys, knick-knacks, and ornaments at cheap or reasonable prices. Counterfeit goods such as fake branded wearables and pirated CDs may also be sold at a pasar malam. Pasar malam might resemble a night festival or a fairground, where fair games and kiddy rides, like a mini carousel or mini train ride, may also be present. Several quintessential fair snacks like cotton candy, ice cream, hot dogs, and grilled sausages are also popular, next to the offerings of traditional local delicacies. A pasar malam often takes place only one to a few days of the week, as the traders rotate around different neighbourhoods on different days of the week. Haggling over prices is a common practice at such markets. Etymology "Pasar Malam" translates to "Night Market" in English. The term is derived from the Malay language, where "pasar" means "market" and "malam" means "night." History Pasar Malam in Batavia, Dutch East Indies, period 1900–1940 In the Indonesian archipelago, markets are traditionally held on different days with locations rotating among participating villages. This traditional economic custom is known as Hari Pasaran (lit. "market days") in Javanese. After being further developed, the market was established more permanently like it is today. The night market is regarded as the continuation of this non-permanent market culture. Night markets are usually held during special occasions or festivals, such as Sekaten festival in Java, or held on Ramadhan nights, approximately a week before Lebaran. Among traditional night markets, one of the earliest and biggest was the annual Lunar New Year night market in Batavia, the capital of the Dutch East Indies. Held three days before the Lunar New Year, this night market began in the late 1820s as an initiative of Tan Eng Goan, the 1st Majoor der Chineezen of Batavia, and became a prototype for similar night markets. After the discovery of electricity and lightbulbs, night markets were held more frequently in colonial Dutch East Indies in the early 20th century. The most notable one is Pasar Gambir, a night market fair held in 1906 and yearly from 1921 until the outbreak of World War II in 1942, in the Koningsplein, Batavia, Dutch East Indies (now Merdeka Square, Jakarta, Indonesia) to celebrate the birthday of Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands. It has become the predecessor of the annual Jakarta Fair and Den Haag's Tong Tong Fair which are a night market and festival held for several weeks. Indonesia Ferris wheel at Pasar Malam in Pamekasan, East Java In Java, especially in the Javanese royal cities Yogyakarta and Surakarta, the grand week-long pasar malam is usually held annually during the Sekaten festival to celebrate Mawlid, or the birthday of Muhammad. During colonial Dutch East Indies, the annual Pasar Malam was held in Pasar Gambir (today Merdeka Square) and became the predecessor of modern Jakarta's annual Jakarta Fair. Today, several kecamatan (districts) in Jakarta and also other provinces in Indonesia, hold weekly pasar malam, usually every Saturday night in a nearby alun-alun square, open fields, or marketplaces. In Indonesia, pasar malam has become a weekly recreational place for local families. Other than selling a variety of goods and foods, some pasar malam also offer kiddy rides and carnival games, such as mini carousels or mini train rides. In Palembang, a popular pasar malam is located on the front of Kuto Besak Fort on the bank of the Musi River. This pasar malam sells local dishes and snacks such as pempek, lenggang, and tekwan, and also offers souvenirs and handy crafts. Brunei Gadong Night Market In Brunei, night markets have been an integral part of the community for decades, providing an opportunity for local vendors to sell their products and for residents to socialize. The exact origins of the Pasar Malam in Brunei are unclear, but their presence has been noted since the mid-20th century. Pasar Malam can be found in various locations throughout Brunei. Some of the most notable ones include: Gadong Night Market: Located in the heart of Gadong, this night market is one of the largest and most popular in Brunei. It features numerous stalls selling a wide range of food, including local delicacies, fresh produce and snacks. The Gadong Night Market is particularly famous for its vibrant atmosphere and diverse culinary offerings. Food Street Yayasan: located within the Yayasan Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Complex in Bandar Seri Begawan, is a lively night market that offers a diverse array of culinary delights, from traditional Bruneian dishes to international cuisine. Operating primarily in the evenings, this vibrant food street serves as a bustling hub for locals and tourists to enjoy a variety of food, such as Nasi Katok, Ambuyat, Satay, Kuih and Laksa. This lively food street typically operates for five months each year, generally from June to December. This market generally runs for several months each year in recurring cycles, with new vendors featured in each cycle. Pasar Malam plays a significant role in the local economy of Brunei. They provide a platform for small businesses and local entrepreneurs to reach a wider audience. Many vendors rely on these night markets as a primary source of income. Additionally, Pasar Malam fosters a sense of community by bringing people together in a shared space, promoting social interaction and cultural exchange. Malaysia Pasar malam during the day at Jurong East, Singapore; the crowds usually appear during the night Pasar malam in Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia In Malaysia, Pasar Malam is normally set as a temporarily closed street for vehicles and open for pedestrians from evening until late night weekly. At certain locations due to frequency or a few times a week, narrow and busy streets also safety reasons, Pasar Malam will open at Tapak Pasar Malam at nighttime which describes an allocation space that converts a parking space during the daytime. Due to the hot Malaysian weather during the daytime, the Pasar Malam has become a nightlife activity that attracts the local community after working time and the tourist crowd to shop with moderate night temperatures looking for cheap hot foods, clothing, groceries, etc. The vendor licences are obtained from local authorities under the local council area. The majority of the local vendors sell plenty types of drinks, hot foods, and local delicacies from Malay, Malaysian Chinese, and Indian backgrounds which are famous and also difficult to find, fresh fruits and vegetables, fresh fish and seafood, fresh meat and poultry, toys, family range of clothes and accessories. Some local vendors also sell live pets or even phone accessories. Singapore In Singapore, the pasar malams of old were phased out in 1978 due to regulation but were fractionally revived in housing estates in 1991 as a cultural selling point. Notable pasar malams of old included the Woodlands Pasar Malam which attracted crowds from Johor Bahru and the People's Park Pasar Malam in Chinatown. Present-day pasar malams are organised at specific locations on a temporary lease, usually before festive occasions such as Lunar New Year, Hari Raya Puasa, and Deepavali. The organisers are required to submit a tender bid to the People's Association for the right to host the Pasar Malam. Food hawkers are licensed by the NEA and required to pass a food hygiene course. Pasar malams are reported to face sustainability challenges due to rising rental costs. The Netherlands Music performance in Pasar Malam Besar 2006, The Hague In the Netherlands, a yearly Indo-Eurasian festival is held in The Hague under the name Tong Tong Fair, formerly known as the Pasar Malam Besar (besar meaning "big"). Due to the high number of Indo-Eurasians and the successive success of this event since 1959, dozens of pasar malam are held each year in the Netherlands. Recently the Indonesian embassy has started sponsoring a yearly Pasar Malam Indonesia, mainly to promote Indonesian business and enhance Dutch-Indonesian relations. See also Bazaar Hawker centre, open-air complexes in Malaysia and Singapore housing many stalls that sell a variety of inexpensive food Kopi tiam, literally a "coffee shop" Market (place) Pasar pagi, (morning market) Retail Wet market Farmers' market References ^ Russell, Jones (2008). Loan-words in Indonesian and Malay. KITLV-Jakarta. ISBN 978-9794617014. Retrieved 26 August 2015. ^ Nigel Phillips; Khaidir Anwar, eds. (1981). Papers on Indonesian languages and literatures. Vol. 13 of Cahier d'Archipel. Indonesian Etymological Project, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1981. p. 63. ISBN 978-0950747408. Retrieved 25 August 2015. ^ malaysiasite.nl ^ Wolsey, Barbara (11 May 2022). "The 9 Best Night Markets Around the World". Thrillist. Vox Media Network. ^ a b Berdoeri, Tjamboek (1928). "Pasar Malem – Djaman Dahoeloe Batavia/Djakarta". ^ a b Tempo, Koran (6 February 2012). "Pada Sebuah Pesta Rakyat – Metro – koran.tempo.co". Tempo (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 May 2020. ^ "Jakarta Fair Dari Masa Ke Masa". kabarbumn.com (in Indonesian). 14 June 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2023. ^ Wicaksono, Pribadi (18 September 2022). "Pasar Malam ala Sekaten Yogyakarta Digelar, Daya Tariknya Bukan Hanya Wahana dan Kuliner". Tempo. Retrieved 17 April 2023. ^ Priyombodo (5 February 2023). "Sepotong Bahagia di Pasar Malam". kompas.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 17 April 2023. ^ "Pasar Malam Sungai Musi, Representasi Kearifan Lokal Palembang". Indonesia Kaya (in Indonesian). ^ "Street Food", Brunei Tourism, retrieved 9 June 2024 ^ "A feast of local flavours at Yayasan Food Street festival", The Bruneian, retrieved 9 June 2024 ^ a b "Pasar Malam". NLB Singapore. 2 March 2015. ^ a b Jie, Pan (23 May 2019). "What Hawker Culture Can Learn From The Pasar Malam's History". Rice Media. ^ L, Andrew. "List of Pasar Malam in Singapore". Ahboy. ^ a b Zalizan, Taufiq (24 April 2023). "The Big Read: The million-dollar pasar malam industry and Singaporeans' love affair with it". Channel News Asia. MediaCorp. ^ "Tong Tong Fair". Tong Tong Fair. Retrieved 17 April 2023. ^ "Pasar Malam Istimewa". In Dordrecht. Retrieved 17 April 2023. ^ ""Pasar malam", world's biggest promotion of Indonesia potentials". Antara News. Retrieved 17 April 2023. External links MyPasarMalam – Malaysia pasar Malam directory Pasar malam business Pasar Malam SG	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pasar_Malam_Rawasari_11.JPG"},{"link_name":"Rawasari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawasari,_Cempaka_Putih"},{"link_name":"Central Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language"},{"link_name":"night market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_market"},{"link_name":"bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaar"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"street market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_market"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Chatuchak Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatuchak_Weekend_Market"},{"link_name":"Shilin Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilin_Night_Market"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"street food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_food"},{"link_name":"snacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snack"},{"link_name":"fairground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair"},{"link_name":"carousel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carousel"},{"link_name":"cotton candy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_candy"},{"link_name":"ice cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cream"},{"link_name":"hot dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_dog"},{"link_name":"Haggling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargaining"}],"text":"Night market found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and SingaporePeople bargaining in a traditional Indonesian pasar malam in Rawasari, Central Jakarta, Indonesia.Pasar malam is a Malay word that literally means \"night market\" (the word pasar comes from bazaar in Persian[1][2]). A pasar malam is a street market in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore that opens in the evening, usually in residential neighbourhoods.[3] Pasar malams are culturally very similar to night markets in Asian countries such as China (Nanluoguixiang, Shuang'an Night Markets), Thailand (Chatuchak Market), Taiwan (Shilin Market), Vietnam (Hanoi's Old Quarter), South Korea (Namdaemum Market) and India (Mangal Bazaar).[4]The pasar malam may be held in a fixed location or itinerant, offering a variety of products such as street food, snacks, desserts, produce, apparel, accessories, handmade crafts, houseware, gadgets, toys, knick-knacks, and ornaments at cheap or reasonable prices. Counterfeit goods such as fake branded wearables and pirated CDs may also be sold at a pasar malam.Pasar malam might resemble a night festival or a fairground, where fair games and kiddy rides, like a mini carousel or mini train ride, may also be present. Several quintessential fair snacks like cotton candy, ice cream, hot dogs, and grilled sausages are also popular, next to the offerings of traditional local delicacies. A pasar malam often takes place only one to a few days of the week, as the traders rotate around different neighbourhoods on different days of the week. Haggling over prices is a common practice at such markets.","title":"Pasar malam"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"Pasar Malam\" translates to \"Night Market\" in English. The term is derived from the Malay language, where \"pasar\" means \"market\" and \"malam\" means \"night.\"","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bezoekers_op_de_Pasar_Malam_te_Batavia_TMnr_60022441.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dutch East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"Javanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_language"},{"link_name":"Sekaten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekaten"},{"link_name":"Ramadhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadhan"},{"link_name":"Lebaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebaran"},{"link_name":"Lunar New Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_New_Year"},{"link_name":"Batavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"Dutch East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berdoeri_(1928)-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tempo_2012-6"},{"link_name":"Tan Eng Goan, the 1st Majoor der Chineezen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Eng_Goan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berdoeri_(1928)-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tempo_2012-6"},{"link_name":"lightbulbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightbulb"},{"link_name":"Pasar Gambir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasar_Gambir"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Dutch East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"Merdeka Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merdeka_Square,_Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Jakarta Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Fair"},{"link_name":"Den Haag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"Tong Tong Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tong_Tong_Fair"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Pasar Malam in Batavia, Dutch East Indies, period 1900–1940In the Indonesian archipelago, markets are traditionally held on different days with locations rotating among participating villages. This traditional economic custom is known as Hari Pasaran (lit. \"market days\") in Javanese. After being further developed, the market was established more permanently like it is today. The night market is regarded as the continuation of this non-permanent market culture. Night markets are usually held during special occasions or festivals, such as Sekaten festival in Java, or held on Ramadhan nights, approximately a week before Lebaran.Among traditional night markets, one of the earliest and biggest was the annual Lunar New Year night market in Batavia, the capital of the Dutch East Indies.[5][6] Held three days before the Lunar New Year, this night market began in the late 1820s as an initiative of Tan Eng Goan, the 1st Majoor der Chineezen of Batavia, and became a prototype for similar night markets.[5][6]After the discovery of electricity and lightbulbs, night markets were held more frequently in colonial Dutch East Indies in the early 20th century. The most notable one is Pasar Gambir, a night market fair held in 1906 and yearly from 1921 until the outbreak of World War II in 1942, in the Koningsplein, Batavia, Dutch East Indies (now Merdeka Square, Jakarta, Indonesia) to celebrate the birthday of Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands. It has become the predecessor of the annual Jakarta Fair and Den Haag's Tong Tong Fair which are a night market and festival held for several weeks.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bianglala.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ferris wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferris_wheel"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"Javanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_people"},{"link_name":"Yogyakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakarta"},{"link_name":"Surakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surakarta"},{"link_name":"Sekaten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekaten"},{"link_name":"Mawlid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawlid"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Dutch East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"Pasar Gambir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasar_Gambir"},{"link_name":"Merdeka Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merdeka_Square,_Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Jakarta Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Fair"},{"link_name":"kecamatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecamatan"},{"link_name":"alun-alun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alun-alun"},{"link_name":"carousels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carousel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Palembang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palembang"},{"link_name":"Musi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musi_River_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"pempek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pempek"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Ferris wheel at Pasar Malam in Pamekasan, East JavaIn Java, especially in the Javanese royal cities Yogyakarta and Surakarta, the grand week-long pasar malam is usually held annually during the Sekaten festival to celebrate Mawlid, or the birthday of Muhammad.[8] During colonial Dutch East Indies, the annual Pasar Malam was held in Pasar Gambir (today Merdeka Square) and became the predecessor of modern Jakarta's annual Jakarta Fair.\nToday, several kecamatan (districts) in Jakarta and also other provinces in Indonesia, hold weekly pasar malam, usually every Saturday night in a nearby alun-alun square, open fields, or marketplaces. In Indonesia, pasar malam has become a weekly recreational place for local families. Other than selling a variety of goods and foods, some pasar malam also offer kiddy rides and carnival games, such as mini carousels or mini train rides.[9] In Palembang, a popular pasar malam is located on the front of Kuto Besak Fort on the bank of the Musi River. This pasar malam sells local dishes and snacks such as pempek, lenggang, and tekwan, and also offers souvenirs and handy crafts.[10]","title":"Indonesia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bandar_Seri_Begawan_Night_Market_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Street_Food-11"},{"link_name":"Gadong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadong,_Brunei"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_feast_of_local_flavours_at_Yayasan_Food_Street_festival-12"},{"link_name":"Bandar Seri Begawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawan"},{"link_name":"traditional Bruneian dishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Nasi Katok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_katok"},{"link_name":"small businesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_business"}],"text":"Gadong Night MarketIn Brunei, night markets have been an integral part of the community for decades, providing an opportunity for local vendors to sell their products and for residents to socialize. The exact origins of the Pasar Malam in Brunei are unclear, but their presence has been noted since the mid-20th century.Pasar Malam can be found in various locations throughout Brunei. Some of the most notable ones include:Gadong Night Market:[11] Located in the heart of Gadong, this night market is one of the largest and most popular in Brunei. It features numerous stalls selling a wide range of food, including local delicacies, fresh produce and snacks. The Gadong Night Market is particularly famous for its vibrant atmosphere and diverse culinary offerings.\nFood Street Yayasan:[12] located within the Yayasan Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Complex in Bandar Seri Begawan, is a lively night market that offers a diverse array of culinary delights, from traditional Bruneian dishes to international cuisine. Operating primarily in the evenings, this vibrant food street serves as a bustling hub for locals and tourists to enjoy a variety of food, such as Nasi Katok, Ambuyat, Satay, Kuih and Laksa. This lively food street typically operates for five months each year, generally from June to December. This market generally runs for several months each year in recurring cycles, with new vendors featured in each cycle.Pasar Malam plays a significant role in the local economy of Brunei. They provide a platform for small businesses and local entrepreneurs to reach a wider audience. Many vendors rely on these night markets as a primary source of income. Additionally, Pasar Malam fosters a sense of community by bringing people together in a shared space, promoting social interaction and cultural exchange.","title":"Brunei"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PasarMalam.JPG"},{"link_name":"Jurong East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurong_East"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pasar_Malam_Seri_Kembangan_(230403)_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Seri Kembangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seri_Kembangan"},{"link_name":"Selangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"}],"text":"Pasar malam during the day at Jurong East, Singapore; the crowds usually appear during the nightPasar malam in Seri Kembangan, Selangor, MalaysiaIn Malaysia, Pasar Malam is normally set as a temporarily closed street for vehicles and open for pedestrians from evening until late night weekly. At certain locations due to frequency or a few times a week, narrow and busy streets also safety reasons, Pasar Malam will open at Tapak Pasar Malam at nighttime which describes an allocation space that converts a parking space during the daytime.Due to the hot Malaysian weather during the daytime, the Pasar Malam has become a nightlife activity that attracts the local community after working time and the tourist crowd to shop with moderate night temperatures looking for cheap hot foods, clothing, groceries, etc. The vendor licences are obtained from local authorities under the local council area.The majority of the local vendors sell plenty types of drinks, hot foods, and local delicacies from Malay, Malaysian Chinese, and Indian backgrounds which are famous and also difficult to find, fresh fruits and vegetables, fresh fish and seafood, fresh meat and poultry, toys, family range of clothes and accessories. Some local vendors also sell live pets or even phone accessories.","title":"Malaysia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nlb-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmdia-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmdia-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"People's Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Association"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cna-16"},{"link_name":"NEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Environment_Agency"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nlb-13"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cna-16"}],"text":"In Singapore, the pasar malams of old were phased out in 1978 due to regulation but were fractionally revived in housing estates in 1991[13] as a cultural selling point.[14] Notable pasar malams of old included the Woodlands Pasar Malam which attracted crowds from Johor Bahru and the People's Park Pasar Malam in Chinatown.[14] Present-day pasar malams are organised at specific locations on a temporary lease, usually before festive occasions such as Lunar New Year, Hari Raya Puasa, and Deepavali.[15] The organisers are required to submit a tender bid to the People's Association for the right to host the Pasar Malam.[16] Food hawkers are licensed by the NEA and required to pass a food hygiene course.[13] Pasar malams are reported to face sustainability challenges due to rising rental costs.[16]","title":"Singapore"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PasarMalamBesar2006.jpg"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Indo-Eurasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo_people"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"Tong Tong Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tong_Tong_Fair"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Music performance in Pasar Malam Besar 2006, The HagueIn the Netherlands, a yearly Indo-Eurasian festival is held in The Hague under the name Tong Tong Fair, formerly known as the Pasar Malam Besar (besar meaning \"big\").[17] Due to the high number of Indo-Eurasians and the successive success of this event since 1959, dozens of pasar malam are held each year in the Netherlands.[18] Recently the Indonesian embassy has started sponsoring a yearly Pasar Malam Indonesia, mainly to promote Indonesian business and enhance Dutch-Indonesian relations.[19]","title":"The Netherlands"}]	[{"image_text":"People bargaining in a traditional Indonesian pasar malam in Rawasari, Central Jakarta, Indonesia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Pasar_Malam_Rawasari_11.JPG/300px-Pasar_Malam_Rawasari_11.JPG"},{"image_text":"Pasar Malam in Batavia, Dutch East Indies, period 1900–1940","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bezoekers_op_de_Pasar_Malam_te_Batavia_TMnr_60022441.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bezoekers_op_de_Pasar_Malam_te_Batavia_TMnr_60022441.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ferris wheel at Pasar Malam in Pamekasan, East Java","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bianglala.jpg/220px-Bianglala.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gadong Night Market","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bandar_Seri_Begawan_Night_Market_1.jpg/220px-Bandar_Seri_Begawan_Night_Market_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pasar malam during the day at Jurong East, Singapore; the crowds usually appear during the night","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/PasarMalam.JPG/220px-PasarMalam.JPG"},{"image_text":"Pasar malam in Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Pasar_Malam_Seri_Kembangan_%28230403%29_02.jpg/220px-Pasar_Malam_Seri_Kembangan_%28230403%29_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Music performance in Pasar Malam Besar 2006, The Hague","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/PasarMalamBesar2006.jpg/220px-PasarMalamBesar2006.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaar"},{"title":"Hawker centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_centre"},{"title":"Kopi tiam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopi_tiam"},{"title":"Market (place)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_(place)"},{"title":"Pasar pagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasar_pagi"},{"title":"Wet market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market"},{"title":"Farmers' market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmers%27_market"}]	[{"reference":"Russell, Jones (2008). Loan-words in Indonesian and Malay. KITLV-Jakarta. ISBN 978-9794617014. Retrieved 26 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s30LAQAAMAAJ&q=bazaar+pasar+etymology","url_text":"Loan-words in Indonesian and Malay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9794617014","url_text":"978-9794617014"}]},{"reference":"Nigel Phillips; Khaidir Anwar, eds. (1981). Papers on Indonesian languages and literatures. Vol. 13 of Cahier d'Archipel. Indonesian Etymological Project, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1981. p. 63. ISBN 978-0950747408. Retrieved 25 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TkO5AAAAIAAJ&q=bazaar+indonesian+etymology","url_text":"Papers on Indonesian languages and literatures"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0950747408","url_text":"978-0950747408"}]},{"reference":"Wolsey, Barbara (11 May 2022). \"The 9 Best Night Markets Around the World\". Thrillist. Vox Media Network.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thrillist.com/travel/nation/best-night-markets-around-the-world","url_text":"\"The 9 Best Night Markets Around the World\""}]},{"reference":"Berdoeri, Tjamboek (1928). \"Pasar Malem – Djaman Dahoeloe Batavia/Djakarta\".","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tempo, Koran (6 February 2012). \"Pada Sebuah Pesta Rakyat – Metro – koran.tempo.co\". Tempo (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://koran.tempo.co/read/metro/263678/pada-sebuah-pesta-rakyat?","url_text":"\"Pada Sebuah Pesta Rakyat – Metro – koran.tempo.co\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jakarta Fair Dari Masa Ke Masa\". kabarbumn.com (in Indonesian). 14 June 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://kabarbumn.com/berita/2054/jakarta-fair-dari-masa-ke-masa","url_text":"\"Jakarta Fair Dari Masa Ke Masa\""}]},{"reference":"Wicaksono, Pribadi (18 September 2022). \"Pasar Malam ala Sekaten Yogyakarta Digelar, Daya Tariknya Bukan Hanya Wahana dan Kuliner\". Tempo. Retrieved 17 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://travel.tempo.co/read/1635484/pasar-malam-ala-sekaten-yogyakarta-digelar-daya-tariknya-bukan-hanya-wahana-dan-kuliner","url_text":"\"Pasar Malam ala Sekaten Yogyakarta Digelar, Daya Tariknya Bukan Hanya Wahana dan Kuliner\""}]},{"reference":"Priyombodo (5 February 2023). \"Sepotong Bahagia di Pasar Malam\". kompas.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 17 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kompas.id/baca/foto/2022/12/16/sepotong-bahagia-di-pasar-malam","url_text":"\"Sepotong Bahagia di Pasar Malam\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pasar Malam Sungai Musi, Representasi Kearifan Lokal Palembang\". Indonesia Kaya (in Indonesian).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indonesiakaya.com/kanal/detail/pasar-malam-sungai-musi-representasi-kearifan-lokal-palembang","url_text":"\"Pasar Malam Sungai Musi, Representasi Kearifan Lokal Palembang\""}]},{"reference":"\"Street Food\", Brunei Tourism, retrieved 9 June 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bruneitourism.com/things-to-do/eat-drink/street-food/","url_text":"\"Street Food\""}]},{"reference":"\"A feast of local flavours at Yayasan Food Street festival\", The Bruneian, retrieved 9 June 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://thebruneian.news/2023/08/30/a-feast-of-local-flavours-at-yayasan-food-street-festival/","url_text":"\"A feast of local flavours at Yayasan Food Street festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pasar Malam\". NLB Singapore. 2 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=8661aa72-3ea6-4abc-b0a6-d2cc24d3f0ff","url_text":"\"Pasar Malam\""}]},{"reference":"Jie, Pan (23 May 2019). \"What Hawker Culture Can Learn From The Pasar Malam's History\". Rice Media.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ricemedia.co/culture-events-hawker-culture-pasar-malam-history/","url_text":"\"What Hawker Culture Can Learn From The Pasar Malam's History\""}]},{"reference":"L, Andrew. \"List of Pasar Malam in Singapore\". Ahboy.","urls":[{"url":"https://ahboy.com/list-of-pasar-malam-in-singapore/","url_text":"\"List of Pasar Malam in Singapore\""}]},{"reference":"Zalizan, Taufiq (24 April 2023). \"The Big Read: The million-dollar pasar malam industry and Singaporeans' love affair with it\". Channel News Asia. MediaCorp.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/pasar-malam-industry-love-affair-million-dollar-big-read-3436986","url_text":"\"The Big Read: The million-dollar pasar malam industry and Singaporeans' love affair with it\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tong Tong Fair\". Tong Tong Fair. Retrieved 17 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tongtongfair.nl/english/","url_text":"\"Tong Tong Fair\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pasar Malam Istimewa\". In Dordrecht. Retrieved 17 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://indordrecht.nl/en/uitagenda/pasar-malam-istimewa/","url_text":"\"Pasar Malam Istimewa\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Pasar malam\", world's biggest promotion of Indonesia potentials\". Antara News. Retrieved 17 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.antaranews.com/news/87998/pasar-malam-worlds-biggest-promotion-of-indonesia-potentials","url_text":"\"\"Pasar malam\", world's biggest promotion of Indonesia potentials\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s30LAQAAMAAJ&q=bazaar+pasar+etymology","external_links_name":"Loan-words in Indonesian and Malay"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TkO5AAAAIAAJ&q=bazaar+indonesian+etymology","external_links_name":"Papers on Indonesian languages and literatures"},{"Link":"http://www.malaysiasite.nl/pasarmalam.htm","external_links_name":"malaysiasite.nl"},{"Link":"https://www.thrillist.com/travel/nation/best-night-markets-around-the-world","external_links_name":"\"The 9 Best Night Markets Around the World\""},{"Link":"https://koran.tempo.co/read/metro/263678/pada-sebuah-pesta-rakyat?","external_links_name":"\"Pada Sebuah Pesta Rakyat – Metro – koran.tempo.co\""},{"Link":"https://kabarbumn.com/berita/2054/jakarta-fair-dari-masa-ke-masa","external_links_name":"\"Jakarta Fair Dari Masa Ke Masa\""},{"Link":"https://travel.tempo.co/read/1635484/pasar-malam-ala-sekaten-yogyakarta-digelar-daya-tariknya-bukan-hanya-wahana-dan-kuliner","external_links_name":"\"Pasar Malam ala Sekaten Yogyakarta Digelar, Daya Tariknya Bukan Hanya Wahana dan Kuliner\""},{"Link":"https://www.kompas.id/baca/foto/2022/12/16/sepotong-bahagia-di-pasar-malam","external_links_name":"\"Sepotong Bahagia di Pasar Malam\""},{"Link":"http://www.indonesiakaya.com/kanal/detail/pasar-malam-sungai-musi-representasi-kearifan-lokal-palembang","external_links_name":"\"Pasar Malam Sungai Musi, Representasi Kearifan Lokal Palembang\""},{"Link":"https://www.bruneitourism.com/things-to-do/eat-drink/street-food/","external_links_name":"\"Street Food\""},{"Link":"https://thebruneian.news/2023/08/30/a-feast-of-local-flavours-at-yayasan-food-street-festival/","external_links_name":"\"A feast of local flavours at Yayasan Food Street festival\""},{"Link":"https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=8661aa72-3ea6-4abc-b0a6-d2cc24d3f0ff","external_links_name":"\"Pasar Malam\""},{"Link":"https://www.ricemedia.co/culture-events-hawker-culture-pasar-malam-history/","external_links_name":"\"What Hawker Culture Can Learn From The Pasar Malam's History\""},{"Link":"https://ahboy.com/list-of-pasar-malam-in-singapore/","external_links_name":"\"List of Pasar Malam in Singapore\""},{"Link":"https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/pasar-malam-industry-love-affair-million-dollar-big-read-3436986","external_links_name":"\"The Big Read: The million-dollar pasar malam industry and Singaporeans' love affair with it\""},{"Link":"https://tongtongfair.nl/english/","external_links_name":"\"Tong Tong Fair\""},{"Link":"https://indordrecht.nl/en/uitagenda/pasar-malam-istimewa/","external_links_name":"\"Pasar Malam Istimewa\""},{"Link":"https://en.antaranews.com/news/87998/pasar-malam-worlds-biggest-promotion-of-indonesia-potentials","external_links_name":"\"\"Pasar malam\", world's biggest promotion of Indonesia potentials\""},{"Link":"http://www.mypasarmalam.com/","external_links_name":"MyPasarMalam – Malaysia pasar Malam directory"},{"Link":"http://diskusiniaga.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"Pasar malam business"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160111195004/http://pasarmalam.sg/","external_links_name":"Pasar Malam SG"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewan_Dow	Ewan Dow	["1 References"]	British politician Ewan Dow (born 8 December 1971, Dunfermline) is a former Scottish politician. He was educated at Kirkcaldy and Beath High Schools and attended the University of Aberdeen though left prior to graduating. In May 1994 he was elected as a Scottish National Party councillor to the former Tayside Regional Council and after only eight weeks was controversially appointed to be Leader of the Administration after the resignation of the previous leader, Councillor Lena Graham. In so doing Mr Dow made history as the youngest ever Scottish council leader since records began, being elected to this post at the age of 22 years. In April 1995 Dow was elected to the newly formed Perth and Kinross Council and following the abolishment of Tayside Regional Council in 1996 served as depute leader and finance convener in the Perth and Kinross Council's SNP administration until losing his council seat in the 1999 Scottish local government elections. During that time Dow led the fight against both the then Conservative and subsequent Labour Governments for funding for the proposed multimillion-pound Perth Flood Prevention Scheme much to the ire of local Tory Member of Parliament for North Tayside Bill Walker. In 1997 Dow stood for the SNP in the Stirling constituency against then Scottish Secretary of State Michael Forsyth coming third with 13.4% of the vote. In 2004 Dow was elected to the SNP's National Disciplinary Committee being re-elected in 2005 and 2006 when he was appointed convener of the committee in succession to Lachie McNeill. At the 2007 Scottish Parliament Election Dow stood for the SNP in the Dunfermline East constituency coming second with 28.5% of the vote an increase of 10.1% on the 2003 election and securing the highest vote share achieved by the SNP in the constituency. During season 2008/09 Dow served on the board of Cowdenbeath Football Club in the joint role of club secretary and media officer. In the 2011 Scottish Parliament Elections Dow was 8th on the SNP Regional List for Mid Scotland and Fife but failed to be elected. Dow is a staunch republican and caused controversy in the late 1990s by referring to the British Royal Family as "Lizzie Windsor and the Spongers" during a debate on the monarchy at an SNP Annual Conference. In 2016 Dow resigned from the SNP, criticising Cybernats and labelling the SNP as being like "a cult with selfies". References ^ "SNP backs youth as 22-year-old is given purse-strings of a #500m budget" The Herald - 6 July 1994 ^ "SNP 'stripling general' has resurrected generation gap: The election of Britain's youngest council leader has provoked protest on Tayside" Independent Newspaper - 11 July 1994 ^ "£21m flood defences for Perth" The Herald - 25 September 1997 ^ UK Parliament Early Day Motion 570 - February 1997 ^ BBC Scottish Elections 2007 - Dunfermline East result ^ Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine "New Cowden board meet for first time" Central Fife Times - 11 September 2008 ^ "SNP regional list rankings for Holyrood 2011" Lallands Peat Worrier blog ^ "Royals seek deal to keep Scotland" The Independent - 5 April 1999 ^ McIntosh, Lindsay. "SNP members 'care more about selfies with Nicola than policy'". The Times. Retrieved 26 May 2016.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dunfermline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Kirkcaldy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkcaldy"},{"link_name":"Beath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beath"},{"link_name":"University of Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"Scottish National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Party"},{"link_name":"Tayside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayside"},{"link_name":"Lena Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lena_Graham&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Perth and Kinross Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_and_Kinross_Council"},{"link_name":"Tayside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayside"},{"link_name":"Perth and Kinross Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_and_Kinross_Council"},{"link_name":"North Tayside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Tayside_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Bill Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Walker_(Scottish_Conservative_politician)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Michael Forsyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Forsyth,_Baron_Forsyth_of_Drumlean"},{"link_name":"Lachie McNeill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lachie_McNeill&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dunfermline East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline_East_(Scottish_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Cowdenbeath Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowdenbeath_F.C."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2011 Scottish Parliament Elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Scottish_Parliament_Elections"},{"link_name":"Mid Scotland and Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Scotland_and_Fife_(Scottish_Parliament_electoral_region)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Cybernats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernats"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Ewan Dow (born 8 December 1971, Dunfermline) is a former Scottish politician.He was educated at Kirkcaldy and Beath High Schools and attended the University of Aberdeen though left prior to graduating.In May 1994 he was elected as a Scottish National Party councillor to the former Tayside Regional Council and after only eight weeks was controversially appointed to be Leader of the Administration after the resignation of the previous leader, Councillor Lena Graham. In so doing Mr Dow made history as the youngest ever Scottish council leader since records began, being elected to this post at the age of 22 years.[1][2]In April 1995 Dow was elected to the newly formed Perth and Kinross Council and following the abolishment of Tayside Regional Council in 1996 served as depute leader and finance convener in the Perth and Kinross Council's SNP administration until losing his council seat in the 1999 Scottish local government elections. During that time Dow led the fight against both the then Conservative and subsequent Labour Governments for funding for the proposed multimillion-pound Perth Flood Prevention Scheme much to the ire of local Tory Member of Parliament for North Tayside Bill Walker.[3][4]In 1997 Dow stood for the SNP in the Stirling constituency against then Scottish Secretary of State Michael Forsyth coming third with 13.4% of the vote.In 2004 Dow was elected to the SNP's National Disciplinary Committee being re-elected in 2005 and 2006 when he was appointed convener of the committee in succession to Lachie McNeill.At the 2007 Scottish Parliament Election Dow stood for the SNP in the Dunfermline East constituency coming second with 28.5% of the vote an increase of 10.1% on the 2003 election and securing the highest vote share achieved by the SNP in the constituency.[5]During season 2008/09 Dow served on the board of Cowdenbeath Football Club in the joint role of club secretary and media officer.[6]In the 2011 Scottish Parliament Elections Dow was 8th on the SNP Regional List for Mid Scotland and Fife but failed to be elected.[7]Dow is a staunch republican and caused controversy in the late 1990s by referring to the British Royal Family as \"Lizzie Windsor and the Spongers\" during a debate on the monarchy at an SNP Annual Conference.[8]In 2016 Dow resigned from the SNP, criticising Cybernats and labelling the SNP as being like \"a cult with selfies\".[9]","title":"Ewan Dow"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"McIntosh, Lindsay. \"SNP members 'care more about selfies with Nicola than policy'\". The Times. Retrieved 26 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/scotland/snp-members-care-more-about-selfies-with-nicola-than-policy-drfflpttb","url_text":"\"SNP members 'care more about selfies with Nicola than policy'\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12732104.SNP_backs_youth_as_22_year_old_is_given_purse_strings_of_a__500m_budget__Referee_picked_to_control_____________minority_council/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/snp-stripling-general-has-resurrected-generation-gap-the-election-of-britains-youngest-council-leader-has-provoked-protest-on-tayside-john-arlidge-reports-1413035.html","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12289961._21m_flood_defences_for_Perth/","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"http://www.parliament.uk/edm/1996-97/570","external_links_name":"[4]"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/vote2007/scottish_parliment/html/210.stm","external_links_name":"[5]"},{"Link":"http://www.centralfifetimes.com/articles/1/28298/","external_links_name":"[6]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708131955/http://www.centralfifetimes.com/articles/1/28298/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://lallandspeatworrier.blogspot.co.uk/2010/09/snp-regional-list-rankings-for-holyrood.html","external_links_name":"[7]"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/royals-seek-deal-to-keep-scotland-1085426.html","external_links_name":"[8]"},{"Link":"http://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/scotland/snp-members-care-more-about-selfies-with-nicola-than-policy-drfflpttb","external_links_name":"\"SNP members 'care more about selfies with Nicola than policy'\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vard%C3%B8	Vardo	["1 Places","2 People","3 History","4 Other","5 See also"]	Look up vardo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Vardo or Vardø may refer to: Places Vardø Municipality, a municipality in Finnmark county, Norway Vardø (town), a town within Vardø Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway Vardø Church, a church in Vardø Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway Vardø Chapel, a chapel in Vardø Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway Vardø Lighthouse, a lighthouse in Vardø Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway Vardø Airport, an airport in Vardø Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway Vardø Tunnel, an undersea road tunnel in Vardø Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway Vårdö, an island municipality in Åland, Finland People Vardo Rumessen (1942–2015), an Estonian musician and politician History Vardø witch trials (1621), trials of suspected witches in Northern Norway in the 1600s Vardø witch trials (1651–1653), trials of suspected witches in Northern Norway in the 1600s Vardø witch trials (1662–1663), trials of suspected witches in Northern Norway in the 1600s Vardo (Romani wagon), the traditional horse-drawn wagon used by English Romani people Other Vardø Vessel Traffic Service Centre, an agency that is responsible for monitoring ship traffic off the coast of Norway Vardø Radio, a coast radio station based in the town of Vardø in Vardø Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway Vardø Framtid, a former Norwegian newspaper, published in Vardø Municipality in Finnmark county See also Vardos, an Australian musical group Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Vardo.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Blood_(film)	First Blood	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Development","3.2 Casting","3.3 Filming","3.4 Post-production","4 Music","4.1 Certifications","5 Release","5.1 Home media","6 Reception","6.1 Box office","6.2 Critical response","6.3 Legacy","7 Other media","7.1 Sequel","7.2 Video game","7.3 Statue","7.4 In popular culture","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]	1982 film by Ted Kotcheff This article is about the 1982 film. For the novel by David Morrell, see First Blood (novel). For other uses, see First Blood (disambiguation). First BloodTheatrical release poster by Drew StruzanDirected byTed KotcheffScreenplay by Michael Kozoll William Sackheim Sylvester Stallone Based onFirst Bloodby David MorrellProduced byBuzz FeitshansStarring Sylvester Stallone Richard Crenna Brian Dennehy CinematographyAndrew LaszloEdited byJoan ChapmanMusic byJerry GoldsmithProductioncompanies The Wallis Interactive Carolco Pictures Anabasis Investments, N.V. Distributed byOrion PicturesRelease date October 22, 1982 (1982-10-22) Running time93 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$15 millionBox office$125.2 million First Blood is a 1982 American action film directed by Ted Kotcheff and co-written by and starring Sylvester Stallone as Vietnam War veteran John Rambo. It co-stars Richard Crenna as Rambo's mentor Sam Trautman and Brian Dennehy as Sheriff Will Teasle. It is the first installment in the Rambo franchise, followed by Rambo: First Blood Part II. The film is based on the 1972 novel First Blood by David Morrell, which many directors and studios had unsuccessfully attempted to adapt in the 1970s. In the film, Rambo is a troubled and misunderstood Vietnam veteran who must rely on his combat and survival skills when a series of brutal events results in him having to survive a massive manhunt by police and government troops near the small town of Hope, Washington. First Blood was released in the United States on October 22, 1982. Initial reviews were mixed, but the film was a box office success, grossing $125 million and becoming the 13th highest grossing film at the domestic box office and the seventh highest grossing film worldwide. In 1985, it also became the first Hollywood blockbuster to be released in China, holding the record for the largest number of tickets sold for an American film until 2018. Since its release, it has been reappraised by critics, with many highlighting the roles of Stallone, Dennehy and Crenna, and recognizing it as an influential film in the action genre. Its success spawned a franchise, consisting of four sequels (co-written by and starring Stallone), an animated television series, a comic books series, a novel series and several video games. Plot Vietnam War veteran John Rambo goes to a lake house looking for an old comrade, only to learn his friend died of cancer over a year earlier, brought on by exposure to Agent Orange during the war. He offers his condolences to the soldier's widow for her loss and gives her a photo of the pair and the rest of their unit, Baker Team. Continuing his travels, Rambo reaches the town of Hope, Washington. The sheriff, Will Teasle, heads him off and drives him to the outskirts of town, explaining that he considers it his job to keep drifters out of Hope. Neglecting the sheriff's warning, Rambo returns to Hope, prompting Teasle to arrest Rambo on charges of vagrancy, resisting arrest, and possessing a concealed knife. Led by the sadistic chief deputy Art Galt, Teasle's deputies abuse Rambo, triggering flashbacks of the torture he endured in Vietnam. When they try to dry shave him with a straight razor, Rambo snaps, fights his way out of the sheriff's station, regains his knife, and flees on a motorcycle into the woods. Teasle organizes a search party with rifles, dogs, and a helicopter. Defying Teasle's orders, Galt attempts to shoot Rambo from the helicopter. Cornered on a high cliff, Rambo leaps into a tree, injuring his right arm. With Galt still shooting at him, Rambo throws a rock at the helicopter, cracking its windshield and causing the pilot to briefly lose control. Losing his balance, Galt falls to his death on the jagged rocks. Rambo tries to surrender to Teasle, reasoning that Galt's death was an accident and that he wants no more trouble, but the deputies shoot at him, and he flees. Other deputies warn Teasle that Rambo is a Green Beret, war hero, and Medal of Honor recipient, but Teasle swears revenge and continues the search. Using guerilla tactics, Rambo non-lethally subdues all the deputies. With his deputies incapacitated, Rambo corners Teasle, holds a knife to his throat and threatens war if he does not give up the pursuit, before retreating further into the woods. The Washington State Patrol and Washington National Guard are dispatched to assist Teasle, along with Rambo's mentor and former commanding officer, Colonel Sam Trautman. Trautman advises that Rambo should be allowed to escape to the next town to defuse the situation, then be permitted to surrender peacefully later, but Teasle, confident that Rambo is hopelessly outnumbered, refuses. Teasle allows Trautman to contact Rambo to persuade him to surrender, but Rambo refuses, condemning Teasle and his deputies for their abuse and citing that they 'drew first blood.' At the entrance of a cave, a National Guard detachment corners Rambo. Ignoring Teasle's instructions to wait for his arrival, the guardsmen fire a rocket launcher, collapsing the entrance and seemingly killing Rambo. However, Rambo survives, escapes the cave and hijacks a military truck carrying an M60 machine gun and ammunition and returns to Hope to cause as much damage as possible. In an effort to distract the authorities, Rambo blows up a gas station, cuts power to most of the town, destroys a sporting goods store, and shoots up the sheriff's station. Trautman, understanding that Teasle is outmatched, tries again to convince him to leave Rambo be. Teasle, seeing Rambo's rampage as a personal attack, ignores Trautman's orders and tries to hunt for Rambo on the station's roof, but Rambo manages to shoot and wound Teasle after a brief exchange of gunfire. As Rambo prepares to kill Teasle, Trautman appears and warns Rambo that he will be killed unless he surrenders, reminding him that he is the last survivor of Baker Team. Rambo vents about the horrors of war and his traumatic experiences—watching his friends die in Vietnam, being treated poorly when returning home, being unable to hold a job, and being forgotten despite his sacrifices—and breaks down crying as he recounts how a good friend was killed by a Viet Cong child soldier using a shoeshiner box wired with explosives. After being comforted by Trautman, Rambo surrenders and is taken into federal custody, while Teasle is taken to a waiting ambulance for transport to the hospital. Cast Main article: List of Rambo characters Sylvester Stallone as John J. Rambo Richard Crenna as Colonel Samuel R. "Sam" Trautman Brian Dennehy as Sheriff William "Will" Teasle Bill McKinney as Captain Dave Kern Jack Starrett as Deputy Sergeant Arthur "Art" Galt Michael Talbott as Deputy Balford Chris Mulkey as Deputy Ward John McLiam as Orval Kellerman Alf Humphreys as Deputy Lester David Caruso as Deputy Mitch Rogers Don MacKay as Deputy Preston David Crowley as Deputy Shingleton Patrick Stack as Lieutenant Clinton Morgen Production Development The original Rambo was so bloodthirsty... the story was so hard, so terrifying every step of the way. (I think that's one reason the book took so long to get done). What I did with Rambo was try to keep one foot in the Establishment and one foot in the outlaw or frontier image. I wanted him to be accepted by the mainstream—but also be a criminal. So he has some strong patriotic views—and he loves the system. He just doesn't like a lot of the people who live and work in it. Sylvester Stallone, 1985 In 1972, Lawrence Turman at Columbia Pictures bought the film rights to First Blood for $175,000. Richard Brooks was slated to direct, and intended to have the film be an allegory on differing American perceptions of World War II and Vietnam War veterans, with Sheriff Teasle portrayed more sympathetically than in the novel. The film would have ended with Teasle ordering his men to drop their guns to try to reason with Rambo, who would have then been fatally shot by an unknown assailant. Brooks planned to start shooting First Blood in New Mexico in December 1972. The film did not proceed because the Vietnam War was still underway and Brooks left the project. Afterward, John Calley purchased the rights at Warner Bros. Pictures for $125,000 with the thought of casting either Robert De Niro or Clint Eastwood as Rambo. A screenplay was written by Walter Newman with Martin Ritt intended to direct. The film would have criticized American military culture and portrayed Colonel Trautman as the film's villain, ending with both Rambo and Teasle dying. Sydney Pollack and Martin Bregman also considered directing the film, with Bregman hiring David Rabe to write a script. After Bregman departed Mike Nichols considered directing Rabe's script. William Sackheim and Michael Kozoll wrote the screenplay that would be the basis of the final film in 1977, originally intending for John Badham to direct. Producer Carter DeHaven purchased Sackheim and Kozoll's script from Warner Bros. for $375,000. DeHaven secured the Cinema Group as a financer and hired John Frankenheimer as director with production to begin in Georgia. This was also the first version of the script in which Rambo survived the film. However, the project stalled again after the distributor Filmways was acquired by Orion Pictures. After Mario Kassar and Andrew G. Vajna of Anabasis Investments read the book, they got interested in doing an adaptation as the first production of their studio Carolco Pictures funded by "in-house sources". They purchased the film rights from Warner Bros. for $375,000 and Sackheim and Kozoll's script for $125,000 in 1981. Ted Kotcheff, who had been involved in the project in 1976, returned after Kassar and Vajna offered to finance one of his projects. Kotcheff offered the role of John Rambo to Sylvester Stallone, and the actor accepted after reading the script through in a weekend. Various scripts adapted from Morrell's book had been pitched to studios in the years since its publication, but only Stallone's involvement prompted its production. The time since the end of the Vietnam War and Stallone's star power after the success of the Rocky films enabled him to rewrite the script to make the character of John Rambo more sympathetic. Morrell's book has Rambo kill many of his pursuers, and Kozoll and Sackheim's draft had him killing sixteen people, but in the movie Rambo does not directly cause the death of any police or national guardsmen. Stallone also decided to let Rambo survive the film, unlike in the book. A suicide scene was filmed but Kotcheff and Stallone opted to have Rambo turn himself in at Trautman's urging. Stallone did an estimated seven revisions of the script. Kotcheff requested further work be done on the script, which was performed by Larry Gross and David Giler. Casting Brooks originally wanted to cast Bette Davis as a psychiatrist and either Burt Lancaster or Lee Marvin as Sheriff Teasle. When the project was purchased by Warner Bros., Robert De Niro and Clint Eastwood were each considered for the role of Rambo. Ritt intended to cast Robert Mitchum as Teasle and Paul Newman as Rambo. Pollack considered Steve McQueen but then rejected him because they considered him too old to play a Vietnam veteran from 1975. James Caan, Burt Reynolds and Robert Redford were also considered. Rabe developed his screenplay with Al Pacino in mind for the role and had several conversations with the actor, who wanted to portray Rambo as a force of nature after seeing the film Jaws. However, Pacino decided not to be involved because he found the story too dark and also after his request that Rambo be a lunatic was dismissed by the producers. When Badham was considered as director he wanted to cast John Travolta as Rambo, George C. Scott as Trautman, and either Gene Hackman or Charles Durning as Teasle. Frankenheimer considered Powers Boothe, Michael Douglas, and Nick Nolte as Rambo before casting Brad Davis because of his role in Midnight Express. Dustin Hoffman was offered the role of Rambo but turned it down. For the role of Sheriff Teasle, Kassar and Vajna approached Academy Award winners Hackman and Robert Duvall but both turned the part down. Marvin, another Oscar winner, turned down the part of Colonel Trautman. James Mason and Richard Jaeckel were also considered. Kirk Douglas was eventually hired, but just before shooting began, Douglas quit the role of Colonel Trautman over a script dispute; Douglas wanted to retain the novel's original ending of Rambo and Teasle fatally wounding each other, Trautman finishing Rambo with a kill shot, then sitting with the dying Teasle for the sheriff's final moments. Douglas also wanted Trautman to have more screentime. Rock Hudson was approached as a replacement but was soon to undergo heart surgery and had to pass up the chance to work with Stallone. Richard Crenna was quickly hired as a replacement; the role of Trautman became the veteran character actor's most famous role, a performance for which he received much critical praise. Filming The film was shot in the Fraser Valley of British Columbia on a $15 million budget beginning on November 15, 1981, and continuing until April 1982. The town scenes in the movie were shot in Hope and the nearby Coquihalla Canyon Provincial Park, called Chapman Gorge in the film, while the rest of the movie was shot in Capilano Canyon, Golden Ears Provincial Park and Pitt Lake in Pitt Meadows. During the production Buzz Feitshans replaced producer Ed Carlin, who suffered a heart attack. The locations chosen for the film initially experienced unseasonably warm and sunny weather during the filming, which posed challenges since the crew had counted on an overcast setting. However, a period of heavy snowfall beginning in January 1982 delayed the production by two months. Other delays were caused by injuries to the cast during stunts, including Stallone sustaining a serious back injury and several broken ribs, in particular, due to performing his own stunt of dropping off a cliff and into a tree. Since the production ran over schedule, Crenna's role in the film was cut in order to avoid having to pay him higher fees as specified in his contract. The firearms used in the film had to be imported into Canada because of the country's firearms regulation. In January 1982 over $50,000 worth of firearms—including fourteen M16 rifles, three Remington shotguns, two .44 Magnum revolvers, and eleven Colt AR-15 rifles—were stolen from the set. Although the guns had been modified to shoot blanks, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police claimed that they could be easily modified to fire live ammunition. After the incident the set was guarded by the Canadian Army, whose soldiers also served as extras in the film. Post-production The first rough cut of the film was between three and three-and-a-half hours long. According to Sylvester Stallone, it was so bad that it sickened his agent and him. Stallone wanted to buy the movie and destroy it thinking that it was a career killer. After heavy re-editing, the film was cut down to 93 minutes; this version was ultimately released in theaters. The ending used in the finished film was shot in March 1982, after the original one was deemed unsatisfactory. Kassar and Vajna sought either Warner Bros. 20th Century Fox, or Paramount Pictures as a distributor, displaying an 18-minute promotional reel to studios. Although they secured international distributors, they were unable to locate a domestic distributor to the film until they sent a longer 55-minute reel to the American Film Market. After Warner Bros. and Paramount expressed interest, Orion Pictures agreed to the domestic distribution of the film. Music First Blood: Original Motion Picture SoundtrackFilm score by Jerry GoldsmithReleased1982ProducerJerry GoldsmithJerry Goldsmith chronology Inchon: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack(1981) First Blood: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack(1982) Psycho II: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack(1983) The film's score was composed and conducted by Jerry Goldsmith, whose theme "It's a Long Road" added a new dimension to the character, and featured in the film's three sequels and animated spin-off. The soundtrack was originally released on LP by the Regency label, although it was edited out of sequence for a more satisfying listen. The album was reissued on CD with one extra track ("No Power") twice, first as one of Intrada Records's initial titles, then as an identical release by Varèse Sarabande. The complete score was released by Intrada in a 2-CD set, along with a remastered version of the original album (with the Carolco logo and the Rambo: First Blood Part II trailer music added), on November 23, 2010, as one of their MAF unlimited titles. CD 1 – Complete Original Soundtrack "Theme from First Blood" (pop orchestra version) "Home Coming" "My Town" "Under Arrest" "The Razor" "A Head Start" "Hanging On" "Over the Cliff" "A Stitch in Time" "Mountain Hunt" "No Truce" "First Blood" "The Tunnel" "Escape Route" "The Truck" "No Power/Night Attack" "Hide and Seek" "It's a Long Road" (instrumental) "It's a Long Road (Theme from First Blood)" (vocal: Dan Hill) CD 2 – Original 1982 Soundtrack Album "It's a Long Road (Theme from First Blood)" (vocal: Dan Hill) "Escape Route" "First Blood" "The Tunnel" "Hanging On" "Home Coming" "Mountain Hunt" "My Town" "The Razor" "Over the Cliff" "It's a Long Road" (instrumental) "It's a Long Road" (recording session piano/vocal demo) "Carolco Logo" "Rambo" (Special Summer 1984 trailer) Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales Hong Kong (IFPI Hong Kong) Gold 10,000* * Sales figures based on certification alone. Release Home media Author Morrell recorded an audio commentary track for the First Blood Special Edition DVD released in 2002. Actor Stallone recorded an audio commentary track for the First Blood Ultimate Edition DVD released in 2004. This edition also includes a "never-before-seen" alternate ending in which Rambo commits suicide— a fate more in line with the original novel's ending— and a "humorous" ending tacked on afterwards. A brief snippet of the suicide ending appears in a flashback in the fourth movie. Lionsgate also released this version on Blu-ray. Both commentary tracks are on the Blu-ray release. Momentum Pictures released an HD DVD version of First Blood in the United Kingdom in April 2007. Lionsgate also released First Blood as a double feature on February 13, 2007, along with 2004's The Punisher. The film was re-released as part of a 6-disc box set, which contains all four films in the series, on May 27, 2008. However, the box set is missing the David Morrell commentary, even though the packaging clearly states it is included. In anticipation of the release, the film was shown back in theaters for one night, May 15, 2008, through Fathom Events; the alternate ending was shown after the main feature. First Blood was released on 4K UHD Blu-ray on November 9, 2018. Reception Box office First Blood topped the U.S. box office for three weeks in a row, and its $6,642,005 opening weekend was the best October opening at the time. The film ended as a significant financial success, with a total gross of $51 million domestically, the highest-grossing film of the fall, and the 13th highest-grossing film of the year. The film grossed $125 million worldwide, against a $15 million budget. It was notably the first major Hollywood blockbuster to be released in China, where it was released in 1985. It sold 76 million tickets in China, the highest for a foreign Hollywood film up until 2018. Critical response The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics, and three lead actors received praise for their performances. In his review, Roger Ebert wrote that he did not like the film's ending, but added it was "a very good movie, well-paced, and well-acted not only by Stallone ... but also by Crenna and Brian Dennehy." He commented, "although almost all of First Blood is implausible, because it's Stallone on the screen, we'll buy it," and rated the film three out of four stars. The New York Times film critic Janet Maslin described Rambo as a "fierce, agile, hollow-eyed hero" who is portrayed as a "tormented, misunderstood, amazingly resourceful victim of the Vietnam War, rather than as a sadist or a villain." Maslin also praised the film's story for its "energy and ingenuity". Conversely, Variety called the film "a mess" and criticized its ending for not providing a proper resolution for the main character. First Blood has been considered as belonging to the vetsploitation subgenre. In 2000, BBC film critic Almar Haflidason noted that Stallone's training in survival skills and hand-to-hand combat gave the film "a raw and authentic edge that excited the audiences of the time." Film.com and Filmsite regard First Blood as one of the best films of 1982, and in 2008 it was named the 253rd greatest film ever by Empire magazine on its 2008 list of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an 86% approval rating based on 49 reviews, with an average rating of 7.20/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "Much darker and more sensitive than the sequels it spawned, First Blood is a thrilling survival adventure that takes full advantage of Sylvester Stallone's acting skills." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 61 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". James Berardinelli of ReelViews called the film "a tense and effective piece of filmmaking". He noted that the film's darker tone, somber subtext, and non-exploitative violence allowed the viewer to enjoy the film not only as an action/thriller but as something with a degree of intelligence and substance. On Stallone's performance, he wrote "it seems impossible to imagine anyone other than Stallone in the part, and his capabilities as an actor should not be dismissed". In the 2010 edition of his Movie Guide Leonard Maltin gave the film one-and a half stars out of four, saying that it "throws all credibility to the winds about the time gets off with only a bad cut after jumping from a mountain into some jagged rocks". Legacy First Blood received the most positive reception of the Rambo franchise. The next four sequels received mixed or average reviews. In a 2011 article for Blade Magazine, by Mike Carter, credit is given to Morrell and the Rambo franchise for revitalizing the cutlery industry in the 1980s due to the presence of the Jimmy Lile and Gil Hibben knives used in the films. In 2003, Blade Magazine gave Morrell an industry achievement award for having helped to make it possible. Other media Sequel Main article: Rambo: First Blood Part II A sequel titled Rambo: First Blood Part II, was released in 1985. Video game In 2014, Rambo: The Video Game was released, based on the first three Rambo films. Statue On August 14, 2020, a cedar wood statue of Rambo was unveiled in Hope, Canada, 38 years after the film's release. Mayor Peter Robb, Canadian Member of Parliament Mark Strahl, and the statue's sculptor, Ryan Villers, attended the ceremony. In popular culture Son of Rambow, a British comedy film inspired by First Blood See also Survival film References ^ "First Blood (1982)". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Archived from the original on October 4, 2018. Retrieved October 3, 2018. ^ "FIRST BLOOD (15)". British Board of Film Classification. November 10, 1982. Archived from the original on September 9, 2015. Retrieved August 31, 2015. ^ "First Blood (1982) - Box Office Mojo". boxofficemojo.com. Archived from the original on June 11, 2019. Retrieved April 28, 2020. ^ a b "Box Office Information for First Blood". The Numbers. Archived from the original on December 23, 2011. Retrieved January 29, 2012. ^ Domestic Box Office For 1982 Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 8, 2023. ^ a b c Broeske, Pat H. (November 25, 1985). "The Curious Evolution of John Rambo: How He Hacked His Way Through the Jungles of Hollywood". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles. p. AB32. ^ a b c d e f g "First Blood". catalog.afi.com. Retrieved June 17, 2021. ^ Jaafar, Ali (May 12, 2016). "Deadline Disruptors: King Of Cannes Mario Kassar On The Glory Days Of Carolco, Why Buying Arnie A Plane Made Sense & Talking Vaginas". Deadline. Retrieved December 31, 2021. ^ a b c d e Drawing First Blood. First Blood DVD: Artisan. 2002. ^ a b "Ten actors that almost portrayed John Rambo on screen". Prime Movies. July 28, 2022. Retrieved July 29, 2022. ^ "Steve Mcqueen Bio". Yuddy.com. Archived from the original on July 18, 2010. Retrieved July 18, 2010. ^ "Sylvester Stallone: In his own words". January 14, 2014. ^ https://screenrant.com/rambo-first-blood-al-pacino-casting-change/ ^ https://www.univision.com/entretenimiento/cine-y-series/rambo-y-otros-7-papeles-que-casi-interpreto-al-pacino ^ "Hoffman: I turned down 'Rambo'". Digital Spy. June 9, 2008. ^ a b c Harmetz, Aljean (January 27, 1982). "NEWS OF HOLLYWOOD; M-G-M TO FINISH NATALIE WOOD FILM". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 17, 2021. ^ "Filming locations of First Blood in Hope, BC, Canada". Archived from the original on July 11, 2007. Retrieved July 18, 2010. ^ "Super dangerous movies". www.cbsnews.com. Archived from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021. ^ "The Most Dangerous and Horrific Stunts Ever Performed on Sets". www.daily-choses.com. April 15, 2015. Retrieved June 26, 2021. ^ "Movie Review - First Blood". The New York Times. October 22, 1982. Archived from the original on February 26, 2008. Retrieved February 7, 2017. ^ "Hope Celebrates 25th Anniversary of First Blood". British Columbia Film Commission. September 20, 2007. Archived from the original on April 12, 2013. ^ First Blood DVD Commentary by Sylvester Stallone. YouTube. July 19, 2014. Archived from the original on December 22, 2021. ^ "News". The Ottawa Citizen. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. March 12, 1982. ^ "A Gold Record Award for "First Blood - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack," 1983-1984". March 10, 2023. ^ "Rambo (2008): DVD and Blu-ray Details". MoviesOnline.ca. Archived from the original on June 17, 2010. Retrieved July 18, 2010. ^ "First Blood, In Select Movie Theaters Nationwide". Fathom Events. Retrieved July 18, 2010. ^ "First Blood - 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray Ultra HD Review \| High Def Digest". ultrahd.highdefdigest.com. Archived from the original on November 11, 2018. Retrieved November 11, 2018. ^ "First Blood (1982) - Weekend Box Office Results". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on August 29, 2010. Retrieved May 21, 2010. ^ Ginsberg, Steven (December 7, 1982). "National B.O. Takes Seasonal Dip Over Weekend". Daily Variety. p. 1. ^ "1982 Yearly Box Office Results". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on May 27, 2012. Retrieved May 21, 2010. ^ Baum, Julian (October 15, 1985). "Rambo busts through China's 'open door'". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2020. ^ Ebert, Roger (January 1, 1982). "First Blood Movie Review". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2020. ^ Janet Maslin (October 22, 1982). "First Blood". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 8, 2019. Retrieved July 8, 2019. ^ "Review: First Blood". Variety. December 31, 1981. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved June 25, 2013. ^ Southworth, Wayne (2011). "Cannibal Apocalypse. Review". The Spinning Image. Retrieved February 29, 2024. Why, if it hadn't been for 'Nam then people like me would never have had the pleasure of Combat Shock, First Blood, The Exterminator or Don't Answer The Phone! (...) And Cannibal Apocalypse is almost the best vetsploitation movie ever, second only to the mighty Exterminator. ^ Smith, Jeremy (June 10, 2020). "Vietnam War movies, ranked. 11. "Rolling Thunder"". Yardbarker. Retrieved February 29, 2024. Vetsploitation was a viable Hollywood genre in the late '70s and throughout much of the '80s. "First Blood," "The Exterminator," "Thou Shalt Not Kill… Except"… even "Taxi Driver" to a degree. ^ Lidz, Franz (November 12, 1990). "ROCKY THE ARTICLE. AS THE BELL SOUNDS FOR ROUND 5 OF THE ROCK OPERA, SYLVESTER STALLONE DREAMS OF A BOX-OFFICE KNOCKOUT". Vault. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved February 29, 2024. Instead of making modestly ambitious duds between Rockys, he now makes tortured Vietnam vetsploitation films. ^ Deusner, Stephen M. (June 4, 2008). "Shoot 'Em Way Up: 'Rambo'". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 3, 2024. "Rambo: The Complete Collector's Set" takes us all the way through Rambo's odyssey from war-damaged veteran to redeemed mercenary. In addition to the dark vetsploitation of "First Blood" and the even darker genocides of "Rambo IV," the set also includes the explosive inanities of "Rambo: First Blood Part II" and the talky longueurs of "Rambo III." ^ "BBC Film Reviews, First Blood". BBC. Archived from the original on January 17, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2010. ^ "The Greatest Films of 1982". AMC Filmsite.org. Archived from the original on July 24, 2010. Retrieved May 21, 2010. ^ "The 10 Best Movies of 1982". Film.com. Archived from the original on June 18, 2010. Retrieved May 21, 2010. ^ "Empire's The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time". Empire Magazine. Archived from the original on September 8, 2013. Retrieved May 21, 2010. ^ "First Blood (1982)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Archived from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved July 17, 2022. ^ "First Blood Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved September 24, 2019. ^ "First Blood: A movie review by James Berardinelli". ReelViews. March 10, 2009. Archived from the original on October 19, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2010. ^ Maltin, Leonard (2009), p. 462. Leonard Maltin's 2010 Movie Guide. ISBN 978-0-452-29557-5. Signet Books. Accessed October 21, 2010. ^ "Rambo: First Blood Part II". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on October 19, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2014. ^ "Rambo III". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved April 21, 2014. ^ "Rambo (Rambo IV)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2014. ^ Carter, Mike (2011). "Naked Edge". Blade. Vol. 39, no. 5. F&W Media. pp. 126–130. ^ Weichel, Andrew (August 18, 2020). "Sylvester Stallone 'very proud' of new Rambo carving in B.C. town". Archived from the original on December 14, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2021. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to First Blood. First Blood at IMDb First Blood at AllMovie First Blood at Box Office Mojo First Blood at Rotten Tomatoes vteDavid Morrell's RamboFilms First Blood (1982) Rambo: First Blood Part II (1985) Rambo III (1988) Rambo (2008) Rambo: Last Blood (2019) Novels First Blood (1972) Characters John Rambo Sam Trautman Television The Force of Freedom (1986) Video games Rambo (1985) Rambo: First Blood Part II (1986) Rambo (1987) Rambo III (1989) Rambo (2008) Rambo: The Video Game (2014) Related Smite (2014) Second Blood (2016) Paladins: Champions of the Realm (2018) Mortal Kombat 11 (2019) Category vteFilms directed by Ted Kotcheff Tiara Tahiti (1962) Life at the Top (1965) The Desperate Hours (1967) Of Mice and Men (1968) (TV) Two Gentlemen Sharing (1969) Wake in Fright (1971) Billy Two Hats (1974) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz (1974) Fun with Dick and Jane (1977) Who Is Killing the Great Chefs of Europe? (1978) North Dallas Forty (1979) Split Image (1982) First Blood (1982) Uncommon Valor (1983) Joshua Then and Now (1985) Switching Channels (1988) Winter People (1989) Weekend at Bernie's (1989) Folks! (1992) The Shooter (1995) Family of Cops (1995) Borrowed Hearts (1997) vteFilms by Sylvester Stallone Filmography Awards and nominations Balboa Productions Written and directed Paradise Alley (1978) Rocky II (1979) Rocky III (1982) Staying Alive (1983, also produced) Rocky IV (1985) Rocky Balboa (2006) Rambo (2008) The Expendables (2010) Written only The Lords of Flatbush (1974; additional dialogue) Rocky (1976) F.I.S.T. (1978) First Blood (1982) Rhinestone (1984) Rambo: First Blood Part II (1985) Cobra (1986) Over the Top (1987) Rambo III (1988) Rocky V (1990) Cliffhanger (1993) Driven (2001, also produced) The Expendables 2 (2012) Homefront (2013, also produced) The Expendables 3 (2014) Creed II (2018, also produced) Rambo: Last Blood (2019) Levon's Trade (2025, also produced) Produced only Creed (2015) Samaritan (2022) Authority control databases International VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Blood (novel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Blood_(novel)"},{"link_name":"First Blood (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Blood_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"action film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_film"},{"link_name":"Ted Kotcheff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Kotcheff"},{"link_name":"Sylvester Stallone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"John Rambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rambo"},{"link_name":"Richard Crenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Crenna"},{"link_name":"Brian Dennehy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Dennehy"},{"link_name":"Rambo franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambo_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"Rambo: First Blood Part II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambo:_First_Blood_Part_II"},{"link_name":"First Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Blood_(novel)"},{"link_name":"David Morrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Morrell"},{"link_name":"Vietnam veteran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_veteran"},{"link_name":"manhunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunt_(law_enforcement)"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"highest grossing film at the domestic box office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_in_film"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"a franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambo_(franchise)"}],"text":"This article is about the 1982 film. For the novel by David Morrell, see First Blood (novel). For other uses, see First Blood (disambiguation).First Blood is a 1982 American action film directed by Ted Kotcheff and co-written by and starring Sylvester Stallone as Vietnam War veteran John Rambo. It co-stars Richard Crenna as Rambo's mentor Sam Trautman and Brian Dennehy as Sheriff Will Teasle. It is the first installment in the Rambo franchise, followed by Rambo: First Blood Part II.The film is based on the 1972 novel First Blood by David Morrell, which many directors and studios had unsuccessfully attempted to adapt in the 1970s. In the film, Rambo is a troubled and misunderstood Vietnam veteran who must rely on his combat and survival skills when a series of brutal events results in him having to survive a massive manhunt by police and government troops near the small town of Hope, Washington.First Blood was released in the United States on October 22, 1982. Initial reviews were mixed, but the film was a box office success, grossing $125 million and becoming the 13th highest grossing film at the domestic box office[5] and the seventh highest grossing film worldwide. In 1985, it also became the first Hollywood blockbuster to be released in China, holding the record for the largest number of tickets sold for an American film until 2018. Since its release, it has been reappraised by critics, with many highlighting the roles of Stallone, Dennehy and Crenna, and recognizing it as an influential film in the action genre.Its success spawned a franchise, consisting of four sequels (co-written by and starring Stallone), an animated television series, a comic books series, a novel series and several video games.","title":"First Blood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"John Rambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rambo"},{"link_name":"Agent Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_Orange"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"drifters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagrancy"},{"link_name":"resisting arrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resisting_arrest"},{"link_name":"possessing a concealed knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_possession_of_a_weapon"},{"link_name":"abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_brutality"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"dry shave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_shave"},{"link_name":"Green Beret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Special_Forces"},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"Washington State Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Patrol"},{"link_name":"Washington National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Sam Trautman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Trautman"},{"link_name":"M60 machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M60_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"traumatic experiences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder"},{"link_name":"Viet Cong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Cong"},{"link_name":"child soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_soldier"},{"link_name":"shoeshiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoeshiner"}],"text":"Vietnam War veteran John Rambo goes to a lake house looking for an old comrade, only to learn his friend died of cancer over a year earlier, brought on by exposure to Agent Orange during the war. He offers his condolences to the soldier's widow for her loss and gives her a photo of the pair and the rest of their unit, Baker Team.Continuing his travels, Rambo reaches the town of Hope, Washington. The sheriff, Will Teasle, heads him off and drives him to the outskirts of town, explaining that he considers it his job to keep drifters out of Hope. Neglecting the sheriff's warning, Rambo returns to Hope, prompting Teasle to arrest Rambo on charges of vagrancy, resisting arrest, and possessing a concealed knife. Led by the sadistic chief deputy Art Galt, Teasle's deputies abuse Rambo, triggering flashbacks of the torture he endured in Vietnam. When they try to dry shave him with a straight razor, Rambo snaps, fights his way out of the sheriff's station, regains his knife, and flees on a motorcycle into the woods. Teasle organizes a search party with rifles, dogs, and a helicopter.Defying Teasle's orders, Galt attempts to shoot Rambo from the helicopter. Cornered on a high cliff, Rambo leaps into a tree, injuring his right arm. With Galt still shooting at him, Rambo throws a rock at the helicopter, cracking its windshield and causing the pilot to briefly lose control. Losing his balance, Galt falls to his death on the jagged rocks. Rambo tries to surrender to Teasle, reasoning that Galt's death was an accident and that he wants no more trouble, but the deputies shoot at him, and he flees. Other deputies warn Teasle that Rambo is a Green Beret, war hero, and Medal of Honor recipient, but Teasle swears revenge and continues the search.Using guerilla tactics, Rambo non-lethally subdues all the deputies. With his deputies incapacitated, Rambo corners Teasle, holds a knife to his throat and threatens war if he does not give up the pursuit, before retreating further into the woods. The Washington State Patrol and Washington National Guard are dispatched to assist Teasle, along with Rambo's mentor and former commanding officer, Colonel Sam Trautman. Trautman advises that Rambo should be allowed to escape to the next town to defuse the situation, then be permitted to surrender peacefully later, but Teasle, confident that Rambo is hopelessly outnumbered, refuses. Teasle allows Trautman to contact Rambo to persuade him to surrender, but Rambo refuses, condemning Teasle and his deputies for their abuse and citing that they 'drew first blood.'At the entrance of a cave, a National Guard detachment corners Rambo. Ignoring Teasle's instructions to wait for his arrival, the guardsmen fire a rocket launcher, collapsing the entrance and seemingly killing Rambo. However, Rambo survives, escapes the cave and hijacks a military truck carrying an M60 machine gun and ammunition and returns to Hope to cause as much damage as possible. In an effort to distract the authorities, Rambo blows up a gas station, cuts power to most of the town, destroys a sporting goods store, and shoots up the sheriff's station. Trautman, understanding that Teasle is outmatched, tries again to convince him to leave Rambo be. Teasle, seeing Rambo's rampage as a personal attack, ignores Trautman's orders and tries to hunt for Rambo on the station's roof, but Rambo manages to shoot and wound Teasle after a brief exchange of gunfire.As Rambo prepares to kill Teasle, Trautman appears and warns Rambo that he will be killed unless he surrenders, reminding him that he is the last survivor of Baker Team. Rambo vents about the horrors of war and his traumatic experiences—watching his friends die in Vietnam, being treated poorly when returning home, being unable to hold a job, and being forgotten despite his sacrifices—and breaks down crying as he recounts how a good friend was killed by a Viet Cong child soldier using a shoeshiner box wired with explosives. After being comforted by Trautman, Rambo surrenders and is taken into federal custody, while Teasle is taken to a waiting ambulance for transport to the hospital.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sylvester Stallone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone"},{"link_name":"John J. Rambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rambo"},{"link_name":"Richard Crenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Crenna"},{"link_name":"Colonel Samuel R. \"Sam\" Trautman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Trautman"},{"link_name":"Brian Dennehy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Dennehy"},{"link_name":"Bill McKinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_McKinney"},{"link_name":"Jack Starrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Starrett"},{"link_name":"Michael Talbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Talbott"},{"link_name":"Chris Mulkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Mulkey"},{"link_name":"John McLiam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McLiam"},{"link_name":"Alf Humphreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Humphreys"},{"link_name":"David Caruso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Caruso"}],"text":"Sylvester Stallone as John J. Rambo\nRichard Crenna as Colonel Samuel R. \"Sam\" Trautman\nBrian Dennehy as Sheriff William \"Will\" Teasle\nBill McKinney as Captain Dave Kern\nJack Starrett as Deputy Sergeant Arthur \"Art\" Galt\nMichael Talbott as Deputy Balford\nChris Mulkey as Deputy Ward\nJohn McLiam as Orval Kellerman\nAlf Humphreys as Deputy Lester\nDavid Caruso as Deputy Mitch Rogers\nDon MacKay as Deputy Preston\nDavid Crowley as Deputy Shingleton\nPatrick Stack as Lieutenant Clinton Morgen","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Turman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Turman"},{"link_name":"Columbia Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Richard Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Brooks"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War veterans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_veteran"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"John Calley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calley"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Pictures"},{"link_name":"Robert De Niro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_De_Niro"},{"link_name":"Clint Eastwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Eastwood"},{"link_name":"Walter Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Newman_(screenwriter)"},{"link_name":"Martin Ritt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Ritt"},{"link_name":"Sydney Pollack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Pollack"},{"link_name":"Martin Bregman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Bregman"},{"link_name":"David Rabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rabe"},{"link_name":"Mike Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Nichols"},{"link_name":"John Badham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Badham"},{"link_name":"Carter DeHaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_DeHaven"},{"link_name":"John Frankenheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Frankenheimer"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Filmways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmways"},{"link_name":"Orion Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Mario Kassar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Kassar"},{"link_name":"Andrew G. Vajna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_G._Vajna"},{"link_name":"Carolco Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolco_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ted Kotcheff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Kotcheff"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drawing-9"},{"link_name":"Rocky films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drawing-9"},{"link_name":"Larry Gross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Gross"},{"link_name":"David Giler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Giler"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"The original Rambo was so bloodthirsty... the story was so hard, so terrifying every step of the way. (I think that's one reason the book took so long to get done). What I did with Rambo was try to keep one foot in the Establishment and one foot in the outlaw or frontier image. I wanted him to be accepted by the mainstream—but also be a criminal. So he has some strong patriotic views—and he loves the system. He just doesn't like a lot of the people who live and work in it.\n\n\nSylvester Stallone, 1985[6]In 1972, Lawrence Turman at Columbia Pictures bought the film rights to First Blood for $175,000. Richard Brooks was slated to direct, and intended to have the film be an allegory on differing American perceptions of World War II and Vietnam War veterans, with Sheriff Teasle portrayed more sympathetically than in the novel. The film would have ended with Teasle ordering his men to drop their guns to try to reason with Rambo, who would have then been fatally shot by an unknown assailant. Brooks planned to start shooting First Blood in New Mexico in December 1972.[7] The film did not proceed because the Vietnam War was still underway and Brooks left the project.[citation needed]Afterward, John Calley purchased the rights at Warner Bros. Pictures for $125,000 with the thought of casting either Robert De Niro or Clint Eastwood as Rambo. A screenplay was written by Walter Newman with Martin Ritt intended to direct. The film would have criticized American military culture and portrayed Colonel Trautman as the film's villain, ending with both Rambo and Teasle dying. Sydney Pollack and Martin Bregman also considered directing the film, with Bregman hiring David Rabe to write a script. After Bregman departed Mike Nichols considered directing Rabe's script.William Sackheim and Michael Kozoll wrote the screenplay that would be the basis of the final film in 1977, originally intending for John Badham to direct. Producer Carter DeHaven purchased Sackheim and Kozoll's script from Warner Bros. for $375,000. DeHaven secured the Cinema Group as a financer and hired John Frankenheimer as director with production to begin in Georgia. This was also the first version of the script in which Rambo survived the film. However, the project stalled again after the distributor Filmways was acquired by Orion Pictures.[6]After Mario Kassar and Andrew G. Vajna of Anabasis Investments read the book, they got interested in doing an adaptation as the first production of their studio Carolco Pictures funded by \"in-house sources\". They purchased the film rights from Warner Bros. for $375,000 and Sackheim and Kozoll's script for $125,000 in 1981.[7][8] Ted Kotcheff, who had been involved in the project in 1976, returned after Kassar and Vajna offered to finance one of his projects. Kotcheff offered the role of John Rambo to Sylvester Stallone, and the actor accepted after reading the script through in a weekend.[9]Various scripts adapted from Morrell's book had been pitched to studios in the years since its publication, but only Stallone's involvement prompted its production. The time since the end of the Vietnam War and Stallone's star power after the success of the Rocky films enabled him to rewrite the script to make the character of John Rambo more sympathetic. Morrell's book has Rambo kill many of his pursuers, and Kozoll and Sackheim's draft had him killing sixteen people, but in the movie Rambo does not directly cause the death of any police or national guardsmen. Stallone also decided to let Rambo survive the film, unlike in the book. A suicide scene was filmed but Kotcheff and Stallone opted to have Rambo turn himself in at Trautman's urging.[9] Stallone did an estimated seven revisions of the script. Kotcheff requested further work be done on the script, which was performed by Larry Gross and David Giler.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bette Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Davis"},{"link_name":"Burt Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"Lee Marvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Marvin"},{"link_name":"Robert De Niro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_De_Niro"},{"link_name":"Clint Eastwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Eastwood"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prime-10"},{"link_name":"Robert Mitchum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mitchum"},{"link_name":"Paul Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Newman"},{"link_name":"Steve McQueen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_McQueen"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"James Caan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Caan"},{"link_name":"Burt Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Robert Redford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Redford"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Al Pacino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Pacino"},{"link_name":"Jaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaws_(film)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prime-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"John Travolta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Travolta"},{"link_name":"George C. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Scott"},{"link_name":"Gene Hackman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Hackman"},{"link_name":"Charles Durning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Durning"},{"link_name":"Powers Boothe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powers_Boothe"},{"link_name":"Michael Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Nick Nolte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Nolte"},{"link_name":"Brad Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Davis_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Midnight Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Express_(film)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Dustin Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"Robert Duvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Duvall"},{"link_name":"James Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mason"},{"link_name":"Richard Jaeckel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Jaeckel"},{"link_name":"Kirk Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Douglas"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-16"},{"link_name":"Rock Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Hudson"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drawing-9"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"Brooks originally wanted to cast Bette Davis as a psychiatrist and either Burt Lancaster or Lee Marvin as Sheriff Teasle. When the project was purchased by Warner Bros., Robert De Niro and Clint Eastwood were each considered for the role of Rambo.[10] Ritt intended to cast Robert Mitchum as Teasle and Paul Newman as Rambo. Pollack considered Steve McQueen but then rejected him because they considered him too old to play a Vietnam veteran from 1975.[11] James Caan, Burt Reynolds and Robert Redford were also considered.[12]Rabe developed his screenplay with Al Pacino in mind for the role and had several conversations with the actor, who wanted to portray Rambo as a force of nature after seeing the film Jaws. However, Pacino decided not to be involved because he found the story too dark and also after his request that Rambo be a lunatic was dismissed by the producers.[10][13][14] When Badham was considered as director he wanted to cast John Travolta as Rambo, George C. Scott as Trautman, and either Gene Hackman or Charles Durning as Teasle. Frankenheimer considered Powers Boothe, Michael Douglas, and Nick Nolte as Rambo before casting Brad Davis because of his role in Midnight Express.[6] Dustin Hoffman was offered the role of Rambo but turned it down.[15]For the role of Sheriff Teasle, Kassar and Vajna approached Academy Award winners Hackman and Robert Duvall but both turned the part down. Marvin, another Oscar winner, turned down the part of Colonel Trautman. James Mason and Richard Jaeckel were also considered. Kirk Douglas was eventually hired, but just before shooting began, Douglas quit the role of Colonel Trautman over a script dispute; Douglas wanted to retain the novel's original ending of Rambo and Teasle fatally wounding each other, Trautman finishing Rambo with a kill shot, then sitting with the dying Teasle for the sheriff's final moments. Douglas also wanted Trautman to have more screentime.[16] Rock Hudson was approached as a replacement but was soon to undergo heart surgery and had to pass up the chance to work with Stallone. Richard Crenna was quickly hired as a replacement; the role of Trautman became the veteran character actor's most famous role, a performance for which he received much critical praise.[9]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fraser Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser_Valley"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drawing-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Coquihalla Canyon Provincial Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coquihalla_Canyon_Provincial_Park"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Capilano Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capilano_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Golden Ears Provincial Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Ears_Provincial_Park"},{"link_name":"Pitt Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitt_Lake"},{"link_name":"Pitt Meadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitt_Meadows"},{"link_name":"Buzz Feitshans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Feitshans"},{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"overcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overcast"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-16"},{"link_name":"firearms regulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"M16 rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M16_rifle"},{"link_name":"Remington shotguns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remington_Arms"},{"link_name":".44 Magnum revolvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.44_Magnum"},{"link_name":"Colt AR-15 rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_AR-15"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Mounted Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police"},{"link_name":"Canadian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Army"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-16"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"The film was shot in the Fraser Valley of British Columbia on a $15 million budget beginning on November 15, 1981, and continuing until April 1982.[9][7] The town scenes in the movie were shot in Hope and the nearby Coquihalla Canyon Provincial Park, called Chapman Gorge in the film,[17] while the rest of the movie was shot in Capilano Canyon, Golden Ears Provincial Park and Pitt Lake in Pitt Meadows. During the production Buzz Feitshans replaced producer Ed Carlin, who suffered a heart attack.[7]The locations chosen for the film initially experienced unseasonably warm and sunny weather during the filming, which posed challenges since the crew had counted on an overcast setting. However, a period of heavy snowfall beginning in January 1982 delayed the production by two months. Other delays were caused by injuries to the cast during stunts, including Stallone sustaining a serious back injury and several broken ribs, in particular, due to performing his own stunt of dropping off a cliff and into a tree.[18][19][7] Since the production ran over schedule, Crenna's role in the film was cut in order to avoid having to pay him higher fees as specified in his contract.[16]The firearms used in the film had to be imported into Canada because of the country's firearms regulation.[20][21] In January 1982 over $50,000 worth of firearms—including fourteen M16 rifles, three Remington shotguns, two .44 Magnum revolvers, and eleven Colt AR-15 rifles—were stolen from the set. Although the guns had been modified to shoot blanks, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police claimed that they could be easily modified to fire live ammunition. After the incident the set was guarded by the Canadian Army, whose soldiers also served as extras in the film.[16][7]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"American Film Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Film_Market"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"}],"sub_title":"Post-production","text":"The first rough cut of the film was between three and three-and-a-half hours long. According to Sylvester Stallone, it was so bad that it sickened his agent and him. Stallone wanted to buy the movie and destroy it thinking that it was a career killer. After heavy re-editing, the film was cut down to 93 minutes; this version was ultimately released in theaters.[22] The ending used in the finished film was shot in March 1982, after the original one was deemed unsatisfactory.[23]Kassar and Vajna sought either Warner Bros. 20th Century Fox, or Paramount Pictures as a distributor, displaying an 18-minute promotional reel to studios. Although they secured international distributors, they were unable to locate a domestic distributor to the film until they sent a longer 55-minute reel to the American Film Market. After Warner Bros. and Paramount expressed interest, Orion Pictures agreed to the domestic distribution of the film.[7]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jerry Goldsmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Goldsmith"},{"link_name":"Intrada Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrada_Records"},{"link_name":"Varèse Sarabande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C3%A8se_Sarabande"},{"link_name":"Dan Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Hill"}],"text":"The film's score was composed and conducted by Jerry Goldsmith, whose theme \"It's a Long Road\" added a new dimension to the character, and featured in the film's three sequels and animated spin-off. The soundtrack was originally released on LP by the Regency label, although it was edited out of sequence for a more satisfying listen. The album was reissued on CD with one extra track (\"No Power\") twice, first as one of Intrada Records's initial titles, then as an identical release by Varèse Sarabande. The complete score was released by Intrada in a 2-CD set, along with a remastered version of the original album (with the Carolco logo [previously released on La-La Land Records's Extreme Prejudice album] and the Rambo: First Blood Part II trailer music added), on November 23, 2010, as one of their MAF unlimited titles.CD 1 – Complete Original Soundtrack\n\"Theme from First Blood\" (pop orchestra version)\n\"Home Coming\"\n\"My Town\"\n\"Under Arrest\"\n\"The Razor\"\n\"A Head Start\"\n\"Hanging On\"\n\"Over the Cliff\"\n\"A Stitch in Time\"\n\"Mountain Hunt\"\n\"No Truce\"\n\"First Blood\"\n\"The Tunnel\"\n\"Escape Route\"\n\"The Truck\"\n\"No Power/Night Attack\"\n\"Hide and Seek\"\n\"It's a Long Road\" (instrumental)\n\"It's a Long Road (Theme from First Blood)\" (vocal: Dan Hill)\n\n\nCD 2 – Original 1982 Soundtrack Album\n\"It's a Long Road (Theme from First Blood)\" (vocal: Dan Hill)\n\"Escape Route\"\n\"First Blood\"\n\"The Tunnel\"\n\"Hanging On\"\n\"Home Coming\"\n\"Mountain Hunt\"\n\"My Town\"\n\"The Razor\"\n\"Over the Cliff\"\n\"It's a Long Road\" (instrumental)\n\"It's a Long Road\" (recording session piano/vocal demo)\n\"Carolco Logo\"\n\"Rambo\" (Special Summer 1984 trailer)","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Certifications","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lionsgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionsgate"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc"},{"link_name":"Momentum Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum_Pictures"},{"link_name":"HD DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVD"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Lionsgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lions_Gate_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"The Punisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Punisher_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Home media","text":"Author Morrell recorded an audio commentary track for the First Blood Special Edition DVD released in 2002. Actor Stallone recorded an audio commentary track for the First Blood Ultimate Edition DVD released in 2004. This edition also includes a \"never-before-seen\" alternate ending in which Rambo commits suicide— a fate more in line with the original novel's ending— and a \"humorous\" ending tacked on afterwards. A brief snippet of the suicide ending appears in a flashback in the fourth movie. Lionsgate also released this version on Blu-ray. Both commentary tracks are on the Blu-ray release.Momentum Pictures released an HD DVD version of First Blood in the United Kingdom in April 2007. Lionsgate also released First Blood as a double feature on February 13, 2007, along with 2004's The Punisher.The film was re-released as part of a 6-disc box set, which contains all four films in the series, on May 27, 2008. However, the box set is missing the David Morrell commentary, even though the packaging clearly states it is included.[25] In anticipation of the release, the film was shown back in theaters for one night, May 15, 2008, through Fathom Events; the alternate ending was shown after the main feature.[26]First Blood was released on 4K UHD Blu-ray on November 9, 2018.[27]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drawing-9"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"13th highest-grossing film of the year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_in_film"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the_numbers-4"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"highest for a foreign Hollywood film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_China"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"First Blood topped the U.S. box office for three weeks in a row,[28] and its $6,642,005 opening weekend was the best October opening at the time.[9] The film ended as a significant financial success, with a total gross of $51 million domestically, the highest-grossing film of the fall,[29] and the 13th highest-grossing film of the year.[30]The film grossed $125 million worldwide, against a $15 million budget.[4] It was notably the first major Hollywood blockbuster to be released in China, where it was released in 1985.[31] It sold 76 million tickets in China, the highest for a foreign Hollywood film up until 2018.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Janet Maslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Maslin"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-First_Blood-33"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"vetsploitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploitation_Film#Vetsploitation_Films"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Film.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film.com"},{"link_name":"Filmsite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmsite"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(film_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-First_Blood_1982:_Reviews-44"},{"link_name":"James Berardinelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Berardinelli"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Leonard Maltin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Maltin"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics, and three lead actors received praise for their performances. In his review, Roger Ebert wrote that he did not like the film's ending, but added it was \"a very good movie, well-paced, and well-acted not only by Stallone ... but also by Crenna and Brian Dennehy.\" He commented, \"although almost all of First Blood is implausible, because it's Stallone on the screen, we'll buy it,\" and rated the film three out of four stars.[32] The New York Times film critic Janet Maslin described Rambo as a \"fierce, agile, hollow-eyed hero\" who is portrayed as a \"tormented, misunderstood, amazingly resourceful victim of the Vietnam War, rather than as a sadist or a villain.\" Maslin also praised the film's story for its \"energy and ingenuity\".[33] Conversely, Variety called the film \"a mess\" and criticized its ending for not providing a proper resolution for the main character.[34] First Blood has been considered as belonging to the vetsploitation subgenre.[35][36][37][38]In 2000, BBC film critic Almar Haflidason noted that Stallone's training in survival skills and hand-to-hand combat gave the film \"a raw and authentic edge that excited the audiences of the time.\"[39]Film.com and Filmsite regard First Blood as one of the best films of 1982,[40][41] and in 2008 it was named the 253rd greatest film ever by Empire magazine on its 2008 list of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time.[42]On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an 86% approval rating based on 49 reviews, with an average rating of 7.20/10. The site's critics consensus reads, \"Much darker and more sensitive than the sequels it spawned, First Blood is a thrilling survival adventure that takes full advantage of Sylvester Stallone's acting skills.\"[43] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 61 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[44]James Berardinelli of ReelViews called the film \"a tense and effective piece of filmmaking\". He noted that the film's darker tone, somber subtext, and non-exploitative violence allowed the viewer to enjoy the film not only as an action/thriller but as something with a degree of intelligence and substance. On Stallone's performance, he wrote \"it seems impossible to imagine anyone other than Stallone in the part, and his capabilities as an actor should not be dismissed\".[45] In the 2010 edition of his Movie Guide Leonard Maltin gave the film one-and a half stars out of four, saying that it \"throws all credibility to the winds about the time [Rambo] gets off with only a bad cut after jumping from a mountain into some jagged rocks\".[46]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Blade Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Lile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Lile"},{"link_name":"Gil Hibben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Hibben"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Legacy","text":"First Blood received the most positive reception of the Rambo franchise. The next four sequels received mixed or average reviews.[47][48][49]In a 2011 article for Blade Magazine, by Mike Carter, credit is given to Morrell and the Rambo franchise for revitalizing the cutlery industry in the 1980s due to the presence of the Jimmy Lile and Gil Hibben knives used in the films. In 2003, Blade Magazine gave Morrell an industry achievement award for having helped to make it possible.[50]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sequel","text":"A sequel titled Rambo: First Blood Part II, was released in 1985.","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rambo: The Video Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambo:_The_Video_Game"}],"sub_title":"Video game","text":"In 2014, Rambo: The Video Game was released, based on the first three Rambo films.","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Statue","text":"On August 14, 2020, a cedar wood statue of Rambo was unveiled in Hope, Canada, 38 years after the film's release. Mayor Peter Robb, Canadian Member of Parliament Mark Strahl, and the statue's sculptor, Ryan Villers, attended the ceremony.[51]","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Son of Rambow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_Rambow"}],"sub_title":"In popular culture","text":"Son of Rambow, a British comedy film inspired by First Blood","title":"Other media"}]	[]	[{"title":"Survival film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_film"}]	[{"reference":"\"First Blood (1982)\". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Archived from the original on October 4, 2018. Retrieved October 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/56779","url_text":"\"First Blood (1982)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFI_Catalog_of_Feature_Films","url_text":"AFI Catalog of Feature Films"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181004021402/https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/56779","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"FIRST BLOOD (15)\". British Board of Film Classification. November 10, 1982. Archived from the original on September 9, 2015. Retrieved August 31, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/first-blood-1970-4","url_text":"\"FIRST BLOOD (15)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification","url_text":"British Board of Film Classification"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150909011347/http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/first-blood-1970-4","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"First Blood (1982) - Box Office Mojo\". boxofficemojo.com. Archived from the original on June 11, 2019. Retrieved April 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=firstblood.htm","url_text":"\"First Blood (1982) - Box Office Mojo\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190611141812/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=firstblood.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Box Office Information for First Blood\". The Numbers. Archived from the original on December 23, 2011. Retrieved January 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/1982/0FRBL.php","url_text":"\"Box Office Information for First Blood\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111223233716/http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/1982/0FRBL.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Broeske, Pat H. (November 25, 1985). \"The Curious Evolution of John Rambo: How He Hacked His Way Through the Jungles of Hollywood\". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles. p. AB32.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"First Blood\". catalog.afi.com. Retrieved June 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/56779","url_text":"\"First Blood\""}]},{"reference":"Jaafar, Ali (May 12, 2016). \"Deadline Disruptors: King Of Cannes Mario Kassar On The Glory Days Of Carolco, Why Buying Arnie A Plane Made Sense & Talking Vaginas\". Deadline. 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The Spinning Image. Retrieved February 29, 2024. Why, if it hadn't been for 'Nam then people like me would never have had the pleasure of Combat Shock, First Blood, The Exterminator or Don't Answer The Phone! (...) And Cannibal Apocalypse is almost the best vetsploitation movie ever, second only to the mighty Exterminator.","urls":[{"url":"https://thespinningimage.co.uk/cultfilms/displaycultfilm.asp?reviewid=444","url_text":"\"Cannibal Apocalypse. Review\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Jeremy (June 10, 2020). \"Vietnam War movies, ranked. 11. \"Rolling Thunder\"\". Yardbarker. Retrieved February 29, 2024. Vetsploitation was a viable Hollywood genre in the late '70s and throughout much of the '80s. \"First Blood,\" \"The Exterminator,\" \"Thou Shalt Not Kill… Except\"… even \"Taxi Driver\" to a degree.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yardbarker.com/entertainment/articles/vietnam_war_movies_ranked/s1__32160941#slide_15","url_text":"\"Vietnam War movies, ranked. 11. \"Rolling Thunder\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yardbarker","url_text":"Yardbarker"}]},{"reference":"Lidz, Franz (November 12, 1990). \"ROCKY THE ARTICLE. AS THE BELL SOUNDS FOR ROUND 5 OF THE ROCK OPERA, SYLVESTER STALLONE DREAMS OF A BOX-OFFICE KNOCKOUT\". Vault. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved February 29, 2024. Instead of making modestly ambitious duds between Rockys, he now makes tortured Vietnam vetsploitation films.","urls":[{"url":"https://vault.si.com/vault/1990/11/12/rocky-the-article-as-the-bell-sounds-for-round-5-of-the-rock-opera-sylvester-stallone-dreams-of-a-box-office-knockout","url_text":"\"ROCKY THE ARTICLE. AS THE BELL SOUNDS FOR ROUND 5 OF THE ROCK OPERA, SYLVESTER STALLONE DREAMS OF A BOX-OFFICE KNOCKOUT\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated","url_text":"Sports Illustrated"}]},{"reference":"Deusner, Stephen M. (June 4, 2008). \"Shoot 'Em Way Up: 'Rambo'\". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 3, 2024. \"Rambo: The Complete Collector's Set\" takes us all the way through Rambo's odyssey from war-damaged veteran to redeemed mercenary. In addition to the dark vetsploitation of \"First Blood\" and the even darker genocides of \"Rambo IV,\" the set also includes the explosive inanities of \"Rambo: First Blood Part II\" and the talky longueurs of \"Rambo III.\"","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/express/wp/2008/06/05/shoot_em_way_up_rambo/","url_text":"\"Shoot 'Em Way Up: 'Rambo'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Film Reviews, First Blood\". BBC. Archived from the original on January 17, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2000/11/30/first_blood_1982_review.shtml","url_text":"\"BBC Film Reviews, First Blood\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110117151905/http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2000/11/30/first_blood_1982_review.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Greatest Films of 1982\". AMC Filmsite.org. Archived from the original on July 24, 2010. 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Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on October 19, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/rambo-first-blood-part-ii/","url_text":"\"Rambo: First Blood Part II\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201019153930/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/rambo-first-blood-part-ii","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rambo III\". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved April 21, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/rambo_iii/","url_text":"\"Rambo III\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210108102923/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/rambo_iii","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rambo (Rambo IV)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/john_rambo/","url_text":"\"Rambo (Rambo IV)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201117065003/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/john_rambo","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Carter, Mike (2011). \"Naked Edge\". Blade. Vol. 39, no. 5. F&W Media. pp. 126–130.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Weichel, Andrew (August 18, 2020). \"Sylvester Stallone 'very proud' of new Rambo carving in B.C. town\". Archived from the original on December 14, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://bc.ctvnews.ca/sylvester-stallone-very-proud-of-new-rambo-carving-in-b-c-town-1.5069785","url_text":"\"Sylvester Stallone 'very proud' of new Rambo carving in B.C. town\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201214010240/https://bc.ctvnews.ca/sylvester-stallone-very-proud-of-new-rambo-carving-in-b-c-town-1.5069785","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/56779","external_links_name":"\"First Blood (1982)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181004021402/https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/56779","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/first-blood-1970-4","external_links_name":"\"FIRST BLOOD (15)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150909011347/http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/first-blood-1970-4","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=firstblood.htm","external_links_name":"\"First Blood (1982) - Box Office Mojo\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190611141812/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=firstblood.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/1982/0FRBL.php","external_links_name":"\"Box Office Information for First Blood\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111223233716/http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/1982/0FRBL.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/1982/?grossesOption=totalGrosses","external_links_name":"Domestic Box Office For 1982"},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/56779","external_links_name":"\"First Blood\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2016/05/carolco-pictures-mario-kassar-cannes-interview-foxtrot-six-audition-1201752739/","external_links_name":"\"Deadline Disruptors: King Of Cannes Mario Kassar On The Glory Days Of Carolco, Why Buying Arnie A Plane Made Sense & Talking Vaginas\""},{"Link":"https://primemovies.pl/2022/07/28/aktorzy-ktorzy-mieli-zagrac-rambo/","external_links_name":"\"Ten actors that almost portrayed John Rambo on screen\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100718224247/http://www.yuddy.com/celebrity/steve-mcqueen/bio","external_links_name":"\"Steve Mcqueen Bio\""},{"Link":"http://www.yuddy.com/celebrity/steve-mcqueen/bio","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/evening-sylvester-stallone-quotes/","external_links_name":"\"Sylvester Stallone: In his own words\""},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/rambo-first-blood-al-pacino-casting-change/","external_links_name":"https://screenrant.com/rambo-first-blood-al-pacino-casting-change/"},{"Link":"https://www.univision.com/entretenimiento/cine-y-series/rambo-y-otros-7-papeles-que-casi-interpreto-al-pacino","external_links_name":"https://www.univision.com/entretenimiento/cine-y-series/rambo-y-otros-7-papeles-que-casi-interpreto-al-pacino"},{"Link":"https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a98636/hoffman-i-turned-down-rambo/","external_links_name":"\"Hoffman: I turned down 'Rambo'\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/27/movies/news-of-hollywood-m-g-m-to-finish-natalie-wood-film.html","external_links_name":"\"NEWS OF HOLLYWOOD; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Whitehouse	Charlie Whitehouse	["1 Sources"]	American baseball player (1894-1960) This article is about the Major League Baseball pitcher. For the American diplomat, see Charles S. Whitehouse. Baseball player Charlie WhitehousePitcherBorn: (1894-01-25)January 25, 1894Charleston, Illinois, USDied: July 19, 1960(1960-07-19) (aged 66)Indianapolis, Indiana, USBatted: SwitchThrew: LeftMLB debutAugust 29, 1914, for the Indianapolis HoosiersLast MLB appearanceJuly 5, 1919, for the Washington SenatorsMLB statisticsWin–loss record4-3Strikeouts33Earned run average4.52 Teams Indianapolis Hoosiers (1914) Newark Peppers (1915) Washington Senators (1919) Charles Evis Whitehouse (January 25, 1894 – July 19, 1960) was a Major League Baseball pitcher. He played three seasons in the majors, two for the Indianapolis Hoosiers/Newark Peppers franchise of the Federal League in 1914 and 1915 and one for the Washington Senators in 1919 Sources Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors) This biographical article relating to an American baseball pitcher born in the 1890s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles S. Whitehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_S._Whitehouse"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Hoosiers/Newark Peppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark_Peppers"},{"link_name":"Federal League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_League"},{"link_name":"1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Washington Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Senators_(1901%E2%80%9360)"},{"link_name":"1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_in_baseball"}],"text":"This article is about the Major League Baseball pitcher. For the American diplomat, see Charles S. Whitehouse.Baseball playerCharles Evis Whitehouse (January 25, 1894 – July 19, 1960) was a Major League Baseball pitcher. He played three seasons in the majors, two for the Indianapolis Hoosiers/Newark Peppers franchise of the Federal League in 1914 and 1915 and one for the Washington Senators in 1919","title":"Charlie Whitehouse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baseball Reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/players/w/whitech01.shtml"},{"link_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=whiteh001cha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baseball_(crop).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager_2.png"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlie_Whitehouse&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:US-baseball-pitcher-1890s-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:US-baseball-pitcher-1890s-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US-baseball-pitcher-1890s-stub"}],"text":"Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)This biographical article relating to an American baseball pitcher born in the 1890s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/w/whitech01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=whiteh001cha","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlie_Whitehouse&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Sky	Kathleen Sky	["1 Bibliography","1.1 Star Trek novels","1.2 Other novels","1.3 Collections","1.4 Short stories","1.5 Nonfiction","2 Notes","3 External links"]	American novelist Kathleen SkyBorn (1943-08-05) August 5, 1943 (age 80)Alhambra, California, U.S.OccupationWriterGenreSpeculative fiction Kathleen Sky (born Kathleen McKinney, August 5, 1943) is the pen name of Kathleen McKinney Goldin, an American science fiction and fantasy author. Her pen name is her former married name from her marriage to first husband Karl Sky. From 1972 to 1982 she was married to fellow author and collaborator Stephen Goldin. Most of her fiction is romantic in nature. Her books include Vulcan! and Death's Angel, two of the earliest original novels based on the 1960s Star Trek TV series. Bibliography Star Trek novels Vulcan! reissued as Star Trek Adventures 11: Vulcan! (Bantam Books, September 1978, ISBN 0-553-12137-5; Titan Books reissue, April 20, 1995, ISBN 1-85286-537-7; Spectra October 6, 1998, ISBN 0-553-24633-X) Death's Angel reissued as Star Trek Adventures 10: Death's Angel (Bantam Books, April 1981, ISBN 0-553-24983-5; Titan Books reissue, February 15, 1994, ISBN 1-85286-536-9; Spectra reissue, May 1, 1995, ISBN 0-553-24983-5) Other novels Birthright (1975) Ice Prison (1976) Witchdame (1984) Collections Star Rooks (ebook) (Embiid Publishing, January 2004, ISBN 1-58787-252-8) (with Stephen Goldin) Short stories "One Ordinary Day, with Box" (1972) "Lament of the Keeku Bird" (1973) "Door to Malequar" (1975) "A Daisychain for Pav" (1976) "Motherbeast" (1978) "The Devil Behind the Leaves" (1981) (with Stephen Goldin) "But I Don't Do Dragons" (1982) "Painting the Roses Red" (2004) (with Stephen Goldin) Nonfiction "Sauerbraten" (1973) An Hour with Kathleen Sky (cassette audiobook) (1979) (with Stephen Goldin) The Business of Being a Writer (1982) (with Stephen Goldin) Notes ^ a b c Entry on Kathleen Sky in SFE: The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction ^ Internet Speculative Fiction Database entry for Kathleen Sky ^ "Stephen Goldin: Bio Sketch" at website of Stephen Goldin Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine ^ Guide to the Early Star Trek Novels Archived 2007-03-12 at the Wayback Machine External links Internet Book List: Kathleen Sky Embiid Publishing: Star Rooks Kathleen Sky at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Italy United States Japan	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFE-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISFDb-2"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy"},{"link_name":"Stephen Goldin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Goldin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFE-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFE-1"},{"link_name":"Vulcan!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan!"},{"link_name":"Death's Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Death%27s_Angel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Star Trek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series"},{"link_name":"TV series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_series"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Kathleen Sky (born Kathleen McKinney, August 5, 1943)[1][2] is the pen name of Kathleen McKinney Goldin, an American science fiction and fantasy author. 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(Bantam Books, September 1978, ISBN 0-553-12137-5; Titan Books reissue, April 20, 1995, ISBN 1-85286-537-7; Spectra October 6, 1998, ISBN 0-553-24633-X)\nDeath's Angel reissued as Star Trek Adventures 10: Death's Angel (Bantam Books, April 1981, ISBN 0-553-24983-5; Titan Books reissue, February 15, 1994, ISBN 1-85286-536-9; Spectra reissue, May 1, 1995, ISBN 0-553-24983-5)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other novels","text":"Birthright (1975)\nIce Prison (1976)\nWitchdame (1984)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Star Rooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Rooks&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebook"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-58787-252-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58787-252-8"}],"sub_title":"Collections","text":"Star Rooks (ebook) (Embiid Publishing, January 2004, ISBN 1-58787-252-8) (with Stephen Goldin)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Short stories","text":"\"One Ordinary Day, with Box\" (1972)\n\"Lament of the Keeku Bird\" (1973)\n\"Door to Malequar\" (1975)\n\"A Daisychain for Pav\" (1976)\n\"Motherbeast\" (1978)\n\"The Devil Behind the Leaves\" (1981) (with Stephen Goldin)\n\"But I Don't Do Dragons\" (1982)\n\"Painting the Roses Red\" (2004) (with Stephen Goldin)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Nonfiction","text":"\"Sauerbraten\" (1973)\nAn Hour with Kathleen Sky (cassette audiobook) (1979) (with Stephen Goldin)\nThe Business of Being a Writer (1982) (with Stephen Goldin)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SFE_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SFE_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SFE_1-2"},{"link_name":"Entry on Kathleen Sky in SFE: The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/sky_kathleen"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ISFDb_2-0"},{"link_name":"Internet Speculative Fiction Database entry for Kathleen Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?Kathleen_Sky"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Stephen Goldin: Bio Sketch\" at website of Stephen Goldin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.stephengoldin.com/bio.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110716134735/http://stephengoldin.com/bio.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Guide to the Early Star Trek Novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ridgecrest.ca.us/~curtdan/Novels/Novels.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070312002259/http://www.ridgecrest.ca.us/~curtdan/Novels/Novels.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"^ a b c Entry on Kathleen Sky in SFE: The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction\n\n^ Internet Speculative Fiction Database entry for Kathleen Sky\n\n^ \"Stephen Goldin: Bio Sketch\" at website of Stephen Goldin Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Guide to the Early Star Trek Novels Archived 2007-03-12 at the Wayback Machine","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/sky_kathleen","external_links_name":"Entry on Kathleen Sky in SFE: The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction"},{"Link":"http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?Kathleen_Sky","external_links_name":"Internet Speculative Fiction Database entry for Kathleen Sky"},{"Link":"http://www.stephengoldin.com/bio.html","external_links_name":"\"Stephen Goldin: Bio Sketch\" at website of Stephen Goldin"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716134735/http://stephengoldin.com/bio.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ridgecrest.ca.us/~curtdan/Novels/Novels.html","external_links_name":"Guide to the Early Star Trek Novels"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070312002259/http://www.ridgecrest.ca.us/~curtdan/Novels/Novels.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051015090631/http://www.iblist.com/author8279.htm","external_links_name":"Internet Book List: Kathleen Sky"},{"Link":"http://www.embiid.net/samples/samples.asp?S=645576131&P=311&C=0","external_links_name":"Embiid Publishing: Star Rooks"},{"Link":"https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?Kathleen_Sky","external_links_name":"Kathleen Sky"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000397354907","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/10420457","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqfCKtr4xKx83R3hQKTpP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/12063705","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV093721","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81121181","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00456790","external_links_name":"Japan"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redstone_arsenal	Redstone Arsenal	["1 Geography","2 Tenant organizations, commands and units","3 History","3.1 Pre-1941","3.2 Huntsville Arsenal","3.3 Army Ordnance Corps","3.4 Ordnance schools","3.5 Army Ballistic Missile Agency","3.6 Army Missile Command","3.7 Today","4 Demographics","4.1 2010 census","5 Education","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 34°41′03″N 86°39′15″W / 34.684166°N 86.654031°W / 34.684166; -86.654031United States Army post Redstone ArsenalRedstone Arsenal, Alabama Redstone Arsenal Sign, Gate 9Coordinates34°41′03″N 86°39′15″W / 34.684166°N 86.654031°W / 34.684166; -86.654031TypeArmy postSite informationControlled by United States ArmyWebsiteinstallations.militaryonesource.mil/in-depth-overview/redstone-arsenalSite historyBuilt1941;83 years ago (1941)In use1941–presentGarrison informationGarrisonU.S. Army Aviation and Missile LCMC U.S. Army Materiel Command Missile Defense Agency U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command Aviation & Missile Research, Development and Engineering Center Redstone Arsenal is a United States Army base adjacent to Huntsville, Alabama in the Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge. A census-designated place in Madison County, Alabama, United States, it is part of the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area. The Arsenal is a host to over 75 tenant agencies including the Department of Defense (DoD), Department of Justice (DOJ), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and NASA's largest field center, the Marshall Space Flight Center. The Arsenal today contains a government and contractor workforce that averages 36,000 to 40,000 personnel daily. The base has benefited from decisions by the Defense Base Realignment and Closure Commission and has a residential population of 837 as of 2020. Established during World War II as a chemical manufacturing facility, in the immediate post-war era the Arsenal was used for research and development by German rocket scientists who were brought to the United States as part of Operation Paperclip. The team first worked on ballistic missiles, starting with derivatives of the V-2 rocket, before moving on to a series of ever larger designs. In 1956 the Army was relieved of most of its ballistic missiles in favor of similar weapons operated by the US Air Force. The German design team was spun off to become part of the newly founded NASA. The Cold War had moved to space, and the U.S. intended to compete with the Soviet Union there and across the globe. The Arsenal served as the primary site for space launch vehicle design and testing into the 1960s. Geography Location of Redstone Arsenal in Alabama Redstone Arsenal is located at 34°41′03″N 86°39′15″W / 34.684166°N 86.654031°W / 34.684166; -86.654031. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Redstone CDP has a total area of 7.8 square miles (20.1 km2), all land. Redstone Arsenal contains extensive wetland areas associated with the Tennessee River and several local springs, much of which is maintained by the Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge. Tenant organizations, commands and units Department of Defense Missile Defense Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Missile and Space Intelligence Center United States Army US Army Space and Missile Defense Command/Army Forces Strategic Command US Army Materiel Command US Army Aviation and Missile Command US Army Contracting Command US Army Security Assistance Command US Army Engineering and Support Center US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Aviation & Missile Center Logistics Data Analysis Center (LDAC) Redstone Test Center PEO Aviation PEO Missiles and Space National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Marshall Space Flight Center Blue Origin (Space Industry Support - Rocket Development/Testing) Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation Operations and Analytical Support Headquarters Terrorist Explosive Device Analytical Center (TEDAC) Hazardous Device School Tennessee Valley Regional Computer Forensics Lab (TVRCFL) Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) National Center for Explosives Training and Research History Pre-1941 A total of 651 prehistoric archaeological sites were archived at Redstone Arsenal to date. At least 22 have components dating to the Paleo-Indian period (9200 to 8000 BC). The Paleo-Indian projectile point called the Redstone Point was named after Redstone Arsenal where it was first identified. Euro-Americans settlers began to establish homesteads on the land that is now Redstone Arsenal by the first decade of the 19th century. Prior to the Civil War, the landscape was dominated by several large plantations, the remains of which survive as archaeological sites. The land played a peripheral role during the Civil War with activity limited to the posting of pickets along the Tennessee River bank. Following the war, many of the large plantations were increasingly divided into smaller parcels owned by small farmers, who included former slaves and their descendants. By the start of the 20th century, many of the farms were owned by absentee owners, with the land being worked by tenants and sharecroppers. The remains of hundreds of tenant and sharecropper houses still dot the landscape around the installation. At the beginning of the 20th century, the approximately 57-square-mile (150 km2) area of rolling terrain, which contained some of the richest agricultural land in Madison County, included such small farming communities as Spring Hill, Pond Beat, Mullins Flat, and Union Hill. Although there was no electricity, indoor plumbing, or telephones, few roads, and fewer cars or tractors, the people who lived in the area that one former resident recalled as being "nearly out of the world" prospered enough to support their own stores, mills, shops, gins, churches, and schools. A total of 46 historic cemeteries including slave cemeteries, plantation family cemeteries, and late 19th to early 20th century community cemeteries are maintained on the installation as Redstone Arsenal cemeteries. Huntsville Arsenal As part of the mobilization leading to U.S. involvement in World War II, Huntsville Arsenal was established in 1941 to create a second chemical weapons plant in addition to one in Edgewood, Maryland. It was announced by the War Department on July 3, 1941. Over 550 families were displaced when the Army acquired the land, including over 300 tenants and sharecroppers. Most of the landowners were allowed to salvage their assets and rebuild elsewhere. The remaining buildings were almost all razed by the War Department. A land-use agreement was arranged with the Tennessee Valley Authority for the Army to use about 1,250 acres (5.1 km2) of land along the Tennessee River. The military installation was originally composed of three separate entities: the Huntsville Arsenal and the Huntsville Depot (later the Gulf Chemical Warfare Depot), which were operated under the auspices of the Chemical Warfare Service; and the Redstone Ordnance Plant, operated by the United States Army Ordnance Department. The name Redstone drew on the region's red rocks and soil. Established during World War II as a chemical manufacturing facility, in the immediate post-war era the Arsenal was used for research and development by German weapons rocket scientists who were brought to the U.S. as part of Operation Paperclip. The team first worked on ballistic missiles, starting with V-2 rocket derivatives, before moving on to a series of ever larger designs. Many of their tests were carried out at White Sands Missile Range and flights between the two locations were common. In late 1956 the Army was relieved of most of its ballistic missiles in favor of similar weapons operated by the US Air Force. The German design team was spun off to become part of the newly founded National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The Cold War had moved to space, and the US intended to compete with the Soviet Union there as well as across the globe. The Arsenal served as the primary site for space launch vehicle design into the 1960s. 1940s munitions production at Huntsville Arsenal In its early years, the arsenal produced and stockpiled chemical weapons such as phosgene, Lewisite, and mustard gas. The use of toxic gases in warfare was banned under the Geneva Protocol of 1925, but the U.S. signed with the reservation that it be allowed to use chemical weapons against aggressors who used them. The facility also produced carbonyl iron powder (for radio and radar tuning), tear gas, and smoke and incendiary devices. The arsenal also produced small pyrotechnic devices including small solid-fuel rockets during the war. In recognition of its production record, the arsenal received the Army-Navy "E" Award four times, the first on October 31, 1942. The ordnance plant was renamed Redstone Arsenal in 1943. Through the war years, more than 27,000,000 items of chemical munitions were produced and 45,200,000 ammunition shells were loaded. Redstone Army Airfield was established in 1943 for the 6th Army Air Force to test incendiary devices in preparation for the firebombing of Japanese cities. Three days after the announcement of the Japanese surrender, production facilities at the installation were put on standby. After the war, Huntsville Arsenal was briefly used as the primary storage facility for the Chemical Warfare Service, and for manufacture of gas masks and dismantling of surplus incendiary bombs. Most of the wartime civilian workforce was furloughed, dropping to 600 from a wartime high of around 4,400. Much of the arsenal land was leased for agriculture, and many of the buildings were leased for local industry. By 1947, the installation was declared to be excess, the first step toward demilitarization. Major political and commercial efforts were made in searching for government or business tenants for the space. In early 1948, several buildings of Huntsville Arsenal were leased by the newly formed Keller Motors Corporation with the intention of establishing a major automobile manufacturing complex. Only 18 Keller prototype vehicles were built before the firm's president and primary organizer, George Keller, suddenly died and the operation folded. The Army Air Forces was searching for a site to establish a major air development center and considered Huntsville Arsenal. In 1949, a competing site near Tullahoma, Tennessee was selected. The Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army then directed that Huntsville Arsenal be advertised for sale by 1 July 1949. The proposed sale never happened, because the Army found it needed the land for the new mission of developing and testing rocket systems. Thiokol Corporation moved operations to Redstone Arsenal from Maryland in the summer of 1949 to research and develop rocket propellants, while Rohm and Haas began work on rockets and jet propulsion. On June 30, 1949, Huntsville Arsenal was deactivated and consolidated with the other two entities to become Redstone Arsenal. Command responsibilities were assumed by Redstone. Army Ordnance Corps At the close of World War II, a number of key German scientists and engineers were brought to the United States under Operation Paperclip. Colonel Holger Toftoy arranged for 127 individuals, including Wernher von Braun, to receive contracts for work on Army missiles. In late 1945, they began arriving at Fort Bliss, Texas, where, using components brought from Germany, started upgrading the V-2 missile. Testing was done at the nearby White Sands Proving Ground in New Mexico. On June 1, 1949, the Chief of Ordnance of the United States Army designated Redstone Arsenal as the Ordnance Rocket Center, its facility for ordnance rocket research and development. In April 1950, the Fort Bliss missile development operation, then with 130 German contract employees, 120 civil-service employees, and 500 military personnel, was transferred to Redstone Arsenal. This became the Ordnance Guided Missile Center (OGMC), with Major James Hamill as acting commander and von Braun as technical director. An initial project was the Major tactical missile. Upon the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950, OGMC was given the mission of developing a surface-to-surface ballistic missile with an objective range of 500 miles (800 km). Starting with an upgraded Major missile, the design went through a series of improvements and ultimately became the PGM-11 with the popular name Redstone rocket. To expedite development, an existing engine was used, greatly reducing the operational range to between 58 and 200 miles. During the Korean War, ammunition production was resumed at Redstone Arsenal. From July 1951 through July 1955, around 38,700,000 rounds of chemical artillery munitions were produced. The Ordnance Missile Laboratories (OML) was formed in 1952 to coordinate research and development within the OGMC. Holger Toftoy, who had originally recruited von Braun and his team of missile specialists, was assigned to Huntsville and promoted to Brigadier General as director of the OML. Test operations were under Kurt Debus, who set up the Interim Test Stand and the launch facility at Cape Canaveral, Florida. Redstone static fire testing began in the spring of 1953, followed by the first launch at Cape Canaveral on August 20, 1953. In addition to the Redstone rocket development, the OML had many other research and development programs. Under Toftoy, the organization included the R&D Division under Col. Miles Birkett Chatfield, the Field Service Division under Maj. Ben Keyserling, and the Industrial Division. In the R&D Division there were the Surface-to-Air Projects under Maj. Rudy Axelson, the Surface-to-Surface Division under Maj. Dan Breedon, and Special Projects under Lt. Colonel John O'Conner. Projects in Surface-to-Air included the Nike B (later called the Nike Hercules), Hawk and others. Surface-to-Surface projects were the Honest John, Little John, Lacrosse, and Corporal Type III; the liquid-fueled Corporal Type III was soon canceled and the solid Thiokol fueled Sergeant project started. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) at the California Institute of Technology was an Army research operation at that time, as NASA did not exist at the time. It was JPL that designed the Corporal system and later was the R&D designer of the Sergeant. At a 1954 meeting of the Spaceflight Committee of the American Rocket Society, von Braun proposed placing a satellite into orbit using the Redstone with clusters of small solid-fuel rockets on top. The proposal, Project Orbiter, was rejected in 1955. Ordnance schools Main article: United States Army Ordnance Munitions and Electronic Maintenance School In March 1952, the commanding officer at Redstone Arsenal officially established the Provisional Redstone Ordnance School. In December, the Ordnance Guided Missile School (OGMS) was established, taking over the provisional operation. The OGMS greatly expanded through the years, occupying a large land area with many buildings and providing a wide variety of missile and munitions courses for thousands of students from the U.S. as well as many foreign countries. The name was later changed to the Missile and Munitions Center & School in 1966 and then to the Ordnance Missile and Munitions Center and School in the mid-1980s. In 1994, the School Brigade disbanded and was replaced by the reformed 59th Ordnance Brigade, which had previously disbanded in Europe in 1992. The school was then renamed the Ordnance Munitions and Electronic Maintenance School in 2002 and moved to Fort Lee in 2011. Army Ballistic Missile Agency RSA commander Maj. Gen. John Medaris, Wernher von Braun, and RSA deputy commander Brig. Gen. Holger Toftoy (left to right) in the 1950s The Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA), commanded by Maj. Gen. John Medaris, was formed on 1 February 1956, taking over from Redstone Arsenal the facilities and personnel of OGMC. Von Braun was the Director of ABMA's Development Operations Division. Redstone Arsenal then became an Army post, supporting the ABMA and, in the future, other agencies. Medaris also commanded RSA, and BG Toftoy was deputy. The ABMA's primary mission was developing and fielding the Army's first intermediate-range ballistic missile, the Jupiter. By August 1958, the system was delivered to the Air Force for early deployment overseas. Jupiter later proved to be a significant bargaining chip in the Cuban Missile Crisis. During his command, Medaris' operation also fielded the PGM-11 Redstone and MIM-23 Hawk missiles, accelerated the development of the Nike Zeus system, and began development of the MGM-31 Pershing missile system, which later played a role in ending the Cold War. As part of the 1957–58 International Geophysical Year, both the U.S. and the Soviet Union proposed to launch a scientific satellite. Although von Braun had proposed in 1954 that the OML could place a satellite in Earth orbit, the Naval Research Laboratory, using its Vanguard rocket, was given this assignment. On October 4, 1957, the USSR orbited Sputnik I, the first Earth satellite. A second Sputnik was launched a month later. On December 6, 1957, a first attempt to launch a satellite-carrying Vanguard failed. Toftoy, Medaris, and von Braun immediately pleaded for the opportunity to show what the Army's "space team" could do. The go-ahead was given and on 31 January 1958, America's first satellite, Explorer I, was placed into orbit using a modified Jupiter launch vehicle (a four-stage system designated Juno I). By 1958, 20,000 civilian, military, and contractor workers were employed within Redstone Arsenal. The Army Ordnance Missile Command (AOMC) was formed in March 1958. Headquartered at Redstone Arsenal and commanded by Maj. Gen. Medaris, AOMC had several subordinate elements, including ABMA, White Sands Missile Range, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at California Institute of Technology. Another local activity, the Army Rocket and Guided Missile Agency (ARGMA), was formed and added to AOMC in June. Six months after Explorer I, President Dwight Eisenhower created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) on July 29, 1958. On October 21, 1959, he approved the transfer of all Army space-related activities to NASA. This was accomplished effective July 1, 1960, when 4,670 civilian employees, about $100 million worth of buildings and equipment, and 1,840 acres (7.4 km2) of land transferred from RSA/ABMA's Development Operations Division to NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). Von Braun was MSFC's first director. Army Missile Command The U.S. Army Missile Command (MICOM) was activated on August 1, 1962 at Redstone Arsenal, absorbing all of the personnel, facilities, and projects remaining in the prior AOMC. On March 12, 1964, the Francis J. McMorrow Missile Laboratories were dedicated in memory of MICOM's first commander, who died while in command. Dating from the start of AMC, Project Nike involving anti-aircraft missiles had been conducted. As the intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) came into being, a much higher-performance system was needed for ICBM defense. The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) examined the requirements and recommending a system, designated Nike-X, incorporating phased-array radars, high-performance computers, and separate low-altitude (Sprint) and high-altitude (Spartan) high-velocity interceptor missiles. To manage this development, in 1963 MICOM created the Nike-X Project Office headed by Colonel (later Brigadier General) Ivy O. Drewry. The People's Republic of China exploded its first thermonuclear bomb in June 1967. Hence, ABM system requirements were revised and the Sentinel System was born, replacing Nike-X. In 1968, the Army Ballistic Missile Defense Agency (ABMDA) was formed, taking over Sentinel and other ballistic missile defense projects previously under MICOM. Commanded by B. G. Drewry, ABMDA established operations adjacent to Redstone Arsenal in the Cummings Research Park. In May 1974, all ballistic missile defense efforts were consolidated under a single manager in the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization, which eventually evolved into today's U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command. On July 17, 1997, the former Army Missile Command combined with the aviation portion of the U.S. Army Aviation and Troop Command (ATCOM), creating a new organization at RSA, the United States Army Aviation and Missile Command (AMCOM). Today Redstone Arsenal remains the center of testing, development, and doctrine for the Army's missile programs. Besides the U.S. Army Materiel Command and the U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Life Cycle Management Command, Redstone houses the Tactical UAV Project Office, Redstone Test Center (RTC), the Missile Defense Agency, the Missile and Space Intelligence Center, and other operations. After operating as a tenant on Redstone Arsenal for over half a century, the Ordnance Munitions and Maintenance School was moved to Fort Lee (now Fort Gregg-Adams), Virginia. Redstone Arsenal continues to host the Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA's largest field center for propulsion analysis and development, which developed the Saturn rocket family in the 1960s and propulsion systems for the Space Shuttle in the 1970s and 1980s. Redstone Scientific Information Center (RSIC), a 450,000-volume library established by NASA and the Army in 1962, was shuttered on September 30, 2019. The cost-saving measure was announced by Combat Capabilities Development Command Aviation & Missile Center (AvMC); selected documents from RSIC were acquired by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 19805,728—19904,909−14.3%20002,365−51.8%20101,946−17.7%2020837−57.0%U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000, there were 2,353 people, 487 households, and 446 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 300.8 inhabitants per square mile (116.1/km2). There were 879 housing units at an average density of 111.8 per square mile (43.2/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 56.5% White, 31.7% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 2.0% Asian, 0.8% Pacific Islander, 3.3% from other races, and 4.8% from two or more races. 9.3% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 487 households, out of which 79.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 79.7% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 8.4% were non-families. 7.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.48 and the average family size was 3.67. The population was spread out, with 32.9% under the age of 18, 19.2% from 18 to 24, 43.2% from 25 to 44, 4.6% from 45 to 64, and 0.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 150.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 170.1 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $35,435, and the median income for a family was $40,208. Men had a median income of $29,053 versus $24,063 for females. The per capita income was $14,860. About 9.0% of families and 10.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.7% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 1,946 people, 343 households, and 301 families residing in the CDP. There were 379 housing units. The racial makeup of the CDP was 69.1% White, 20.8% Black or African American, 1.2% Native American, 1.7% Asian, 0.4% Pacific Islander, 2.9% from other races, and 4.0% from two or more races. 10.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 343 households, out of which 68.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.6% were married couples living together, 13.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 12.2% were non-families. 11.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.27 and the average family size was 3.56. The population was spread out, with 24.8% under the age of 18, 36.1% from 18 to 24, 33.0% from 25 to 44, 5.8% from 45 to 64, and 0.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 21.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 203.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 249.6 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $53,142, and the median income for a family was $48,750. Men had a median income of $31,018 versus $25,500 for females. The per capita income was $24,739. About 0% of families and 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. Gallery of Redstone Arsenal images 1956: Redstone missile testing on Static Test Stand 1957: Contaminated land and buildings at RSA were reclaimed by Chemical Corps personnel. 18 May 1963: Wernher von Braun with president John F. Kennedy at RSA RSA main gate c. 1964 MGM-52 Lance missile testing at RSA c. 1970 RSA commander Maj. Gen. Jim Myles speaks at a Community Family Readiness Group meeting in 2009. Education The CDP, which includes on-base housing, is in the Madison County Schools school district. References ^ a b "Redstone Arsenal: Base Overview & Info". installations.militaryonesource.mil. Retrieved December 26, 2023. ^ Gattis, Paul (November 29, 2023). "FBI's mission at '2nd headquarters' still growing in Huntsville". al.com. Retrieved December 26, 2023. ^ "About Marshall Space Flight Center - NASA". Retrieved December 26, 2023. ^ "Redstone Arsenal CDP, Alabama: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved April 6, 2022. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Redstone Arsenal CDP, Alabama". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2013. ^ Data on File at the Redstone Arsenal Environmental Management Division ^ RSA Archeological Program Archived September 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. redstone.army.mil ^ Curry, Beverly S. The People Who Lived on the Land that Is Now Redstone Arsenal. Cultural Resources Management Program, U.S. Army Missile Command, 2006. ^ "75th Anniversary of Redstone Arsenal" (PDF). U.S. Army Materiel Command. 2016. p. 14. Retrieved July 23, 2020. ^ Cagle, Mary T. "". Public Information Office, Redstone Arsenal. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Baker, Michael E. Redstone Arsenal: Yesterday and Today. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993-758-626/80050; summary: http://geckocountry.com/redstons.shtml ^ Gross, Ken, and Rich Taylor; "America's Most Needed Car", Special Interest Autos no. 30, September–October 1975, pp. 32–40, 59. ^ Fidenbach, Peter L. "A Brief History of White Sands Proving Ground 1941–1965" (PDF). Ordnance Department, U.S. Army. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 29, 2010. Retrieved August 19, 2010. ^ Bullard, John W. "History of the Redstone Missile System". Historical Monograph Project No. AMC23M, Historical Division, Army Missile Command, October 1965. Archived May 27, 2012, at the Wayback Machine ^ McCleskey, C.; D. Christensen. "Dr. Kurt H. Debus: Launching a Vision" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 17, 2008. Retrieved June 22, 2011. ^ Bate, Roger R.; Mueller, Donald D.; White, Jerry E. (1971). Fundamentals of Astrodynamics. Dover Publications. p. 152. ISBN 0-486-60061-0. ^ "Welcome to OMEMS" Archived December 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. ^ "Explorer I Mssion". Archived from the original on January 8, 2008. Retrieved February 6, 2008. ^ "Jobs Rise At Redstone" (PDF). The New York Times. January 3, 1959. p. 4. Retrieved May 21, 2022. ^ "Historical Facts", MSFC History Office; ^ "Logic behind the ABM system". Life, September 19, 1967, pp. 26–28. ^ Baker, Michael E.; "Redstone Arsenal Through the Years", 2003 (video); Redstone Arsenal Through the Years. 2003. ^ a b c "Army defends decision to close Redstone Arsenal's space, tech library". Army Times. Associated Press. October 14, 2019. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". Census.gov. Retrieved June 6, 2013. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "On Post Housing". Redstone Arsenal. Retrieved August 1, 2022. Location: 302 Hughes Drive Redstone Arsenal, Al 35808 ^ "Redstone Arsenal Housing". Military One Source. Retrieved August 1, 2022. ^ "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Madison County, AL" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 1, 2022. - Text list External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Redstone Arsenal. Official website "Redstone Arsenal Through the Years" (RSA history) U.S. Army Materiel Command page U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Command site Marshall Space Flight Center site Redstone Arsenal Relocation and Community Info site Redstone Arsenal Campground Information The University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections, Joel Lonergan Collection of photographs, history pamphlets, and event records for early Redstone Arsenal Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. AL-9, "Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Madison County, AL", 67 data pages vteCurrent military installations in AlabamaArmyArsenal Redstone Arsenal Depot Anniston Army Depot Fort Fort Novosel Air Field Cairns Redstone Heliport Hanchey Hunt Knox Lowe Shell Air National Guard Birmingham Montgomery Range Fort Novosel Redstone NavyOutlying Field Barin Field Brewton Field Evergreen Field Silverhill Summerdale Air ForceAir Force Base Maxwell-Gunter Air National Guard Base Birmingham Dannelly Field Air National Guard Station Abston Dothan Coast GuardAids to Navigation TeamsMobileAir StationMobileSectorMobile vteUnited States Space ForceLeadership Department of the Air Force Secretary of the Air Force Under Secretary of the Air Force Space Staff Chief of Space Operations Vice Chief of Space Operations Chief Master Sergeant of the Space Force Director of Staff Deputy Chiefs of Space Operations General Officers Generals Lieutenant Generals Oversight House Armed Services Committee Strategic Forces subcommittee Senate Committee on Armed Services Strategic Forces subcommittee StructureField commands Space Futures Command Space Operations Command Commander Space Systems Command Commander Space Training and Readiness Command Commander Component Field Commands United States Space Forces Central United States Space Forces Europe and Africa United States Space Forces Indo-Pacific United States Space Forces Korea United States Space Forces – Space Deltas Space Delta 1 Space Delta 2 Space Delta 3 Space Delta 4 Space Delta 5 Space Delta 6 Space Delta 7 Space Delta 8 Space Delta 9 Space Delta 10 Space Delta 11 Space Delta 12 Space Delta 13 Space Delta 15 Space Delta 18 Space Delta 21 Space Delta 23 Space Delta 26 Space Launch Delta 30 Space Launch Delta 45 PNT IMD (P) Space Base Delta 1 Space Base Delta 2 Space Base Delta 3 Squadrons 1st Delta Operations 319th Combat Training 328th Weapons 392d Combat Training 533rd Training 21st Operations Support 15th Space Surveillance 18th Space Defense 19th Space Defense 20th Space Surveillance 3rd Combat Training 4th EW 5th EW 16th EW 23rd EW 2nd Space Warning 3rd satellite Communications 5th Space Warning 6th Space Warning 7th Space Warning 10th Space Warning 11th Space Warning 12th Space Warning 13th Space Warning 55th Combat Training 21st Space Operations 22nd Space Operations 23rd Space Operations 62nd Cyberspace 63rd Cyberspace 64th Cyberspace 65th Cyberspace 68th Cyberspace 69th Cyberspace 645th Cyberspace 71st ISR 72nd ISR 73rd ISR 74th ISR 75th ISR 76th ISR 1st Space Operations 2nd Space Operations 3rd Space Operations 4th Space Operations 10th Space Operations 53rd Space Operations 527th Space Aggressor 1st Test and Evaluation 3rd Test and Evaluation 17th Test and Evaluation 25th Space Range 2nd Space Launch 5th Space Launch 1st Range Operations NSSI Direct reporting units Space Development Agency Space Rapid Capabilities Office Space Warfighting Analysis Center LocationsSpace Force Bases Buckley Los Angeles Patrick Peterson Schriever Vandenberg Space Bases Pituffik (Greenland) Space Force Stations Cape Canaveral Cape Cod Cavalier Cheyenne Mountain Clear Kaena Point New Boston Personneland training Astronauts Awards and decorations Badges Ranks Training Academy Reserve Officer Training Corps Officer Training School Basic Military Training Uniforms History andtraditions Delta Flag History Seal "Semper Supra" Air & Space Forces Association Space Force Association Former wings and deltas 21st Space Wing 50th Space Wing 460th Space Wing Space Training and Readiness Delta (Provisional) vteNASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center (Huntsville, Alabama)Directors von Braun Rees Petrone Lucas Thompson Lee Bridwell Littles Griner* Stephenson King Lightfoot Goldman* Henderson* Scheuermann Projects Space Shuttle Propulsion International Space Station Chandra X-ray Observatory Gravity Probe B Project Constellation Ares I Ares V Orion NRHP sites Neutral Buoyancy Simulator Propulsion and Structural Test Facility Redstone Test Stand Saturn V Dynamic Test Stand Saturn V Dynamic Test Vehicle Other Operation Paperclip list of scientists ABMA Redstone Arsenal Redstone Rocket U.S. Space & Rocket Center * acting director only vteMunicipalities and communities of Madison County, Alabama, United StatesCounty seat: HuntsvilleCities Huntsville‡ Madison‡ New Hope Owens Cross Roads Map of Alabama highlighting Madison CountyTowns Gurley Triana CDPs Harvest Hazel Green Meridianville Moores Mill New Market Redstone Arsenal Unincorporatedcommunities Big Cove Brownsboro Chase Hobbs Island Maysville Monrovia Moontown Plevna Poplar Ridge Rainbow Ryland Toney Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Alabama portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Huntsville, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OS-1"},{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Madison County, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_County,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsville-Decatur_Combined_Statistical_Area"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OS-1"},{"link_name":"Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Department of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Marshall Space Flight Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Base Realignment and Closure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Realignment_and_Closure"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2020-4"},{"link_name":"chemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapon"},{"link_name":"Operation Paperclip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Paperclip"},{"link_name":"ballistic missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_missile"},{"link_name":"V-2 rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2_rocket"},{"link_name":"US Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"launch vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_vehicle"}],"text":"United States Army postRedstone Arsenal is a United States Army base adjacent to Huntsville, Alabama in the Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge.[1] A census-designated place in Madison County, Alabama, United States, it is part of the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area. The Arsenal is a host to over 75 tenant agencies[1] including the Department of Defense (DoD), Department of Justice (DOJ), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI),[2] and NASA's largest field center, the Marshall Space Flight Center.[3]The Arsenal today contains a government and contractor workforce that averages 36,000 to 40,000 personnel daily. The base has benefited from decisions by the Defense Base Realignment and Closure Commission and has a residential population of 837 as of 2020.[4]Established during World War II as a chemical manufacturing facility, in the immediate post-war era the Arsenal was used for research and development by German rocket scientists who were brought to the United States as part of Operation Paperclip. The team first worked on ballistic missiles, starting with derivatives of the V-2 rocket, before moving on to a series of ever larger designs. In 1956 the Army was relieved of most of its ballistic missiles in favor of similar weapons operated by the US Air Force. The German design team was spun off to become part of the newly founded NASA. The Cold War had moved to space, and the U.S. intended to compete with the Soviet Union there and across the globe. The Arsenal served as the primary site for space launch vehicle design and testing into the 1960s.","title":"Redstone Arsenal"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ALMap-doton-RedstoneArsenal.png"},{"link_name":"34°41′03″N 86°39′15″W / 34.684166°N 86.654031°W / 34.684166; -86.654031","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Redstone_Arsenal&params=34.684166_N_86.654031_W_region:US"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-5"},{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-6"},{"link_name":"Tennessee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_River"},{"link_name":"Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler_National_Wildlife_Refuge"}],"text":"Location of Redstone Arsenal in AlabamaRedstone Arsenal is located at 34°41′03″N 86°39′15″W / 34.684166°N 86.654031°W / 34.684166; -86.654031.[5] According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Redstone CDP has a total area of 7.8 square miles (20.1 km2), all land.[6] Redstone Arsenal contains extensive wetland areas associated with the Tennessee River and several local springs, much of which is maintained by the Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Missile Defense Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_Defense_Agency"},{"link_name":"Defense Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"Missile and Space Intelligence Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_and_Space_Intelligence_Center"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"US Army Space and Missile Defense Command/Army Forces Strategic Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Space_and_Missile_Defense_Command"},{"link_name":"US Army Materiel Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Materiel_Command"},{"link_name":"US Army Aviation and Missile Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Aviation_and_Missile_Command"},{"link_name":"US Army Contracting Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Contracting_Command"},{"link_name":"US Army Security Assistance Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Security_Assistance_Command"},{"link_name":"US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Aviation & Missile Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Aviation_and_Missile_Center"},{"link_name":"Redstone Test Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Redstone_Test_Center"},{"link_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Marshall Space Flight Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center"},{"link_name":"Blue Origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Origin"},{"link_name":"Department of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives"}],"text":"Department of Defense\nMissile Defense Agency\nDefense Intelligence Agency\nMissile and Space Intelligence Center\nUnited States Army\nUS Army Space and Missile Defense Command/Army Forces Strategic Command\nUS Army Materiel Command\nUS Army Aviation and Missile Command\nUS Army Contracting Command\nUS Army Security Assistance Command\nUS Army Engineering and Support Center\nUS Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Aviation & Missile Center\nLogistics Data Analysis Center (LDAC)\nRedstone Test Center\nPEO Aviation\nPEO Missiles and Space\nNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)\nMarshall Space Flight Center\nBlue Origin (Space Industry Support - Rocket Development/Testing)\nDepartment of Justice\nFederal Bureau of Investigation\nOperations and Analytical Support Headquarters\nTerrorist Explosive Device Analytical Center (TEDAC)\nHazardous Device School\nTennessee Valley Regional Computer Forensics Lab (TVRCFL)\nBureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF)\nNational Center for Explosives Training and Research","title":"Tenant organizations, commands and units"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Paleo-Indian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleo-Indians"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_War_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Redstone Arsenal cemeteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redstone_Arsenal_cemeteries"}],"sub_title":"Pre-1941","text":"A total of 651 prehistoric archaeological sites were archived at Redstone Arsenal to date.[7][better source needed] At least 22 have components dating to the Paleo-Indian period (9200 to 8000 BC). The Paleo-Indian projectile point called the Redstone Point was named after Redstone Arsenal where it was first identified.[8]Euro-Americans settlers began to establish homesteads on the land that is now Redstone Arsenal by the first decade of the 19th century. Prior to the Civil War, the landscape was dominated by several large plantations, the remains of which survive as archaeological sites. The land played a peripheral role during the Civil War with activity limited to the posting of pickets along the Tennessee River bank. Following the war, many of the large plantations were increasingly divided into smaller parcels owned by small farmers, who included former slaves and their descendants. By the start of the 20th century, many of the farms were owned by absentee owners, with the land being worked by tenants and sharecroppers. The remains of hundreds of tenant and sharecropper houses still dot the landscape around the installation.[9]At the beginning of the 20th century, the approximately 57-square-mile (150 km2) area of rolling terrain, which contained some of the richest agricultural land in Madison County, included such small farming communities as Spring Hill, Pond Beat, Mullins Flat, and Union Hill. Although there was no electricity, indoor plumbing, or telephones, few roads, and fewer cars or tractors, the people who lived in the area that one former resident recalled as being \"nearly out of the world\" prospered enough to support their own stores, mills, shops, gins, churches, and schools. A total of 46 historic cemeteries including slave cemeteries, plantation family cemeteries, and late 19th to early 20th century community cemeteries are maintained on the installation as Redstone Arsenal cemeteries.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edgewood, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgewood,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"War Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Valley Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority"},{"link_name":"Chemical Warfare Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_Corps"},{"link_name":"United States Army Ordnance Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Ordnance_Department"},{"link_name":"red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide"},{"link_name":"rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematite"},{"link_name":"soil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Alabama#Climate_and_soil"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"chemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical"},{"link_name":"Operation Paperclip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Paperclip"},{"link_name":"ballistic missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_missile"},{"link_name":"V-2 rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2_rocket"},{"link_name":"White Sands Missile Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range"},{"link_name":"US Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"launch vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_vehicle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RSA_Munitions.jpg"},{"link_name":"phosgene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosgene"},{"link_name":"Lewisite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewisite"},{"link_name":"mustard gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_gas"},{"link_name":"Army-Navy \"E\" Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army-Navy_%22E%22_Award"},{"link_name":"Redstone Army Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redstone_Army_Airfield"},{"link_name":"6th Army Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"firebombing of Japanese cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baker-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baker-12"},{"link_name":"Keller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keller_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"Tullahoma, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullahoma,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Thiokol Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiokol_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Rohm and Haas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohm_and_Haas"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baker-12"}],"sub_title":"Huntsville Arsenal","text":"As part of the mobilization leading to U.S. involvement in World War II, Huntsville Arsenal was established in 1941 to create a second chemical weapons plant in addition to one in Edgewood, Maryland. It was announced by the War Department on July 3, 1941.[10] Over 550 families were displaced when the Army acquired the land, including over 300 tenants and sharecroppers. Most of the landowners were allowed to salvage their assets and rebuild elsewhere. The remaining buildings were almost all razed by the War Department. A land-use agreement was arranged with the Tennessee Valley Authority for the Army to use about 1,250 acres (5.1 km2) of land along the Tennessee River.The military installation was originally composed of three separate entities: the Huntsville Arsenal and the Huntsville Depot (later the Gulf Chemical Warfare Depot), which were operated under the auspices of the Chemical Warfare Service; and the Redstone Ordnance Plant, operated by the United States Army Ordnance Department. The name Redstone drew on the region's red rocks and soil.[11]Established during World War II as a chemical manufacturing facility, in the immediate post-war era the Arsenal was used for research and development by German weapons rocket scientists who were brought to the U.S. as part of Operation Paperclip. The team first worked on ballistic missiles, starting with V-2 rocket derivatives, before moving on to a series of ever larger designs. Many of their tests were carried out at White Sands Missile Range and flights between the two locations were common. In late 1956 the Army was relieved of most of its ballistic missiles in favor of similar weapons operated by the US Air Force.The German design team was spun off to become part of the newly founded National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The Cold War had moved to space, and the US intended to compete with the Soviet Union there as well as across the globe. The Arsenal served as the primary site for space launch vehicle design into the 1960s.1940s munitions production at Huntsville ArsenalIn its early years, the arsenal produced and stockpiled chemical weapons such as phosgene, Lewisite, and mustard gas. The use of toxic gases in warfare was banned under the Geneva Protocol of 1925, but the U.S. signed with the reservation that it be allowed to use chemical weapons against aggressors who used them. The facility also produced carbonyl iron powder (for radio and radar tuning), tear gas, and smoke and incendiary devices. The arsenal also produced small pyrotechnic devices including small solid-fuel rockets during the war. In recognition of its production record, the arsenal received the Army-Navy \"E\" Award four times, the first on October 31, 1942. The ordnance plant was renamed Redstone Arsenal in 1943. Through the war years, more than 27,000,000 items of chemical munitions were produced and 45,200,000 ammunition shells were loaded. Redstone Army Airfield was established in 1943 for the 6th Army Air Force to test incendiary devices in preparation for the firebombing of Japanese cities.[12]Three days after the announcement of the Japanese surrender, production facilities at the installation were put on standby. After the war, Huntsville Arsenal was briefly used as the primary storage facility for the Chemical Warfare Service, and for manufacture of gas masks and dismantling of surplus incendiary bombs. Most of the wartime civilian workforce was furloughed, dropping to 600 from a wartime high of around 4,400. Much of the arsenal land was leased for agriculture, and many of the buildings were leased for local industry. By 1947, the installation was declared to be excess, the first step toward demilitarization.[12]Major political and commercial efforts were made in searching for government or business tenants for the space. In early 1948, several buildings of Huntsville Arsenal were leased by the newly formed Keller Motors Corporation with the intention of establishing a major automobile manufacturing complex. Only 18 Keller prototype vehicles were built before the firm's president and primary organizer, George Keller, suddenly died and the operation folded.[13]The Army Air Forces was searching for a site to establish a major air development center and considered Huntsville Arsenal. In 1949, a competing site near Tullahoma, Tennessee was selected. The Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army then directed that Huntsville Arsenal be advertised for sale by 1 July 1949. The proposed sale never happened, because the Army found it needed the land for the new mission of developing and testing rocket systems. Thiokol Corporation moved operations to Redstone Arsenal from Maryland in the summer of 1949 to research and develop rocket propellants, while Rohm and Haas began work on rockets and jet propulsion. On June 30, 1949, Huntsville Arsenal was deactivated and consolidated with the other two entities to become Redstone Arsenal. Command responsibilities were assumed by Redstone.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Operation Paperclip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Paperclip"},{"link_name":"Holger Toftoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holger_Toftoy"},{"link_name":"Wernher von Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun"},{"link_name":"Fort Bliss, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bliss,_Texas"},{"link_name":"V-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2"},{"link_name":"White Sands Proving Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Chief of Ordnance of the United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Ordnance_of_the_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Redstone rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGM-11_Redstone"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baker-12"},{"link_name":"Kurt Debus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_H._Debus"},{"link_name":"Interim Test Stand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redstone_Test_Stand"},{"link_name":"Cape Canaveral, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCleskey-16"},{"link_name":"Nike Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nike"},{"link_name":"Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIM-23_Hawk"},{"link_name":"Honest John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGR-1_Honest_John"},{"link_name":"Little John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGR-3_Little_John"},{"link_name":"Lacrosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-18_Lacrosse"},{"link_name":"Corporal Type III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-5_Corporal"},{"link_name":"Sergeant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-29_Sergeant"},{"link_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"California Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baker-12"},{"link_name":"American Rocket Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Rocket_Society"},{"link_name":"satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite"},{"link_name":"solid-fuel rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-fuel_rocket"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Project Orbiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Orbiter"}],"sub_title":"Army Ordnance Corps","text":"At the close of World War II, a number of key German scientists and engineers were brought to the United States under Operation Paperclip. Colonel Holger Toftoy arranged for 127 individuals, including Wernher von Braun, to receive contracts for work on Army missiles. In late 1945, they began arriving at Fort Bliss, Texas, where, using components brought from Germany, started upgrading the V-2 missile. Testing was done at the nearby White Sands Proving Ground in New Mexico.[14]On June 1, 1949, the Chief of Ordnance of the United States Army designated Redstone Arsenal as the Ordnance Rocket Center, its facility for ordnance rocket research and development. In April 1950, the Fort Bliss missile development operation, then with 130 German contract employees, 120 civil-service employees, and 500 military personnel, was transferred to Redstone Arsenal. This became the Ordnance Guided Missile Center (OGMC), with Major James Hamill as acting commander and von Braun as technical director. An initial project was the Major tactical missile.Upon the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950, OGMC was given the mission of developing a surface-to-surface ballistic missile with an objective range of 500 miles (800 km). Starting with an upgraded Major missile, the design went through a series of improvements and ultimately became the PGM-11 with the popular name Redstone rocket. To expedite development, an existing engine was used, greatly reducing the operational range to between 58 and 200 miles.[15]During the Korean War, ammunition production was resumed at Redstone Arsenal. From July 1951 through July 1955, around 38,700,000 rounds of chemical artillery munitions were produced.[12]The Ordnance Missile Laboratories (OML) was formed in 1952 to coordinate research and development within the OGMC. Holger Toftoy, who had originally recruited von Braun and his team of missile specialists, was assigned to Huntsville and promoted to Brigadier General as director of the OML. Test operations were under Kurt Debus, who set up the Interim Test Stand and the launch facility at Cape Canaveral, Florida. Redstone static fire testing began in the spring of 1953, followed by the first launch at Cape Canaveral on August 20, 1953.[16]In addition to the Redstone rocket development, the OML had many other research and development programs. Under Toftoy, the organization included the R&D Division under Col. Miles Birkett Chatfield, the Field Service Division under Maj. Ben Keyserling, and the Industrial Division. In the R&D Division there were the Surface-to-Air Projects under Maj. Rudy Axelson, the Surface-to-Surface Division under Maj. Dan Breedon, and Special Projects under Lt. Colonel John O'Conner. Projects in Surface-to-Air included the Nike B (later called the Nike Hercules), Hawk and others. Surface-to-Surface projects were the Honest John, Little John, Lacrosse, and Corporal Type III; the liquid-fueled Corporal Type III was soon canceled and the solid Thiokol fueled Sergeant project started. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) at the California Institute of Technology was an Army research operation at that time, as NASA did not exist at the time. It was JPL that designed the Corporal system and later was the R&D designer of the Sergeant.[12]At a 1954 meeting of the Spaceflight Committee of the American Rocket Society, von Braun proposed placing a satellite into orbit using the Redstone with clusters of small solid-fuel rockets on top.[17] The proposal, Project Orbiter, was rejected in 1955.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"59th Ordnance Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/59th_Ordnance_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Fort Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lee_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Ordnance schools","text":"In March 1952, the commanding officer at Redstone Arsenal officially established the Provisional Redstone Ordnance School. In December, the Ordnance Guided Missile School (OGMS) was established, taking over the provisional operation. The OGMS greatly expanded through the years, occupying a large land area with many buildings and providing a wide variety of missile and munitions courses for thousands of students from the U.S. as well as many foreign countries. The name was later changed to the Missile and Munitions Center & School in 1966 and then to the Ordnance Missile and Munitions Center and School in the mid-1980s. In 1994, the School Brigade disbanded and was replaced by the reformed 59th Ordnance Brigade, which had previously disbanded in Europe in 1992. The school was then renamed the Ordnance Munitions and Electronic Maintenance School in 2002 and moved to Fort Lee in 2011.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Medaris_vonBraun_and_Toftoy_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Medaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bruce_Medaris"},{"link_name":"Wernher von Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun"},{"link_name":"Holger Toftoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holger_Toftoy"},{"link_name":"Army Ballistic Missile Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Ballistic_Missile_Agency"},{"link_name":"John Medaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bruce_Medaris"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baker-12"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(missile)"},{"link_name":"Cuban Missile Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis"},{"link_name":"MIM-23 Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIM-23_Hawk"},{"link_name":"Nike Zeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Zeus"},{"link_name":"MGM-31 Pershing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-31_Pershing"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baker-12"},{"link_name":"International Geophysical Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Naval Research Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Research_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Vanguard rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_(rocket)"},{"link_name":"Sputnik I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_I"},{"link_name":"Explorer I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explorer_I"},{"link_name":"Juno I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_I"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baker-12"},{"link_name":"Dwight Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration"},{"link_name":"George C. Marshall Space Flight Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Army Ballistic Missile Agency","text":"RSA commander Maj. Gen. John Medaris, Wernher von Braun, and RSA deputy commander Brig. Gen. Holger Toftoy (left to right) in the 1950sThe Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA), commanded by Maj. Gen. John Medaris, was formed on 1 February 1956, taking over from Redstone Arsenal the facilities and personnel of OGMC. Von Braun was the Director of ABMA's Development Operations Division. Redstone Arsenal then became an Army post, supporting the ABMA and, in the future, other agencies. Medaris also commanded RSA, and BG Toftoy was deputy.[12]The ABMA's primary mission was developing and fielding the Army's first intermediate-range ballistic missile, the Jupiter. By August 1958, the system was delivered to the Air Force for early deployment overseas. Jupiter later proved to be a significant bargaining chip in the Cuban Missile Crisis. During his command, Medaris' operation also fielded the PGM-11 Redstone and MIM-23 Hawk missiles, accelerated the development of the Nike Zeus system, and began development of the MGM-31 Pershing missile system, which later played a role in ending the Cold War.[12]As part of the 1957–58 International Geophysical Year, both the U.S. and the Soviet Union proposed to launch a scientific satellite. Although von Braun had proposed in 1954 that the OML could place a satellite in Earth orbit, the Naval Research Laboratory, using its Vanguard rocket, was given this assignment.On October 4, 1957, the USSR orbited Sputnik I, the first Earth satellite. A second Sputnik was launched a month later. On December 6, 1957, a first attempt to launch a satellite-carrying Vanguard failed. Toftoy, Medaris, and von Braun immediately pleaded for the opportunity to show what the Army's \"space team\" could do. The go-ahead was given and on 31 January 1958, America's first satellite, Explorer I, was placed into orbit using a modified Jupiter launch vehicle (a four-stage system designated Juno I).[19]By 1958, 20,000 civilian, military, and contractor workers were employed within Redstone Arsenal.[20]The Army Ordnance Missile Command (AOMC) was formed in March 1958. Headquartered at Redstone Arsenal and commanded by Maj. Gen. Medaris, AOMC had several subordinate elements, including ABMA, White Sands Missile Range, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at California Institute of Technology. Another local activity, the Army Rocket and Guided Missile Agency (ARGMA), was formed and added to AOMC in June.[12]Six months after Explorer I, President Dwight Eisenhower created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) on July 29, 1958. On October 21, 1959, he approved the transfer of all Army space-related activities to NASA. This was accomplished effective July 1, 1960, when 4,670 civilian employees, about $100 million worth of buildings and equipment, and 1,840 acres (7.4 km2) of land transferred from RSA/ABMA's Development Operations Division to NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). Von Braun was MSFC's first director.[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Project Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nike"},{"link_name":"intercontinental ballistic missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile"},{"link_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency"},{"link_name":"Sprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_(missile)"},{"link_name":"Spartan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIM-49_Spartan"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baker-12"},{"link_name":"thermonuclear bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermonuclear_bomb"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Cummings Research Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummings_Research_Park"},{"link_name":"Ballistic Missile Defense Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Organization"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Space_and_Missile_Defense_Command"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baker-12"},{"link_name":"United States Army Aviation and Missile Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Aviation_and_Missile_Command"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Army Missile Command","text":"The U.S. Army Missile Command (MICOM) was activated on August 1, 1962 at Redstone Arsenal, absorbing all of the personnel, facilities, and projects remaining in the prior AOMC. On March 12, 1964, the Francis J. McMorrow Missile Laboratories were dedicated in memory of MICOM's first commander, who died while in command.Dating from the start of AMC, Project Nike involving anti-aircraft missiles had been conducted. As the intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) came into being, a much higher-performance system was needed for ICBM defense. The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) examined the requirements and recommending a system, designated Nike-X, incorporating phased-array radars, high-performance computers, and separate low-altitude (Sprint) and high-altitude (Spartan) high-velocity interceptor missiles. To manage this development, in 1963 MICOM created the Nike-X Project Office headed by Colonel (later Brigadier General) Ivy O. Drewry.[12]The People's Republic of China exploded its first thermonuclear bomb in June 1967. Hence, ABM system requirements were revised and the Sentinel System was born, replacing Nike-X.[22] In 1968, the Army Ballistic Missile Defense Agency (ABMDA) was formed, taking over Sentinel and other ballistic missile defense projects previously under MICOM. Commanded by B. G. Drewry, ABMDA established operations adjacent to Redstone Arsenal in the Cummings Research Park. In May 1974, all ballistic missile defense efforts were consolidated under a single manager in the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization, which eventually evolved into today's U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command.[12]On July 17, 1997, the former Army Missile Command combined with the aviation portion of the U.S. Army Aviation and Troop Command (ATCOM), creating a new organization at RSA, the United States Army Aviation and Missile Command (AMCOM).[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Missile Defense Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_Defense_Agency"},{"link_name":"Missile and Space Intelligence Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_and_Space_Intelligence_Center"},{"link_name":"Fort Gregg-Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Gregg-Adams"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Saturn rocket family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)"},{"link_name":"Space Shuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSICshuttered-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSICshuttered-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSICshuttered-24"}],"sub_title":"Today","text":"Redstone Arsenal remains the center of testing, development, and doctrine for the Army's missile programs. Besides the U.S. Army Materiel Command and the U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Life Cycle Management Command, Redstone houses the Tactical UAV Project Office, Redstone Test Center (RTC), the Missile Defense Agency, the Missile and Space Intelligence Center, and other operations.After operating as a tenant on Redstone Arsenal for over half a century, the Ordnance Munitions and Maintenance School was moved to Fort Lee (now Fort Gregg-Adams), Virginia.Redstone Arsenal continues to host the Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA's largest field center for propulsion analysis and development, which developed the Saturn rocket family in the 1960s and propulsion systems for the Space Shuttle in the 1970s and 1980s.Redstone Scientific Information Center (RSIC), a 450,000-volume library established by NASA and the Army in 1962, was shuttered on September 30, 2019.[24] The cost-saving measure was announced by Combat Capabilities Development Command Aviation & Missile Center (AvMC);[24] selected documents from RSIC were acquired by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center.[24]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-26"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"}],"text":"As of the census[26] of 2000, there were 2,353 people, 487 households, and 446 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 300.8 inhabitants per square mile (116.1/km2). There were 879 housing units at an average density of 111.8 per square mile (43.2/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 56.5% White, 31.7% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 2.0% Asian, 0.8% Pacific Islander, 3.3% from other races, and 4.8% from two or more races. 9.3% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.There were 487 households, out of which 79.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 79.7% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 8.4% were non-families. 7.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.48 and the average family size was 3.67.The population was spread out, with 32.9% under the age of 18, 19.2% from 18 to 24, 43.2% from 25 to 44, 4.6% from 45 to 64, and 0.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 150.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 170.1 males.The median income for a household in the CDP was $35,435, and the median income for a family was $40,208. Men had a median income of $29,053 versus $24,063 for females. The per capita income was $14,860. About 9.0% of families and 10.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.7% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-26"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Test_stand_56_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Redstone missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGM-11_Redstone"},{"link_name":"Static Test Stand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propulsion_and_Structural_Test_Facility"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Redstone_Airfield_land_cleanup_57.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kennedy_vonbraun_19may63_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wernher von Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Redstone_Arsenal.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MGM-52_Lance_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"MGM-52 Lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-52_Lance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Army_53382_TEAM_EFFORT.jpg"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[26] of 2010, there were 1,946 people, 343 households, and 301 families residing in the CDP. There were 379 housing units. The racial makeup of the CDP was 69.1% White, 20.8% Black or African American, 1.2% Native American, 1.7% Asian, 0.4% Pacific Islander, 2.9% from other races, and 4.0% from two or more races. 10.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.There were 343 households, out of which 68.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.6% were married couples living together, 13.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 12.2% were non-families. 11.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.27 and the average family size was 3.56.The population was spread out, with 24.8% under the age of 18, 36.1% from 18 to 24, 33.0% from 25 to 44, 5.8% from 45 to 64, and 0.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 21.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 203.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 249.6 males.The median income for a household in the CDP was $53,142, and the median income for a family was $48,750. Men had a median income of $31,018 versus $25,500 for females. The per capita income was $24,739. About 0% of families and 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.Gallery of Redstone Arsenal images\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1956: Redstone missile testing on Static Test Stand\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1957: Contaminated land and buildings at RSA were reclaimed by Chemical Corps personnel.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t18 May 1963: Wernher von Braun with president John F. Kennedy at RSA\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRSA main gate c. 1964\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMGM-52 Lance missile testing at RSA c. 1970\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRSA commander Maj. Gen. Jim Myles speaks at a Community Family Readiness Group meeting in 2009.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Madison County Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_County_Schools_(Alabama)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Censusschoolmap-29"}],"text":"The CDP, which includes on-base housing,[27][28] is in the Madison County Schools school district.[29]","title":"Education"}]	[{"image_text":"Location of Redstone Arsenal in Alabama","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/ALMap-doton-RedstoneArsenal.png"},{"image_text":"1940s munitions production at Huntsville Arsenal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/RSA_Munitions.jpg/220px-RSA_Munitions.jpg"},{"image_text":"RSA commander Maj. Gen. John Medaris, Wernher von Braun, and RSA deputy commander Brig. Gen. Holger Toftoy (left to right) in the 1950s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Medaris_vonBraun_and_Toftoy_01.jpg/220px-Medaris_vonBraun_and_Toftoy_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Alabama highlighting Madison County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Madison_County.svg/63px-Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Madison_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Redstone Arsenal: Base Overview & Info\". installations.militaryonesource.mil. Retrieved December 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://installations.militaryonesource.mil/in-depth-overview/redstone-arsenal","url_text":"\"Redstone Arsenal: Base Overview & Info\""}]},{"reference":"Gattis, Paul (November 29, 2023). \"FBI's mission at '2nd headquarters' still growing in Huntsville\". al.com. Retrieved December 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.al.com/news/2023/11/fbis-mission-at-2nd-headquarters-still-growing-at-redstone-arsenal-in-huntsville.html","url_text":"\"FBI's mission at '2nd headquarters' still growing in Huntsville\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Marshall Space Flight Center - NASA\". Retrieved December 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nasa.gov/marshall/about-marshall-space-flight-center/","url_text":"\"About Marshall Space Flight Center - NASA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Redstone Arsenal CDP, Alabama: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)\". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved April 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=&g=1600000US0163912&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1","url_text":"\"Redstone Arsenal CDP, Alabama: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Redstone Arsenal CDP, Alabama\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200212162246/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US0163912","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Redstone Arsenal CDP, Alabama\""},{"url":"https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US0163912","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"75th Anniversary of Redstone Arsenal\" (PDF). U.S. Army Materiel Command. 2016. p. 14. Retrieved July 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amc.army.mil/Portals/9/Documents/AMC%20Publications/Historical%20Files/75th%20Anniversary%20of%20Redstone%20Arsenal.pdf","url_text":"\"75th Anniversary of Redstone Arsenal\""}]},{"reference":"Fidenbach, Peter L. \"A Brief History of White Sands Proving Ground 1941–1965\" (PDF). Ordnance Department, U.S. Army. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 29, 2010. Retrieved August 19, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101229102456/http://nmsua.edu/tiopete/files/2008/12/wspgcoldbook.pdf","url_text":"\"A Brief History of White Sands Proving Ground 1941–1965\""},{"url":"http://nmsua.edu/tiopete/files/2008/12/wspgcoldbook.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McCleskey, C.; D. Christensen. \"Dr. Kurt H. Debus: Launching a Vision\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 17, 2008. Retrieved June 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080917103545/http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/docs/pdf/debus.pdf","url_text":"\"Dr. Kurt H. Debus: Launching a Vision\""},{"url":"http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/docs/pdf/debus.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bate, Roger R.; Mueller, Donald D.; White, Jerry E. (1971). Fundamentals of Astrodynamics. Dover Publications. p. 152. ISBN 0-486-60061-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofas00bate/page/152","url_text":"Fundamentals of Astrodynamics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications","url_text":"Dover Publications"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofas00bate/page/152","url_text":"152"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-60061-0","url_text":"0-486-60061-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Explorer I Mssion\". Archived from the original on January 8, 2008. Retrieved February 6, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080108105558/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Explorer_01","url_text":"\"Explorer I Mssion\""},{"url":"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Explorer_01","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jobs Rise At Redstone\" (PDF). The New York Times. January 3, 1959. p. 4. Retrieved May 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1959/01/03/83433060.pdf","url_text":"\"Jobs Rise At Redstone\""}]},{"reference":"\"Army defends decision to close Redstone Arsenal's space, tech library\". Army Times. Associated Press. October 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2019/10/15/army-defends-decision-to-close-redstone-arsenals-space-tech-library/","url_text":"\"Army defends decision to close Redstone Arsenal's space, tech library\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"On Post Housing\". Redstone Arsenal. Retrieved August 1, 2022. Location: 302 Hughes Drive Redstone Arsenal, Al 35808","urls":[{"url":"https://home.army.mil/redstone/index.php/about/Garrison/post-housing","url_text":"\"On Post Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Redstone Arsenal Housing\". Military One Source. Retrieved August 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://installations.militaryonesource.mil/military-installation/redstone-arsenal/housing/housing","url_text":"\"Redstone Arsenal Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Madison County, AL\" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st01_al/schooldistrict_maps/c01089_madison/DC20SD_C01089.pdf","url_text":"\"2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Madison County, AL\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau","url_text":"U.S. Census Bureau"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Redstone_Arsenal&params=34.684166_N_86.654031_W_type:city_region:US","external_links_name":"34°41′03″N 86°39′15″W / 34.684166°N 86.654031°W / 34.684166; -86.654031"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Redstone_Arsenal&params=34.684166_N_86.654031_W_type:city_region:US","external_links_name":"34°41′03″N 86°39′15″W / 34.684166°N 86.654031°W / 34.684166; -86.654031"},{"Link":"https://installations.militaryonesource.mil/in-depth-overview/redstone-arsenal","external_links_name":"installations.militaryonesource.mil/in-depth-overview/redstone-arsenal"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Redstone_Arsenal&params=34.684166_N_86.654031_W_region:US","external_links_name":"34°41′03″N 86°39′15″W / 34.684166°N 86.654031°W / 34.684166; -86.654031"},{"Link":"https://installations.militaryonesource.mil/in-depth-overview/redstone-arsenal","external_links_name":"\"Redstone Arsenal: Base Overview & Info\""},{"Link":"https://www.al.com/news/2023/11/fbis-mission-at-2nd-headquarters-still-growing-at-redstone-arsenal-in-huntsville.html","external_links_name":"\"FBI's mission at '2nd headquarters' still growing in Huntsville\""},{"Link":"https://www.nasa.gov/marshall/about-marshall-space-flight-center/","external_links_name":"\"About Marshall Space Flight Center - NASA\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=&g=1600000US0163912&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1","external_links_name":"\"Redstone Arsenal CDP, Alabama: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20200212162246/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US0163912","external_links_name":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Redstone Arsenal CDP, Alabama\""},{"Link":"https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US0163912","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.garrison.redstone.army.mil/sites/directorates/dpw/emd/cnr/CulturalRes/content/ARCHAEOLOGICAL%20PROGRAM.pdf","external_links_name":"RSA Archeological Program"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080910072211/http://www.garrison.redstone.army.mil/sites/directorates/dpw/emd/cnr/CulturalRes/content/ARCHAEOLOGICAL%20PROGRAM.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.amc.army.mil/Portals/9/Documents/AMC%20Publications/Historical%20Files/75th%20Anniversary%20of%20Redstone%20Arsenal.pdf","external_links_name":"\"75th Anniversary of Redstone Arsenal\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111015121417/http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/huntsville/history_redstone_arsenal.pdf","external_links_name":"[Early"},{"Link":"http://geckocountry.com/redstons.shtml","external_links_name":"http://geckocountry.com/redstons.shtml"},{"Link":"http://assets.hemmings.com/uimage/2197977-0-1200.jpg","external_links_name":"America's Most Needed Car"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101229102456/http://nmsua.edu/tiopete/files/2008/12/wspgcoldbook.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A Brief History of White Sands Proving Ground 1941–1965\""},{"Link":"http://nmsua.edu/tiopete/files/2008/12/wspgcoldbook.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA434109","external_links_name":"History of the Redstone Missile System"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120527164049/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA434109&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080917103545/http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/docs/pdf/debus.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Dr. Kurt H. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mun%C3%ADrih_Kh%C3%A1num	Munírih	["1 Childhood and early years","1.1 Education","1.2 First marriage","2 Marriage","2.1 Family","3 Life in a prison city","3.1 During Baháʼu'lláh's lifetime","3.2 Appointment of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá as Head of the Faith","3.3 Western pilgrims","3.4 Danger","4 Death of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá","5 Death","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]	Wife of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, prominent figure in the Baháʼí Faith The grave of Munírih Khánum at the Monument Gardens at the Baháʼí World Centre. Munírih K͟hánum (Persian: منیره خانم‎; 1847 – April 28, 1938) was the wife of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, a prominent figure in the Baháʼí Faith. She was entitled the Holy Mother. Her memoirs, first published in 1924, are regarded as one of the first published memoirs by a Persian woman in the 20th century. Childhood and early years Munírih Khánum was born Fáṭimih Nahrí, the eldest child of Muhammad ʻAlí Nahrí and his wife, Zahrá of Isfahán in Isfahan.: 310 The Nahrí family were a prominent family in the city, and her family were one of the first Bábís of Isfahan who later became eminent Baháʼís of Persia. The family were also highly connected with high-ranking nobles and clerics of the city. Her maternal uncle was killed at the age of fourteen in Persia because of his religion. Munírih's birth came as a surprise to her parents. Her father was previously married and had no issue and upon his wives death, he remarried Zahrá Khánum. Munírih's birth in 1847 did not occur until some ten years after the parents marriage, when the couple had assumed they would never have children. Education Her father was one of the first Bábís in her city of birth, and Munírih was brought up as a devout Bábí and later Baháʼí under her parents care. Though it was customary not to educate girls, even of noble birth, her father had his daughter educated and she was a fine writer and poet. Her poetry was reported to be beautiful and she wrote many during her marriage and later years. Munírih was also fluent in her native Persian and also Arabic and Turkish. She was also well versed in Persian literature, in the works of Rumi and Nizami which she refers to in her later writings. According to her later memoirs her father died shortly after her eleventh birthday and she was left to the care of both her maternal and paternal extended families. First marriage As a young woman, Munírih was regarded as a suitable match for marriage to Baháʼí families throughout Persia. However, in her infancy as was the Persian custom her parents had betrothed her to a young man. Some time after the death of her father, her family thought she had come of age for a marriage. They arranged that she be wedded to the young Mírzá Kázim, the youngest brother of the King and Beloved of Martyrs. Munírih was reluctant at first, but due to familiar pressure she begrudgingly consented to the marriage despite her misgivings. The two were married in an extravagant wedding with the crescendo being the young couple led to the bedchamber. However, Mírzá Kázim fell ill during the wedding ceremony and avoided his bride. The same night he left the house to the horror and consternation of his family. After six months his maid found him dead in the home of the young couple. Munírih was humiliated and overwhelmed. Perplexed, she resolved she would never marry again, instead she spent her days in prayer and meditation. Marriage ʻAbdu'l-Bahá as a young man. In 1871, Baháʼu'lláh and Navváb expressed interest in Munírih to become the wife of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá and she made a wearisome journey to Acre, Palestine. The sister of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá says that her parents wanted Munírih because she was "very beautiful and amiable, and in every way a suitable match". The parents of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá had believed that it was time for him to marry, and though several young women were thought of as potential brides ʻAbdu'l-Bahá explained that he did not want to marry. Munírih's journey began with the departure from Isfahan with the company of her younger brother. She then went on pilgrimage to the house of the Báb and visited the wife of the Báb, Khadíjih-Bagum. Khadíjih related a great number of stories to Munírih about the life of the Báb. She became acquainted with the Báb's family members too (most of which were resentful or indifferent to his religion). The trip to Shiraz was a great delight to the young Munírih. She arrived in mid-1872 and lived in the house of Mírzá Músá for the time of the betrothal. Munírih later reminisced how she fell instantly in love with the young ʻAbdu'l-Bahá when they met one another. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá had showed little inclination of marriage until he met 24-year-old Munírih Khánum in 1872. After five months betrothal the couple were finally married. Baháʼu'lláh entitled Fáṭimih with the name Munírih (Illumined). The couple married on March 8, 1873 in the house of ʻAbbúd. Munírih K͟hánum was twenty-five, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá was twenty-eight. The marriage was a happy union. They had nine children: Ḥusayn Effendi (d. 1305/1887, aged five), Mihdí (died aged two-and-a-half), Ṭúbá (died sometime in Akka), Fu'ádíyyih (died in infancy), and Ruḥangíz (died in 1893, she was the favorite grandchild of Baháʼu'lláh) "five of my children died in the poisonous climate of 'Akká" she later bitterly reflected. Four children survived to adulthood – all daughters; Ḍíyáʼíyyih K͟hánum (mother of Shoghi Effendi) (d. 1951) Túbá K͟hánum (1880–1959) Rúḥá K͟hánum and Munavvar K͟hánum (d. 1971). Munírih Khánum was very emotionally attached to her children and devoted to her husband. Family The oldest of these was Ḍíyáʼíyyih, who married Mírzá Hádí Shírází (1864–1955) in 1895; their children were Shoghi Effendi, Rúḥangíz, Mihrangíz, Ḥusayn, and Riyáḍ, who all took the surname Rabbání. The second daughter, Ṭúbá Khánum, married Mírzá Muḥsin Afnán (1863–1927); their children were Rúḥí (1899–1971), Thurayyá, Suhayl, and Fu'ád (d. 1943), who all took the surname Afnán. The third daughter of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, Rúḥá, married Mírzá Jalál, the son of Mírzá Muḥammad Ḥasan, King of Martyrs; their children were Maryam (d.1933), Muníb, Zahrá and Ḥasan, who all took the surname Shahíd. The fourth daughter, Munavvar, married Mírzá Aḥmad, the son of Mírzá ʻAbdu'r-Raḥím Yazdí; they were childless. In the 1930s and 1940s a series of marriages linked the sons of Sayyid 'Alí Afnán and Furúghíyyih, who had been supporters of Mírzá Muhammad ʻAlí, with the grandchildren of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. As a result of these marriages, other inappropriate marriages, or refusal to break ties with Covenant-breakers in the family, Shoghi Effendi, in the 1940s and early 1950s, reluctantly declared all the surviving grandchildren of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá (except himself) Covenant-breakers. Life in a prison city Home of Munírih and her family. During Baháʼu'lláh's lifetime In the 1870s, Munírih and ʻAbdu'l-Bahá lived in the House of ʻAbbúd in the prison city of Akko as political prisoners. Though technically not a prisoner under the Ottoman Empire, she nevertheless was married to one which put her safety in risk. She grew a close attachment with the mother of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, Navváb and with his sister Bahíyyih Khánum who became her closest friend. The four, along with their brood of children all lived together in the house of ʻAbbúd. The imprisonment was trying times for Munírih Khánum. She witnessed the machinations of her husband's enemies and the death of five of her nine children. The death of her most beloved child, a son named Husayn, caused her unbearable grief and anguish. To console her Baháʼu'lláh wrote a number of prayers for her to read in times of sadness. Husayn's death came at a bad time, as the previous year Navvab had died from a fall, and in 1888 Baháʼu'lláh's brother Mírzá Músá also died. The death of Baháʼu'lláh in 1892 caused hardship for ʻAbdu'l-Bahá again and his family, after all of his half-siblings turned against him and Munírih too. Appointment of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá as Head of the Faith In the Kitáb-i-ʻAhd ("Book of the Covenant"), Baháʼu'lláh named ʻAbdu'l-Bahá as his successor and head of the Baháʼí Faith. However, Mírzá Muhammad ʻAlí, the half brother of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, was resentful at the authority of his brother. He began a secret correspondence with Baháʼís of Iran and Ottoman authorities allegedly stating that ʻAbdu'l-Bahá had claimed a station equal to a Manifestation of God and was conspiring with foreign authorities to overthrow the Ottoman Empire. Consequently, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's whole family was in danger. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá quietly went for a short trip to the Tiberias leaving Munírih and her family in Akko. Munírih mourned the separation from her husband. Furthermore, restrictions placed upon women added further hardship. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá wrote to his wife: O thou sorrowful leaf! Be not sad and grieve not…Let not the whisperings of people cause thee grief, and be not saddened by some events. I am the target of these sayings and rumours…They are using you as a scapegoat. I am the target, not you. The restrictions culminated in the family not able to attend affairs outside of the home. A male figure was needed. A member of the Afnan family of which Baháʼu'lláh had kept in high regard was proposed as a match for Munírih's eldest daughter was proposed. Therefore, her daughter Ḍíyáʼ Khánum was married to Hádí Shírází Afnán in 1895. The young couple were the parents of Shoghi Effendi. Munírih Khánum relied heavily on the support of her sister-in-law Bahíyyih Khánum and the two shared a deeply close friendship. The two also stood firmly beside ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in times of difficulty. Western pilgrims However, there were happy times for the family too. The birth of her first grandchild Shoghi Effendi in 1897 offered comfort for the family and he was doted on. In late 1898 the first pilgrims from the West arrived in Akko to visit ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. Munírih Khánum also became acquainted with them, and she mostly spent her time with the female pilgrims (though Baháʼí teachings emphasize the equality of the sexes, the Baháʼís of the time had to uphold local customs for the sake of harmony). The pilgrimage bought happiness into the family's life after the harsh previous years. The years followed with a flood of pilgrims from both the East and West, of which Munírih and Bahíyyih Khánum looked after. Danger The influx of Western pilgrims offered happiness for the family. However, with the outbreak of World War I the family became almost severed from the world wide Baháʼí community. Trying times followed, especially with Jamal Pasha becoming an enemy of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá who promised to crucify him on Mount Carmel. The enemies of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá had united with Jamal Pasha to slay him. His family were all aware of the grim future, that Sultán ʻAbdu'l-Hamíd's desired to banish ʻAbdu'l-Bahá to the deserts of North Africa where he was expected to perish. Munírih Khánum suffered emotionally and physically from this news, and ʻAbdu'l-Bahá sent her outside of Akko for a break from the stress. News of these threats affected the prosecution of the war in the Palestine theatre (see Battle of Megiddo (1918)) and with the defeat of Jamal Pasha ʻAbdu'l-Bahá was safe as was his family. Death of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá In 1921, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá died unexpectedly. Munírih was devastated at the loss of her husband; they had been married for nearly 50 years. She poured her grief in several letters and poems which she composed. In one letter she wrote following the one-year anniversary of her husband's death she writes "should I wish to describe fully this miserable year...I would need seventy reams of paper, and seas of blood." She did console herself with Bahíyyih Khánum and the other mourners, such as Lady Blomfield, who records the aftermath of his death in her famous book The Chosen Highway. Munírih also firmly backed Shoghi Effendi after he was named head of the religion following the death of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. In a letter dated December 1924 Munírih, writes to her grandson calling him her "pearl" and beloved. She asks him to pray that she dies peacefully and in "absolute detachment and utter sincerity." Munírih was a passionate patroness in funding education for girls. Lady Blomfield described Munírih K͟hánum as "a majestic woman, stately yet simple, with an innate dignity and strength of character". Putting much of her energy towards women, she worked to try to open schools for girls and encouraged the Baháʼís of Persia to include women in Baháʼí activities. In one letter she wrote, "thus the education of girls is a matter of the greatest importance and is regarded as an obligatory law. Hence, the friends of the All-Merciful, and the beloved maidservants of the Lord, in all cities and countries must take action and endeavor to their utmost capacity to carry out this weighty injunction." The death of Munírih's confidante and closest friend Bahíyyih Khánum in 1932 was a further blow, after which she secluded herself from society. Describing her sorrow, she wrote in a poem, "I can endure no more. My patience is ended. My powers have declined. I live on Mount Carmel friendless and alone." She did, however, show great fondness and affection to her eldest grandson and head of the Baháʼí Faith, Shoghi Effendi, and remained faithful to the Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh despite years of infighting within Baháʼu'lláh's family that saw many of them expelled from the religion. Death Munírih K͟hánum died in April 1938 aged 91. Shoghi Effendi cabled the Baháʼís: HOLY MOTHER MUNIRIH KHANUM ASCENDED ABHA KINGDOM. WITH SORROWFUL HEARTS BAHA'IS WORLD OVER RECALL DIVERS PHASES HER RICH EVENTFUL LIFE MARKED BY UNIQUE SERVICES WHICH BY VIRTUE HER EXALTED POSITION SHE RENDERED DURING DARKEST DAYS ʻABDU'L-BAHA'S LIFE. ALL RIDVAN FESTIVITIES SUSPENDED. ADVISE CONVENTION DELEGATES DEVOTE SPECIAL SESSION HER MEMORY HOLD BEFITTING GATHERING AUDITORIUM MASHRIQU'L-ADHKAR. She is buried near the vicinity of the Shrine of the Báb in the Monument Gardens at the Baháʼí World Centre. Notes ^ Effendi, Shoghi (1981). The Unfolding Destiny of the British Baha'i Community. London: Baha'i Publishing Trust. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-900125-43-0. ^ a b c d e Ma'ani 2008, pp. 309–360 ^ a b c d Esslemont 1980, p. 54 ^ Taherzadeh 1977, p. 202 ^ Balyuzi 2000, p. 342 ^ a b Khanum 1987, p. 20 ^ Ma'ani 2008, p. 310 ^ Ma'ani 2008, p. 311 ^ a b c Khanum 1987, p. 18 ^ a b c Balyuzi 2000, p. 343 ^ Khanum 1987, p. 22 ^ a b c d Phelps 1912, pp. 85–94 ^ Esslemont 1980, p. 55 ^ a b Smith 2000, p. 255 ^ Phelps 1912, p. 110 ^ Balyuzi 2000, p. 345 ^ Gail 1987, p. 281 ^ Phelps 1912, p. 111 ^ Taherzadeh 1977, p. 206 ^ Khan & Khan 2003, p. 157 ^ Gail 1987, p. 260 ^ Blomfield 1975, p. 203 ^ Blomfield 1975, p. 90 ^ Family tree of Mirza Buzurg Nuri ^ Ma'ani 2008, p. 360 ^ Smith 2000, p. 262 ^ a b Taherzadeh 2000, p. 358 ^ Ma'ani 2008, p. 362 ^ Ma'ani 2008, p. 332 ^ Ma'ani 2008, p. 323 ^ Ma'ani 2008, p. 331 ^ Ma'ani 2008, p. 330 ^ Ma'ani 2008, p. 336 ^ Ma'ani 2008, p. 163 ^ Maude, Roderick (1998). The Servant, the General and Armageddon. George Ronald. ISBN 0-85398-424-7. ^ Khanum 1987, p. 57 ^ Ma'ani 2008, p. 354 ^ Blomfield 1975, p. 72 ^ Khanum 1987, p. 77 ^ Ma'ani 2008, p. 351 ^ Ma'ani 2008, p. 352 ^ Taherzadeh, A. (1972). The Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. p. 357. ISBN 0-85398-344-5. References Balyuzi, Hasan (2000). Baháʼu'lláh, King of Glory. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN 0-85398-328-3. Blomfield, Lady Sara Louisa (1975) . The Chosen Highway. London, UK: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-87743-015-2. Esslemont, J.E. (1980). Baháʼu'lláh and the New Era (5th ed.). Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-87743-160-4. Gail, Marzieh (1987). Summon Up Remembrance. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN 978-0-85398-258-6. Khan, J.A.; Khan, P. (2003). Advancement of Women: A Baháʼí Perspective. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. ISBN 1-931847-03-7. Khanum, Munirih (1987). Sammireh Anwar Smith (translator) (ed.). Memoirs and Letters. Los Angeles, USA: Kalimat Press. ISBN 0-933770-51-0. {{cite book}}: \|editor= has generic name (help) Ma'ani, Baharieh Rouhani (2008). Leaves of the Twin Divine Trees. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN 978-0-85398-533-4. Phelps, Myron Henry (1912). Life and Teachings of Abbas Effendi. New York: GP Putman's Sons. pp. xliii, 78, 90. ISBN 9780524009550. Smith, Peter (2000). A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 1-85168-184-1. Taherzadeh, Adib (2000). The Covenant of Baha'u'llah. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN 0-85398-344-5. Taherzadeh, A. (1977). The Revelation of Baháʼu'lláh, Volume 2: Adrianople 1863-68. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN 0-85398-071-3. External links A play about Munirih Khanum, includes her picture on this page Episodes in the Life of Moneerah Khanum (1924, reprinted 2004). vteBaháʼí FaithCentral figures Baháʼu'lláh The Báb ʻAbdu'l-Bahá Basics (outline) Teachings Unity of God Unity of humanity Unity of religion Laws Prayer Calendar Nineteen Day Feast Key scripture Kitáb-i-Aqdas Kitáb-i-Íqán The Hidden Words Some Answered Questions Other Texts Institutions Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh Administrative Order Universal House of Justice Spiritual Assemblies History Baháʼí history Timeline Bábism Persecution People Shoghi Effendi Hands of the Cause Apostles Other Baháʼís Bábis Letters of the Living Mullá Husayn Táhirih Places House of Worship (List) Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh Qiblih Shrine of the Báb Síyáh-Chál World Centre Pilgrimage Haifa Acre Other topics Socioeconomic development Progressive revelation Cosmology Symbols Prophecies Statistics Orthography Category Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monumentmunirihkhanum.JPG"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ud-1"},{"link_name":"ʻAbdu'l-Bahá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Baháʼí Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith"}],"text":"The grave of Munírih Khánum at the Monument Gardens at the Baháʼí World Centre.Munírih K͟hánum (Persian: منیره خانم‎; 1847 – April 28, 1938[1]) was the wife of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, a prominent figure in the Baháʼí Faith. She was entitled the Holy Mother. Her memoirs, first published in 1924, are regarded as one of the first published memoirs by a Persian woman in the 20th century.","title":"Munírih"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isfahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lotdt-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Esslemont_1980_54-3"},{"link_name":"Bábís","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1b%C3%ADs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khanum_1987_20-6"}],"text":"Munírih Khánum was born Fáṭimih Nahrí, the eldest child of Muhammad ʻAlí Nahrí and his wife, Zahrá of Isfahán in Isfahan.[2]: 310 The Nahrí family were a prominent family in the city,[3] and her family were one of the first Bábís of Isfahan who later became eminent Baháʼís of Persia.[4] The family were also highly connected with high-ranking nobles and clerics of the city.[5] Her maternal uncle was killed at the age of fourteen in Persia because of his religion. Munírih's birth came as a surprise to her parents. Her father was previously married and had no issue and upon his wives death, he remarried Zahrá Khánum. Munírih's birth in 1847 did not occur until some ten years after the parents marriage, when the couple had assumed they would never have children.[6]","title":"Childhood and early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Rumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumi"},{"link_name":"Nizami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khanum_1987_20-6"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"Her father was one of the first Bábís in her city of birth, and Munírih was brought up as a devout Bábí and later Baháʼí under her parents care. Though it was customary not to educate girls, even of noble birth, her father had his daughter educated and she was a fine writer and poet.[7] Her poetry was reported to be beautiful and she wrote many during her marriage and later years. Munírih was also fluent in her native Persian and also Arabic and Turkish.[8] She was also well versed in Persian literature, in the works of Rumi and Nizami which she refers to in her later writings. According to her later memoirs her father died shortly after her eleventh birthday and she was left to the care of both her maternal and paternal extended families.[6]","title":"Childhood and early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mml-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bkog-10"},{"link_name":"King and Beloved of Martyrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BArayn-i-Nayyirayn"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lotdt-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ltoae-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lotdt-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bkog-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mml-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ltoae-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ltoae-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mml-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bkog-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ltoae-12"}],"sub_title":"First marriage","text":"As a young woman, Munírih was regarded as a suitable match for marriage to Baháʼí families throughout Persia.[9] However, in her infancy as was the Persian custom her parents had betrothed her to a young man. \nSome time after the death of her father, her family thought she had come of age for a marriage.[10] They arranged that she be wedded to the young Mírzá Kázim, the youngest brother of the King and Beloved of Martyrs. Munírih was reluctant at first, but due to familiar pressure she begrudgingly consented to the marriage despite her misgivings.[11]The two were married in an extravagant wedding with the crescendo being the young couple led to the bedchamber.[2] However, Mírzá Kázim fell ill during the wedding ceremony and avoided his bride.[12] The same night he left the house to the horror and consternation of his family.[2][10] After six months his maid found him dead in the home of the young couple.[9][12] Munírih was humiliated and overwhelmed.[12] Perplexed, she resolved she would never marry again, instead she spent her days in prayer and meditation.[9][10][12]","title":"Childhood and early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abbaseffendi1868.jpg"},{"link_name":"Baháʼu'lláh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h"},{"link_name":"Navváb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navv%C3%A1b"},{"link_name":"ʻAbdu'l-Bahá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Acre, Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre,_Israel"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith_2000_255-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Isfahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan"},{"link_name":"house of the Báb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_the_B%C3%A1b"},{"link_name":"Khadíjih-Bagum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khad%C3%ADjih-Bagum"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Mírzá Músá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADrz%C3%A1_M%C3%BAs%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Esslemont_1980_54-3"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"house of ʻAbbúd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_%CA%BBAbb%C3%BAd"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith_2000_255-14"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Esslemont_1980_54-3"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Shoghi Effendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoghi_Effendi"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lotdt-2"}],"text":"ʻAbdu'l-Bahá as a young man.In 1871, Baháʼu'lláh and Navváb expressed interest in Munírih to become the wife of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá[13] and she made a wearisome journey to Acre, Palestine.[14] The sister of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá says that her parents wanted Munírih because she was \"very beautiful and amiable, and in every way a suitable match\".[15] The parents of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá had believed that it was time for him to marry, and though several young women were thought of as potential brides ʻAbdu'l-Bahá explained that he did not want to marry. Munírih's journey began with the departure from Isfahan with the company of her younger brother. She then went on pilgrimage to the house of the Báb and visited the wife of the Báb, Khadíjih-Bagum. Khadíjih related a great number of stories to Munírih about the life of the Báb. She became acquainted with the Báb's family members too (most of which were resentful or indifferent to his religion). The trip to Shiraz was a great delight to the young Munírih.[16]She arrived in mid-1872 and lived in the house of Mírzá Músá for the time of the betrothal. Munírih later reminisced how she fell instantly in love with the young ʻAbdu'l-Bahá when they met one another.[17] ʻAbdu'l-Bahá had showed little inclination of marriage until he met 24-year-old Munírih Khánum in 1872.[3][18] After five months betrothal the couple were finally married.[19] Baháʼu'lláh entitled Fáṭimih with the name Munírih (Illumined).The couple married on March 8, 1873 in the house of ʻAbbúd.[14] Munírih K͟hánum was twenty-five, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá was twenty-eight. The marriage was a happy union.[3][20] They had nine children: Ḥusayn Effendi (d. 1305/1887, aged five),[21] Mihdí (died aged two-and-a-half), Ṭúbá (died sometime in Akka), Fu'ádíyyih (died in infancy), and Ruḥangíz (died in 1893, she was the favorite grandchild of Baháʼu'lláh)[22] \"five of my children died in the poisonous climate of 'Akká\" she later bitterly reflected.[23] Four children survived to adulthood – all daughters; Ḍíyáʼíyyih K͟hánum (mother of Shoghi Effendi) (d. 1951) Túbá K͟hánum (1880–1959) Rúḥá K͟hánum and Munavvar K͟hánum (d. 1971).[24] Munírih Khánum was very emotionally attached to her children and devoted to her husband.[2]","title":"Marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Shoghi Effendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoghi_Effendi"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Afnán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afn%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taherzadeh_2000_358-27"},{"link_name":"King of Martyrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BArayn-i-Nayyirayn"},{"link_name":"Muníb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munib_Shahid"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taherzadeh_2000_358-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Furúghíyyih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h%27s_family#Furughiyyih"},{"link_name":"Mírzá Muhammad ʻAlí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADrz%C3%A1_Muhammad_%CA%BBAl%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Covenant-breakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenant-breakers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lotdt-2"}],"sub_title":"Family","text":"The oldest of these was Ḍíyáʼíyyih, who married Mírzá Hádí Shírází (1864–1955) in 1895;[25] their children were Shoghi Effendi, Rúḥangíz, Mihrangíz, Ḥusayn, and Riyáḍ, who all took the surname Rabbání.[26] The second daughter, Ṭúbá Khánum, married Mírzá Muḥsin Afnán (1863–1927); their children were Rúḥí (1899–1971), Thurayyá, Suhayl, and Fu'ád (d. 1943), who all took the surname Afnán.[27] The third daughter of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, Rúḥá, married Mírzá Jalál, the son of Mírzá Muḥammad Ḥasan, King of Martyrs; their children were Maryam (d.1933), Muníb, Zahrá and Ḥasan, who all took the surname Shahíd.[27] The fourth daughter, Munavvar, married Mírzá Aḥmad, the son of Mírzá ʻAbdu'r-Raḥím Yazdí; they were childless.[28] In the 1930s and 1940s a series of marriages linked the sons of Sayyid 'Alí Afnán and Furúghíyyih, who had been supporters of Mírzá Muhammad ʻAlí, with the grandchildren of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. As a result of these marriages, other inappropriate marriages, or refusal to break ties with Covenant-breakers in the family, Shoghi Effendi, in the 1940s and early 1950s, reluctantly declared all the surviving grandchildren of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá (except himself) Covenant-breakers.[2]","title":"Marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HouseOfAbbud.jpg"}],"text":"Home of Munírih and her family.","title":"Life in a prison city"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of ʻAbbúd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_%CA%BBAbb%C3%BAd"},{"link_name":"Akko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akko"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Navváb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navv%C3%A1b"},{"link_name":"Bahíyyih Khánum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%ADyyih_Kh%C3%A1num"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Baháʼu'lláh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h"},{"link_name":"Navvab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81s%C3%ADyih_Kh%C3%A1num"},{"link_name":"Mírzá Músá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADrz%C3%A1_M%C3%BAs%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Baháʼu'lláh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h"}],"sub_title":"During Baháʼu'lláh's lifetime","text":"In the 1870s, Munírih and ʻAbdu'l-Bahá lived in the House of ʻAbbúd in the prison city of Akko as political prisoners. Though technically not a prisoner under the Ottoman Empire, she nevertheless was married to one which put her safety in risk. She grew a close attachment with the mother of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, Navváb and with his sister Bahíyyih Khánum who became her closest friend. The four, along with their brood of children all lived together in the house of ʻAbbúd. The imprisonment was trying times for Munírih Khánum. She witnessed the machinations of her husband's enemies and the death of five of her nine children.[29] The death of her most beloved child, a son named Husayn, caused her unbearable grief and anguish.[30] To console her Baháʼu'lláh wrote a number of prayers for her to read in times of sadness. Husayn's death came at a bad time, as the previous year Navvab had died from a fall, and in 1888 Baháʼu'lláh's brother Mírzá Músá also died.The death of Baháʼu'lláh in 1892 caused hardship for ʻAbdu'l-Bahá again and his family, after all of his half-siblings turned against him and Munírih too.","title":"Life in a prison city"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kitáb-i-ʻAhd (\"Book of the Covenant\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablets_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h_Revealed_After_the_Kit%C3%A1b-i-Aqdas#Kit%C3%A1b-i-%CA%BBAhd_(Book_of_the_Covenant)"},{"link_name":"Mírzá Muhammad ʻAlí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADrz%C3%A1_Muhammad_%CA%BBAl%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Manifestation of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifestation_of_God_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith)"},{"link_name":"Tiberias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberias"},{"link_name":"Akko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akko"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Afnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afnan"},{"link_name":"Shoghi Effendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoghi_Effendi"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Appointment of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá as Head of the Faith","text":"In the Kitáb-i-ʻAhd (\"Book of the Covenant\"), Baháʼu'lláh named ʻAbdu'l-Bahá as his successor and head of the Baháʼí Faith. However, Mírzá Muhammad ʻAlí, the half brother of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, was resentful at the authority of his brother. He began a secret correspondence with Baháʼís of Iran and Ottoman authorities allegedly stating that ʻAbdu'l-Bahá had claimed a station equal to a Manifestation of God and was conspiring with foreign authorities to overthrow the Ottoman Empire. Consequently, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's whole family was in danger.ʻAbdu'l-Bahá quietly went for a short trip to the Tiberias leaving Munírih and her family in Akko. Munírih mourned the separation from her husband.[31] Furthermore, restrictions placed upon women added further hardship. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá wrote to his wife:O thou sorrowful leaf! Be not sad and grieve not…Let not the whisperings of people cause thee grief, and be not saddened by some events. I am the target of these sayings and rumours…They are using you as a scapegoat. I am the target, not you.[32]The restrictions culminated in the family not able to attend affairs outside of the home. A male figure was needed. A member of the Afnan family of which Baháʼu'lláh had kept in high regard was proposed as a match for Munírih's eldest daughter was proposed. Therefore, her daughter Ḍíyáʼ Khánum was married to Hádí Shírází Afnán in 1895. The young couple were the parents of Shoghi Effendi. Munírih Khánum relied heavily on the support of her sister-in-law Bahíyyih Khánum and the two shared a deeply close friendship. The two also stood firmly beside ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in times of difficulty.[33]","title":"Life in a prison city"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shoghi Effendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoghi_Effendi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Esslemont_1980_54-3"},{"link_name":"Bahíyyih Khánum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%ADyyih_Kh%C3%A1num"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Western pilgrims","text":"However, there were happy times for the family too. The birth of her first grandchild Shoghi Effendi in 1897 offered comfort for the family and he was doted on. In late 1898 the first pilgrims from the West arrived in Akko to visit ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. Munírih Khánum also became acquainted with them, and she mostly spent her time with the female pilgrims (though Baháʼí teachings emphasize the equality of the sexes, the Baháʼís of the time had to uphold local customs for the sake of harmony).[3] The pilgrimage bought happiness into the family's life after the harsh previous years. The years followed with a flood of pilgrims from both the East and West, of which Munírih and Bahíyyih Khánum looked after.[34]","title":"Life in a prison city"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Jamal Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_Pasha"},{"link_name":"crucify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucify"},{"link_name":"Mount Carmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Carmel"},{"link_name":"Battle of Megiddo (1918)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Danger","text":"The influx of Western pilgrims offered happiness for the family. However, with the outbreak of World War I the family became almost severed from the world wide Baháʼí community. Trying times followed, especially with Jamal Pasha becoming an enemy of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá who promised to crucify him on Mount Carmel. The enemies of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá had united with Jamal Pasha to slay him. His family were all aware of the grim future, that Sultán ʻAbdu'l-Hamíd's desired to banish ʻAbdu'l-Bahá to the deserts of North Africa where he was expected to perish. Munírih Khánum suffered emotionally and physically from this news, and ʻAbdu'l-Bahá sent her outside of Akko for a break from the stress. News of these threats affected the prosecution of the war in the Palestine theatre (see Battle of Megiddo (1918))[35] and with the defeat of Jamal Pasha ʻAbdu'l-Bahá was safe as was his family.","title":"Life in a prison city"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Lady Blomfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Blomfield"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Lady Blomfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Blomfield"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Bahíyyih Khánum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%ADyyih_Kh%C3%A1num"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenant_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h"}],"text":"In 1921, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá died unexpectedly. Munírih was devastated at the loss of her husband; they had been married for nearly 50 years. She poured her grief in several letters and poems which she composed. In one letter she wrote following the one-year anniversary of her husband's death she writes \"should I wish to describe fully this miserable year...I would need seventy reams of paper, and seas of blood.\"[36] She did console herself with Bahíyyih Khánum and the other mourners, such as Lady Blomfield, who records the aftermath of his death in her famous book The Chosen Highway.Munírih also firmly backed Shoghi Effendi after he was named head of the religion following the death of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. In a letter dated December 1924 Munírih, writes to her grandson calling him her \"pearl\" and beloved. She asks him to pray that she dies peacefully and in \"absolute detachment and utter sincerity.\"[37]Munírih was a passionate patroness in funding education for girls. Lady Blomfield described Munírih K͟hánum as \"a majestic woman, stately yet simple, with an innate dignity and strength of character\".[38] Putting much of her energy towards women, she worked to try to open schools for girls and encouraged the Baháʼís of Persia to include women in Baháʼí activities. In one letter she wrote, \"thus the education of girls is a matter of the greatest importance and is regarded as an obligatory law. Hence, the friends of the All-Merciful, and the beloved maidservants of the Lord, in all cities and countries must take action and endeavor to their utmost capacity to carry out this weighty injunction.\"[39]The death of Munírih's confidante and closest friend Bahíyyih Khánum in 1932 was a further blow,[40] after which she secluded herself from society. Describing her sorrow, she wrote in a poem, \"I can endure no more. My patience is ended. My powers have declined. I live on Mount Carmel friendless and alone.\"[41] She did, however, show great fondness and affection to her eldest grandson and head of the Baháʼí Faith, Shoghi Effendi, and remained faithful to the Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh despite years of infighting within Baháʼu'lláh's family that saw many of them expelled from the religion.","title":"Death of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shrine of the Báb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrine_of_the_B%C3%A1b"},{"link_name":"Monument Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_World_Centre_buildings#Monument_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Baháʼí World Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_World_Centre"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cob-42"}],"text":"Munírih K͟hánum died in April 1938 aged 91. Shoghi Effendi cabled the Baháʼís:HOLY MOTHER MUNIRIH KHANUM ASCENDED ABHA KINGDOM. WITH SORROWFUL HEARTS BAHA'IS WORLD OVER RECALL DIVERS PHASES HER RICH EVENTFUL LIFE MARKED BY UNIQUE SERVICES WHICH BY VIRTUE HER EXALTED POSITION SHE RENDERED DURING DARKEST DAYS ʻABDU'L-BAHA'S LIFE. ALL RIDVAN FESTIVITIES SUSPENDED. ADVISE CONVENTION DELEGATES DEVOTE SPECIAL SESSION HER MEMORY HOLD BEFITTING GATHERING AUDITORIUM MASHRIQU'L-ADHKAR.She is buried near the vicinity of the Shrine of the Báb in the Monument Gardens at the Baháʼí World Centre.[42]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ud_1-0"},{"link_name":"Effendi, Shoghi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoghi_Effendi"},{"link_name":"The Unfolding Destiny of the British Baha'i Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/UD/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-900125-43-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900125-43-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lotdt_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lotdt_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lotdt_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lotdt_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lotdt_2-4"},{"link_name":"Ma'ani 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMa'ani2008"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Esslemont_1980_54_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Esslemont_1980_54_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Esslemont_1980_54_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Esslemont_1980_54_3-3"},{"link_name":"Esslemont 1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEsslemont1980"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Taherzadeh 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTaherzadeh1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Balyuzi 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBalyuzi2000"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Khanum_1987_20_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Khanum_1987_20_6-1"},{"link_name":"Khanum 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKhanum1987"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Ma'ani 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMa'ani2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Ma'ani 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMa'ani2008"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mml_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mml_9-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mml_9-2"},{"link_name":"Khanum 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKhanum1987"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bkog_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bkog_10-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bkog_10-2"},{"link_name":"Balyuzi 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBalyuzi2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Khanum 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKhanum1987"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ltoae_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ltoae_12-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ltoae_12-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ltoae_12-3"},{"link_name":"Phelps 1912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPhelps1912"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Esslemont 1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEsslemont1980"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Smith_2000_255_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Smith_2000_255_14-1"},{"link_name":"Smith 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSmith2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Phelps 1912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPhelps1912"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Balyuzi 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBalyuzi2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Gail 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGail1987"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Phelps 1912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPhelps1912"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Taherzadeh 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTaherzadeh1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Khan & Khan 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKhanKhan2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Gail 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGail1987"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"Blomfield 1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBlomfield1975"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Blomfield 1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBlomfield1975"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"Ma'ani 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMa'ani2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Smith 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSmith2000"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Taherzadeh_2000_358_27-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Taherzadeh_2000_358_27-1"},{"link_name":"Taherzadeh 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTaherzadeh2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Ma'ani 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMa'ani2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"Ma'ani 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMa'ani2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"Ma'ani 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMa'ani2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"Ma'ani 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMa'ani2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"Ma'ani 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMa'ani2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"Ma'ani 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMa'ani2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"Ma'ani 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMa'ani2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85398-424-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85398-424-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"Khanum 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKhanum1987"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"Ma'ani 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMa'ani2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"Blomfield 1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBlomfield1975"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"Khanum 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKhanum1987"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"Ma'ani 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMa'ani2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"Ma'ani 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMa'ani2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cob_42-0"},{"link_name":"Taherzadeh, A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adib_Taherzadeh"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85398-344-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85398-344-5"}],"text":"^ Effendi, Shoghi (1981). The Unfolding Destiny of the British Baha'i Community. London: Baha'i Publishing Trust. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-900125-43-0.\n\n^ a b c d e Ma'ani 2008, pp. 309–360\n\n^ a b c d Esslemont 1980, p. 54\n\n^ Taherzadeh 1977, p. 202\n\n^ Balyuzi 2000, p. 342\n\n^ a b Khanum 1987, p. 20\n\n^ Ma'ani 2008, p. 310\n\n^ Ma'ani 2008, p. 311\n\n^ a b c Khanum 1987, p. 18\n\n^ a b c Balyuzi 2000, p. 343\n\n^ Khanum 1987, p. 22\n\n^ a b c d Phelps 1912, pp. 85–94\n\n^ Esslemont 1980, p. 55\n\n^ a b Smith 2000, p. 255\n\n^ Phelps 1912, p. 110\n\n^ Balyuzi 2000, p. 345\n\n^ Gail 1987, p. 281\n\n^ Phelps 1912, p. 111\n\n^ Taherzadeh 1977, p. 206\n\n^ Khan & Khan 2003, p. 157\n\n^ Gail 1987, p. 260\n\n^ Blomfield 1975, p. 203\n\n^ Blomfield 1975, p. 90\n\n^ Family tree of Mirza Buzurg Nuri\n\n^ Ma'ani 2008, p. 360\n\n^ Smith 2000, p. 262\n\n^ a b Taherzadeh 2000, p. 358\n\n^ Ma'ani 2008, p. 362\n\n^ Ma'ani 2008, p. 332\n\n^ Ma'ani 2008, p. 323\n\n^ Ma'ani 2008, p. 331\n\n^ Ma'ani 2008, p. 330\n\n^ Ma'ani 2008, p. 336\n\n^ Ma'ani 2008, p. 163\n\n^ Maude, Roderick (1998). The Servant, the General and Armageddon. George Ronald. ISBN 0-85398-424-7.\n\n^ Khanum 1987, p. 57\n\n^ Ma'ani 2008, p. 354\n\n^ Blomfield 1975, p. 72\n\n^ Khanum 1987, p. 77\n\n^ Ma'ani 2008, p. 351\n\n^ Ma'ani 2008, p. 352\n\n^ Taherzadeh, A. (1972). The Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. p. 357. ISBN 0-85398-344-5.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"The grave of Munírih Khánum at the Monument Gardens at the Baháʼí World Centre.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Monumentmunirihkhanum.JPG/250px-Monumentmunirihkhanum.JPG"},{"image_text":"ʻAbdu'l-Bahá as a young man.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Abbaseffendi1868.jpg/190px-Abbaseffendi1868.jpg"},{"image_text":"Home of Munírih and her family.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/HouseOfAbbud.jpg/190px-HouseOfAbbud.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Effendi, Shoghi (1981). The Unfolding Destiny of the British Baha'i Community. London: Baha'i Publishing Trust. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-900125-43-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoghi_Effendi","url_text":"Effendi, Shoghi"},{"url":"http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/UD/","url_text":"The Unfolding Destiny of the British Baha'i Community"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900125-43-0","url_text":"978-0-900125-43-0"}]},{"reference":"Maude, Roderick (1998). The Servant, the General and Armageddon. George Ronald. ISBN 0-85398-424-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85398-424-7","url_text":"0-85398-424-7"}]},{"reference":"Taherzadeh, A. (1972). The Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. p. 357. 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ISBN 0-87743-015-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Blomfield","url_text":"Blomfield, Lady Sara Louisa"},{"url":"http://arthursclassicnovels.com/arthurs/bahai/choshw10.html","url_text":"The Chosen Highway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87743-015-2","url_text":"0-87743-015-2"}]},{"reference":"Esslemont, J.E. (1980). Baháʼu'lláh and the New Era (5th ed.). Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-87743-160-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Esslemont","url_text":"Esslemont, J.E."},{"url":"http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/je/BNE/","url_text":"Baháʼu'lláh and the New Era"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87743-160-4","url_text":"0-87743-160-4"}]},{"reference":"Gail, Marzieh (1987). Summon Up Remembrance. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2498_BC	25th century BC	["1 Events","2 Inventions, discoveries, introductions","3 References"]	One hundred years, from 2500 BC to 2401 BC This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "25th century BC" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The 25th century BC comprises the years from 2500 BC to 2401 BC. Millennium 3rd millennium BC Centuries 26th century BC 25th century BC 24th century BC Timelines 26th century BC 25th century BC 24th century BC State leaders 26th century BC 25th century BC 24th century BC Decades 2490s BC 2480s BC 2470s BC 2460s BC 2450s BC 2440s BC 2430s BC 2420s BC 2410s BC 2400s BC Categories: Births – Deaths Establishments – Disestablishments vte Events The ruined pyramid of Userkaf at Saqqara. He was the founder of the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt c. 2900–2334 BC: Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period. c. 2500 BC: Rice was first introduced to Malaysia c. 2500 BC: Scribal schools flourish throughout Sumer. c. 2500 BC: Assyria is established. c. 2500 BC: Cylinder seal from Sumer and its impression are made. It is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. c. 2500 BC: Excavation and development of the Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni at Paola, Malta, a subterranean temple complex subsequently used as a necropolis. c. 2500 BC: The Pyramid of Khafre, Giza, is built. c. 2500 BC: The sculpture Khafre Enthroned is made. c. 2500 BC: People in Peru rely on fish and mussels for food. c. 2500 BC: Evidence of long-distance trade routes in South America. c. 2500 BC: Skara Brae is abandoned after approximately 600 years of occupation. c. 2500–2250 BC: Ebla tablets are collected in the ancient city of Ebla, Syria. Discovered by Italian archaeologist Paolo Matthiae and his team in 1974–75, is considered to be the first, if not the oldest, inactive library being the St. Catherine's Monastery Library (565) the oldest active one. c. 2500–2000 BC: Mohenjo-daro is about 7 square miles (18 km2) in size and has a population of c. 20,000 to 50,000. c. 2494–2345 BC: "Sculptors at work", relief from Saqqara, Fifth Dynasty. It is now at Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt. c. 2494–2345 BC: The Seated Scribe, a sculpture found at Saqqara, Fifth Dynasty of Egypt is made. It is now in Musée du Louvre, Paris. 2492 BC: Traditional date for the legendary foundation of Armenia by Hayk. c. 2450 BC: End of the Early Dynastic IIIa Period and beginning of the Early Dynastic IIIb Period in Sumer. c. 2450 BC: Kish is lost to Hamazi tribesmen of the Kurdistan mountains; Elam under the Awan dynasty occupies parts of Sumer. (Roux 1980) c. 2410 BC: By this time, kings in Sumer have ceased to be automatically high priests of the city deity. (Roux 1980) Infiltration and conquest of Mesopotamia by ancient Semitic-speaking peoples begins. (1968 RD Almanac) c. 2400–2200 BC: Construction of Stonehenge Megalithic culture begins to spread through Europe and the western Mediterranean. (1968 RD Almanac) Earliest signs of Corded Ware culture from the Caucasus. (Encyc. Americana) Southeastern Spain is settled from the Mediterranean, by people using Prehistoric Egyptian-style pottery. (Encyc. Americana) Amorites and Canaanites occupy Syria and Lebanon. (Encyc. Americana) Inventions, discoveries, introductions The Indus Valley civilisation, at its peak, covered an area of around 480,000 km2 (185,000 sq mi), an area just over half the size of present-day Pakistan. Its heartland lay in the Indus River in Pakistan, but settlements spread as far as the Makran coast, Balochistan, Afghanistan, eastern Punjab, Kutch and Saurashtra. They included cities like Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Kalibangan, Dholavira, ports like Lothal, Sutkagen-dor and Sokhta Koh and numerous villages as well. They used irrigation to farm and constructed cities. The two main cities had sewage systems, bronze, trade tokens (early coins), and hieroglyphs. There were even baths at one of the villages, besides the great baths of brick in each city. Sahure is the earliest known king to make use of a high-seas navy to transport troops over the sea. The earliest known example of a sewn boat is constructed in Egypt. Cycladic marble figures depict the use of both the musical pipe and the cithara. (Archaeology of the Olympics 1988) Earliest surviving ski is left in a bog at Hoting, Sweden, about this time. (Encyc. Americana) Sumerians use domestic donkeys on war chariots (Standard of Ur), not onagers as early interpreters claimed. (Clutton-Brock) Agriculture at Huaca Prieta includes cotton and calabashes. (Bailey 1973) Statue of Ebih-Il, at Mari References Wikimedia Commons has media related to 25th century BC. ^ Timelines of History: The Ultimate Visual Guide to the Events That Shaped the World. Dorling Kindersley. 2011. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-7566-8945-2. vteDecades and years25th century BC27th century BC ← 26th century BC ← ↔ → 24th century BC → 23rd century BC 2500s BC 2509 BC 2508 BC 2507 BC 2506 BC 2505 BC 2504 BC 2503 BC 2502 BC 2501 BC 2500 BC 2490s BC 2499 BC 2498 BC 2497 BC 2496 BC 2495 BC 2494 BC 2493 BC 2492 BC 2491 BC 2490 BC 2480s BC 2489 BC 2488 BC 2487 BC 2486 BC 2485 BC 2484 BC 2483 BC 2482 BC 2481 BC 2480 BC 2470s BC 2479 BC 2478 BC 2477 BC 2476 BC 2475 BC 2474 BC 2473 BC 2472 BC 2471 BC 2470 BC 2460s BC 2469 BC 2468 BC 2467 BC 2466 BC 2465 BC 2464 BC 2463 BC 2462 BC 2461 BC 2460 BC 2450s BC 2459 BC 2458 BC 2457 BC 2456 BC 2455 BC 2454 BC 2453 BC 2452 BC 2451 BC 2450 BC 2440s BC 2449 BC 2448 BC 2447 BC 2446 BC 2445 BC 2444 BC 2443 BC 2442 BC 2441 BC 2440 BC 2430s BC 2439 BC 2438 BC 2437 BC 2436 BC 2435 BC 2434 BC 2433 BC 2432 BC 2431 BC 2430 BC 2420s BC 2429 BC 2428 BC 2427 BC 2426 BC 2425 BC 2424 BC 2423 BC 2422 BC 2421 BC 2420 BC 2410s BC 2419 BC 2418 BC 2417 BC 2416 BC 2415 BC 2414 BC 2413 BC 2412 BC 2411 BC 2410 BC 2400s BC 2409 BC 2408 BC 2407 BC 2406 BC 2405 BC 2404 BC 2403 BC 2402 BC 2401 BC 2400 BC 2390s BC 2399 BC 2398 BC 2397 BC 2396 BC 2395 BC 2394 BC 2393 BC 2392 BC 2391 BC 2390 BC vteCenturies and millennia Millennium Century BC (BCE) 4th 40th 39th 38th 37th 36th 35th 34th 33rd 32nd 31st 3rd 30th 29th 28th 27th 26th 25th 24th 23rd 22nd 21st 2nd 20th 19th 18th 17th 16th 15th 14th 13th 12th 11th 1st 10th 9th 8th 7th 6th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st AD (CE) 1st 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 2nd 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 3rd 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Authority control databases: National Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The 25th century BC comprises the years from 2500 BC to 2401 BC.","title":"25th century BC"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PyramidOfUserkaf.jpg"},{"link_name":"pyramid of 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He was the founder of the Fifth Dynasty of Egyptc. 2900–2334 BC: Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period.\nc. 2500 BC: Rice was first introduced to Malaysia\nc. 2500 BC: Scribal schools flourish throughout Sumer.\nc. 2500 BC: Assyria is established.\nc. 2500 BC: Cylinder seal from Sumer and its impression are made. It is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.\nc. 2500 BC: Excavation and development of the Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni at Paola, Malta, a subterranean temple complex subsequently used as a necropolis.\nc. 2500 BC: The Pyramid of Khafre, Giza, is built.\nc. 2500 BC: The sculpture Khafre Enthroned is made.\nc. 2500 BC: People in Peru rely on fish and mussels for food.\nc. 2500 BC: Evidence of long-distance trade routes in South America.[1]\nc. 2500 BC: Skara Brae is abandoned after approximately 600 years of occupation.\nc. 2500–2250 BC: Ebla tablets are collected in the ancient city of Ebla, Syria. Discovered by Italian archaeologist Paolo Matthiae and his team in 1974–75, is considered to be the first, if not the oldest, inactive library being the St. Catherine's Monastery Library (565) the oldest active one.\nc. 2500–2000 BC: Mohenjo-daro is about 7 square miles (18 km2) in size and has a population of c. 20,000 to 50,000.\nc. 2494–2345 BC: \"Sculptors at work\", relief from Saqqara, Fifth Dynasty. It is now at Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt.\nc. 2494–2345 BC: The Seated Scribe, a sculpture found at Saqqara, Fifth Dynasty of Egypt is made. It is now in Musée du Louvre, Paris.\n2492 BC: Traditional date for the legendary foundation of Armenia by Hayk.\nc. 2450 BC: End of the Early Dynastic IIIa Period and beginning of the Early Dynastic IIIb Period in Sumer.\nc. 2450 BC: Kish is lost to Hamazi tribesmen of the Kurdistan mountains; Elam under the Awan dynasty occupies parts of Sumer. (Roux 1980)\nc. 2410 BC: By this time, kings in Sumer have ceased to be automatically high priests of the city deity. (Roux 1980) Infiltration and conquest of Mesopotamia by ancient Semitic-speaking peoples begins. (1968 RD Almanac)\nc. 2400–2200 BC: Construction of Stonehenge\nMegalithic culture begins to spread through Europe and the western Mediterranean. (1968 RD Almanac)\nEarliest signs of Corded Ware culture from the Caucasus. (Encyc. Americana)\nSoutheastern Spain is settled from the Mediterranean, by people using Prehistoric Egyptian-style pottery. (Encyc. Americana)\nAmorites and Canaanites occupy Syria and Lebanon. (Encyc. Americana)","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indus Valley civilisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation"},{"link_name":"Indus River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Balochistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(region)"},{"link_name":"Kutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutch_district"},{"link_name":"Saurashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)"},{"link_name":"Harappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harappa"},{"link_name":"Mohenjo-daro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro"},{"link_name":"Kalibangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalibangan"},{"link_name":"Dholavira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dholavira"},{"link_name":"Lothal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothal"},{"link_name":"Sutkagen-dor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sutkagen-dor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sokhta Koh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokhta_Koh"},{"link_name":"Sahure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahure"},{"link_name":"sewn boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewn_boat"},{"link_name":"Cycladic marble figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycladic_art"},{"link_name":"pipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"cithara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cithara"},{"link_name":"ski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski"},{"link_name":"bog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog"},{"link_name":"Hoting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoting"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Sumerians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer"},{"link_name":"donkeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey"},{"link_name":"chariots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariot"},{"link_name":"onagers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onager"},{"link_name":"Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"Huaca Prieta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaca_Prieta"},{"link_name":"cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"calabashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabash"},{"link_name":"Statue of Ebih-Il","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Ebih-Il"},{"link_name":"Mari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari,_Syria"}],"text":"The Indus Valley civilisation, at its peak, covered an area of around 480,000 km2 (185,000 sq mi), an area just over half the size of present-day Pakistan. Its heartland lay in the Indus River in Pakistan, but settlements spread as far as the Makran coast, Balochistan, Afghanistan, eastern Punjab, Kutch and Saurashtra. They included cities like Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Kalibangan, Dholavira, ports like Lothal, Sutkagen-dor and Sokhta Koh and numerous villages as well. They used irrigation to farm and constructed cities. The two main cities had sewage systems, bronze, trade tokens (early coins), and hieroglyphs. There were even baths at one of the villages, besides the great baths of brick in each city.\nSahure is the earliest known king to make use of a high-seas navy to transport troops over the sea.\nThe earliest known example of a sewn boat is constructed in Egypt.\nCycladic marble figures depict the use of both the musical pipe and the cithara. (Archaeology of the Olympics 1988)\nEarliest surviving ski is left in a bog at Hoting, Sweden, about this time. (Encyc. Americana)\nSumerians use domestic donkeys on war chariots (Standard of Ur), not onagers as early interpreters claimed. (Clutton-Brock)\nAgriculture at Huaca Prieta includes cotton and calabashes. (Bailey 1973)\nStatue of Ebih-Il, at Mari","title":"Inventions, discoveries, introductions"}]	[{"image_text":"The ruined pyramid of Userkaf at Saqqara. He was the founder of the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/PyramidOfUserkaf.jpg/220px-PyramidOfUserkaf.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Timelines of History: The Ultimate Visual Guide to the Events That Shaped the World. Dorling Kindersley. 2011. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-7566-8945-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8K8EEFZJlmQC","url_text":"Timelines of History: The Ultimate Visual Guide to the Events That Shaped the World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley","url_text":"Dorling Kindersley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-8945-2","url_text":"978-0-7566-8945-2"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%2225th+century+BC%22","external_links_name":"\"25th century BC\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%2225th+century+BC%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%2225th+century+BC%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%2225th+century+BC%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%2225th+century+BC%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%2225th+century+BC%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8K8EEFZJlmQC","external_links_name":"Timelines of History: The Ultimate Visual Guide to the Events That Shaped the World"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ch460523&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briceni_District	Briceni District	["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","2.2 Emil Racoviță Cave","2.3 Fauna","2.4 Flora","2.5 Rivers","2.6 Protected areas","3 Administrative subdivisions","4 Demographics","4.1 Ethnic groups","4.2 Religion","5 Economy","5.1 Agriculture","6 Transportation","7 Politics","7.1 Elections","8 Culture","9 Sport","10 Personalities","11 References"]	Coordinates: 48°15′N 27°00′E / 48.250°N 27.000°E / 48.250; 27.000District in Republic of MoldovaBriceni District Raionul BriceniDistrictFrom the top, Lopatnic Geologic complex, St Katherine Church, Briceni Jewish Cemetery FlagCountry Republic of MoldovaAdministrative center (oraș-reședință) BriceniGovernment • Raion presidentEfimia Bendulac (PLDM), since 2011Area • Total814 km2 (314 sq mi) • Water21 km2 (8 sq mi) 2.58%Elevation260 m (850 ft)Population (2014) • Total70,029 • Density86/km2 (220/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Area code+373 47Car platesBRWebsitewww.briceni.md Briceni (Romanian pronunciation: ) is a district (Romanian: raion) in the north-west of Moldova, with the administrative center at Briceni. The other major city is Lipcani. As of January 1, 2011, its population was 75,300. History The first documentary attestation dates back to district towns June 17, 1429. Such localities: Lipcani, Larga, Mihăileni, Șirăuți are mentioned first in the period 1429–1433. In July 1429, reign of Moldova Alexander the Good Dan Uncleata had established him several villages in the region of the district today. In 1562 is first attested Briceni city under the name of the land Adicăuți, Hotin, which gave him his Despot Voda to Vartic. Lipcani Tatars in 1699 are displaced living in the city which they called, being displaced to Kamianets-Podilskyi. In 1788 Austrian military administration Briceni found in 56 households. In 1812 after the Treaty of Bucharest, Moldova is occupied by Russian Empire in the period 1812-1918 as the district is under Russian administration. In 1877 the region is experiencing an epidemic of plague. In 1882 a drought strikes the district. In 1897 the city population Briceni of 7446, 96.5% were Jewish. In 1918 with the Union of Bessarabia with Romania entering the land Hotin district region. In 1940 the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact with Bessarabia Briceni is occupied by the USSR. In 2004 the population was 78.400 inhabitants of the district. Geography Located in the extreme northwest of the Republic of Moldova, the district borders Ukraine in the north, Ocnița District in the east, Edineț District in the south, and Romania in the west, across the river Prut. Criva village located in the district is the western point of the Republic of Moldova coordinates: 48 ° 16'20 "N 26 ° 40'23" E. District located on the Plateau of Moldavia, has a relief with a mean fragmentation. With a low land sliding process. Maximum altitude in the district is located near the village Bălcăuți, reaching heights of 260 m. The "Toltrele Prutului" is a chain of limestone formations in the southwestern part of the district, crossed by the rivers Vilia and Lopatnic. Although they are subject to human intervention Toltrel preserves a significant part of its former beauty, left a legacy of the Sarmatian sea and Tortona sea, 15-20 million years ago. Climate The climate is temperate with rainfall district 600–650 mm high, sometimes 800 mm and average temperature of 8 °C (46 °F). In summer the average temperature is 19.5 °C (67 °F), in winter −5.5 °C (22 °F). After the national average district has the highest annual amount of precipitation. Emil Racoviță Cave Emil Racoviță cave excavation Situated in the extreme northwest of Moldova, Emil Racoviță Cave has a total length of 90.2 km underground labyrinths, is the third largest gypsum cave in Europe. It was discovered in 1959 after an explosion in the village Criva gypsum quarry. In 1977 the first scientific investigations are undertaken. In 1991 Moldova adopted the Government Decision no. 664 "On state protection of karst cave near the village of Criva." Cave is the labyrinth, the cave is СО2 concentration increased in some areas reaching up to 2-4%. Galleries, most of them have walls covered with fine clays of different colors in total agreement with shades of white, pink, red, black or blue covering plaster walls. Contrast increased and two deep wells which, together with over 20 underground lakes, form a unique ensemble created by nature. Fauna Fauna of the district is typical of European forest steppe, characterized by: hare, hedgehog, squirrel, fox, stone marten, weasel, less deer, wild boar, badger and rarely elk. Of birds, there are: skylark, blackbird, quail, stork, starling, less partridges and pheasant. Flora Forests occupy 10.0% of district. There are: English oak, maple, birch and mugwort. Of plants, there are: fescue, nettle, clover, peony and more. Rivers The main rivers that cross the district are: Vilia, Larga, Lopatnic (57 km), but rivers Racovăț (68 km) and Draghiște (67 km) crossing in the upper. Briceni District is in the Prut river basin. Most lakes are of artificial origin. Protected areas Complex geology and paleontology of the Lopatnic river basin (CGPRL) Emil Racovita Cave Rososeni Natural Reserve Tețcani Landscape Reserve Administrative subdivisions Administrative map of Briceni district Localities: 39 Administrative Center: Briceni Cities: Briceni, Lipcani Villages: 11 Communes: 26 Demographics 1 January 2012 the district population was 74,700 of which 20.6% urban and 79.4% rural population. Births (2010): 800 (10.6 per 1000) Deaths (2010): 1200 (15.9 per 1000) Growth Rate (2010): -400 (-5.3 per 1000) Ethnic groups Ethnic group % of total Moldovans * 72.6 Ukrainians 22.5 Russians 2.3 Romanians * 2.0 Romani 0.2 Gagauz 0.1 Bulgarians 0.1 Other 0.3 Undeclared 1.21 Religion Religion Adherents(2004) % of total(2004) Adherents(2014) % of total(2014) Christianity: (total) 65,431 83.82% Orthodox Christians 62,181 79.69% 49,958 Protestants: (total) 3,218 4.12% →Jehovah's Witnesses − − 4,660 →Pentecostals 1,796 2.30% 2,221 →Evangelicals 84 0.11% 622 →Baptists 794 1.02% 579 →Seventh-day Adventists 520 0.67% 418 Other religions 6,184 7.92% 93 Atheists 132 0.17% 77 No religion 3,269 4.18% − − Undeclared 3,011 3.86% 11,962 Economy Briceni District in the National Development Complex of the Republic of Moldova, is presented as an agrarian-industrial district. In 2004, 20,000 were active economic agents, including industrial enterprises of 1070, 18,000 peasant farms, joint stock companies 27, 185 limited liability companies, cooperatives 32, 20 trade enterprises, 19 state companies, insurance associations 20 associations households peasant 2 and budgetary organizations 186. Agriculture Agriculture is the main economic branch of the district dominated by increasing crops such as sugar beet and tobacco. And cereal crops: wheat, barley and oats. Orchards have an important part of global agricultural production is grown mainly district: apple, cherry, plum and more. Transportation Transportation Briceni is divided between transport drivers transporting people and goods to introduce lesser extent, its main routes are inter-district, Chișinău, Bălți and Chernovtsy. Rail node is based on Lipcani ensure primarily to carry goods and fuel. Politics As in other northern districts of the North Red in the last election in the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova gathered during 2001–2009 over 50% of votes. But the elections of 2010, Communists won the elections with only 0.26% AEI. During the last three elections AEI had an increase of 91.7%. Elections Parliament elections results Year AEI PCRM 2010 46.97% 16,045 47.23% 16,132 July 2009 38.59% 13,586 57.61% 20,281 April 2009 24.64% 8,367 64.07% 21,750 Summary of 28 November 2010 Parliament of Moldova election results in Briceni District Parties and coalitions Votes % +/− Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova 16,132 47.23 −10.38 Democratic Party of Moldova 7,245 21,21 +6.58 Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova 5,964 17.46 +7.86 Liberal Party 1,468 4.30 −2.97 Party Alliance Our Moldova 1,368 4.00 −3.09 Social Democratic Party 615 1.80 +0.48 Other Party 1,348 3.91 +0.11 Total (turnout 59.00%) 34,484 100.00 Culture Church in Lipcani The district operates 31 houses and homes of culture, 32 public libraries, five schools of arts education, which includes 154 employees. Most houses, libraries, art schools have a good basic material, cultural institutions headquarters remain in an exemplary cleaning. Most cultural events are organized by the homes of culture, library and music school in the village of Larga, the homes of culture in the villages Drepcăuți, Balasinești, Tețcani. Noted that a number of artistic groups, who the honorary title "model" of rural district participated in various festivals, competitions, both national, and international. Dances from the village collectives and wide band "Izvoras" village Colicăuți became winners of the 32nd edition of "La hore hearth." Vocal-instrumental ensemble "Amor" village festival Drepcăuți became laureate of contest "harmonies fall." Recently, the folk dance team "Marinca" from the village participated in international festival Larga choreography "Vesennie arabeski" held in the Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine, where he won the title of laureate of the prestigious international festival. In district 28 artistic groups working with the honorary title "model". Sport In Briceni District registered 196 sports facilities and two stadiums: those of Larga and Drepcăuți. In Briceni began renovated stadium. Specialized finishes Olympic Boxing Centre in the village Grimăncăuți. In 29 sports halls and courts have held 160 training and sports competitions. Good results are recorded by the School no. 2 Briceni schools Grimăncăuți, Medveja, other. Medveja School performance results have Grimăncăuți boxers, Briceni (coach Peter Caduc obsolete master emeritus in sport). In the period 1979-2004 were trained 30 champions of the republic among the juniors and cadets. School has given over 30 national championships between junior champions. Were training 7 medals at the European Championships, European Cups and the Olympics. The highest recorded performance was by Vitalie Grușac, who won a bronze medal at the Sydney Olympics (2000) and qualified for the 2004 Summer Olympic Games in Athens. Personalities Grigore Vieru - Poet, member of the Romanian Academy in 2003 Marian Lupu - Politician (PDM), Democratic Party chairman of 2009, President of the Republic of Moldova from 2010 Serafim Urechean - Politician (PLDM), Mayor of Chisinau in the period 1994–2005, president of the Party Alliance Our Moldova (2003–2011) Veaceslav Gojan - Boxer, bronze medalist in 2008 Olympic Vitalie Grusac - Boxer, bronze medalist in 2000 Olympics Zinaida Greceanîi - Politician (PCRM), Prime Minister of Moldova (2008–2009) Stella Gherman - Politician (PCRM) vte Administrative divisions of MoldovaDistricts Anenii Noi Basarabeasca Briceni Cahul Cantemir Călărași Căușeni Cimișlia Criuleni Dondușeni Drochia Dubăsari Edineț Fălești Florești Glodeni Hîncești Ialoveni Leova Nisporeni Ocnița Orhei Rezina Rîșcani Sîngerei Soroca Strășeni Șoldănești Ștefan Vodă Taraclia Telenești Ungheni Autonomous territorial units Găgăuzia Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester1 Municipalities Bălți Bender1 Cahul Ceadîr-Lunga Chișinău Comrat Edineț Hîncești Orhei Soroca Strășeni Tiraspol1 Ungheni 1 Currently controlled by the unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic. 48°15′N 27°00′E / 48.250°N 27.000°E / 48.250; 27.000 References ^ "Results of Population and Housing Census in the Republic of Moldova in 2014". National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova. 2017. Retrieved 2017-05-01. Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian"},{"link_name":"r","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian"},{"link_name":"ˈ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian"},{"link_name":"tʃ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian"},{"link_name":"nʲ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian"},{"link_name":"]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language"},{"link_name":"raion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raion"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"Briceni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briceni"},{"link_name":"Lipcani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipcani"}],"text":"District in Republic of MoldovaBriceni (Romanian pronunciation: [briˈtʃenʲ]) is a district (Romanian: raion) in the north-west of Moldova, with the administrative center at Briceni. The other major city is Lipcani. As of January 1, 2011, its population was 75,300.","title":"Briceni District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lipcani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipcani"},{"link_name":"Larga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larga,_Briceni"},{"link_name":"Mihăileni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mih%C4%83ileni,_Briceni"},{"link_name":"Șirăuți","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98ir%C4%83u%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Alexander the Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Good"},{"link_name":"Hotin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotin"},{"link_name":"Despot Voda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despot_Voda"},{"link_name":"Lipcani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipcani"},{"link_name":"Tatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatars"},{"link_name":"Kamianets-Podilskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1812)"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"Union of Bessarabia with Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania"},{"link_name":"Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact"},{"link_name":"Bessarabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessarabia"},{"link_name":"USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR"}],"text":"The first documentary attestation dates back to district towns June 17, 1429. Such localities: Lipcani, Larga, Mihăileni, Șirăuți are mentioned first in the period 1429–1433. In July 1429, reign of Moldova Alexander the Good Dan Uncleata had established him several villages in the region of the district today. In 1562 is first attested Briceni city under the name of the land Adicăuți, Hotin, which gave him his Despot Voda to Vartic. Lipcani Tatars in 1699 are displaced living in the city which they called, being displaced to Kamianets-Podilskyi. In 1788 Austrian military administration Briceni found in 56 households. In 1812 after the Treaty of Bucharest, Moldova is occupied by Russian Empire in the period 1812-1918 as the district is under Russian administration. In 1877 the region is experiencing an epidemic of plague. In 1882 a drought strikes the district. In 1897 the city population Briceni of 7446, 96.5% were Jewish. In 1918 with the Union of Bessarabia with Romania entering the land Hotin district region. In 1940 the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact with Bessarabia Briceni is occupied by the USSR. In 2004 the population was 78.400 inhabitants of the district.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Ocnița District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocni%C8%9Ba_District"},{"link_name":"Edineț District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edine%C8%9B_District"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Prut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prut"},{"link_name":"Criva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criva,_Briceni"},{"link_name":"relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief"},{"link_name":"Bălcăuți","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83lc%C4%83u%C8%9Bi,_Briceni"},{"link_name":"Vilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilia_(Prut)"},{"link_name":"Lopatnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopatnic_(river)"},{"link_name":"Sarmatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatian"},{"link_name":"Tortona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortona"}],"text":"Located in the extreme northwest of the Republic of Moldova, the district borders Ukraine in the north, Ocnița District in the east, Edineț District in the south, and Romania in the west, across the river Prut. Criva village located in the district is the western point of the Republic of Moldova coordinates: 48 ° 16'20 \"N 26 ° 40'23\" E.\nDistrict located on the Plateau of Moldavia, has a relief with a mean fragmentation. With a low land sliding process. Maximum altitude in the district is located near the village Bălcăuți, reaching heights of 260 m.The \"Toltrele Prutului\" is a chain of limestone formations in the southwestern part of the district, crossed by the rivers Vilia and Lopatnic. Although they are subject to human intervention Toltrel preserves a significant part of its former beauty, left a legacy of the Sarmatian sea and Tortona sea, 15-20 million years ago.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"temperate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"The climate is temperate with rainfall district 600–650 mm high, sometimes 800 mm and average temperature of 8 °C (46 °F). In summer the average temperature is 19.5 °C (67 °F), in winter −5.5 °C (22 °F). After the national average district has the highest annual amount of precipitation.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zolushka_cave_excavations.jpg"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"gypsum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsum"},{"link_name":"Criva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criva,_Briceni"},{"link_name":"karst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst"}],"sub_title":"Emil Racoviță Cave","text":"Emil Racoviță cave excavationSituated in the extreme northwest of Moldova, Emil Racoviță Cave has a total length of 90.2 km underground labyrinths, is the third largest gypsum cave in Europe. It was discovered in 1959 after an explosion in the village Criva gypsum quarry. In 1977 the first scientific investigations are undertaken. In 1991 Moldova adopted the Government Decision no. 664 \"On state protection of karst cave near the village of Criva.\" Cave is the labyrinth, the cave is СО2 concentration increased in some areas reaching up to 2-4%. Galleries, most of them have walls covered with fine clays of different colors in total agreement with shades of white, pink, red, black or blue covering plaster walls. Contrast increased and two deep wells which, together with over 20 underground lakes, form a unique ensemble created by nature.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"forest steppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_steppe"},{"link_name":"hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare"},{"link_name":"hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgehog"},{"link_name":"squirrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel"},{"link_name":"fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox"},{"link_name":"stone marten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_marten"},{"link_name":"weasel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weasel"},{"link_name":"deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer"},{"link_name":"wild boar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_boar"},{"link_name":"badger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badger"},{"link_name":"elk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk"},{"link_name":"skylark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylark"},{"link_name":"blackbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_blackbird"},{"link_name":"quail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_quail"},{"link_name":"stork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stork"},{"link_name":"starling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starling"},{"link_name":"partridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partridges"},{"link_name":"pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheasant"}],"sub_title":"Fauna","text":"Fauna of the district is typical of European forest steppe, characterized by: hare, hedgehog, squirrel, fox, stone marten, weasel, less deer, wild boar, badger and rarely elk.\nOf birds, there are: skylark, blackbird, quail, stork, starling, less partridges and pheasant.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_oak"},{"link_name":"maple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple"},{"link_name":"birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch"},{"link_name":"mugwort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugwort"},{"link_name":"fescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fescue"},{"link_name":"nettle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urtica"},{"link_name":"clover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clover"},{"link_name":"peony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peony"}],"sub_title":"Flora","text":"Forests occupy 10.0% of district. There are: English oak, maple, birch and mugwort. Of plants, there are: fescue, nettle, clover, peony and more.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilia_(Prut)"},{"link_name":"Lopatnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopatnic_(river)"},{"link_name":"Racovăț","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racov%C4%83%C8%9B_(Prut)"},{"link_name":"Draghiște","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draghi%C8%99te&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prut"}],"sub_title":"Rivers","text":"The main rivers that cross the district are: Vilia, Larga, Lopatnic (57 km), but rivers Racovăț (68 km) and Draghiște (67 km) crossing in the upper. Briceni District is in the Prut river basin. Most lakes are of artificial origin.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lopatnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopatnic_(river)"},{"link_name":"Tețcani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C8%9Bcani"}],"sub_title":"Protected areas","text":"Complex geology and paleontology of the Lopatnic river basin (CGPRL)\nEmil Racovita Cave\nRososeni Natural Reserve\nTețcani Landscape Reserve","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R_BRICENI.svg"},{"link_name":"Briceni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briceni"},{"link_name":"Briceni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briceni"},{"link_name":"Lipcani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipcani"}],"text":"Administrative map of Briceni districtLocalities: 39\nAdministrative Center: Briceni\nCities: Briceni, Lipcani\nVillages: 11\nCommunes: 26","title":"Administrative subdivisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area"},{"link_name":"rural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural"},{"link_name":"Births","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Births"},{"link_name":"Deaths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths"}],"text":"1 January 2012 the district population was 74,700 of which 20.6% urban and 79.4% rural population.Births (2010): 800 (10.6 per 1000)\nDeaths (2010): 1200 (15.9 per 1000)\nGrowth Rate (2010): -400 (-5.3 per 1000)","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ethnic groups","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Religion","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"joint stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_stock"},{"link_name":"limited liability companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability_company"},{"link_name":"cooperatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperatives"}],"text":"Briceni District in the National Development Complex of the Republic of Moldova, is presented as an agrarian-industrial district. In 2004, 20,000 were active economic agents, including industrial enterprises of 1070, 18,000 peasant farms, joint stock companies 27, 185 limited liability companies, cooperatives 32, 20 trade enterprises, 19 state companies, insurance associations 20 associations households peasant 2 and budgetary organizations 186.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sugar beet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_beet"},{"link_name":"tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco"},{"link_name":"cereal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal"},{"link_name":"wheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat"},{"link_name":"barley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley"},{"link_name":"oats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oats"},{"link_name":"apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple"},{"link_name":"cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry"},{"link_name":"plum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum"}],"sub_title":"Agriculture","text":"Agriculture is the main economic branch of the district dominated by increasing crops such as sugar beet and tobacco. And cereal crops: wheat, barley and oats. Orchards have an important part of global agricultural production is grown mainly district: apple, cherry, plum and more.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chișinău","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Bălți","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Chernovtsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernovtsy"}],"text":"Transportation Briceni is divided between transport drivers transporting people and goods to introduce lesser extent, its main routes are inter-district, Chișinău, Bălți and Chernovtsy. Rail node is based on Lipcani ensure primarily to carry goods and fuel.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Red&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_Communists_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Moldovan_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"Communists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communists"},{"link_name":"AEI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_European_Integration"}],"text":"As in other northern districts of the North Red in the last election in the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova gathered during 2001–2009 over 50% of votes. But the elections of 2010, Communists won the elections with only 0.26% AEI.During the last three elections AEI had an increase of 91.7%.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lipcani,_r-n_Briceni,_Republica_Moldova_St_Katherine_Church,_Lipcani,_Briceni_Region,_Republic_of_Moldova_(50951726452).jpg"},{"link_name":"Lipcani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipcani"},{"link_name":"Larga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larga,_Briceni"},{"link_name":"Drepcăuți","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drepc%C4%83u%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Balasinești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balasine%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Tețcani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C8%9Bcani"},{"link_name":"Colicăuți","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colic%C4%83u%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Luhansk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"laureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laureate"}],"text":"Church in LipcaniThe district operates 31 houses and homes of culture, 32 public libraries, five schools of arts education, which includes 154 employees.\nMost houses, libraries, art schools have a good basic material, cultural institutions headquarters remain in an exemplary cleaning. Most cultural events are organized by the homes of culture, library and music school in the village of Larga, the homes of culture in the villages Drepcăuți, Balasinești, Tețcani.\nNoted that a number of artistic groups, who the honorary title \"model\" of rural district participated in various festivals, competitions, both national, and international. Dances from the village collectives and wide band \"Izvoras\" village Colicăuți became winners of the 32nd edition of \"La hore hearth.\"\nVocal-instrumental ensemble \"Amor\" village festival Drepcăuți became laureate of contest \"harmonies fall.\"\nRecently, the folk dance team \"Marinca\" from the village participated in international festival Larga choreography \"Vesennie arabeski\" held in the Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine, where he won the title of laureate of the prestigious international festival.\nIn district 28 artistic groups working with the honorary title \"model\".","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Larga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larga,_Briceni"},{"link_name":"Drepcăuți","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drepc%C4%83u%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Grimăncăuți","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grim%C4%83nc%C4%83u%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Medveja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medveja,_Briceni"},{"link_name":"Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympics"},{"link_name":"Vitalie Grușac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitalie_Gru%C8%99ac"},{"link_name":"bronze medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_medal"},{"link_name":"Sydney Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2004 Summer Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympic_Games"}],"text":"In Briceni District registered 196 sports facilities and two stadiums: those of Larga and Drepcăuți. In Briceni began renovated stadium. Specialized finishes Olympic Boxing Centre in the village Grimăncăuți. In 29 sports halls and courts have held 160 training and sports competitions. Good results are recorded by the School no. 2 Briceni schools Grimăncăuți, Medveja, other. Medveja School performance results have Grimăncăuți boxers, Briceni (coach Peter Caduc obsolete master emeritus in sport). In the period 1979-2004 were trained 30 champions of the republic among the juniors and cadets. School has given over 30 national championships between junior champions. Were training 7 medals at the European Championships, European Cups and the Olympics. The highest recorded performance was by Vitalie Grușac, who won a bronze medal at the Sydney Olympics (2000) and qualified for the 2004 Summer Olympic Games in Athens.","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grigore Vieru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigore_Vieru"},{"link_name":"Poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet"},{"link_name":"Romanian Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Academy"},{"link_name":"Marian Lupu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Lupu"},{"link_name":"Politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"PDM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Moldova"},{"link_name":"President of the Republic of Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova"},{"link_name":"Serafim Urechean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serafim_Urechean"},{"link_name":"Politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"PLDM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Moldova"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Chisinau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Chisinau"},{"link_name":"Party Alliance Our Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_Alliance_Our_Moldova"},{"link_name":"Veaceslav Gojan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veaceslav_Gojan"},{"link_name":"Boxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing"},{"link_name":"bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"},{"link_name":"2008 Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Olympic"},{"link_name":"Vitalie Grusac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitalie_Grusac"},{"link_name":"Boxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing"},{"link_name":"bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"},{"link_name":"2000 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Zinaida Greceanîi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinaida_Grecean%C3%AEi"},{"link_name":"Politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"PCRM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_Communists_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Moldova"},{"link_name":"Stella Gherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_Gherman"},{"link_name":"PCRM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_Communists_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_Moldova"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_divisions_of_Moldova"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_Moldova"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"Administrative divisions of Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Moldova"},{"link_name":"Districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raion"},{"link_name":"Anenii Noi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anenii_Noi_District"},{"link_name":"Basarabeasca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basarabeasca_District"},{"link_name":"Briceni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Cahul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahul_District"},{"link_name":"Cantemir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantemir_District"},{"link_name":"Călărași","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C8%99i_District"},{"link_name":"Căușeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83u%C8%99eni_District"},{"link_name":"Cimișlia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimi%C8%99lia_District"},{"link_name":"Criuleni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criuleni_District"},{"link_name":"Dondușeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dondu%C8%99eni_District"},{"link_name":"Drochia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drochia_District"},{"link_name":"Dubăsari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dub%C4%83sari_District"},{"link_name":"Edineț","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edine%C8%9B_District"},{"link_name":"Fălești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%83le%C8%99ti_District"},{"link_name":"Florești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flore%C8%99ti_District"},{"link_name":"Glodeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glodeni_District"},{"link_name":"Hîncești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AEnce%C8%99ti_District"},{"link_name":"Ialoveni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ialoveni_District"},{"link_name":"Leova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leova_District"},{"link_name":"Nisporeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisporeni_District"},{"link_name":"Ocnița","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocni%C8%9Ba_District"},{"link_name":"Orhei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orhei_District"},{"link_name":"Rezina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezina_District"},{"link_name":"Rîșcani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%AE%C8%99cani_District"},{"link_name":"Sîngerei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEngerei_District"},{"link_name":"Soroca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soroca_District"},{"link_name":"Strășeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C4%83%C8%99eni_District"},{"link_name":"Șoldănești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98old%C4%83ne%C8%99ti_District"},{"link_name":"Ștefan Vodă","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Vod%C4%83_District"},{"link_name":"Taraclia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraclia_District"},{"link_name":"Telenești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telene%C8%99ti_District"},{"link_name":"Ungheni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungheni_District"},{"link_name":"Autonomous territorial units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_territorial_unit"},{"link_name":"Găgăuzia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagauzia"},{"link_name":"Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative-Territorial_Units_of_the_Left_Bank_of_the_Dniester"},{"link_name":"Municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality"},{"link_name":"Bălți","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Bender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bender,_Moldova"},{"link_name":"Cahul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahul"},{"link_name":"Ceadîr-Lunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cead%C3%AEr-Lunga"},{"link_name":"Chișinău","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Comrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comrat"},{"link_name":"Edineț","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edine%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Hîncești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AEnce%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Orhei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orhei"},{"link_name":"Soroca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soroca"},{"link_name":"Strășeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C4%83%C8%99eni"},{"link_name":"Tiraspol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiraspol"},{"link_name":"Ungheni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungheni"},{"link_name":"unrecognized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition"},{"link_name":"Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pridnestrovian_Moldavian_Republic"},{"link_name":"48°15′N 27°00′E / 48.250°N 27.000°E / 48.250; 27.000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Briceni_District&params=48_15_N_27_00_E_region:MD_type:adm1st"}],"text":"Grigore Vieru - Poet, member of the Romanian Academy in 2003\nMarian Lupu - Politician (PDM), Democratic Party chairman of 2009, President of the Republic of Moldova from 2010\nSerafim Urechean - Politician (PLDM), Mayor of Chisinau in the period 1994–2005, president of the Party Alliance Our Moldova (2003–2011)\nVeaceslav Gojan - Boxer, bronze medalist in 2008 Olympic\nVitalie Grusac - Boxer, bronze medalist in 2000 Olympics\nZinaida Greceanîi - Politician (PCRM), Prime Minister of Moldova (2008–2009)\nStella Gherman - Politician (PCRM)vte Administrative divisions of MoldovaDistricts\nAnenii Noi\nBasarabeasca\nBriceni\nCahul\nCantemir\nCălărași\nCăușeni\nCimișlia\nCriuleni\nDondușeni\nDrochia\nDubăsari\nEdineț\nFălești\nFlorești\nGlodeni\nHîncești\nIaloveni\nLeova\nNisporeni\nOcnița\nOrhei\nRezina\nRîșcani\nSîngerei\nSoroca\nStrășeni\nȘoldănești\nȘtefan Vodă\nTaraclia\nTelenești\nUngheni\nAutonomous territorial units\nGăgăuzia\nAdministrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester1\nMunicipalities\nBălți\nBender1\nCahul\nCeadîr-Lunga\nChișinău\nComrat\nEdineț\nHîncești\nOrhei\nSoroca\nStrășeni\nTiraspol1\nUngheni\n\n1 Currently controlled by the unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic.48°15′N 27°00′E / 48.250°N 27.000°E / 48.250; 27.000","title":"Personalities"}]	[{"image_text":"Emil Racoviță cave excavation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Zolushka_cave_excavations.jpg/220px-Zolushka_cave_excavations.jpg"},{"image_text":"Administrative map of Briceni district","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/R_BRICENI.svg/220px-R_BRICENI.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Church in Lipcani","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Lipcani%2C_r-n_Briceni%2C_Republica_Moldova_St_Katherine_Church%2C_Lipcani%2C_Briceni_Region%2C_Republic_of_Moldova_%2850951726452%29.jpg/220px-Lipcani%2C_r-n_Briceni%2C_Republica_Moldova_St_Katherine_Church%2C_Lipcani%2C_Briceni_Region%2C_Republic_of_Moldova_%2850951726452%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Results of Population and Housing Census in the Republic of Moldova in 2014\". National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova. 2017. Retrieved 2017-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statistica.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=479&","url_text":"\"Results of Population and Housing Census in the Republic of Moldova in 2014\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova","url_text":"National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Briceni_District&params=48_15_N_27_00_E_region:MD_type:adm1st","external_links_name":"48°15′N 27°00′E / 48.250°N 27.000°E / 48.250; 27.000"},{"Link":"http://www.briceni.md/","external_links_name":"www.briceni.md"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Briceni_District&params=48_15_N_27_00_E_region:MD_type:adm1st","external_links_name":"48°15′N 27°00′E / 48.250°N 27.000°E / 48.250; 27.000"},{"Link":"http://www.statistica.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=479&","external_links_name":"\"Results of Population and Housing Census in the Republic of Moldova in 2014\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/126853405","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007496669205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n99054502","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/172832c4-1ffc-434b-80f0-02b6e2829170","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Robinson_Bridge	Fred Robinson Bridge	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 47°37′51″N 108°41′6″W / 47.63083°N 108.68500°W / 47.63083; -108.68500 United States historic placeFred Robinson BridgeU.S. National Register of Historic Places Show map of MontanaShow map of the United StatesLocationMilepost 88, US 191, 51 miles (82 km) north of Lewistown, MontanaCoordinates47°37′51″N 108°41′6″W / 47.63083°N 108.68500°W / 47.63083; -108.68500AreaUpper Missouri River Breaks National MonumentBuilt1959NRHP reference No.12000171Added to NRHPMarch 26, 2012 The Fred Robinson Bridge in Montana is a four-span steel-girder bridge over the Missouri River between Fergus County and Phillips County that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012. It is the "best documented" bridge in Montana and is "magnificent", according to its NRHP nomination. Construction of the bridge was controversial; it is named for Montana state senator Fred Robinson, "one of the bridge’s most aggressive and active proponents". It was included in the "Montana's Steel Stringer and Steel Girder Bridges" Multiple Property Submission. References ^ "New listings on the NRHP". ^ Jon Axline (November 10, 2010). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Fred Robinson Bridge" (PDF). Montana. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 1, 2011. Retrieved April 11, 2013. External links Media related to Fred Robinson Bridge at Wikimedia Commons Robinson Bridge pics vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by state List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state: Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated state Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia American Legation, Morocco Related National Historic Preservation Act Historic Preservation Fund List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places National Register of Historic Places portal Category This article about a property in Montana on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a bridge in Montana is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"},{"link_name":"Missouri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_River"},{"link_name":"Fergus County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergus_County,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Phillips County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_County,_Montana"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpdoc-2"},{"link_name":"Multiple Property Submission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_Property_Submission"}],"text":"United States historic placeThe Fred Robinson Bridge in Montana is a four-span steel-girder bridge over the Missouri River between Fergus County and Phillips County that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012. It is the \"best documented\" bridge in Montana and is \"magnificent\", according to its NRHP nomination. Construction of the bridge was controversial; it is named for Montana state senator Fred Robinson, \"one of the bridge’s most aggressive and active proponents\".[2]It was included in the \"Montana's Steel Stringer and Steel Girder Bridges\" Multiple Property Submission.","title":"Fred Robinson Bridge"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"New listings on the NRHP\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/listings/20120406.htm","url_text":"\"New listings on the NRHP\""}]},{"reference":"Jon Axline (November 10, 2010). \"National Register of Historic Places Registration: Fred Robinson Bridge\" (PDF). Montana. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 1, 2011. Retrieved April 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111201180309/http://mhs.mt.gov/shpo/register/FredRobinson.pdf","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration: Fred Robinson Bridge\""},{"url":"http://mhs.mt.gov/shpo/register/FredRobinson.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fred_Robinson_Bridge&params=47_37_51_N_108_41_6_W_type:landmark_region:US-MT","external_links_name":"47°37′51″N 108°41′6″W / 47.63083°N 108.68500°W / 47.63083; -108.68500"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fred_Robinson_Bridge&params=47_37_51_N_108_41_6_W_type:landmark_region:US-MT","external_links_name":"47°37′51″N 108°41′6″W / 47.63083°N 108.68500°W / 47.63083; -108.68500"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/12000171","external_links_name":"12000171"},{"Link":"http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/listings/20120406.htm","external_links_name":"\"New listings on the NRHP\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111201180309/http://mhs.mt.gov/shpo/register/FredRobinson.pdf","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration: Fred Robinson Bridge\""},{"Link":"http://mhs.mt.gov/shpo/register/FredRobinson.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.montanapictures.net/fred_l_robinson_bridge_missouri_river.htm","external_links_name":"Robinson Bridge pics"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Robinson_Bridge&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Robinson_Bridge&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisapold	Apoldu de Jos	["1 History","2 Population","3 Attractions","4 References"]	Coordinates: 45°52′N 23°51′E / 45.867°N 23.850°E / 45.867; 23.850For Apoldu de Sus village, see Miercurea Sibiului. Commune in Sibiu, RomaniaApoldu de JosCommuneLocation in Sibiu CountyApoldu de JosLocation in RomaniaCoordinates: 45°52′N 23°51′E / 45.867°N 23.850°E / 45.867; 23.850CountryRomaniaCountySibiuPopulation (2021-12-01)1,184Time zoneEET/EEST (UTC+2/+3)Vehicle reg.SB Apoldu de Jos (German: Kleinpold; Hungarian: Kisapold) is a commune located in Sibiu County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of two villages, Apoldu de Jos and Sângătin (Kleinenyed; Kisenyed). The municipality Apoldu de Jos is located in the historic Unterwald in the southwest of the Transylvanian Basin. History Apoldu de Jos was founded by Transylvanian Saxons and first documented in 1289. According to J. M. Ackner, C. Goos and V. Christescu, archaeological finds suggesting a colonization in Roman times were made in the area of Apoldu de Jos - called by the locals Intre Apoalde and La Rodeni. In 1750, 1236 Romanians lived in Kleinpold, in 1773 about 60 landlords from Austria settled in Kleinpold. The inhabitants are engaged in mainly agriculture and livestock. Population The highest number of Hungarians (84) and Roma (165) was registered in 1850. In 2002, 1525 people lived in the municipality of Apoldu de Jos, of which 17 were Roma, two Germans, one Hungarian, and the rest were Romanians. Attractions • The wooden church Sf. Ioan Evanghelistul - built in Apoldu de Jos (from Ocna Sibiului) in 1771 and renewed in 1881.. • The wooden church Sf. Arhangheli - built in Sângătin in 1687. References ^ "Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics. ^ "Harta Apoldu de Jos". vteSibiu County, RomaniaCities Sibiu (county seat) Mediaș Towns Agnita Avrig Cisnădie Copșa Mică Dumbrăveni Miercurea Sibiului Ocna Sibiului Săliște Tălmaciu Communes Alma Alțâna Apoldu de Jos Arpașu de Jos Ațel Axente Sever Bârghiș Bazna Biertan Blăjel Boița Brădeni Brateiu Bruiu Cârța Cârțișoara Chirpăr Cristian Dârlos Gura Râului Hoghilag Iacobeni Jina Laslea Loamneș Ludoș Marpod Merghindeal Micăsasa Mihăileni Moșna Nocrich Orlat Păuca Poiana Sibiului Poplaca Porumbacu de Jos Racovița Rășinari Râu Sadului Roșia Sadu Șeica Mare Șeica Mică Șelimbăr Slimnic Șura Mare Șura Mică Târnava Tilișca Turnu Roșu Valea Viilor Vurpăr This Sibiu County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miercurea Sibiului","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miercurea_Sibiului"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Sibiu County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibiu_County"},{"link_name":"Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Transylvanian Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvanian_Basin"}],"text":"For Apoldu de Sus village, see Miercurea Sibiului.Commune in Sibiu, RomaniaApoldu de Jos (German: Kleinpold; Hungarian: Kisapold) is a commune located in Sibiu County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of two villages, Apoldu de Jos and Sângătin (Kleinenyed; Kisenyed).The municipality Apoldu de Jos is located in the historic Unterwald in the southwest of the Transylvanian Basin.","title":"Apoldu de Jos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Apoldu de Jos was founded by Transylvanian Saxons and first documented in 1289. According to J. M. Ackner, C. Goos and V. Christescu, archaeological finds suggesting a colonization in Roman times were made in the area of Apoldu de Jos - called by the locals Intre Apoalde and La Rodeni.In 1750, 1236 Romanians lived in Kleinpold, in 1773 about 60 landlords from Austria settled in Kleinpold. The inhabitants are engaged in mainly agriculture and livestock.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The highest number of Hungarians (84) and Roma (165) was registered in 1850. In 2002, 1525 people lived in the municipality of Apoldu de Jos, of which 17 were Roma, two Germans, one Hungarian, and the rest were Romanians.","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"• The wooden church Sf. Ioan Evanghelistul - built in Apoldu de Jos (from Ocna Sibiului) in 1771 and renewed in 1881..• The wooden church Sf. Arhangheli - built in Sângătin in 1687.","title":"Attractions"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls","url_text":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Romania)","url_text":"National Institute of Statistics"}]},{"reference":"\"Harta Apoldu de Jos\".","urls":[{"url":"http://comuna.info/harta-apoldu-de-jos-sb/","url_text":"\"Harta Apoldu de Jos\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Apoldu_de_Jos&params=45_52_N_23_51_E_region:RO_type:adm1st_dim:100000","external_links_name":"45°52′N 23°51′E / 45.867°N 23.850°E / 45.867; 23.850"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Apoldu_de_Jos&params=45_52_N_23_51_E_region:RO_type:adm1st_dim:100000","external_links_name":"45°52′N 23°51′E / 45.867°N 23.850°E / 45.867; 23.850"},{"Link":"https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls","external_links_name":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\""},{"Link":"http://comuna.info/harta-apoldu-de-jos-sb/","external_links_name":"\"Harta Apoldu de Jos\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apoldu_de_Jos&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Heng	Geraldine Heng	["1 Education and career","2 Books","3 Awards","4 References","5 External links"]	American historian Geraldine HengTitleProfessor of English and Comparative LiteratureSpouseJanadas DevanAwards Robert W. Hamilton Book Award 2019 The Invention of Race in the European Middle Ages PROSE Award 2019 The Invention of Race in the European Middle Ages Academic backgroundAlma materCornell UniversityThesisGender Magic: Desire, Romance, and the Feminine in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (1990)Academic workDisciplineHistorianSub-disciplineMiddle AgesInstitutionsUniversity of Texas at Austin Geraldine Heng is Mildred Hajek Vacek and John Roman Vacek Chair in English and Comparative Literature (formerly Perceval Professor) at the University of Texas at Austin, where, as of November 2022, she was also affiliated with Middle Eastern studies, Women’s studies, Jewish Studies, and the Rapoport Center for Human Rights and Social Justice. Heng's work focuses on literary, social and cultural encounters between societies in the period 500–1500 CE. She is noted as a key figure in the development of postcolonial approaches to the European Middle Ages, premodern critical race studies, and critical early global studies. Education and career Heng studied at Cornell University, completing her PhD thesis, Gender Magic: Desire, Romance, and the Feminine in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, in 1990. Heng coedits the Cambridge University Press Elements series in the Global Middle Ages, and the University of Pennsylvania Press series, RaceB4Race: Critical Studies of the Premodern. She is also noted for the article 'State Fatherhood: The Politics of Nationalism, Sexuality, and Race in Singapore', co-written with her husband Janadas Devan, critiquing social eugenics in Singapore. Among her various keynotes and plenaries, Heng was the keynote speaker at the 46th Annual New England Medieval Conference, 3 December 2020. Her talk was entitled 'The Politics of Race in the European Middle Ages'. In April 2023 she was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Books (ed.) Teaching the Global Middle Ages New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2022. ISBN 9781603295178 The Global Middle Ages: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. ISBN 9781009204781 England and the Jews: How Religion and Violence Created the First Racial State in the West. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. ISBN 9781108698184 The Invention of Race in the European Middle Ages. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018. ISBN 9781108422789 Empire of Magic: Medieval Romance and the Politics of Cultural Fantasy (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003, 2004, 2012), ISBN 0231125275 Awards Her book The Invention of Race in the European Middle Ages (2018) won four awards, including the American Academy of Religion award for excellence in historical studies, the Otto Gründler book prize, the Robert W. Hamilton Book Award grand prize, and the Association of American Publishers PROSE award for world history. References ^ a b "Profile for Geraldine Heng at UT Austin". University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts. Retrieved 6 November 2022. ^ "Profile for Geraldine Heng at UT Austin". University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts. Archived from the original on 2022-03-24. Retrieved 24 March 2022. ^ Geraldine G. Heng, "Gender Magic: Desire, Romance, and the Feminine in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Cornell University, 1990). ^ Geraldine Heng, The Invention of Race in the European Middle Ages (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2018), p. xiii. ^ K. Kanagalatha, 'Mother was our World', The Straits Times (13 May 2018). ^ Geraldine Heng and Janadas Devan, 'State Fatherhood: The Politics of Nationalism, Sexuality, and Race in Singapore', in Bewitching Women, Pious Men: Gender and Body Politics in Southeast Asia, ed. Aihwa Ong and Michael G. Peletz, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995, pp. 195–215. ^ Pagès, Meriem (3 December 2020). "46th Annual New England Medieval Conference, Virtual Meeting". Keene State College. Retrieved 6 November 2022. ^ cue (2023-04-24). "Singaporean Geraldine Heng elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences \| The Straits Times". www.straitstimes.com. Retrieved 2023-04-26. ^ "Winners Book Awards". American Academy of Religion. Retrieved 5 September 2022. ^ "Gründler Book Prize". Western Michigan University. 30 September 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2022. ^ "Robert W. Hamilton Book Awards Winners". University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 5 September 2022. ^ "2019 Award Winners". Association of American Publishers. Retrieved 5 September 2022. External links https://utexas.academia.edu/GeraldineHeng http://www.globalmiddleages.org/ (a project founded by Heng) Listen to the opening lecture at the 'Race and Periodization' Symposium, September 2019: https://www.folger.edu/institute/scholarly-programs/race-periodization/geraldine-heng Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany Israel Czech Republic Netherlands Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature"},{"link_name":"Comparative Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_literature"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"University of Texas at Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"postcolonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcolonial_studies"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"}],"text":"Geraldine Heng is Mildred Hajek Vacek and John Roman Vacek Chair in English and Comparative Literature[1] (formerly Perceval Professor[2]) at the University of Texas at Austin, where, as of November 2022, she was also affiliated with Middle Eastern studies, Women’s studies, Jewish Studies, and the Rapoport Center for Human Rights and Social Justice.[1] Heng's work focuses on literary, social and cultural encounters between societies in the period 500–1500 CE. She is noted as a key figure in the development of postcolonial approaches to the European Middle Ages, premodern critical race studies, and critical early global studies.","title":"Geraldine Heng"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Gawain_and_the_Green_Knight"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Janadas Devan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janadas_Devan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Heng studied at Cornell University, completing her PhD thesis, Gender Magic: Desire, Romance, and the Feminine in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, in 1990.[3]Heng coedits the Cambridge University Press Elements series in the Global Middle Ages, and the University of Pennsylvania Press series, RaceB4Race: Critical Studies of the Premodern. She is also noted for the article 'State Fatherhood: The Politics of Nationalism, Sexuality, and Race in Singapore', co-written with her husband Janadas Devan,[4][5] critiquing social eugenics in Singapore.[6] Among her various keynotes and plenaries, Heng was the keynote speaker at the 46th Annual New England Medieval Conference, 3 December 2020. Her talk was entitled 'The Politics of Race in the European Middle Ages'.[7]In April 2023 she was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[8]","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Teaching the Global Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mla.org/Publications/Bookstore/Options-for-Teaching/Teaching-the-Global-Middle-Ages"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781603295178","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781603295178"},{"link_name":"The Global Middle Ages: An Introduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=H8tVEAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781009204781","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781009204781"},{"link_name":"England and the Jews: How Religion and Violence Created the First Racial State in the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=sa-BDwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781108698184","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108698184"},{"link_name":"The Invention of Race in the European Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=snRJDwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781108422789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108422789"},{"link_name":"Empire of Magic: Medieval Romance and the Politics of Cultural Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/heng12526"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0231125275","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231125275"}],"text":"(ed.) Teaching the Global Middle Ages New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2022. ISBN 9781603295178\nThe Global Middle Ages: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. ISBN 9781009204781\nEngland and the Jews: How Religion and Violence Created the First Racial State in the West. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. ISBN 9781108698184\nThe Invention of Race in the European Middle Ages. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018. ISBN 9781108422789\nEmpire of Magic: Medieval Romance and the Politics of Cultural Fantasy (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003, 2004, 2012), ISBN 0231125275","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Academy of Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Religion"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Robert W. Hamilton Book Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Hamilton_Book_Award"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Association of American Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Publishers"},{"link_name":"PROSE award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PROSE_Awards"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Her book The Invention of Race in the European Middle Ages (2018) won four awards, including the American Academy of Religion award for excellence in historical studies,[9] the Otto Gründler book prize,[10] the Robert W. Hamilton Book Award grand prize,[11] and the Association of American Publishers PROSE award for world history.[12]","title":"Awards"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Profile for Geraldine Heng at UT Austin\". University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts. Retrieved 6 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/english/faculty/heng","url_text":"\"Profile for Geraldine Heng at UT Austin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin_College_of_Liberal_Arts","url_text":"University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts"}]},{"reference":"\"Profile for Geraldine Heng at UT Austin\". University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts. Archived from the original on 2022-03-24. Retrieved 24 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220324044902/https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/english/faculty/heng","url_text":"\"Profile for Geraldine Heng at UT Austin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin_College_of_Liberal_Arts","url_text":"University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts"},{"url":"https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/english/faculty/heng","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pagès, Meriem (3 December 2020). \"46th Annual New England Medieval Conference, Virtual Meeting\". Keene State College. Retrieved 6 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.keene.edu/news/events/detail/13525/","url_text":"\"46th Annual New England Medieval Conference, Virtual Meeting\""}]},{"reference":"cue (2023-04-24). \"Singaporean Geraldine Heng elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences \| The Straits Times\". www.straitstimes.com. Retrieved 2023-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.straitstimes.com/life/arts/singaporean-geraldine-heng-elected-to-american-academy-of-arts-and-sciences","url_text":"\"Singaporean Geraldine Heng elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences \| The Straits Times\""}]},{"reference":"\"Winners Book Awards\". American Academy of Religion. Retrieved 5 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aarweb.org/AARMBR/About-AAR-/Award-Programs-/Awards/Book-Awards-/Winners-Book-Awards.aspx","url_text":"\"Winners Book Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Religion","url_text":"American Academy of Religion"}]},{"reference":"\"Gründler Book Prize\". Western Michigan University. 30 September 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://wmich.edu/medieval/research/book-prize","url_text":"\"Gründler Book Prize\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Michigan_University","url_text":"Western Michigan University"}]},{"reference":"\"Robert W. Hamilton Book Awards Winners\". University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 5 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://research.utexas.edu/honors-recognition/university-coop-awards/hamilton-book-author-awards-winners/","url_text":"\"Robert W. Hamilton Book Awards Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin","url_text":"University of Texas at Austin"}]},{"reference":"\"2019 Award Winners\". Association of American Publishers. Retrieved 5 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://proseawards.com/winners/2019-award-winners","url_text":"\"2019 Award Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Publishers","url_text":"Association of American Publishers"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.mla.org/Publications/Bookstore/Options-for-Teaching/Teaching-the-Global-Middle-Ages","external_links_name":"Teaching the Global Middle Ages"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H8tVEAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Global Middle Ages: An Introduction"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sa-BDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"England and the Jews: How Religion and Violence Created the First Racial State in the West"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=snRJDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Invention of Race in the European Middle Ages"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/heng12526","external_links_name":"Empire of Magic: Medieval Romance and the Politics of Cultural Fantasy"},{"Link":"https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/english/faculty/heng","external_links_name":"\"Profile for Geraldine Heng at UT Austin\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220324044902/https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/english/faculty/heng","external_links_name":"\"Profile for Geraldine Heng at UT Austin\""},{"Link":"https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/english/faculty/heng","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/mother-was-our-world","external_links_name":"Mother was our World"},{"Link":"https://www.keene.edu/news/events/detail/13525/","external_links_name":"\"46th Annual New England Medieval Conference, Virtual Meeting\""},{"Link":"https://www.straitstimes.com/life/arts/singaporean-geraldine-heng-elected-to-american-academy-of-arts-and-sciences","external_links_name":"\"Singaporean Geraldine Heng elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences \| The Straits Times\""},{"Link":"https://www.aarweb.org/AARMBR/About-AAR-/Award-Programs-/Awards/Book-Awards-/Winners-Book-Awards.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Winners Book Awards\""},{"Link":"https://wmich.edu/medieval/research/book-prize","external_links_name":"\"Gründler Book Prize\""},{"Link":"https://research.utexas.edu/honors-recognition/university-coop-awards/hamilton-book-author-awards-winners/","external_links_name":"\"Robert W. Hamilton Book Awards Winners\""},{"Link":"https://proseawards.com/winners/2019-award-winners","external_links_name":"\"2019 Award Winners\""},{"Link":"https://utexas.academia.edu/GeraldineHeng","external_links_name":"https://utexas.academia.edu/GeraldineHeng"},{"Link":"http://www.globalmiddleages.org/","external_links_name":"http://www.globalmiddleages.org/"},{"Link":"https://www.folger.edu/institute/scholarly-programs/race-periodization/geraldine-heng","external_links_name":"https://www.folger.edu/institute/scholarly-programs/race-periodization/geraldine-heng"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000109688364","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/46995148","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14518411g","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14518411g","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1175406813","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007440436305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2018998118&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p320543579","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/077748441","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-6837	E-6837	["1 See also","2 References"]	E-6837 Names Preferred IUPAC name 5-Chloro-N-{3--1H-indol-5-yl}naphthalene-2-sulfonamide Other names E 6837 Identifiers CAS Number 528859-61-2 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChEMBL ChEMBL175835 ChemSpider 5294027 MeSH C500059 PubChem CID 6918836 UNII 4AXX8P95BU Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID101136900 InChI InChI=1S/C22H22ClN3O2S/c1-26(2)11-10-16-14-24-22-9-6-17(13-20(16)22)25-29(27,28)18-7-8-19-15(12-18)4-3-5-21(19)23/h3-9,12-14,24-25H,10-11H2,1-2H3Key: OOIQBABUMXSCPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILES CN(C)CCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(C=C2)NS(=O)(=O)C3=CC4=C(C=C3)C(=CC=C4)Cl Properties Chemical formula C22H22ClN3O2S Molar mass 427.95 g/mol Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Infobox references Chemical compound E-6837 is an orally active, 5-HT6 agonist developed in an attempt to create an anti-obesity medication. In cell lines expressing rat 5-HT6 receptors, it acted as a partial agonist (on presumed silent receptors), while it acted as a full agonist on human 5-HT6 receptors (which are constitutively active). Oral administration of E-6837 reduced food intake, but only transiently. In rats, twice daily administration of E-6837 over the course of 4 weeks resulted in a 15.7% reduction in body weight, compared to 11% reduction for sibutramine. This weight loss remained significant for E-6837 after a 43-day withdrawal period, whereas the weight difference was non-significant for sibutramine (i.e., sibutramine had a rebound effect while E-6837 did not), and this weight loss was found to be due to a loss of fat mass. The reduction in fat mass in E-6837 treated animals was associated with a 50% decrease in plasma leptin levels, and also reduced glucose and insulin levels in plasma after a glucose tolerance test. This indicates that weight loss from E-6837 is associated with improved insulin sensitivity, and thus, better glycemic control. One proposed mechanism of action is that E-6837 acts on neurons in the hypothalamus, which has shown significant levels of 5-HT6 receptor mRNA. The hypothalamus is one key structure involved in regulating food intake. See also E-6801 References ^ a b Fisas, Angels (August 2006). "Chronic 5-HT6 receptor modulation by E-6837 induces hypophagia and sustained weight loss in diet-induced obese rats". British Journal of Pharmacology. 148 (7): 973–983. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706807. PMC 1751931. PMID 16783408. ^ Kirkpatrick, Peter (1 August 2006). "Anti-obesity drugs: Fighting fat". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 5 (8): 634. doi:10.1038/nrd2123. S2CID 35924150. ^ Garfield, A. S.; Heisler, L. K. (24 November 2008). "Pharmacological targeting of the serotonergic system for the treatment of obesity". The Journal of Physiology. 587 (1): 49–60. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2008.164152. PMC 2670022. PMID 19029184. vteSerotonin receptor modulators5-HT15-HT1A Agonists: 8-OH-DPAT Adatanserin Amphetamine Antidepressants (e.g., etoperidone, hydroxynefazodone, nefazodone, trazodone, triazoledione, vilazodone, vortioxetine) Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, clozapine, lurasidone, quetiapine, ziprasidone) Azapirones (e.g., buspirone, eptapirone, gepirone, perospirone, tandospirone) Bay R 1531 Befiradol BMY-14802 Cannabidiol Dimemebfe Dopamine Ebalzotan Eltoprazine Enciprazine Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, lisuride, LSD, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide) F-11,461 F-12826 F-13714 F-14679 F-15063 F-15,599 Flesinoxan Flibanserin Flumexadol Hypidone Lesopitron LY-293284 LY-301317 mCPP MKC-242 Naluzotan NBUMP Osemozotan Oxaflozane Pardoprunox Piclozotan Rauwolscine Repinotan Roxindole RU-24,969 S-14,506 S-14671 S-15535 Sarizotan Serotonin (5-HT) SSR-181507 Sunepitron Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MT, bufotenin, DMT, indorenate, N-Me-5-HT, psilocin, psilocybin) TGBA01AD U-92,016-A Urapidil Vilazodone Xaliproden Yohimbine Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., iloperidone, risperidone, sertindole) AV965 Beta blockers (e.g., alprenolol, carteolol, cyanopindolol, iodocyanopindolol, isamoltane, oxprenolol, penbutolol, pindobind, pindolol, propranolol, tertatolol) BMY-7,378 CSP-2503 Dotarizine Ergolines (e.g., metergoline) FCE-24379 Flopropione GR-46611 Isamoltane Lecozotan Mefway Metitepine (methiothepin) MIN-117 (WF-516) MPPF NAN-190 Robalzotan S-15535 SB-649,915 SDZ 216-525 Spiperone Spiramide Spiroxatrine UH-301 WAY-100135 WAY-100635 Xylamidine Unknown/unsorted: Acetryptine Carvedilol Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine)) 5-HT1B Agonists: Anpirtoline CGS-12066A CP-93129 CP-94253 CP-122,288 CP-135807 Eltoprazine Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide) mCPP RU-24,969 Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., avitriptan, donitriptan, eletriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan) TFMPP Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, DMT) Vortioxetine Antagonists: AR-A000002 Beta blockers (e.g., alprenolol, carteolol, isamoltane, oxprenolol, penbutolol, propranolol, tertatolol) Elzasonan Ergolines (e.g., metergoline) GR-127935 Isamoltane LY-393558 Metitepine (methiothepin) SB-216641 SB-224289 SB-236057 Yohimbine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., cabergoline, ergometrine (ergonovine), lisuride) 5-HT1D Agonists: CP-122,288 CP-135807 CP-286601 Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, LSD, methysergide) GR-46611 L-694247 L-772405 mCPP PNU-109291 PNU-142633 Serotonin (5-HT) TGBA01AD Triptans (e.g., almotriptan, avitriptan, donitriptan, eletriptan, frovatriptan, naratriptan, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-Et-DMT, 5-MT, 5-(nonyloxy)tryptamine, DMT) Antagonists: Alniditan BRL-15,572 Elzasonan Ergolines (e.g., metergoline) GR-127935 Ketanserin LY-310762 LY-367642 LY-393558 LY-456219 LY-456220 Metitepine (methiothepin) Mianserin Ritanserin Yohimbine Ziprasidone Unknown/unsorted: Acetryptine Ergolines (e.g., lisuride, lysergol, pergolide) 5-HT1E Agonists: BRL-54443 Ergolines (e.g., methysergide) Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., eletriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., tryptamine) Antagonists: Metitepine (methiothepin) Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine), lysergol, methylergometrine (methylergonovine) 5-HT1F Agonists: BRL-54443 CP-122,288 Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, lysergol, methylergometrine (methylergonovine) methysergide) Lasmiditan LY-334370 Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., eletriptan, naratriptan, sumatriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-MT) Antagonists: Metitepine (methiothepin) Mianserin 5-HT25-HT2A Agonists: 25H/NB series (e.g., 25I-NBF, 25I-NBMD, 25I-NBOH, 25I-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, 25TFM-NBOMe, 2CBCB-NBOMe, 25CN-NBOH, 2CBFly-NBOMe) 2Cs (e.g., 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, 2C-T-21) 2C-B-FLY 2CB-Ind 5-Methoxytryptamines (5-MeO-DET, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-DPT, 5-MT) α-Alkyltryptamines (e.g., 5-Cl-αMT, 5-Fl-αMT, 5-MeO-αET, 5-MeO-αMT, α-Me-5-HT, αET, αMT) AL-34662 AL-37350A Bromo-DragonFLY Dimemebfe DMBMPP DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM) Efavirenz Ergolines (e.g., 1P-LSD, ALD-52, bromocriptine, cabergoline, ergine (LSA), ergometrine (ergonovine), ergotamine, lisuride, LA-SS-Az, LSB, LSD, LSD-Pip, LSH, LSP, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), pergolide) Flumexadol IHCH-7113 Jimscaline Lorcaserin MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine), MDMA (midomafetamine), MDOH, MMDA) O-4310 Oxaflozane PHA-57378 PNU-22394 PNU-181731 RH-34 SCHEMBL5334361 Phenethylamines (e.g., lophophine, mescaline) Piperazines (e.g., BZP, quipazine, TFMPP) Serotonin (5-HT) TCB-2 TFMFly Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine) Antagonists: 5-I-R91150 5-MeO-NBpBrT AC-90179 Adatanserin Altanserin Antihistamines (e.g., cyproheptadine, hydroxyzine, ketotifen, perlapine) AMDA Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amperozide, aripiprazole, asenapine, blonanserin, brexpiprazole, carpipramine, clocapramine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, gevotroline, iloperidone, lurasidone, melperone, mosapramine, ocaperidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, zicronapine, ziprasidone, zotepine) Chlorprothixene Cinanserin CSP-2503 Deramciclane Dotarizine Eplivanserin Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, LY-53857, LY-215,840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole) Fananserin Flibanserin Glemanserin Irindalone Ketanserin KML-010 Landipirdine LY-393558 mCPP Medifoxamine Metitepine (methiothepin) MIN-117 (WF-516) Naftidrofuryl Nantenine Nelotanserin Opiranserin (VVZ-149) Pelanserin Phenoxybenzamine Pimavanserin Pirenperone Pizotifen Pruvanserin Rauwolscine Ritanserin Roluperidone S-14671 Sarpogrelate Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors (e.g., etoperidone, hydroxynefazodone, lubazodone, mepiprazole, nefazodone, triazoledione, trazodone) SR-46349B TGBA01AD Teniloxazine Temanogrel Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, aptazapine, esmirtazapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, loxapine, perphenazine, pimozide, pipamperone, prochlorperazine, setoperone, spiperone, spiramide, thioridazine, thiothixene, trifluoperazine) Volinanserin Xylamidine Yohimbine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., dihydroergotamine, nicergoline) 5-HT2B Agonists: 4-Methylaminorex Aminorex Amphetamines (e.g., chlorphentermine, cloforex, dexfenfluramine, fenfluramine, levofenfluramine, norfenfluramine) BW-723C86 DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM) Ergolines (e.g., cabergoline, dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide) Lorcaserin MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine), MDMA (midomafetamine), MDOH, MMDA) Piperazines (e.g., TFMPP) PNU-22394 Ro60-0175 Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, α-Me-5-HT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine) Antagonists: Agomelatine Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, clozapine, N-desalkylquetiapine (norquetiapine), N-desmethylclozapine (norclozapine), olanzapine, pipamperone, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone) Cyproheptadine EGIS-7625 Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, bromocriptine, lisuride, LY-53857, LY-272015, mesulergine) Ketanserin LY-393558 mCPP Metadoxine Metitepine (methiothepin) Pirenperone Pizotifen Propranolol PRX-08066 Rauwolscine Ritanserin RS-127445 Sarpogrelate SB-200646 SB-204741 SB-206553 SB-215505 SB-221284 SB-228357 SDZ SER-082 Tegaserod Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin, mirtazapine) Trazodone Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine) TIK-301 Yohimbine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine)) 5-HT2C Agonists: 2Cs (e.g., 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, 2C-T-21) 5-Methoxytryptamines (5-MeO-DET, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-DPT, 5-MT) α-Alkyltryptamines (e.g., 5-Cl-αMT, 5-Fl-αMT, 5-MeO-αET, 5-MeO-αMT, α-Me-5-HT, αET, αMT) A-372159 AL-38022A Alstonine CP-809101 Dimemebfe DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM) Ergolines (e.g., ALD-52, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergine (LSA), ergotamine, lisuride, LA-SS-Az, LSB, LSD, LSD-Pip, LSH, LSP, pergolide) Flumexadol Lorcaserin MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine), MDMA (midomafetamine), MDOH, MMDA) MK-212 ORG-12962 ORG-37684 Oxaflozane PHA-57378 Phenethylamines (e.g., lophophine, mescaline) Piperazines (e.g., aripiprazole, BZP, mCPP, quipazine, TFMPP) PNU-22394 PNU-181731 Ro60-0175 Ro60-0213 Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine) Vabicaserin WAY-629 WAY-161503 YM-348 Antagonists: Adatanserin Agomelatine Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, iloperidone, melperone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone, zotepine) Captodiame CEPC Cinanserin Cyproheptadine Deramciclane Desmetramadol Dotarizine Eltoprazine Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, bromocriptine, LY-53857, LY-215,840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole) Etoperidone Fluoxetine FR-260010 Irindalone Ketanserin Ketotifen Latrepirdine (dimebolin) Medifoxamine Metitepine (methiothepin) Nefazodone Pirenperone Pizotifen Propranolol Ritanserin RS-102221 S-14671 SB-200646 SB-206553 SB-221284 SB-228357 SB-242084 SB-243213 SDZ SER-082 Tedatioxetine Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, aptazapine, esmirtazapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) TIK-301 Tramadol Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, nortriptyline) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, loxapine, pimozide, pipamperone, thioridazine) Xylamidine Unknown/unsorted: Efavirenz Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine), methylergometrine (methylergonovine)) 5-HT3–75-HT3 Agonists: Alcohols (e.g., butanol, ethanol (alcohol), trichloroethanol) m-CPBG Phenylbiguanide Piperazines (e.g., BZP, mCPP, quipazine) RS-56812 Serotonin (5-HT) SR-57227 SR-57227A Tryptamines (e.g., 2-Me-5-HT, 5-CT, bufotenidine (5-HTQ)) Volatiles/gases (e.g., halothane, isoflurane, toluene, trichloroethane) YM-31636 Antagonists: Alosetron Anpirtoline Arazasetron AS-8112 Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine) Azasetron Batanopride Bemesetron (MDL-72222) Bupropion Cilansetron CSP-2503 Dazopride Dolasetron Galanolactone Granisetron Hydroxybupropion Lerisetron Memantine Ondansetron Palonosetron Ramosetron Renzapride Ricasetron Tedatioxetine Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin, mirtazapine) Thujone Tropanserin Tropisetron Typical antipsychotics (e.g., loxapine) Volatiles/gases (e.g., nitrous oxide, sevoflurane, xenon) Vortioxetine Zacopride Zatosetron Unknown/unsorted: LY-53857 Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) 5-HT4 Agonists: 5-MT BIMU8 Capeserod Cinitapride Cisapride CJ-033466 Dazopride Metoclopramide Minesapride Mosapride Prucalopride PRX-03140 Renzapride RS-67,333 RS-67,506 Serotonin (5-HT) Tegaserod Usmarapride Velusetrag Zacopride Antagonists: GR-113808 GR-125487 L-Lysine Piboserod RS-39604 RS-67532 SB-203186 SB-204070 5-HT5A Agonists: Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), ergotamine, LSD) Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT) Valerenic acid Antagonists: Asenapine Latrepirdine (dimebolin) Metitepine (methiothepin) Ritanserin SB-699551 Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., metergoline, methysergide) Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) 5-HT6 Agonists: Ergolines (e.g., dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, lisuride, LSD, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide) Hypidone Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 2-Me-5-HT, 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, Bufotenin, E-6801, E-6837, EMD-386088, EMDT, LY-586713, N-Me-5-HT, ST-1936, tryptamine) WAY-181187 WAY-208466 Antagonists: ABT-354 Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, iloperidone, olanzapine, tiospirone) AVN-101 AVN-211 AVN-322 AVN-397 BGC20-760 BVT-5182 BVT-74316 Cerlapirdine EGIS-12,233 GW-742457 Idalopirdine Ketanserin Landipirdine Latrepirdine (dimebolin) Masupirdine Metitepine (methiothepin) MS-245 PRX-07034 Ritanserin Ro 04-6790 Ro 63-0563 SB-258585 SB-271046 SB-357134 SB-399885 SB-742457 Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, nortriptyline) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, loxapine) Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), bromocriptine, lergotrile, pergolide) Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) 5-HT7 Agonists: 8-OH-DPAT AS-19 Bifeprunox E-55888 Ergolines (e.g., LSD) LP-12 LP-44 LP-211 RU-24,969 Sarizotan Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., frovatriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT, 5-MT, bufotenin, N-Me-5-HT) Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, olanzapine, risperidone, sertindole, tiospirone, ziprasidone, zotepine) Butaclamol DR-4485 EGIS-12,233 Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), amesergide, bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, LY-53857, LY-215,840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole) JNJ-18038683 Ketanserin LY-215,840 Metitepine (methiothepin) Ritanserin SB-258719 SB-258741 SB-269970 SB-656104 SB-656104A SB-691673 SLV-313 SLV-314 Spiperone SSR-181507 Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, imipramine) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., acetophenazine, chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene, fluphenazine, loxapine, pimozide) Vortioxetine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., lisuride, pergolide) Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) See also: Receptor/signaling modulators Adrenergics Dopaminergics Melatonergics Monoamine reuptake inhibitors and releasing agents Monoamine metabolism modulators Monoamine neurotoxins vteTryptamines 1-Methylpsilocin 2,alpha-DMT 2-Me-DET 2-Methyl-5-HT 2,N,N-TMT 4,5-DHP-DMT 4,5-MDO-DMT 4,5-MDO-DiPT 4-AcO-DALT 4-AcO-DET 4-AcO-DMT 4-AcO-DiPT 4-AcO-EPT 4-AcO-NMT 4-AcO-MALT 4-AcO-MET 4-AcO-DPT 4-AcO-MiPT 4-F-5-MeO-DMT 4-HO-5-MeO-DMT 4-HO-DALT 4-HO-DBT 4-HO-DET 4-HO-DiPT 4-HO-DPT 4-HO-DSBT 4-HO-EPT 4-HO-MALT 4-HO-MET 4-HO-McPT 4-HO-McPeT 4-HO-MiPT 4-HO-MPMI 4-HO-MPT 4-HO-MsBT 4-HO-NMT 4-HO-PiPT 4-HO-pyr-T 4-HO-αMT 4-Me-αET 4-Me-αMT 4-MeO-DiPT 4-MeO-DMT 4-MeO-MiPT 4-PrO-DMT 5,6-MeO-MiPT 5,6-MDO-DiPT 5,6-MDO-DMT 5,6-MDO-MiPT 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine 5-BT 5-Bromo-DMT 5-CT 5-Chloro-αMT 5-Chloro-DMT 5-Ethoxy-αMT 5-Ethoxy-DMT 5-Ethyl-DMT 5-Fluoro-AET 5-Fluoro-αMT 5-Fluoro-DET 5-Fluoro-DMT 5-Fluoro-EPT 5-Fluoro-MET 5-HO-αMT 5-HO-DiPT 5-HTP 5-iPrO-AMT 5-MeS-DMT 5-Methoxytryptamine 5-MeO-7,N,N-TMT 5-Methyl-αET 5-MeO-2-TMT 5-MeO-αET 5-MeO-αMT 5-MeO-DALT 5-MeO-DBT 5-MeO-DET 5-MeO-DiPT 5-MeO-DMT 5-MeO-DPT 5-MeO-EiPT 5-MeO-EPT 5-MeO-MALT 5-MeO-MET 5-MeO-MiPT 5-MeO-MPMI 5-MeO-NMT 5-MeO-pyr-T 5-MeO-NBpBrT 5-Methyl-DMT 5-(Nonyloxy)tryptamine 6-Fluoro-αMT 6-Fluoro-DMT 6-Hydroxymelatonin 6-MeO-THH 7-Chloro-AMT 7-Methyl-α-ethyltryptamine 7-Methyl-DMT Acetryptine Aeruginascin αET Alpha,N-DMT α,N,N-Trimethyltryptamine Alpha,N,O-TMS AL-37350A αMT Baeocystin BNC-210 Bufotenidine Bufotenin (5-HO-DMT) BW-723C86 Convolutindole A CP-132,484 DALT DBT Desformylflustrabromine DET DiPT DPT E-6801 E-6837 Ethocybin EiPT EMDT EPT FGIN-127 FGIN-143 Harmaline HIOC Ibogaine Idalopirdine Indorenate Iprocin Lespedamine Luzindole MET Methylbutyltryptamine MiPT MPT Miprocin Melatonin MPMI MS-245 NAS N-Ethyltryptamine N-Feruloylserotonin NMT DMT Norbaeocystin Normelatonin N-t-Butyltryptamine O-4310 Oxypertine Plakohypaphorine PiPT Psilocin (4-HO-DMT) Psilocybin (4-PO-DMT) Pyr-T Rizatriptan RU-28306 Serotonin ST-1936 Sumatriptan Tryptamine Tryptophan Yohimbine Yuremamine Zolmitriptan	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"5-HT6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT6_receptor"},{"link_name":"anti-obesity medication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-obesity_medication"},{"link_name":"partial agonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_agonist"},{"link_name":"full agonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_agonist"},{"link_name":"constitutively active","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)#Constitutive_activity"},{"link_name":"sibutramine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibutramine"},{"link_name":"rebound effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_effect"},{"link_name":"leptin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptin"},{"link_name":"insulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin"},{"link_name":"glucose tolerance test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose_tolerance_test"},{"link_name":"glycemic control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_management#Glycemic_control"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fisas-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fisas-1"}],"text":"Chemical compoundE-6837 is an orally active, 5-HT6 agonist developed in an attempt to create an anti-obesity medication. In cell lines expressing rat 5-HT6 receptors, it acted as a partial agonist (on presumed silent receptors), while it acted as a full agonist on human 5-HT6 receptors (which are constitutively active). Oral administration of E-6837 reduced food intake, but only transiently. In rats, twice daily administration of E-6837 over the course of 4 weeks resulted in a 15.7% reduction in body weight, compared to 11% reduction for sibutramine. This weight loss remained significant for E-6837 after a 43-day withdrawal period, whereas the weight difference was non-significant for sibutramine (i.e., sibutramine had a rebound effect while E-6837 did not), and this weight loss was found to be due to a loss of fat mass. The reduction in fat mass in E-6837 treated animals was associated with a 50% decrease in plasma leptin levels, and also reduced glucose and insulin levels in plasma after a glucose tolerance test. This indicates that weight loss from E-6837 is associated with improved insulin sensitivity, and thus, better glycemic control.[1][2][3]One proposed mechanism of action is that E-6837 acts on neurons in the hypothalamus, which has shown significant levels of 5-HT6 receptor mRNA. The hypothalamus is one key structure involved in regulating food intake.[1]","title":"E-6837"}]	[]	[{"title":"E-6801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-6801"}]	[{"reference":"Fisas, Angels (August 2006). \"Chronic 5-HT6 receptor modulation by E-6837 induces hypophagia and sustained weight loss in diet-induced obese rats\". British Journal of Pharmacology. 148 (7): 973–983. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706807. PMC 1751931. PMID 16783408.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1751931","url_text":"\"Chronic 5-HT6 receptor modulation by E-6837 induces hypophagia and sustained weight loss in diet-induced obese rats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Journal_of_Pharmacology","url_text":"British Journal of Pharmacology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.bjp.0706807","url_text":"10.1038/sj.bjp.0706807"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1751931","url_text":"1751931"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16783408","url_text":"16783408"}]},{"reference":"Kirkpatrick, Peter (1 August 2006). \"Anti-obesity drugs: Fighting fat\". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 5 (8): 634. doi:10.1038/nrd2123. S2CID 35924150.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrd2123","url_text":"\"Anti-obesity drugs: Fighting fat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrd2123","url_text":"10.1038/nrd2123"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35924150","url_text":"35924150"}]},{"reference":"Garfield, A. S.; Heisler, L. K. (24 November 2008). \"Pharmacological targeting of the serotonergic system for the treatment of obesity\". The Journal of Physiology. 587 (1): 49–60. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2008.164152. PMC 2670022. PMID 19029184.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2670022","url_text":"\"Pharmacological targeting of the serotonergic system for the treatment of obesity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fjphysiol.2008.164152","url_text":"10.1113/jphysiol.2008.164152"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2670022","url_text":"2670022"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19029184","url_text":"19029184"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=528859-61-2","external_links_name":"528859-61-2"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CN%28C%29CCC1%3DCNC2%3DC1C%3DC%28C%3DC2%29NS%28%3DO%29%28%3DO%29C3%3DCC4%3DC%28C%3DC3%29C%28%3DCC%3DC4%29Cl","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL175835","external_links_name":"ChEMBL175835"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.5294027.html","external_links_name":"5294027"},{"Link":"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?mode=&term=C500059","external_links_name":"C500059"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6918836","external_links_name":"6918836"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/4AXX8P95BU","external_links_name":"4AXX8P95BU"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID101136900","external_links_name":"DTXSID101136900"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1751931","external_links_name":"\"Chronic 5-HT6 receptor modulation by E-6837 induces hypophagia and sustained weight loss in diet-induced obese rats\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.bjp.0706807","external_links_name":"10.1038/sj.bjp.0706807"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1751931","external_links_name":"1751931"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16783408","external_links_name":"16783408"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrd2123","external_links_name":"\"Anti-obesity drugs: Fighting fat\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrd2123","external_links_name":"10.1038/nrd2123"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35924150","external_links_name":"35924150"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2670022","external_links_name":"\"Pharmacological targeting of the serotonergic system for the treatment of obesity\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fjphysiol.2008.164152","external_links_name":"10.1113/jphysiol.2008.164152"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2670022","external_links_name":"2670022"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19029184","external_links_name":"19029184"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere_Preserve	Man and the Biosphere Programme	["1 Biosphere reserves","1.1 IUCN classification","2 Programme's structure","3 Networks","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	UNESCO conservation programme This article may contain excessive or inappropriate references to self-published sources. Please help improve it by removing references to unreliable sources where they are used inappropriately. (September 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Logo of MAB Walkway in Zuvintas Biosphere Reserve Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) is an intergovernmental scientific program, launched in 1971 by UNESCO, that aims to establish a scientific basis for the 'improvement of relationships' between people and their environments. MAB engages with the international development agenda, especially the Sustainable Development Goals and the Post 2015 Development Agenda. The MAB programme provides a platform for cooperation in research and development. As of January 2021, 727 biosphere reserves in 131 countries, including 22 transboundary sites, have been included in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. Biosphere reserves Biosphere reserves are areas comprising terrestrial, marine and coastal ecosystems. Its biosphere reserves are nominated by national governments and remain under the sovereign jurisdiction of the states where they are located. Their status is internationally recognized. Biosphere reserves are 'Science for Sustainability support sites'. Biosphere reserves have three zones: The core area(s) comprises a strictly protected ecosystem. The buffer zone surrounds or adjoins the core areas and is used for ecological practices. The transition area is the part of the reserve where most activity is allowed. IUCN classification In 1996, the IUCN and MAB published a guideline for how to assess UNESCO biosphere reserves in the IUCN classification system. The IUCN distinguishes between the biosphere core area, buffer zones, transition zones, and each individual biosphere reserve. Biosphere core zones are in IUCN category I; either Ia (strict nature reserve) or Ib (wilderness area). Biosphere buffer zones would fall into categories IV, V or VI, and transition zones would be categorized as either V or VI, if possible. Programme's structure Further information: World Network of Biosphere Reserves Participating countries establish MAB National Committees that define and implement each country's activities. MAB currently operates through 158 national committees established among the 195 member states and nine associate member states of UNESCO. The agenda of the MAB programme is defined by its main governing body, the International Coordinating Council. The MAB Council consists of 34 member states elected by UNESCO's General Conference. The council elects a chair and five vice-chairs from each of UNESCO's geopolitical regions, one of which functions as a rapporteur. These constitute the MAB Bureau. The MAB Secretariat is based at UNESCO's Division of Ecological and Earth Sciences, at UNESCO's headquarters in Paris, and works with field offices at national and regional levels. MAB is funded by UNESCO and mobilizes funds in trust granted by Member States, bilateral and multilateral sources, and extra-budgetary funds provided by countries, the private sector and private institutions. The latest World Congress of Biosphere Reserves took place in Lima, Peru, from March 14–17, 2016. This will be the 4th World Congress of Biosphere Reserves. Networks The World Network of Biosphere Reserves are as follows: The African Biosphere Reserves Network (AfriMAB) was created in 1996 and comprises 33 African countries. The ArabMAB Network was officially launched in 1997 and represents 18 Arab countries. The East Asian Biosphere Reserve Network was launched in 1994. Today, it consists of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Japan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, the Republic of Korea and the Russian Federation. EuroMAB is the network of biosphere reserves in Europe and North America. Created in 1987, it is the largest MAB Regional Network with 53 countries. The Ibero-American MAB Network (IberoMAB) was created in 1992. It comprises 22 countries from Latin American and the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal. The Pacific Man and the Biosphere Network (PacMAB) was created in 2006 and comprises the Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa and Tonga. The South and Central Asia MAB Network (SACAM) was created in 2002 and comprises Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran, Kazakhstan, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The Southeast Asian Biosphere Reserve Network (SeaBRnet) was created in 1998. Today, it comprises Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam. The East Atlantic Biosphere Reserve Network (REDBIOS) was created in 1994. It comprises the Canary Islands (Spain), Cape Verde, Guinea Bissau, Madeira and Azores (Portugal), Mauritania, Morocco, Sao Tomé and Principe, and Senegal. The World Network of Island and Coastal Biosphere Reserves was established in 2012 and comprises 22 countries. See also Agenda 21 References ^ "Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme". UNESCO. January 7, 2019. ^ "MAB leaflet 2015" (PDF). ^ Biosphere reserves and the IUCN system of protected area management categories. IUCN Man and the Biosphere Programme, World Conservation Union and Australian Nature Conservation Agency. 1996. Retrieved 11 September 2019. ^ "4th World Congress \| United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization". www.unesco.org. External links UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves Frequently Asked Questions on Biosphere Reserve at the Library of Congress Web Archives (archived 2015-11-29) A-Z of Areas of Biodiverity Importance: Biosphere Reserves (MAB) vteUNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme World Network of Biosphere Reserves Africa Arab States Asia and the Pacific Europe and North America Latin America and the Caribbean Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Man_and_the_Biosphere_Programme_Logo.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zuvinto_pazintinis_takas_ir_bokstelis.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zuvintas Biosphere Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuvintas_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"international development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_development"},{"link_name":"Sustainable Development Goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals"},{"link_name":"Post 2015 Development Agenda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-2015_Development_Agenda"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Man_and_the_Biosphere_Programme&action=edit"},{"link_name":"World Network of Biosphere Reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Logo of MABWalkway in Zuvintas Biosphere ReserveMan and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) is an intergovernmental scientific program, launched in 1971 by UNESCO, that aims to establish a scientific basis for the 'improvement of relationships' between people and their environments.MAB engages with the international development agenda, especially the Sustainable Development Goals and the Post 2015 Development Agenda. The MAB programme provides a platform for cooperation in research and development. As of January 2021[update], 727 biosphere reserves in 131 countries, including 22 transboundary sites, have been included in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.[1]","title":"Man and the Biosphere Programme"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Biosphere reserves are areas comprising terrestrial, marine and coastal ecosystems. Its biosphere reserves are nominated by national governments and remain under the sovereign jurisdiction of the states where they are located. Their status is internationally recognized. Biosphere reserves are 'Science for Sustainability support sites'.Biosphere reserves have three zones:The core area(s) comprises a strictly protected ecosystem.\nThe buffer zone surrounds or adjoins the core areas and is used for ecological practices.\nThe transition area is the part of the reserve where most activity is allowed.[2]","title":"Biosphere reserves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN"},{"link_name":"IUCN classification system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_protected_area_categories"},{"link_name":"strict nature reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strict_nature_reserve"},{"link_name":"wilderness area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_area"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"IUCN classification","text":"In 1996, the IUCN and MAB published a guideline for how to assess UNESCO biosphere reserves in the IUCN classification system. The IUCN distinguishes between the biosphere core area, buffer zones, transition zones, and each individual biosphere reserve. Biosphere core zones are in IUCN category I; either Ia (strict nature reserve) or Ib (wilderness area). Biosphere buffer zones would fall into categories IV, V or VI, and transition zones would be categorized as either V or VI, if possible.[3]","title":"Biosphere reserves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Network of Biosphere Reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Further information: World Network of Biosphere ReservesParticipating countries establish MAB National Committees that define and implement each country's activities. MAB currently operates through 158 national committees established among the 195 member states and nine associate member states of UNESCO.The agenda of the MAB programme is defined by its main governing body, the International Coordinating Council. The MAB Council consists of 34 member states elected by UNESCO's General Conference. The council elects a chair and five vice-chairs from each of UNESCO's geopolitical regions, one of which functions as a rapporteur. These constitute the MAB Bureau.The MAB Secretariat is based at UNESCO's Division of Ecological and Earth Sciences, at UNESCO's headquarters in Paris, and works with field offices at national and regional levels. MAB is funded by UNESCO and mobilizes funds in trust granted by Member States, bilateral and multilateral sources, and extra-budgetary funds provided by countries, the private sector and private institutions.The latest World Congress of Biosphere Reserves took place in Lima, Peru, from March 14–17, 2016. This will be the 4th World Congress of Biosphere Reserves.[4]","title":"Programme's structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"African Biosphere Reserves Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Africa"},{"link_name":"ArabMAB Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_the_Arab_States"},{"link_name":"East Asian Biosphere Reserve Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Asian_Biosphere_Reserve_Network&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"network of biosphere reserves in Europe and North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Europe_and_North_America"},{"link_name":"Ibero-American MAB Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibero-American_MAB_Network&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pacific Man and the Biosphere Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Man_and_the_Biosphere_Network&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"South and Central Asia MAB Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_and_Central_Asia_MAB_Network&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asian Biosphere Reserve Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asian_Biosphere_Reserve_Network&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"East Atlantic Biosphere Reserve Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Atlantic_Biosphere_Reserve_Network&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"World Network of Island and Coastal Biosphere Reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Network_of_Island_and_Coastal_Biosphere_Reserves&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The World Network of Biosphere Reserves are as follows:The African Biosphere Reserves Network (AfriMAB) was created in 1996 and comprises 33 African countries.\nThe ArabMAB Network was officially launched in 1997 and represents 18 Arab countries.\nThe East Asian Biosphere Reserve Network was launched in 1994. Today, it consists of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Japan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, the Republic of Korea and the Russian Federation.\nEuroMAB is the network of biosphere reserves in Europe and North America. Created in 1987, it is the largest MAB Regional Network with 53 countries.\nThe Ibero-American MAB Network (IberoMAB) was created in 1992. It comprises 22 countries from Latin American and the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal.\nThe Pacific Man and the Biosphere Network (PacMAB) was created in 2006 and comprises the Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa and Tonga.\nThe South and Central Asia MAB Network (SACAM) was created in 2002 and comprises Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran, Kazakhstan, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.\nThe Southeast Asian Biosphere Reserve Network (SeaBRnet) was created in 1998. Today, it comprises Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam.\nThe East Atlantic Biosphere Reserve Network (REDBIOS) was created in 1994. It comprises the Canary Islands (Spain), Cape Verde, Guinea Bissau, Madeira and Azores (Portugal), Mauritania, Morocco, Sao Tomé and Principe, and Senegal.\nThe World Network of Island and Coastal Biosphere Reserves was established in 2012 and comprises 22 countries.","title":"Networks"}]	[{"image_text":"Logo of MAB","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Man_and_the_Biosphere_Programme_Logo.svg/210px-Man_and_the_Biosphere_Programme_Logo.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Walkway in Zuvintas Biosphere Reserve","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Zuvinto_pazintinis_takas_ir_bokstelis.jpg/220px-Zuvinto_pazintinis_takas_ir_bokstelis.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Agenda 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenda_21"}]	[{"reference":"\"Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme\". UNESCO. January 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.unesco.org/mab","url_text":"\"Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme\""}]},{"reference":"\"MAB leaflet 2015\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SC/pdf/MAB_leaflet_2015_web_en.pdf","url_text":"\"MAB leaflet 2015\""}]},{"reference":"Biosphere reserves and the IUCN system of protected area management categories. IUCN Man and the Biosphere Programme, World Conservation Union and Australian Nature Conservation Agency. 1996. Retrieved 11 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucn.org/content/biosphere-reserves-and-iucn-system-protected-area-management-categories","url_text":"Biosphere reserves and the IUCN system of protected area management categories"}]},{"reference":"\"4th World Congress \| United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization\". www.unesco.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/4th-world-congress/","url_text":"\"4th World Congress \| United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Man_and_the_Biosphere_Programme&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Man_and_the_Biosphere_Programme&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.unesco.org/mab","external_links_name":"\"Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme\""},{"Link":"http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SC/pdf/MAB_leaflet_2015_web_en.pdf","external_links_name":"\"MAB leaflet 2015\""},{"Link":"https://www.iucn.org/content/biosphere-reserves-and-iucn-system-protected-area-management-categories","external_links_name":"Biosphere reserves and the IUCN system of protected area management categories"},{"Link":"http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/4th-world-congress/","external_links_name":"\"4th World Congress \| United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization\""},{"Link":"https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/wnbr","external_links_name":"UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves"},{"Link":"http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20151129142153/http://portal.unesco.org/science/en/ev.php-URL_ID=6797&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html","external_links_name":"Frequently Asked Questions on Biosphere Reserve"},{"Link":"http://www.biodiversitya-z.org/areas/24/","external_links_name":"A-Z of Areas of Biodiverity Importance: Biosphere Reserves (MAB)"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000012166906X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/137857259","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/19164-4","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007594739105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82204694","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2004244717&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/02639877X","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actimmune	Interferon gamma	["1 Function","2 Structure","3 Receptor binding","4 Signaling","4.1 JAK-STAT pathway","4.2 Other signaling pathways","5 Biological activity","5.1 Activity in granuloma formation","5.2 Activity during pregnancy","6 Production","7 Therapeutic use","8 Potential use in immunotherapy","8.1 Cancer immunotherapy","8.2 Involvement in antitumor immunity","8.3 Barriers","9 Interactions","9.1 Diseases","10 Regulation","11 References","12 Further reading","13 External links"]	InterPro Family IFNGAvailable structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes1EKU, 1FG9, 1FYH, 1HIG, 3BESIdentifiersAliasesIFNG, IFG, IFI, interferon, gamma, interferon gamma, IMD69External IDsOMIM: 147570; MGI: 107656; HomoloGene: 55526; GeneCards: IFNG; OMA:IFNG - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 12 (human)Band12q15Start68,154,768 bpEnd68,159,740 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 10 (mouse)Band10 D2\|10 66.75 cMStart118,276,951 bpEnd118,281,797 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed intesticlegranulocytelymph nodebone marrow cellsappendixtibialis anterior musclegallbladderbloodspleenright lobe of liverTop expressed inembryogranulocyteileumjejunumbone marrowspleenthymusduodenumurinary bladderthoracic segment of trunkMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function interferon-gamma receptor binding cytokine activity protein binding Cellular component extracellular region external side of plasma membrane perikaryon neuron projection cytoplasm extracellular space Biological process apoptotic process positive regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process negative regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation cellular response to interleukin-18 antigen processing and presentation positive regulation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity regulation of transcription, DNA-templated positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 11 production positive regulation of interleukin-12 production positive regulation of autophagy positive regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process regulation of insulin secretion extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway regulation of the force of heart contraction regulation of neuronal action potential positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process positive regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic response to virus positive regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis positive regulation of epithelial cell migration positive regulation of osteoclast differentiation positive regulation of killing of cells of other organism positive regulation of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT protein negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II positive regulation of vitamin D biosynthetic process neutrophil chemotaxis negative regulation of gene expression positive regulation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolic process positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response cell surface receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of gene expression regulation of interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway defense response to bacterium defense response to virus positive regulation of neuron differentiation positive regulation of T cell proliferation positive regulation of cell population proliferation regulation of hepatocyte proliferation immune response regulation of immune response positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation involved in immune response neutrophil apoptotic process sensory perception of mechanical stimulus regulation of growth positive regulation of isotype switching to IgG isotypes positive regulation of exosomal secretion positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation involved in immune response negative regulation of interleukin-17 production cellular response to lipopolysaccharide T cell receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of epithelial cell differentiation negative regulation of myelination inflammatory cell apoptotic process positive regulation of interleukin-23 production positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of cell population proliferation defense response to protozoan positive regulation of cell adhesion negative regulation of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation regulation of glial cell proliferation positive regulation of apoptotic process positive regulation of protein phosphorylation adaptive immune response humoral immune response regulation of protein ADP-ribosylation positive regulation of protein-containing complex assembly positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated regulation of defense response to virus by host interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway positive regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity positive regulation of protein deacetylation positive regulation of core promoter binding interleukin-12-mediated signaling pathway regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation positive regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane regulation of signaling receptor activity positive regulation of protein import into nucleus microglial cell activation positive regulation of NMDA glutamate receptor activity receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT positive regulation of glycolytic process astrocyte activation positive regulation of phagocytosis positive regulation of neurogenesis positive regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process neuroinflammatory response negative regulation of amyloid-beta clearance positive regulation of neuron death positive regulation of cellular respiration positive regulation of amyloid-beta formation negative regulation of tau-protein kinase activity positive regulation of iron ion import across plasma membrane Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez345815978EnsemblENSG00000111537ENSMUSG00000055170UniProtP01579P01580RefSeq (mRNA)NM_000619NM_008337RefSeq (protein)NP_000610NP_032363Location (UCSC)Chr 12: 68.15 – 68.16 MbChr 10: 118.28 – 118.28 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse Interferon gammaCrystal structure of a biologically active single chain mutant of human interferon gammaIdentifiersSymbolIFN gammaPfamPF00714Pfam clanCL0053InterProIPR002069SCOP21rfb / SCOPe / SUPFAMAvailable protein structures:Pfam structures / ECOD PDBRCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBjPDBsumstructure summary Interferon gammaClinical dataTrade namesActimmuneAHFS/Drugs.comMonographMedlinePlusa601152ATC codeL03AB03 (WHO) Identifiers IUPAC name Human interferon gamma-1b CAS Number98059-61-1 YDrugBankDB00033 NChemSpidernoneUNII21K6M2I7AGChEMBLChEMBL1201564 NChemical and physical dataFormulaC761H1206N214O225S6Molar mass17145.65 g·mol−1 NY (what is this?) (verify) Interferon gamma (IFNG or IFN-γ) is a dimerized soluble cytokine that is the only member of the type II class of interferons. The existence of this interferon, which early in its history was known as immune interferon, was described by E. F. Wheelock as a product of human leukocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin, and by others as a product of antigen-stimulated lymphocytes. It was also shown to be produced in human lymphocytes. or tuberculin-sensitized mouse peritoneal lymphocytes challenged with Mantoux test (PPD); the resulting supernatants were shown to inhibit growth of vesicular stomatitis virus. Those reports also contained the basic observation underlying the now widely employed interferon gamma release assay used to test for tuberculosis. In humans, the IFNG protein is encoded by the IFNG gene. Through cell signaling, interferon gamma plays a role in regulating the immune response of its target cell. A key signaling pathway that is activated by type II IFN is the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. IFNG plays an important role in both innate and adaptive immunity. Type II IFN is primarily secreted by adaptive immune cells, more specifically CD4+ T helper 1 (Th1) cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. The expression of type II IFN is upregulated and downregulated by cytokines. By activating signaling pathways in cells such as macrophages, B cells, and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, it is able to promote inflammation, antiviral or antibacterial activity, and cell proliferation and differentiation. Type II IFN is serologically different from interferon type 1, binds to different receptors, and is encoded by a separate chromosomal locus. Type II IFN has played a role in the development of cancer immunotherapy treatments due to its ability to prevent tumor growth. Function IFNG, or type II interferon, is a cytokine that is critical for innate and adaptive immunity against viral, some bacterial and protozoan infections. IFNG is an important activator of macrophages and inducer of major histocompatibility complex class II molecule expression. Aberrant IFNG expression is associated with a number of autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The importance of IFNG in the immune system stems in part from its ability to inhibit viral replication directly, and most importantly from its immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory effects. IFNG is produced predominantly by natural killer cells (NK) and natural killer T cells (NKT) as part of the innate immune response, and by CD4 Th1 and CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) effector T cells once antigen-specific immunity develops as part of the adaptive immune response. IFNG is also produced by non-cytotoxic innate lymphoid cells (ILC), a family of immune cells first discovered in the early 2010s. The primary cells that secrete type II IFN are CD4+ T helper 1 (Th1) cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. It can also be secreted by antigen presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages (MΦs), and B cells to a lesser degree. Type II IFN expression is upregulated by the production of interleukin cytokines, such as IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, as well as type I interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β). Meanwhile, IL-4, IL-10, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β]]) and glucocorticoids are known to downregulate type II IFN expression. Type II IFN is a cytokine, meaning it functions by signaling to other cells in the immune system and influencing their immune response. There are many immune cells type II IFN acts on. Some of its main functions are to induce IgG isotype switching in B cells; upregulate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression on APCs; induce CD8+ cytotoxic T cell differentiation, activation, and proliferation; and activate macrophages. In macrophages, type II IFN stimulates IL-12 expression. IL-12 in turn promotes the secretion of IFNG by NK cells and Th1 cells, and it signals naive T helper cells (Th0) to differentiate into Th1 cells. Structure The IFNG monomer consists of a core of six α-helices and an extended unfolded sequence in the C-terminal region. This is shown in the structural models below. The α-helices in the core of the structure are numbered 1 to 6. Figure 1. Line and cartoon representation of an IFN-γ monomer. The biologically active dimer is formed by anti-parallel inter-locking of the two monomers as shown below. In the cartoon model, one monomer is shown in red, the other in blue. Figure 2. Line and cartoon representation of an IFN-γ dimer. Receptor binding Figure 3. IFN dimer interacting with two IFNGR1 receptor molecules. See also: Interferon-gamma receptorCellular responses to IFNG are activated through its interaction with a heterodimeric receptor consisting of Interferon gamma receptor 1 (IFNGR1) and Interferon gamma receptor 2 (IFNGR2). IFN-γ binding to the receptor activates the JAK-STAT pathway. Activation of the JAK-STAT pathway induces upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), including MHC II. IFNG also binds to the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS) at the cell surface. However, in contrast to many other heparan sulfate binding proteins, where binding promotes biological activity, the binding of IFNG to HS inhibits its biological activity. The structural models shown in figures 1-3 for IFNG are all shortened at their C-termini by 17 amino acids. Full length IFNG is 143 amino acids long, the models are 126 amino acids long. Affinity for heparan sulfate resides solely within the deleted sequence of 17 amino acids. Within this sequence of 17 amino acids lie two clusters of basic amino acids termed D1 and D2, respectively. Heparan sulfate interacts with both of these clusters. In the absence of heparan sulfate the presence of the D1 sequence increases the rate at which IFNG-receptor complexes form. Interactions between the D1 cluster of amino acids and the receptor may be the first step in complex formation. By binding to D1 HS may compete with the receptor and prevent active receptor complexes from forming. The biological significance of heparan sulfates interaction with IFNG is unclear; however, binding of the D1 cluster to HS may protect it from proteolytic cleavage. Signaling IFNG binds to the type II cell-surface receptor, also known as the IFN gamma receptor (IFNGR) which is part of the class II cytokine receptor family. The IFNGR is composed of two subunits: the IFNGR1 and IFNGR2. IFNGR1 is associated with JAK1 and IFNGR2 is associated with JAK2. Upon IFNG binding the receptor, IFNGR1 and IFNGR2 undergo conformational changes that result in the autophosphorylation and activation of JAK1 and JAK2. This leads to a signaling cascade and eventual transcription of target genes. The expression of 236 different genes has been linked to type II IFN-mediated signaling. The proteins expressed by type II IFN-mediated signaling are primarily involved in promoting inflammatory immune responses and regulating other cell-mediated immune responses, such as apoptosis, intracellular IgG trafficking, cytokine signaling and production, hematopoiesis, and cell proliferation and differentiation. JAK-STAT pathway One key pathway triggered by IFNG binding IFNGRs is the Janus Kinase and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription pathway, more commonly referred to as the JAK-STAT pathway. In the JAK-STAT pathway, activated JAK1 and JAK2 proteins regulate the phosphorylation of tyrosine in STAT1 transcription factors. The tyrosines are phosphorylated at a very specific location, allowing activated STAT1 proteins to interact with each other come together to form STAT1-STAT1 homodimers. The STAT1-STAT1 homodimers can then enter the cell nucleus. They then initiate transcription by binding to gamma interferon activation site (GAS) elements, which are located in the promoter region of Interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) that express for antiviral effector proteins, as well as positive and negative regulators of type II IFN signaling pathways. JAK-STAT signaling pathway activated by type II IFN. The JAK proteins also lead to the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). PI3K leads to the activation of protein kinase C delta type (PKC-δ) which phosphorylates the amino acid serine in STAT1 transcription factors. The phosphorylation of the serine in STAT1-STAT1 homodimers are essential for the full transcription process to occur. Other signaling pathways Other signaling pathways that are triggered by IFNG are the mTOR signaling pathway, the MAPK signaling pathway, and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Biological activity IFNG is secreted by T helper cells (specifically, Th1 cells), cytotoxic T cells (TC cells), macrophages, mucosal epithelial cells and NK cells. IFNG is both an important autocrine signal for professional APCs in early innate immune response, and an important paracrine signal in adaptive immune response. The expression of IFNG is induced by the cytokines IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, and type I IFN. IFNG is the only Type II interferon and it is serologically distinct from Type I interferons; it is acid-labile, while the type I variants are acid-stable. IFNG has antiviral, immunoregulatory, and anti-tumor properties. It alters transcription in up to 30 genes producing a variety of physiological and cellular responses. Among the effects are: Promotes NK cell activity Increases antigen presentation and lysosome activity of macrophages. Activates inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) Induces the production of IgG2a and IgG3 from activated plasma B cells Causes normal cells to increase expression of class I MHC molecules as well as class II MHC on antigen-presenting cells—to be specific, through induction of antigen processing genes, including subunits of the immunoproteasome (MECL1, LMP2, LMP7), as well as TAP and ERAAP in addition possibly to the direct upregulation of MHC heavy chains and B2-microglobulin itself Promotes adhesion and binding required for leukocyte migration Induces the expression of intrinsic defense factors—for example, with respect to retroviruses, relevant genes include TRIM5alpha, APOBEC, and Tetherin, representing directly antiviral effects Primes alveolar macrophages against secondary bacterial infections. IFNG is the primary cytokine that defines Th1 cells: Th1 cells secrete IFNG, which in turn causes more undifferentiated CD4+ cells (Th0 cells) to differentiate into Th1 cells, representing a positive feedback loop—while suppressing Th2 cell differentiation. (Equivalent defining cytokines for other cells include IL-4 for Th2 cells and IL-17 for Th17 cells.) NK cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells also produce IFNG. IFNG suppresses osteoclast formation by rapidly degrading the RANK adaptor protein TRAF6 in the RANK-RANKL signaling pathway, which otherwise stimulates the production of NF-κB. Activity in granuloma formation A granuloma is the body's way of dealing with a substance it cannot remove or sterilize. Infectious causes of granulomas (infections are typically the most common cause of granulomas) include tuberculosis, leprosy, histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, and toxoplasmosis. Examples of non-infectious granulomatous diseases are sarcoidosis, Crohn's disease, berylliosis, giant-cell arteritis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, pulmonary rheumatoid nodules, and aspiration of food and other particulate material into the lung. The infectious pathophysiology of granulomas is discussed primarily here. The key association between IFNG and granulomas is that IFNG activates macrophages so that they become more powerful in killing intracellular organisms. Activation of macrophages by IFNG from Th1 helper cells in mycobacterial infections allows the macrophages to overcome the inhibition of phagolysosome maturation caused by mycobacteria (to stay alive inside macrophages). The first steps in IFNG-induced granuloma formation are activation of Th1 helper cells by macrophages releasing IL-1 and IL-12 in the presence of intracellular pathogens, and presentation of antigens from those pathogens. Next the Th1 helper cells aggregate around the macrophages and release IFNG, which activates the macrophages. Further activation of macrophages causes a cycle of further killing of intracellular bacteria, and further presentation of antigens to Th1 helper cells with further release of IFNG. Finally, macrophages surround the Th1 helper cells and become fibroblast-like cells walling off the infection. Activity during pregnancy Uterine natural killer cells (NKs) secrete high levels of chemoattractants, such as IFNG in mice. IFNG dilates and thins the walls of maternal spiral arteries to enhance blood flow to the implantation site. This remodeling aids in the development of the placenta as it invades the uterus in its quest for nutrients. IFNG knockout mice fail to initiate normal pregnancy-induced modification of decidual arteries. These models display abnormally low amounts of cells or necrosis of decidua. In humans, elevated levels of IFN gamma have been associated with increased risk of miscarriage. Correlation studies have observed high IFNG levels in women with a history of spontaneous miscarriage, when compared to women with no history of spontaneous miscarriage. Additionally, low-IFNG levels are associated with women who successfully carry to term. It is possible that IFNG is cytotoxic to trophoblasts, which leads to miscarriage. However, causal research on the relationship between IFNG and miscarriage has not been performed due to ethical constraints. Production Recombinant human IFNG, as an expensive biopharmaceutical, has been expressed in different expression systems including prokaryotic, protozoan, fungal (yeasts), plant, insect and mammalian cells. Human IFNG is commonly expressed in Escherichia coli, marketed as ACTIMMUNE®, however, the resulting product of the prokaryotic expression system is not glycosylated with a short half-life in the bloodstream after injection; the purification process from bacterial expression system is also very costly. Other expression systems like Pichia pastoris did not show satisfactory results in terms of yields. Therapeutic use Interferon gamma 1b is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) and osteopetrosis. The mechanism by which IFNG benefits CGD is via enhancing the efficacy of neutrophils against catalase-positive bacteria by correcting patients' oxidative metabolism. It was not approved to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). In 2002, the manufacturer InterMune issued a press release saying that phase III data demonstrated survival benefit in IPF and reduced mortality by 70% in patients with mild to moderate disease. The U.S. Department of Justice charged that the release contained false and misleading statements. InterMune's chief executive, Scott Harkonen, was accused of manipulating the trial data, was convicted in 2009 of wire fraud, and was sentenced to fines and community service. Harkonen appealed his conviction to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, and lost. Harkonen was granted a full pardon on January 20, 2021. Preliminary research on the role of IFNG in treating Friedreich's ataxia (FA) conducted by Children's Hospital of Philadelphia has found no beneficial effects in short-term (< 6-months) treatment. However, researchers in Turkey have discovered significant improvements in patients' gait and stance after 6 months of treatment. Although not officially approved, Interferon gamma has also been shown to be effective in treating patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. Specifically, recombinant IFNG therapy has shown promise in patients with lowered IFNG expression, such as those with predisposition to herpes simplex virus, and pediatric patients. Potential use in immunotherapy IFNG increases an anti-proliferative state in cancer cells, while upregulating MHC I and MHC II expression, which increases immunorecognition and removal of pathogenic cells. IFNG also reduces metastasis in tumors by upregulating fibronectin, which negatively impacts tumor architecture. Increased IFNG mRNA levels in tumors at diagnosis has been associated to better responses to immunotherapy. Cancer immunotherapy The goal of cancer immunotherapy is to trigger an immune response by the patient's immune cells to attack and kill malignant (cancer-causing) tumor cells. Type II IFN deficiency has been linked to several types of cancer, including B-cell lymphoma and lung cancer. Furthermore, it has been found that in patients receiving the drug durvalumab to treat non-small cell lung carcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma had higher response rates to the drug, and the drug stunted the progression of both types of cancer for a longer duration of time. Thus, promoting the upregulation of type II IFN has been proven to be a crucial part in creating effective cancer immunotherapy treatments. IFNG is not approved yet for the treatment in any cancer immunotherapy. However, improved survival was observed when IFNG was administered to patients with bladder carcinoma and melanoma cancers. The most promising result was achieved in patients with stage 2 and 3 of ovarian carcinoma. On the contrary, it was stressed: "Interferon-γ secreted by CD8-positive lymphocytes upregulates PD-L1 on ovarian cancer cells and promotes tumour growth." The in vitro study of IFNG in cancer cells is more extensive and results indicate anti-proliferative activity of IFNG leading to the growth inhibition or cell death, generally induced by apoptosis but sometimes by autophagy. In addition, it has been reported that mammalian glycosylation of recombinant human IFNG, expressed in HEK293, improves its therapeutic efficacy compared to the unglycosylated form that is expressed in E. coli. Involvement in antitumor immunity Type II IFN enhances Th1 cell, cytotoxic T cell, and APC activities, which results in an enhanced immune response against the malignant tumor cells, leading to tumor cell apoptosis and necroptosis (cell death). Furthermore, Type II IFN suppresses the activity of regulatory T cells, which are responsible for silencing immune responses against pathogens, preventing the deactivation of the immune cells involved in the killing of the tumor cells. Type II IFN prevents tumor cell division by directly acting on the tumor cells, which results in increased expression of proteins that inhibit the tumor cells from continuing through the cell cycle (i.e., cell cycle arrest). Type II IFN can also prevent tumor growth by indirectly acting on endothelial cells lining the blood vessels close to the site of the tumor, cutting off blood flow to the tumor cells and thus the supply of necessary resources for tumor cell survival and proliferation. Barriers The importance of type II IFN in cancer immunotherapy has been acknowledged; current research is studying the effects of type II IFN on cancer, both as a solo form of treatment and as a form of treatment to be administered alongside other anticancer drugs. But type II IFN has not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat cancer, except for malignant osteoporosis. This is most likely due to the fact that while type II IFN is involved in antitumor immunity, some of its functions may enhance the progression of a cancer. When type II IFN acts on tumor cells, it may induce the expression of a transmembrane protein known as programmed death-ligand 1 (PDL1), which allows the tumor cells to evade an attack from immune cells. Type II IFN-mediated signaling may also promote angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels to the tumor site) and tumor cell proliferation. Interactions Interferon gamma has been shown to interact with Interferon gamma receptor 1 and Interferon gamma receptor 2. Diseases Interferon gamma has been shown to be a crucial player in the immune response against some intracellular pathogens, including that of Chagas disease. It has also been identified as having a role in seborrheic dermatitis. IFNG has a significant anti-viral effect in herpes simplex virus I (HSV) infection. IFNG compromises the microtubules that HSV relies upon for transport into an infected cell's nucleus, inhibiting the ability of HSV to replicate. Studies in mice on acyclovir resistant herpes have shown that IFNG treatment can significantly reduce herpes viral load. The mechanism by which IFNG inhibits herpes reproduction is independent of T-cells, which means that IFNG may be an effective treatment in individuals with low T-cells. Chlamydia infection is impacted by IFNG in host cells. In human epithelial cells, IFNG upregulates expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, which in turn depletes tryptophan in hosts and impedes chlamydia's reproduction. Additionally, in rodent epithelial cells, IFNG upregulates a GTPase that inhibits chlamydial proliferation. In both the human and rodent systems, chlamydia has evolved mechanisms to circumvent the negative effects of host cell behavior. 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"The roles of IFN gamma in protection against tumor development and cancer immunoediting". Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews. 13 (2): 95–109. doi:10.1016/S1359-6101(01)00038-7. PMID 11900986. Chesler DA, Reiss CS (December 2002). "The role of IFN-gamma in immune responses to viral infections of the central nervous system". Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews. 13 (6): 441–454. doi:10.1016/S1359-6101(02)00044-8. PMID 12401479. Dessein A, Kouriba B, Eboumbou C, Dessein H, Argiro L, Marquet S, et al. (October 2004). "Interleukin-13 in the skin and interferon-gamma in the liver are key players in immune protection in human schistosomiasis". Immunological Reviews. 201: 180–190. doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00195.x. PMID 15361241. S2CID 25378236. Joseph AM, Kumar M, Mitra D (January 2005). "Nef: "necessary and enforcing factor" in HIV infection". Current HIV Research. 3 (1): 87–94. doi:10.2174/1570162052773013. PMID 15638726. Copeland KF (December 2005). "Modulation of HIV-1 transcription by cytokines and chemokines". Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry. 5 (12): 1093–1101. doi:10.2174/138955705774933383. PMID 16375755. Chiba H, Kojima T, Osanai M, Sawada N (January 2006). "The significance of interferon-gamma-triggered internalization of tight-junction proteins in inflammatory bowel disease". Science's STKE. 2006 (316): pe1. doi:10.1126/stke.3162006pe1. PMID 16391178. S2CID 85320208. Tellides G, Pober JS (March 2007). "Interferon-gamma axis in graft arteriosclerosis". Circulation Research. 100 (5): 622–632. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.495.2743. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000258861.72279.29. PMID 17363708. S2CID 254247. External links Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P01579 (Interferon gamma) at the PDBe-KB. Interferon+Type+II at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) "Interferon type II". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. vtePDB gallery 1eku: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF A BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SINGLE CHAIN MUTANT OF HUMAN IFN-GAMMA 1fg9: 3:1 COMPLEX OF INTERFERON-GAMMA RECEPTOR WITH INTERFERON-GAMMA DIMER 1fyh: 1:1 COMPLEX BETWEEN AN INTERFERON GAMMA SINGLE-CHAIN VARIANT AND ITS RECEPTOR vteDNA virus antivirals (primarily J05, also S01AD and D06BB)Baltimore IHerpesvirusDNA-synthesisinhibitorTK activatedPurine analogue guanine (Aciclovir#/Valaciclovir Ganciclovir/Valganciclovir# Penciclovir/Famciclovir) adenine (Vidarabine) Pyrimidine analogue uridine (Idoxuridine Trifluridine (+tipiracil) Edoxudine) thymine Brivudine FV-100† Sorivudine‡ cytosine (Cytarabine) Not TK activated Foscarnet Other Amenamevir Docosanol Letermovir Maribavir early protein (Fomivirsen‡) Tromantadine HPV/MC Imiquimod/Resiquimod Podophyllotoxin Vaccinia assembly: Rifampicin Poxviridae Methisazone Tecovirimat Hepatitis B (VII) Nucleoside analogues/NARTIs: Entecavir# Lamivudine Lobucavir† Telbivudine Clevudine Nucleotide analogues/NtRTIs: Adefovir Tenofovir disoproxil Tenofovir alafenamide Multiple/generalNucleic acid inhibitors Cidofovir Brincidofovir Interferon Interferon alfa 2b Peginterferon alfa-2a Multiple/unknown Filociclovir† Ribavirin#/Taribavirin† Moroxydine #WHO-EM ‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: †Phase III §Never to phase III vteImmunostimulants (L03)EndogenousCytokinesColony-stimulating factors G-CSF Efbemalenograstim alfa Eflapegrastim Filgrastim / Lipegfilgrastim / Pegfilgrastim Lenograstim GM-CSF Molgramostim Sargramostim SCF Ancestim Interferons alpha: Albinterferon Interferon alfa natural Interferon alfa 2a / Peginterferon alfa-2a Interferon alfa 2b / Peginterferon alfa-2b / Ropeginterferon alfa-2b Interferon alfa n1 Interferon alfacon-1 Interferon alpha-n3 feline "omega" beta: Interferon beta natural Interferon beta 1a Interferon beta 1b Interferon gamma Interleukins Aldesleukin Oprelvekin Other protein / peptide Growth hormone Immunocyanin Pegademase Prolactin Tasonermin Other Female sex steroids Histamine dihydrochloride Poly ICLC Vitamin D Exogenous beta-glucan Lentinan heterocyclic compound Plerixafor hydroxyquinoline Roquinimex Mifamurtide oligopeptides Glatiramer acetate Thymopentin Thymosin α1 Thymulin polyribonucleotide Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid thiazolidine Pidotimod Inosine pranobex vaccines Bacillus Calmette–Guérin Melanoma vaccine Sipuleucel-T vteCell signaling: cytokinesBy familyChemokineCCL CCL1 CCL2/MCP1 CCL3/MIP1α CCL4/MIP1β CCL5/RANTES CCL6 CCL7 CCL8 CCL9 CCL11 CCL12 CCL13 CCL14 CCL15 CCL16 CCL17 CCL18/PARC/DCCK1/AMAC1/MIP4 CCL19 CCL20 CCL21 CCL22 CCL23 CCL24 CCL25 CCL26 CCL27 CCL28 CXCL CXCL1/KC CXCL2 CXCL3 CXCL4 CXCL5 CXCL6 CXCL7 CXCL8/IL8 CXCL9 CXCL10 CXCL11 CXCL12 CXCL13 CXCL14 CXCL15 CXCL16 CXCL17 CX3CL CX3CL1 XCL XCL1 XCL2 TNF TNFA Lymphotoxin TNFB/LTA TNFC/LTB TNFSF4 TNFSF5/CD40LG TNFSF6 TNFSF7 TNFSF8 TNFSF9 TNFSF10 TNFSF11 TNFSF13 TNFSF13B EDA InterleukinType I(grouped byreceptorsubunit)γ chain IL2/IL15 IL4/IL13 IL7 IL9 IL21 β chain IL3 IL5 GMCSF IL6 like/gp130 IL6 IL11 IL27 IL30 IL31 +non IL OSM LIF CNTF CTF1 IL12 family/IL12RB1 IL12 IL23 IL27 IL35 Other IL14 IL16 IL32 IL34 Type IIIL10 family IL10/IL22 IL19 IL20 IL24 IL26 Interferon type III IL28/IFNL2+3 IL29/IFNL1 InterferonI IFNA1 IFNA2 IFNA4 IFNA5 IFNA6 IFNA7 IFNA8 IFNA10 IFNA13 IFNA14 IFNA16 IFNA17 IFNA21 IFNB1 IFNK IFNW1 II IFNG Ig superfamily IL1 family: IL1A/IL1F1 IL1B/IL1F2 1Ra/IL1F3 IL1F5 IL1F6 IL1F7 IL1F8 IL1F9 IL1F10 33/IL1F11 18/IL1G IL17 family IL17/IL25 (IL17A) Other Hematopoietic KITLG Colony-stimulating factor SPP1 MIF By function/cell proinflammatory cytokine IL1 TNFA Monokine Lymphokine Th1 IFNγ TNFβ Th2 IL4 IL5 IL6 IL10 IL13 vteCytokine receptor modulatorsChemokine See here instead. CSFErythropoietin Agonists: ARA-290 Asialo erythropoietin Carbamylated erythropoietin CNTO-530 Darbepoetin alfa Epoetin alfa Epoetin beta Epoetin delta Epoetin epsilon Epoetin gamma Epoetin kappa Epoetin omega Epoetin theta Epoetin zeta Erythropoietin (EPO) Erythropoietin-Fc Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta (CERA/Mircera) Peginesatide Pegol sihematide (EPO-018B) G-CSF (CSF3) Agonists: Filgrastim Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor Lenograstim Leridistim Lipegfilgrastim Nartograstim Pegfilgrastim Pegnartograstim GM-CSF (CSF2) Agonists: Ecogramostim Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor Milodistim Molgramostim Regramostim Sargramostim Antibodies: Mavrilimumab Namilumab Otilimab M-CSF (CSF1) Agonists: Cilmostim Interleukin-34 Lanimostim Macrophage colony-stimulating factor Mirimostim Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib SCF (c-Kit) See here instead. Thrombopoietin Agonists: Eltrombopag Pegacaristim Promegapoietin Romiplostim Thrombopoietin (THPO, MGDF) InterferonIFNAR (α/β, I) Agonists: Albinterferon Interferon alpha (interferon alfa, IFN-α) Interferon alfa (IFNA1, IFNA2, IFNA4, IFNA5, IFNA6, IFNA7, IFNA8, IFNA10, IFNA13, IFNA14, IFNA16, IFNA17, IFNA21) Interferon alfa 2a Interferon alfa 2b Interferon alfa n1 Interferon alfacon-1 Interferon alpha-n3 Interferon beta (IFN-β) (IFNB1, IFNB3) Interferon beta 1a Interferon beta 1b Interferon kappa (IFN-ε/κ/τ/ζ, IFNK) Interferon omega (IFN-ω, IFNW1) Peginterferon alfa-2a Peginterferon alfa-2b Antibodies: Anifrolumab Faralimomab MEDI-545 Rontalizumab Sifalimumab Decoy receptors: Bifarcept IFNGR (γ, II) Agonists: Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) Interferon gamma 1b Antibodies: Emapalumab Fontolizumab IFNLR (λ, III) See IL-28R (IFNLR) here instead. Interleukin See here instead. TGFβ See here instead. TNF See here instead. OthersJAK(inhibitors)JAK1 Abrocitinib Baricitinib Filgotinib Momelotinib Oclacitinib Peficitinib Ruxolitinib Tofacitinib (tasocitinib) Upadacitinib JAK2 Atiprimod AZD-1480 Baricitinib CHZ868 Cucurbitacin I (elatericin B, JSI-124) CYT387 Lestaurtinib NSC-7908 NSC-33994 Pacritinib Peficitinib Ruxolitinib SD-1008 Tofacitinib (tasocitinib) JAK3 Cercosporamide Decernotinib (VX-509) Peficitinib Ritlecitinib TCS-21311 Tofacitinib (tasocitinib) WHI-P 154 ZM-39923 ZM-449829 TYK2 Deucravacitinib Others Additional cytokines: Cardiotrophin 1 (CT-1) FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT3L) Leukemia/leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF) Oncostatin M (OSM) Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) Additional cytokine receptor modulators: Emfilermin Lestaurtinib Midostaurin Quizartinib Sorafenib Sunitinib Portals: Biology Medicine This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dimerized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_dimer"},{"link_name":"cytokine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine"},{"link_name":"interferons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid6180322-5"},{"link_name":"leukocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocyte"},{"link_name":"phytohemagglutinin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytohemagglutinin"},{"link_name":"lymphocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocytes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17838106-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"tuberculin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculin"},{"link_name":"peritoneal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritoneal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Mantoux test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantoux_test"},{"link_name":"supernatants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatant"},{"link_name":"vesicular stomatitis virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicular_stomatitis_virus"},{"link_name":"interferon gamma release assay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon_gamma_release_assay"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid6403645-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"JAK-STAT signaling pathway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAK-STAT_signaling_pathway"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-12"},{"link_name":"innate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immune_system"},{"link_name":"adaptive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system"},{"link_name":"T helper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_helper_cell"},{"link_name":"natural killer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_killer_cell"},{"link_name":"cytotoxic T cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxic_T_cell"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-13"},{"link_name":"macrophages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage"},{"link_name":"B cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_cell"},{"link_name":"CD8+ cytotoxic T cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxic_T_cell"},{"link_name":"proliferation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_proliferation"},{"link_name":"differentiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiation"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"interferon type 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon_type_1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"cancer immunotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_immunotherapy"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-13"}],"text":"Interferon gamma (IFNG or IFN-γ) is a dimerized soluble cytokine that is the only member of the type II class of interferons.[5] The existence of this interferon, which early in its history was known as immune interferon, was described by E. F. Wheelock as a product of human leukocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin, and by others as a product of antigen-stimulated lymphocytes.[6] It was also shown to be produced in human lymphocytes.[7] or tuberculin-sensitized mouse peritoneal lymphocytes[8] challenged with Mantoux test (PPD); the resulting supernatants were shown to inhibit growth of vesicular stomatitis virus. Those reports also contained the basic observation underlying the now widely employed interferon gamma release assay used to test for tuberculosis. In humans, the IFNG protein is encoded by the IFNG gene.[9][10]Through cell signaling, interferon gamma plays a role in regulating the immune response of its target cell.[11] A key signaling pathway that is activated by type II IFN is the JAK-STAT signaling pathway.[12] IFNG plays an important role in both innate and adaptive immunity. Type II IFN is primarily secreted by adaptive immune cells, more specifically CD4+ T helper 1 (Th1) cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. The expression of type II IFN is upregulated and downregulated by cytokines.[13] By activating signaling pathways in cells such as macrophages, B cells, and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, it is able to promote inflammation, antiviral or antibacterial activity, and cell proliferation and differentiation.[14] Type II IFN is serologically different from interferon type 1, binds to different receptors, and is encoded by a separate chromosomal locus.[15] Type II IFN has played a role in the development of cancer immunotherapy treatments due to its ability to prevent tumor growth.[13]","title":"Interferon gamma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"innate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immunity"},{"link_name":"adaptive immunity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_immunity"},{"link_name":"viral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_disease"},{"link_name":"bacterial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenic_bacteria"},{"link_name":"protozoan infections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoan_infection"},{"link_name":"macrophages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage"},{"link_name":"major histocompatibility complex class II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex_class_II"},{"link_name":"autoinflammatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoinflammatory_disease"},{"link_name":"autoimmune diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_disease"},{"link_name":"immune system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system"},{"link_name":"viral replication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_replication"},{"link_name":"immunostimulatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunostimulator"},{"link_name":"immunomodulatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunomodulator"},{"link_name":"natural killer cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_killer_cell"},{"link_name":"natural killer T cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_killer_T_cell"},{"link_name":"CD4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD4"},{"link_name":"CD8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD8"},{"link_name":"CTL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxic_T_cell"},{"link_name":"antigen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez2-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17981204-17"},{"link_name":"innate lymphoid cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_lymphoid_cell"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"T helper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_helper_cell"},{"link_name":"natural killer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_killer_cell"},{"link_name":"cytotoxic T cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxic_T_cell"},{"link_name":"APCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen-presenting_cell"},{"link_name":"DCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendritic_cell"},{"link_name":"MΦs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage"},{"link_name":"B cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_cell"},{"link_name":"interleukin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin"},{"link_name":"IL-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_12"},{"link_name":"IL-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_15"},{"link_name":"IL-18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_18"},{"link_name":"type I interferons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon_type_I"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-13"},{"link_name":"IL-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_4"},{"link_name":"IL-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_10"},{"link_name":"transforming growth factor-beta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor-beta"},{"link_name":"glucocorticoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoid"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"IgG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G"},{"link_name":"isotype switching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_class_switching"},{"link_name":"B cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_cell"},{"link_name":"major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHC_class_II"},{"link_name":"APCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen-presenting_cell"},{"link_name":"macrophages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage"},{"link_name":"IL-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_12"},{"link_name":"naive T helper cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naive_T_cell"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"}],"text":"IFNG, or type II interferon, is a cytokine that is critical for innate and adaptive immunity against viral, some bacterial and protozoan infections. IFNG is an important activator of macrophages and inducer of major histocompatibility complex class II molecule expression. Aberrant IFNG expression is associated with a number of autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The importance of IFNG in the immune system stems in part from its ability to inhibit viral replication directly, and most importantly from its immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory effects. IFNG is produced predominantly by natural killer cells (NK) and natural killer T cells (NKT) as part of the innate immune response, and by CD4 Th1 and CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) effector T cells once antigen-specific immunity develops[16][17] as part of the adaptive immune response. IFNG is also produced by non-cytotoxic innate lymphoid cells (ILC), a family of immune cells first discovered in the early 2010s.[18]The primary cells that secrete type II IFN are CD4+ T helper 1 (Th1) cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. It can also be secreted by antigen presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages (MΦs), and B cells to a lesser degree. Type II IFN expression is upregulated by the production of interleukin cytokines, such as IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, as well as type I interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β).[13] Meanwhile, IL-4, IL-10, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β]]) and glucocorticoids are known to downregulate type II IFN expression.[14]Type II IFN is a cytokine, meaning it functions by signaling to other cells in the immune system and influencing their immune response. There are many immune cells type II IFN acts on. Some of its main functions are to induce IgG isotype switching in B cells; upregulate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression on APCs; induce CD8+ cytotoxic T cell differentiation, activation, and proliferation; and activate macrophages. In macrophages, type II IFN stimulates IL-12 expression. IL-12 in turn promotes the secretion of IFNG by NK cells and Th1 cells, and it signals naive T helper cells (Th0) to differentiate into Th1 cells.[11]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monomer"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid1902591-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PDB_1FG9-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IFN2.jpeg"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PDB_1FG9-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IFN3.jpeg"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PDB_1FG9-20"}],"text":"The IFNG monomer consists of a core of six α-helices and an extended unfolded sequence in the C-terminal region.[19][20] This is shown in the structural models below. The α-helices in the core of the structure are numbered 1 to 6.Figure 1. Line and cartoon representation of an IFN-γ monomer.[20]The biologically active dimer is formed by anti-parallel inter-locking of the two monomers as shown below. In the cartoon model, one monomer is shown in red, the other in blue.Figure 2. Line and cartoon representation of an IFN-γ dimer.[20]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IFN_with_recep.jpeg"},{"link_name":"IFNGR1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFNGR1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PDB_1FG9-20"},{"link_name":"Interferon-gamma receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon-gamma_receptor"},{"link_name":"Interferon gamma receptor 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon_gamma_receptor_1"},{"link_name":"Interferon gamma receptor 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon_gamma_receptor_2"},{"link_name":"JAK-STAT pathway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAK-STAT_pathway"},{"link_name":"interferon-stimulated genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon-stimulated_gene"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"glycosaminoglycan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosaminoglycan"},{"link_name":"heparan sulfate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heparan_sulfate"},{"link_name":"biological activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_activity"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9556569-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PDB_1FG9-20"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15270718-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid1901275-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9556569-22"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"proteolytic cleavage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteolytic_cleavage"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid1901275-24"}],"text":"Figure 3. IFN dimer interacting with two IFNGR1 receptor molecules.[20]See also: Interferon-gamma receptorCellular responses to IFNG are activated through its interaction with a heterodimeric receptor consisting of Interferon gamma receptor 1 (IFNGR1) and Interferon gamma receptor 2 (IFNGR2). IFN-γ binding to the receptor activates the JAK-STAT pathway. Activation of the JAK-STAT pathway induces upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), including MHC II.[21] IFNG also binds to the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS) at the cell surface. However, in contrast to many other heparan sulfate binding proteins, where binding promotes biological activity, the binding of IFNG to HS inhibits its biological activity.[22]The structural models shown in figures 1-3 for IFNG[20] are all shortened at their C-termini by 17 amino acids. Full length IFNG is 143 amino acids long, the models are 126 amino acids long. Affinity for heparan sulfate resides solely within the deleted sequence of 17 amino acids.[23] Within this sequence of 17 amino acids lie two clusters of basic amino acids termed D1 and D2, respectively. Heparan sulfate interacts with both of these clusters.[24] In the absence of heparan sulfate the presence of the D1 sequence increases the rate at which IFNG-receptor complexes form.[22] Interactions between the D1 cluster of amino acids and the receptor may be the first step in complex formation. By binding to D1 HS may compete with the receptor and prevent active receptor complexes from forming.[citation needed]The biological significance of heparan sulfates interaction with IFNG is unclear; however, binding of the D1 cluster to HS may protect it from proteolytic cleavage.[24]","title":"Receptor binding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IFNGR1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon_gamma_receptor_1"},{"link_name":"IFNGR2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon_gamma_receptor_2"},{"link_name":"JAK1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janus_kinase_1"},{"link_name":"JAK2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janus_kinase_2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-12"},{"link_name":"apoptosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis"},{"link_name":"IgG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G"},{"link_name":"cytokine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine"},{"link_name":"hematopoiesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haematopoiesis"},{"link_name":"proliferation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_proliferation"},{"link_name":"differentiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiation"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"}],"text":"IFNG binds to the type II cell-surface receptor, also known as the IFN gamma receptor (IFNGR) which is part of the class II cytokine receptor family. The IFNGR is composed of two subunits: the IFNGR1 and IFNGR2. IFNGR1 is associated with JAK1 and IFNGR2 is associated with JAK2. Upon IFNG binding the receptor, IFNGR1 and IFNGR2 undergo conformational changes that result in the autophosphorylation and activation of JAK1 and JAK2. This leads to a signaling cascade and eventual transcription of target genes.[12] The expression of 236 different genes has been linked to type II IFN-mediated signaling. The proteins expressed by type II IFN-mediated signaling are primarily involved in promoting inflammatory immune responses and regulating other cell-mediated immune responses, such as apoptosis, intracellular IgG trafficking, cytokine signaling and production, hematopoiesis, and cell proliferation and differentiation.[14]","title":"Signaling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JAK-STAT pathway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAK-STAT_signaling_pathway"},{"link_name":"STAT1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STAT1"},{"link_name":"homodimers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_dimer"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-12"},{"link_name":"Interferon-stimulated genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon-stimulated_gene"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Type_II_IFN_JAK-STAT_Pathway.jpg"},{"link_name":"PI3K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoinositide_3-kinase"},{"link_name":"PKC-δ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRKCD"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-12"}],"sub_title":"JAK-STAT pathway","text":"One key pathway triggered by IFNG binding IFNGRs is the Janus Kinase and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription pathway, more commonly referred to as the JAK-STAT pathway. In the JAK-STAT pathway, activated JAK1 and JAK2 proteins regulate the phosphorylation of tyrosine in STAT1 transcription factors. The tyrosines are phosphorylated at a very specific location, allowing activated STAT1 proteins to interact with each other come together to form STAT1-STAT1 homodimers. The STAT1-STAT1 homodimers can then enter the cell nucleus. They then initiate transcription by binding to gamma interferon activation site (GAS) elements,[12] which are located in the promoter region of Interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) that express for antiviral effector proteins, as well as positive and negative regulators of type II IFN signaling pathways.[25]JAK-STAT signaling pathway activated by type II IFN.The JAK proteins also lead to the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). PI3K leads to the activation of protein kinase C delta type (PKC-δ) which phosphorylates the amino acid serine in STAT1 transcription factors. The phosphorylation of the serine in STAT1-STAT1 homodimers are essential for the full transcription process to occur.[12]","title":"Signaling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mTOR signaling pathway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PI3K/AKT/mTOR_pathway"},{"link_name":"MAPK signaling pathway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAPK/ERK_pathway"},{"link_name":"PI3K/AKT signaling pathway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PI3K/AKT/mTOR_pathway"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"}],"sub_title":"Other signaling pathways","text":"Other signaling pathways that are triggered by IFNG are the mTOR signaling pathway, the MAPK signaling pathway, and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.[14]","title":"Signaling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"T helper cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_helper_cell"},{"link_name":"cytotoxic T cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxic_T_cell"},{"link_name":"NK cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_cells"},{"link_name":"APCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen-presenting_cell"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"interferon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon"},{"link_name":"serologically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serology"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid14525967-27"},{"link_name":"NK cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_cell"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"lysosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosome"},{"link_name":"macrophages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage"},{"link_name":"nitric oxide synthase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide_synthase"},{"link_name":"IgG2a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IgG2"},{"link_name":"IgG3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IgG3"},{"link_name":"B cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_cell"},{"link_name":"class I MHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_I_MHC"},{"link_name":"class II MHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_II_MHC"},{"link_name":"antigen processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen_processing"},{"link_name":"immunoproteasome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoproteasome"},{"link_name":"TAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporter_associated_with_antigen_processing"},{"link_name":"ERAAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARTS-1"},{"link_name":"leukocyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocyte"},{"link_name":"retroviruses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrovirus"},{"link_name":"TRIM5alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIM5alpha"},{"link_name":"APOBEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APOBEC"},{"link_name":"Tetherin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetherin"},{"link_name":"macrophages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"cytokine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"positive feedback loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_feedback_loop"},{"link_name":"IL-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_4"},{"link_name":"IL-17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_17"},{"link_name":"Th17 cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_helper_17_cell"},{"link_name":"NK cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_cell"},{"link_name":"CD8+ cytotoxic T cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD8%2B_cytotoxic_T_cell"},{"link_name":"osteoclast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoclast"},{"link_name":"RANK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RANK"},{"link_name":"TRAF6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRAF6"},{"link_name":"RANK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RANK"},{"link_name":"RANKL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RANKL"},{"link_name":"NF-κB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"IFNG is secreted by T helper cells (specifically, Th1 cells), cytotoxic T cells (TC cells), macrophages, mucosal epithelial cells and NK cells. IFNG is both an important autocrine signal for professional APCs in early innate immune response, and an important paracrine signal in adaptive immune response. The expression of IFNG is induced by the cytokines IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, and type I IFN.[26] IFNG is the only Type II interferon and it is serologically distinct from Type I interferons; it is acid-labile, while the type I variants are acid-stable.[citation needed]IFNG has antiviral, immunoregulatory, and anti-tumor properties.[27] It alters transcription in up to 30 genes producing a variety of physiological and cellular responses. Among the effects are:Promotes NK cell activity[28]\nIncreases antigen presentation and lysosome activity of macrophages.\nActivates inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)\nInduces the production of IgG2a and IgG3 from activated plasma B cells\nCauses normal cells to increase expression of class I MHC molecules as well as class II MHC on antigen-presenting cells—to be specific, through induction of antigen processing genes, including subunits of the immunoproteasome (MECL1, LMP2, LMP7), as well as TAP and ERAAP in addition possibly to the direct upregulation of MHC heavy chains and B2-microglobulin itself\nPromotes adhesion and binding required for leukocyte migration\nInduces the expression of intrinsic defense factors—for example, with respect to retroviruses, relevant genes include TRIM5alpha, APOBEC, and Tetherin, representing directly antiviral effects\nPrimes alveolar macrophages against secondary bacterial infections.[29][30]IFNG is the primary cytokine that defines Th1 cells: Th1 cells secrete IFNG, which in turn causes more undifferentiated CD4+ cells (Th0 cells) to differentiate into Th1 cells, [31] representing a positive feedback loop—while suppressing Th2 cell differentiation. (Equivalent defining cytokines for other cells include IL-4 for Th2 cells and IL-17 for Th17 cells.)NK cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells also produce IFNG. IFNG suppresses osteoclast formation by rapidly degrading the RANK adaptor protein TRAF6 in the RANK-RANKL signaling pathway, which otherwise stimulates the production of NF-κB.[citation needed]","title":"Biological activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"granuloma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granuloma"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"leprosy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprosy"},{"link_name":"histoplasmosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoplasmosis"},{"link_name":"cryptococcosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptococcosis"},{"link_name":"coccidioidomycosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccidioidomycosis"},{"link_name":"blastomycosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastomycosis"},{"link_name":"sarcoidosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoidosis"},{"link_name":"Crohn's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"berylliosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berylliosis"},{"link_name":"giant-cell arteritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant-cell_arteritis"},{"link_name":"granulomatosis with polyangiitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulomatosis_with_polyangiitis"},{"link_name":"eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophilic_granulomatosis_with_polyangiitis"},{"link_name":"rheumatoid nodules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_nodule"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"mycobacterial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacteria"},{"link_name":"phagolysosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagolysosome"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"IL-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_1"},{"link_name":"IL-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Activity in granuloma formation","text":"A granuloma is the body's way of dealing with a substance it cannot remove or sterilize. Infectious causes of granulomas (infections are typically the most common cause of granulomas) include tuberculosis, leprosy, histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, and toxoplasmosis. Examples of non-infectious granulomatous diseases are sarcoidosis, Crohn's disease, berylliosis, giant-cell arteritis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, pulmonary rheumatoid nodules, and aspiration of food and other particulate material into the lung.[32] The infectious pathophysiology of granulomas is discussed primarily here.[citation needed]The key association between IFNG and granulomas is that IFNG activates macrophages so that they become more powerful in killing intracellular organisms.[33] Activation of macrophages by IFNG from Th1 helper cells in mycobacterial infections allows the macrophages to overcome the inhibition of phagolysosome maturation caused by mycobacteria (to stay alive inside macrophages).[34][35] The first steps in IFNG-induced granuloma formation are activation of Th1 helper cells by macrophages releasing IL-1 and IL-12 in the presence of intracellular pathogens, and presentation of antigens from those pathogens. Next the Th1 helper cells aggregate around the macrophages and release IFNG, which activates the macrophages. Further activation of macrophages causes a cycle of further killing of intracellular bacteria, and further presentation of antigens to Th1 helper cells with further release of IFNG. Finally, macrophages surround the Th1 helper cells and become fibroblast-like cells walling off the infection.[citation needed]","title":"Biological activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uterine natural killer cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine_natural_killer_cells"},{"link_name":"chemoattractants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemoattractant"},{"link_name":"implantation site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implantation_(embryology)"},{"link_name":"decidual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decidual"},{"link_name":"necrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrosis"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10899912-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"trophoblasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophoblast"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"ethical constraints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_ethics"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Activity during pregnancy","text":"Uterine natural killer cells (NKs) secrete high levels of chemoattractants, such as IFNG in mice. IFNG dilates and thins the walls of maternal spiral arteries to enhance blood flow to the implantation site. This remodeling aids in the development of the placenta as it invades the uterus in its quest for nutrients. IFNG knockout mice fail to initiate normal pregnancy-induced modification of decidual arteries. These models display abnormally low amounts of cells or necrosis of decidua.[36]In humans, elevated levels of IFN gamma have been associated with increased risk of miscarriage. Correlation studies have observed high IFNG levels in women with a history of spontaneous miscarriage, when compared to women with no history of spontaneous miscarriage.[37] Additionally, low-IFNG levels are associated with women who successfully carry to term. It is possible that IFNG is cytotoxic to trophoblasts, which leads to miscarriage.[38] However, causal research on the relationship between IFNG and miscarriage has not been performed due to ethical constraints.[citation needed]","title":"Biological activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Escherichia coli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli"},{"link_name":"Pichia pastoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pichia_pastoris"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Razaghi_A_2016-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"Recombinant human IFNG, as an expensive biopharmaceutical, has been expressed in different expression systems including prokaryotic, protozoan, fungal (yeasts), plant, insect and mammalian cells. Human IFNG is commonly expressed in Escherichia coli, marketed as ACTIMMUNE®, however, the resulting product of the prokaryotic expression system is not glycosylated with a short half-life in the bloodstream after injection; the purification process from bacterial expression system is also very costly. Other expression systems like Pichia pastoris did not show satisfactory results in terms of yields.[39][40]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chronic granulomatous disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_granulomatous_disease"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid1372855-41"},{"link_name":"osteopetrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopetrosis"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid1320672-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silverman_2013-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Friedreich's ataxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedreich%27s_ataxia"},{"link_name":"Children's Hospital of Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Hospital_of_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FA-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"atopic dermatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"Interferon gamma 1b is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat chronic granulomatous disease[41] (CGD) and osteopetrosis.[42] The mechanism by which IFNG benefits CGD is via enhancing the efficacy of neutrophils against catalase-positive bacteria by correcting patients' oxidative metabolism.[43]It was not approved to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). In 2002, the manufacturer InterMune issued a press release saying that phase III data demonstrated survival benefit in IPF and reduced mortality by 70% in patients with mild to moderate disease. The U.S. Department of Justice charged that the release contained false and misleading statements. InterMune's chief executive, Scott Harkonen, was accused of manipulating the trial data, was convicted in 2009 of wire fraud, and was sentenced to fines and community service. Harkonen appealed his conviction to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, and lost.[44] Harkonen was granted a full pardon on January 20, 2021.[45]Preliminary research on the role of IFNG in treating Friedreich's ataxia (FA) conducted by Children's Hospital of Philadelphia has found no beneficial effects in short-term (< 6-months) treatment.[46][47][48] However, researchers in Turkey have discovered significant improvements in patients' gait and stance after 6 months of treatment.[49]Although not officially approved, Interferon gamma has also been shown to be effective in treating patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis.[50][51][52] Specifically, recombinant IFNG therapy has shown promise in patients with lowered IFNG expression, such as those with predisposition to herpes simplex virus, and pediatric patients.[53]","title":"Therapeutic use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"fibronectin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibronectin"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"text":"IFNG increases an anti-proliferative state in cancer cells, while upregulating MHC I and MHC II expression, which increases immunorecognition and removal of pathogenic cells.[54] IFNG also reduces metastasis in tumors by upregulating fibronectin, which negatively impacts tumor architecture.[55] Increased IFNG mRNA levels in tumors at diagnosis has been associated to better responses to immunotherapy.[56]","title":"Potential use in immunotherapy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cancer immunotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_immunotherapy"},{"link_name":"durvalumab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durvalumab"},{"link_name":"non-small cell lung carcinoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-small-cell_lung_carcinoma"},{"link_name":"transitional cell carcinoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_cell_carcinoma"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-57"},{"link_name":"cancer immunotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_immunotherapy"},{"link_name":"bladder carcinoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_carcinoma"},{"link_name":"melanoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma"},{"link_name":"ovarian carcinoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_carcinoma"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"in vitro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro"},{"link_name":"apoptosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis"},{"link_name":"autophagy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autophagy"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Razaghi_A_2016-39"},{"link_name":"glycosylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosylation"},{"link_name":"recombinant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_protein"},{"link_name":"HEK293","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEK_293_cells"},{"link_name":"E. coli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"sub_title":"Cancer immunotherapy","text":"The goal of cancer immunotherapy is to trigger an immune response by the patient's immune cells to attack and kill malignant (cancer-causing) tumor cells. Type II IFN deficiency has been linked to several types of cancer, including B-cell lymphoma and lung cancer. Furthermore, it has been found that in patients receiving the drug durvalumab to treat non-small cell lung carcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma had higher response rates to the drug, and the drug stunted the progression of both types of cancer for a longer duration of time. Thus, promoting the upregulation of type II IFN has been proven to be a crucial part in creating effective cancer immunotherapy treatments.[57]IFNG is not approved yet for the treatment in any cancer immunotherapy. However, improved survival was observed when IFNG was administered to patients with bladder carcinoma and melanoma cancers. The most promising result was achieved in patients with stage 2 and 3 of ovarian carcinoma. On the contrary, it was stressed: \"Interferon-γ secreted by CD8-positive lymphocytes upregulates PD-L1 on ovarian cancer cells and promotes tumour growth.\"[58] The in vitro study of IFNG in cancer cells is more extensive and results indicate anti-proliferative activity of IFNG leading to the growth inhibition or cell death, generally induced by apoptosis but sometimes by autophagy.[39] In addition, it has been reported that mammalian glycosylation of recombinant human IFNG, expressed in HEK293, improves its therapeutic efficacy compared to the unglycosylated form that is expressed in E. coli.[59]","title":"Potential use in immunotherapy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"apoptosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis"},{"link_name":"necroptosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necroptosis"},{"link_name":"regulatory T cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_T_cell"},{"link_name":"endothelial cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelium"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-57"}],"sub_title":"Involvement in antitumor immunity","text":"Type II IFN enhances Th1 cell, cytotoxic T cell, and APC activities, which results in an enhanced immune response against the malignant tumor cells, leading to tumor cell apoptosis and necroptosis (cell death). Furthermore, Type II IFN suppresses the activity of regulatory T cells, which are responsible for silencing immune responses against pathogens, preventing the deactivation of the immune cells involved in the killing of the tumor cells. Type II IFN prevents tumor cell division by directly acting on the tumor cells, which results in increased expression of proteins that inhibit the tumor cells from continuing through the cell cycle (i.e., cell cycle arrest). Type II IFN can also prevent tumor growth by indirectly acting on endothelial cells lining the blood vessels close to the site of the tumor, cutting off blood flow to the tumor cells and thus the supply of necessary resources for tumor cell survival and proliferation.[57]","title":"Potential use in immunotherapy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Food and Drug Administration (FDA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"osteoporosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoporosis"},{"link_name":"PDL1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PD-L1"},{"link_name":"angiogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiogenesis"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-57"}],"sub_title":"Barriers","text":"The importance of type II IFN in cancer immunotherapy has been acknowledged; current research is studying the effects of type II IFN on cancer, both as a solo form of treatment and as a form of treatment to be administered alongside other anticancer drugs. But type II IFN has not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat cancer, except for malignant osteoporosis. This is most likely due to the fact that while type II IFN is involved in antitumor immunity, some of its functions may enhance the progression of a cancer. When type II IFN acts on tumor cells, it may induce the expression of a transmembrane protein known as programmed death-ligand 1 (PDL1), which allows the tumor cells to evade an attack from immune cells. Type II IFN-mediated signaling may also promote angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels to the tumor site) and tumor cell proliferation.[57]","title":"Potential use in immunotherapy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein-protein_interaction"},{"link_name":"Interferon gamma receptor 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon_gamma_receptor_1"},{"link_name":"Interferon gamma receptor 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon_gamma_receptor_2"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10986460-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid7673114-61"}],"text":"Interferon gamma has been shown to interact with Interferon gamma receptor 1 and Interferon gamma receptor 2.[60][61]","title":"Interactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chagas disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagas_disease"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"herpes simplex virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus"},{"link_name":"microtubules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"acyclovir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acyclovir"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Chlamydia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia"},{"link_name":"indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoleamine_2,3-dioxygenase"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"GTPase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTPase"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"sub_title":"Diseases","text":"Interferon gamma has been shown to be a crucial player in the immune response against some intracellular pathogens, including that of Chagas disease.[62] It has also been identified as having a role in seborrheic dermatitis.[63]IFNG has a significant anti-viral effect in herpes simplex virus I (HSV) infection. IFNG compromises the microtubules that HSV relies upon for transport into an infected cell's nucleus, inhibiting the ability of HSV to replicate.[64][65] Studies in mice on acyclovir resistant herpes have shown that IFNG treatment can significantly reduce herpes viral load. The mechanism by which IFNG inhibits herpes reproduction is independent of T-cells, which means that IFNG may be an effective treatment in individuals with low T-cells.[66][67][68]Chlamydia infection is impacted by IFNG in host cells. In human epithelial cells, IFNG upregulates expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, which in turn depletes tryptophan in hosts and impedes chlamydia's reproduction.[69][70] Additionally, in rodent epithelial cells, IFNG upregulates a GTPase that inhibits chlamydial proliferation.[71] In both the human and rodent systems, chlamydia has evolved mechanisms to circumvent the negative effects of host cell behavior.[72]","title":"Interactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pseudoknotted element in its 5' UTR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon_gamma_5%27_UTR_regulatory_element"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"microRNAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNAs"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18061676-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid23746840-75"}],"text":"There is evidence that interferon-gamma expression is regulated by a pseudoknotted element in its 5' UTR.[73]\nThere is also evidence that interferon-gamma is regulated either directly or indirectly by the microRNAs: miR-29.[74]\nFurthermore, there is evidence that interferon-gamma expression is regulated via GAPDH in T-cells. This interaction takes place in the 3'UTR, where binding of GAPDH prevents the translation of the mRNA sequence.[75]","title":"Regulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A commotion in the blood: life, death, and the immune system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/commotioninblood00hall"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8050-5841-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-5841-3"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S1359-6101(01)00038-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS1359-6101%2801%2900038-7"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11900986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11900986"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S1359-6101(02)00044-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS1359-6101%2802%2900044-8"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12401479","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12401479"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00195.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0105-2896.2004.00195.x"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15361241","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15361241"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25378236","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25378236"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2174/1570162052773013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2174%2F1570162052773013"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15638726","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15638726"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2174/138955705774933383","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2174%2F138955705774933383"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16375755","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16375755"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1126/stke.3162006pe1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1126%2Fstke.3162006pe1"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16391178","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16391178"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"85320208","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85320208"},{"link_name":"CiteSeerX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1.1.495.2743","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.495.2743"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1161/01.RES.0000258861.72279.29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1161%2F01.RES.0000258861.72279.29"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17363708","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17363708"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"254247","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254247"}],"text":"Hall SK (1997). A commotion in the blood: life, death, and the immune system. New York: Henry Holt. ISBN 978-0-8050-5841-3.\nIkeda H, Old LJ, Schreiber RD (April 2002). \"The roles of IFN gamma in protection against tumor development and cancer immunoediting\". Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews. 13 (2): 95–109. doi:10.1016/S1359-6101(01)00038-7. PMID 11900986.\nChesler DA, Reiss CS (December 2002). \"The role of IFN-gamma in immune responses to viral infections of the central nervous system\". Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews. 13 (6): 441–454. doi:10.1016/S1359-6101(02)00044-8. PMID 12401479.\nDessein A, Kouriba B, Eboumbou C, Dessein H, Argiro L, Marquet S, et al. (October 2004). \"Interleukin-13 in the skin and interferon-gamma in the liver are key players in immune protection in human schistosomiasis\". Immunological Reviews. 201: 180–190. doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00195.x. PMID 15361241. S2CID 25378236.\nJoseph AM, Kumar M, Mitra D (January 2005). \"Nef: \"necessary and enforcing factor\" in HIV infection\". Current HIV Research. 3 (1): 87–94. doi:10.2174/1570162052773013. PMID 15638726.\nCopeland KF (December 2005). \"Modulation of HIV-1 transcription by cytokines and chemokines\". Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry. 5 (12): 1093–1101. doi:10.2174/138955705774933383. PMID 16375755.\nChiba H, Kojima T, Osanai M, Sawada N (January 2006). \"The significance of interferon-gamma-triggered internalization of tight-junction proteins in inflammatory bowel disease\". Science's STKE. 2006 (316): pe1. doi:10.1126/stke.3162006pe1. PMID 16391178. S2CID 85320208.\nTellides G, Pober JS (March 2007). \"Interferon-gamma axis in graft arteriosclerosis\". Circulation Research. 100 (5): 622–632. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.495.2743. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000258861.72279.29. PMID 17363708. S2CID 254247.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Figure 1. Line and cartoon representation of an IFN-γ monomer.[20]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/IFN2.jpeg/350px-IFN2.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Figure 2. Line and cartoon representation of an IFN-γ dimer.[20]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/IFN3.jpeg/350px-IFN3.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Figure 3. IFN dimer interacting with two IFNGR1 receptor molecules.[20]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/IFN_with_recep.jpeg/250px-IFN_with_recep.jpeg"},{"image_text":"JAK-STAT signaling pathway activated by type II IFN.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Type_II_IFN_JAK-STAT_Pathway.jpg/220px-Type_II_IFN_JAK-STAT_Pathway.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=3458","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=15978","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Gray PW, Goeddel DV (August 1982). \"Structure of the human immune interferon gene\". Nature. 298 (5877): 859–863. Bibcode:1982Natur.298..859G. doi:10.1038/298859a0. PMID 6180322. 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PMID 15245740.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.coi.2004.05.003","url_text":"10.1016/j.coi.2004.05.003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15245740","url_text":"15245740"}]},{"reference":"Rottenberg ME, Gigliotti-Rothfuchs A, Wigzell H (August 2002). \"The role of IFN-gamma in the outcome of chlamydial infection\". Current Opinion in Immunology. 14 (4): 444–451. doi:10.1016/s0952-7915(02)00361-8. PMID 12088678.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0952-7915%2802%2900361-8","url_text":"10.1016/s0952-7915(02)00361-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12088678","url_text":"12088678"}]},{"reference":"Taylor MW, Feng GS (August 1991). \"Relationship between interferon-gamma, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, and tryptophan catabolism\". FASEB Journal. 5 (11): 2516–2522. doi:10.1096/fasebj.5.11.1907934. PMID 1907934. S2CID 25298471.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffasebj.5.11.1907934","url_text":"\"Relationship between interferon-gamma, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, and tryptophan catabolism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffasebj.5.11.1907934","url_text":"10.1096/fasebj.5.11.1907934"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1907934","url_text":"1907934"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25298471","url_text":"25298471"}]},{"reference":"Bernstein-Hanley I, Coers J, Balsara ZR, Taylor GA, Starnbach MN, Dietrich WF (September 2006). \"The p47 GTPases Igtp and Irgb10 map to the Chlamydia trachomatis susceptibility locus Ctrq-3 and mediate cellular resistance in mice\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (38): 14092–14097. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10314092B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0603338103. PMC 1599917. PMID 16959883.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1599917","url_text":"\"The p47 GTPases Igtp and Irgb10 map to the Chlamydia trachomatis susceptibility locus Ctrq-3 and mediate cellular resistance in mice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PNAS..10314092B","url_text":"2006PNAS..10314092B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0603338103","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.0603338103"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1599917","url_text":"1599917"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16959883","url_text":"16959883"}]},{"reference":"Nelson DE, Virok DP, Wood H, Roshick C, Johnson RM, Whitmire WM, et al. (July 2005). \"Chlamydial IFN-gamma immune evasion is linked to host infection tropism\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (30): 10658–10663. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10210658N. doi:10.1073/pnas.0504198102. PMC 1180788. PMID 16020528.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1180788","url_text":"\"Chlamydial IFN-gamma immune evasion is linked to host infection tropism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PNAS..10210658N","url_text":"2005PNAS..10210658N"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0504198102","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.0504198102"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1180788","url_text":"1180788"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16020528","url_text":"16020528"}]},{"reference":"Ben-Asouli Y, Banai Y, Pel-Or Y, Shir A, Kaempfer R (January 2002). \"Human interferon-gamma mRNA autoregulates its translation through a pseudoknot that activates the interferon-inducible protein kinase PKR\". Cell. 108 (2): 221–232. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00616-5. PMID 11832212. S2CID 14722737.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2802%2900616-5","url_text":"\"Human interferon-gamma mRNA autoregulates its translation through a pseudoknot that activates the interferon-inducible protein kinase PKR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2802%2900616-5","url_text":"10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00616-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11832212","url_text":"11832212"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14722737","url_text":"14722737"}]},{"reference":"Asirvatham AJ, Gregorie CJ, Hu Z, Magner WJ, Tomasi TB (April 2008). \"MicroRNA targets in immune genes and the Dicer/Argonaute and ARE machinery components\". Molecular Immunology. 45 (7): 1995–2006. doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2007.10.035. PMC 2678893. PMID 18061676.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678893","url_text":"\"MicroRNA targets in immune genes and the Dicer/Argonaute and ARE machinery components\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molimm.2007.10.035","url_text":"10.1016/j.molimm.2007.10.035"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678893","url_text":"2678893"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18061676","url_text":"18061676"}]},{"reference":"Chang CH, Curtis JD, Maggi LB, Faubert B, Villarino AV, O'Sullivan D, et al. (June 2013). \"Posttranscriptional control of T cell effector function by aerobic glycolysis\". Cell. 153 (6): 1239–1251. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.016. PMC 3804311. PMID 23746840.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3804311","url_text":"\"Posttranscriptional control of T cell effector function by aerobic glycolysis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2013.05.016","url_text":"10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.016"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3804311","url_text":"3804311"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23746840","url_text":"23746840"}]},{"reference":"Hall SK (1997). A commotion in the blood: life, death, and the immune system. New York: Henry Holt. ISBN 978-0-8050-5841-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/commotioninblood00hall","url_text":"A commotion in the blood: life, death, and the immune system"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-5841-3","url_text":"978-0-8050-5841-3"}]},{"reference":"Ikeda H, Old LJ, Schreiber RD (April 2002). \"The roles of IFN gamma in protection against tumor development and cancer immunoediting\". Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews. 13 (2): 95–109. doi:10.1016/S1359-6101(01)00038-7. PMID 11900986.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1359-6101%2801%2900038-7","url_text":"10.1016/S1359-6101(01)00038-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11900986","url_text":"11900986"}]},{"reference":"Chesler DA, Reiss CS (December 2002). \"The role of IFN-gamma in immune responses to viral infections of the central nervous system\". Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews. 13 (6): 441–454. doi:10.1016/S1359-6101(02)00044-8. PMID 12401479.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1359-6101%2802%2900044-8","url_text":"10.1016/S1359-6101(02)00044-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12401479","url_text":"12401479"}]},{"reference":"Dessein A, Kouriba B, Eboumbou C, Dessein H, Argiro L, Marquet S, et al. (October 2004). \"Interleukin-13 in the skin and interferon-gamma in the liver are key players in immune protection in human schistosomiasis\". Immunological Reviews. 201: 180–190. doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00195.x. PMID 15361241. S2CID 25378236.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0105-2896.2004.00195.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00195.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15361241","url_text":"15361241"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25378236","url_text":"25378236"}]},{"reference":"Joseph AM, Kumar M, Mitra D (January 2005). \"Nef: \"necessary and enforcing factor\" in HIV infection\". Current HIV Research. 3 (1): 87–94. doi:10.2174/1570162052773013. PMID 15638726.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1570162052773013","url_text":"10.2174/1570162052773013"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15638726","url_text":"15638726"}]},{"reference":"Copeland KF (December 2005). \"Modulation of HIV-1 transcription by cytokines and chemokines\". Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry. 5 (12): 1093–1101. doi:10.2174/138955705774933383. PMID 16375755.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2174%2F138955705774933383","url_text":"10.2174/138955705774933383"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16375755","url_text":"16375755"}]},{"reference":"Chiba H, Kojima T, Osanai M, Sawada N (January 2006). \"The significance of interferon-gamma-triggered internalization of tight-junction proteins in inflammatory bowel disease\". Science's STKE. 2006 (316): pe1. doi:10.1126/stke.3162006pe1. PMID 16391178. S2CID 85320208.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fstke.3162006pe1","url_text":"10.1126/stke.3162006pe1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16391178","url_text":"16391178"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85320208","url_text":"85320208"}]},{"reference":"Tellides G, Pober JS (March 2007). \"Interferon-gamma axis in graft arteriosclerosis\". Circulation Research. 100 (5): 622–632. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.495.2743. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000258861.72279.29. PMID 17363708. S2CID 254247.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.495.2743","url_text":"10.1.1.495.2743"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.RES.0000258861.72279.29","url_text":"10.1161/01.RES.0000258861.72279.29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17363708","url_text":"17363708"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254247","url_text":"254247"}]},{"reference":"\"Interferon type II\". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/interferon%20type%20ii","url_text":"\"Interferon type 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Ferrari	Carlo Ferrari	["1 Biography","2 Bibliography","3 Other projects"]	Italian painter Doni alla patria, ca. 1865–71 (Fondazione Cariplo) Carlo Ferrari (1813–1871), called il Ferrarin, was an Italian painter. Biography He was born in Verona and studied sporadically at the Cignaroli Academy of Fine Arts there, while practising as a copyist and restorer in the studio of the fresco painter Pietro Nanin. Ferrari made his debut at the 1837 exhibition at the Verona Academy with a series of views of the city enlivened by genre episodes inspired by Flemish painting. These would become typical subjects in the most successful part of his repertoire. During the 1840s he received increasing public and critical acclaim, which coincided with his participating more frequently in exhibitions, such as the one at the academy in Venice in 1839 and at the Brescia Atheneum in 1840 and the Esposizione di Belle Arti at the Brera Academy in Milan in 1844, and also established himself as one of the leading Veronese painters during the Restoration period. He received important commissions from the local nobility and the Austrian officers based in Verona thanks to his being in favour with Field Marshal Radetzky, for whom his views of the Venetian Lagoon inspired by the 18th-century veduta model were mainly destined. The artist's international fame and market appeal reached their height around 1851, following Emperor Franz Josef's visit to his studio which guaranteed him an international clientele of the highest order. During his late period he was highly active as a painter and engraver, specialising in the interpretation of Renaissance works, and he also became a connoisseur by working closely with the Veronese collector Cesare Bernasconi. Ferrari died in Verona in 1871. Bibliography Elena Lissoni, Carlo Ferrari, online catalogue Artgate by Fondazione Cariplo, 2010, CC BY-SA (source for the first revision of this article). Other projects Media related to Carlo Ferrari (painter) at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Greece Artists RKD Artists ULAN People Italian People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_Ferrari_Carlo,_Doni_alla_patria.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fondazione Cariplo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondazione_Cariplo"},{"link_name":"Italian painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_painter"}],"text":"Doni alla patria, ca. 1865–71 (Fondazione Cariplo)Carlo Ferrari (1813–1871), called il Ferrarin, was an Italian painter.","title":"Carlo Ferrari"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verona"},{"link_name":"Pietro Nanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pietro_Nanin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"genre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre_art"},{"link_name":"Flemish painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_painting"},{"link_name":"Brescia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brescia"},{"link_name":"Brera Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brera_Academy"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Field Marshal Radetzky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Radetzky_von_Radetz"},{"link_name":"veduta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veduta"},{"link_name":"Cesare Bernasconi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cesare_Bernasconi&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"He was born in Verona and studied sporadically at the Cignaroli Academy of Fine Arts there, while practising as a copyist and restorer in the studio of the fresco painter Pietro Nanin.Ferrari made his debut at the 1837 exhibition at the Verona Academy with a series of views of the city enlivened by genre episodes inspired by Flemish painting. These would become typical subjects in the most successful part of his repertoire.During the 1840s he received increasing public and critical acclaim, which coincided with his participating more frequently in exhibitions, such as the one at the academy in Venice in 1839 and at the Brescia Atheneum in 1840 and the Esposizione di Belle Arti at the Brera Academy in Milan in 1844, and also established himself as one of the leading Veronese painters during the Restoration period. He received important commissions from the local nobility and the Austrian officers based in Verona thanks to his being in favour with Field Marshal Radetzky, for whom his views of the Venetian Lagoon inspired by the 18th-century veduta model were mainly destined. The artist's international fame and market appeal reached their height around 1851, following Emperor Franz Josef's visit to his studio which guaranteed him an international clientele of the highest order.During his late period he was highly active as a painter and engraver, specialising in the interpretation of Renaissance works, and he also became a connoisseur by working closely with the Veronese collector Cesare Bernasconi. Ferrari died in Verona in 1871.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carlo Ferrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.artgate-cariplo.it/collezione-online/page45d.do?link=oln82d.redirect&kcond31d.att3=513"},{"link_name":"Artgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120402223047/http://www.artgate-cariplo.it/Portal-museo/page38.do?sp=page38&link=ln502&stu24.LanguageISOCtxParam=en"},{"link_name":"Fondazione Cariplo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondazione_Cariplo"}],"text":"Elena Lissoni, Carlo Ferrari, online catalogue Artgate by Fondazione Cariplo, 2010, CC BY-SA (source for the first revision of this article).","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Carlo Ferrari (painter)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carlo_Ferrari_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3659340#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000025948018"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/3605462"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpytPPM99c6DpXgtB7mBP"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/13143943X"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no2015009579"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record152567"},{"link_name":"RKD Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/260264"},{"link_name":"ULAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500138414"},{"link_name":"Italian People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ferrari-carlo-detto-il-ferrarin_(Dizionario-Biografico)"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd13143943X.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/23469999X"}],"text":"Media related to Carlo Ferrari (painter) at Wikimedia CommonsAuthority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nUnited States\nGreece\nArtists\nRKD Artists\nULAN\nPeople\nItalian People\nDeutsche Biographie\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Other projects"}]	[{"image_text":"Doni alla patria, ca. 1865–71 (Fondazione Cariplo)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_Ferrari_Carlo%2C_Doni_alla_patria.jpg/350px-Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_Ferrari_Carlo%2C_Doni_alla_patria.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.artgate-cariplo.it/collezione-online/page45d.do?link=oln82d.redirect&kcond31d.att3=513","external_links_name":"Carlo Ferrari"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120402223047/http://www.artgate-cariplo.it/Portal-museo/page38.do?sp=page38&link=ln502&stu24.LanguageISOCtxParam=en","external_links_name":"Artgate"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000025948018","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/3605462","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpytPPM99c6DpXgtB7mBP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/13143943X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2015009579","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record152567","external_links_name":"Greece"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/260264","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500138414","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ferrari-carlo-detto-il-ferrarin_(Dizionario-Biografico)","external_links_name":"Italian People"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd13143943X.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/23469999X","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopa_Ilie	Cleopa Ilie	["1 Biography","2 Reputation","3 Published work","4 Studies","5 References","6 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Cleopa Ilie" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Father Cleopa Ilie Father Cleopa Ilie (Romanian pronunciation: ; 10 April 1912 – 2 December 1998) was an abbot of the Sihăstria Monastery . He was a well-known spiritual representative of the Romanian Orthodox Church. Biography Cleopa Ilie (lay name: Constantin) was born in Sulița, Botoșani County to a family of peasants. He was the fifth of ten children born to Alexandru Ilie. He attended the primary school in his village. Afterwards he was an apprentice for three years to the monk Paisie Olaru, who lived in seclusion at the Cozancea Hermitage . Together with his elder brother, Vasile, Ilie joined the community at Sihăstria Hermitage in December 1929. In 1935, he joined the army in the town of Botoșani, but returned a year later to the hermitage, where he was anointed a monk on 2 August 1937, taking the name "Cleopa" (i.e., "guide") at his baptism. In June 1942, he was appointed to hegumen deputy because of abbot Ioanichie Moroi's poor health. On 27 December 1944, he was ordained a hierodeacon (deacon-monk) and on 23 January 1945 a hieromonk (priest-monk) by the archbishop Galaction Cordun, abbot of the Neamț Monastery at the time. Afterwards he was officially appointed hegumen of the Sihăstria Hermitage. In 1947, the hermitage became a monastery and vice-archimandrite Cleopa Ilie became archimandrite on approval of Patriarch Nicodim. Because the Communist secret police was looking for him in 1948, he disappeared into the woods surrounding the monastery, staying there for six months. On 30 August 1949, he was appointed abbot of the Slatina Monastery in Suceava County, where he joined 30 other monks from the Sihăstria Monastery community as a result of Patriarch Justinian's decision. There he founded a community of monks with over 80 people. Between 1952 and 1954 he was being pursued again by the Securitate and, together with hieromonk Arsenie Papacioc , escaped to the Stânișoara Mountains. He was brought back to the monastery after two years upon Patriarch Justinian's order. Grave at Sihăstria Monastery In 1956 he returned to Sihăstria Monastery, where he had been anointed, and in the spring of 1959 he retired for the third time to the Neamț Mountains, spending the next five years there. He returned to Sihăstria in the fall of 1964, as confessor for the entire community and continued to give spiritual advice to both monks and lay people for the next 34 years. He died on 2 December 1998 at Sihăstria Monastery. Reputation He was a strong defender of the traditional Orthodox lifestyle and had a strong influence over later developments in the Romanian Orthodox church. The current patriarch, Daniel, was one of his disciples along with other current bishops. He would always portray himself as a worthless person and consistently diminished his deeds and suffering during his life. He claimed that while in seclusion in the mountains he lived as a king even though the conditions were extremely severe, food was scarce and shelter was improvised. His views on the importance of ecology and the responsibility of man to love and uphold the natural world as the creation of God went a long way ensuring the involvement of the Romanian Church in embracing ecologist views. He was often sought after for advice by various important persons such as politicians and businessmen which he received together with common folk. He preached meekness and thorough understanding of the Bible and Holy tradition. It is through his meekness despite his vast power of influencing the church, as well as his vast knowledge, that made from him an emblem of the church revival after the 1989 Revolution. Father Cleopa Ilie was proposed for canonization in 2025 when the Romanian Orthodox Church will celebrate 140 years of autocephaly and 100 years since obtaining the status of a patriarchate. Published work Despre credința ortodoxă ("About Orthodox Faith", Bucuresti, 1981, 280 pages, republished in 1985, then in Galaţi under the title: Călăuza în credința ortodoxă, "Guide to the Orthodox Faith", 1991, 276 pages); Predici la praznice împărătești și sfinți de peste an ("Sermons on Religious Feasts and Saints Over the Year", Ed. Episcopiei Românului, 1986, 440 pages); Predici la Duminicile de peste an (Sermons on Sundays Over the Year, Ed. Episcopiei Românului, 1990, 560 pages); Valoarea sufletului (Value of the Soul, Galați, 1991, 176 pages, republished in Bacău, 1994, 238 pages); Urcuș spre înviere (predici duhovnicești) ("Ascent Towards Resurrection (Spiritual Sermons)", Mănăstirea Neamț, 1992, 416 pages); Despre vise și vedenii ("About Dreams and Visions", București, 1993, 270 pages); Numerous articles in different magazines and newspapers, sermons in manuscript Studies Bălan, I., Archim. Elder Cleopa of Sihăstria: In the Tradition of Saint Paisius Velichkovsky. Lake George (CO), 2001. Stebbing, N. Bearers of the Spirit: Spiritual Fatherhood in Romanian Orthodoxy. Collegeville, MN, 2003 (Cistercian Studies Series). References ^ "Cleopa Ilie". www.poezie.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved August 26, 2023. ^ "Canonization 2025: Bishop of Ploiești reveals first three names". Orthodox Times. March 10, 2021. Retrieved 2024-04-10. External links Interview with Cleopa Ilie (in Romanian), part 1 on YouTube Detailed biographical information in English Archived 2017-05-23 at the Wayback Machine Photos & some biographical information in English Cleopa Ilie on prayer (in Romanian with English subtitles) on YouTube Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Netherlands Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Padre_Cleopa_Ilie1.jpg"},{"link_name":"[kleˈopa iˈli.e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian"},{"link_name":"abbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot"},{"link_name":"Sihăstria Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sih%C4%83stria_Monastery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%83n%C4%83stirea_Sih%C4%83stria_Secului"},{"link_name":"Romanian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church"}],"text":"Father Cleopa IlieFather Cleopa Ilie (Romanian pronunciation: [kleˈopa iˈli.e]; 10 April 1912 – 2 December 1998) was an abbot of the Sihăstria Monastery [ro]. He was a well-known spiritual representative of the Romanian Orthodox Church.","title":"Cleopa Ilie"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lay name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay_name"},{"link_name":"Sulița","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suli%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"Botoșani County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boto%C8%99ani_County"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"seclusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seclusion"},{"link_name":"Cozancea Hermitage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cozancea_Monastery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%83n%C4%83stirea_Cozancea"},{"link_name":"Botoșani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boto%C8%99ani"},{"link_name":"monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk"},{"link_name":"hegumen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegumen"},{"link_name":"hierodeacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierodeacon"},{"link_name":"hieromonk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieromonk"},{"link_name":"Neamț Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neam%C8%9B_Monastery"},{"link_name":"archimandrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimandrite"},{"link_name":"Patriarch Nicodim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicodim_Munteanu"},{"link_name":"Communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"secret police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_police"},{"link_name":"Slatina Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slatina_Monastery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%83n%C4%83stirea_Slatina"},{"link_name":"Suceava County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suceava_County"},{"link_name":"Patriarch Justinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_Marina"},{"link_name":"Securitate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securitate"},{"link_name":"Arsenie Papacioc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arsenie_Papacioc&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenie_Papacioc"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Morm%C3%A2ntul_lui_Cleopa_Ilie.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sihăstria Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sih%C4%83stria_Monastery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"confessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessor"}],"text":"Cleopa Ilie (lay name: Constantin) was born in Sulița, Botoșani County to a family of peasants. He was the fifth of ten children born to Alexandru Ilie.[1] He attended the primary school in his village. Afterwards he was an apprentice for three years to the monk Paisie Olaru, who lived in seclusion at the Cozancea Hermitage [ro].Together with his elder brother, Vasile, Ilie joined the community at Sihăstria Hermitage in December 1929. In 1935, he joined the army in the town of Botoșani, but returned a year later to the hermitage, where he was anointed a monk on 2 August 1937, taking the name \"Cleopa\" (i.e., \"guide\") at his baptism. In June 1942, he was appointed to hegumen deputy because of abbot Ioanichie Moroi's poor health.On 27 December 1944, he was ordained a hierodeacon (deacon-monk) and on 23 January 1945 a hieromonk (priest-monk) by the archbishop Galaction Cordun, abbot of the Neamț Monastery at the time. Afterwards he was officially appointed hegumen of the Sihăstria Hermitage.In 1947, the hermitage became a monastery and vice-archimandrite Cleopa Ilie became archimandrite on approval of Patriarch Nicodim. Because the Communist secret police was looking for him in 1948, he disappeared into the woods surrounding the monastery, staying there for six months. On 30 August 1949, he was appointed abbot of the Slatina Monastery [ro] in Suceava County, where he joined 30 other monks from the Sihăstria Monastery community as a result of Patriarch Justinian's decision.There he founded a community of monks with over 80 people. Between 1952 and 1954 he was being pursued again by the Securitate and, together with hieromonk Arsenie Papacioc [ro], escaped to the Stânișoara Mountains. He was brought back to the monastery after two years upon Patriarch Justinian's order.Grave at Sihăstria MonasteryIn 1956 he returned to Sihăstria Monastery, where he had been anointed, and in the spring of 1959 he retired for the third time to the Neamț Mountains, spending the next five years there. He returned to Sihăstria in the fall of 1964, as confessor for the entire community and continued to give spiritual advice to both monks and lay people for the next 34 years. He died on 2 December 1998 at Sihăstria Monastery.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_Daniel_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Romanian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"He was a strong defender of the traditional Orthodox lifestyle and had a strong influence over later developments in the Romanian Orthodox church. The current patriarch, Daniel, was one of his disciples along with other current bishops. He would always portray himself as a worthless person and consistently diminished his deeds and suffering during his life.He claimed that while in seclusion in the mountains he lived as a king even though the conditions were extremely severe, food was scarce and shelter was improvised. His views on the importance of ecology and the responsibility of man to love and uphold the natural world as the creation of God went a long way ensuring the involvement of the Romanian Church in embracing ecologist views.He was often sought after for advice by various important persons such as politicians and businessmen which he received together with common folk. He preached meekness and thorough understanding of the Bible and Holy tradition.It is through his meekness despite his vast power of influencing the church, as well as his vast knowledge, that made from him an emblem of the church revival after the 1989 Revolution.Father Cleopa Ilie was proposed for canonization in 2025 when the Romanian Orthodox Church will celebrate 140 years of autocephaly and 100 years since obtaining the status of a patriarchate.[2]","title":"Reputation"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Despre credința ortodoxă (\"About Orthodox Faith\", Bucuresti, 1981, 280 pages, republished in 1985, then in Galaţi under the title: Călăuza în credința ortodoxă, \"Guide to the Orthodox Faith\", 1991, 276 pages);\nPredici la praznice împărătești și sfinți de peste an (\"Sermons on Religious Feasts and Saints Over the Year\", Ed. Episcopiei Românului, 1986, 440 pages);\nPredici la Duminicile de peste an (Sermons on Sundays Over the Year, Ed. Episcopiei Românului, 1990, 560 pages);\nValoarea sufletului (Value of the Soul, Galați, 1991, 176 pages, republished in Bacău, 1994, 238 pages);\nUrcuș spre înviere (predici duhovnicești) (\"Ascent Towards Resurrection (Spiritual Sermons)\", Mănăstirea Neamț, 1992, 416 pages);\nDespre vise și vedenii (\"About Dreams and Visions\", București, 1993, 270 pages);\nNumerous articles in different magazines and newspapers, sermons in manuscript","title":"Published work"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Bălan, I., Archim. Elder Cleopa of Sihăstria: In the Tradition of Saint Paisius Velichkovsky. Lake George (CO), 2001.\nStebbing, N. Bearers of the Spirit: Spiritual Fatherhood in Romanian Orthodoxy. Collegeville, MN, 2003 (Cistercian Studies Series).","title":"Studies"}]	[{"image_text":"Father Cleopa Ilie","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Padre_Cleopa_Ilie1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grave at Sihăstria Monastery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Morm%C3%A2ntul_lui_Cleopa_Ilie.jpg/220px-Morm%C3%A2ntul_lui_Cleopa_Ilie.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Cleopa Ilie\". www.poezie.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved August 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.poezie.ro/index.php/author/0010920/Cleopa%20Ilie","url_text":"\"Cleopa Ilie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canonization 2025: Bishop of Ploiești reveals first three names\". Orthodox Times. March 10, 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia_milii	Euphorbia milii	["1 Description","2 Toxicity","3 Uses","3.1 Pesticide","4 Varieties","5 Cultivation","6 Gallery","7 References","8 Notes"]	Species of plant Euphorbia milii Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) CITES Appendix II (CITES) Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Malpighiales Family: Euphorbiaceae Genus: Euphorbia Species: E. milii Binomial name Euphorbia miliiDes Moul. Euphorbia milii, the crown of thorns, Christ plant, or Christ's thorn, is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family Euphorbiaceae, native to Madagascar. The species name commemorates Baron Milius, once Governor of Réunion, who introduced the species to France in 1821. The native Malagasy name for this plant is songosongo also applied to several other Euphorbia species. It is imagined that the species was introduced to the Middle East in ancient times, and legend associates it with the crown of thorns worn by Jesus. It is commonly used as an ornamental houseplant that can be grown in warmer climates. The common English name is due to the thorns and deep red bracts referring to the crown thorn Jesus had to wear during his crucifixion and his blood. Description It is a woody succulent subshrub or shrub growing to 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) tall, with densely spiny stems. The straight, slender spines, up to 3 cm (1.2 in) long, help it scramble over other plants. The fleshy, green leaves are found mainly on new growth, and are up to 3.5 cm (1.4 in) long and 1.5 cm (0.59 in) broad. The flowers are small, subtended by a pair of conspicuous petal-like bracts, variably red, pink or white, up to 12 mm (0.47 in) broad. Wat Phrik in Thailand claims to be the home of the world's tallest Christ thorn plant. The plant thrives between spring and summer but produces flowers all year round. Mutation in Crown of thorns Toxicity The sap is moderately poisonous, and causes irritation on contact with skin or eyes. If ingested, it causes severe stomach pain, irritation of the throat and mouth, and vomiting. The poisonous ingredients have been identified as phorbol esters. It is very toxic to domesticated animals such as, horses, sheep, cats and dogs. For humans it is mildly toxic and only acts as an irritant. Uses Pesticide The plant itself has proven to be an effective molluscicide and a natural alternative to pest control. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended the usage of Euphorbia milii in aiding snail control. Especially in endemic countries. Schistosomiasis is an infectious disease from freshwater parasites, carried by snails. Extracts from the plant are used to control the snail population to avoid getting infected from a parasite. Varieties E. milii is a variable species, and several varieties have been described; some of these are treated as distinct species by some authors. E. milii var. splendens (syn. E. splendens) is considered to be the living embodiment of the supreme deity in Bathouism, a minority religion practiced by the Bodo people of Eastern India and Nepal. Euphorbia milii var. bevilaniensis (Croizat) Ursch & Leandri 1955 Euphorbia milii var. hislopii (N.E.Br.) Ursch & Leandri 1955 (syn. E. hislopii) Euphorbia milii var. imperatae (Leandri) Ursch & Leandri 1955 Euphorbia milii var. longifolia Rauh 1967 Euphorbia milii var. milii Euphorbia milii var. roseana Marn.-Lap. 1962 Euphorbia milii var. splendens (Bojer ex Hook.) Ursch & Leandri 1955 Euphorbia milii var. tananarivae (Leandri) Ursch & Leandri 1955 Euphorbia milii var. tenuispina Rauh & Razaf. 1991 Euphorbia milii var. tulearensis Ursch & Leandri 1955 Euphorbia milii var. vulcanii (Leandri) Ursch & Leandri 1955 Cultivation Euphorbia milii can be propagated from cuttings. E. milii is not hardy, and does not tolerate temperatures below 10 °C (50 °F). In temperate areas it needs to be grown under glass in full sun. During the summer it may be placed outside in a sheltered spot, when all risk of frost is absent. The species and the variety E. milii var. splendens have both gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Gallery Euphorbia milii, crown of thorns Christ thorn inflorescences (cyathia) opening Emerging stem Christ thorn inflorescence (cyathium) close up view Euphorbia milii var splendens Euphorbia milii Euphorbia milii var. vulcanii Euphorbia milii var. milii Longitudinal section of the cyathium Grown in Malaysia Flower buds of crown-of-thorns (Euphorbia milii). Infected euphorbia inflorescences (cyathia) Close-up view of Euphorbia milii In Prague botanic garden Euphorbia milii from Kerala, India Euphorbia milii in Pakistan Euphorbia milii in Bangladesh. Thorns of Euphorbia milii. Leaf of Euphorbia milii from the back. Leaf of Euphorbia milii from the back. Euphoria milii from Haryana, India References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Euphorbia milii. ^ Razanajatovo, H. (2020). "Euphorbia milii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T44389A153299391. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T44389A153299391.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021. ^ "Appendices \| CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14. ^ a b Ombrello, Dr T., Crown of Thorns, Plant of the Week, UCC Biology Department, archived from the original on 17 September 2009, retrieved 1 October 2009 ^ See: de La Beaujardière, Jean-Marie, ed. (2001). "Botanical scientific names: Euphorbia". Malagasy Encyclopedic Dictionary. Fouché, J. G.; Andriamanalintsoa, J.-J.; B., David (July 2013). "Le jardin botanique de Ranopiso : lieu de conservation et de connaissance ethnopharmacologique en Androy (Madagascar)". Ethnopharmacologia (in French) (50). Société Française d'Ethnopharmacologie: 62–3. ^ Chudasama, C.A.M. (2018). "Molecular marker study in ornamental plant Euphorbia milii". Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 7 (3). Retrieved 10 December 2020. ^ "Crown of Thorns". Retrieved 11 December 2020. ^ a b Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5. ^ "ThaiTambon.com". Archived from the original on 2016-04-17. Retrieved 2007-10-26. ^ "Crown-of-Thorns (Euphorbia milii)". Veterinary Medicine Library. University Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Archived from the original on 2017-03-23. Retrieved 2017-04-08. ^ "Plants Toxic to Animals". Retrieved 18 December 2020. ^ Souza, C.A.M. (November 1997). "Study of the embryofeto-toxicity of Crown-of-Thorns (Euphorbia milii) latex, a natural molluscicide". Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 30 (11): 1325–32. doi:10.1590/S0100-879X1997001100011. PMID 9532242. ^ de Carvalho Augusto, Ronaldo; et al. (July 28, 2017). "Double impact: natural molluscicide for schistosomiasis vector control also impedes development of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae into adult parasites". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. ^ Complete Guide to Houseplants. Meredith Publishing Group. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Euphorbia milii". Retrieved 23 February 2018. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Euphorbia milii var. splendens". Retrieved 14 February 2018. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 35. Retrieved 16 February 2018. Notes ^ Artificially propagated specimens of cultivars of Euphorbia 'Milii' are not subject to the provisions of CITES when traded in shipments of 100 or more plants and are readily recognizable as artificially propagated specimens. Taxon identifiersEuphorbia milii Wikidata: Q148829 Wikispecies: Euphorbia milii AoFP: 13 APDB: 174014 APNI: 226737 ARKive: euphorbia-milii CoL: 3CPSB EoL: 1144397 EPPO: EPHML FoC: 200012571 GBIF: 3067157 GRIN: 70278 iNaturalist: 162839 IPNI: 347359-1 IRMNG: 11042356 ITIS: 502542 IUCN: 44389 MoBotPF: 368899 NatureServe: 2.136159 NCBI: 65559 NZOR: 03245fe6-63ac-4889-9151-4b1fc974387a Observation.org: 326516 Open Tree of Life: 97174 Plant List: kew-80891 PLANTS: EUMI9 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:347359-1 RHS: 32739 Species+: 21240 Tropicos: 12800162 WFO: wfo-0000963364	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"flowering plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"native","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_plant"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"Baron Milius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Bernard_Milius"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TO-4"},{"link_name":"Malagasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_language"},{"link_name":"Euphorbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"crown of thorns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_thorns"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Euphorbia milii, the crown of thorns, Christ plant, or Christ's thorn, is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family Euphorbiaceae, native to Madagascar. The species name commemorates Baron Milius, once Governor of Réunion, who introduced the species to France in 1821.[3]The native Malagasy name for this plant is songosongo also applied to several other Euphorbia species.[4] It is imagined that the species was introduced to the Middle East in ancient times, and legend associates it with the crown of thorns worn by Jesus.[5] It is commonly used as an ornamental houseplant that can be grown in warmer climates. The common English name[6] is due to the thorns and deep red bracts referring to the crown thorn Jesus had to wear during his crucifixion and his blood.","title":"Euphorbia milii"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"succulent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succulent"},{"link_name":"shrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TO-4"},{"link_name":"flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower"},{"link_name":"bracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bract"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rhs-8"},{"link_name":"Wat Phrik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Phrik"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThaiTambon.com-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mutation_in_Crown_of_thorns.jpg"}],"text":"It is a woody succulent subshrub or shrub growing to 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) tall, with densely spiny stems. The straight, slender spines, up to 3 cm (1.2 in) long, help it scramble over other plants. The fleshy, green leaves are found mainly on new growth,[3] and are up to 3.5 cm (1.4 in) long and 1.5 cm (0.59 in) broad. The flowers are small, subtended by a pair of conspicuous petal-like bracts, variably red, pink or white, up to 12 mm (0.47 in) broad.[7] Wat Phrik in Thailand claims to be the home of the world's tallest Christ thorn plant.[8] The plant thrives between spring and summer but produces flowers all year round.Mutation in Crown of thorns","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phorbol esters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phorbol_esters"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The sap is moderately poisonous, and causes irritation on contact with skin or eyes. If ingested, it causes severe stomach pain, irritation of the throat and mouth, and vomiting. The poisonous ingredients have been identified as phorbol esters.[9] It is very toxic to domesticated animals such as, horses, sheep, cats and dogs.[10] For humans it is mildly toxic and only acts as an irritant.","title":"Toxicity"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Pesticide","text":"The plant itself has proven to be an effective molluscicide and a natural alternative to pest control. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended the usage of Euphorbia milii in aiding snail control.[11] Especially in endemic countries. Schistosomiasis is an infectious disease from freshwater parasites, carried by snails. Extracts from the plant are used to control the snail population to avoid getting infected from a parasite.[12]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"varieties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rhs-8"},{"link_name":"E. milii var. splendens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia_milii_var._splendens"},{"link_name":"Bathouism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathouism"},{"link_name":"Bodo people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodo_people"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Croizat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Croizat"},{"link_name":"Ursch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ursch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leandri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Leandri"},{"link_name":"N.E.Br.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Edward_Brown"},{"link_name":"Ursch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ursch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leandri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Leandri"},{"link_name":"Leandri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Leandri"},{"link_name":"Ursch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ursch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leandri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Leandri"},{"link_name":"Rauh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Rauh"},{"link_name":"Marn.-Lap.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marn.-Lap.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Euphorbia milii var. splendens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia_milii_var._splendens"},{"link_name":"Bojer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenceslas_Bojer"},{"link_name":"Hook.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jackson_Hooker"},{"link_name":"Ursch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ursch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leandri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Leandri"},{"link_name":"Leandri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Leandri"},{"link_name":"Ursch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ursch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leandri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Leandri"},{"link_name":"Rauh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Rauh"},{"link_name":"Razaf.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A._Razafindratsira_fl.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ursch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ursch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leandri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Leandri"},{"link_name":"Leandri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Leandri"},{"link_name":"Ursch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ursch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leandri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Leandri"}],"text":"E. milii is a variable species, and several varieties have been described; some of these are treated as distinct species by some authors.[7] E. milii var. splendens (syn. E. splendens) is considered to be the living embodiment of the supreme deity in Bathouism, a minority religion practiced by the Bodo people of Eastern India and Nepal.Euphorbia milii var. bevilaniensis (Croizat) Ursch & Leandri 1955\nEuphorbia milii var. hislopii (N.E.Br.) Ursch & Leandri 1955 (syn. E. hislopii)\nEuphorbia milii var. imperatae (Leandri) Ursch & Leandri 1955\nEuphorbia milii var. longifolia Rauh 1967\nEuphorbia milii var. milii\nEuphorbia milii var. roseana Marn.-Lap. 1962\nEuphorbia milii var. splendens (Bojer ex Hook.) Ursch & Leandri 1955\nEuphorbia milii var. tananarivae (Leandri) Ursch & Leandri 1955\nEuphorbia milii var. tenuispina Rauh & Razaf. 1991\nEuphorbia milii var. tulearensis Ursch & Leandri 1955\nEuphorbia milii var. vulcanii (Leandri) Ursch & Leandri 1955","title":"Varieties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RHSPF-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Royal Horticultural Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society"},{"link_name":"Award of Garden Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Euphorbia milii can be propagated from cuttings.[13] E. milii is not hardy, and does not tolerate temperatures below 10 °C (50 °F). In temperate areas it needs to be grown under glass in full sun. During the summer it may be placed outside in a sheltered spot, when all risk of frost is absent. The species[14] and the variety E. milii var. splendens[15] have both gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[16]","title":"Cultivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_Milii-crown_of_Thorns.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christ_thorn_flowers_just_opening.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emerging_stem.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christ_thorn_flower_close_up_view.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbiamilli.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_sp_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E_milii_vulcanii_ies.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_milii_var.milii.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyathium_cross1_ies.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahkota_duri.jpg"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_milii_buds.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Infected_euphorbia_flower.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_milii_in_Malaysia.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_milii_Prague_2011_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EUPHORBIAMILII.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_milii-1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_milii_bd2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_milii_bd3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_of_Euphorbia_milii.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_milii_bd.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_milii_from_Haryana,_India.jpg"}],"text":"Euphorbia milii, crown of thorns\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChrist thorn inflorescences (cyathia) opening\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmerging stem\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChrist thorn inflorescence (cyathium) close up view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEuphorbia milii var splendens\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEuphorbia milii\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEuphorbia milii var. vulcanii\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEuphorbia milii var. milii\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLongitudinal section of the cyathium\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGrown in Malaysia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlower buds of crown-of-thorns (Euphorbia milii).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInfected euphorbia inflorescences (cyathia)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClose-up view of Euphorbia milii\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIn Prague botanic garden\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEuphorbia milii from Kerala, India\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEuphorbia milii in Pakistan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEuphorbia milii in Bangladesh.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThorns of Euphorbia milii.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLeaf of Euphorbia milii from the back.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLeaf of Euphorbia milii from the back.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEuphoria milii from Haryana, India","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Taxon identifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata"},{"link_name":"Q148829","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148829"},{"link_name":"Wikispecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies"},{"link_name":"Euphorbia milii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia_milii"},{"link_name":"13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=13"},{"link_name":"174014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/174014"},{"link_name":"APNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index"},{"link_name":"226737","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/226737"},{"link_name":"ARKive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARKive"},{"link_name":"euphorbia-milii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/euphorbia-milii/"},{"link_name":"CoL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life"},{"link_name":"3CPSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3CPSB"},{"link_name":"EoL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life"},{"link_name":"1144397","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//eol.org/pages/1144397"},{"link_name":"EPPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPPO_Code"},{"link_name":"EPHML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gd.eppo.int/taxon/EPHML"},{"link_name":"FoC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)"},{"link_name":"200012571","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200012571"},{"link_name":"GBIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility"},{"link_name":"3067157","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gbif.org/species/3067157"},{"link_name":"GRIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network"},{"link_name":"70278","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=70278"},{"link_name":"iNaturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INaturalist"},{"link_name":"162839","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//inaturalist.org/taxa/162839"},{"link_name":"IPNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index"},{"link_name":"347359-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ipni.org/n/347359-1"},{"link_name":"IRMNG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera"},{"link_name":"11042356","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11042356"},{"link_name":"ITIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System"},{"link_name":"502542","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=502542"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"44389","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/44389"},{"link_name":"MoBotPF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden"},{"link_name":"368899","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=368899"},{"link_name":"NatureServe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NatureServe"},{"link_name":"2.136159","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.136159/"},{"link_name":"NCBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information"},{"link_name":"65559","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=65559"},{"link_name":"03245fe6-63ac-4889-9151-4b1fc974387a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nzor.org.nz/names/03245fe6-63ac-4889-9151-4b1fc974387a"},{"link_name":"Observation.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation.org"},{"link_name":"326516","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//observation.org/species/326516/"},{"link_name":"Open Tree of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life"},{"link_name":"97174","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=97174"},{"link_name":"Plant List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plant_List"},{"link_name":"kew-80891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-80891"},{"link_name":"PLANTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants"},{"link_name":"EUMI9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=EUMI9"},{"link_name":"POWO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online"},{"link_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:347359-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A347359-1"},{"link_name":"RHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society"},{"link_name":"32739","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/32739/wd/Details"},{"link_name":"Species+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITES"},{"link_name":"21240","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/21240"},{"link_name":"Tropicos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicos"},{"link_name":"12800162","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//legacy.tropicos.org/Name/12800162"},{"link_name":"WFO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Flora_Online"},{"link_name":"wfo-0000963364","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000963364"}],"text":"^ Artificially propagated specimens of cultivars of Euphorbia 'Milii' are not subject to the provisions of CITES when traded in shipments of 100 or more plants and are readily recognizable as artificially propagated specimens.Taxon identifiersEuphorbia milii\nWikidata: Q148829\nWikispecies: Euphorbia milii\nAoFP: 13\nAPDB: 174014\nAPNI: 226737\nARKive: euphorbia-milii\nCoL: 3CPSB\nEoL: 1144397\nEPPO: EPHML\nFoC: 200012571\nGBIF: 3067157\nGRIN: 70278\niNaturalist: 162839\nIPNI: 347359-1\nIRMNG: 11042356\nITIS: 502542\nIUCN: 44389\nMoBotPF: 368899\nNatureServe: 2.136159\nNCBI: 65559\nNZOR: 03245fe6-63ac-4889-9151-4b1fc974387a\nObservation.org: 326516\nOpen Tree of Life: 97174\nPlant List: kew-80891\nPLANTS: EUMI9\nPOWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:347359-1\nRHS: 32739\nSpecies+: 21240\nTropicos: 12800162\nWFO: wfo-0000963364","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Mutation in Crown of thorns","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mutation_in_Crown_of_thorns.jpg/220px-Mutation_in_Crown_of_thorns.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Razanajatovo, H. (2020). \"Euphorbia milii\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T44389A153299391. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T44389A153299391.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/44389/153299391","url_text":"\"Euphorbia milii\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T44389A153299391.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T44389A153299391.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Appendices \| CITES\". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php","url_text":"\"Appendices \| CITES\""}]},{"reference":"Ombrello, Dr T., Crown of Thorns, Plant of the Week, UCC Biology Department, archived from the original on 17 September 2009, retrieved 1 October 2009","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090917022506/http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/pow/crown_of_thorns.htm","url_text":"Crown of Thorns, Plant of the Week, UCC Biology Department"},{"url":"http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/POW/crown_of_thorns.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"de La Beaujardière, Jean-Marie, ed. (2001). \"Botanical scientific names: Euphorbia\". Malagasy Encyclopedic Dictionary.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.malagasyword.org/bins/teny2/Euphorbia","url_text":"\"Botanical scientific names: Euphorbia\""}]},{"reference":"Fouché, J. G.; Andriamanalintsoa, J.-J.; B., David (July 2013). \"Le jardin botanique de Ranopiso : lieu de conservation et de connaissance ethnopharmacologique en Androy (Madagascar)\". Ethnopharmacologia (in French) (50). Société Française d'Ethnopharmacologie: 62–3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chudasama, C.A.M. (2018). \"Molecular marker study in ornamental plant Euphorbia milii\". Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 7 (3). Retrieved 10 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327035448","url_text":"\"Molecular marker study in ornamental plant Euphorbia milii\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crown of Thorns\". Retrieved 11 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/plant/crown-of-thorns-plant","url_text":"\"Crown of Thorns\""}]},{"reference":"Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-47494-5","url_text":"978-0-333-47494-5"}]},{"reference":"\"ThaiTambon.com\". Archived from the original on 2016-04-17. Retrieved 2007-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160417095628/http://www.thaitambon.com/tambon/ttambon.asp?ID=650104","url_text":"\"ThaiTambon.com\""},{"url":"http://www.thaitambon.com/tambon/ttambon.asp?ID=650104","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Crown-of-Thorns (Euphorbia milii)\". Veterinary Medicine Library. University Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Archived from the original on 2017-03-23. Retrieved 2017-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170323043612/http://www.library.illinois.edu/vex/toxic/crown/crown.htm","url_text":"\"Crown-of-Thorns (Euphorbia milii)\""},{"url":"http://www.library.illinois.edu/vex/toxic/crown/crown.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Plants Toxic to Animals\". Retrieved 18 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://guides.library.illinois.edu/plantstoxictoanimals","url_text":"\"Plants Toxic to Animals\""}]},{"reference":"Souza, C.A.M. (November 1997). \"Study of the embryofeto-toxicity of Crown-of-Thorns (Euphorbia milii) latex, a natural molluscicide\". Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 30 (11): 1325–32. doi:10.1590/S0100-879X1997001100011. PMID 9532242.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0100-879X1997001100011","url_text":"\"Study of the embryofeto-toxicity of Crown-of-Thorns (Euphorbia milii) latex, a natural molluscicide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0100-879X1997001100011","url_text":"10.1590/S0100-879X1997001100011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9532242","url_text":"9532242"}]},{"reference":"de Carvalho Augusto, Ronaldo; et al. (July 28, 2017). \"Double impact: natural molluscicide for schistosomiasis vector control also impedes development of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae into adult parasites\". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Complete Guide to Houseplants. Meredith Publishing Group.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plantfinder - Euphorbia milii\". Retrieved 23 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/32739/i-Euphorbia-milii-i/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plantfinder - Euphorbia milii\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plantfinder - Euphorbia milii var. splendens\". Retrieved 14 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/7072/i-Euphorbia-milii-i-var-i-splendens-i/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plantfinder - Euphorbia milii var. splendens\""}]},{"reference":"\"AGM Plants - Ornamental\" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 35. Retrieved 16 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf","url_text":"\"AGM Plants - Ornamental\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/44389/153299391","external_links_name":"\"Euphorbia milii\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T44389A153299391.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T44389A153299391.en"},{"Link":"https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php","external_links_name":"\"Appendices \| CITES\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090917022506/http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/pow/crown_of_thorns.htm","external_links_name":"Crown of Thorns, Plant of the Week, UCC Biology Department"},{"Link":"http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/POW/crown_of_thorns.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.malagasyword.org/bins/teny2/Euphorbia","external_links_name":"\"Botanical scientific names: Euphorbia\""},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327035448","external_links_name":"\"Molecular marker study in ornamental plant Euphorbia milii\""},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/plant/crown-of-thorns-plant","external_links_name":"\"Crown of Thorns\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160417095628/http://www.thaitambon.com/tambon/ttambon.asp?ID=650104","external_links_name":"\"ThaiTambon.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.thaitambon.com/tambon/ttambon.asp?ID=650104","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170323043612/http://www.library.illinois.edu/vex/toxic/crown/crown.htm","external_links_name":"\"Crown-of-Thorns (Euphorbia milii)\""},{"Link":"http://www.library.illinois.edu/vex/toxic/crown/crown.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://guides.library.illinois.edu/plantstoxictoanimals","external_links_name":"\"Plants Toxic to Animals\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0100-879X1997001100011","external_links_name":"\"Study of the embryofeto-toxicity of Crown-of-Thorns (Euphorbia milii) latex, a natural molluscicide\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0100-879X1997001100011","external_links_name":"10.1590/S0100-879X1997001100011"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9532242","external_links_name":"9532242"},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/32739/i-Euphorbia-milii-i/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plantfinder - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_68_(Ohio)	U.S. Route 68	["1 Route description","1.1 Kentucky","1.2 Ohio","2 History","2.1 Original route in central Kentucky","2.2 Original alignment in northwestern Ohio","2.3 Widening project in western Kentucky (1990s)","2.4 Eggner Ferry Bridge incident (2012)","3 Future","4 Major intersections","5 Related routes","6 References","7 External links"]	Highway in the United States U.S. Route 68US 68 highlighted in redRoute informationLength560 mi (900 km)Existed1926–presentMajor junctionsWest end US 62 at Reidland, KYMajor intersections I-69 in Draffenville, KY I-24 near Cadiz, KY I-65 near Bowling Green, KY I-64 / I-75 in Lexington, KY I-71 near Wilmington, OH I-70 in Springfield, OH North end I-75 / SR 15 in Findlay, OH LocationCountryUnited StatesStatesKentucky, Ohio Highway system United States Numbered Highway System List Special Divided ← US 67→ US 69 U.S. Route 68 (US 68) is a United States highway that runs for 560 miles (900 km) from northwest Ohio to Western Kentucky. The highway's western terminus is at US 62 in Reidland, Kentucky. Its present northern terminus is at Interstate 75 in Findlay, Ohio, though the route once extended as far north as Toledo. US 68 intersects with US 62 three times during its route. Route description US 68 is signed east–west in Kentucky, while in Ohio it is signed north–south. Kentucky US 68 in Mercer County, Kentucky The Beginning of US 68 at an intersection with US 62 near Paducah, KY U.S. Route 68 is designated as a "Scenic Highway" throughout Kentucky. US 68 passes near or through Reidland, Aurora, Cadiz, Hopkinsville, Elkton, Russellville, Auburn, Bowling Green, Glasgow, Edmonton, Greensburg, Campbellsville, Lebanon, Perryville, Harrodsburg, Lexington, Paris, and Maysville. The majority of the route winds through forested, hilly terrain. US 68 is Broadway through downtown Lexington, and it is Harrodsburg Road before it leaves Lexington. The route passes several Civil War battle sites. The Jefferson Davis State Historic Site is located along the highway, approximately 9 miles (14 km) east of Hopkinsville at the small town of Fairview. The Battle of Tebbs Bend Historic Civil War Site is located near Campbellsville and the Perryville Battlefield State Historic Site is outside Perryville. There is an annual 400-mile (640 km) yard sale, held along the highway for four days in early summer. The sections of the highway through Campbellsville and Lebanon are slated for expansion to begin in 2008. The long-term goal is to widen and make safer the entire US 68 corridor through Kentucky as part of the Heartland Parkway project. Sections in Kentucky have been improved in recent years. The Paris Pike was completed in 2003. Work is currently in progress to make US 68 four lanes through Land Between the Lakes. This was accelerated, following a devastating collision of the cargo vessel MV Delta Mariner with Eggner Ferry Bridge in January 2012. Ohio Highest point on US 68 at the US 33 interchange in Bellefontaine, Ohio US 68 takes a south–north route throughout Ohio, roughly paralleling Interstate 75 but covering counties one tier to the east of those counties covered by I-75. US 68 begins at the William H. Harsha Bridge over the Ohio River and duplexes with U.S. Route 52 for 5.6 miles while traveling on the north bank of the river. The highways separate at Ripley, at which point US 68 heads north as a generally rural two-lane highway, passing through or bypassing communities such as Georgetown, Mount Orab, Fayetteville, Wilmington, Xenia, and Yellow Springs. Shortly before reaching Interstate 70, it becomes a four-lane expressway, bypassing Springfield before transitioning back to a rural two-lane road as it approaches Urbana. As it continues north, US 68 passes through West Liberty, Bellefontaine, Kenton, Dunkirk, and Arlington on its way north to its terminus at an interchange with Interstate 75 outside Findlay. In total, US 68 traverses 179.1 miles within Ohio. History Original route in central Kentucky This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2013) From 1926 until the late 1940s, in terms of the routing between Bowling Green and Perryville, US 68's concurrency with US 31W went further northeast through southeastern Edmonson and northwestern Barren counties to Horse Cave, in Hart County. US 68 then followed the present-day Kentucky Route 218 (Charlie Moran Highway) to the US 31E junction at Wigwam, and then joined US 31E northward through LaRue and Nelson counties to Bardstown, where it joined US 150 for a concurrency that lasted through Washington County until it went solo in Perryville. US 68 moved to its current routing between Bowling Green and Perryville (except for the later rerouting onto Glasgow's Veterans Outer Loop) around 1948–49. Original alignment in northwestern Ohio US 68 previously ran to Toledo, Ohio, terminating at the west approach to the Anthony Wayne Bridge south of downtown, but the Toledo-Findlay segment was decommissioned in the 1950s. It also passed through Springfield, Ohio prior to its realignment onto a four-lane bypass of that city. Widening project in western Kentucky (1990s) For much of the 1990s, much of the US 68/KY 80 corridor from the I-24 junction near Cadiz to the Natcher Parkway (now I-165) junction in Bowling Green was under construction for a regional construction project to widen the corridor to four lanes, with several alignments remaining intact, especially around small towns such as Fairview and Auburn. The project included bypass routes in Hopkinsville and Russellville. Eggner Ferry Bridge incident (2012) Two spans of the US 68/KY 80 Eggner Ferry Bridge over Kentucky Lake collapsed after being struck by a cargo ship on January 26, 2012. The bridge reopened to traffic on May 25, 2012. That bridge was replaced by a new four-lane bridge a few years afterwards. Future In Springfield Township, Clark County, Ohio, there is an almost full-access interchange between controlled-access US 68 and US 40/SR 4, which is itself a controlled-access highway until approximately 0.3-mile west of the US 68 interchange. One exit ramp from US 68 ends on Upper Valley Pike, rather than on US 40/SR 4; another entrance ramp includes two-way traffic and an at-grade entrance to a retirement community. On US 40/SR 4 between the controlled-access portion and US 68, there are an at-grade intersection at Upper Valley Pike, other street and driveway breaks in access control and a steep grade on the eastbound approach toward Upper Valley Pike. In September 2013, the Clark County-Springfield Transportation Coordinating Committee (TCC) ranked the US 40/SR 4/Upper Valley Pike intersection as the most hazardous in the county, based on 2010-2012 crash data. Because the road design over the years had played a significant factor in the high number of crashes in the area, the TCC conducted a study; in February 2006 it recommended reconfiguring the US 68 interchange and altering nearby traffic patterns. The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) the same year approved $5 million to fund the project. However, the TCC soon rejected ODOT's money, concluding that even its recommended fix would not be enough to solve the area road network's underlying problems. Instead, the TCC is making small changes, such as improving traffic signal timing and adding signs. ODOT, for its part, is working on reducing the number of driveways near the US 40/SR 4/Upper Valley Pike intersection and on upgrading traffic signals. In Xenia Township, Greene County, Ohio, north of Xenia, ODOT plans to convert the intersection with SR 235, the state route's southern terminus, to a roundabout. As of summer 2020, construction is expected to begin in spring 2023 and to be completed that fall, with an estimated cost of $2 million. On December 7, 2023, ODOT announced that it would provide a $2.6 million grant to construct a single-lane roundabout at Fairfield Pike in Springfield Township, Clark County, Ohio, on the border with Springfield, in 2028. Major intersections StateCountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes KentuckyMcCrackenReidland0.0000.000 US 62 – Paducah, Kentucky DamWestern terminus 0.882–1.0951.419–1.762 I-24 – St. Louis, NashvilleI-24 Exit 16 1.3422.160 KY 284 west (Benton Road) – Reidland, SymsoniaEastern terminus of KY 284 2.1773.504 KY 787 (Rosebower Church Road) MarshallSharpe3.8416.181 KY 1042 north (Sharpe School Road) / Sharpe-Elva RoadSouthern terminus of KY 1042 4.2736.877 KY 795 south (Scale Road)Western end of KY 795 concurrency 4.3577.012 KY 795 north (Scale Road) / Brien Cutoff RoadEastern end of KY 795 concurrency 6.0059.664 KY 1610 north (Mt. Moriah Road)Southern terminus of KY 1610 6.50210.464 KY 1396 south (Georgia Clark Road South)Northern terminus of KY 1396 7.61312.252 KY 1712 south (Griggstown Road)Northern terminus of KY 1712 7.84212.620 KY 1413 north (Patterson Ferry Road)Southern terminus of KY 1413 Palma9.15214.729 KY 3456 north (Needmore Road)Southern terminus of KY 3456 9.56315.390 KY 1422 east (Palma Road)Western terminus of KY 1422 10.46216.837 KY 95 northSouthern terminus of KY 95 11.41318.367 KY 782 westEastern terminus of KY 782 12.061–12.16319.410–19.574 I-69 – Mayfield, Calvert CityI-69 (Former Pennyrile Parkway) exit 47 Draffenville12.33919.858 US 641 north – Land Between the Lakes Northern Entrance, Kentucky Dam Village State Resort ParkWestern end of US 641 concurrency 12.75520.527 US 641 south – Benton, MurrayEastern end of US 641 concurrency; provides access to Marshall County Hospital in Benton Briensburg14.50923.350 KY 58 west (Briensburg Road)Eastern terminus of KY 58 16.11525.935Moors Camp HighwayFormer KY 953 16.62726.759 KY 1462 west (Benton-Birmingham Road)Eastern terminus of KY 1462 16.67726.839Big Bear HighwayFormer KY 68 east 19.42031.253 KY 408 west (Eggners Ferry Road)Eastern terminus of KY 408 20.64433.223Barge Island Road – Girl Scout Camp, Camp Kum-Ba-Ya, Camp CurrieFormer KY 962 north Fairdealing20.68133.283 KY 962 south (Old Olive Road)Northern terminus of KY 962 21.46934.551 KY 1364 south (Olive Creek Road)Northern terminus of KY 1364 21.91735.272 KY 1484 northSouthern terminus of KY 1484 Aurora28.49045.850 KY 402 west (Aurora Highway) – MayfieldEastern terminus of KY 402 29.91048.135 KY 80 west / Bayview Road – Kenlake Lodge and Marina, MurrayWestern end of KY 80 concurrency Kentucky Lake30.118–31.18348.470–50.184Eggner's Ferry Bridge TriggLand Between the Lakes33.37253.707The Trace – Grand Rivers, KY, Dover, TNInterchange 39.491–39.85163.555–64.134Lake Barkley Bridge Canton40.50765.190 KY 164 south (Linton Road) – Devil's Hill launching ramp, Calhoun Hill launching rampNorthern terminus of KY 164 40.50765.190 KY 1489 east (State Park Road)Western terminus of KY 1489; Lake Barkley State Park Airport near eastern end of 1489 43.21369.545 KY 3568 east (Canton Road)Western terminus of KY 3568; former alignment of US 68 45.57873.351 KY 272 east (Old Canton Road) to KY 1062 south (Maple Grove Road)Western terminus of KY 272 46.01674.056 KY 1489 west (Blue Spring Road) – Lake Barkley State Resort ParkEastern terminus of KY 1489; access to Lake Barkley State Park Airport 46.88575.454 KY 3568 west (Old Canton Road)Eastern terminus of KY 3568; former alignment of US 68 47.12875.845 US 68 Bus. east (Canton Road) – CadizWestern terminus of Cadiz business route 47.61476.627 KY 1175 (Old Dover Road) – Cadiz 49.12979.065 KY 139 (South Road) – Cadiz Cadiz51.49982.880 US 68 Bus. west (Main Street) – Cadiz Business DistrictEastern end of Cadiz business route; access to Trigg County Hospital 51.71983.234 KY 3468 east (Hopkinsville Road)Western terminus of KY 3468; former alignment of US 68 54.50987.724 KY 3468 west (Hopkinsville Road)Eastern terminus of KY 3468 54.74488.102 KY 1585 south (North Montgomery Road) / KY 276 west (Rocky Ridge Road)Northern terminus of KY 1585;eastern terminus of KY 276 55.083–55.21788.647–88.863 I-24 – Nashville, PaducahI-24 exit 65 55.77989.768 KY 958 north (Barefield Road)Southern terminus of KY 958 58.52994.193 KY 128 north (Wallonia Road) – CeruleanSouthern terminus of KY 128 58.76694.575 KY 3186 east (Tobacco Road) – GraceyWestern terminus of KY 3186 ChristianGracey59.61095.933 KY 1026 (Gracey-Sinking Spring Road) 60.27196.997 KY 3186 west (Lester Road) – GraceyEastern terminus of KY 3186 61.82399.494 KY 1349 north (Quisenberry Lane)Southern terminus of KY 1349 Hopkinsville66.008106.230 US 68 Byp. east / US 68 Truck east / KY 1682 east (Eagle Way) to Pennyrile ParkwayWestern terminus of Hopkinsville bypass/truck routes and KY 16821682 to the north, 68 Bypass/truck to the south; parkway via 1682, hospital via 68 Bypass 67.981109.405 KY 91 north (Princeton Road) – Princeton, FredoniaSouthern terminus of KY 91 68.293109.907 KY 109 north (Dawson Springs Road) – Pennyrile Forest State ParkWestern end of KY 109 concurrency 69.008111.058 KY 1007 (North Drive) – Community College, MSU Breathitt Veterinary Center 69.737112.231 US 41 south / KY 107 south (South Main Street)Western end of US 41 concurrency; southern terminus of one-way south section of US 41; 107 to the south, 41 comes in from the north 69.801112.334 US 41 north / KY 107 north (South Virginia Street)West end of KY 107 overlap; 107 enters from the south; 41 north to the north, 41 south continues concurrent with 68 69.860112.429 KY 2544 south (South Liberty Street)Southern terminus of one-way section of KY 2544; former alignment of US 41 south 69.920112.525 KY 2544 north (South Clay Street)Southern terminus of KY 2544; former alignment of US 41 south 70.040112.718 KY 107 north (South Campbell Street)Eastern end of KY 107 concurrency 70.125112.855 US 41 Alt. south (South Walnut Street)Northern terminus of KY/TN US 41 Alternate route 70.330113.185 US 41 south / KY 109 south (East 9th Street) – PembrokeEastern end of US 41/KY 109 concurrency 70.634–70.786113.674–113.919 Pennyrile Parkway to I-69 – Ft. Campbell, MadisonvillePennyrile Parkway exit 9; future I-169 71.585115.205 KY 1979 west (East 7th Street)Eastern terminus of KY 1979 71.647115.305Airport Road – Hopkinsville-Christian County Airport 73.520118.319 US 68 Byp. west (Dr Martin Luther King Jr Way)Eastern terminus of Hopkinsville bypass route 75.052120.784 KY 1716 north (Overby Lane)Southern terminus of KY 1716 77.744125.117 KY 1027 west (Rosetown Road)Eastern terminus of KY 1027 79.142127.367 US 68 Alt. east (Jefferson Davis Road) – FairviewWestern terminus of US 68 alternate route 79.884128.561 KY 1843 (Vaughns Grove-Fairview Road) – Fairview 80.436129.449Britmart Road – Jefferson Davis Monument State Historic SiteFormer KY 1081 Todd81.201130.680 US 68 Alt. west (Jefferson Davis Road) – FairviewEastern terminus of US 68 alternate route Tress Shop85.228137.161 KY 475 south (Tress Shop Road)Northern terminus of KY 475 Elkton86.470139.160 US 68 Bus. east / North David Hightower – ElktonWestern terminus of Elkton business route 89.234143.608 KY 181 (Greenville Road) – Elkton Historic District, Birthplace of Robert Penn Warren, Lake Malone State Park, Elkton Guthrie AirportLake Malone to the north, everything else to the south 91.419147.125 US 68 Bus. east / Williams Hill Road – ElktonEastern terminus of Elkton business route 94.433151.975 KY 1309 east (Old Volney Road) – DaysvilleWestern terminus of KY 1309 LoganWhippoorwill97.884157.529 KY 1151 (Union Church Road) Russellville103.323166.282 US 68 Bus. east (Hopkinsville Road) / US 431 south – Adairsville, Clarksville, TNWestern terminus of Russellville business route; eastern end of US 431 concurrency 103.806167.060 KY 178 (Highland Lick Road) 104.814168.682 US 431 north / Terry Wilcut Highway – Lewisburg, Central City, Boy Scout Camp, Lake Malone State ParkEastern end of US 431 concurrency 105.197169.298 KY 3519 (North Main Street / Lewisburg Road) 107.304172.689 KY 79 (Peyton Street / Morgantown Road) Russellville109.031175.468 US 68 Bus. west (Bowling Green Road) / US 79 south (Russellville Bypass) – Franklin, Adairsville, ClarksvilleEastern end of Russellville business route; northern terminus of US 79; Russellville-Logan County Airport to the south via 79 113.290182.323 KY 2369 south (Dennis-Corinth Road) / Stevenson Mill RoadNorthern terminus of KY 2369 115.717186.228 KY 722 west (Duncans Chapel Road)Eastern terminus of KY 722 Auburn116.508187.501 US 68 Bus. east (West Main Street) / Matlock Lane – Auburn Business DistrictWestern terminus of Auburn business route 118.173190.181 KY 103 – Auburn Elementary School, Chandlers Chapel 119.513192.338 US 68 Bus. west (East Main street) – Auburn Business DistrictEastern end of Auburn business route 121.445195.447 KY 73 (South Union Road / Cave Springs Road) – 1869 Shaker Tavern, Historic FranklinMichigan left intersection 122.694197.457 KY 1466 (Shakertown Road) – South Union Shaker Village 124.105199.728 KY 2349 south (Stamps Road)Northern terminus of KY 2349; road continues as Stamps Road north of intersection Warren124.478200.328 KY 240 east (Petros Road)Western terminus of KY 240 Rockfield127.460205.127 KY 242 east (Richpond-Rockfield Road) – RockfieldWestern terminus of KY 242 129.180207.895 KY 1083 north / Murphy RoadNorthern terminus of KY 1083 Bowling Green131.615211.814 KY 432 north (Blue Level Road)Southern terminus of KY 432 132.153–132.467212.680–213.185 I-165 to I-65 – Kentucky State Police, OwensboroI-165 Exit 6 133.493214.836 US 231 south (Campbell Lane) / US 68 Bus. east (Russellville Road) to I-165Western end of Bowling Green business route; western end of US 231 concurrency; I-165 via 231 south 134.975217.221 US 231 Bus. south / US 231 north (Morgantown Road) to I-165Northern terminus of US 231 business; eastern terminus of US 231 concurrency; college via 231 business 135.817218.576 KY 2665 (Glen Lily Road) 136.755220.086 KY 1435 north (Barren River Road)Southern terminus of KY 1435 138.621223.089 KY 185 northSouthern terminus of KY 185; road continues as Gordon Avenue south of intersection 138.930223.586 US 68 Bus. west (Adams Street) / KY 234 south (East 7th Street) – Western Kentucky UniversityEastern end of Bowling Green bus. route; northern terminus of KY 234; WKU Health Services via 234 139.407224.354 US 31W south (East Riverview Drive) / Riverview Drive – Beech Bend ParkWestern end of US 31W concurrency; Commonwealth Regional Specialty Hospital just east of intersection; Beech Bend via Riverview Drive 140.859226.691 KY 3225 west (River Street)Eastern terminus of KY 3225; former alignment of 31W 141.826228.247 KY 1402 east (Porter Pike)Western terminus of KY 1402 142.108228.701 KY 446 east to I-65 – Nashville, Louisville, National Corvette MuseumInterchange 142.822229.850 KY 957 north (Plum Springs Loop)Southern terminus of KY 957 145.141233.582 KY 526 west (Mount Olivet Road) / Scottys WayEastern terminus of KY 526 145.642234.388 US 31W north (Louisville Road) to I-65 northEastern end of US 31 concurrency 146.777236.215 KY 3145 south to I-65 – Nashville, LouisvilleRamp to KY 3145 south and ramp from KY 3145 north 150.936242.908 I-65 south – NashvilleEntrance to southbound I-65 and ramp from northbound I-65; I-65 north exit 36 152.641245.652 KY 101 (Smiths Grove-Scottsville Road) to I-65I-65 to the north 156.969252.617 KY 259 northSouthern terminus of KY 259 Barren KY 2240 south (Mary Oaks-Ralton Road)Northern terminus of KY 2240 Bon Ayr161.649260.149 KY 255 (Bon Ayr Road / Park City-Bon Ayr Road) 165.561266.445 KY 2189 north (Glasgow Road)Southern terminus of KY 2189 Glasgow167.727269.930 KY 3600 west (Veterans Outer Loop) / US 68 Bus. east (New Glasgow Road) to Cumberland ParkwayEastern terminus of KY 3600; western end of Glasgow business route; Parkway via 3600 169.004271.986 KY 90 (Happy Valley Road) to I-65 north – Cave CityGlasgow Memorial Airport to the northwest 170.939275.100 US 31E (North Jackson Highway)TJ Samson Community Hospital to the south 173.226278.780 US 68 Bus. west (Edmonton Road) / KY 1519 south (Veterans Outer Loop) to Cumberland ParkwayEastern end of Glasgow business route; northern terminus of KY 1519; Parkway via 1519 173.405279.068 KY 740 north (Coral Hill Road)Southern terminus of KY 740 MetcalfeWisdom182.491293.691 KY 640 (Wisdom Road / Knob Lick-Wisdom Road) 186.216–186.495299.686–300.135 Cumberland Parkway – Bowling Green, SomersetCumberland Parkway exit 37 Edmonton188.534303.416 KY 861 west (Randolph Street) – Metcalfe Co. Schools, Metcalfe Co. Board of EducationEastern terminus of KY 861 189.399304.808 KY 163 south (South Main Street) / East Stockton StreetNorthern terminus of KY 163 189.839305.516 KY 80 east (North Main Street) – ColumbiaEastern end of KY 80 concurrency 190.707306.913 KY 3524 east (Industrial Drive) / Harvey Hunt RoadWestern terminus of KY 3524 190.787–191.010307.042–307.401 Cumberland Parkway – Somerset, Bowling GreenCumberland Parkway exit 29 191.172307.662 KY 1243 north (Knob Lick Road)Southern terminus of KY 1243 192.331309.527 KY 2399 east (A H Boston Road) / Lawrence England RoadWestern terminus of KY 2399 193.840311.955 KY 544 east (Bridgeport-Keltner Road)Western terminus of KY 544 195.503314.632 KY 543 west (Toby Hill Road)Eastern terminus of KY 543 198.672319.732 KY 70 west (Sulphur Well-Knob Lick Road) – Cave CityWestern end of KY 70 concurrency 199.688321.367 KY 745 south (Mill Ridge Road)Northern terminus of KY 745 Green201.279323.927 KY 729 north (Little Barren Road)Southern terminus of KY 729 Exie205.429330.606 KY 487 north (Mell Road)Southern terminus of KY 487 206.952333.057 KY 218 west – Horse CaveEastern terminus of KY 218 212.740342.372 KY 61 south (Columbia Highway) – Columbia, BurkesvilleWestern end of KY 61 concurrency Greensburg212.994342.781Milby Street – Jane Todd Crawford Memorial Hospital 213.114342.974Industrial RoadFormer KY 2189 213.818–213.950344.107–344.319Bridge over the Green River 214.208344.734 KY 417 east (East Columbia Avenue) / West Columbia AvenueWestern terminus of KY 417 215.110346.186 KY 61 north / KY 3535 south (Industrial Park Drive) – Industrial Park, Health Dept, HodgenvilleEastern end of KY 61 conncurrency; northern terminus of KY 3535; Industrial park and health dept. via 3535 217.451349.953 KY 793 westEastern terminus of KY 793 Taylor219.264352.871 KY 2764 west (Miller Road)Eastern terminus of KY 2764; road continues as Miller Road east/south of US 68 220.513354.881 KY 883 north (Shiloh Road)Southern terminus of KY 883 Campbellsville223.209359.220 KY 323 (West Main Street / Friendship Pike) 224.104360.660 KY 55 south (New Columbia Road) / KY 210 west (Hodgenville Road) – Columbia, Battle of Tebb's Bend Monument, Green River Lake, HodgenvilleWestern end of KY 55 concurrency; eastern terminus of KY 210 224.868361.890North Hoskins Avenue – Campbellsville University 224.921361.975 KY 323 south (South Columbia Avenue)Northern terminus of KY 323 225.041362.168 KY 70 east / KY 527 north (North Central Avenue)Eastern end of KY 70 concurrency; southern terminus of KY 527; 527 to the left, 70 to the right 225.157362.355 KY 289 north (Lebanon Avenue)Southern terminus of KY 289; access to Taylor Regional Hospital 225.937363.610 KY 658 east (Roberts Road) / Cherokee DriveWestern terminus of KY 658 226.638364.739 KY 1799 south (Airport Road) – Taylor County AirportNorthern terminus of KY 1799 227.858366.702 KY 3211 west (Palestine Road) / Rinehart RoadEastern terminus of KY 3211 228.764368.160 KY 1834 east (Sportsman Lake Road) – Spurlington LakeWestern terminus of KY 1834 231.113371.940 KY 208 north / KY 744 (Spurlington Road / Newton Lane) – Spurlington, Calvary, Spurlington LakeSouthern terminus of KY 208; 744 goes both ways Marion234.915378.059 KY 412 west / Willard Farm LaneWestern end of KY 412 concurrency 237.268381.846 KY 412 east (East Calvary Road)Eastern end of KY 412 concurrency 239.410385.293 KY 289 southNorthern terminus of KY 289 240.362386.825 KY 2741 south (McElroy Pike)Northern terminus of KY 2741 241.394388.486 KY 426 west (Miller Pike) / Old KY 68Eastern terminus of KY 426 242.129389.669 KY 2154 (Adam Hughes Memorial Highway / Veterans Memorial Highway) Lebanon243.455391.803 KY 55 north (West Walnut Street) / Hamilton HeightsEastern end of KY 55 concurrency; access to Spring View Hospital; 55 also provides access to Lebanon-Springfield Airport 243.961392.617 KY 49 / KY 52 west (North Proctor Avenue / South Proctor Avenue) – Liberty, Presbyterian Cemetery, The Kobert PlaceWestern end of KY 52 concurrency; 49 both ways 244.074392.799 KY 55 Spur south (North Spalding Avenue) to KY 55 / South Spalding Avenue – Maxwell House, Visitor Center, Lebanon Civil War Park, MyrtledeneNorthern terminus of KY 55 spur 245.087394.429 KY 2154 north (Corporate Drive) / Sulphur Springs Road – SpringfieldSouthern terminus of KY 2154 245.924395.776 KY 1404 north (Barbers Mill Road)Southern terminus of KY 1404 246.520396.735 KY 1195 north (Shortline Pike)Southern terminus of KY 1195 255.199410.703 KY 243 south (Gravel Switch Road) – Gravel Switch, BradfordsvilleNorthern terminus of KY 243 Boyle258.540416.080 KY 34 east (Lebanon Road) – LebanonWestern terminus of KY 34 260.903419.883 KY 1894 south (Brumfield Road)Northern terminus of KY 1894 Perryville262.958423.190 US 150 west (West 2nd Street) / North Buell Street – Perryville Battlefield State Park, SpringfieldWestern end of US 150 concurrency 236.067379.913 US 150 east / KY 52 east (East 2nd Street) / KY 1856 south (South Bragg Street) – DanvilleEastern end of US 150 and KY 52 concurrencies; 52/150 continue east, 68 turns north 266.181428.377 KY 1941 north (Martin Lane)Southern terminus of KY 1941 MercerNevada267.104429.862 KY 1822 south (Quirks Run Road)Northern terminus of KY 1822 272.005437.750 KY 1915 south (Dry Branch Road)Northern terminus of KY 1915 Harrodsburg273.038439.412 KY 152 west (Mooreland Avenue) – SpringfieldWestern end of KY 152 concurrency 273.340439.898 US 127 south (South College Street) / Mooreland Avenue – DanvilleWestern end of US 127 concurrency 273.519440.186 US 127 north (North College Street) / West Lexington Street – Lawrenceburg, Old Fort Harrod State ParkEastern end of US 127 concurrency; 127 continues north, 68/152 turn east 273.935440.856 KY 152 east (Cane Run Road) / Marimon Avenue – Herrington Lake, BurginEastern end of KY 152 concurrency 274.879442.375 US 127 Byp. 276.402444.826 KY 1343 north (Curry Pike)Southern terminus of KY 1343 Pleasant Hill280.940452.129 KY 33 south (Shakertown Road) – Burgin, Herrington Lake, DanvilleWestern end of KY 33 concurrency; Shaker Village on north side of intersection Kentucky River286.481–286.599461.046–461.236Brooklyn Bridge Jessamine288.054463.578 KY 33 north (Pekin Pike) – VersaillesEastern end of KY 33 concurrency 288.716464.643 KY 1268 south (West Main Street) – Wilmore, Asbury UniversityNorthern terminus of KY 1268 290.905468.166 KY 29 south (Lexington Road) / Cardinal Drive – Wilmore, Asbury UniversityWestern end of KY 29 concurrency 291.632469.336 KY 29 north / Murphy Lane – NicholasvilleEastern end of KY 29 concurrency 293.757472.756 KY 169 (Keene Road) – Nicholasville 295.837476.104 KY 3375 (Catnip Hill Road) – Springhouse Gardens Brannon Woods297.615478.965 KY 1980 east (Brannon Road) / West Brannon RoadWestern terminus of KY 1980 FayetteLexington299.233481.569 KY 1267 south (Keene Road) / Old Schoolhouse LaneNorthern terminus of KY 1267 300.234483.180Man o' War Boulevard 301.582–301.748485.349–485.616 KY 4 south (West New Circle Road)Diverging diamond interchange; KY 4 exit 2 304.204489.569 US 27 south (Virginia Avenue) / Red Mile Road – University of KentuckyWestern end of US 27 concurrency 304.758490.460 KY 922 north (Oliver Lewis Way) to I-75 / I-64 / Bolivar StreetSouthern terminus of KY 922 305.227491.215 US 25 north / US 421 north (West Vine Street) – Ashland (Henry Clay estate), Cheapside Park 305.289491.315 US 25 south / US 421 south (West Main Street) 307.242494.458 KY 4 (New Circle Road) 308.299–308.430496.159–496.370 I-75 / I-64 – Knoxville, AshlandInterchange. I-75/64 exit 112 310.820500.216 KY 3367 east (Johnstown Road)Western terminus of KY 3367 311.554501.398 KY 1973 north (Iron Works Pike) / Mahmoud LaneWestern end of KY 1973 concurrency 313.053503.810 KY 1973 south (Muir Station Road)Eastern end of KY 1973 concurrency Bourbon315.680508.038 KY 1939 north (Hutchison Road)Southern terminus of KY 1939 Paris321.164516.863 KY 1939 (Bethlehem Road / Hume Bedford Pike) 321.324517.121 US 68 Bus. east (South Main Street)Western terminus of Paris business route; Bourbon Medical Center just northeast of intersection 322.872519.612 US 460 (Georgetown Road) – Paris, Georgetown 323.290520.285 US 27 north (Cynthiana Road) – CynthianaEastern end of US 27 concurrency 325.650524.083 US 68 Bus. west (Millersburg Road) to US 460 eastEastern terminus of Paris business route 325.731524.213 KY 1940 north (Ruddles Mill Road) – Ruddels MillsSouthern terminus of KY 1940 322.047518.284 US 68 Bus. east (Millersburg Road) – MillersburgWestern terminus of Millersburg business route 322.487518.993 KY 1893 (Millersburg-Ruddles Mill Road) – Ruddels Mills Millersburg333.864537.302 KY 1879 (Millersburg-Cynthiana Road) – Cynthiana Nicholas334.471538.279 US 68 Bus. west (Maysville Road) / South Johnson RoadEastern terminus of Millersburg business route 335.007539.142 KY 386 south (Carpenter Pike)Northern terminus of KY 386 336.668541.815 KY 648 west (Walnut Grove Road)Eastern terminus of KY 648 337.172542.626 KY 36 (Concrete Road/Old Maysville Road) – Cynthiana, Carlisle 339.462546.311 KY 32 (Old Paris Road) 340.499547.980 KY 1244 north (Old Maysville Road)Southern terminus of KY 1244 340.726548.345 KY 1455 south (Lake Road) – Lake Carnico, 4-H Camp, CarlisleWestern end of KY 1455 concurrency 341.463549.531 KY 1455 north (Mount Mariah Road)Eastern end of KY 1455 concurrency 343.709553.146 KY 606 west (Suggs Road)Eastern terminus of KY 606 345.296555.700 KY 1244 south (Old Maysville Road)Northern terminus of KY 1244 Robertson347.126558.645Main Park Road – Blue Licks Battlefield State Resort Park 347.517559.274Main Park Road – Blue Licks Battlefield State Resort Park 348.175560.333 KY 165 north – Mount OlivetWestern end of KY 165 concurrency Fleming349.754562.875 KY 2505 north (Mount Pleasant Road) / Willow RoadSouthern terminus of KY 2505 351.982566.460 KY 165 south (Ewing Road) – FlemingsburgEastern end of KY 165 concurrency Mason355.852572.688 KY 550 south (Metcalfe Mill Pike) / East Bolden RoadNorthern terminus of KY 550 357.517575.368 KY 2517 north (Main Street)Southern terminus of KY 2157; former routing of US 68 Mays Lick358.468576.898 KY 324 (Raymond Road) – Mayslick, Sardis, Wedonia 358.953577.679 KY 2517 south (Main Street) / Ross Road – MayslickNorthern terminus of KY 2517; former routing of US 68 359.871579.156 KY 2514 northSouthern terminus of KY 2514 361.599581.937 KY 2514 southNorthern terminus of KY 2514 Maysville364.094585.952 US 68 Bus. east – WashingtonWestern end of Maysville business route 367.608591.608 AA Hwy (KY 9) south / KY 10 east – Maysville 368.005592.247 AA Hwy (KY 9) north / KY 10 west – Brooksville 370.780596.713 KY 3056 (Germantown Road / Jersey Ridge Road) 371.548597.949 KY 8 (West 2nd Street) – Augusta, Dover, Maysvilleinterchange Ohio River371.730–372.142598.241–598.904William H. Harsha Bridge OhioBrownAberdeen0.4620.744 US 52 east / US 62 west – AberdeenSouthern end of concurrency with US 52 and US 62 Ripley6.21710.005 US 52 west (South 2nd Street)Northern end of US 52 concurrency Jefferson Township11.67318.786 US 62 east – RussellvilleNorthern end of US 62 concurrency Pleasant Township16.65826.808 SR 125 east – Russellville, West UnionSouthern end of SR 125 concurrency 17.67828.450 SR 125 west (East State Street) – GeorgetownNorthern end of SR 125 concurrency Georgetown20.64933.231Mt. Orab Pike (C-30A) – Georgetown Business District Mount Orab27.93044.949 SR 774 west / Oakland RoadEastern terminus of SR 774 30.948–31.04149.806–49.956 SR 32 – Jackson, CincinnatiInterchange Fivemile35.46257.071 SR 286 Chasetown39.28063.215 SR 131 Fayetteville41.08466.118 US 50 (East Pike Street / West Pike Street) Perry Township44.47971.582 SR 123 ClintonJefferson Township46.39574.666 SR 251 southNorthern temrinus of SR 251 50.37181.064 SR 28 – Blanchester, New Vienna, Martinsville 54.63987.933 To SR 350 east – Beach, Marina 54.72088.063 To SR 350 west – Clarksville Wilmington59.99396.549 SR 134 southSouthern end of SR 134 concurrency 60.69497.678 SR 730 southNorthern terminus of SR 730 60.92798.053 US 22 east / SR 3 east (West Main Street) – Wilmington College 61.01098.186 US 22 west / SR 3 west (West Locust Street) 61.50198.976 SR 134 north (North Lorish Avenue) / North South StreetNorthern terminus of SR 134 concurrency Union Township62.387–62.516100.402–100.610 SR 73 to I-71 south – Hillsboro, WaynesvilleInterchange Liberty Township66.143–66.351106.447–106.782 I-71 – Columbus, CincinnatiInterchange; I-71 exit 50 GreeneXenia77.166–77.361124.187–124.500 US 35 – Washington CH, DaytonInterchange 78.623126.531 SR 380 south / South Miami AvenueSouthern end of SR 380 concurrency 78.994127.129 US 35 Bus. (East Main Street/West Main Street) / US 42Northern terminsu of SR 380 Xenia Township82.759133.188 SR 235 north (East Xenia Drive)Southern terminus of SR 235 Yellow Springs88.173141.901 Dayton Street to I-675 88.330142.153 SR 343 east – Clifton ClarkGreen Township91.311146.951West Blee Road (CR-794) – Springfield AirportFormer SR 794 Springfield Township93.829151.003Fairfield PikeAt-grade intersection; southern end of freeway 94.647–95.041152.320–152.954 I-70 – Columbus, DaytonInterchange;I-70 exits 52A/B 97.130–98.215156.316–158.062 US 40 / SR 4 – Springfield, DaytonInterchange; Exits 7A (east) and 7B (west) 98.545158.593 SR 41 – Troy, SpringfieldInterchange; Exit 8 Springfield101.684163.645 SR 334 east (River Road) – SpringfieldInterchange Clark–Champaigncounty lineBowlusville104.835168.716County Line RoadInterchange; Exit 15 ChampaignUrbana Township106.342171.141Springfield-Urbana PikeAt-grade intersection; northern end of freeway Urbana110.425177.712 SR 55 west (Lewis B. Moore Drive)Eastern terminus of SR 55 111.381179.250 US 36 / SR 29 (Miami Street / Scioto Street)Traffic circle; Mercy Health-Urbana Hospital to the east Salem Township114.744184.663 SR 296 120.511193.944 SR 507 east – Ohio Caverns LoganWest Liberty121.655195.785 SR 245 (West Baird Street / East Baird Street) Liberty Township123.211198.289 SR 508 westEastern terminus of SR 508 Bellefontaine129.531208.460 SR 47 east (North Madriver Street) / SR 540 east (East Sandusky Avenue)Western terminus of SR 540; southern end of SR 47 west concurrency68 turns west for a block 129.631208.621 US 68 south / SR 47 west (West Sandusky Avenue) / North Main StreetEnd one-way; 68 south and 47 west to the west, 68 east turns back north 130.780–130.949210.470–210.742 US 33 – Marysville, Huntsville, Russells PointInterchange McArthur Township135.547218.142 SR 638 northSouthern terminus of SR 638 136.344219.424 SR 274 Rushcreek Township140.075225.429 SR 273 HardinKenton150.531242.256 SR 53 north (East Espy Street) / SR 67 west (West Espy Street)Southern end of SR 67 concurrency; southern terminus of SR 53 150.963242.951 SR 309 (Franklin Street) 151.029243.058 SR 67 east (West Columbus Street)Northern end of SR 67 concurrency 151.109243.186 SR 31 south (West Carrol Street)Northern terminus of SR 31 Blanchard Township156.887252.485 SR 701 westEastern terminus of SR 701 Dunkirk160.506258.309 SR 81 (West Geneva Street / East Geneva Street) HancockMadison Township163.537–163.690263.187–263.434 US 30 – Mansfield, Fort WayneInterchange Arlington168.085270.507 SR 103 (East Main Cross Street / West Main Cross Street) Findlay174.751281.234 SR 15 east – CareyInterchange 175.917283.111 SR 15 westInterchange; 178.099286.623Lima Avenue – Findlay, AirportInterchange; former US 25 178.434287.162 I-75 / SR 15 north – Dayton, ToledoInterchange 178.912287.931 I-75Route ends at I-75 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus Incomplete access Related routes U.S. Route 168 Special routes of U.S. Route 68 References ^ "400-mile sale across Kentucky's scenic byway historic highway 68". Retrieved May 5, 2010. ^ "US 68". KentuckyRoads.com. February 29, 2012. Retrieved March 21, 2012. ^ "Heartland Parkway Project". Retrieved August 13, 2013. ^ "H.B.'s Fun Facts About Kentucky Highways". Archived from the original August 27, 2002. Retrieved July 12, 2016. ^ Rand McNally Junior Auto Road Map of Kentucky and Tennessee, 1934. ^ U. S. G. S. Topographic Maps, Toledo 7.5 ' Quadrangles edited 1934 and 1951 and Dept. of Highways Map of Ohio, 1959. ^ Bryan, Lamar (February 8, 1991). "US 68 widening draws little flak in Todd County". Kentucky New Era. pp. 1A, 2A. Retrieved February 8, 2024 – via Google Books. ^ French, Jackson (November 8, 2017). "Section of Russellville Bypass Opens, Completes Loop Around City". The Daily News. Bowling Green, Kentucky. Retrieved April 18, 2020. ^ "Commissioner Says Southern Bypass Coming". News-Democrat & Leader. Russellville, Kentucky. May 3, 2005. ^ "US 68/Ky 80 Eggner's Ferry Bridge sections collapse after cargo ship strike". WPSD. Archived from the original on January 30, 2012. Retrieved February 13, 2012. ^ "US 68/KY 80 Kentucky Lake Bridge Reopens". KentuckyRoads.com. May 31, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2013. ^ a b c Heffner, Jessica (September 20, 2013). "Money to fix road rejected". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved October 26, 2013. ^ "High Hazard Location List for Clark County" (PDF). Clark County-Springfield Transportation Coordinating Committee. September 2013. Retrieved October 26, 2013. ^ "US 40/Upper Valley Pike Study". Clark County-Springfield Transportation Coordinating Committee. February 2006. Retrieved October 26, 2013. ^ Franks, Sarah (July 8, 2020). "State says more roundabouts on the way to control traffic". Dayton Daily News. Archived from the original on July 9, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2020. ^ Richter, Ed (December 7, 2023). "Roundabout at Ohio 48/Lytle Five Points planned in Warren County". Dayton Daily News. Archived from the original on December 9, 2023. Retrieved December 9, 2023. ^ Division of Planning. "Official Milepoint Route Log Extract". Highway Information System. Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. Retrieved June 16, 2022. ^ Technical Services. "R2-02N-DESTAPE". Ohio Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 20, 2022. BROWN COUNTY (PDF) pp. 14-23 CLINTON COUNTY (PDF) pp. 23-27 GREEN COUNTY (PDF) pp. 21-25 CLARK COUNTY (PDF) pp. 27-28 CHAMPAIGN COUNTY (PDF) pp. 21-24 LOGAN COUNTY (PDF) pp. 28-32 HARDIN COUNTY (PDF) pp. 19-22 HANCOCK COUNTY (PDF) pp. 24-26 External links KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/U.S. Route 68KML is from Wikidata Endpoints of U.S. Highway 68 vte United States Numbered Highway System 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 87 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 101 163 400 412 425 Mainline highways Divided routes Special routes Routes in italics are no longer a part of the system. Highlighted routes are considered main routes of the system.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_highway"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Western Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"US 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_62_in_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Reidland, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reidland,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Interstate 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_75_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Findlay, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Findlay,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio"}],"text":"U.S. Route 68 (US 68) is a United States highway that runs for 560 miles (900 km) from northwest Ohio to Western Kentucky. The highway's western terminus is at US 62 in Reidland, Kentucky. Its present northern terminus is at Interstate 75 in Findlay, Ohio, though the route once extended as far north as Toledo. US 68 intersects with US 62 three times during its route.","title":"U.S. Route 68"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"}],"text":"US 68 is signed east–west in Kentucky, while in Ohio it is signed north–south.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:040804_20.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BEGIN_U.S._Route_68.jpg"},{"link_name":"Reidland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reidland,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Cadiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadiz,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Hopkinsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkinsville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Elkton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkton,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Russellville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russellville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Auburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Bowling Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_Green,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Greensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensburg,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Campbellsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbellsville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Perryville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perryville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Harrodsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrodsburg,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Lexington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Maysville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maysville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Davis State Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davis_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Fairview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairview,_Christian_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tebbs Bend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tebbs_Bend"},{"link_name":"Perryville Battlefield State Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perryville_Battlefield_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"400-mile (640 km) yard sale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/400_Mile_Sale"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Paris Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Pike"},{"link_name":"MV Delta Mariner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Delta_Mariner"},{"link_name":"Eggner Ferry Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggner_Ferry_Bridge"},{"link_name":"needs update?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"sub_title":"Kentucky","text":"US 68 in Mercer County, KentuckyThe Beginning of US 68 at an intersection with US 62 near Paducah, KYU.S. Route 68 is designated as a \"Scenic Highway\" throughout Kentucky. US 68 passes near or through Reidland, Aurora, Cadiz, Hopkinsville, Elkton, Russellville, Auburn, Bowling Green, Glasgow, Edmonton, Greensburg, Campbellsville, Lebanon, Perryville, Harrodsburg, Lexington, Paris, and Maysville.The majority of the route winds through forested, hilly terrain. US 68 is Broadway through downtown Lexington, and it is Harrodsburg Road before it leaves Lexington.The route passes several Civil War battle sites. The Jefferson Davis State Historic Site is located along the highway, approximately 9 miles (14 km) east of Hopkinsville at the small town of Fairview. The Battle of Tebbs Bend Historic Civil War Site is located near Campbellsville and the Perryville Battlefield State Historic Site is outside Perryville.There is an annual 400-mile (640 km) yard sale, held along the highway for four days in early summer.[1]The sections of the highway through Campbellsville and Lebanon are slated for expansion to begin in 2008. The long-term goal is to widen and make safer the entire US 68 corridor through Kentucky as part of the Heartland Parkway project.[2][3]Sections in Kentucky have been improved in recent years. The Paris Pike was completed in 2003. Work is currently in progress to make US 68 four lanes through Land Between the Lakes. This was accelerated, following a devastating collision of the cargo vessel MV Delta Mariner with Eggner Ferry Bridge in January 2012.[needs update?]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bellefontaine_Summit.jpg"},{"link_name":"US 33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_33_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Bellefontaine, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellefontaine,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"William H. Harsha Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Harsha_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Ohio River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_52_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ripley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripley,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Georgetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Mount Orab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Orab,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Fayetteville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Wilmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Xenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenia,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Yellow Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Springs,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Interstate 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_70_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Urbana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbana,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"West Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Liberty,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Bellefontaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellefontaine,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Kenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Arlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Interstate 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_75_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Findlay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Findlay,_Ohio"}],"sub_title":"Ohio","text":"Highest point on US 68 at the US 33 interchange in Bellefontaine, OhioUS 68 takes a south–north route throughout Ohio, roughly paralleling Interstate 75 but covering counties one tier to the east of those counties covered by I-75. US 68 begins at the William H. Harsha Bridge over the Ohio River and duplexes with U.S. Route 52 for 5.6 miles while traveling on the north bank of the river. The highways separate at Ripley, at which point US 68 heads north as a generally rural two-lane highway, passing through or bypassing communities such as Georgetown, Mount Orab, Fayetteville, Wilmington, Xenia, and Yellow Springs. Shortly before reaching Interstate 70, it becomes a four-lane expressway, bypassing Springfield before transitioning back to a rural two-lane road as it approaches Urbana. As it continues north, US 68 passes through West Liberty, Bellefontaine, Kenton, Dunkirk, and Arlington on its way north to its terminus at an interchange with Interstate 75 outside Findlay.In total, US 68 traverses 179.1 miles within Ohio.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edmonson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonson_County"},{"link_name":"Barren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barren_County"},{"link_name":"Horse Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_Cave,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Hart County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Kentucky Route 218","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Route_218"},{"link_name":"LaRue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaRue_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Bardstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardstown,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Washington County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rm1934-5"}],"sub_title":"Original route in central Kentucky","text":"From 1926 until the late 1940s, in terms of the routing between Bowling Green and Perryville, US 68's concurrency with US 31W went further northeast through southeastern Edmonson and northwestern Barren counties to Horse Cave, in Hart County. US 68 then followed the present-day Kentucky Route 218 (Charlie Moran Highway) to the US 31E junction at Wigwam, and then joined US 31E northward through LaRue and Nelson counties to Bardstown, where it joined US 150 for a concurrency that lasted through Washington County until it went solo in Perryville.[4][5] US 68 moved to its current routing between Bowling Green and Perryville (except for the later rerouting onto Glasgow's Veterans Outer Loop) around 1948–49.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toledo, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Springfield, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Ohio"}],"sub_title":"Original alignment in northwestern Ohio","text":"US 68 previously ran to Toledo, Ohio, terminating at the west approach to the Anthony Wayne Bridge south of downtown, but the Toledo-Findlay segment was decommissioned in the 1950s.[6] It also passed through Springfield, Ohio prior to its realignment onto a four-lane bypass of that city.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BGDN_Bypass_Opens-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDL_Bypass_Route_Chosen-9"}],"sub_title":"Widening project in western Kentucky (1990s)","text":"For much of the 1990s, much of the US 68/KY 80 corridor from the I-24 junction near Cadiz to the Natcher Parkway (now I-165) junction in Bowling Green was under construction for a regional construction project to widen the corridor to four lanes, with several alignments remaining intact, especially around small towns such as Fairview and Auburn. The project included bypass routes in Hopkinsville and Russellville.[7][8][9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eggner Ferry Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggner_Ferry_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Eggner Ferry Bridge incident (2012)","text":"Two spans of the US 68/KY 80 Eggner Ferry Bridge over Kentucky Lake collapsed after being struck by a cargo ship on January 26, 2012.[10] The bridge reopened to traffic on May 25, 2012.[11] That bridge was replaced by a new four-lane bridge a few years afterwards.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Springfield Township, Clark County, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_Township,_Clark_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"controlled-access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled-access_highway"},{"link_name":"US 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_40_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"SR 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_Route_4"},{"link_name":"two-way traffic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-way_street"},{"link_name":"at-grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-grade_intersection"},{"link_name":"retirement community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retirement_community"},{"link_name":"Clark County-Springfield Transportation Coordinating Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_planning_organizations_in_the_United_States#CCSTCC"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ddn20130920-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Ohio Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ddn20130920-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"traffic signal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_light"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ddn20130920-12"},{"link_name":"Xenia Township, Greene County, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenia_Township,_Greene_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"SR 235","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_Route_235"},{"link_name":"roundabout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundabout"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"In Springfield Township, Clark County, Ohio, there is an almost full-access interchange between controlled-access US 68 and US 40/SR 4, which is itself a controlled-access highway until approximately 0.3-mile west of the US 68 interchange. One exit ramp from US 68 ends on Upper Valley Pike, rather than on US 40/SR 4; another entrance ramp includes two-way traffic and an at-grade entrance to a retirement community. On US 40/SR 4 between the controlled-access portion and US 68, there are an at-grade intersection at Upper Valley Pike, other street and driveway breaks in access control and a steep grade on the eastbound approach toward Upper Valley Pike. In September 2013, the Clark County-Springfield Transportation Coordinating Committee (TCC) ranked the US 40/SR 4/Upper Valley Pike intersection as the most hazardous in the county, based on 2010-2012 crash data.[12][13] Because the road design over the years had played a significant factor in the high number of crashes in the area, the TCC conducted a study; in February 2006 it recommended reconfiguring the US 68 interchange and altering nearby traffic patterns. The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) the same year approved $5 million to fund the project. However, the TCC soon rejected ODOT's money, concluding that even its recommended fix would not be enough to solve the area road network's underlying problems.[12][14] Instead, the TCC is making small changes, such as improving traffic signal timing and adding signs. ODOT, for its part, is working on reducing the number of driveways near the US 40/SR 4/Upper Valley Pike intersection and on upgrading traffic signals.[12]In Xenia Township, Greene County, Ohio, north of Xenia, ODOT plans to convert the intersection with SR 235, the state route's southern terminus, to a roundabout. As of summer 2020, construction is expected to begin in spring 2023 and to be completed that fall, with an estimated cost of $2 million.[15]On December 7, 2023, ODOT announced that it would provide a $2.6 million grant to construct a single-lane roundabout at Fairfield Pike in Springfield Township, Clark County, Ohio, on the border with Springfield, in 2028.[16]","title":"Future"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major intersections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Route 168","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_168"},{"link_name":"Special routes of U.S. Route 68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_routes_of_U.S._Route_68"}],"text":"U.S. Route 168\nSpecial routes of U.S. Route 68","title":"Related routes"}]	[{"image_text":"US 68 in Mercer County, Kentucky","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/040804_20.jpg/220px-040804_20.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Beginning of US 68 at an intersection with US 62 near Paducah, KY","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/BEGIN_U.S._Route_68.jpg/220px-BEGIN_U.S._Route_68.jpg"},{"image_text":"Highest point on US 68 at the US 33 interchange in Bellefontaine, Ohio","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bellefontaine_Summit.jpg/220px-Bellefontaine_Summit.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"400-mile sale across Kentucky's scenic byway historic highway 68\". Retrieved May 5, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.400mile.com/","url_text":"\"400-mile sale across Kentucky's scenic byway historic highway 68\""}]},{"reference":"\"US 68\". KentuckyRoads.com. February 29, 2012. Retrieved March 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kentuckyroads.com/us_68/","url_text":"\"US 68\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heartland Parkway Project\". Retrieved August 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heartlandparkway.com/","url_text":"\"Heartland Parkway Project\""}]},{"reference":"Bryan, Lamar (February 8, 1991). \"US 68 widening draws little flak in Todd County\". Kentucky New Era. pp. 1A, 2A. Retrieved February 8, 2024 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KfQrAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA1&dq=u.s.+highway+68+reroute&article_id=3513,3455490&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwigv6v0u52EAxV34ckDHS7jBjA4ChDoAXoECAIQAw#v=onepage&q=u.s.%20highway%2068%20reroute&f=false","url_text":"\"US 68 widening draws little flak in Todd County\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_New_Era","url_text":"Kentucky New Era"}]},{"reference":"French, Jackson (November 8, 2017). \"Section of Russellville Bypass Opens, Completes Loop Around City\". The Daily News. Bowling Green, Kentucky. Retrieved April 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/section-of-russellville-bypass-opens-completes-loop-around-city/article_b1ff085b-f187-5310-88a7-cb87c687463d.html","url_text":"\"Section of Russellville Bypass Opens, Completes Loop Around City\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_News_(Kentucky)","url_text":"The Daily News"}]},{"reference":"\"Commissioner Says Southern Bypass Coming\". News-Democrat & Leader. Russellville, Kentucky. May 3, 2005.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"US 68/Ky 80 Eggner's Ferry Bridge sections collapse after cargo ship strike\". WPSD. Archived from the original on January 30, 2012. Retrieved February 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120130110021/http://www.wpsdlocal6.com/news/local/Eggner-Ferry-Bridge-collapses-after-barge-strike-138171574.html","url_text":"\"US 68/Ky 80 Eggner's Ferry Bridge sections collapse after cargo ship strike\""},{"url":"http://www.wpsdlocal6.com/news/local/Eggner-Ferry-Bridge-collapses-after-barge-strike-138171574.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"US 68/KY 80 Kentucky Lake Bridge Reopens\". KentuckyRoads.com. May 31, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kentuckyroads.com/news/1515.html","url_text":"\"US 68/KY 80 Kentucky Lake Bridge Reopens\""}]},{"reference":"Heffner, Jessica (September 20, 2013). \"Money to fix road rejected\". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved October 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_action=doc&p_docid=148F13118B394E68&p_docnum=1","url_text":"\"Money to fix road rejected\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_Daily_News","url_text":"Dayton Daily News"}]},{"reference":"\"High Hazard Location List for Clark County\" (PDF). Clark County-Springfield Transportation Coordinating Committee. September 2013. Retrieved October 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.clarktcc.com/safety/2013%20High%20Hazard%20Location%20List.pdf","url_text":"\"High Hazard Location List for Clark County\""}]},{"reference":"\"US 40/Upper Valley Pike Study\". Clark County-Springfield Transportation Coordinating Committee. February 2006. Retrieved October 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.clarktcc.com/UVPstudy.htm","url_text":"\"US 40/Upper Valley Pike Study\""}]},{"reference":"Franks, Sarah (July 8, 2020). \"State says more roundabouts on the way to control traffic\". Dayton Daily News. Archived from the original on July 9, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.daytondailynews.com/news/local/state-says-more-roundabouts-the-way-control-traffic/RWyrL2l8h58j01XfUg5gKM/","url_text":"\"State says more roundabouts on the way to control traffic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_Daily_News","url_text":"Dayton Daily News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200709002029/https://www.daytondailynews.com/news/local/state-says-more-roundabouts-the-way-control-traffic/RWyrL2l8h58j01XfUg5gKM/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Richter, Ed (December 7, 2023). \"Roundabout at Ohio 48/Lytle Five Points planned in Warren County\". Dayton Daily News. Archived from the original on December 9, 2023. Retrieved December 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.daytondailynews.com/community/just-in-roundabout-at-ohio-48lytle-five-points-planned-in-warren-county/2KC7VD5A4BCSVCETELJVW7WAEM/","url_text":"\"Roundabout at Ohio 48/Lytle Five Points planned in Warren County\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_Daily_News","url_text":"Dayton Daily News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231209092516/https://www.daytondailynews.com/community/just-in-roundabout-at-ohio-48lytle-five-points-planned-in-warren-county/2KC7VD5A4BCSVCETELJVW7WAEM/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Division of Planning. \"Official Milepoint Route Log Extract\". Highway Information System. Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. Retrieved June 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.transportation.ky.gov/DMI_Reports/","url_text":"\"Official Milepoint Route Log Extract\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Transportation_Cabinet","url_text":"Kentucky Transportation Cabinet"}]},{"reference":"Technical Services. \"R2-02N-DESTAPE\". Ohio Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transportation.ohio.gov/programs/technical-services/transportation-information-management/02-rt-02n","url_text":"\"R2-02N-DESTAPE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Ohio Department of Transportation"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Route_68&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"http://www.400mile.com/","external_links_name":"\"400-mile sale across Kentucky's scenic byway historic highway 68\""},{"Link":"http://www.kentuckyroads.com/us_68/","external_links_name":"\"US 68\""},{"Link":"http://www.heartlandparkway.com/","external_links_name":"\"Heartland Parkway Project\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020827135301/http://users.mikrotec.com/%7Ehbelkins/kyroads.html","external_links_name":"\"H.B.'s Fun Facts About Kentucky Highways\""},{"Link":"http://users.mikrotec.com/%7Ehbelkins/kyroads.html","external_links_name":"original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KfQrAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA1&dq=u.s.+highway+68+reroute&article_id=3513,3455490&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwigv6v0u52EAxV34ckDHS7jBjA4ChDoAXoECAIQAw#v=onepage&q=u.s.%20highway%2068%20reroute&f=false","external_links_name":"\"US 68 widening draws little flak in Todd County\""},{"Link":"https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/section-of-russellville-bypass-opens-completes-loop-around-city/article_b1ff085b-f187-5310-88a7-cb87c687463d.html","external_links_name":"\"Section of Russellville Bypass Opens, Completes Loop Around City\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120130110021/http://www.wpsdlocal6.com/news/local/Eggner-Ferry-Bridge-collapses-after-barge-strike-138171574.html","external_links_name":"\"US 68/Ky 80 Eggner's Ferry Bridge sections collapse after cargo ship 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marine_2	The Marine 2	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Casting","4 Sequel","5 References","6 External links"]	2009 American filmThe Marine 2Directed byRoel ReinéWritten by Christopher Borrelli John Chapin Morgan Produced byMichael LakeStarring Ted DiBiase Jr. Temuera Morrison Lara Cox Robert Coleby Michael Rooker CinematographyJoost van StarrenburgEdited byMichael TrentMusic byTrevor MorrisProductioncompaniesWWE Studios (Marine 2 Productions, Inc.)Distributed by20th Century Fox Home EntertainmentRelease date December 29, 2009 (2009-12-29) Running time95 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$1.5 million The Marine 2 is a 2009 American action film directed by Roel Reiné, written by Christopher Borrelli and John Chapin Morgan, and produced by Michael Lake. The film stars are Ted DiBiase Jr., Temuera Morrison, Lara Cox, Robert Coleby and Michael Rooker. It is the stand-alone sequel to The Marine, starring John Cena, and it is the second in the film series. This was Ted DiBiase's film debut. The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United States on December 29, 2009. The film was inspired by the Dos Palmas kidnappings. The film was produced by the films division of WWE, called WWE Studios, and distributed in the United States by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. Plot Joe Linwood (Ted DiBiase, Jr.) of the US Marine Force Recon attempts to rescue his wife Robin (Lara Cox), and other guests from a hotel which has been taken over by a gang of bloodthirsty terrorists. The Linwoods are vacationing at the lavish Thailand resort when the terrorists invade during the hotel's grand opening. Joe escapes the initial onslaught and must find a way to save his wife and the other hostages. Cast Ted DiBiase Jr. as Joe Linwood Temuera Morrison as Damo, terrorist leader Lara Cox as Robin Linwood, Joe's wife Robert Coleby as Darren Conner, billionaire Michael Rooker as Church, US Army veteran Kelly B. Jones as Cynthia Sahajak Boonthanakit as Shoal, corrupt government official Dom Hetrakul as Calob Marina Ponomareva as Lexi Levern Gibbs as Spotter Tsyun Malherbe as Young Tourist Able Wanamakok as Reporter on TV Thienchai Jayasvasit as Thickset Kawee Sirikanaerut as Bantoc Pongsanart Vinsiri as Military Commander Supoj Khaowwong as Blondie Casting WWE wrestler and real-life former Marine Randy Orton was set to play the lead role. He had to decline, due to a collarbone injury. Sequel A sequel, The Marine 3: Homefront, was released on March 5, 2013. It stars WWE wrestler Mike "The Miz" Mizanin in the lead role. Randy Orton was initially cast in the lead role; however, due to his previous negative association with the Marine Corps, he was replaced by Mizanin. References ^ "Updated WWE DVD Sales Information". ^ DiBiase Rocks The Marine 2 - IGN, 13 August 2009, retrieved 2021-04-04 ^ "WWE.com - The Marine 2". WWE.com. 2009-12-29. Retrieved 2012-08-13. ^ "WWE News, RAW Results, Smackdown Results". ^ Luce, Patrick (2012-05-01). "WWE wrestler "The Miz" is the new Marine". monstersandcritics.com. Retrieved 2012-08-13. ^ Csonka, Larry (2012-04-03). "Randy Orton Loses Role in Marine: Homefront Due to Outrage From The Real Marines". Retrieved 2012-08-13. External links The Marine 2 at IMDb Portals: Film United States vteThe MarineFilms The Marine (2006) The Marine 2 (2009) The Marine 3: Homefront (2013) The Marine 4: Moving Target (2015) The Marine 5: Battleground (2017) The Marine 6: Close Quarters (2018) Songs "If It All Ended Tomorrow" "Settle Down" Other Dos Palmas kidnappings vteWWE StudiosFilmsSelf-produced The Mania of WrestleMania See No Evil The Marine 2 Legendary Knucklehead The Chaperone That's What I Am Inside Out The Reunion Bending the Rules Barricade The Marine 3: Homefront No One Lives 12 Rounds 2: Reloaded Leprechaun: Origins See No Evil 2 The Marine 4: Moving Target Vendetta 12 Rounds 3: Lockdown The Condemned 2 Santa's Little Helper Countdown Interrogation The Marine 5: Battleground Pure Country: Pure Heart The Marine 6: Close Quarters The Main Event Buddy Games Co-produced The Scorpion King The Rundown Walking Tall The Marine The Condemned Behind Enemy Lines: Colombia 12 Rounds Dead Man Down The Call Oculus Scooby-Doo! WrestleMania Mystery Jingle All the Way 2 The Flintstones & WWE: Stone Age SmackDown! Term Life Scooby-Doo! and WWE: Curse of the Speed Demon Incarnate Eliminators Surf's Up 2: WaveMania The Resurrection of Gavin Stone The Jetsons & WWE: Robo-WrestleMania! Armed Response Killing Hasselhoff André the Giant Blood Brother Fighting with My Family Rumble Distribution only The Day Road to Paloma Queens of the Ring Sleight Birth of the Dragon TV series Miz & Mrs. The Big Show Show Biography: WWE Legends WWE's Most Wanted Treasures WWE Rivals Who Killed WCW? vteFilms directed by Roel Reiné Pistol Whipped (2008) Deadwater (2008) The Marine 2 (2009) The Lost Tribe (2010) Death Race 2 (2010) The Scorpion King 3: Battle for Redemption (2012) Death Race 3: Inferno (2013) 12 Rounds 2: Reloaded (2013) Dead in Tombstone (2013) Michiel de Ruyter (2015) The Man with the Iron Fists 2 (2015) SEAL Team 8: Behind Enemy Lines (2015) The Condemned 2 (2015) Hard Target 2 (2016) Redbad (2018) Fistful of Vengeance (2022) Classified (TBA)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"action film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_film"},{"link_name":"Roel Reiné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roel_Rein%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Ted DiBiase Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_DiBiase_Jr."},{"link_name":"Temuera Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temuera_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Lara Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lara_Cox"},{"link_name":"Robert Coleby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Coleby"},{"link_name":"Michael Rooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rooker"},{"link_name":"The Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marine"},{"link_name":"John Cena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cena"},{"link_name":"film series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marine_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"Dos Palmas kidnappings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dos_Palmas_kidnappings"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"WWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"WWE Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Studios"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Marine 2 is a 2009 American action film directed by Roel Reiné, written by Christopher Borrelli and John Chapin Morgan, and produced by Michael Lake. The film stars are Ted DiBiase Jr., Temuera Morrison, Lara Cox, Robert Coleby and Michael Rooker. It is the stand-alone sequel to The Marine, starring John Cena, and it is the second in the film series. This was Ted DiBiase's film debut. The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United States on December 29, 2009.The film was inspired by the Dos Palmas kidnappings.[2]The film was produced by the films division of WWE, called WWE Studios, and distributed in the United States by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.[3]","title":"The Marine 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ted DiBiase, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_DiBiase,_Jr."},{"link_name":"US Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Force Recon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_Recon"},{"link_name":"Lara Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lara_Cox"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"}],"text":"Joe Linwood (Ted DiBiase, Jr.) of the US Marine Force Recon attempts to rescue his wife Robin (Lara Cox), and other guests from a hotel which has been taken over by a gang of bloodthirsty terrorists. The Linwoods are vacationing at the lavish Thailand resort when the terrorists invade during the hotel's grand opening. Joe escapes the initial onslaught and must find a way to save his wife and the other hostages.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ted DiBiase Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_DiBiase_Jr."},{"link_name":"Temuera Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temuera_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Lara Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lara_Cox"},{"link_name":"Robert Coleby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Coleby"},{"link_name":"Michael Rooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rooker"},{"link_name":"US Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Dom Hetrakul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_Hetrakul"}],"text":"Ted DiBiase Jr. as Joe Linwood\nTemuera Morrison as Damo, terrorist leader\nLara Cox as Robin Linwood, Joe's wife\nRobert Coleby as Darren Conner, billionaire\nMichael Rooker as Church, US Army veteran\nKelly B. Jones as Cynthia\nSahajak Boonthanakit as Shoal, corrupt government official\nDom Hetrakul as Calob\nMarina Ponomareva as Lexi\nLevern Gibbs as Spotter\nTsyun Malherbe as Young Tourist\nAble Wanamakok as Reporter on TV\nThienchai Jayasvasit as Thickset\nKawee Sirikanaerut as Bantoc\nPongsanart Vinsiri as Military Commander\nSupoj Khaowwong as Blondie","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Randy Orton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Orton"},{"link_name":"collarbone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collarbone"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"WWE wrestler and real-life former Marine Randy Orton was set to play the lead role. He had to decline, due to a collarbone injury.[4]","title":"Casting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Marine 3: Homefront","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marine_3:_Homefront"},{"link_name":"Mike \"The Miz\" Mizanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Miz"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Randy Orton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Orton"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"A sequel, The Marine 3: Homefront, was released on March 5, 2013. It stars WWE wrestler Mike \"The Miz\" Mizanin in the lead role.[5] Randy Orton was initially cast in the lead role; however, due to his previous negative association with the Marine Corps, he was replaced by Mizanin.[6]","title":"Sequel"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Updated WWE DVD Sales Information\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wrestlingnewsworld.com/updated-wwe-dvd-sales-information-the-call-dead-man-down-12-rounds-2-the-marine-3/","url_text":"\"Updated WWE DVD Sales Information\""}]},{"reference":"DiBiase Rocks The Marine 2 - IGN, 13 August 2009, retrieved 2021-04-04","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/08/13/dibiase-rocks-the-marine-2","url_text":"DiBiase Rocks The Marine 2 - IGN"}]},{"reference":"\"WWE.com - The Marine 2\". WWE.com. 2009-12-29. Retrieved 2012-08-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wwe.com/inside/overtheropes/wwestudios/themarine2/news/synopsis","url_text":"\"WWE.com - The Marine 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"WWE News, RAW Results, Smackdown Results\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wrestleview.com/news2009/1245941906.php","url_text":"\"WWE News, RAW Results, Smackdown Results\""}]},{"reference":"Luce, Patrick (2012-05-01). \"WWE wrestler \"The Miz\" is the new Marine\". monstersandcritics.com. Retrieved 2012-08-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.monstersandcritics.com/dvd/news/article_1697488.php/WWE-wrestler-The-Miz-is-the-new-Marine","url_text":"\"WWE wrestler \"The Miz\" is the new Marine\""}]},{"reference":"Csonka, Larry (2012-04-03). \"Randy Orton Loses Role in Marine: Homefront Due to Outrage From The Real Marines\". Retrieved 2012-08-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.411mania.com/wrestling/news/232251/Randy-Orton-Loses-Role-in-Marine:-Homefront-Due-to-Outrage-From-The-Real-Marines.htm","url_text":"\"Randy Orton Loses Role in Marine: Homefront Due to Outrage From The Real Marines\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.wrestlingnewsworld.com/updated-wwe-dvd-sales-information-the-call-dead-man-down-12-rounds-2-the-marine-3/","external_links_name":"\"Updated WWE DVD Sales Information\""},{"Link":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/08/13/dibiase-rocks-the-marine-2","external_links_name":"DiBiase Rocks The Marine 2 - IGN"},{"Link":"http://www.wwe.com/inside/overtheropes/wwestudios/themarine2/news/synopsis","external_links_name":"\"WWE.com - The Marine 2\""},{"Link":"http://www.wrestleview.com/news2009/1245941906.php","external_links_name":"\"WWE News, RAW Results, Smackdown Results\""},{"Link":"http://www.monstersandcritics.com/dvd/news/article_1697488.php/WWE-wrestler-The-Miz-is-the-new-Marine","external_links_name":"\"WWE wrestler \"The Miz\" is the new Marine\""},{"Link":"http://www.411mania.com/wrestling/news/232251/Randy-Orton-Loses-Role-in-Marine:-Homefront-Due-to-Outrage-From-The-Real-Marines.htm","external_links_name":"\"Randy Orton Loses Role in Marine: Homefront Due to Outrage From The Real Marines\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1266027/","external_links_name":"The Marine 2"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaea_(comics)	Gaia (comics)	["1 See also"]	Gaia or Gaea, in comics, may refer to: Gaia (Marvel Comics), a character in the Marvel Universe (an alien mutant and former member of Generation X) Gaea (Marvel Comics), a character in the Marvel Universe (Goddess of the Earth) Gaia Noble, a character in the comics series Noble Causes Gaia (DC Comics), a character in Green Lantern comics Gaea (DC Comics), a character in the DC Comics (Goddess of the Earth) My Gaia, a shōjo-ai manga comic by chuu Gaia Records, a publishing company in the manga Nana See also Gaia (disambiguation) Index of articles associated with the same name This article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names). If an internal link incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaia (Marvel Comics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Noble Causes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_Causes"},{"link_name":"Green Lantern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Lantern"},{"link_name":"shōjo-ai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo-ai"},{"link_name":"Nana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_(manga)"}],"text":"Gaia (Marvel Comics), a character in the Marvel Universe (an alien mutant and former member of Generation X)\nGaea (Marvel Comics), a character in the Marvel Universe (Goddess of the Earth)\nGaia Noble, a character in the comics series Noble Causes\nGaia (DC Comics), a character in Green Lantern comics\nGaea (DC Comics), a character in the DC Comics (Goddess of the Earth)\nMy Gaia, a shōjo-ai manga comic by chuu\nGaia Records, a publishing company in the manga Nana","title":"Gaia (comics)"}]	[]	[{"title":"Gaia (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DAB_list_gray.svg"},{"title":"article","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Set_index_articles"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Gaia_(comics)&namespace=0"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Gaia_(comics)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Yeryomenko	Konstantin Yeryomenko	["1 Career","2 Death","3 Honours","3.1 Club","3.2 International","3.3 Individual","4 References","5 External links"]	Russian footballer You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (July 2012) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|ru\|Ерёменко, Константин Викторович}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Konstantin Yeryomenko Personal informationFull name Konstantin Viktorovich YeryomenkoDate of birth (1970-08-05)5 August 1970Place of birth Dnipropetrovsk, USSRDate of death 18 March 2010(2010-03-18) (aged 39)Place of death Moscow, RussiaHeight 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in)Position(s) PivotSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)1988 Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk 1 (0)1989 Selenga Ulan-Ude 2 (0)1990 Traktor Pavlodar 18 (3)1990 Alga Bishkek 8 (1)1990 Mehanizator Dnipropetrovsk (futsal) 10 (14)1991–2001 Dina Moscow (futsal) 235 (533)International career1992–2001 Russia (futsal) 66 (122) Club domestic league appearances and goals Konstantin Viktorovich Yeryomenko, often transliterated as Eremenko (Russian: Константин Викторович Ерёменко; 5 August 1970 – 18 March 2010) was a Russian futsal player who was named the greatest futsal player of the 20th century. Career Yeryomenko played 11-a-side football in his youth, but began to play futsal in 1990. He played for Dina Moscow for 10 years, during which time he also became the all-time top scorer of the Russian national team. He became a key player in Russia's 1999 UEFA Futsal Championship triumph, scoring the winning penalty in a shoot-out against hosts Spain. He was recognised by many as the greatest Russian futsal player of all time and throughout the futsal community as one of the game's legends. After retiring from futsal in 2001, Yeryomenko went on to become president of Dinamo Moscow in 2002 and in 2003, he was elected as the first president of the Russian Futsal Super League. In 2004, Yeryomenko became a member of the Federation Council of Russia for the Voronezh Region, replacing Gleb Fetisov. The place of Yeryomenko in 2011 was taken by Nikolay Olshansky. Death Konstantin Yeryomenko died from a heart attack while playing in a kickabout match. Despite having a history of heart problems, which were instrumental in his decision to retire from futsal and also necessitated surgery at the height of his playing career, he chose to defy doctors' orders and continued to play. He is buried in Moscow's Troyekurovskoye Cemetery. Honours Club CIS Futsal League: 1992 Russian Futsal Super League (8): 1992/93, 1993/94, 1994/95, 1995/96, 1996/97, 1997/98, 1998/99, 1999/00 USSR Futsal Cup: 1990 Russian Futsal Cup (7): 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999 UEFA Futsal Champions League (3): 1995, 1997, 1999 Intercontinental Futsal Cup: 1997 Legends Cup: 2009 International FIFA Futsal World Championship third place: 1996 UEFA Futsal Championship winner: 1999 UEFA Futsal Championship runner-up: 1996 UEFA Futsal Championship third place: 2001 Individual Best Russian futsal player (7): 1992–1998 1132 goals scored in official games Dina Moscow all-time top scorer (972) Russian national team all-time top scorer (122) Russian Futsal Super League all-time top scorer (533) Russian Futsal Cup all-time top scorer (210) Russian Top League Cup all-time top scorer (46) UEFA Futsal Champions League and Intercontinental Futsal Cup all-time top scorer (61) FIFA Futsal World Championship Silver Shoe: 1992 UEFA Futsal Championship Golden Shoe: 1996, 1999 UEFA Futsal Championship Best Player: 1999 References ^ MFK Dinamo-Yamal squad (in Russian) ^ Obituary at UEFA website accessed on 30 March 2010 External links MFK Dinamo-Yamal squad (in Russian) Konstantin Yeryomenko at FootballFacts.ru (in Russian) vteUEFA Futsal Championship Golden Player 1996: Paulo Roberto 1999: Eremenko 2001: Javi Sánchez 2003: Bácaro 2005: L. Amado 2007: Ricardinho 2010: Javi Rodríguez 2012: Kike 2014: G. Lima 2016: Miguelín 2018: Ricardinho 2022: Zicky vteUEFA Futsal Championship top scorers 1996 Eremenko 1999 Eremenko 2001 Koridze 2003 Koridze 2005 Grana 2007 Cirilo / Daniel / Rajić 2010 Saad / Jade / Javi Rodríguez / Joel 2012 Torras / Marinović 2014 Lima 2016 Zhamankulov / Álex / Miguelín / Rivillos / Ricardinho 2018 Ricardinho 2022 Orazov	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"futsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futsal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Konstantin Viktorovich Yeryomenko, often transliterated as Eremenko (Russian: Константин Викторович Ерёменко; 5 August 1970 – 18 March 2010) was a Russian futsal player who was named the greatest futsal player of the 20th century.[1]","title":"Konstantin Yeryomenko"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"11-a-side football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Dina Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MFK_Dina_Moskva"},{"link_name":"1999 UEFA Futsal Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_UEFA_Futsal_Championship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dinamo Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MFK_Dinamo_Moskva"},{"link_name":"Russian Futsal Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Futsal_Super_League"},{"link_name":"Federation Council of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_Council_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Voronezh Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voronezh_Region"},{"link_name":"Gleb Fetisov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleb_Fetisov"},{"link_name":"Nikolay Olshansky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Olshansky"}],"text":"Yeryomenko played 11-a-side football in his youth, but began to play futsal in 1990. He played for Dina Moscow for 10 years, during which time he also became the all-time top scorer of the Russian national team. He became a key player in Russia's 1999 UEFA Futsal Championship triumph, scoring the winning penalty in a shoot-out against hosts Spain. He was recognised by many as the greatest Russian futsal player of all time and throughout the futsal community as one of the game's legends.[2]After retiring from futsal in 2001, Yeryomenko went on to become president of Dinamo Moscow in 2002 and in 2003, he was elected as the first president of the Russian Futsal Super League.In 2004, Yeryomenko became a member of the Federation Council of Russia for the Voronezh Region, replacing Gleb Fetisov. The place of Yeryomenko in 2011 was taken by Nikolay Olshansky.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Troyekurovskoye Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troyekurovskoye_Cemetery"}],"text":"Konstantin Yeryomenko died from a heart attack while playing in a kickabout match. Despite having a history of heart problems, which were instrumental in his decision to retire from futsal and also necessitated surgery at the height of his playing career, he chose to defy doctors' orders and continued to play. He is buried in Moscow's Troyekurovskoye Cemetery.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian Futsal Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Futsal_Super_League"},{"link_name":"UEFA Futsal Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Futsal_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Intercontinental Futsal Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_Futsal_Cup"},{"link_name":"Legends Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Legends_Cup"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Legends_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"CIS Futsal League: 1992\nRussian Futsal Super League (8): 1992/93, 1993/94, 1994/95, 1995/96, 1996/97, 1997/98, 1998/99, 1999/00\nUSSR Futsal Cup: 1990\nRussian Futsal Cup (7): 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999\nUEFA Futsal Champions League (3): 1995, 1997, 1999\nIntercontinental Futsal Cup: 1997\nLegends Cup: 2009","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA Futsal World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Futsal_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_FIFA_Futsal_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"UEFA Futsal Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Futsal_Euro"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_UEFA_Futsal_Championship"},{"link_name":"UEFA Futsal Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Futsal_Euro"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_UEFA_Futsal_Championship"},{"link_name":"UEFA Futsal Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Futsal_Euro"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_UEFA_Futsal_Championship"}],"sub_title":"International","text":"FIFA Futsal World Championship third place: 1996\nUEFA Futsal Championship winner: 1999\nUEFA Futsal Championship runner-up: 1996\nUEFA Futsal Championship third place: 2001","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dina Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MFK_Dina_Moskva"},{"link_name":"Russian national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_national_futsal_team"},{"link_name":"Russian Futsal Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Futsal_Super_League"},{"link_name":"UEFA Futsal Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Futsal_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Intercontinental Futsal Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_Futsal_Cup"},{"link_name":"FIFA Futsal World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Futsal_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"UEFA Futsal Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Futsal_Euro"},{"link_name":"UEFA Futsal Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Futsal_Euro"}],"sub_title":"Individual","text":"Best Russian futsal player (7): 1992–1998\n1132 goals scored in official games\nDina Moscow all-time top scorer (972)\nRussian national team all-time top scorer (122)\nRussian Futsal Super League all-time top scorer (533)\nRussian Futsal Cup all-time top scorer (210)\nRussian Top League Cup all-time top scorer (46)\nUEFA Futsal Champions League and Intercontinental Futsal Cup all-time top scorer (61)\nFIFA Futsal World Championship Silver Shoe: 1992\nUEFA Futsal Championship Golden Shoe: 1996, 1999\nUEFA Futsal Championship Best Player: 1999","title":"Honours"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://www.mfkdinamo.ru/index.php?akus=9","external_links_name":"MFK Dinamo-Yamal squad"},{"Link":"http://www.uefa.com/futsalcup/news/newsid=1465698.html","external_links_name":"Obituary at UEFA website"},{"Link":"http://www.mfkdinamo.ru/index.php?akus=9","external_links_name":"MFK Dinamo-Yamal squad"},{"Link":"https://footballfacts.ru/person/46676","external_links_name":"Konstantin Yeryomenko"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine_Mountain_middle-toothed_snail	Magazine Mountain middle-toothed snail	["1 Distribution","2 Conservation efforts","3 References"]	Species of gastropod Magazine Mountain middle-toothed snail Conservation status Critically Endangered (IUCN 2.3) Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda (unranked): clade Heterobranchiaclade Euthyneuraclade Panpulmonataclade Eupulmonataclade Stylommatophorainformal group Sigmurethra Superfamily: Helicoidea Family: Polygyridae Genus: Inflectarius Species: I. magazinensis Binomial name Inflectarius magazinensis(Pilsbry & Ferris, 1907) Synonyms Mesodon magazinensis Pilsbry & Ferris, 1907 The Magazine Mountain middle-toothed snail, also known as the Magazine Mountain shagreen, scientific name Inflectarius magazinensis, is a species of small, air-breathing, land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Polygyridae. Distribution This species is endemic to Mount Magazine in Arkansas, the United States. Its natural habitat is rocky areas. Conservation efforts The Magazine Mountain shagreen was listed as threatened on April 17, 1989. Thanks to efforts from the U.S. Forest Service, US Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism, the snail was removed from the endangered list in May 2013. The shagreen is the first invertebrate ever removed from the federal endangered species list. References ^ a b Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "Inflectarius magazinensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T39942A10294114. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T39942A10294114.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021. ^ a b Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Removal of the Magazine Mountain Shagreen From the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife (PDF). Federal Register. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.78 FR 28513 ^ "Service delists Magazine Mountain shagreen". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 14 May 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2021. ^ "Ceremony to mark population recovery of Arkansas snail species, Magazine Mountain shagreen". The Republic. 20 May 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-06-16. Retrieved 2013-05-20. Taxon identifiersInflectarius magazinensis Wikidata: Q3073720 CoL: 7RQZG EoL: 579634 GBIF: 2295743 iNaturalist: 103423 IRMNG: 10216552 ITIS: 567722 IUCN: 39942 NatureServe: 2.120268 WoRMS: 1352227 This Polygyridae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scientific name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_name"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"land snails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_snail"},{"link_name":"terrestrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_animal"},{"link_name":"pulmonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonate"},{"link_name":"gastropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod"},{"link_name":"molluscs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusc"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Polygyridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygyridae"}],"text":"The Magazine Mountain middle-toothed snail, also known as the Magazine Mountain shagreen, scientific name Inflectarius magazinensis, is a species of small, air-breathing, land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Polygyridae.","title":"Magazine Mountain middle-toothed snail"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Mount Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"habitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_16_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Federal_Register-2"}],"text":"This species is endemic to Mount Magazine in Arkansas, the United States. Its natural habitat is rocky areas.[1][2]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Federal_Register-2"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Department_of_Parks_and_Tourism"},{"link_name":"invertebrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Magazine Mountain shagreen was listed as threatened on April 17, 1989.[2] Thanks to efforts from the U.S. Forest Service, US Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism, the snail was removed from the endangered list in May 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechouar	Mechouar	["1 History","2 See also","3 References"]	Public square or area of a palace in North Africa For the municipality of Casablanca, see Mechouar, Casablanca. Place Lalla Aouda, a former mechouar in Meknes, Morocco (part of the 17th–18th century Kasbah of Moulay Ismail) Mechouar or meshwar (Arabic: مشور, romanized: mashwar, meshwar; Spanish: mexuar; French: méchouar) is a type of location, typically a courtyard within a palace or a public square at the entrance of a palace, in the Maghreb (western North Africa) or in historic al-Andalus (Muslim Spain and Portugal). It can serve various functions such as a place of assembly or consultation (Arabic: michawara), an administrative area where the government's affairs are managed. It was the place where the sultan historically held audiences, receptions and ceremonies. The name is sometimes also given to a larger area encompassing the palace, such as the citadel or royal district of a city. History Remains of a monumental portico at the old public entrance of Madinat al-Zahra (10th century), Cordoba, on the edge of a large plaza which may have been analogous to a mechouar An official public square or ceremonial space often existed in front of the main entrance or gate of early royal palaces in al-Andalus and North Africa, though the term meshwar was not necessarily used to designate them in historical sources. Notable examples include the square in front of the Bab al-Sudda gate of the Umayyad Palaces (8th-10th centuries) of Cordoba, Spain, where public executions took place and where the caliph would stand or sit on a viewing platform built above the palace gate, as well as the ceremonial Bayn al-Qasrayn square in front of the Golden Gate (Bab al-Dhahab) of the Fatimid Palaces in Cairo, Egypt, where the Fatimid caliph also had a balcony above the gate from which to watch ceremonies below. A similar square or open space also existed at the entrance of the palace-city of Madinat al-Zahra (10th century), at the end of the road that led to it from nearby Cordoba.: 76 A couple of centuries later a main public square, known as the asaraq, was also included within the Kasbah of Marrakesh built by the Almohads at the end of the 12th century. It was situated within the administrative and service section of the citadel but it also gave access to the entrance of the sultan's private palaces. The El Mechouar Palace in Tlemcen, Algeria The term meshwar is later used to refer to reception areas or council chambers in the palaces of the region during the 13th-14th centuries and later. A meshwar was part of the citadel of al-Mansourah built by the Marinids in the 14th century just outside Tlemcen, Algeria, for example. Before this, also in Tlemcen, the Zayyanids created a royal citadel known as the Qal'at al-Mashwar ("Citadel of the Mechouar"), still known today as the El Mechouar Palace. It was located on an earlier Almohad fortress and acted as the royal residence and center of power in the city in many periods.: 223 The remains of the Nasrid-era Mexuar at the Alhambra (Granada, Spain) A meshwar section (known as the Mexuar in Spanish) was also part of the Nasrid Palaces in the Alhambra of Granada, Spain. It was composed of a main external entrance gate followed by two consecutive courtyards leading to a council chamber at its eastern end, all of which was separate from the emir's palaces (the Comares Palace the Court of the Lions) further east. A number of other chambers were arranged around the courtyards, with the first courtyard likely being used by the secretaries and officials of the state administration, including the chancery or diwan, while the second courtyard was used by the emir for official audiences. The first courtyard even had its own mosque.: 269–272 Photograph from 1912 showing sultan's reception at the "New Mechouar" in front of Bab Dekkakin in Fez, MoroccoMechouars are later found as a standard feature of most royal palaces (usually known as the dar al-makhzen) in Morocco, many now dating from the later Alaouite period (17th-20th centuries). These were generally large open squares located just outside the gates of the palace or occupying a space between the palace's main external entrance and the inner palaces of the sultan's private residence. They were used as reception areas, public squares for military parades, and places where the sultan or the qa'id (main judicial official of the city) would receive petitions. Some inner mechouars, located within the palace enclosures, were used as the administrative section of the palace where various state officials worked or received their own audiences. Examples of such mechouars include the multiple mechouars of the Dar al-Makhzen in Fez, the mechouars along the south side of the Dar al-Makhzen and Kasbah of Marrakesh, the Lalla Aouda Square of the Kasbah of Moulay Ismail (and also to an extent the nearby El-Hedim Square) in Meknes, and the Mechouar of the Kasbah of Tangier, among others. The modern Royal Palace of Rabat also includes a vast esplanade called the Mechouar, and the name is sometimes applied to the whole palace district in general. See also Ksar Kasbah Islamic architecture List of Moroccan royal residences References ^ Abadie, Louis (1994-01-01). Tlemcen, au passé retrouvé (in French). Editions J. Gandini. ISBN 9782906431027. ^ a b c d e f g Arnold, Felix (2017). Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190624552. ^ Harrell, Richard S.; Sobelman, Harvey, eds. (2004). A Dictionary of Moroccan Arabic. Georgetown University Press. p. 88. ISBN 9781589011038. ^ a b Bel, A.; Yalaoui, M. (2012). "Tilimsān". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill. ^ M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195309911. ^ Marçais, Georges (1954). L'architecture musulmane d'Occident. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques. pp. 153–154. ^ "The andalusi Alcazar". ArqueoCordoba. Retrieved 2020-10-08. ^ Brett, Michael (2017). The Fatimid Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ^ Raymond, André. 1993. Le Caire. Fayard. ^ a b c Deverdun, Gaston (1959). Marrakech: Des origines à 1912. Rabat: Éditions Techniques Nord-Africaines. ^ Bressolette, Henri (2016). A la découverte de Fès. L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2343090221. ^ a b Buret, M. (2012). "Mak̲h̲zan". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill. ^ a b Bressolette, Henri; Delaroziere, Jean (1983). "Fès-Jdid de sa fondation en 1276 au milieu du XXe siècle". Hespéris-Tamuda: 245–318. ^ El Khammar, Abdeltif (2017). "La mosquée de Lālla ʿAwda à Meknès: Histoire, architecture et mobilier en bois". Hespéris-Tamuda. LII (3): 255–275. ^ "Qasaba of Mawlāy Ismā'īl". www.qantara-med.org. Retrieved 2020-06-07. ^ "Qasba Tanja". Archnet. Retrieved 2020-10-26. ^ M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Rabat". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195309911. ^ "Dar al Makhzen – Palais Royal de Rabat" (in French). Retrieved 2020-10-26. vteIslamic architectureStyles Abbasid Ayyubid Chinese Fatimid Hausa Indo-Islamic Bengali Deccan Qutb Shahi Mughal Indonesian / Malaysian Iranian Mamluk Moorish Aghlabid Almoravid Almohad Hafsid Zayyanid Ottoman Seljuk Somali Sudano-Sahelian Swahili Tatar Timurid Umayyad Yemeni ElementsMaterials Qadad Tadelakt Arches Chahartaq (four-arch structure) Discharging arch Four-centred arch Horseshoe arch Lambrequin arch Multifoil arch Ogee arch Pointed arch Squinch Vaulting Roofs Dome (Arabic dome / Onion dome / Persian dome / South Asian dome) Semi-dome Tajug Chhajja (eaves) Religiousobjects Anaza Bedug Dikka (or müezzin mahfili) Gonbad Hussainiya Imamzadeh Kiswah Loudspeakers Maqsurah Mihrab Minaret Minbar Qibla Zarih Decorations (For overview, see Islamic ornament) Ablaq (multicoloured ashlar) Alfiz Arabesque Banna'i Girih Girih tiles Islamic calligraphy Islamic geometric patterns Jali Mosque lamp Muqarnas Nagash painting Qashani Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf) Shabaka Shamsa Sitara Socarrat Stucco decoration Zellij Rooms Andaruni Harem Iwan Liwan (entrance hall) Mirador Hosh Qa’a Zenana Gardens Bagh Charbagh Islamic garden Mughal garden Paradise garden Persian gardens Reflecting pool Riad Outdoorobjects Chhatri Eidgah Fina Mechouar Sebil Shadirvan Passivecooling Hypostyle Howz (fountain type) Jharokha Kucheh Mashrabiya Riwaq (arcade) Sahn (courtyard) Salsabil (fountain) Shabestan Shading Umbrellas Windcatcher TypesReligious Congregational mosque Dar al-Muwaqqit Dargah Gongbei Jama'at Khana Khanqah Külliye Kuttab (or maktab) Madrasa Maqam Maqbara Mazar Mosque Musalla Qubba Rauza Surau Takya (or takyeh in modern Iran) Türbe Zawiya Civilian Baradari Bazaar Caravanserai Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan) Ghorfa Hammam Hasht-Bihisht Kasbah Mahal Medina quarter Souq Well house Military Albarrana tower Alcázar Amsar Kasbah Ksar Qalat Ribat Resources Aga Khan Award for Architecture ArchNet Museum with No Frontiers Influences Indo-Saracenic Revival Influences on Western architecture Moorish Revival Mudéjar Category pages Arabic architecture Berber architecture Iranian architecture Islamic architecture Moorish architecture Mughal architecture Ottoman architecture Sudano-Sahelian architecture Yemeni architecture Part of Islamic arts • Architecture portal • Islam portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mechouar, Casablanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechouar,_Casablanca"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meknes_(4737470997).jpg"},{"link_name":"Meknes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meknes"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Kasbah of Moulay Ismail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasbah_of_Moulay_Ismail"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"courtyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtyard"},{"link_name":"public square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_square"},{"link_name":"Maghreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghreb"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"al-Andalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citadel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0522-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-5"}],"text":"For the municipality of Casablanca, see Mechouar, Casablanca.Place Lalla Aouda, a former mechouar in Meknes, Morocco (part of the 17th–18th century Kasbah of Moulay Ismail)Mechouar or meshwar (Arabic: مشور, romanized: mashwar, meshwar; Spanish: mexuar; French: méchouar) is a type of location, typically a courtyard within a palace or a public square at the entrance of a palace, in the Maghreb (western North Africa) or in historic al-Andalus (Muslim Spain and Portugal). It can serve various functions such as a place of assembly or consultation (Arabic: michawara), an administrative area where the government's affairs are managed. It was the place where the sultan historically held audiences, receptions and ceremonies.[1][2][3] The name is sometimes also given to a larger area encompassing the palace, such as the citadel or royal district of a city.[4][5]","title":"Mechouar"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C%C3%B3rdoba-Medinat_al-Zahra-Gran_p%C3%B3rtico_y_Plaza_de_armas-20110917.jpg"},{"link_name":"portico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portico"},{"link_name":"Madinat al-Zahra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina_Azahara"},{"link_name":"Cordoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-2"},{"link_name":"Umayyad Palaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_the_Caliphs_(C%C3%B3rdoba)"},{"link_name":"Cordoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"public 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Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Mechouar_Palace"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mexuar._La_Alhambra,_Granada..JPG"},{"link_name":"Nasrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Mexuar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexuar"},{"link_name":"Alhambra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhambra"},{"link_name":"Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Mexuar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexuar"},{"link_name":"Nasrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Alhambra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhambra"},{"link_name":"Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"emir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir"},{"link_name":"Comares Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_the_Myrtles"},{"link_name":"Court of the Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_the_Lions"},{"link_name":"chancery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancery_(medieval_office)"},{"link_name":"diwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divan"},{"link_name":"mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_of_to-day_(1912)_(14595240928).jpg"},{"link_name":"New Mechouar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_al-Makhzen_(Fez)"},{"link_name":"Bab Dekkakin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab_Dekkakin"},{"link_name":"Fez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez,_Morocco"},{"link_name":"makhzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhzen"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Alaouite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaouite_dynasty"},{"link_name":"military parades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_parade"},{"link_name":"qa'id","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaid"},{"link_name":"petitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petition"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:222-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0523-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0523-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:223-13"},{"link_name":"Dar al-Makhzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_al-Makhzen_(Fez)"},{"link_name":"Fez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez,_Morocco"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:223-13"},{"link_name":"Marrakesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakesh"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:222-10"},{"link_name":"Kasbah of Moulay Ismail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasbah_of_Moulay_Ismail"},{"link_name":"Meknes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meknes"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-15"},{"link_name":"Kasbah of Tangier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_el_Makhzen_(Tangier)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Royal Palace of Rabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_al-Makhzen_(Rabat)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:242-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Remains of a monumental portico at the old public entrance of Madinat al-Zahra (10th century), Cordoba, on the edge of a large plaza which may have been analogous to a mechouar[2]An official public square or ceremonial space often existed in front of the main entrance or gate of early royal palaces in al-Andalus and North Africa, though the term meshwar was not necessarily used to designate them in historical sources. Notable examples include the square in front of the Bab al-Sudda gate of the Umayyad Palaces (8th-10th centuries) of Cordoba, Spain, where public executions took place and where the caliph would stand or sit on a viewing platform built above the palace gate,[6][7][2] as well as the ceremonial Bayn al-Qasrayn square in front of the Golden Gate (Bab al-Dhahab) of the Fatimid Palaces in Cairo, Egypt, where the Fatimid caliph also had a balcony above the gate from which to watch ceremonies below.[8][9] A similar square or open space also existed at the entrance of the palace-city of Madinat al-Zahra (10th century), at the end of the road that led to it from nearby Cordoba.[2]: 76 A couple of centuries later a main public square, known as the asaraq, was also included within the Kasbah of Marrakesh built by the Almohads at the end of the 12th century. It was situated within the administrative and service section of the citadel but it also gave access to the entrance of the sultan's private palaces.[10]The El Mechouar Palace in Tlemcen, AlgeriaThe term meshwar is later used to refer to reception areas or council chambers in the palaces of the region during the 13th-14th centuries and later. A meshwar was part of the citadel of al-Mansourah built by the Marinids in the 14th century just outside Tlemcen, Algeria, for example.[4] Before this, also in Tlemcen, the Zayyanids created a royal citadel known as the Qal'at al-Mashwar (\"Citadel of the Mechouar\"), still known today as the El Mechouar Palace. It was located on an earlier Almohad fortress and acted as the royal residence and center of power in the city in many periods.[2]: 223The remains of the Nasrid-era Mexuar at the Alhambra (Granada, Spain)A meshwar section (known as the Mexuar in Spanish) was also part of the Nasrid Palaces in the Alhambra of Granada, Spain. It was composed of a main external entrance gate followed by two consecutive courtyards leading to a council chamber at its eastern end, all of which was separate from the emir's palaces (the Comares Palace the Court of the Lions) further east. A number of other chambers were arranged around the courtyards, with the first courtyard likely being used by the secretaries and officials of the state administration, including the chancery or diwan, while the second courtyard was used by the emir for official audiences. The first courtyard even had its own mosque.[2]: 269–272Photograph from 1912 showing sultan's reception at the \"New Mechouar\" in front of Bab Dekkakin in Fez, MoroccoMechouars are later found as a standard feature of most royal palaces (usually known as the dar al-makhzen) in Morocco, many now dating from the later Alaouite period (17th-20th centuries). These were generally large open squares located just outside the gates of the palace or occupying a space between the palace's main external entrance and the inner palaces of the sultan's private residence. They were used as reception areas, public squares for military parades, and places where the sultan or the qa'id (main judicial official of the city) would receive petitions.[11][10][2][12] Some inner mechouars, located within the palace enclosures, were used as the administrative section of the palace where various state officials worked or received their own audiences.[12][13] Examples of such mechouars include the multiple mechouars of the Dar al-Makhzen in Fez,[13] the mechouars along the south side of the Dar al-Makhzen and Kasbah of Marrakesh,[10] the Lalla Aouda Square of the Kasbah of Moulay Ismail (and also to an extent the nearby El-Hedim Square) in Meknes,[14][15] and the Mechouar of the Kasbah of Tangier, among others.[16] The modern Royal Palace of Rabat also includes a vast esplanade called the Mechouar, and the name is sometimes applied to the whole palace district in general.[17][18]","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"Place Lalla Aouda, a former mechouar in Meknes, Morocco (part of the 17th–18th century Kasbah of Moulay Ismail)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Meknes_%284737470997%29.jpg/220px-Meknes_%284737470997%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Remains of a monumental portico at the old public entrance of Madinat al-Zahra (10th century), Cordoba, on the edge of a large plaza which may have been analogous to a mechouar[2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/C%C3%B3rdoba-Medinat_al-Zahra-Gran_p%C3%B3rtico_y_Plaza_de_armas-20110917.jpg/220px-C%C3%B3rdoba-Medinat_al-Zahra-Gran_p%C3%B3rtico_y_Plaza_de_armas-20110917.jpg"},{"image_text":"The El Mechouar Palace in Tlemcen, Algeria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mechouar%2CTlemcen..JPG/220px-Mechouar%2CTlemcen..JPG"},{"image_text":"The remains of the Nasrid-era Mexuar at the Alhambra (Granada, Spain)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mexuar._La_Alhambra%2C_Granada..JPG/220px-Mexuar._La_Alhambra%2C_Granada..JPG"},{"image_text":"Photograph from 1912 showing sultan's reception at the \"New Mechouar\" in front of Bab Dekkakin in Fez, Morocco","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Africa_of_to-day_%281912%29_%2814595240928%29.jpg/220px-Africa_of_to-day_%281912%29_%2814595240928%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Ksar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksar"},{"title":"Kasbah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasbah"},{"title":"Islamic architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture"},{"title":"List of Moroccan royal residences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Moroccan_royal_residences"}]	[{"reference":"Abadie, Louis (1994-01-01). Tlemcen, au passé retrouvé (in French). Editions J. Gandini. ISBN 9782906431027.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7touAQAAIAAJ&q=Mechouar+tlemcen","url_text":"Tlemcen, au passé retrouvé"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782906431027","url_text":"9782906431027"}]},{"reference":"Arnold, Felix (2017). Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190624552.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190624552","url_text":"9780190624552"}]},{"reference":"Harrell, Richard S.; Sobelman, Harvey, eds. (2004). A Dictionary of Moroccan Arabic. Georgetown University Press. p. 88. ISBN 9781589011038.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589011038","url_text":"9781589011038"}]},{"reference":"Bel, A.; Yalaoui, M. (2012). \"Tilimsān\". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill.","urls":[]},{"reference":"M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). \"Architecture\". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195309911.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195309911","url_text":"9780195309911"}]},{"reference":"Marçais, Georges (1954). L'architecture musulmane d'Occident. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques. pp. 153–154.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The andalusi Alcazar\". ArqueoCordoba. Retrieved 2020-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arqueocordoba.com/en/historia/medieval/alcazar-andalusi/","url_text":"\"The andalusi Alcazar\""}]},{"reference":"Brett, Michael (2017). The Fatimid Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Deverdun, Gaston (1959). Marrakech: Des origines à 1912. Rabat: Éditions Techniques Nord-Africaines.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bressolette, Henri (2016). A la découverte de Fès. L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2343090221.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2343090221","url_text":"978-2343090221"}]},{"reference":"Buret, M. (2012). \"Mak̲h̲zan\". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bressolette, Henri; Delaroziere, Jean (1983). \"Fès-Jdid de sa fondation en 1276 au milieu du XXe siècle\". Hespéris-Tamuda: 245–318.","urls":[]},{"reference":"El Khammar, Abdeltif (2017). \"La mosquée de Lālla ʿAwda à Meknès: Histoire, architecture et mobilier en bois\". Hespéris-Tamuda. LII (3): 255–275.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Qasaba of Mawlāy Ismā'īl\". www.qantara-med.org. Retrieved 2020-06-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=297&lang=en","url_text":"\"Qasaba of Mawlāy Ismā'īl\""}]},{"reference":"\"Qasba Tanja\". Archnet. Retrieved 2020-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://archnet.org/sites/8455","url_text":"\"Qasba Tanja\""}]},{"reference":"M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). \"Rabat\". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195309911.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195309911","url_text":"9780195309911"}]},{"reference":"\"Dar al Makhzen – Palais Royal de Rabat\" (in French). Retrieved 2020-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rabat-maroc.net/dar-al-mahkzen/","url_text":"\"Dar al Makhzen – Palais Royal de Rabat\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7touAQAAIAAJ&q=Mechouar+tlemcen","external_links_name":"Tlemcen, au passé retrouvé"},{"Link":"http://www.arqueocordoba.com/en/historia/medieval/alcazar-andalusi/","external_links_name":"\"The andalusi Alcazar\""},{"Link":"https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=297&lang=en","external_links_name":"\"Qasaba of Mawlāy Ismā'īl\""},{"Link":"https://archnet.org/sites/8455","external_links_name":"\"Qasba Tanja\""},{"Link":"http://www.rabat-maroc.net/dar-al-mahkzen/","external_links_name":"\"Dar al Makhzen – Palais Royal de Rabat\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitish_Bharadwaj	Nitish Bharadwaj	["1 Career","1.1 Theatre and radio","1.2 Television career","1.3 Film career","2 Politics","3 Early life","4 Personal life","5 Filmography","5.1 Acting roles","5.2 Television","5.3 Web series","6 Awards","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Indian actor Nitish BharadwajNitish Bhardwaj on the set of the Kapil Sharma showMember of Parliament, Lok SabhaIn office1996–1998Preceded byInder Singh NamdhariSucceeded byAbha MahatoConstituencyJamshedpur Personal detailsBorn (1963-06-02) 2 June 1963 (age 61)Bombay, Maharashtra, IndiaSpouses Monisha Patil (m. 1991; div. 2005) Smita Gate (m. 2009; sep. 2019) Children4ResidenceMumbaiOccupationActordirectorproducerscreenwriter Nitish Bharadwaj (born 2 June 1963) is an Indian television and film actor, director, screenwriter, film and TV programme producer, veterinarian (veterinary surgeon) graduate from Mumbai Veterinary college and former Member of Parliament in Lok Sabha. He is best known for his role as Lord Krishna in B. R. Chopra's television series Mahabharat, as well as for his portrayal of Lord Vishnu and several avatars of Lord Vishnu in some of Chopra's other great works, such as Vishnu Puran. His debut directorial film in Marathi titled Pitruroon won accolades from audiences and critics. He now focuses on his film career entirely through screenwriting, directing and dancing. Career Theatre and radio This biography of a living person relies on a single source. You can help by adding reliable sources to this article. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately. (June 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Before coming into the field of acting, Bharadwaj was a professional veterinary surgeon and had worked as an assistant veterinarian at a Race Course in Mumbai; however, he left the job considering it a monotonous one. He started his arts career with his training in Marathi theatre as a director, under stalwarts such as Sudha Karmarkar, Dr. Kashinath Ghanekar and Prabhakar Panshikar. He then moved on to professional Marathi theatre with Sai Paranjapye and later shifted to Hindi theatre on sound advice from his friend Ravi Baswani. Baswani was instrumental in getting Bharadwaj from Marathi to the nation-wide Hindi arena and Bharadwaj has always acknowledged Baswani's contribution to his life. He worked with a thespian of Hindi theatre named Dinesh Thakur and performed in many of his plays till 1987. He later did a Hindi mythological play Chakravyuh, in which he reappears as Lord Krishna, the role he mastered in the old Mahabharat. Though the play depicts the story of Abhimanyu's martyrdom, it brings out various issues out of the same story which are relevant to today's times. Chakravyuh was one of the most successful plays of Hindi Theatre in 2015 and has already had around 75 showings across India, including some theatre festivals like the Kala Ghoda Festival, Mumbai. Bharadwaj also performed in a musical theatre production titled Moti Roti Patli Chunni (1993), with a renowned theatre in London (UK) named "Theatre Royal Stratford East". This play won the "London Time Out Dance & Performance Award" and toured across Britain and Canada. Bharadwaj also did 2 radio shows for BBC Radio 4 (London, UK), namely Bhagvad Geeta and Ramayan. He was nominated for the "Sony Radio award" for Ramayan in the UK in 1995. Television career In 1988 Bharadwaj was selected to play the lead role of Lord Krishna in B. R. Chopra's classic television series Mahabharat. He played the role at the age of 23 and became an overnight star. His performance was loved and appreciated by audience. He also did a cameo in the show Buniyaad's episode 51. He directed a philosophical TV series titled Gita Rahasya, Apraadhi for Star TV and a few documentary films. In 2000, Bharadwaj appeared in B.R. Chopra's another mythological show Vishnu Puran, where he played role of Lord Vishnu and his various incarnations. In 2001 he played the role of Rama in Chopra's Ramayan with Smriti Malhotra Irani. Film career Bharadwaj starred as the Main Lead in many Marathi movies such as Khatyal Sasu Nathal Soon, Nasheebwan, Anapekshit, Pasanta Ahe Mulgi, Trishagni (with Nana Patekar) and the highly acclaimed Malayalam movie Njan Gandharvan, (1991) directed by P. Padmarajan. After Njan Gandharvan, Padmarajan was planning a film with Mohanlal and Bharadwaj in lead roles, but he died before it could materialise. In a later interview in 2019, Bharadwaj said that, if that film had happened, he might have settled in Kerala. He judged a Marathi dance reality show on ETV Marathi; Jallosh Survanayugacha, with Sudha Chandran and Ramesh Deo. Bharadwaj made his film direction debut in 2013 with a Marathi film starring Tanuja, Suhas Joshi and Sachin Khedekar titled Pitruroon. The film is based on a novella by Sudha Murthy. The film was acclaimed by both the critics and audiences. Pitruroon received many nominations and awards, and also gave Bharadwaj the Maharashtra State Film Award as the second Best Director of 2013. Recently in 2020 he appeared on screen as a Sudarshan Chakrapani in a Marathi web series Samantar which was telecasted on mx player. Bharadwaj has also played important roles in movies including Mohenjo Daro and Kedarnath. Politics Bharadwaj contested the parliamentary elections from Jamshedpur in Jharkhand and Rajgarh (in Madhya Pradesh) as a Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) candidate and was elected to Lok Sabha as a Member of Parliament from Jamshedpur in 1996 election, by defeating veteran Inder Singh Namdhari. He lost to Laxman Singh (brother of then chief minister of Madhya Pradesh, Digvijaya Singh) from Rajgarh constituency in the 1999 Lok Sabha election. He also worked in BJP's organisational unit of Madhya Pradesh and was also its Spokesperson for a while, till he voluntarily retired from active politics to focus on his film career as a screenwriter & film director. Early life Nitish Bharadwaj was born on 2 June 1963 to Janardan C. Upadhye, a Senior Advocate of Bombay High Court and a veteran labour lawyer. He was also a close aide of George Fernandes in the labour movement in the 60s and 70s. Bharadwaj's mother, Sadhana Upadhye, was the Head of the Marathi Literature department of Wilson College, Mumbai. She was an exponent of the Bhagvad Geeta and Dnyaneshwari, the knowledge of which she imparted to Bharadwaj from childhood. He has one younger brother, Rahul Upadhye Bharadwaj. Personal life In 1991, Bharadwaj married Monisha Patil, daughter of Vimla Patil, then editor of Femina. They have two children, a son and daughter and divorced in 2005. Monisha now lives in Hounslow, Middlesex with her two children, Arrush and Saayli (now called India). Bharadwaj married Smita Gate, an IAS officer (1992 batch) from Madhya Pradesh cadre, in 2009 and they have twin daughters. The couple separated in September 2019, which was confirmed in January 2022. Filmography Acting roles Trishagni (1988) (with Nana Patekar) Njan Gandharvan (1991, Malayalam) Sangeet (1992) (with Madhuri Dixit) Gruhpravesh (1992) (with Nishigandha Wad) Prem Daan (1991) (with Khushboo) Prem Shakti (1994) (with Govinda, Karishma Kapoor Nache Nagin Gali Gali (1991) with Meenakshi Seshadri Khatyal Sasu Nathal Soon (1987) with Varsha Usgaonkar Pasant Aahe Mulgi (1989) with Varsha Usgaonkar Tujhi Majhi Jamli Jodi (1990) with Nivedita Joshi Nashibwaan (1988) with Alka Kubal Pitruroon (2013) (Writer-Director) Mahabharat Aur Barbareek (2013) as Krishna Mohenjo Daro (2016) as Durjan (with Hrithik Roshan) Yaksh (2018) as Yaksh Kedarnath (2018) as Brijraj Mishra Television Mahabharat (1988) as Krishna Geeta Rahasya(1999) (producer-Director-Co writer) (with Irrfan Khan) Ramayan (2001-2002) as Rama Vishnu Puran (2003) as Vishnu / Vamana / Parashurama / Rama / Krishna Man Mein Hai Visshwas (2006-2007, presenter) Ajab Gajab Ghar Jamai (2014, Krishna) Web series Samantar - in as Sudarshan Chakrapani (MX Player Originals) (2020) Samantar season 2 - in as Sudarshan Chakrapani (MX Player Originals) (2021) Awards This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.Find sources: "Nitish Bharadwaj" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Best Screenplay Writer for Marathi feature film, Pitruroon, Sahyadri Film Awards, 2014 Nominated – Best Actor for Pitruroon, Screen Awards, 2014 2nd Best Director for Pitruroon, Maharashtra State Film Awards, 2014 See also List of Indian television actors References ^ "Nitish Bhardwaj movies, filmography, biography and songs - Cinestaan.com". Cinestaan. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019. ^ Patil, Vimla (17 March 2002). "itihas in Their Modern Avatar". Spectrum. The Sunday Tribune. Retrieved 5 April 2016. ^ a b Pandit, Shruti (10 September 2013). "Nitish Bharadwaj dons the hat of a director". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2013. ^ Trivedi, Tanvi (17 October 2013). "Comparisons with Nitish Bharadwaj are most welcome: Saurabh Raaj Jain". The Times of India. Retrieved 5 April 2016. ^ "Chakravyuh Hindi Play/Drama". www.mumbaitheatreguide.com. Retrieved 4 March 2020. ^ "Mahabharata's Krishna, Born of a Mother From Belagavi, Wants to Act With Mohanlal". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 14 June 2020. ^ N, Patcy (22 May 2013). "I did not want to play Krishna in 'Mahabharat'". Rediff Movies. Retrieved 6 April 2016. ^ Verma, Sukanya (18 September 2012). "Reader's Pick: The 25 greatest characters on Indian TV". Rediff Movies. Retrieved 6 April 2016. ^ "Rediff On The NeT: The Rediff Election Interview/Nitish Bharadwaj". www.rediff.com. Retrieved 14 June 2020. ^ "The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television". www.tribuneindia.com. Retrieved 14 June 2020. ^ Renuka, Methil (4 February 2002). "Now, B.R. Chopra to present silicon graphics-driven Ramayan on Zee TV". India Today. Retrieved 14 June 2020. ^ Kumar, K. P. Nijeesh (14 July 2019). "Padmarajan's demise made me to exit from mollywood, says 'Njan Gandharvan' actor". Mathrubhumi. Retrieved 16 July 2019. ^ "First look of Nitish Bharadwaj's Pitruroon". Rangmarathi. 23 August 2013. Archived from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2016. ^ Swamy, Rohan (21 March 2013). "Krishna's Confessions". The Indian Express. Retrieved 6 April 2016. ^ Deshmukh, Gayatri (16 February 2013). "Nitish Bharadwaj ropes in Tanuja his directorial debut". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2016. ^ "Nitish Bharadwaj: My role in 'Mohenjo Daro' has given me an opportunity to explore human emotions - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 4 March 2020. ^ Masih, Archana (12 February 1998). "Any party which wants to rule India has to be secular in its true sense". Rediff on the Net. Retrieved 6 April 2016. ^ Roy, Amit (14 November 2004). "Nitish, Nitish, burning bright". The Telegraph. Calcutta, India. Archived from the original on 15 November 2004. Retrieved 6 April 2016. ^ "For how many years do you want the adivasis to wear their traditional finery and dance for you?". Rediff on the Net. 13 February 1998. Retrieved 6 April 2016. ^ Singh, Varun (11 January 2010). "Sanjay Dutt resigs from Samajwadi Party". Mid-day. Retrieved 6 April 2016. ^ Gulzar; Nihalani, Govind; Chatterjee, Saibal (2003). Encyclopedia of Hindi Cinema. Encyclopædia Britannica (India). Popular Prakashan. p. 554. ISBN 8179910660. ^ "State Film Awards". Information & Public Relations Department (I&PRD). 1990. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2016. ^ "Mahabharat B.R. Chopra Serial Episodes (Full 1988 TV Series)". Youtube Video Episode. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020. External links Nitish Bharadwaj at IMDb Nitish Bharadwaj on Facebook Nitish Bharadwaj at Bollywood Hungama	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_parliament,_Lok_Sabha"},{"link_name":"Lok Sabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lord Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Krishna"},{"link_name":"B. R. Chopra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._R._Chopra"},{"link_name":"Mahabharat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharat_(1988_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Lord Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Vishnu"},{"link_name":"avatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar"},{"link_name":"Lord Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Vishnu"},{"link_name":"Vishnu Puran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu_Puran_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandit-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pitruroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitruroon"}],"text":"Nitish Bharadwaj (born 2 June 1963) is an Indian television and film actor, director, screenwriter, film and TV programme producer, veterinarian (veterinary surgeon) graduate from Mumbai Veterinary college and former Member of Parliament in Lok Sabha.[1][2] He is best known for his role as Lord Krishna in B. R. Chopra's television series Mahabharat, as well as for his portrayal of Lord Vishnu and several avatars of Lord Vishnu in some of Chopra's other great works, such as Vishnu Puran.[3][4] His debut directorial film in Marathi titled Pitruroon won accolades from audiences and critics. He now focuses on his film career entirely through screenwriting, directing and dancing.","title":"Nitish Bharadwaj"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marathi theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_theatre"},{"link_name":"Sudha Karmarkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sudha_Karmarkar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kashinath Ghanekar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashinath_Ghanekar"},{"link_name":"Prabhakar Panshikar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabhakar_Panshikar"},{"link_name":"Ravi Baswani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Baswani"},{"link_name":"Dinesh Thakur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinesh_Thakur"},{"link_name":"Chakravyuh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakravyuh"},{"link_name":"Mahabharat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharat_(1988_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Moti Roti Patli Chunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motiroti"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Theatre and radio","text":"Before coming into the field of acting, Bharadwaj was a professional veterinary surgeon and had worked as an assistant veterinarian at a Race Course in Mumbai; however, he left the job considering it a monotonous one. He started his arts career with his training in Marathi theatre as a director, under stalwarts such as Sudha Karmarkar, Dr. Kashinath Ghanekar and Prabhakar Panshikar. He then moved on to professional Marathi theatre with Sai Paranjapye and later shifted to Hindi theatre on sound advice from his friend Ravi Baswani. Baswani was instrumental in getting Bharadwaj from Marathi to the nation-wide Hindi arena and Bharadwaj has always acknowledged Baswani's contribution to his life. He worked with a thespian of Hindi theatre named Dinesh Thakur and performed in many of his plays till 1987. He later did a Hindi mythological play Chakravyuh, in which he reappears as Lord Krishna, the role he mastered in the old Mahabharat.[5] Though the play depicts the story of Abhimanyu's martyrdom, it brings out various issues out of the same story which are relevant to today's times. Chakravyuh was one of the most successful plays of Hindi Theatre in 2015 and has already had around 75 showings across India, including some theatre festivals like the Kala Ghoda Festival, Mumbai. Bharadwaj also performed in a musical theatre production titled Moti Roti Patli Chunni (1993), with a renowned theatre in London (UK) named \"Theatre Royal Stratford East\". This play won the \"London Time Out Dance & Performance Award\" and toured across Britain and Canada.[citation needed]Bharadwaj also did 2 radio shows for BBC Radio 4 (London, UK), namely Bhagvad Geeta and Ramayan. He was nominated for the \"Sony Radio award\" for Ramayan in the UK in 1995.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"B. R. Chopra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._R._Chopra"},{"link_name":"Mahabharat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharat_(1988_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Buniyaad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buniyaad"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Vishnu Puran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu_Puran_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Lord Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Vishnu"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Rama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama"},{"link_name":"Ramayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayan_(2002_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Smriti Malhotra Irani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smriti_Irani"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Television career","text":"In 1988 Bharadwaj was selected to play the lead role of Lord Krishna in B. R. Chopra's classic television series Mahabharat. He played the role at the age of 23 and became an overnight star.[7][8] His performance was loved and appreciated by audience. He also did a cameo in the show Buniyaad's episode 51.He directed a philosophical TV series titled Gita Rahasya, Apraadhi for Star TV and a few documentary films.[9]In 2000, Bharadwaj appeared in B.R. Chopra's another mythological show Vishnu Puran, where he played role of Lord Vishnu and his various incarnations.[10] In 2001 he played the role of Rama in Chopra's Ramayan with Smriti Malhotra Irani.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_cinema"},{"link_name":"Malayalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam"},{"link_name":"Njan Gandharvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njan_Gandharvan"},{"link_name":"P. Padmarajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._Padmarajan"},{"link_name":"Mohanlal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohanlal"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"ETV Marathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETV_Marathi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandit-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Mohenjo Daro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo_Daro_(film)"},{"link_name":"Kedarnath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedarnath_(film)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Film career","text":"Bharadwaj starred as the Main Lead in many Marathi movies such as Khatyal Sasu Nathal Soon, Nasheebwan, Anapekshit, Pasanta Ahe Mulgi, Trishagni (with Nana Patekar) and the highly acclaimed Malayalam movie Njan Gandharvan, (1991) directed by P. Padmarajan. After Njan Gandharvan, Padmarajan was planning a film with Mohanlal and Bharadwaj in lead roles, but he died before it could materialise. In a later interview in 2019, Bharadwaj said that, if that film had happened, he might have settled in Kerala.[12] He judged a Marathi dance reality show on ETV Marathi; Jallosh Survanayugacha, with Sudha Chandran and Ramesh Deo.Bharadwaj made his film direction debut in 2013 with a Marathi film starring Tanuja, Suhas Joshi and Sachin Khedekar titled Pitruroon. The film is based on a novella by Sudha Murthy. The film was acclaimed by both the critics and audiences. Pitruroon received many nominations and awards, and also gave Bharadwaj the Maharashtra State Film Award as the second Best Director of 2013. Recently in 2020 he appeared on screen as a Sudarshan Chakrapani in a Marathi web series Samantar which was telecasted on mx player.[3][13][14][15] Bharadwaj has also played important roles in movies including Mohenjo Daro and Kedarnath.[16]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jamshedpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamshedpur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Jharkhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand"},{"link_name":"Rajgarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajgarh_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Madhya Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Bharatiya Janata Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party"},{"link_name":"Lok Sabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha"},{"link_name":"Jamshedpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamshedpur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)"},{"link_name":"1996 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Indian_general_election"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Laxman Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshman_Singh_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Digvijaya Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digvijaya_Singh"},{"link_name":"Rajgarh constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajgarh_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)"},{"link_name":"1999 Lok Sabha election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Indian_general_election"}],"text":"Bharadwaj contested the parliamentary elections from Jamshedpur in Jharkhand and Rajgarh (in Madhya Pradesh) as a Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) candidate and was elected to Lok Sabha as a Member of Parliament from Jamshedpur in 1996 election, by defeating veteran Inder Singh Namdhari.[17] He lost to Laxman Singh (brother of then chief minister of Madhya Pradesh, Digvijaya Singh) from Rajgarh constituency in the 1999 Lok Sabha election.\nHe also worked in BJP's organisational unit of Madhya Pradesh and was also its Spokesperson for a while, till he voluntarily retired from active politics to focus on his film career as a screenwriter & film director.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Fernandes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fernandes"},{"link_name":"Wilson College, Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_College,_Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Bhagvad Geeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagvad_Geeta"},{"link_name":"Dnyaneshwari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnyaneshwari"}],"text":"Nitish Bharadwaj was born on 2 June 1963 to Janardan C. Upadhye, a Senior Advocate of Bombay High Court and a veteran labour lawyer. He was also a close aide of George Fernandes in the labour movement in the 60s and 70s. Bharadwaj's mother, Sadhana Upadhye, was the Head of the Marathi Literature department of Wilson College, Mumbai. She was an exponent of the Bhagvad Geeta and Dnyaneshwari, the knowledge of which she imparted to Bharadwaj from childhood. He has one younger brother, Rahul Upadhye Bharadwaj.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vimla Patil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimla_Patil"},{"link_name":"Femina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femina_(India)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"In 1991, Bharadwaj married Monisha Patil, daughter of Vimla Patil, then editor of Femina. They have two children, a son and daughter and divorced in 2005.[18][19] Monisha now lives in Hounslow, Middlesex with her two children, Arrush and Saayli (now called India). Bharadwaj married Smita Gate, an IAS officer (1992 batch) from Madhya Pradesh cadre, in 2009 and they have twin daughters.[20] The couple separated in September 2019, which was confirmed in January 2022.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trishagni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trishagni"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Njan Gandharvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njan_Gandharvan"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Sangeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangeet_(1992_film)"},{"link_name":"Gruhpravesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gruhpravesh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prem Daan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prem_Daan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prem Shakti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prem_Shakti"},{"link_name":"Govinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govinda_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Karishma Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karishma_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Nache Nagin Gali Gali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nache_Nagin_Gali_Gali"},{"link_name":"Meenakshi Seshadri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meenakshi_Seshadri"},{"link_name":"Khatyal Sasu Nathal Soon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khatyal_Sasu_Nathal_Soon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Varsha Usgaonkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsha_Usgaonkar"},{"link_name":"Pasant Aahe Mulgi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasant_Aahe_Mulgi_(1989_film)"},{"link_name":"Varsha Usgaonkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsha_Usgaonkar"},{"link_name":"Tujhi Majhi Jamli Jodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tujhi_Majhi_Jamli_Jodi"},{"link_name":"Nivedita Joshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivedita_Joshi"},{"link_name":"Nashibwaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nashibwaan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alka Kubal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alka_Kubal"},{"link_name":"Pitruroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitruroon"},{"link_name":"Mahabharat Aur Barbareek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharat_Aur_Barbareek"},{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"Mohenjo Daro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo_Daro_(film)"},{"link_name":"Hrithik Roshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrithik_Roshan"},{"link_name":"Yaksh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yaksh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kedarnath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedarnath_(film)"}],"sub_title":"Acting roles","text":"Trishagni (1988) (with Nana Patekar)[21]\nNjan Gandharvan (1991, Malayalam)[22]\nSangeet (1992) (with Madhuri Dixit)\nGruhpravesh (1992) (with Nishigandha Wad)\nPrem Daan (1991) (with Khushboo)\nPrem Shakti (1994) (with Govinda, Karishma Kapoor\nNache Nagin Gali Gali (1991) with Meenakshi Seshadri\nKhatyal Sasu Nathal Soon (1987) with Varsha Usgaonkar\nPasant Aahe Mulgi (1989) with Varsha Usgaonkar\nTujhi Majhi Jamli Jodi (1990) with Nivedita Joshi\nNashibwaan (1988) with Alka Kubal\nPitruroon (2013) (Writer-Director)\nMahabharat Aur Barbareek (2013) as Krishna\nMohenjo Daro (2016) as Durjan (with Hrithik Roshan)\nYaksh (2018) as Yaksh\nKedarnath (2018) as Brijraj Mishra","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahabharat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharat_(1988_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Ramayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayan_(2002_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Rama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama"},{"link_name":"Vishnu Puran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu_Puran_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"Vamana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vamana"},{"link_name":"Parashurama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parashurama"},{"link_name":"Rama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama"},{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"Man Mein Hai Visshwas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_Mein_Hai_Visshwas"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"Mahabharat (1988) as Krishna[23]\nGeeta Rahasya(1999) (producer-Director-Co writer) (with Irrfan Khan)\nRamayan (2001-2002) as Rama\nVishnu Puran (2003) as Vishnu / Vamana / Parashurama / Rama / Krishna\nMan Mein Hai Visshwas (2006-2007, presenter)\nAjab Gajab Ghar Jamai (2014, Krishna)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samantar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_series"},{"link_name":"Samantar season 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_series"}],"sub_title":"Web series","text":"Samantar - in as Sudarshan Chakrapani (MX Player Originals) (2020)\nSamantar season 2 - in as Sudarshan Chakrapani (MX Player Originals) (2021)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maharashtra State Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra_State_Film_Awards"}],"text":"Best Screenplay Writer for Marathi feature film, Pitruroon, Sahyadri Film Awards, 2014\nNominated – Best Actor for Pitruroon, Screen Awards, 2014\n2nd Best Director for Pitruroon, Maharashtra State Film Awards, 2014","title":"Awards"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Indian television actors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_television_actors"}]	[{"reference":"\"Nitish Bhardwaj movies, filmography, biography and songs - Cinestaan.com\". Cinestaan. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190808105223/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/nitish-bhardwaj-61758","url_text":"\"Nitish Bhardwaj movies, filmography, biography and songs - Cinestaan.com\""},{"url":"https://www.cinestaan.com/people/nitish-bhardwaj-61758","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Patil, Vimla (17 March 2002). \"itihas in Their Modern Avatar\". Spectrum. The Sunday Tribune. Retrieved 5 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020317/spectrum/main7.htm","url_text":"\"itihas in Their Modern Avatar\""}]},{"reference":"Pandit, Shruti (10 September 2013). \"Nitish Bharadwaj dons the hat of a director\". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130928033719/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-05/news-interviews/41800792_1_marathi-film-film-yaksha-film-industry","url_text":"\"Nitish Bharadwaj dons the hat of a director\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-05/news-interviews/41800792_1_marathi-film-film-yaksha-film-industry","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Trivedi, Tanvi (17 October 2013). \"Comparisons with Nitish Bharadwaj are most welcome: Saurabh Raaj Jain\". The Times of India. Retrieved 5 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/news/Comparisons-with-Nitish-Bharadwaj-are-most-welcome-Saurabh-Raaj-Jain/articleshow/24253763.cms?","url_text":"\"Comparisons with Nitish Bharadwaj are most welcome: Saurabh Raaj Jain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chakravyuh Hindi Play/Drama\". www.mumbaitheatreguide.com. Retrieved 4 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/hindi/09-hindi-play-preview-chakravyuh.asp#","url_text":"\"Chakravyuh Hindi Play/Drama\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mahabharata's Krishna, Born of a Mother From Belagavi, Wants to Act With Mohanlal\". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 14 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2016/may/07/mahabharatas-krishna-born-of-a-mother-from-belagavi-wants-to-act-with-mohanlal-933715.html","url_text":"\"Mahabharata's Krishna, Born of a Mother From Belagavi, Wants to Act With Mohanlal\""}]},{"reference":"N, Patcy (22 May 2013). \"I did not want to play Krishna in 'Mahabharat'\". Rediff Movies. Retrieved 6 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-mahabharats-krishna-is-back-tv/20130522.htm","url_text":"\"I did not want to play Krishna in 'Mahabharat'\""}]},{"reference":"Verma, Sukanya (18 September 2012). \"Reader's Pick: The 25 greatest characters on Indian TV\". Rediff Movies. Retrieved 6 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-reader-s-pick-the-25-greatest-characters-on-indian-tv/20120918.htm#19","url_text":"\"Reader's Pick: The 25 greatest characters on Indian TV\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rediff On The NeT: The Rediff Election Interview/Nitish Bharadwaj\". www.rediff.com. Retrieved 14 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rediff.com/election/1999/sep/10nitish.htm","url_text":"\"Rediff On The NeT: The Rediff Election Interview/Nitish Bharadwaj\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television\". www.tribuneindia.com. Retrieved 14 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000123/spectrum/tv.htm","url_text":"\"The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television\""}]},{"reference":"Renuka, Methil (4 February 2002). \"Now, B.R. Chopra to present silicon graphics-driven Ramayan on Zee TV\". India Today. Retrieved 14 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20020204-br-chopra-to-present-silicon-graphics-driven-ramayan-on-zee-tv-795802-2002-02-04","url_text":"\"Now, B.R. Chopra to present silicon graphics-driven Ramayan on Zee TV\""}]},{"reference":"Kumar, K. P. Nijeesh (14 July 2019). \"Padmarajan's demise made me to exit from mollywood, says 'Njan Gandharvan' actor\". Mathrubhumi. Retrieved 16 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/padmarajan-s-demise-made-me-to-exit-from-mollywood-says-njan-gandharvan-actor-1.3955257","url_text":"\"Padmarajan's demise made me to exit from mollywood, says 'Njan Gandharvan' actor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathrubhumi","url_text":"Mathrubhumi"}]},{"reference":"\"First look of Nitish Bharadwaj's Pitruroon\". Rangmarathi. 23 August 2013. Archived from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180226092032/http://rangmarathi.com/first-look-of-nitish-bharadwajs-pitruroon/","url_text":"\"First look of Nitish Bharadwaj's Pitruroon\""},{"url":"http://rangmarathi.com/first-look-of-nitish-bharadwajs-pitruroon/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Swamy, Rohan (21 March 2013). \"Krishna's Confessions\". The Indian Express. Retrieved 6 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/krishna-s-confessions/1091171/","url_text":"\"Krishna's Confessions\""}]},{"reference":"Deshmukh, Gayatri (16 February 2013). \"Nitish Bharadwaj ropes in Tanuja his directorial debut\". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130928033721/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-16/news-interviews/37120048_1_marathi-cinema-quality-films-short-films","url_text":"\"Nitish Bharadwaj ropes in Tanuja his directorial debut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-16/news-interviews/37120048_1_marathi-cinema-quality-films-short-films","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nitish Bharadwaj: My role in 'Mohenjo Daro' has given me an opportunity to explore human emotions - Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 4 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Nitish-Bharadwaj-My-role-in-Mohenjo-Daro-has-given-me-an-opportunity-to-explore-human-emotions/articleshow/53569751.cms","url_text":"\"Nitish Bharadwaj: My role in 'Mohenjo Daro' has given me an opportunity to explore human emotions - Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"Masih, Archana (12 February 1998). \"Any party which wants to rule India has to be secular in its true sense\". Rediff on the Net. Retrieved 6 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/feb/12bjp.htm","url_text":"\"Any party which wants to rule India has to be secular in its true sense\""}]},{"reference":"Roy, Amit (14 November 2004). \"Nitish, Nitish, burning bright\". The Telegraph. Calcutta, India. Archived from the original on 15 November 2004. Retrieved 6 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041115062840/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041114/asp/look/story_3984806.asp","url_text":"\"Nitish, Nitish, burning bright\""},{"url":"http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041114/asp/look/story_3984806.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"For how many years do you want the adivasis to wear their traditional finery and dance for you?\". Rediff on the Net. 13 February 1998. Retrieved 6 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/feb/13bjp1.htm","url_text":"\"For how many years do you want the adivasis to wear their traditional finery and dance for you?\""}]},{"reference":"Singh, Varun (11 January 2010). \"Sanjay Dutt resigs from Samajwadi Party\". Mid-day. Retrieved 6 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2010/jan/110110-Sanjay-Dutt-Samajwadi-Party-politicians.htm","url_text":"\"Sanjay Dutt resigs from Samajwadi Party\""}]},{"reference":"Gulzar; Nihalani, Govind; Chatterjee, Saibal (2003). Encyclopedia of Hindi Cinema. Encyclopædia Britannica (India). Popular Prakashan. p. 554. ISBN 8179910660.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulzar","url_text":"Gulzar"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&q=trishagni+1988&pg=PT578","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Hindi Cinema"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8179910660","url_text":"8179910660"}]},{"reference":"\"State Film Awards\". Information & Public Relations Department (I&PRD). 1990. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234213/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm","url_text":"\"State Film Awards\""},{"url":"http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mahabharat B.R. Chopra Serial Episodes (Full 1988 TV Series)\". Youtube Video Episode. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200725184657/https://www.youtubevideoepisode.com/mahabharat-br-chopra/","url_text":"\"Mahabharat B.R. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para-alpine_skiing	Para-alpine skiing	["1 History","2 Events","2.1 Paralympics","2.2 World Championships","3 Governance, rules and events","4 Equipment","4.1 Sitting","4.2 Standing","4.3 Other equipment","5 Disciplines","5.1 Downhill","5.2 Super-G","5.3 Giant slalom","5.4 Slalom","5.5 Super combined","5.6 Snowboard","6 Classification","7 Factor system","8 See also","9 References","9.1 Bibliography","10 External links"]	Skiing for people with disabilities Para-alpine skiingTalan Skeels-Piggins from Great Britain in the first run for the men's slalom (sitting), at the Winter Paralympics 2010 in Vancouver, Canada.Highest governing bodyInternational Paralympic Committee, International Ski FederationFirst played1967CharacteristicsTeam membersNoMixed-sexNoTypeOutdoorEquipmentskis, sit-skis or mono-skis, poles or outrigger skis, and boots, helmet, gogglesPresenceParalympicPart of the Paralympics programme since 1976 Winter Paralympics Paralympic alpine skiing is an adaptation of alpine skiing for athletes with a disability. The sport evolved from the efforts of disabled veterans in Germany and Austria during and after the Second World War. The sport is governed by the International Paralympic Committee Sports Committee. The primary equipment used includes outrigger skis, sit-skis, and mono-skis. Para-alpine skiing disciplines include the downhill, super-G, giant slalom, slalom, super combined, and snowboard. Para-alpine skiing classification is the classification system for para-alpine skiing designed to ensure fair competition between alpine skiers with different types of disabilities. The classifications are grouped into three general disability types: standing, blind and sitting. A factoring system was created for para-alpine skiing to allow the three classification groupings to fairly compete against each other in the same race despite different functional skiing levels and medical challenges. Alpine skiing was one of the foundation sports at the first Winter Paralympics in 1976 with Slalom and giant slalom events being held. Different disciplines were added to the Paralympic programme over time. The 2010 Winter Paralympics para-alpine skiing events were held at Whistler Creekside. The disciplines at Whistler included downhill, super combined, super-G, slalom and giant slalom. History Skiing as a sport for people with disabilities traces its origins back to the Second World War, which produced large numbers of wounded soldiers. In Germany, Franz Wendel, an amputee who had lost a leg, successfully attached a pair of crutches to short skis. Sepp "Peppi" Zwicknagel, an Austrian veteran who had lost both his legs to a hand grenade, taught himself to ski and eventually became a ski instructor at Kitzbühel, founded a division of the Austrian Ski Association for disabled skiers. By 1947, annual races were being held in Austria. Ludwig Guttmann, a key figure in the history of paralympic sport, helped organise ski events. In the United States, Gretchen Fraser began teaching skiing to amputees in army hospitals. By the 1960s, a number of organisations had been founded. For a long time, disability skiing was restricted to amputees, but in 1969, blind skier Jean Eymere, a former ski instructor before he lost his eyesight, began a skiing program in Aspen, Colorado for blind skiers. The first international competition, the World Disabled Alpine Championships, was held in France in 1974. Events Paralympics Main article: Alpine skiing at the Winter Paralympics Australian Paralympian Michael Milton at the 1988 Innsbruck Winter Games. Alpine skiing was one of the foundation sports at the first Winter Paralympics in 1976 with slalom and giant slalom events being held. At the 1984 Winter Paralympics, the downhill event was added to the para-alpine programme, along with sit-skiing as a demonstration sport. At the 1992 Winter Paralympics in Albertville, downhill, giant and slalom events were on the programme. At the 1994 Winter Paralympics, the super giant slalom was added to the para-alpine skiing programme. In 1998, para-alpine skiing classes for sitting and visually impaired skiers were added as full medal events after only having standing classes competing in previous Games. At the 2002 Winter Paralympics, women's Downhill and men's visually impaired Downhill were held on day 1 with men's standing and sitting Downhill taking place on day 2. Men's standing and sitting Super-G took place on day 3, with men's visually impaired and women's Super-G taking place on day 5. Men's standing and sitting giant slalom took place on day 7, with women's and men's visually impaired giant slalom taking place on day 8. Men's standing and sitting Slalom took place on day 9, with women's and men's visually impaired Slalom taking place on day 10. For the 2006 Winter Paralympics, major changes were made to the classification system used for the Games that combined the 14 classes used into three groups with the results factored across different classifications in the group. At those Games, in the Super-G, there were 55 male competitors compared to 18 women in the standing group. The 2010 Winter Paralympics para-alpine skiing events were held at Whistler Creekside. The disciplines at Whistler included downhill, super-combined, super-G, slalom and giant slalom. It was the first time the super-combined was on the Paralympic programme. In the downhill event, there were 25 men and 18 women in the standing class, 25 men and 10 women in the sitting class and 12 men and 10 women in the vision impaired class. In the super-combined, there were 18 men and 14 women for standing, 18 men and 10 women for sitting and 10 men and 10 women for vision impaired. The Slalom race had the shortest course length of the major para-alpine events at the Games. The Downhill was held for both men and women in all classes on day 2. The Super-G was held for men and women in standing classes on day 3, with visual impaired and sit-skiers competing in the super-G on day 4. The Super Combined for all classes and both genders was held on day 5. The standing giant slalom for men and women was held on day 7 and the remaining classes on day 8. The Slalom was held for standing men and women on day 9 and remaining classes on day 10. The 2014 Winter Paralympics para-alpine skiing took place at the Rosa Khutor Extreme Park. Added to this discipline these games was the para-snowboard cross which was held at Rosa Khutor along with the super-G, downhill, super-combined, slalom and giant slalom. In the downhill event for the visually impaired there were 11 men and 6 women. For the downhill standing, there were 17 men and 8 women. For the downhill sitting, 22 men and 6 women participated. In the Super-G for the visually impaired, there were 15 men and 6 women. The Super-G standing event had 31 men and 15 women. The Super-G sitting was contested by 31 men and 8 women. The men's and women's Super Combined Downhill and Super Combined Slalom took place on March 11 and both genders' Para-Snowboard Cross events took place on March 14. World Championships Main article: World Para Alpine Skiing Championships Governance, rules and events International and national events for the sport include the Winter Paralympics, World Championships, World Cups, Continental Cups, National Championships, IPCAS Races and IPCAS Para-Snowboard. Skiers from 39 different countries actively compete in para-alpine skiing in a sport is that one of eight governed by the International Paralympic Committee Sports Committee, with rules for para-alpine skiing set forth in the IPCAS Rules and Regulations. Event specific rules may be created for events like the Paralympic Games. One set of rules was created in 1994 and were specified in the IPC Handbook. This was used to govern IPC-sanctioned events like the Paralympic Games for many years. Competition rules for classes use rules set by or modified from rules created by the International Ski Federation (ISF). These rules were set at the 42nd International Ski Conference in 2000. The two rule sets worked in concert with each other, with the ISF rules specifying the rules for alpine skiing, and the IPC providing modifications for para-alpine skiing. The IPC Alpine Sports Assembly Executive Committee can determine if skiers are eligible to compete in IPC sanctioned events at their own discretion regardless of what the rules say. National Paralympic Committees can have their own rule sets at national competitions. Equipment A disabled veteran uses a sit ski at Vail, Colorado. Sitting The primary equipment used in the sport includes outrigger skis, sit-skis, and mono-skis. Depending on the classification, other equipment may be used by skiers including guide skiers, cut-down ski poles, orthopedic aids, or prostheses. For standing skiers, different class rules determine what sort of equipment is allowed in competition, such as one pole, two poles or no poles, or one or two skis. Rules for equipment use in competition are set by FIS and the IPC. There are minimum lengths for skis used in competition, with men's skis needing to be at least 165 centimetres (65 in) long and women's skis needing to be at least 155 centimetres (61 in) long. Bindings used for skis have a maximum height of 55 millimetres (2.2 in). Sit-skis are designed for wheelchair users or other skiers with a form of paraplegia. The first sit-ski was built in 1967 by Josef Shrall from the Bavaria region of Germany. Early sit-skis used in para-alpine skiing had two wide skis, brakes, and were custom built to fit the specific skier. The weight of the ski prevented skiers from skiing moguls or steep slopes. Sit-ski development continued into the 1980s, with a more modern version demonstrated in Engelberg, Switzerland in 1987 at a workshop hosted by the Swiss Paraplegics Association . As the technology advanced, a chair was developed that could be attached to the skis which were used by non-disabled skiers. They are now made from fibreglass and polyester, and the weight has been dramatically reduced, allowing skiers to ski on steeper slopes and compete in the moguls. Current sit-skis include seat-belts. As skis for non-disabled skiers have evolved to specialise for the event, the skis that sit-skiers use have also changed. Sit-skiers use a specially designed ski called a mono-ski, sometimes called a maxi mono-ski. It is used by skiers with lower limb disabilities including paralysis. A variation of the mono-ski exists for skiers with bilateral, above the knee amputations. The mono-ski was developed in Austria in the early 1980s by bilateral above-the-knee amputee Josef Feirsinger and engineer Horst Morokuti. The fundamental design they created is still the one used for mono-skis currently used in competition. The mono-ski was quickly used by German skiers who built their own at a workshop in Tübingen. The mono-ski uses the same skis used for non-disabled alpine skiing, adapted so that the skier sits on a chair attached to the ski via a spring. The mono-ski was first used at the 1988 Winter Paralympics. A monoski, also known as a sit-ski, consists of a molded seat mounted on a metal frame. A shock absorber beneath the seat eases riding on uneven terrain and helps in turning by maximizing ski-snow contact. Modern monoskis interface with a single, ordinary alpine ski by means of a "ski foot," a metal or plastic block in the shape of a boot sole that clicks into the ski's binding. A monoskier uses outriggers for stability; an outrigger resembles a forearm crutch with a short ski on the bottom. People new to mono-skiing are often surprised to see how much terrain is skiable in a monoski; advanced monoskiers can be found not only carving turns on groomed runs but also skiing moguls, terrain parks, race courses, glades and even backcountry terrain—in short, wherever stand-up skiers can go. As alpine ski technology has advanced, so has monoski technology. In North America in the 1970s and early 1980s, early "sit-skis" took the form of fiberglass sleds with metal runners. The first downhill sit-ski in the US, the Arroya, was invented by American Peter Axelson in 1978. Dragging very long poles or "slicks" in the snow were the method in which turns were actually made harder, although not effectively. Few users became proficient enough to descend even intermediate terrain without assistance from a "tetherer." By the early '80s, Europeans were experimenting with "ski-bobs" that mounted on two small skis. In place of today's minimal bucket seats were large fiberglass or Kevlar shells, and leaf springs at first were used instead of slide absorbers. The three-ski design proved accident prone, and it was soon abandoned for a single ski by most manufacturers. By the middle of the decade, the technology had migrated to Canada, and on both continents the modern monoski began to emerge. In the United States, Enabling Technologies' Unique, Sunrise Medical's Shadow, and Dan Fallon's Fallonski were some of the first commercially available monoskis. Praschberger (Austria), Tessier (France), and DynAccess (USA) are some of the major companies. In 1984, monoskiers took part in the 1984 Innsbruck Paralympic Winter Games as a demonstration sport; in Innsbruck 1988, full medal categories were added for sitting skiers. Standing For standing competitors, outrigger skis can be used in some classifications. These are ski poles with small skis on the end. They assist a skier balancing as they ski down the slopes, and in moving uphill for short distances, enabling skiers to do things like a climb a slope to get on a chair lift. Other equipment Beyond this equipment, skiers also gear up wearing special boots, helmets, ski suits, and goggles. At the Paralympic Games, this equipment is prohibited from having advertisements on it. The boots attach to the ski at the heel and toe, and are designed to provide support to foot and ankle with the use of materials in boot construction like hard plastics. All helmets used in competition are required to be hard-shell helmets. For skiers with visual impairments, guides are used to assist the skier down the course. Guides are skiers who do not have a vision impairment who assist a skier down the slopes by telling the skier where to go using their voice or a radio. Skiers can use more than one guide in the course of a competition, but the guide is only eligible for a medal if they have competed with the same skier for the duration of the discipline event. Like the skier, the guide is required to have an IPCAS Licence in order to participate in a competition and adhere to anti-doping rules. Disciplines Para-alpine skiing disciplines include the downhill, super-G, giant slalom, slalom, super combined, and snowboard. The rules for these disciplines are based on the rules set by the International Ski Federation, though some rules have been adapted for skiers with disabilities. While skiing in these disciplines, skiers can reach speeds of 100 kilometres (62 mi) an hour. Downhill Main article: Downhill (ski competition) A Norwegian skier in the downhill at the 1988 Winter Paralympics This is a speed based timed discipline, where competitors ski down a steep course that can finish 450 metres (1,480 ft) to 800 metres (2,600 ft) lower than it started while containing many turns and jumps. The winner is determined based on one run down the course, with the competitor with the fastest time being the winner. Skiers navigate between gates in the downhill, the fewest gates amongst all para-alpine disciplines, and if they miss a set, they are disqualified. In some competitions that require qualification for entry, a skier can qualify for this discipline through Downhill or Super-G. There are Disabled FIS points available in sanctioned events. This race is included on the current Paralympic programme. Skis for women must be at least 200 centimetres (79 in) long with a tolerance of 1 centimetre (0.39 in). For men, the ski length must be at least 205 centimetres (81 in) long with the same tolerance. Women and men's skis need a minimum radius of 45 metres (148 ft). Skiers used curved ski poles for this event. Men and women both need their skis to have a profile radius of 67 millimetres (2.6 in). Top speeds in this event can be up to 100 kilometres (62 mi) an hour. Before the start of the event, the skier is required to do a practice run, and is required to wear a helmet during all their runs. Super-G Main article: Super-G Developed in the 1980s, the Super-G is less technical than others, and is known for the speed of the skier, who navigate a course that has a vertical drop between 400 metres (1,300 ft) to 600 metres (2,000 ft) from top to bottom. Compared to other para-alpine skiing disciplines, this course tends to be mid-length. It is longer than the giant slalom and the slalom but shorter than the downhill course. In this discipline, competitors ski between alternating red and blue gates that are 25 metres (82 ft) apart, with men needing to clear 35 gates and women needing to clear 30 gates. In some competitions that require qualification for entry, a skier can qualify for this discipline through Downhill, Slalom or Super-G. There are Disabled FIS points available in sanctioned events. This race is included on the current Paralympic programme. Skis for women must be at least 200 centimetres (79 in) long with a tolerance of 1 centimetre (0.39 in). For men, the ski length must be at least 205 centimetres (81 in) long with the same tolerance. Women and men's skis need a minimum radius of 33 metres (108 ft). Men and women both need their skis to have a profile radius of 65 millimetres (2.6 in). Skiers used curved ski poles for this event. Giant slalom Main article: Giant slalom skiing With a vertical drop of 300 metres (980 ft) to 400 metres (1,300 ft), this is one of the more technical of the para-alpine skiing disciplines. This discipline involves two runs down a course straighter and shorter than the downhill, but longer and having fewer turns than the slalom course. The winner is determined based on the combined time for both races. After the first run, the bottom 20% of finishers can be eliminated from the competition at the discretion of the judges. The starting order for the second run is starts with the slowest of the top 15 skiers, with the fastest skier in the first run skiing 15th. Any skiers who finished outside the top 15 then ski in order based on their times from the first run. For example, the 18th fastest finisher in the first run skis 18th in the second run. In some competitions, this is modified using 30 skiers instead of 15. The IPC/FIS run jointly sanctioned events for Slalom. This race is included on the current Paralympic programme. Skiers used straight ski poles for this event. Slalom Main article: Slalom skiing Australian Paralympic athlete Rod Hacon at the 1994 Winter Games in Lillehammer The name for this event is from a Norwegian word meaning "sloping path." This event is the most technical para-alpine skiing disciplines, with a vertical drop of only 140 metres (460 ft) to 220 metres (720 ft) on an intentionally iced course. This is the shortest of all the para-alpine skiing events and uses two different courses. Skiers go down each course once, with their finishing position being determined based on their combined course completion time. There are gates in this event, about 55-75 for men and 40-60 for women, and if a skier misses a gate, they are disqualified from the race. After the first run, the bottom 20% of finishers can be eliminated from the competition at the discretion of the judges. The starting order for the second run is starts with the slowest of the top 15 skiers, with the fastest skier in the first run skiing 15th. Any skiers who finished outside the top 15 then ski in order based on their times from the first run. For example, the 18th fastest finisher in the first run skis 18th in the second run. Skiers used straight ski poles for this event. In some competitions that require qualification for entry, a skier can qualify for this discipline through Downhill, Slalom or Super-G. The IPC/FIS run jointly sanctioned events for Slalom. This race is included on the current Paralympic programme. Skiers often wear pads when competing in this discipline. Super combined Main article: Alpine skiing combined The Super Combined event is a combination of two disciplines such as the slalom and the Super G, or the downhill and the slalom. In the event, skiers go down the downhill course once, and the slalom course twice. The times for the races are combined, with the fastest time winning. Snowboard Snowboard has vertical drops between 100 metres (330 ft) and 240 metres (790 ft) for both men's and women's races with the course being run over a distance of 400 metres (1,300 ft) to 900 metres (3,000 ft). The course has alternating gates. The sport is only open to standing competitors. Classification Main article: Para-alpine skiing classification Para-alpine skiing classification is the classification system for para-alpine skiing designed to ensure fair competition between alpine skiers with different types of disabilities. The classifications are grouped into three general disability types: standing, blind and sitting. Classification governance is handled by International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing. Skiers are classified based on medical assessment, and their body position when they ski. Blind skiers are evaluated purely on a medical assessment. Prior to that, several sport governing bodies dealt with classification including the International Sports Organization for the Disabled (ISOD), International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation (ISMWSF), International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) and Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association (CP-ISRA). Some classification systems are governed by bodies other than International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing for systems not used in international competition. The sport is open to all competitors with a visual or physical disability. It is not open to people with intellectual disabilities. The first classification systems for para-alpine skiing were developed in Scandinavia, with early systems designed for skiers with amputations. At the time, equipment had yet to be developed to allow participation for skiers with spinal cord injuries. The goal of the early classification systems was to be functional but ended up being medical classification systems. At the first Winter Paralympics in 1976, there were two classifications for the sport. By the 1980s, classification existed for skiers with cerebral palsy. At that time, with inspiration from wheelchair basketball classification, efforts were made to make classification more of a functional system. Ten classes existed by the 1980s, and since then, efforts have been made to improve the efficiency of classification by reducing the number of classes so fewer medals can be rewarded. Standing classes Class Description Typical equipment LW 1 Double leg amputation above the knee, moderate to severe cerebral palsy, or equivalent impairment Two skis, two outriggers LW 2 Single leg amputation above the knee One ski, two outriggers LW 3 Double leg amputation below the knee, mild cerebral palsy, or equivalent impairment Two skis, two poles LW 4 Single leg amputation below the knee Two skis, two poles LW 5/7-1 Double arm amputation above the elbow Two skis, no poles LW 5/7-2 Double arm amputation, one above and one below the elbow Two skis, no poles LW 5/7-3 Double arm amputation below the elbow Two skis, no poles LW 6/8-1 Single arm amputation above the elbow Two skis, one pole LW 6/8-2 Single arm amputation below the elbow Two skis, one pole LW 9-1 Amputation or equivalent impairment of one arm and one leg above the knee Choice of equipment LW 9-2 Amputation or equivalent impairment of one arm and one leg below the knee Choice of equipment Sitting classes (monoskiers) Class Description LW 10-1 Paraplegia with no upper abdominal function and no functional sitting balance LW 10-2 Paraplegia with some upper abdominal function and no functional sitting balance LW 11 Paraplegia with fair functional sitting balance LW 12-1 Paraplegia with some leg function and good sitting balance LW 12-2 Double leg amputation above the knees Visually impaired classes Class Description B1 Totally blind B2 Visual acuity of less than 2/60 B3 Visual acuity of 2/60 to 6/60 Factor system A factoring system was created for para-alpine skiing to allow the grouping of classifications into three general groups: sitting, standing and visually impaired. One medal event can then be held for each group even though there is a wide range of functional mobility and medical differences. The factoring system works by having a number for each class based on their functional mobility or vision levels, where the results are calculated by multiplying the finish time by the factored number. The resulting number is the one used to determine the winner in events where the factor system is used. This means the faster skier down a hill may not be the winner of an event. The factoring system is used at several para-alpine skiing competitions including the Alpine Cup, North American Races, European Cup, World Cup events, World Championships, and the Winter Paralympics. Disciplines use factored results to combine classes unless there are six or more skiers competing in a specific class. See also Sports portal World Para Alpine Skiing World Cup References ^ "From Rehab Tool to Elite Sport: A History of Adaptive Skiing". Disaboom. Retrieved 12 October 2012. ^ a b c d e Goldman 2010, p. 21. ^ a b Adani, Anastasia, ed. (2011). Winning, A celebration of Paralympic sport in Canada (in English and French). Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Paralympic Committee. p. 90. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "About the Sport". International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing. 2012. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2012. ^ 92 Ves Jeux Paralympiques : Tignes — Albertville. Albertville, France: COPTA 92. 1992. OCLC 222023213. ^ a b c d e f Johnson 2009, p. 12-13. ^ Salt Lake Organizing Committee 2002, p. 3. ^ a b c Goldman 2010, p. 19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Johnson 2009, p. 5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Goldman 2010, p. 22. ^ Goldman 2010, p. 66. ^ "Sochi 2014 Venues \| Canadian Paralympic Committee". Archived from the original on 2014-03-07. 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OCLC 244057438. ^ a b Salt Lake Organizing Committee 2002, p. 11. ^ Goldman 2010, p. 22-24. ^ Salt Lake Organizing Committee 2002, p. 19. ^ a b c d "Alpine Skiing". Canadian Paralympic Committee. 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-09-03. Retrieved 8 October 2012. ^ a b c d e f g International Paralympic Committee 2006, p. 100. ^ Goldman 2010, p. 24. ^ a b c d e Salt Lake Organizing Committee 2002, p. 13. ^ "Adaptive SITSKI Equipment". Archived from the original on 2014-10-19. Retrieved 2014-10-13. ^ Adaptive Skiing Resources - When the snow flies Archived 2011-08-26 at the Wayback Machine, rideataxia.org ^ Remembering and celebrating 40 years of disabled sports Archived 2012-11-12 at the Wayback Machine, dsusa.org ^ LA Times Article, LA Times.com ^ History Archived 2007-01-23 at the Wayback Machine ^ Enabling Technologies website ^ Praschberger website ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-09-14. Retrieved 2014-10-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing 2012, p. 6. ^ International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing 2012, p. 7. ^ International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing 2012, p. 9. ^ a b International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing 2012, p. 40. ^ a b c d e f g "Paralympic Alpine Skiing - overview, rules and classification". British Paralympic Association. 24 September 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2012. ^ a b c d e f g h i Salt Lake Organizing Committee 2002, p. 17. ^ a b Johnson 2009, p. 6-7. ^ a b International Paralympic Committee 2012, p. 1. ^ International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing 2012, p. 33. ^ a b c Johnson 2009, p. 10-11. ^ a b Salt Lake Organizing Committee 2002, p. 11-13. ^ a b c Johnson 2009, p. 8-9. ^ Jan Broekhoff (June 1986). The 1984 Olympic Scientific Congress proceedings: Eugene, Ore., 19-26 July 1984 : (also: OSC proceedings). Human Kinetics Publishers. ISBN 978-0-87322-006-4. Retrieved 21 August 2012. ^ a b Steadward, Robert D; Peterson, Cynthia (1997). Paralympics : where heroes come. Edmonton: One Shot Holdings Publ. Division. pp. 159–164. ISBN 0968209203. OCLC 716890782. ^ a b Michael Hutson; Cathy Speed (17 March 2011). Sports Injuries. Oxford University Press. p. 450. ISBN 978-0-19-953390-9. Retrieved 21 August 2012. ^ Gilbert, Prof., Keith; Schantz, Prof., Otto J (2008). The Paralympic Games : empowerment or side show?. Maidenhead : New York: Meyer & Meyer Sports. p. 96. ISBN 9781841262659. OCLC 284731843. ^ a b International Paralympic Committee 2006, p. 78. ^ "Sports". CP-ISRA. 2012. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012. ^ a b Joseph P. Winnick (27 October 2010). Adapted Physical Education and Sport. Human Kinetics. pp. 560–568. ISBN 978-0-7360-8918-0. Retrieved 3 October 2012. ^ a b c d International Paralympic Committee 2006, p. 82. ^ International Paralympic Committee 2006, p. 28. ^ Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association (1983). Classification and sport rules manual (Third ed.). Wolfheze, the Netherlands: CP-ISRA. p. 1. OCLC 220878468. ^ DePauw, Karen P; Gavron, Susan J (1995). Disability and sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p. 120. ISBN 0873228480. OCLC 31710003. ^ a b Goldman 2010, p. 25. Bibliography Goldman, Judy (2010). "02 Games History and Facts". Australian Paralympic Committee : media guide Vancouver 2010, 12-21 March (PDF). Sydney, Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-31. International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing (2012). IPC Alpine Skiing Rules and Regulations (PDF). Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 8 October 2012. International Paralympic Committee (2006). Paralympic winter games 1976-2006 : Ornskoldsvik—Torino. Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee. sirsi: a667757. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2012-10-08. International Paralympic Committee (2012). Equipment Regulations for IPCAS Competition (Seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 ed.). Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee. Johnson, Robin (2009). Paralympic Sports Events. St. Catharines, Ontario: Crabtree Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-7787-4025-4. Salt Lake Organizing Committee (2002). Alpine Skiing Technical Manual. Salt Lake City, Utah: Salt Lake Organizing Committee. Archived from the original on 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2012-10-07. This is included as an appendix in the media guide, but it is not published by the APC. External links AdaptiveSkiing.net Adaptive Skiing Resource IPC Alpine Skiing Homepage vteWorld championships List of world sports championships Olympic sportsTeam Association football men men's club women women's club Baseball men women Basketball men women 3x3 basketball club Beach volleyball Curling mixed doubles mixed Field hockey men women Handball men women Ice hockey men women Rugby 7s Softball men women Volleyball men men's club women women's club Water polo men women Individual Aquatic sports Archery Athletics outdoor race walking Badminton men women mixed individual Biathlon Bobsleigh and skeleton Boxing (amateur) Canoeing slalom sprint Cycling BMX mountain biking road track urban Dance sport breakdancing Equestrianism dressage eventing show jumping Fencing Golf men women Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampoline Ice skating figure short track speed Judo Luge artificial track natural track Modern pentathlon Rowing Sailing Olympic Class Combined Worlds Shooting Skateboarding 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nine-ball pyramid ten-ball straight pool Snooker men women team amateurs six-red Mind sports Backgammon Bridge Chess open women team Draughts men women checkers draughts-64 draughts-64 women Go Puzzles Scrabble Sudoku Xiangqi MotorsportAuto racing Formula E Formula One Hill climb Karting Rallying Rallycross Rally raid Bajas Sports Car Endurance Touring Car Motorcycle sports Endurance Enduro SuperEnduro Hard Enduro team endurance Ice racing individual team Grand Prix MotoGP Moto2 Moto3 MotoE Motocross individual women nations Supercross SuperMotocross Sidecarcross Snowcross Production Superbike Supersport Supersport 300 Rally raid Bajas Sidecar Speedway individual team long track team long track flat track Supermoto team Trial nations E-Bike cross Other Aeroplane sport Aerobatic Aerobatic GP Powerboating Aquabike F1 F4s offshore Radio-controlled racing 1:10 electric off-road 1:8 nitro off-road Tank biathlon Other sportsTeam American football men women Australian football Baseball5 Ball hockey Bandy men men's club women women's club Cricket Test ODI (men) ODI (women) T20 (men) T20 (women) Beach handball Beach soccer Beach tennis Canoe polo Dancesport Formation Latin Dodgeball Fistball Flag football Floorball men women Futsal men women men's club women Indoor hockey men women Inline hockey Kabaddi Korfball Lacrosse indoor Life saving Minifootball Netball Padel tennis Quidditch/Quadball Ringette Rogaining Roll Ball Roller derby men women Roller hockey men women Rugby league men men's club women Rugby union men women Sailing Yachts Dinghies Sepaktakraw Socca Synchronized skating Tchoukball Underwater hockey Underwater rugby Individual Air sports ballooning gliding parachuting paragliding Aquatics water skiing Armwrestling Archery indoor 3D field Athletics cross country half marathon indoor relays 100 km mountain running long distance mountain running snowshoe running skyrunning trail running Bowling Tenpin Ninepin (singles, team) Bowls indoor outdoor Canoeing marathon ocean race wildwater SUP canoe sailing freestyle waveski Crokinole Cycling cyclo-cross indoor mountain bike marathon trials Darts BDO PDC team Finswimming Fishing freshwater fly fishing Gymnastics acrobatic aerobic parkour Ice Climbing Modern pentathlon biathle triathle laser run Mounted games Orienteering foot ski mountain bike trail Pétanque Powerlifting men women Racquetball Roller Sports artistic skating inline alpine inline downhill inline speed skating roller freestyle scooter Rowing coastal indoor Shooting practical handgun practical rifle practical shotgun Skiing flying speed ski mountaineering telemarking Squash individual doubles team Summer biathlon Surfing short board long board big wave SUP/paddleboard Swimming short course Teqball Triathlon Aquathlon Duathlon Ironman Ironman 70.3 cross cross duathlon long distance long distance duathlon sprint winter Yo-yo Esports Call of Duty Counter-Strike Dota 2 eSailing FIFA Fortnite League of Legends Mobile Legends: Bang Bang NES Tetris Overwatch Pro Evolution Soccer Rainbow Six Siege Rocket League Smite StarCraft II Valorant See also: World cups vteDisability sport classificationIndividual Sports Adaptive rowing Boccia Bowls Disability golf Judo Para-archery Para-athletics Paracanoe Para-cycling Para-equestrian Para-shooting Para-swimming Paratriathlon Powerlifting Racquetball Sailing Table tennis Wheelchair fencing Wheelchair tennis Team Sports Football 5-a-side Football 7-a-side Goalball Sitting volley Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair rugby Winter Sports Para-alpine skiing Para-nordic skiing Para-snowboarding Sledge hockey Sledge racing Wheelchair curling Disability types Amputations Cerebral palsy Intellectual disability Les Autres Wheelchair sport vteParalympic sports recognized by the IPC Alpine skiing Archery Athletics Badminton Biathlon Boccia Canoeing Cross-country skiing Cycling Equestrian Football 5-a-side 7-a-side Goalball Ice sledge hockey Judo Powerlifting Rowing Sailing Shooting Sitting volleyball Swimming Table tennis Triathlon Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair curling Wheelchair DanceSport Wheelchair fencing Wheelchair rugby Wheelchair tennis See also: Summer Olympic sports and Winter Olympic sports vteSkiing and snowboarding History of skiing Glossary of skiing and snowboarding terms Nordic skiingCompetitive Cross-country skiing Paralympic Ski jumping Ski flying Nordic combined Endurance Ski marathon Ski orienteering Ski touring Recreational Cross-country skiing Backcountry skiing Roller skiing Skijoring Alpine skiingOlympic disciplines Slalom Giant slalom Super-G Downhill Combined Other disciplines Extreme skiing Glade skiing Heliskiing Para-alpine skiing Speed skiing Other skiing Biathlon Indoor skiing Night skiing Ski archery Ski mountaineering Telemark skiing Freestyle skiing Aerial skiing Big air Freeriding Freeskiing Half-pipe skiing Mogul Ski ballet Ski cross Slopestyle Snowboarding Alpine Backcountry Big air Freeriding Freestyle Half-pipe Slopestyle Snowboard cross Snowboard racing Technique / learning Carved turn Jump turn Parallel turn Pivot turn Snowplough Stem christie Ski school Ski simulator Equipment Bindings Boots Helmet Monoski Poles Skins Skis List of ski brands Snowboard Suit Wax Resort amenities Dry ski slope Half-pipe Superpipe Piste Ski area Ski tunnel Snow grooming Snowmaking Trail Ski lifts Aerial tramway Chairlift detachable Funicular Funifor Funitel Gondola lift bicable tricable Hybrid lift Surface lift Category:Skiing Category:Snowboarding	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alpine skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing"},{"link_name":"International Paralympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"outrigger skis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outrigger_ski"},{"link_name":"sit-skis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sit-ski"},{"link_name":"mono-skis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono-ski"},{"link_name":"downhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downhill_(ski_competition)"},{"link_name":"super-G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_giant_slalom_skiing"},{"link_name":"giant slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_slalom"},{"link_name":"slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slalom_skiing"},{"link_name":"super combined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_combined"},{"link_name":"snowboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding"},{"link_name":"Para-alpine skiing classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para-alpine_skiing_classification"},{"link_name":"Winter Paralympics in 1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Winter_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"2010 Winter Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"Whistler Creekside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler_Creekside"},{"link_name":"downhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downhill_(ski_competition)"},{"link_name":"super combined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_combined"},{"link_name":"super-G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-G"},{"link_name":"slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slalom_skiing"},{"link_name":"giant slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_slalom"}],"text":"Paralympic alpine skiing is an adaptation of alpine skiing for athletes with a disability. The sport evolved from the efforts of disabled veterans in Germany and Austria during and after the Second World War. The sport is governed by the International Paralympic Committee Sports Committee. The primary equipment used includes outrigger skis, sit-skis, and mono-skis. Para-alpine skiing disciplines include the downhill, super-G, giant slalom, slalom, super combined, and snowboard.Para-alpine skiing classification is the classification system for para-alpine skiing designed to ensure fair competition between alpine skiers with different types of disabilities. The classifications are grouped into three general disability types: standing, blind and sitting. A factoring system was created for para-alpine skiing to allow the three classification groupings to fairly compete against each other in the same race despite different functional skiing levels and medical challenges.Alpine skiing was one of the foundation sports at the first Winter Paralympics in 1976 with Slalom and giant slalom events being held. Different disciplines were added to the Paralympic programme over time. The 2010 Winter Paralympics para-alpine skiing events were held at Whistler Creekside. The disciplines at Whistler included downhill, super combined, super-G, slalom and giant slalom.","title":"Para-alpine skiing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Kitzbühel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitzb%C3%BChel"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Guttmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Guttmann"},{"link_name":"Gretchen Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretchen_Fraser"},{"link_name":"Aspen, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"World Disabled Alpine Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPC_Alpine_Skiing_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Skiing as a sport for people with disabilities traces its origins back to the Second World War, which produced large numbers of wounded soldiers. In Germany, Franz Wendel, an amputee who had lost a leg, successfully attached a pair of crutches to short skis. Sepp \"Peppi\" Zwicknagel, an Austrian veteran who had lost both his legs to a hand grenade, taught himself to ski and eventually became a ski instructor at Kitzbühel, founded a division of the Austrian Ski Association for disabled skiers. By 1947, annual races were being held in Austria. Ludwig Guttmann, a key figure in the history of paralympic sport, helped organise ski events. In the United States, Gretchen Fraser began teaching skiing to amputees in army hospitals. By the 1960s, a number of organisations had been founded. For a long time, disability skiing was restricted to amputees, but in 1969, blind skier Jean Eymere, a former ski instructor before he lost his eyesight, began a skiing program in Aspen, Colorado for blind skiers. The first international competition, the World Disabled Alpine Championships, was held in France in 1974.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ddmm88_-_Innsbruck_Paralympic_Games_M.Milton_-_3b-_scanned_photo.jpg"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Winter_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman201021-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canada90-3"},{"link_name":"1984 Winter Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Winter_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman201021-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPCsite-4"},{"link_name":"1992 Winter Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Winter_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"Albertville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertville"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92vesjeux-5"},{"link_name":"1994 Winter Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Winter_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"super giant slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_giant_slalom_skiing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman201021-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200912-13-6"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Winter_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman201021-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPCsite-4"},{"link_name":"2002 Winter Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Winter_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalt_Lake_Organizing_Committee20023-7"},{"link_name":"2006 Winter Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman201021-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200912-13-6"},{"link_name":"2010 Winter Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"Whistler Creekside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler_Creekside"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman201019-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canada90-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson20095-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200912-13-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman201019-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman201019-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman201022-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman201066-11"},{"link_name":"2014 Winter Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"Rosa Khutor Extreme Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Khutor_Extreme_Park"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sochi2014.com-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sochi2014.com-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sochi2014.com-14"}],"sub_title":"Paralympics","text":"Australian Paralympian Michael Milton at the 1988 Innsbruck Winter Games.Alpine skiing was one of the foundation sports at the first Winter Paralympics in 1976 with slalom and giant slalom events being held.[2][3] At the 1984 Winter Paralympics, the downhill event was added to the para-alpine programme,[2] along with sit-skiing as a demonstration sport.[4] At the 1992 Winter Paralympics in Albertville, downhill, giant and slalom events were on the programme.[5] At the 1994 Winter Paralympics, the super giant slalom was added to the para-alpine skiing programme.[2][6] In 1998, para-alpine skiing classes for sitting and visually impaired skiers were added as full medal events after only having standing classes competing in previous Games.[2][4]At the 2002 Winter Paralympics, women's Downhill and men's visually impaired Downhill were held on day 1 with men's standing and sitting Downhill taking place on day 2. Men's standing and sitting Super-G took place on day 3, with men's visually impaired and women's Super-G taking place on day 5. Men's standing and sitting giant slalom took place on day 7, with women's and men's visually impaired giant slalom taking place on day 8. Men's standing and sitting Slalom took place on day 9, with women's and men's visually impaired Slalom taking place on day 10.[7]For the 2006 Winter Paralympics, major changes were made to the classification system used for the Games that combined the 14 classes used into three groups with the results factored across different classifications in the group.[2] At those Games, in the Super-G, there were 55 male competitors compared to 18 women in the standing group.[6]The 2010 Winter Paralympics para-alpine skiing events were held at Whistler Creekside.[8] The disciplines at Whistler included downhill, super-combined, super-G, slalom and giant slalom.[3][9] It was the first time the super-combined was on the Paralympic programme.[6] In the downhill event, there were 25 men and 18 women in the standing class, 25 men and 10 women in the sitting class and 12 men and 10 women in the vision impaired class.[8] In the super-combined, there were 18 men and 14 women for standing, 18 men and 10 women for sitting and 10 men and 10 women for vision impaired.[8] The Slalom race had the shortest course length of the major para-alpine events at the Games.[10] The Downhill was held for both men and women in all classes on day 2. The Super-G was held for men and women in standing classes on day 3, with visual impaired and sit-skiers competing in the super-G on day 4. The Super Combined for all classes and both genders was held on day 5. The standing giant slalom for men and women was held on day 7 and the remaining classes on day 8. The Slalom was held for standing men and women on day 9 and remaining classes on day 10.[11]The 2014 Winter Paralympics para-alpine skiing took place at the Rosa Khutor Extreme Park.[12] Added to this discipline these games was the para-snowboard cross [13] which was held at Rosa Khutor along with the super-G, downhill, super-combined, slalom and giant slalom.[14] In the downhill event for the visually impaired there were 11 men [15] and 6 women.[16] For the downhill standing, there were 17 men [17] and 8 women.[18] For the downhill sitting, 22 men [19] and 6 women [20] participated. In the Super-G for the visually impaired, there were 15 men [21] and 6 women.[22] The Super-G standing event had 31 men [23] and 15 women.[24] The Super-G sitting was contested by 31 men[25] and 8 women.[26] The men's and women's Super Combined Downhill and Super Combined Slalom took place on March 11[14] and both genders' Para-Snowboard Cross events took place on March 14.[14]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"World Championships","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympic_Games"},{"link_name":"World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Para_Alpine_Skiing_Championships"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Paralympic_Committee_Alpine_Skiing20125-27"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPCsite-4"},{"link_name":"International Paralympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamesexplained39-28"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson20095-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPCsite-4"},{"link_name":"IPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalt_Lake_Organizing_Committee200211-29"},{"link_name":"International Ski Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ski_Federation"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman201022-24-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalt_Lake_Organizing_Committee200211-29"},{"link_name":"IPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalt_Lake_Organizing_Committee200219-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canadasite-32"}],"text":"International and national events for the sport include the Winter Paralympics, World Championships, World Cups, Continental Cups, National Championships, IPCAS Races and IPCAS Para-Snowboard.[27] Skiers from 39 different countries actively compete in para-alpine skiing[4] in a sport is that one of eight governed by the International Paralympic Committee Sports Committee,[28][9] with rules for para-alpine skiing set forth in the IPCAS Rules and Regulations.[4] Event specific rules may be created for events like the Paralympic Games. One set of rules was created in 1994 and were specified in the IPC Handbook. This was used to govern IPC-sanctioned events like the Paralympic Games for many years.[29] Competition rules for classes use rules set by or modified from rules created by the International Ski Federation (ISF).[30] These rules were set at the 42nd International Ski Conference in 2000. The two rule sets worked in concert with each other, with the ISF rules specifying the rules for alpine skiing, and the IPC providing modifications for para-alpine skiing.[29] The IPC Alpine Sports Assembly Executive Committee can determine if skiers are eligible to compete in IPC sanctioned events at their own discretion regardless of what the rules say.[31] National Paralympic Committees can have their own rule sets at national competitions.[32]","title":"Governance, rules and events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vail_Veterans_monoski.jpg"},{"link_name":"sit ski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sit_ski"}],"text":"A disabled veteran uses a sit ski at Vail, Colorado.","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Paralympic_Committee2006100-33"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson20095-9"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman201024-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalt_Lake_Organizing_Committee200213-35"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPCsite-4"},{"link_name":"Josef Shrall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Shrall&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Engelberg, Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelberg,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Swiss Paraplegics Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swiss_Paraplegics_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_suisse_des_parapl%C3%A9giques"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizer_Paraplegiker-Vereinigung"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Paralympic_Committee2006100-33"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPCsite-4"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Paralympic_Committee2006100-33"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman201022-10"},{"link_name":"Josef Feirsinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Feirsinger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Horst Morokuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Morokuti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Paralympic_Committee2006100-33"},{"link_name":"Tübingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen"},{"link_name":"sits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/seat#Verb"},{"link_name":"1988 Winter Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Winter_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Paralympic_Committee2006100-33"},{"link_name":"shock absorber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_absorber"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"alpine ski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski#downhill_ski"},{"link_name":"boot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_boot#Alpine"},{"link_name":"binding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_bindings#Alpine"},{"link_name":"forearm crutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crutch"},{"link_name":"ski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski"},{"link_name":"moguls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogul_skiing"},{"link_name":"terrain parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrain_parks"},{"link_name":"backcountry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backcountry_skiing"},{"link_name":"Peter Axelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Axelson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"DynAccess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DynAccess&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1984 Innsbruck Paralympic Winter Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Winter_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Innsbruck 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Winter_Paralympics"}],"sub_title":"Sitting","text":"The primary equipment used in the sport includes outrigger skis, sit-skis, and mono-skis.[33][9] Depending on the classification, other equipment may be used by skiers including guide skiers, cut-down ski poles, orthopedic aids, or prostheses. For standing skiers, different class rules determine what sort of equipment is allowed in competition, such as one pole, two poles or no poles, or one or two skis.[34] Rules for equipment use in competition are set by FIS and the IPC.[35]There are minimum lengths for skis used in competition, with men's skis needing to be at least 165 centimetres (65 in) long and women's skis needing to be at least 155 centimetres (61 in) long. Bindings used for skis have a maximum height of 55 millimetres (2.2 in).[4]Sit-skis are designed for wheelchair users or other skiers with a form of paraplegia. The first sit-ski was built in 1967 by Josef Shrall from the Bavaria region of Germany. Early sit-skis used in para-alpine skiing had two wide skis, brakes, and were custom built to fit the specific skier. The weight of the ski prevented skiers from skiing moguls or steep slopes. Sit-ski development continued into the 1980s, with a more modern version demonstrated in Engelberg, Switzerland in 1987 at a workshop hosted by the Swiss Paraplegics Association [fr; de]. As the technology advanced, a chair was developed that could be attached to the skis which were used by non-disabled skiers. They are now made from fibreglass and polyester, and the weight has been dramatically reduced, allowing skiers to ski on steeper slopes and compete in the moguls.[33] Current sit-skis include seat-belts.[4] As skis for non-disabled skiers have evolved to specialise for the event, the skis that sit-skiers use have also changed.[33]Sit-skiers use a specially designed ski called a mono-ski,[10] sometimes called a maxi mono-ski. It is used by skiers with lower limb disabilities including paralysis. A variation of the mono-ski exists for skiers with bilateral, above the knee amputations. The mono-ski was developed in Austria in the early 1980s by bilateral above-the-knee amputee Josef Feirsinger and engineer Horst Morokuti. The fundamental design they created is still the one used for mono-skis currently used in competition.[33] The mono-ski was quickly used by German skiers who built their own at a workshop in Tübingen. The mono-ski uses the same skis used for non-disabled alpine skiing, adapted so that the skier sits on a chair attached to the ski via a spring. The mono-ski was first used at the 1988 Winter Paralympics.[33]A monoski, also known as a sit-ski, consists of a molded seat mounted on a metal frame. A shock absorber beneath the seat eases riding on uneven terrain and helps in turning by maximizing ski-snow contact. Modern monoskis[36] interface with a single, ordinary alpine ski by means of a \"ski foot,\" a metal or plastic block in the shape of a boot sole that clicks into the ski's binding. A monoskier uses outriggers for stability; an outrigger resembles a forearm crutch with a short ski on the bottom. People new to mono-skiing are often surprised to see how much terrain is skiable in a monoski; advanced monoskiers can be found not only carving turns on groomed runs but also skiing moguls, terrain parks, race courses, glades and even backcountry terrain—in short, wherever stand-up skiers can go.As alpine ski technology has advanced, so has monoski technology. In North America in the 1970s and early 1980s, early \"sit-skis\" took the form of fiberglass sleds with metal runners. The first downhill sit-ski in the US, the Arroya, was invented by American Peter Axelson in 1978.[37][38][39] Dragging very long poles or \"slicks\" in the snow were the method in which turns were actually made harder, although not effectively. Few users became proficient enough to descend even intermediate terrain without assistance from a \"tetherer.\" By the early '80s, Europeans were experimenting with \"ski-bobs\" that mounted on two small skis. In place of today's minimal bucket seats were large fiberglass or Kevlar shells, and leaf springs at first were used instead of slide absorbers. The three-ski design proved accident prone, and it was soon abandoned for a single ski by most manufacturers.[40] By the middle of the decade, the technology had migrated to Canada, and on both continents the modern monoski began to emerge. In the United States, Enabling Technologies'[41] Unique, Sunrise Medical's Shadow, and Dan Fallon's Fallonski were some of the first commercially available monoskis. Praschberger[42] (Austria), Tessier (France), and DynAccess (USA) are some of the major companies.In 1984, monoskiers took part in the 1984 Innsbruck Paralympic Winter Games as a demonstration sport;[43] in Innsbruck 1988, full medal categories were added for sitting skiers.","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Paralympic_Committee2006100-33"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman201022-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson20095-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson20095-9"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Paralympic_Committee2006100-33"}],"sub_title":"Standing","text":"For standing competitors, outrigger skis can be used in some classifications. These are ski poles with small skis on the end.[33][10][9] They assist a skier balancing as they ski down the slopes,[9] and in moving uphill for short distances, enabling skiers to do things like a climb a slope to get on a chair lift.[33]","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson20095-9"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalt_Lake_Organizing_Committee200213-35"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPCsite-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman201022-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson20095-9"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Paralympic_Committee_Alpine_Skiing20126-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Paralympic_Committee_Alpine_Skiing20127-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Paralympic_Committee_Alpine_Skiing20129-46"}],"sub_title":"Other equipment","text":"Beyond this equipment, skiers also gear up wearing special boots, helmets, ski suits, and goggles.[9] At the Paralympic Games, this equipment is prohibited from having advertisements on it.[35] The boots attach to the ski at the heel and toe, and are designed to provide support to foot and ankle with the use of materials in boot construction like hard plastics. All helmets used in competition are required to be hard-shell helmets.[4]For skiers with visual impairments, guides are used to assist the skier down the course.[10] Guides are skiers who do not have a vision impairment who assist a skier down the slopes by telling the skier where to go using their voice or a radio.[9] Skiers can use more than one guide in the course of a competition, but the guide is only eligible for a medal if they have competed with the same skier for the duration of the discipline event.[44] Like the skier, the guide is required to have an IPCAS Licence in order to participate in a competition[45] and adhere to anti-doping rules.[46]","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman201022-10"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Paralympic_Committee_Alpine_Skiing201240-47"},{"link_name":"International Ski Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ski_Federation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman201022-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPCsite-4"}],"text":"Para-alpine skiing disciplines include the downhill, super-G, giant slalom, slalom, super combined, and snowboard.[10][47] The rules for these disciplines are based on the rules set by the International Ski Federation, though some rules have been adapted for skiers with disabilities.[10] While skiing in these disciplines, skiers can reach speeds of 100 kilometres (62 mi) an hour.[4]","title":"Disciplines"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xx0188_-_1988_winter_paralympics_-_3b_-_scans_(13).jpg"},{"link_name":"1988 Winter Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Winter_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gbsite-48"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman201022-10"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalt_Lake_Organizing_Committee200217-49"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman201022-10"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson20096-7-50"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canadasite-32"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalt_Lake_Organizing_Committee200217-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalt_Lake_Organizing_Committee200217-49"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPCsite-4"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Paralympic_Committee20121-51"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson20095-9"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson20096-7-50"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Paralympic_Committee_Alpine_Skiing201233-52"}],"sub_title":"Downhill","text":"A Norwegian skier in the downhill at the 1988 Winter ParalympicsThis is a speed based timed discipline, where competitors ski down a steep course that can finish 450 metres (1,480 ft) to 800 metres (2,600 ft) lower than it started[48] while containing many turns and jumps.[10][49] The winner is determined based on one run down the course, with the competitor with the fastest time being the winner.[10] Skiers navigate between gates in the downhill, the fewest gates amongst all para-alpine disciplines, and if they miss a set, they are disqualified.[50][32] In some competitions that require qualification for entry, a skier can qualify for this discipline through Downhill or Super-G.[49] There are Disabled FIS points available in sanctioned events.[49] This race is included on the current Paralympic programme.[4]Skis for women must be at least 200 centimetres (79 in) long with a tolerance of 1 centimetre (0.39 in). For men, the ski length must be at least 205 centimetres (81 in) long with the same tolerance. Women and men's skis need a minimum radius of 45 metres (148 ft).[51] Skiers used curved ski poles for this event. Men and women both need their skis to have a profile radius of 67 millimetres (2.6 in).[9] Top speeds in this event can be up to 100 kilometres (62 mi) an hour.[50] Before the start of the event, the skier is required to do a practice run, and is required to wear a helmet during all their runs.[52]","title":"Disciplines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gbsite-48"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200912-13-6"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalt_Lake_Organizing_Committee200217-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gbsite-48"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman201022-10"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gbsite-48"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman201022-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200912-13-6"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalt_Lake_Organizing_Committee200217-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalt_Lake_Organizing_Committee200217-49"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPCsite-4"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Paralympic_Committee20121-51"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson20095-9"}],"sub_title":"Super-G","text":"Developed in the 1980s,[48] the Super-G is less technical than others, and is known for the speed of the skier,[6][49] who navigate a course that has a vertical drop between 400 metres (1,300 ft) to 600 metres (2,000 ft) from top to bottom.[48] Compared to other para-alpine skiing disciplines, this course tends to be mid-length. It is longer than the giant slalom and the slalom but shorter than the downhill course.[10] In this discipline, competitors ski between alternating red and blue gates[48] that are 25 metres (82 ft) apart,[10] with men needing to clear 35 gates and women needing to clear 30 gates.[6] In some competitions that require qualification for entry, a skier can qualify for this discipline through Downhill, Slalom or Super-G.[49] There are Disabled FIS points available in sanctioned events.[49] This race is included on the current Paralympic programme.[4]Skis for women must be at least 200 centimetres (79 in) long with a tolerance of 1 centimetre (0.39 in). For men, the ski length must be at least 205 centimetres (81 in) long with the same tolerance. Women and men's skis need a minimum radius of 33 metres (108 ft). Men and women both need their skis to have a profile radius of 65 millimetres (2.6 in).[51] Skiers used curved ski poles for this event.[9]","title":"Disciplines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gbsite-48"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200910-11-53"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman201022-10"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200910-11-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200910-11-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalt_Lake_Organizing_Committee200211-13-54"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalt_Lake_Organizing_Committee200213-35"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gbsite-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalt_Lake_Organizing_Committee200217-49"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPCsite-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson20095-9"}],"sub_title":"Giant slalom","text":"With a vertical drop of 300 metres (980 ft) to 400 metres (1,300 ft),[48] this is one of the more technical of the para-alpine skiing disciplines.[53] This discipline involves two runs down a course straighter and shorter than the downhill,[10] but longer and having fewer turns than the slalom course.[53] The winner is determined based on the combined time for both races.[53] After the first run, the bottom 20% of finishers can be eliminated from the competition at the discretion of the judges.[54] The starting order for the second run is starts with the slowest of the top 15 skiers, with the fastest skier in the first run skiing 15th. Any skiers who finished outside the top 15 then ski in order based on their times from the first run. For example, the 18th fastest finisher in the first run skis 18th in the second run.[35] In some competitions, this is modified using 30 skiers instead of 15.[48] The IPC/FIS run jointly sanctioned events for Slalom.[49] This race is included on the current Paralympic programme.[4] Skiers used straight ski poles for this event.[9]","title":"Disciplines"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dd0394-_Lillehammer_Winter_Games,_R.Hacon_-_3b-_scanned_photo.jpg"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson20098-9-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson20098-9-55"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canadasite-32"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gbsite-48"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman201022-10"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson20098-9-55"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canadasite-32"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman201022-10"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalt_Lake_Organizing_Committee200211-13-54"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalt_Lake_Organizing_Committee200213-35"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson20095-9"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalt_Lake_Organizing_Committee200217-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalt_Lake_Organizing_Committee200217-49"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPCsite-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson20095-9"}],"sub_title":"Slalom","text":"Australian Paralympic athlete Rod Hacon at the 1994 Winter Games in LillehammerThe name for this event is from a Norwegian word meaning \"sloping path.\"[55] This event is the most technical para-alpine skiing disciplines,[55][32] with a vertical drop of only 140 metres (460 ft) to 220 metres (720 ft) on an intentionally iced course.[48] This is the shortest of all the para-alpine skiing events and uses two different courses. Skiers go down each course once, with their finishing position being determined based on their combined course completion time.[10][55] There are gates in this event, about 55-75 for men and 40-60 for women,[32] and if a skier misses a gate, they are disqualified from the race.[10] After the first run, the bottom 20% of finishers can be eliminated from the competition at the discretion of the judges.[54] The starting order for the second run is starts with the slowest of the top 15 skiers, with the fastest skier in the first run skiing 15th. Any skiers who finished outside the top 15 then ski in order based on their times from the first run. For example, the 18th fastest finisher in the first run skis 18th in the second run.[35] Skiers used straight ski poles for this event.[9] In some competitions that require qualification for entry, a skier can qualify for this discipline through Downhill, Slalom or Super-G.[49] The IPC/FIS run jointly sanctioned events for Slalom.[49] This race is included on the current Paralympic programme.[4] Skiers often wear pads when competing in this discipline.[9]","title":"Disciplines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman201022-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200912-13-6"}],"sub_title":"Super combined","text":"The Super Combined event is a combination of two disciplines such as the slalom and the Super G,[10] or the downhill and the slalom. In the event, skiers go down the downhill course once, and the slalom course twice. The times for the races are combined, with the fastest time winning.[6]","title":"Disciplines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Paralympic_Committee_Alpine_Skiing201240-47"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Paralympic_Committee_Alpine_Skiing20125-27"}],"sub_title":"Snowboard","text":"Snowboard has vertical drops between 100 metres (330 ft) and 240 metres (790 ft) for both men's and women's races with the course being run over a distance of 400 metres (1,300 ft) to 900 metres (3,000 ft). The course has alternating gates.[47] The sport is only open to standing competitors.[27]","title":"Disciplines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Para-alpine skiing classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para-alpine_skiing_classification"},{"link_name":"alpine skiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Broekhoff1986-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wherehoescome-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HutsonSpeed2011-58"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman201022-10"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orissidehow96-59"},{"link_name":"International Sports Organization for the Disabled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Sports_Organization_for_the_Disabled"},{"link_name":"International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Stoke_Mandeville_Games_Federation"},{"link_name":"International Blind Sports Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Blind_Sports_Federation"},{"link_name":"Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_Palsy_International_Sports_and_Recreation_Association"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Paralympic_Committee200678-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpisraa-site-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winnick2010-62"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HutsonSpeed2011-58"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winnick2010-62"},{"link_name":"para-alpine skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympic_alpine_skiing"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Paralympic_Committee200682-63"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Paralympic_Committee200678-60"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Paralympic_Committee200628-64"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Paralympic_Committee200682-63"},{"link_name":"Winter Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Paralympic_Committee200682-63"},{"link_name":"cerebral palsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_palsy"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpirsa-1-65"},{"link_name":"wheelchair basketball classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelchair_basketball_classification"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Paralympic_Committee200682-63"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-disabilitysport-120-66"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wherehoescome-57"}],"text":"Para-alpine skiing classification is the classification system for para-alpine skiing designed to ensure fair competition between alpine skiers with different types of disabilities.[56] The classifications are grouped into three general disability types: standing, blind and sitting.[57] Classification governance is handled by International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing.[58] Skiers are classified based on medical assessment, and their body position when they ski.[10] Blind skiers are evaluated purely on a medical assessment.[59] Prior to that, several sport governing bodies dealt with classification including the International Sports Organization for the Disabled (ISOD), International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation (ISMWSF), International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) and Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association (CP-ISRA).[60][61] Some classification systems are governed by bodies other than International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing for systems not used in international competition.[62] The sport is open to all competitors with a visual or physical disability. It is not open to people with intellectual disabilities.[58][62]The first classification systems for para-alpine skiing were developed in Scandinavia, with early systems designed for skiers with amputations.[63] At the time, equipment had yet to be developed to allow participation for skiers with spinal cord injuries.[60] The goal of the early classification systems was to be functional but ended up being medical classification systems.[64][63] At the first Winter Paralympics in 1976, there were two classifications for the sport.[63] By the 1980s, classification existed for skiers with cerebral palsy.[65] At that time, with inspiration from wheelchair basketball classification, efforts were made to make classification more of a functional system.[63] Ten classes existed by the 1980s,[66] and since then, efforts have been made to improve the efficiency of classification by reducing the number of classes so fewer medals can be rewarded.[57]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman201025-67"},{"link_name":"North American Races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_American_Races&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Para_Alpine_Skiing_Championships"},{"link_name":"Winter Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman201025-67"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalt_Lake_Organizing_Committee200213-35"}],"text":"A factoring system was created for para-alpine skiing to allow the grouping of classifications into three general groups: sitting, standing and visually impaired. One medal event can then be held for each group even though there is a wide range of functional mobility and medical differences. The factoring system works by having a number for each class based on their functional mobility or vision levels, where the results are calculated by multiplying the finish time by the factored number. The resulting number is the one used to determine the winner in events where the factor system is used. This means the faster skier down a hill may not be the winner of an event.[67]The factoring system is used at several para-alpine skiing competitions including the Alpine Cup, North American Races, European Cup, World Cup events, World Championships, and the Winter Paralympics.[67] Disciplines use factored results to combine classes unless there are six or more skiers competing in a specific class.[35]","title":"Factor system"}]	[{"image_text":"Australian Paralympian Michael Milton at the 1988 Innsbruck Winter Games.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ddmm88_-_Innsbruck_Paralympic_Games_M.Milton_-_3b-_scanned_photo.jpg/220px-Ddmm88_-_Innsbruck_Paralympic_Games_M.Milton_-_3b-_scanned_photo.jpg"},{"image_text":"A disabled veteran uses a sit ski at Vail, Colorado.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Vail_Veterans_monoski.jpg/250px-Vail_Veterans_monoski.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Norwegian skier in the downhill at the 1988 Winter Paralympics","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Xx0188_-_1988_winter_paralympics_-_3b_-_scans_%2813%29.jpg/220px-Xx0188_-_1988_winter_paralympics_-_3b_-_scans_%2813%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Australian Paralympic athlete Rod Hacon at the 1994 Winter Games in Lillehammer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dd0394-_Lillehammer_Winter_Games%2C_R.Hacon_-_3b-_scanned_photo.jpg/220px-Dd0394-_Lillehammer_Winter_Games%2C_R.Hacon_-_3b-_scanned_photo.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Sports portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sports"},{"title":"World Para Alpine Skiing World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Para_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup"}]	[{"reference":"\"From Rehab Tool to Elite Sport: A History of Adaptive Skiing\". Disaboom. Retrieved 12 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.disaboom.com/adaptive-skiing/from-rehab-tool-to-elite-sport-a-history-of-adaptive-skiing","url_text":"\"From Rehab Tool to Elite Sport: A History of Adaptive Skiing\""}]},{"reference":"Adani, Anastasia, ed. (2011). Winning, A celebration of Paralympic sport in Canada (in English and French). Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Paralympic Committee. p. 90.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"About the Sport\". International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing. 2012. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121020055915/http://www.ipc-alpineskiing.org/About_the_Sport/","url_text":"\"About the Sport\""},{"url":"http://www.ipc-alpineskiing.org/About_the_Sport/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"92 Ves Jeux Paralympiques : Tignes — Albertville. Albertville, France: COPTA 92. 1992. 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Retrieved 2014-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140310065121/http://www.worldsnowboardfederation.org/article1000-parasnowboard-included-in-sochi-2014-paralympic-winter-games.html","url_text":"\"Para-Snowboard included in Sochi 2014 Paralympic Winter Games \| the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) has announced that two medal events in Para-Snowboard w \| News\""},{"url":"http://www.worldsnowboardfederation.org/article1000-parasnowboard-included-in-sochi-2014-paralympic-winter-games.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"International Paralympic Committee \| IPC\". Archived from the original on 2014-07-05. 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Retrieved 2014-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140310183041/http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/alpine-skiing-women-s-super-g-sitting","url_text":"\"International Paralympic Committee \| IPC\""},{"url":"http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/alpine-skiing-women-s-super-g-sitting","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brittain, Ian (2010). The Paralympic Games explained. London: Routledge. p. 39. ISBN 9780415476584. OCLC 244057438.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415476584","url_text":"9780415476584"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/244057438","url_text":"244057438"}]},{"reference":"\"Alpine Skiing\". Canadian Paralympic Committee. 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-09-03. 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Retrieved 21 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GPa1AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"The 1984 Olympic Scientific Congress proceedings: Eugene, Ore., 19-26 July 1984 : (also: OSC proceedings)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87322-006-4","url_text":"978-0-87322-006-4"}]},{"reference":"Steadward, Robert D; Peterson, Cynthia (1997). Paralympics : where heroes come. Edmonton: One Shot Holdings Publ. Division. pp. 159–164. ISBN 0968209203. OCLC 716890782.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0968209203","url_text":"0968209203"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/716890782","url_text":"716890782"}]},{"reference":"Michael Hutson; Cathy Speed (17 March 2011). Sports Injuries. Oxford University Press. p. 450. ISBN 978-0-19-953390-9. Retrieved 21 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UIfQfWj5jBEC&pg=PA437","url_text":"Sports Injuries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953390-9","url_text":"978-0-19-953390-9"}]},{"reference":"Gilbert, Prof., Keith; Schantz, Prof., Otto J (2008). The Paralympic Games : empowerment or side show?. Maidenhead : New York: Meyer & Meyer Sports. p. 96. ISBN 9781841262659. OCLC 284731843.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841262659","url_text":"9781841262659"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/284731843","url_text":"284731843"}]},{"reference":"\"Sports\". CP-ISRA. 2012. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120910231502/http://www.cpisra.org.za/index3234.html","url_text":"\"Sports\""},{"url":"http://www.cpisra.org.za/index3234.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Joseph P. Winnick (27 October 2010). Adapted Physical Education and Sport. Human Kinetics. pp. 560–568. ISBN 978-0-7360-8918-0. Retrieved 3 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6_aY-HejIEgC&pg=PA564","url_text":"Adapted Physical Education and Sport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7360-8918-0","url_text":"978-0-7360-8918-0"}]},{"reference":"Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association (1983). Classification and sport rules manual (Third ed.). Wolfheze, the Netherlands: CP-ISRA. p. 1. OCLC 220878468.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/220878468","url_text":"220878468"}]},{"reference":"DePauw, Karen P; Gavron, Susan J (1995). Disability and sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p. 120. ISBN 0873228480. OCLC 31710003.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/disabilitysport0000depa/page/120","url_text":"Disability and sport"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/disabilitysport0000depa/page/120","url_text":"120"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0873228480","url_text":"0873228480"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31710003","url_text":"31710003"}]},{"reference":"Goldman, Judy (2010). \"02 Games History and Facts\". Australian Paralympic Committee : media guide Vancouver 2010, 12-21 March (PDF). Sydney, Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120331061209/https://secure.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/350964/APC_media_guide.pdf","url_text":"Australian Paralympic Committee : media guide Vancouver 2010, 12-21 March"},{"url":"https://secure.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/350964/APC_media_guide.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing (2012). IPC Alpine Skiing Rules and Regulations (PDF). Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 8 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ipc-alpineskiing.org/export/sites/ipc_sports_alpine_skiing/Downloads/11_07_2012IPCAS_RULE_BOOK_2012-2013_NEW1.pdf","url_text":"IPC Alpine Skiing Rules and Regulations"}]},{"reference":"International Paralympic Committee (2006). Paralympic winter games 1976-2006 : Ornskoldsvik—Torino. Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee. sirsi: a667757. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2012-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213717/http://ausport.hosting.libero.com.au/libero/WebopacOpenURL.cls?ACTION=DISPLAY&RSN=62307&DATA=ASC","url_text":"Paralympic winter games 1976-2006 : Ornskoldsvik—Torino"},{"url":"http://ausport.hosting.libero.com.au/libero/WebopacOpenURL.cls?ACTION=DISPLAY&RSN=62307&DATA=ASC","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"International Paralympic Committee (2012). Equipment Regulations for IPCAS Competition (Seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 ed.). Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Johnson, Robin (2009). Paralympic Sports Events. St. Catharines, Ontario: Crabtree Publishing Company. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heard_Well	Heard Well	["1 Overview","2 History","2.1 Heard Well Radio","3 Creators","4 References","5 External links"]	American music label Heard WellFounded2015 (2015)FounderConnor Franta Andrew Graham Jeremy WinebergDistributor(s)RED DistributionGenreVariousCountry of originU.S.LocationLos Angeles, CaliforniaOfficial websitewww.heardwell.com Heard Well is an American music label founded in 2015 by Connor Franta, Andrew Graham and Jeremy Wineberg. The label focuses exclusively on producing compilation albums featuring undiscovered artists as curated by digital influencers and celebrities. Overview Heard Well works with social influencers and celebrities to curate compilation albums of their favorite music. After licensing the music, the label, in tandem with the influencer, bring it to market both digital and physical form. The label is the first music company powered by social tastemakers and their communities. History In November 2014 YouTube personality Connor Franta created and released a compilation album titled Crown, which went on to become one of the top 20 best-selling pop albums of 2014 on iTunes. Subsequently, Franta released a second compilation album several months later. By July 2015 Franta formalized the project by founding Heard Well as a music label with Jeremy Wineberg, owner of the music distribution and licensing company Opus Label, as well as then talent manager and now agent, Andrew Graham. One month later, Franta produced and released the label's first album, Common Culture, Vol. 3. In 2015, Heard Well created the soundtrack for Gayby Baby, an Australian documentary about marriage equality. That same year, Heard Well produced an album by Anthony Quintal (a.k.a. Lohanthony) entitled "Landscapes." In June 2016 Heard Well signed author, activist and podcast host Tyler Oakley to create a 13-track compilation album called Pride Jams, which celebrated LGBT Pride month. As of August 2016 each album released by Heard Well charted in the Billboard Top 200, and sold thousands of copies. By May 2017, Heard Well had signed twelve of YouTube's most subscribed to personalities, with an average following of 3.8 million people. Signees include JC Caylen, Tyler Oakley, Amanda Steele, Tom Cassell and others. In June 2024, Wineberg launched ″Sounds Cool, a music experience company.″ Heard Well Radio In April 2017, Heard Well launched Heard Well Radio with online radio company TuneIn. Creators Tom Cassell JC Caylen Gabby Douglas Tyler Oakley Anthony Quintal Amanda Steele Tanner Braungardt Andrea Russett The Dolan Twins Annie LeBlanc LUKA Camille Kostek References ^ a b Cherie Hu (8 May 2017). "Inside The Ongoing Quest To Get Music Curators Paid". Forbes. Retrieved 21 July 2017. ^ "Tyler Oakley Celebrates the 'Diverse Musical Stylings' of LGBT Community on 'Pride Jams' Album". Yahoo. 24 June 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2017. ^ "Vlogger Syndicate, Tom Cassell, releases his first 12-track compilation album". BBC Newsbeat. 6 May 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2017. ^ Brittney McNamara (29 November 2016). "Connor Franta Partnered With Urban Outfitters and GLSEN to Help LGBTQ Students". Teen Vogue. Retrieved 21 July 2017. ^ a b Todd Spangler (16 July 2016). "YouTube Star Connor Franta Launches Music Label (Exclusive)". Variety. Retrieved 21 July 2017. ^ a b Michael Humphrey (27 October 2015). "Connor Franta Talks About 'Heard Well,' A Tastemaker's Record Company". Forbes. Retrieved 21 July 2017. ^ a b c d Laurie Sandell (17 August 2016). "The Surprising Second Act for One of YouTube's Biggest Stars". Entrepreneur.com. Retrieved 21 July 2017. ^ Natalie Jarvey (8 March 2016). "Connor Franta's Music Label Inks Deal With Sony's Red Distribution (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 21 July 2017. ^ "Music Biz 2016 - Jeremy Wineberg". Retrieved 21 July 2017. ^ Marc Schneider (16 July 2015). "YouTube Star Connor Franta Forms Label, Powered By Fellow Social Tastemakers". Billboard. Retrieved 21 July 2017. ^ Nicholas Richard Rees (15 April 2016). "Exclusive: YouTuber Connor Franta Talks Internet Fame, Crying a Lot, and Coming Out Online". Out Magazine. Retrieved 21 July 2017. ^ Lydia Price (21 August 2015). "Lohanthony Releases His First Compilation Album on Connor Franta's Label (and We're Losing All Chill)". People. Retrieved 21 July 2017. ^ Rae Votta (2 August 2015). "Connor Franta's Heard Well label taps Lohanthony as its next release". Daily Dot. Retrieved 21 July 2017. ^ https://finance.yahoo.com/news/jeremy-wineberg-launches-sounds-cool-130000575.html ^ Weiss, Geoff (27 April 2017). "Connor Franta Enters Music Streaming With Launch Of Heard Well Radio". TubeFilter. ^ Jenna Romaine (20 January 2017). "Olympic Gold Medalist Gabby Douglas Releases Compilation Album, 'Conqueror'". Billboard. Retrieved 21 July 2017. ^ "LUKA Signs with Heard Well Records, Drops New Song 'I Have Something': Exclusive". Billboard. External links Official website Authority control databases MusicBrainz label This article about a United States record label is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Connor Franta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connor_Franta"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"influencers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influencer_marketing"},{"link_name":"celebrities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spangler-5"}],"text":"Heard Well is an American music label founded in 2015 by Connor Franta, Andrew Graham and Jeremy Wineberg.[3][4] The label focuses exclusively on producing compilation albums featuring undiscovered artists as curated by digital influencers and celebrities.[5]","title":"Heard Well"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-humphrey-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sandell-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jarvey-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Heard Well works with social influencers and celebrities to curate compilation albums of their favorite music.[6] After licensing the music, the label, in tandem with the influencer, bring it to market both digital and physical form.[7] The label is the first music company powered by social tastemakers and their communities.[8][9]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spangler-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sandell-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Gayby Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayby_Baby"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Landscapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscapes_(Anthony_Quintal_album)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"LGBT Pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_Pride_Month"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sandell-7"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hu1-1"},{"link_name":"JC Caylen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JC_Caylen"},{"link_name":"Tyler Oakley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Oakley"},{"link_name":"Amanda Steele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Steele"},{"link_name":"Tom Cassell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cassell"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-humphrey-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sandell-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In November 2014 YouTube personality Connor Franta created and released a compilation album titled Crown, which went on to become one of the top 20 best-selling pop albums of 2014 on iTunes.[5] Subsequently, Franta released a second compilation album several months later. By July 2015 Franta formalized the project by founding Heard Well as a music label with Jeremy Wineberg, owner of the music distribution and licensing company Opus Label, as well as then talent manager and now agent, Andrew Graham.[7] One month later, Franta produced and released the label's first album, Common Culture, Vol. 3.[10]In 2015, Heard Well created the soundtrack for Gayby Baby, an Australian documentary about marriage equality.[11] That same year, Heard Well produced an album by Anthony Quintal (a.k.a. Lohanthony) entitled \"Landscapes.\"[12][13]In June 2016 Heard Well signed author, activist and podcast host Tyler Oakley to create a 13-track compilation album called Pride Jams, which celebrated LGBT Pride month. As of August 2016 each album released by Heard Well charted in the Billboard Top 200, and sold thousands of copies.[7]By May 2017, Heard Well had signed twelve of YouTube's most subscribed to personalities, with an average following of 3.8 million people.[1] Signees include JC Caylen, Tyler Oakley, Amanda Steele, Tom Cassell and others.[6][7]In June 2024, Wineberg launched ″Sounds Cool, a music experience company.″[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radio-15"}],"sub_title":"Heard Well Radio","text":"In April 2017, Heard Well launched Heard Well Radio with online radio company TuneIn.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Cassell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cassell"},{"link_name":"JC Caylen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JC_Caylen"},{"link_name":"Gabby Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabby_Douglas"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Tyler Oakley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Oakley"},{"link_name":"Anthony Quintal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Quintal"},{"link_name":"Amanda Steele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Steele"},{"link_name":"Tanner Braungardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanner_Braungardt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Andrea Russett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Russett"},{"link_name":"The Dolan Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dolan_Twins"},{"link_name":"Annie LeBlanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_LeBlanc_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Camille Kostek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Kostek"}],"text":"Tom Cassell\nJC Caylen\nGabby Douglas[16]\nTyler Oakley\nAnthony Quintal\nAmanda Steele\nTanner Braungardt\nAndrea Russett\nThe Dolan Twins\nAnnie LeBlanc\nLUKA[17]\nCamille Kostek","title":"Creators"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Cherie Hu (8 May 2017). \"Inside The Ongoing Quest To Get Music Curators Paid\". 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Retrieved 21 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/280770","url_text":"\"The Surprising Second Act for One of YouTube's Biggest Stars\""}]},{"reference":"Natalie Jarvey (8 March 2016). \"Connor Franta's Music Label Inks Deal With Sony's Red Distribution (Exclusive)\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 21 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/connor-frantas-music-label-inks-873411","url_text":"\"Connor Franta's Music Label Inks Deal With Sony's Red Distribution (Exclusive)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Music Biz 2016 - Jeremy Wineberg\". Retrieved 21 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://musicbiz2016.sched.com/speaker/jeremywineberg","url_text":"\"Music Biz 2016 - Jeremy Wineberg\""}]},{"reference":"Marc Schneider (16 July 2015). \"YouTube Star Connor Franta Forms Label, Powered By Fellow Social Tastemakers\". Billboard. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(cigarette)	Java (cigarette)	["1 History","1.1 Java tobacco factory","2 Markets","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (April 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Russian cigarette brand This article is about the cigarette brand. For the programming language, see Java (programming language). For other uses, see Yava (disambiguation). JavaTwo packs of Java Classic cigarettes with warning messages on the front and back.Product typeCigaretteOwnerBritish American Tobacco RussiaProduced byBritish American Tobacco RussiaCountryRussiaIntroduced1966; 58 years ago (1966)MarketsSee § MarketsTaglineRussian: Новое время. Дух озарения. «Явы» дым табачный вдохновения., lit. 'New time. A spirit of illumination. "Java" smoke is tobacco inspiration.'Russian: «Ява» явская, lit. 'Java "Java"'Russian: «Ява» — наш характер, lit. '"Java" is our character'Carcinogenicity: IARC group 1 Java (Russian: Ява, romanized: Yava) is a Russian brand of cigarettes launched in 1966, currently owned and manufactured by British American Tobacco Russia, a subsidiary of British American Tobacco. History The Java brand was established in 1912. In 1966 was the first in the Soviet Union to produce filtered cigarettes. The composition of Java cigarettes included Indonesian tobacco from the island of Java. Today tobacco varieties are used in various parts of the world. For example, the supply of tobacco is carried out by Brazilian companies for growing tobacco, American, etc. The cigarettes are relatively cheap, but this does not affect the quality. Java comes in four varieties: regular Java, Java New (Novaya), Java Gold (Zolotaya), and Java Export. A pack of Java cigarettes contains 24 mg (0.37 gr) of tar and 1.1 mg (0.017 gr) of nicotine. Java Gold was released in 1997. In 2000, British American Tobacco Russia developed a new variant: Java Gold Original. In May 2011, the Java Gold family was supplemented with new variations: Java Gold Turbo with a filter-mouthpiece, and after it in December there was a new variant, Java Gold Ultra Turbo. In 2009, the Java brand entered the Forbes 50 top largest brands of Russia, and was ranked 9th over all among cigarette brands. Since January 2008, sales of Java Export have started in Russia. In 2016, it was reported that Java cigarettes hold a 5% market share in Russia. Java tobacco factory In 1856, the Karaite merchant Samuel Gabay, who moved to Moscow from Kharkov in the mid-19th century, founded a tobacco factory in Moscow, which was then called the S. Gabay Tobacco Factory Partnership . The production of the factory was popular, and the business developed successfully. In 1912, the factory established the production of cigarettes from tobacco, brought from the Indonesian island of Java. The product was called Java. After the October Revolution, the factory became state property, but it continued to work constantly. It did not stop during the Russian Civil War. In 1920, the factory produced cigarettes of the highest and first grades, as well as other types of tobacco products. In 1922, in honor of popular cigarettes, the factory was officially named Java. By this time, Java acquired the status of a socially significant symbol, and, apparently, lost its essence in the form of foreign raw materials for production. With these cigarettes, smokers were associated with a new time, a revolutionary spirit. From 1927 to 1928, Mosselprom issued a total of 8 billion cigarettes, of which nearly a third accounted for Java. The fighting on the Eastern Front during World War II once again showed that the Java factory is not just a producer of cigarettes for the state, but a national treasure. Despite the daily air raids in the first months of the German invasion, the factory did not stop working. In September 1941, most of the facilities were evacuated to Cheboksary and Saratov. The end of World War II was a new stage in the development of the enterprise, despite the fact that much had to be restored. The German trophy machines for cutting tobacco were brought to Moscow at the Java factory. In 1947, the country saw the first cigarettes with a filter in the history of Russia's tobacco industry. In the Soviet Union, the 100 mm long variant Java 100 was also produced. By the 1960s, state investments in the development and installation of new production lines, as well as the training program for factory workers, produced a logical result: the Java factory became one of the leading tobacco enterprises in the country. In 1965, Java became the first Soviet cigarette with a filter of international standard King Size. The popularity of Java products prompted other factories to produce similar cigarettes with the same brand name. However, the most popular was still the original "Java" brand. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the factory Java was privatized. In 1994, a controlling stake was acquired by British American Tobacco. In 1997, keeping the classic brand, the company launched a full-scale and a new one – Java Gold. Markets Java is mainly sold in Russia, but also was or still is sold in Belarus and Azerbaijan. See also Smoking in Russia Tobacco smoking Java (programming language) Java Java coffee JavaBeans References ^ "Ява (сигареты)". BrandReport (in Russian). January 25, 2011. Archived from the original on August 23, 2013. Retrieved April 16, 2022. ^ a b c Klubnichnaya, Sofiya (October 7, 2016). "Сигареты «Ява» - первые советские сигареты с фильтром". ne-kurim.ru (in Russian). Retrieved April 16, 2022. ^ a b Sharapo, Irina; Goldina, Viktoriya (February 24, 2010). "Золотая Ява сигареты. Отзывы. Энциклопедия сигарет". tabacum.ru (in Russian). Retrieved April 16, 2022. ^ "50 брендов — лидеров по обороту". Forbes Russia (in Russian). 2009. Archived from the original on December 23, 2009. Retrieved December 26, 2009. ^ Kaledina, Anna (October 28, 1999). "Все лучшее отдавали 'Яве'". Kommersant (in Russian). No. 198. p. 8. Retrieved June 23, 2022. ^ Aliabyev, Boris (September 2, 1997). "BAT Launches Moscow-Made Yava Zolotaya". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on April 21, 2018. ^ "OJSC British American Tobacco–Yava: Private Company Information". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on April 22, 2018. ^ "BrandYava". Cigarettes Pedia. Retrieved April 16, 2022. ^ "Yava". zigsam.at. Retrieved April 16, 2022. ^ "Yava Papirosy". zigsam.at. Retrieved April 16, 2022. ^ "Yava Zolotaya". zigsam.at. Retrieved April 16, 2022. ^ "Brands". cigarety.by. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved April 16, 2022. External links BAT Russia (in Russian)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Java (programming language)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Yava (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yava_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"cigarettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette"},{"link_name":"British American Tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_American_Tobacco"}],"text":"Russian cigarette brandThis article is about the cigarette brand. For the programming language, see Java (programming language).For other uses, see Yava (disambiguation).Java (Russian: Ява, romanized: Yava) is a Russian brand of cigarettes launched in 1966, currently owned and manufactured by British American Tobacco Russia, a subsidiary of British American Tobacco.","title":"Java (cigarette)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"filtered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette_filter"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ne-kurim.ru-2"},{"link_name":"tar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_(tobacco_residue)"},{"link_name":"nicotine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ne-kurim.ru-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tabacum.ru-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tabacum.ru-3"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ne-kurim.ru-2"}],"text":"The Java brand was established in 1912. In 1966 was the first in the Soviet Union to produce filtered cigarettes.The composition of Java cigarettes included Indonesian tobacco from the island of Java. Today tobacco varieties are used in various parts of the world. For example, the supply of tobacco is carried out by Brazilian companies for growing tobacco, American, etc. The cigarettes are relatively cheap, but this does not affect the quality.[2]Java comes in four varieties: regular Java, Java New (Novaya), Java Gold (Zolotaya), and Java Export. A pack of Java cigarettes contains 24 mg (0.37 gr) of tar and 1.1 mg (0.017 gr) of nicotine.[2]Java Gold was released in 1997.[3]In 2000, British American Tobacco Russia developed a new variant: Java Gold Original. In May 2011, the Java Gold family was supplemented with new variations: Java Gold Turbo with a filter-mouthpiece, and after it in December there was a new variant, Java Gold Ultra Turbo.[3]In 2009, the Java brand entered the Forbes 50 top largest brands of Russia, and was ranked 9th over all among cigarette brands.[4] Since January 2008, sales of Java Export have started in Russia.In 2016, it was reported that Java cigarettes hold a 5% market share in Russia.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Kharkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkiv"},{"link_name":"S. Gabay Tobacco Factory Partnership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Java_(tobacco_factory)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"October Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Russian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Mosselprom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mosselprom&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC"},{"link_name":"Eastern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Cheboksary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheboksary"},{"link_name":"Saratov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratov"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"dissolution of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"privatized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatization_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"British American Tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_American_Tobacco"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Java tobacco factory","text":"In 1856, the Karaite merchant Samuel Gabay, who moved to Moscow from Kharkov in the mid-19th century, founded a tobacco factory in Moscow, which was then called the S. Gabay Tobacco Factory Partnership [ru]. The production of the factory was popular, and the business developed successfully.In 1912, the factory established the production of cigarettes from tobacco, brought from the Indonesian island of Java. The product was called Java. After the October Revolution, the factory became state property, but it continued to work constantly. It did not stop during the Russian Civil War. In 1920, the factory produced cigarettes of the highest and first grades, as well as other types of tobacco products.In 1922, in honor of popular cigarettes, the factory was officially named Java. By this time, Java acquired the status of a socially significant symbol, and, apparently, lost its essence in the form of foreign raw materials for production. With these cigarettes, smokers were associated with a new time, a revolutionary spirit.From 1927 to 1928, Mosselprom [ru] issued a total of 8 billion cigarettes, of which nearly a third accounted for Java.The fighting on the Eastern Front during World War II once again showed that the Java factory is not just a producer of cigarettes for the state, but a national treasure. Despite the daily air raids in the first months of the German invasion, the factory did not stop working. In September 1941, most of the facilities were evacuated to Cheboksary and Saratov.The end of World War II was a new stage in the development of the enterprise, despite the fact that much had to be restored. The German trophy machines for cutting tobacco were brought to Moscow at the Java factory. In 1947, the country saw the first cigarettes with a filter in the history of Russia's tobacco industry.In the Soviet Union, the 100 mm long variant Java 100 was also produced.By the 1960s, state investments in the development and installation of new production lines, as well as the training program for factory workers, produced a logical result: the Java factory became one of the leading tobacco enterprises in the country. In 1965, Java became the first Soviet cigarette with a filter of international standard King Size.[5]The popularity of Java products prompted other factories to produce similar cigarettes with the same brand name. However, the most popular was still the original \"Java\" brand.After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the factory Java was privatized. In 1994, a controlling stake was acquired by British American Tobacco. In 1997, keeping the classic brand, the company launched a full-scale and a new one – Java Gold.[6][7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Java is mainly sold in Russia, but also was or still is sold in Belarus and Azerbaijan.[8][9][10][11][12]","title":"Markets"}]	[]	[{"title":"Smoking in Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_in_Russia"},{"title":"Tobacco smoking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking"},{"title":"Java (programming language)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"},{"title":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"title":"Java coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_coffee"},{"title":"JavaBeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaBeans"}]	[{"reference":"\"Ява (сигареты)\". 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Forbes Russia (in Russian). 2009. Archived from the original on December 23, 2009. Retrieved December 26, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091223001539/http://www.forbesrussia.ru/rating/50-brendov-%E2%80%94-liderov-po-oborotu/2009","url_text":"\"50 брендов — лидеров по обороту\""},{"url":"http://www.forbesrussia.ru/rating/50-brendov-%E2%80%94-liderov-po-oborotu/2009","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kaledina, Anna (October 28, 1999). \"Все лучшее отдавали 'Яве'\". Kommersant (in Russian). No. 198. p. 8. Retrieved June 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/228849","url_text":"\"Все лучшее отдавали 'Яве'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommersant","url_text":"Kommersant"}]},{"reference":"Aliabyev, Boris (September 2, 1997). \"BAT Launches Moscow-Made Yava Zolotaya\". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on April 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180421232953/http://old.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/1997/9/article/bat-launches-moscow-made-yava-zolotaya/301054.html","url_text":"\"BAT Launches Moscow-Made Yava Zolotaya\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moscow_Times","url_text":"The Moscow Times"},{"url":"http://old.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/1997/9/article/bat-launches-moscow-made-yava-zolotaya/301054.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"OJSC British American Tobacco–Yava: Private Company Information\". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg L.P. 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Retrieved April 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zigsam.at/B_YavaZolotaya.htm","url_text":"\"Yava Zolotaya\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brands\". cigarety.by. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved April 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230404025631/http://www.cigarety.by/brand.php?n=10&l=27&p=0&w=%DF%C2%C0","url_text":"\"Brands\""},{"url":"http://www.cigarety.by/brand.php?n=10&l=27&p=0&w=%DF%C2%C0","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Java_(cigarette)&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130823174105/http://www.brandreport.ru/yava-sigarety/","external_links_name":"\"Ява (сигареты)\""},{"Link":"http://www.brandreport.ru/yava-sigarety/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ne-kurim.ru/catalogue-cigarretes/sigarety-yava/","external_links_name":"\"Сигареты «Ява» - первые советские сигареты с фильтром\""},{"Link":"http://www.tabacum.ru/show_gold.html","external_links_name":"\"Золотая Ява сигареты. Отзывы. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanka_Dyagileva	Yanka Dyagileva	["1 Biography","2 Discography","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Yanka DyagilevaYanka Dyagileva in Zelenograd. 1 September 1990Background informationBirth nameYana Stanislavovna DyagilevaBorn(1966-09-04)4 September 1966Novosibirsk, USSRDied9 May 1991(1991-05-09) (aged 24)GenresPost-punk, psychedelic rock, folk punk, underground, punk rockOccupation(s)Musician, songwriterInstrument(s)Singing, guitar, bass guitar, glockenspielYears active1988–1991Formerly ofGrazhdanskaya Oborona, Kommunizm,Velikiye Oktyabri, Instrukcija po oboroneMusical artist Yana Stanislavovna "Yanka" Dyagileva (Russian: Яна Станиславовна Дягилева; 4 September 1966 – c. 9 May 1991) was a Russian poet and singer-songwriter and one of the most popular figures of her time in Russia's underground punk scene. She both played solo and performed with others, including Yegor Letov and bands Grazhdanskaya Oborona and Velikiye Oktyabri ("Great Octobers"). Dyagileva was greatly influenced by Letov and Alexander Bashlachev, who were her friends. Her songs explored themes of desperation and depression, punk-style nihilism, and folk-like lamentations. Her death in 1991 has been considered as a symbolic end to the Siberian punk scene. Biography Yanka (born Yana) Dyagileva was born on 4 September 1966, in Novosibirsk, USSR to Stanislav Dyagilev and Galina Dyagileva, both engineers. She was of Russian, Ukrainian and Czech origin. In 1973 she attended public school and studied piano for a year at a music school before quitting. This sparked her interest in the guitar. While still in school Yanka started writing poems (which have been lost) and performing, singing and playing guitar in school talent shows. In 1984 she entered the Novosibirsk Institute of Water Transport Engineers, but dropped out in her sophomore year. During this period she performed with the political band AMIGO. The earliest of Dyagileva's poetry that has survived is from 1985. In December 1985 she traveled to Leningrad, where she may have met Alexander Bashlachev. In October 1986, Dyagileva's mother died of cancer. In April 1987, Yanka met Egor Letov and joined his band Grazhdanskaya Oborona (Gr.Ob.). From 1988 to 1990, Dyagileva toured and performed with the band. She recorded her first album Not Allowed (Russian: Не положено) in January 1988. Her first performance before a large audience took place on 24 June 1988, at a punk festival in Tyumen, recorded in the bootleg album To the Drop-Outs (Russian: Деклассированным элементам). In 1989, Dyagileva performed in Leningrad for the first time as part of a concert produced by Sergei Firsov, who became Dyagileva and Gr.Ob.'s first producer. Dyagileva's album Sold! (Russian: Продано!) was recorded in Firsov's apartment. Dyagileva's final known public appearances took place in November 1990 in Irkutsk, Angarsk, and Leningrad. Her final live concert recording took place in Irkutsk on 10 November 1990. Several more performances were planned for February 1991 in Irkutsk; it is unknown if they ever took place. At the end of February 1991, Dyagileva recorded her last songs in a Novosibirsk Electro-Technical Institute dormitory: "Legs Above the Ground" (Russian: Выше ноги от земли), "Five-Kopeck Coin in the Road" (Russian: На дороге пятак), "About Little Devils" (Russian: Про чёртиков), and "Water Will Come" (Russian: Придёт вода). 9 May 1991 is accepted as her official date of death. That evening she left her family's countryside home outside Novosibirsk and did not return. Her body was found by a fisherman on 17 May in the Inya River. She was presumed to have drowned near Novorodnikovo Train Station and been carried 40 kilometers by the current. On 19 May, she was buried in Novosibirsk's Zayeltsovskoye Cemetery. The exact time, place, and conditions surrounding Dyagileva's death remain unknown. Discography 1988 - Ne polozheno (Not Allowed) 1988 - Deklassirovannim elementam (To the Fringe Elements) 1988 - Live in Kurgan 1989 - Prodano! (Sold!) 1989 - Krasnogvardeyskaya (Live in Moscow) - Named after the Moscow Metro station. A.k.a. "Akustika". 1989 - Live in Kharkiv (Ukraine) 1989 - Domoi! (Going home!) 1989 - Angedonia ("Anhedonia") 1990 - Yanka & Grazhdanskaya Oborona live in MEI 1991 - Styd i Sram (Shame and Reproach) - There are two variants of this album, one containing four acoustic songs. The other is a compilation with remastering done by Letov; the compilation contains seven songs, mostly electrified (not acoustic). 2009 - Angedonia (remastered) ("Anhedonia") See also Alina Simone References ^ "Allowed for Performance: Punk and Rebellion in 1980s Siberia". Vice.com. Retrieved 17 September 2020. ^ "Янка Дягилева / Биография". Yanka.lenin.ru. Retrieved 17 September 2020. ^ For instance Baranaul concert, october 13th 1990, anarchybehindtheironcurtain.tumblr.com ^ Borisova, Ekaterina. "Друг народа ("Friend of the People")" (PDF). FUZZ Magazine, 2003, No. 11. Retrieved 22 February 2014. ^ "Yanka Dyagileva - Biography". Yanka.lenin.ru. Retrieved 22 February 2014. ^ What does punk band Pussy Riot owe to Yanka Dyagileva External links Yanka Dyagileva discography at Discogs Tribute web site (in Russian) Yanka, Messenger of Russian Anguish (Biography) vteGrazhdanskaya Oborona Egor Letov Natalia Chumakova Aleksandar Chesnakov Pavel Peretolchin Dmitry Selivanov Oleg Sudakov Yanka Dyagileva Alexander Andryushkin Sergey Letov Studio albums Poganaya molodyozh' (1985) Optimizm (1985) Myshelovka (1987) Vsyo idyot po planu (1988) Russkoe pole eksperimentov (1989) Instruktsiya po vyzhivaniyu (1990) Zvezdopad (2002) Zachem snyatsya sny? (2007) Related artists and bands Egor i Opizdenevshie Kommunizm Instruktsiya po Vyzhivaniyu Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 National Germany Israel Czech Republic Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians"},{"link_name":"punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"Yegor Letov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yegor_Letov"},{"link_name":"Grazhdanskaya Oborona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazhdanskaya_Oborona"},{"link_name":"Alexander Bashlachev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Bashlachev"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Musical artistYana Stanislavovna \"Yanka\" Dyagileva (Russian: Яна Станиславовна Дягилева; 4 September 1966 – c. 9 May 1991) was a Russian poet and singer-songwriter and one of the most popular figures of her time in Russia's underground punk scene. She both played solo and performed with others, including Yegor Letov and bands Grazhdanskaya Oborona and Velikiye Oktyabri (\"Great Octobers\"). Dyagileva was greatly influenced by Letov and Alexander Bashlachev, who were her friends. Her songs explored themes of desperation and depression, punk-style nihilism, and folk-like lamentations. Her death in 1991 has been considered as a symbolic end to the Siberian punk scene.[1]","title":"Yanka Dyagileva"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Novosibirsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novosibirsk"},{"link_name":"USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainians"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_people"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Egor Letov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egor_Letov"},{"link_name":"Grazhdanskaya Oborona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazhdanskaya_Oborona"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Irkutsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irkutsk"},{"link_name":"Angarsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angarsk"},{"link_name":"Leningrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Inya River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inya_River"},{"link_name":"Zayeltsovskoye Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayeltsovskoye_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Yanka (born Yana) Dyagileva was born on 4 September 1966, in Novosibirsk, USSR to Stanislav Dyagilev and Galina Dyagileva, both engineers. She was of Russian, Ukrainian and Czech origin.[2] In 1973 she attended public school and studied piano for a year at a music school before quitting. This sparked her interest in the guitar. While still in school Yanka started writing poems (which have been lost) and performing, singing and playing guitar in school talent shows. In 1984 she entered the Novosibirsk Institute of Water Transport Engineers, but dropped out in her sophomore year. During this period she performed with the political band AMIGO. The earliest of Dyagileva's poetry that has survived is from 1985. In December 1985 she traveled to Leningrad, where she may have met Alexander Bashlachev. In October 1986, Dyagileva's mother died of cancer.In April 1987, Yanka met Egor Letov and joined his band Grazhdanskaya Oborona (Gr.Ob.). From 1988 to 1990, Dyagileva toured and performed with the band.[3] She recorded her first album Not Allowed (Russian: Не положено) in January 1988. Her first performance before a large audience took place on 24 June 1988, at a punk festival in Tyumen, recorded in the bootleg album To the Drop-Outs (Russian: Деклассированным элементам). In 1989, Dyagileva performed in Leningrad for the first time as part of a concert produced by Sergei Firsov, who became Dyagileva and Gr.Ob.'s first producer.[4] Dyagileva's album Sold! (Russian: Продано!) was recorded in Firsov's apartment. Dyagileva's final known public appearances took place in November 1990 in Irkutsk, Angarsk, and Leningrad. Her final live concert recording took place in Irkutsk on 10 November 1990. Several more performances were planned for February 1991 in Irkutsk; it is unknown if they ever took place. At the end of February 1991, Dyagileva recorded her last songs in a Novosibirsk Electro-Technical Institute dormitory: \"Legs [Feet] Above the Ground\" (Russian: Выше ноги от земли), \"Five-Kopeck Coin in the Road\" (Russian: На дороге пятак), \"About Little Devils\" (Russian: Про чёртиков), and \"Water Will Come\" (Russian: Придёт вода).9 May 1991 is accepted as her official date of death. That evening she left her family's countryside home outside Novosibirsk and did not return. Her body was found by a fisherman on 17 May in the Inya River. She was presumed to have drowned near Novorodnikovo Train Station and been carried 40 kilometers by the current. On 19 May, she was buried in Novosibirsk's Zayeltsovskoye Cemetery.[5] The exact time, place, and conditions surrounding Dyagileva's death remain unknown.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kurgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurgan_(city)"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Moscow Metro station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnogvardeyskaya_(Moscow_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Kharkiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkiv"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Anhedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhedonia"},{"link_name":"Anhedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhedonia"}],"text":"1988 - Ne polozheno (Not Allowed)\n1988 - Deklassirovannim elementam (To the Fringe Elements)\n1988 - Live in Kurgan\n1989 - Prodano! (Sold!)\n1989 - Krasnogvardeyskaya (Live in Moscow) - Named after the Moscow Metro station. A.k.a. \"Akustika\".\n1989 - Live in Kharkiv (Ukraine)\n1989 - Domoi! (Going home!)\n1989 - Angedonia (\"Anhedonia\")\n1990 - Yanka & Grazhdanskaya Oborona live in MEI\n1991 - Styd i Sram (Shame and Reproach) - There are two variants of this album, one containing four acoustic songs. The other is a compilation with remastering done by Letov; the compilation contains seven songs, mostly electrified (not acoustic).\n2009 - Angedonia (remastered) (\"Anhedonia\")","title":"Discography"}]	[]	[{"title":"Alina Simone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alina_Simone"}]	[{"reference":"\"Allowed for Performance: Punk and Rebellion in 1980s Siberia\". Vice.com. Retrieved 17 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/r3zq9w/siberian-punk-scene-in-the-1980s","url_text":"\"Allowed for Performance: Punk and Rebellion in 1980s Siberia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Янка Дягилева / Биография\". Yanka.lenin.ru. Retrieved 17 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://yanka.lenin.ru/biography.htm","url_text":"\"Янка Дягилева / Биография\""}]},{"reference":"Borisova, Ekaterina. \"Друг народа (\"Friend of the People\")\" (PDF). FUZZ Magazine, 2003, No. 11. Retrieved 22 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bashlachev.spb.ru/archive/pubs/pertinent/Borisova%20-%20Drug%20naroda.pdf","url_text":"\"Друг народа (\"Friend of the People\")\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yanka Dyagileva - Biography\". Yanka.lenin.ru. Retrieved 22 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://yanka.lenin.ru/biography.htm","url_text":"\"Yanka Dyagileva - Biography\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/r3zq9w/siberian-punk-scene-in-the-1980s","external_links_name":"\"Allowed for Performance: Punk and Rebellion in 1980s Siberia\""},{"Link":"http://yanka.lenin.ru/biography.htm","external_links_name":"\"Янка Дягилева / Биография\""},{"Link":"http://www.bashlachev.spb.ru/archive/pubs/pertinent/Borisova%20-%20Drug%20naroda.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Друг народа (\"Friend of the People\")\""},{"Link":"http://yanka.lenin.ru/biography.htm","external_links_name":"\"Yanka Dyagileva - Biography\""},{"Link":"https://www.pri.org/stories/2014-02-05/what-does-russian-punk-band-pussy-riot-owe-yanka-dyagileva","external_links_name":"What does punk band Pussy Riot owe to Yanka Dyagileva"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/1027471","external_links_name":"Yanka Dyagileva"},{"Link":"http://www.yanka.lenin.ru/","external_links_name":"Tribute web site"},{"Link":"http://www.russia-ic.com/culture_art/music/703/","external_links_name":"Yanka, Messenger of Russian Anguish"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000372820641","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/70144648446101299423","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/88149066572365601653","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1048665372","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007446798505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20211117016&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/ca9739ab-d1a3-474c-8061-903c28c07043","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_Science_Studies	International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics	["1 Mission","2 Publications","3 References","4 External links"]	The International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics was founded in 1993 in Berlin at the International Conference on Bibliometrics, Informetrics and Scientometrics. It is an association for professionals in the field of scientometrics. This conference was the fourth of a series of prominent biennial conferences held under the auspices of the Society. The Society was incorporated in 1994 in the Netherlands (Utrecht); Dr Hildrun Kretschmer was elected its first President. In 2012 Ronald Rousseau is the 7th elected president. Among its members are scientists from over 30 countries. Mission The Society aims to encourage communication and exchange of professional information in the field of scientometrics and informetrics, to improve standards, theory and practice in all areas of the discipline, to stimulate research, education and training, and to enhance the public perception of the discipline. Members of the society perform theoretical and practical studies related, but not restricted, to research evaluation, diffusion of information, quantitative web studies and mathematical and statistical modeling of information processes. Since 1987, (Diepenbeek, Belgium) the society (and its informal precursor) has organised a biennial international conference, which has visited all continents. Publications Scholia has a profile for Quantitative Science Studies (Q86246181). ISSI publishes Quantitative Science Studies, the official open access journal of the organization. It publishes theoretical and empirical research on science and the scientific workforce. The Editor-in-Chief is Ludo Waltman and issues are available from MIT Press Journals. It publishes a quarterly newsletter (ISSI Newsletter) for its members, but contents become freely available after three months. All colleagues are invited to contribute to this newsletter. It has further published some Festschrifts (freely available for all) and made the proceedings of the latest conferences freely available for its members. References ^ "Quantitative Science Studies". International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics. Retrieved 2019-11-12. ^ "MIT Press Journals". MIT Press Journals. Retrieved 2019-11-12. External links Official website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hildrun Kretschmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hildrun_Kretschmer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ronald Rousseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Rousseau"}],"text":"This conference was the fourth of a series of prominent biennial conferences held under the auspices of the Society. The Society was incorporated in 1994 in the Netherlands (Utrecht); Dr Hildrun Kretschmer was elected its first President. In 2012 Ronald Rousseau is the 7th elected president. Among its members are scientists from over 30 countries.","title":"International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scientometrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientometrics"},{"link_name":"informetrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informetrics"},{"link_name":"statistical modeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_model"}],"text":"The Society aims to encourage communication and exchange of professional information in the field of scientometrics and informetrics, to improve standards, theory and practice in all areas of the discipline, to stimulate research, education and training, and to enhance the public perception of the discipline. Members of the society perform theoretical and practical studies related, but not restricted, to research evaluation, diffusion of information, quantitative web studies and mathematical and statistical modeling of information processes. Since 1987, (Diepenbeek, Belgium) the society (and its informal precursor) has organised a biennial international conference, which has visited all continents.","title":"Mission"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scholia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia"},{"link_name":"Quantitative Science Studies (Q86246181)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iw.toolforge.org/scholia/Q86246181"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"MIT Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Scholia has a profile for Quantitative Science Studies (Q86246181).ISSI publishes Quantitative Science Studies, the official open access journal of the organization. It publishes theoretical and empirical research on science and the scientific workforce.[1] The Editor-in-Chief is Ludo Waltman and issues are available from MIT Press Journals.[2]It publishes a quarterly newsletter (ISSI Newsletter) for its members, but contents become freely available after three months. All colleagues are invited to contribute to this newsletter.It has further published some Festschrifts (freely available for all) and made the proceedings of the latest conferences freely available for its members.","title":"Publications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Quantitative Science Studies\". International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics. Retrieved 2019-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.issi-society.org/publications/quantitative-science-studies/","url_text":"\"Quantitative Science Studies\""}]},{"reference":"\"MIT Press Journals\". MIT Press Journals. Retrieved 2019-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mitpressjournals.org/","url_text":"\"MIT Press Journals\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.issi-society.org/publications/quantitative-science-studies/","external_links_name":"\"Quantitative Science Studies\""},{"Link":"https://www.mitpressjournals.org/","external_links_name":"\"MIT Press Journals\""},{"Link":"http://www.issi-society.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000086454070","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/125193185","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263143105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no96033032","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frangelico	Frangelico	["1 Ingredients","2 Reviews","3 Appearances in media","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Hazelnut liqueur Not to be confused with Fra Angelico. FrangelicoThe distinctive bottle is designed to resemble a friar in his habit, with a small cord tied around as a cincture.TypeLiqueurCountry of origin Canale, ItalyIntroduced1978Websitewww.frangelico.com Frangelico (Italian: ) is a brand of noisette (flavored with hazelnuts) and herb-flavored liqueur coloured with caramel coloring, which is produced in Canale, Italy. It is 20% alcohol by volume (ABV) or 40 proof. Formerly, it was 24% ABV or 48 proof. When produced by the Barbaro family it was bottled at 28% ABV or 56 proof. The brand was created in 1978. It is known for its unusual packaging; its bottle was designed to look like a Christian friar, complete with a knotted white cord around the waist. It is commonly sold in two sizes: 750 ml and 375 ml. According to the manufacturer, the name of the liqueur is based on a legend of a hermit monk named Fra Angelico who lived in the Piedmont region of Italy and "created unique recipes for liqueurs". The bottle itself most closely resembles the habit of a Franciscan friar. Frangelico is made in a similar manner to some other nut liqueurs: nuts are crumbled up and combined with cocoa, vanilla berries, and other natural flavors, and then left to soak in the base spirit. After the spirit has absorbed the flavor of the ingredients, the liqueur is filtered, sweetened, and bottled. The brand was purchased by Gruppo Campari in 2010, having previously been owned by William Grant and C&C Group. Ingredients Frangelico contains sugar, alcohol, hazelnut distillate, natural and artificial flavours, and caramel. A 30 millilitres (1.1 imp fl oz; 1.0 US fl oz) serving of Frangelico contains about 11 g of sugar, making Frangelico approximately 40% sugar by weight. Reviews Frangelico has been submitted to at least three spirit ratings organizations. The San Francisco World Spirits Competition, the Beverage Testing Institute, and Wine Enthusiast have generally awarded favorable reviews to the spirit. Proof66, which aggregates ratings information from the expert review bodies, categorizes Frangelico as a "Tier 1" spirit, which places it in its "Highly Recommended" category. Appearances in media The artist Jeff Koons reproduced two Frangelico advertisements, "Stay in Tonight" and "Find a Quiet Table", in his 1986 Luxury & Degradation series of paintings and sculptures based on the role of alcohol in culture. According to Koons he used the Frangelico ads to "defin a $45,000 and up income", in contrast to other works in the series which correspond to lower income levels. See also Liquor portal Amaretto References ^ "Faqs on Frangelico". Archived from the original on 2011-10-02. Retrieved 2011-05-18. ^ "Frangelico Liqueur" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2018. ^ "The Liquor Collection: Frangelico Monk". ^ "William Grant to sell Irish Mist". The Irish Times. 2010-09-09. Archived from the original on 2012-10-22. ^ "Good Times". Archived from the original on 2019-12-30. Retrieved 2019-12-30. ^ "MyFitnessPal.com -> Food -> Calories". Calories in Frangelico Frangelico Hazelnut Liqueur. Archived from the original on 14 June 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2015. ^ "Food Database and Calorie Counter - Frangelico". All Things Food and Diet - FatSecret -> Foods -> Brand List -> Frangelico. Archived from the original on 14 June 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2015. ^ "Calories in Frangelico Hazelnut Liqueur". MSN -> Health & Fitness -> Nutrition. Archived from the original on 14 June 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2015. ^ "Proof66 Page Listing for Frangelico". Proof66.com. Archived from the original on 2015-04-19. Retrieved 2015-04-19. ^ "JEFF KOONS - Article detail - Flash Art". Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2011-05-18. Walton, Stuart (2004). The Ultimate Book of Cocktails. Hermes House. ISBN 0-681-76881-9. External links Official website vteAlcoholic beveragesHistory and productionHistory of alcohol History of alcoholic beverages History of beer History of wine History of Bordeaux wine History of Champagne History of Chianti History of Rioja wine History of Sherry Production Alcohol industry Bathtub gin Brewing Brewery Malting Lautering Wort Yeast Distillation Drinking establishments Fermentation Simple syrup Yeast in winemaking Winemaking Yeast in winemaking Fermented drinks by ingredientsFruit Apple Cider Banana Banana beer Banana wine Bignay Bignay wine Bokbunja Bokbunja-ju Grape Madeira wine Marsala wine Mistelle Moscatel de Setúbal Port wine Red wine Rosé wine Sherry Vermouth White wine Java plum Duhat wine Longan Longan wine Lychee Lychee wine Pear Perry Pineapple Tepache Plum Plum jerkum Pomegranate Rimon Prickly pear Colonche Various fruits Conditum Dubonnet Hippocras Jabol Mulled wine Nabidh Pruno Sangria Cereals Barley Barley wine Corn Mageu Pozol Tejuino Tesgüino Millet 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whisky Maize Bourbon whiskey Corn whiskey Tennessee whiskey Rice Awamori Cheongju Cholai Lao-Lao Lihing Mixiang Baijiu Shochu Soju Sulai Rye Korn Rye whiskey Starka Sorghum Baijiu (Kaoliang liquor) Multiple grains Ara American whiskey Baijiu Canadian whisky Shōchū Whisky Other Agave Mezcal Tequila Coconut and other palms Arrack Laksoy Lambanog Sotol Dairy Arkhi Sugarcane or molasses Aguardiente Cachaça Clairin Desi daru Guaro Rum Seco Herrerano Sulai Sura Tharra Various starches Aguardiente Akvavit Bangla Horilka Poitín Shōchū Vodka Liqueurs and infused distilled drinks by ingredients Almond Amaretto Crème de Noyaux Anise Absinthe Anisado Anisado Mallorca Anisette Arak Hierbas Herbs de Majorca Mastika Ouzo Rakı Sambuca Beer Bierlikör Blackthorn shrub Patxaran Cherry Cherry Heering Maraschino Chili peppers Pertsivka Chocolate Chocolate liqueur Cinnamon Tentura Cloudberry Lakka Coconut Malibu Coffee Kahlúa Tia Maria Cream Cream liqueur Irish cream Egg Advocaat Eggnog Hazelnut Frangelico Herbs Aquavit Bénédictine Brennivín Crème de menthe Metaxa Unicum Honey Bärenjäger Drambuie Glayva Irish Mist Krupnik Juniper Gin Jenever Mammee apple flower Eau créole Orange Cointreau Curaçao Grand Marnier Triple sec Star anise Pastis Sassolino Sugarcane/molasses Charanda Vanilla Licor 43 Various fruits Campari Cedratine Crème de banane Crème de cassis Limoncello Schnapps Sloe gin Walnut Nocino List	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fra Angelico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Angelico"},{"link_name":"[franˈdʒɛliko]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"link_name":"noisette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/noisette#English"},{"link_name":"hazelnuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazelnut"},{"link_name":"liqueur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liqueur"},{"link_name":"caramel 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Angelico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Angelico"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont"},{"link_name":"habit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_habit"},{"link_name":"Franciscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan"},{"link_name":"friar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"cocoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_solids"},{"link_name":"vanilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla"},{"link_name":"spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirits_(alcohol)"},{"link_name":"filtered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtered"},{"link_name":"Gruppo Campari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppo_Campari"},{"link_name":"William Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grant_%26_Sons"},{"link_name":"C&C Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%26C_Group"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Fra Angelico.Frangelico (Italian: [franˈdʒɛliko]) is a brand of noisette (flavored with hazelnuts) and herb-flavored liqueur coloured with caramel coloring, which is produced in Canale, Italy.[1] It is 20% alcohol by volume (ABV) or 40 proof. Formerly, it was 24% ABV or 48 proof. When produced by the Barbaro family it was bottled at 28% ABV or 56 proof. The brand was created in 1978.[2] It is known for its unusual packaging; its bottle was designed to look like a Christian friar, complete with a knotted white cord around the waist. It is commonly sold in two sizes: 750 ml and 375 ml.According to the manufacturer, the name of the liqueur is based on a legend of a hermit monk named Fra Angelico who lived in the Piedmont region of Italy and \"created unique recipes for liqueurs\". The bottle itself most closely resembles the habit of a Franciscan friar.[3]Frangelico is made in a similar manner to some other nut liqueurs: nuts are crumbled up and combined with cocoa, vanilla berries, and other natural flavors, and then left to soak in the base spirit. After the spirit has absorbed the flavor of the ingredients, the liqueur is filtered, sweetened, and bottled.The brand was purchased by Gruppo Campari in 2010, having previously been owned by William Grant and C&C Group.[4]","title":"Frangelico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Frangelico contains sugar, alcohol, hazelnut distillate, natural and artificial flavours, and caramel.[5]A 30 millilitres (1.1 imp fl oz; 1.0 US fl oz) serving of Frangelico contains about 11 g of sugar, making Frangelico approximately 40% sugar by weight.[6][7][8]","title":"Ingredients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spirit ratings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_ratings"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Frangelico has been submitted to at least three spirit ratings organizations. The San Francisco World Spirits Competition, the Beverage Testing Institute, and Wine Enthusiast have generally awarded favorable reviews to the spirit.[citation needed] Proof66, which aggregates ratings information from the expert review bodies, categorizes Frangelico as a \"Tier 1\" spirit, which places it in its \"Highly Recommended\" category.[9]","title":"Reviews"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeff Koons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Koons"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The artist Jeff Koons reproduced two Frangelico advertisements, \"Stay in Tonight\" and \"Find a Quiet Table\", in his 1986 Luxury & Degradation series of paintings and sculptures based on the role of alcohol in culture. According to Koons he used the Frangelico ads to \"defin[e] a $45,000 and up income\", in contrast to other works in the series which correspond to lower income levels.[10]","title":"Appearances in media"}]	[]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flessen_drank.jpg"},{"title":"Liquor portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Liquor"},{"title":"Amaretto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaretto"}]	[{"reference":"\"Faqs on Frangelico\". Archived from the original on 2011-10-02. Retrieved 2011-05-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111002193559/http://www.frangelico.com/info/faqs.asp","url_text":"\"Faqs on Frangelico\""},{"url":"http://www.frangelico.com/info/faqs.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Frangelico Liqueur\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 January 2014. 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Archived from the original on 14 June 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/nutrition/food/933643/hazelnut-liqueur","url_text":"\"Calories in Frangelico Hazelnut Liqueur\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150614151748/http://www.msn.com/en-us/health/nutrition/food/933643/hazelnut-liqueur","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Proof66 Page Listing for Frangelico\". Proof66.com. Archived from the original on 2015-04-19. Retrieved 2015-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.proof66.com/liqueur/frangelico-liqueur.html","url_text":"\"Proof66 Page Listing for Frangelico\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150419082525/http://www.proof66.com/liqueur/frangelico-liqueur.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"JEFF KOONS - Article detail - Flash Art\". Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Herwig	Walther Herwig	["1 References"]	You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (December 2009) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the German article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|de\|Walther Herwig}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Walther Herwig (1881) Walther Herwig (February 25, 1838, Bad Arolsen, Waldeck – December 16, 1912) was a Prussian administrative lawyer, and the founder of the German fisheries science. Herwig studied jurisprudence at the University of Göttingen from 1856, where he became a member of the Corps Hannovera. He continued his studies at the universities of Leipzig, Freiburg and Berlin, before entering the Prussian civil service. In 1869 he became district officer for his hometown of Arolsen. He was vice-president of the Provincial Training and Medical College Association in Berlin. From 1879 to 1893 he belonged to the Prussian Lower House. Herwig received his habilitation from the University of Kiel in 1896. He was appointed as a senior government advice in Hanover until his retirement in 1907, when he returned to Berlin. Amongst his other work in the civil service, Herwig promoted the development of a German high seas fishing industry. To this end, in 1880 the first German research vessel was built. This ship, named the President Herwig, was lost in 1898 on the coast of Iceland. Herwig used this event to propose a restructuring of the German high sea fishing fleet, and in particular for social support for the crews of the ships and action to maintain a supply of appropriately trained manpower to the industry. From 1902 until 1908 Herwig was appointed President of the Central Committee for the International Exploration of the Sea, the body that went on to become the modern day International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). At present the main German research vessel operating in the North Atlantic and North Sea is known as the Walther Herwig III. References Jens Smed: Walther Herwig: the first President of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES); Bundesamt für Seeschiffahrt und Hydrographie, Hamburg 1990 Heinrich F. Curschmann: Blaubuch des Corps Hannovera zu Göttingen, Band 1: 1809–1899 Göttingen 2002, S. 196, Nr. 622 "Walther Herwig", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 23, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2007, p. 624 FFS Walther Herwig III vteFisheries scientists Spencer F. Baird Fedor Baranov Ray Beverton Jonas Axel Boeck John N. Cobb Steven J. Cooke Villy Christensen David Cushing W. Harry Everhart Rainer Froese Gordon Gunter Gotthilf Hempel Walther Herwig Ray Hilborn Johan Hjort Bruno Hofer Sidney Holt Uwe Kils Robert T. Lackey Rosa Lee Leo Margolis R. J. McKay Garth I. Murphy Ransom A. Myers Daniel Pauly Tony J. Pitcher Bill Ricker Ed Ricketts Callum Roberts Harald Rosenthal Carl Safina Georg Ossian Sars Milner Baily Schaefer Tore Schweder Oscar Elton Sette Bell M. Shimada Ussif Rashid Sumaila Fred M. Utter Carl Walters Boris Worm vteFisheries and fishing topic areasFisheries Aquaculture Diversity of fish Fish diseases and parasites Fish farming Fisheries management Fisheries science Individual fishing quota Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing Sustainable fishery Overfishing Wild fisheries Fishing Artisanal fishing Fisherman Fishing vessel History of fishing Industry List of harvested aquatic animals by weight By country Commercial fishing Marketing Markets Processing Products Seafood Recreation Angling Big-game fishing Catch and release Fishing tournaments Fly fishing Techniques Fish trap Fishfinder Fishing net Gathering seafood by hand Handline fishing Spearfishing Trawling Trolling Tackle Artificial flies Bait Bite indicators Hook Line Lures Rod Sinker Locations Fish ponds Fishing banks Fishing villages Marine habitats Glossary Index Outline Category Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States People Deutsche Biographie This article about a German academic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:622Herwig1881.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bad Arolsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Arolsen"},{"link_name":"Waldeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldeck_(state)"},{"link_name":"Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"fisheries science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishery"},{"link_name":"jurisprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudence"},{"link_name":"University of Göttingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen"},{"link_name":"Corps Hannovera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_Hannovera_G%C3%B6ttingen"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Freiburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Freiberg"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"civil service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service"},{"link_name":"Arolsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Arolsen"},{"link_name":"Prussian Lower House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Landtag"},{"link_name":"habilitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitation"},{"link_name":"University of Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kiel"},{"link_name":"Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover"},{"link_name":"high seas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_waters"},{"link_name":"fishing industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_industry"},{"link_name":"research vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_vessel"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"International Council for the Exploration of the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_for_the_Exploration_of_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"research vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_vessel"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"}],"text":"Walther Herwig (1881)Walther Herwig (February 25, 1838, Bad Arolsen, Waldeck – December 16, 1912) was a Prussian administrative lawyer, and the founder of the German fisheries science.Herwig studied jurisprudence at the University of Göttingen from 1856, where he became a member of the Corps Hannovera. He continued his studies at the universities of Leipzig, Freiburg and Berlin, before entering the Prussian civil service. In 1869 he became district officer for his hometown of Arolsen. He was vice-president of the Provincial Training and Medical College Association in Berlin. From 1879 to 1893 he belonged to the Prussian Lower House. Herwig received his habilitation from the University of Kiel in 1896. He was appointed as a senior government advice in Hanover until his retirement in 1907, when he returned to Berlin.Amongst his other work in the civil service, Herwig promoted the development of a German high seas fishing industry. To this end, in 1880 the first German research vessel was built. This ship, named the President Herwig, was lost in 1898 on the coast of Iceland. Herwig used this event to propose a restructuring of the German high sea fishing fleet, and in particular for social support for the crews of the ships and action to maintain a supply of appropriately trained manpower to the industry. From 1902 until 1908 Herwig was appointed President of the Central Committee for the International Exploration of the Sea, the body that went on to become the modern day International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES).At present the main German research vessel operating in the North Atlantic and North Sea is known as the Walther Herwig III.","title":"Walther Herwig"}]	[{"image_text":"Walther Herwig (1881)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/622Herwig1881.JPG/220px-622Herwig1881.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Walther Herwig\", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 23, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2007, p. 624","urls":[{"url":"https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00019558/images/index.html?seite=644","url_text":"\"Walther Herwig\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Biographie","url_text":"Neue Deutsche Biographie"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fde.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWalther_Herwig&sl=de&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00019558/images/index.html?seite=644","external_links_name":"\"Walther Herwig\""},{"Link":"http://www.bfa-fish.de/info/info-d/schiffe/wh3-d.htm","external_links_name":"FFS Walther Herwig III"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1944496/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000013205516","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/8179327","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhxmwr9bRQ6j36k7GdJDq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118550136","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2014134749","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118550136.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walther_Herwig&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_ibn_Uqba_al-Murri	Muslim ibn Uqba	["1 Life","2 Assessment","3 References","4 Bibliography"]	Umayyad Caliphate general (died 683) Muslim ibn UqbaBornpre-622Died683Mushallal, HejazAllegianceMu'awiya I (657–661) Umayyad Caliphate (661–683)Battles/wars First Fitna Battle of Siffin (657) Second Fitna Battle of al-Harra (683) RelationsBanu Murra (tribe) Muslim ibn Uqba al-Murri (Arabic: مُسْلِم بْنِ عُقْبَة الْمُرِّيّ, romanized: Muslim ibn ʿUqba al-Murrī; pre-622–683) was a general of the Umayyad Caliphate during the reigns of caliphs Mu'awiya I (r. 661–680) and his son and successor Yazid I (r. 680–683). The latter assigned Muslim, a staunch loyalist who had distinguished himself at the Battle of Siffin, to be the commander of an expedition against the people of Medina for refusing to give Yazid the oath of allegiance. The victory of Muslim at the Battle of al-Harra in 683 and the subsequent pillaging of Medina by his army was considered among the major injustices carried out by the Umayyads. Muslim died shortly after. Life Details about Muslim's early life and career are scant. He was most likely born before the Hijra in 622, the start of the Islamic calendar. He was the son of a certain Uqba of the Banu Murra, a branch of the Arab tribe of Ghatafan. Muslim most likely moved to Syria from Arabia during the Muslim conquest of the region in the 630s. He became a committed partisan of the Umayyad clan of the province's governor, Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan. During the First Muslim Civil War, Muslim distinguished himself at the head of a contingent of Syrian infantry in Mu'awiya's army at the Battle of Siffin in Upper Mesopotamia against Caliph Ali (r. 656–661) and his supporters. However, he was unable to wrest control from the latter of the Dumat al-Jandal oasis in northern Arabia during a later battle. When Mu'awiya became caliph in 661, he gave Muslim the lucrative post of land tax collector in Palestine, though he was known not to have taken advantage of this post for self-enrichment. Later, when Mu'awiya was on his deathbed, he made Muslim and the governor of Damascus, al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri, regents until his son and chosen successor, Yazid I (r. 680–683), returned to Syria from the battlefield with the Byzantines in Anatolia. Mu'awiya died in 680 and Yazid acceded as caliph, though this dynastic succession, until then unprecedented in the caliphate, was not recognized by the Ansar (the Islamic prophet Muhammad's early supporters in Medina). Muslim was sent at the head of an embassy by Yazid to bring the people of Medina into line with his rule, but this attempt was rebuffed. In response, Yazid again dispatched Muslim, this time as the commander of an expeditionary army, to subdue the people of Medina and Mecca. At the time, Muslim was elderly and ill and had to be transported in a litter. En route to Medina, Muslim encountered a group of Umayyads at Wadi al-Qura who had been expelled from the town. They aided him with information about Medina's defenses. When he reached the town's outskirts, he encamped his army at Harrat Waqim, where he commenced three days of negotiations with the Ansar and Quraysh opponents of Yazid. When the negotiations failed, Muslim drew up plans for battle, which occurred on 26 August 683 and became known as the Battle of al-Harra. The Ansar took the advantage in the early part of the battle, but were ultimately routed by Muslim's Syrian forces, who pursued the survivors into Medina. Muslim's troops subsequently plundered the city before he reined them in the following day. Afterward, he prosecuted the captive leaders of the revolt. Following his victory, Muslim put one of his deputies, Rawh ibn Zinba al-Judhami, in charge of Medina, while he set off for Mecca to subdue the rebel leader Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr. On the way, he fell ill at Mushallal and transferred command of the army to his deputy Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni. He died soon after and was buried in Mushallal, where his tomb long became a target of stone-throwing by passersby. Assessment In Islamic tradition, the pillaging of Medina, one of Islam's holiest cities, by Muslim's army was one of the major crimes committed by the Umayyads. Muslim is the only person to be explicitly cursed in the work of the Sunni Muslim historian Khalifa ibn Khayyat, who accused the general of committing a massacre and other major injustices in Medina. Islamic historians who sympathized with Shia Islam often disparagingly referred to him as "Musrif" (spendthrift or irresponsible actor), a play on his given name. However, in the typically contrarian fashion of Orientalists, the 20th-century Orientalist historian Henri Lammens dismissed the descriptions of Muslim and his actions in Medina by medieval Muslim sources as "exaggerations". He considered Muslim to be largely incorruptible and one of the Arab generals "whose talents contributed so much to establish the power of the Umayyads". He further asserted that Muslim’s career shows him to be “a convinced Muslim of a rectitude rare in this period of unsettlement, which saw so many extraordinary vicissitudes of fortune and wavering loyalties". References ^ a b c d e f g h Lammens 1993, p. 693. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Lammens 1993, p. 694. ^ Gil 1997, p. 120. ^ Lammens 1993, pp. 693–694. ^ Hawting 2000, pp. 47–48. ^ Anderson 2018, p. 260. Bibliography Anderson, Tobias (2018). Early Sunnī Historiography: A Study of the Tārīkh of Khalīfa b. Khayyāṭ. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-38316-6. Gil, Moshe (1997) . A History of Palestine, 634–1099. Translated by Ethel Broido. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59984-9. Hawting, Gerald R. (2000). The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750 (Second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-24072-7. Lammens, H. (1993). "Muslim b. ʿUḳba". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 693–694. ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Umayyad Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Mu'awiya I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I"},{"link_name":"Yazid I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazid_I"},{"link_name":"Battle of Siffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin"},{"link_name":"Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina"},{"link_name":"Battle of al-Harra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_al-Harra"}],"text":"Muslim ibn Uqba al-Murri (Arabic: مُسْلِم بْنِ عُقْبَة الْمُرِّيّ, romanized: Muslim ibn ʿUqba al-Murrī; pre-622–683) was a general of the Umayyad Caliphate during the reigns of caliphs Mu'awiya I (r. 661–680) and his son and successor Yazid I (r. 680–683). The latter assigned Muslim, a staunch loyalist who had distinguished himself at the Battle of Siffin, to be the commander of an expedition against the people of Medina for refusing to give Yazid the oath of allegiance. The victory of Muslim at the Battle of al-Harra in 683 and the subsequent pillaging of Medina by his army was considered among the major injustices carried out by the Umayyads. Muslim died shortly after.","title":"Muslim ibn Uqba"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELammens1993693-1"},{"link_name":"Hijra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegira"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELammens1993694-2"},{"link_name":"Banu Murra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Murra"},{"link_name":"Ghatafan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghatafan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELammens1993693-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997120-3"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham"},{"link_name":"Muslim conquest of the region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELammens1993693-1"},{"link_name":"Umayyad clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELammens1993693-1"},{"link_name":"First Muslim Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Fitna"},{"link_name":"Battle of Siffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin"},{"link_name":"Upper Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jazira_(caliphal_province)"},{"link_name":"Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELammens1993693-1"},{"link_name":"Dumat al-Jandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumat_al-Jandal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELammens1993693-1"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jund_Filastin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELammens1993693-1"},{"link_name":"al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Dahhak_ibn_Qays_al-Fihri"},{"link_name":"Yazid I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazid_I"},{"link_name":"Byzantines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine"},{"link_name":"Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELammens1993693-1"},{"link_name":"caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Ansar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)"},{"link_name":"Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELammens1993693%E2%80%93694-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELammens1993694-2"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"Wadi al-Qura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_al-Qura"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELammens1993694-2"},{"link_name":"Quraysh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quraysh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELammens1993694-2"},{"link_name":"Battle of al-Harra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_al-Harra"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELammens1993694-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELammens1993694-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELammens1993694-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELammens1993694-2"},{"link_name":"Rawh ibn Zinba al-Judhami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawh_ibn_Zinba_al-Judhami"},{"link_name":"Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_al-Zubayr"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELammens1993694-2"},{"link_name":"Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Numayr_al-Sakuni"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELammens1993694-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELammens1993694-2"}],"text":"Details about Muslim's early life and career are scant.[1] He was most likely born before the Hijra in 622, the start of the Islamic calendar.[2] He was the son of a certain Uqba of the Banu Murra, a branch of the Arab tribe of Ghatafan.[1][3] Muslim most likely moved to Syria from Arabia during the Muslim conquest of the region in the 630s.[1] He became a committed partisan of the Umayyad clan of the province's governor, Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan.[1] During the First Muslim Civil War, Muslim distinguished himself at the head of a contingent of Syrian infantry in Mu'awiya's army at the Battle of Siffin in Upper Mesopotamia against Caliph Ali (r. 656–661) and his supporters.[1] However, he was unable to wrest control from the latter of the Dumat al-Jandal oasis in northern Arabia during a later battle.[1] When Mu'awiya became caliph in 661, he gave Muslim the lucrative post of land tax collector in Palestine, though he was known not to have taken advantage of this post for self-enrichment.[1] Later, when Mu'awiya was on his deathbed, he made Muslim and the governor of Damascus, al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri, regents until his son and chosen successor, Yazid I (r. 680–683), returned to Syria from the battlefield with the Byzantines in Anatolia.[1]Mu'awiya died in 680 and Yazid acceded as caliph, though this dynastic succession, until then unprecedented in the caliphate, was not recognized by the Ansar (the Islamic prophet Muhammad's early supporters in Medina).[4] Muslim was sent at the head of an embassy by Yazid to bring the people of Medina into line with his rule, but this attempt was rebuffed.[2] In response, Yazid again dispatched Muslim, this time as the commander of an expeditionary army, to subdue the people of Medina and Mecca. At the time, Muslim was elderly and ill and had to be transported in a litter. En route to Medina, Muslim encountered a group of Umayyads at Wadi al-Qura who had been expelled from the town.[2] They aided him with information about Medina's defenses. When he reached the town's outskirts, he encamped his army at Harrat Waqim, where he commenced three days of negotiations with the Ansar and Quraysh opponents of Yazid.[2] When the negotiations failed, Muslim drew up plans for battle, which occurred on 26 August 683 and became known as the Battle of al-Harra.[2] The Ansar took the advantage in the early part of the battle, but were ultimately routed by Muslim's Syrian forces, who pursued the survivors into Medina.[2] Muslim's troops subsequently plundered the city before he reined them in the following day.[2] Afterward, he prosecuted the captive leaders of the revolt.[2] Following his victory, Muslim put one of his deputies, Rawh ibn Zinba al-Judhami, in charge of Medina, while he set off for Mecca to subdue the rebel leader Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr.[2] On the way, he fell ill at Mushallal and transferred command of the army to his deputy Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni.[2] He died soon after and was buried in Mushallal, where his tomb long became a target of stone-throwing by passersby.[2]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting200047%E2%80%9348-5"},{"link_name":"Sunni Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Muslim"},{"link_name":"Khalifa ibn Khayyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifa_ibn_Khayyat"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2018260-6"},{"link_name":"Shia Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELammens1993694-2"},{"link_name":"Henri Lammens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Lammens"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELammens1993694-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELammens1993694-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELammens1993694-2"}],"text":"In Islamic tradition, the pillaging of Medina, one of Islam's holiest cities, by Muslim's army was one of the major crimes committed by the Umayyads.[5] Muslim is the only person to be explicitly cursed in the work of the Sunni Muslim historian Khalifa ibn Khayyat, who accused the general of committing a massacre and other major injustices in Medina.[6] Islamic historians who sympathized with Shia Islam often disparagingly referred to him as \"Musrif\" (spendthrift or irresponsible actor), a play on his given name.[2] However, in the typically contrarian fashion of Orientalists, the 20th-century Orientalist historian Henri Lammens dismissed the descriptions of Muslim and his actions in Medina by medieval Muslim sources as \"exaggerations\".[2] He considered Muslim to be largely incorruptible and one of the Arab generals \"whose talents contributed so much to establish the power of the Umayyads\".[2] He further asserted that Muslim’s career shows him to be “a convinced Muslim of a rectitude rare in this period of unsettlement, which saw so many extraordinary vicissitudes of fortune and wavering loyalties\".[2]","title":"Assessment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Early Sunnī Historiography: A Study of the Tārīkh of Khalīfa b. Khayyāṭ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=7oN1DwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-38316-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38316-6"},{"link_name":"Gil, Moshe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Gil"},{"link_name":"A History of Palestine, 634–1099","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-59984-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-59984-9"},{"link_name":"Hawting, Gerald R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._R._Hawting"},{"link_name":"The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=tNiAAgAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-415-24072-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-24072-7"},{"link_name":"Lammens, H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Lammens"},{"link_name":"\"Muslim b. ʿUḳba\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//referenceworks.brill.com/search?q=Muslim+b.+%CA%BFU%E1%B8%B3ba&source=%2Fdb%2Feieo"},{"link_name":"Bosworth, C. E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._E._Bosworth"},{"link_name":"van Donzel, E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel"},{"link_name":"Heinrichs, W. P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs"},{"link_name":"Pellat, Ch.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pellat"},{"link_name":"The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-09419-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09419-2"}],"text":"Anderson, Tobias (2018). Early Sunnī Historiography: A Study of the Tārīkh of Khalīfa b. Khayyāṭ. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-38316-6.\nGil, Moshe (1997) [1983]. A History of Palestine, 634–1099. Translated by Ethel Broido. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59984-9.\nHawting, Gerald R. (2000). The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750 (Second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-24072-7.\nLammens, H. (1993). \"Muslim b. ʿUḳba\". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 693–694. ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Anderson, Tobias (2018). Early Sunnī Historiography: A Study of the Tārīkh of Khalīfa b. Khayyāṭ. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-38316-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7oN1DwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Early Sunnī Historiography: A Study of the Tārīkh of Khalīfa b. Khayyāṭ"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38316-6","url_text":"978-90-04-38316-6"}]},{"reference":"Gil, Moshe (1997) [1983]. A History of Palestine, 634–1099. Translated by Ethel Broido. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59984-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Gil","url_text":"Gil, Moshe"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC","url_text":"A History of Palestine, 634–1099"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-59984-9","url_text":"0-521-59984-9"}]},{"reference":"Hawting, Gerald R. (2000). The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750 (Second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-24072-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._R._Hawting","url_text":"Hawting, Gerald R."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tNiAAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-24072-7","url_text":"0-415-24072-7"}]},{"reference":"Lammens, H. (1993). \"Muslim b. ʿUḳba\". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 693–694. ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Lammens","url_text":"Lammens, H."},{"url":"https://referenceworks.brill.com/search?q=Muslim+b.+%CA%BFU%E1%B8%B3ba&source=%2Fdb%2Feieo","url_text":"\"Muslim b. ʿUḳba\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._E._Bosworth","url_text":"Bosworth, C. E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel","url_text":"van Donzel, E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs","url_text":"Heinrichs, W. P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pellat","url_text":"Pellat, Ch."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2","url_text":"The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09419-2","url_text":"978-90-04-09419-2"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7oN1DwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Early Sunnī Historiography: A Study of the Tārīkh of Khalīfa b. Khayyāṭ"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC","external_links_name":"A History of Palestine, 634–1099"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tNiAAgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750"},{"Link":"https://referenceworks.brill.com/search?q=Muslim+b.+%CA%BFU%E1%B8%B3ba&source=%2Fdb%2Feieo","external_links_name":"\"Muslim b. ʿUḳba\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Emergency_Management_Agency	Maryland Department of Emergency Management	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for companies and organizations. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Maryland Department of Emergency Management" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Maryland Department of Emergency ManagementMDEMAgency overviewPreceding agencyMaryland Emergency Management AgencyJurisdictionState of MarylandHeadquartersReisterstown, MDEmployees>70Agency executivesRussell J. Strickland, SecretaryChas Eby, Deputy Executive DirectorSara Bender, Director of Disaster Risk ReductionMarcia Deppen, Director of Consequence ManagementJanet Moncrieffe, Director of Mission SupportJorge E. Castillo, SpokespersonChild agencyMaryland Joint Operations CenterWebsitehttp://mdem.maryland.gov/ Maryland Department of Emergency Management (MDEM). is the department of the Maryland state government with primary responsibility and authority for emergency preparedness policy, and for coordinating hazard mitigation, incident response, and disaster recovery. It is headquartered in Reisterstown, Maryland. MDEM's authority derives from Title 14 of the Public Safety Article of the Annotated Code of Maryland. This Article creates MDEM, establishes MDEM as a unit of State government within with the primary purpose to ensure that Maryland will be adequately prepared to deal with emergencies that are beyond the capabilities of local authorities, and authorizes the political subdivisions of the state to create emergency management offices of their own. Currently, there are 26 local emergency management offices in Maryland – all 23 counties, along with Annapolis, Baltimore and Ocean City. Article 14 also gives the governor emergency powers—such as temporarily waiving state laws that may interfere with emergency response operations. MDEM has three directorates which are underneath the Office of the Secretary: Disaster Risk Reduction, Consequence Management, and Mission Support. The structure enables MDEM to efficiently support local jurisdictions, work with state agencies, run our internal operations, and provide preparedness information to the public. The maintenance and operation of the State Emergency Operations Center is also function of MDEM. MDEM operates the Maryland Joint Operations Center (MJOC), the agency's twenty-four-hour warning point and communications / operations center. This center is responsible for the coordination of all state of Maryland emergency response resources and operates 24-hours per day. MDEM also operates a State Liaison Officer Program. This branch employs regional Liaison Officers that work in the field directly with local emergency managers and emergency responders in six regions: Western Maryland, National Capital Region, Central Maryland, Southern Maryland, Upper Eastern Shore and Lower Eastern Shore. See also Federal Emergency Management Agency References ^ "About MDEM". Maryland Department of Emergency Management. ^ "MDEM Archives". Nottingham MD. Retrieved 2021-11-10. ^ "Staff Listing". Maryland Department of Emergency Management. External links Official site Authority control databases International VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Reisterstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reisterstown,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Annotated Code of Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annotated_Code_of_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Emergency Operations Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Operations_Center"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staff_Listing-3"}],"text":"Maryland Department of Emergency Management (MDEM). [2] is the department of the Maryland state government with primary responsibility and authority for emergency preparedness policy, and for coordinating hazard mitigation, incident response, and disaster recovery. It is headquartered in Reisterstown, Maryland.MDEM's authority derives from Title 14 of the Public Safety Article of the Annotated Code of Maryland. This Article creates MDEM, establishes MDEM as a unit of State government within with the primary purpose to ensure that Maryland will be adequately prepared to deal with emergencies that are beyond the capabilities of local authorities, and authorizes the political subdivisions of the state to create emergency management offices of their own. Currently, there are 26 local emergency management offices in Maryland – all 23 counties, along with Annapolis, Baltimore and Ocean City. Article 14 also gives the governor emergency powers—such as temporarily waiving state laws that may interfere with emergency response operations.MDEM has three directorates which are underneath the Office of the Secretary: Disaster Risk Reduction, Consequence Management, and Mission Support. The structure enables MDEM to efficiently support local jurisdictions, work with state agencies, run our internal operations, and provide preparedness information to the public. The maintenance and operation of the State Emergency Operations Center is also function of MDEM.MDEM operates the Maryland Joint Operations Center (MJOC), the agency's twenty-four-hour warning point and communications / operations center. This center is responsible for the coordination of all state of Maryland emergency response resources and operates 24-hours per day.MDEM also operates a State Liaison Officer Program. This branch employs regional Liaison Officers that work in the field directly with local emergency managers and emergency responders in six regions: Western Maryland, National Capital Region, Central Maryland, Southern Maryland, Upper Eastern Shore and Lower Eastern Shore.[3]","title":"Maryland Department of Emergency Management"}]	[]	[{"title":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency"}]	[{"reference":"\"About MDEM\". Maryland Department of Emergency Management.","urls":[{"url":"https://mdem.maryland.gov/Pages/about-mdem.aspx","url_text":"\"About MDEM\""}]},{"reference":"\"MDEM Archives\". Nottingham MD. Retrieved 2021-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nottinghammd.com/tag/mdem/","url_text":"\"MDEM Archives\""}]},{"reference":"\"Staff Listing\". Maryland Department of Emergency Management.","urls":[{"url":"https://mdem.maryland.gov/Pages/staff-listing.aspx","url_text":"\"Staff Listing\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Maryland+Department+of+Emergency+Management%22","external_links_name":"\"Maryland Department of Emergency Management\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Maryland+Department+of+Emergency+Management%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Maryland+Department+of+Emergency+Management%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Maryland+Department+of+Emergency+Management%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Maryland+Department+of+Emergency+Management%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Maryland+Department+of+Emergency+Management%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maryland_Department_of_Emergency_Management&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"http://mdem.maryland.gov/","external_links_name":"http://mdem.maryland.gov/"},{"Link":"https://mdem.maryland.gov/Pages/about-mdem.aspx","external_links_name":"\"About MDEM\""},{"Link":"https://www.nottinghammd.com/tag/mdem/","external_links_name":"\"MDEM Archives\""},{"Link":"https://mdem.maryland.gov/Pages/staff-listing.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Staff Listing\""},{"Link":"http://mdem.maryland.gov/","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/157377323","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no00039980","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country	Importance of religion by country	["1 Methodology","2 Countries/districts","3 See also","4 References"]	This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Importance of religion by country" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2022) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Importance of religion by country" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Importance of religion by country" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Results of a 2008/2009 Gallup poll on whether respondents said that religion was "important in daily life." 90%-100% 80%-89% 70%-79% 60%-69% 50%-59% 40%-49% 30%-39% 20%-29% 10%-19% 0%-9% No data This article charts a list of countries by importance of religion. Methodology The table below is based on the global Gallup Poll in 2009 research which asked "Is religion important in your daily life?". Percentages for "yes" and "no" answers are listed below; they often do not add up to 100% because some answered "don't know" or did not answer. Countries/districts Country/district Yes, important No, unimportant Sweden 17% 82% Denmark 19% 80% Estonia 16% 78% Japan 24% 75% Hong Kong 24% 74% United Kingdom 27% 73% France 30% 69% Vietnam 30% 69% Latvia 39% 58% Switzerland 41% 57% Belarus 34% 56% Russia 34% 56% Luxembourg 39% 59% Hungary 39% 58% Germany 40% 59% Uruguay 41% 59% Kazakhstan 43% 58% Canada 42% 57% Albania 39% 53% South Korea 43% 56% Lithuania 42% 49% Slovenia 47% 52% Ukraine 46% 48% Spain 49% 50% Azerbaijan 50% 49% Israel 51% 48% Uzbekistan 51% 46% Ireland 54% 46% Serbia 54% 44% United States 65% 34% Argentina 66% 33% Chile 70% 29% Singapore 70% 29% Croatia 70% 28% Greece 71% 28% Montenegro 71% 28% Italy 72% 25% Kyrgyzstan 72% 25% Armenia 73% 25% Mexico 73% 25% Cyprus 75% 24% Moldova 72% 19% North Macedonia 76% 22% Poland 75% 19% Bosnia and Herzegovina 77% 21% Venezuela 79% 21% Costa Rica 79% 19% Turkmenistan 80% 18% Georgia 81% 16% Ecuador 82% 17% Turkey 82% 15% Colombia 83% 16% El Salvador 83% 16% Nicaragua 84% 15% Peru 84% 14% South Africa 85% 15% Romania 84% 12% Iraq 84% 11% Tajikistan 85% 12% Brazil 87% 13% Dominican Republic 87% 13% Lebanon 87% 12% Malta 86% 10% Cote d'Ivoire 88% 12% Zimbabwe 88% 12% Panama 88% 11% Tanzania 89% 11% Guatemala 88% 9% Bolivia 89% 10% Syria 89% 9% India 90% 9% Kosovo 90% 8% United Arab Emirates 91% 8% Paraguay 92% 8% Kuwait 91% 6% Pakistan 92% 6% State of Palestine 93% 7% Sudan 93% 7% Uganda 93% 7% Nepal 93% 6% Tunisia 93% 5% Kenya 94% 6% Saudi Arabia 93% 4% Democratic Republic of the Congo 94% 5% Bahrain 94% 4% Chad 95% 5% Ghana 95% 5% Rwanda 95% 5% Zambia 95% 5% Algeria 95% 4% Mali 95% 4% Qatar 95% 4% Cameroon 96% 4% Philippines 96% 4% Senegal 96% 4% Cambodia 96% 3% Malaysia 96% 3% Nigeria 96% 3% Djibouti 96% 2% Afghanistan 97% 3% Comoros 97% 2% Egypt 97% 2% Thailand 97% 2% Morocco 97% 1% Burundi 98% 2% Mauritania 98% 2% Malawi 99% 1% Sri Lanka 99% 1% Yemen 99% 1% Bangladesh 99% 0% Indonesia 99% 0% Niger 99% 0% See also Demographics of atheism Demographics of religion Irreligion by country Religions by country Religiosity and intelligence Wealth and religion General: List of religious populations References ^ a b c d Crabtree, Steve (31 August 2010). "Religiosity Highest in World's Poorest Nations". Gallup. Retrieved 27 May 2015. (in which numbers have been rounded) ^ GALLUP WorldView - data accessed on 17 January 2009 vteLists of countries by religious rankings Buddhism Christianity Catholicism Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Protestantism Latter-day Saints Hinduism Importance of religion Irreligion Islam Ahmadiyya Judaism Judaism type Sikhism Zoroastrianism List of international rankings Lists by country vteReligionReligious groups and denominationsWesternAbrahamicJudaism Orthodox Haredi Hasidic Modern Zionist Conservative Reform Karaite Haymanot Reconstructionist Renewal Humanistic list Christianity Catholicism Latin Eastern Eastern Orthodoxy Church Oriental Orthodoxy Nestorianism Ancient Assyrian Proto-Protestantism Hussites/Moravians Waldensians Protestantism Adventism Anabaptism Amish Brethren Hutterites Mennonites Schwenkfelder Church Anglicanism Baptists Calvinism Congregationalism Presbyterianism Reformed Charismatic Christianity Pentecostal Charismatic Neo-charismatic Evangelicalism Irvingism Lutheran Methodist Holiness Nondenominational Plymouth Brethren Quakerism Restorationism Esoteric Independent Catholicism Old Catholic Judaizers Nontrinitarianism Bible Students/Jehovah's Witnesses British Israelism Christadelphians Mormonism Oneness Pentecostalism Spiritual Swedenborgianism Tolstoyan Unitarianism list Islam Sunni Ash'arism Maturidism Atharism Salafism Wahhabism Modernist Salafism Shia Twelver Shi'ism Zaydism Isma'ilism Alawis Sufism Khawarij Ibadism Alevism Ahmadi Mahdawi movement Quranism Milah Abraham Non-denominational list Other Ali-Illahism Bábism Baháʼí Druze Mandaeism Rastafari Samaritanism IranianZoroastrian Ilm-e-Khshnoom Mazdaznan Zurvanism Yazdânism Ishikism Shabakism Yarsanism Yazidism Other Assianism/Uatsdin Roshani Chinese Manichaeism EasternEast AsianChinese Chinese folk religion Confucianism Luoism Nuo Salvationist Xiantiandao Yiguandao Taoism Folk Taoism Yao Taoism Japanese Shinto list Shugendō Tenrikyo Ryukyuan Korean Korean shamanism Cheondoism Jeungsanism Vietnamese Vietnamese folk religion Đạo Mẫu Caodaism Hoahaoism Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương IndianHinduism Vaishnavism Krishnaism Sri Vaishnavism Brahma Sampradaya Nimbarka Sampradaya Pushtimarg Mahanubhava Ramanandi Warkari Swaminarayan Shaivism Shaiva Siddhanta Ganapatya Kashmiri Kapalika Kaumaram Lingayatism Nath Balinese Shaktism Smartism Sauraism Śrauta Sant Mat Neo-Hinduism list Buddhism Theravada Mahayana Chan/Zen/Thiền Amidism Nichiren Vajrayana Tibetan Neo-Buddhism list Other Ayyavazhi Kalash Jainism Digambara Śvetāmbara Sarnaism Kirat Mundhum Srilankan Vedda Ravidassia Sikhism Khalsa Sects EthnicAltaic Turko-Mongolic Burkhanism Tengrism Vattisen Yaly Tungusic Evenki Manchu Austroasiatic Sarnaism Austronesian Batak Parmalim Dayak Kaharingan Traditional Sabahan religions Indonesian Aliran Kepercayaan Kejawèn Kapitayan Karo Pemena Malaysian Philippine Dayawism Tagalog Polynesian Hawaiian Māori Sumbese Marapu Sundanese Wiwitan NativeAmerican Abenaki Anishinaabe Blackfoot Californian Miwok Ohlone Pomo Cherokee Chilote Choctaw Creek Guarani Haida Ho-Chunk Hopi Iroquois Longhouse Seneca Wyandot Jivaroan Kwakwakaʼwakw Lakota Lenape Mapuche Mesoamerican Aztec Maya Olmec Purépecha Midewiwin Muisca Native American Church Navajo Nuu-chah-nulth Pawnee Tsimshian Ute Zuni Tai and Miao Ahom Hmongism Mo Satsana Phi Tibeto-Burmese Bon Burmese Benzhuism Bimoism Bathouism Bongthingism Dongba Donyi-Polo Heraka Kiratism Qiang Sanamahism Traditional AfricanNorth African Berber Guanche church Sub-SaharanAfrican Akamba Akan Baluba Bantu Kongo Zulu Bushongo Dinka Dogon Efik Fon and Ewe Ik Lotuko Lozi Lugbara Maasai Mbuti Odinala San Serer Tumbuka Urhobo Waaqeffanna Yoruba Ifá Diasporic: Candomblé Bantu Jejé Ketu Comfa Convince Espiritismo Kumina Obeah Palo Quimbanda Santería Tambor de Mina Trinidad Orisha Umbanda Vodou Voodoo Winti Other ethnic Aboriginal Australian Inuit Papuan Siberian New religious movementsSyncretic Brahmoism Falun Gong Japanese Meivazhi Modekngei New Acropolis New Age New Thought Rajneesh Rastafari Sant Mat Radha Soami Spiritualism Subud Tensegrity Thelema Theosophy Neo-Theosophy Agni Yoga Transcendental Meditation Unitarian Universalism White Brotherhood Modernpaganism African Godianism Armenian Baltic Dievturība Romuva Caucasian Abkhaz Circassian Celtic Druidry Germanic Hellenism (modern religion) Italo-Roman Neoshamanism Ossetian Polytheistic reconstructionism Romanian Slavic Uralic Estonian Modern Finnish paganism Hungarian Mari religion Erzyan native religion Sámi Udmurt Wicca Zalmoxianism list De novo Anthroposophy Discordianism Eckankar Fourth Way Goddess Jediism Satanism Scientology UFO religion Raëlism Historical religions Prehistoric Paleolithic Ainu Arabian Armenian Baltic Latvian Lithuanian Old Prussian Basque Celtic Druidism Irish Cook Islands Dravidian Egyptian Atenism Etruscan Finnish Fuegian Selk'nam Georgian Germanic Anglo-Saxon Continental Frankish paganism Norse Greek Gnosticism Greco-Buddhism Hermeticism Mysteries Orphism Guanche Harappan Hittite Hungarian Hurrian Inca Jamaican Maroon Manichaeism Mazdakism Melanesian Mesopotamian Babylonian Sumerian Micronesian Nauruan Indigenous religion Olmec Paleo-Balkan Albanian Dacian Illyrian Thracian Proto-Indo-Iranian Iranian Vedic Rapa Nui Roman Cult of Magna Mater Gallo-Roman Imperial cult Mithraism Mysteries of Isis Semitic Canaanite Punic Yahwism Scythian Slavic Somali Tongan Urartu Vainakh Zapotec TopicsAspects Apostasy / Disaffiliation Behaviour Beliefs Call to prayer Clergy Covenant Conversion Deities Denomination Entheogens Ethnic Faith Fire Folk religion God Goddess Indigenous Meditation Monasticism Monk Novice Nun Mysticism Mythology Ordination Orthodoxy Orthopraxy Paganism Prayer Prophecy Religious experience Ritual Liturgy Purification Sacrifice Sacred space Bodies of water Groves Mountains Trees Soul Spirituality Supernatural Symbols Text Truth Water Worship Astral Nature Place Theism Animism Deism Dualism Henotheism Monotheism Nontheism Panentheism Pantheism Polytheism Transtheism Religiousstudies Anthropology Cognitive science Comparative Evolutionary origin of religion Evolutionary psychology History Neurotheology Philosophy Psychology Sociology Soteriology Salvation Theology Theories about religion Women Religion and society Agriculture Business Clergy / Laity Monasticism Ordination Priest Conversion Assimilation Missionary Proselytism Disability Education Fanaticism Freedom Pluralism Syncretism Toleration Universalism Fundamentalism Growth Happiness Homosexuality Minorities National church National religiosity levels Politics Populations Religiocentrism Schism Science State Theocracy Vegetarianism Video games Violence Persecution Terrorism War Wealth Secularism and irreligion Agnosticism Antireligion Atheism Criticism Deconstruction Objectivism Secular humanism Secular theology Secularization Separation of church and state Unaffiliated Overviewsand lists Abrahamic prophets Deification Deities Founders Index Mass gatherings Names of God New religious movements Organizations Outline Religions and spiritual traditions Scholars Timeline Religion by countryAfrica Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor Georgia Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales North America Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Oceania Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Category Portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Countries_by_importance_of_religion.png"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gallup-religiosity-poor-nations-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gallup2-2"}],"text":"Results of a 2008/2009 Gallup poll on whether respondents said that religion was \"important in [their] daily life.\"[1][2] 90%-100% 80%-89% 70%-79% 60%-69% 50%-59% 40%-49% 30%-39% 20%-29% 10%-19% 0%-9% No dataThis article charts a list of countries by importance of religion.","title":"Importance of religion by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gallup Poll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup_Poll"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gallup-religiosity-poor-nations-1"}],"text":"The table below is based on the global Gallup Poll in 2009 research which asked \"Is religion important in your daily life?\". Percentages for \"yes\" and \"no\" answers are listed below; they often do not add up to 100% because some answered \"don't know\" or did not answer.[1]","title":"Methodology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Countries/districts"}]	[{"image_text":"Results of a 2008/2009 Gallup poll on whether respondents said that religion was \"important in [their] daily life.\"[1][2] 90%-100% 80%-89% 70%-79% 60%-69% 50%-59% 40%-49% 30%-39% 20%-29% 10%-19% 0%-9% No data ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Countries_by_importance_of_religion.png/550px-Countries_by_importance_of_religion.png"}]	[{"title":"Demographics of atheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_atheism"},{"title":"Demographics of religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_religion"},{"title":"Irreligion by country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion_by_country"},{"title":"Religions by country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religions_by_country"},{"title":"Religiosity and intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religiosity_and_intelligence"},{"title":"Wealth and religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_and_religion"},{"title":"List of religious populations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_religious_populations"}]	[{"reference":"Crabtree, Steve (31 August 2010). \"Religiosity Highest in World's Poorest Nations\". Gallup. Retrieved 27 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gallup.com/poll/142727/religiosity-highest-world-poorest-nations.aspx","url_text":"\"Religiosity Highest in World's Poorest Nations\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Importance_of_religion_by_country&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Importance+of+religion+by+country%22","external_links_name":"\"Importance of religion by country\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Importance+of+religion+by+country%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Importance+of+religion+by+country%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Importance+of+religion+by+country%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Importance+of+religion+by+country%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Importance+of+religion+by+country%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Importance+of+religion+by+country%22","external_links_name":"\"Importance of religion by country\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Importance+of+religion+by+country%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Importance+of+religion+by+country%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Importance+of+religion+by+country%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Importance+of+religion+by+country%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Importance+of+religion+by+country%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Importance+of+religion+by+country%22","external_links_name":"\"Importance of religion by country\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Importance+of+religion+by+country%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Importance+of+religion+by+country%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Importance+of+religion+by+country%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Importance+of+religion+by+country%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Importance+of+religion+by+country%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.gallup.com/poll/142727/religiosity-highest-world-poorest-nations.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Religiosity Highest in World's Poorest Nations\""},{"Link":"https://worldview.gallup.com/default.aspx","external_links_name":"GALLUP WorldView"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Braungart	Michael Braungart	["1 Career","2 Books","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	German chemist (born 1958) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Michael BraungartBorn1958 (age 65–66)Schwäbisch Gmünd, West GermanyNationalityGermanCitizenshipGermanAlma materDarmstadtScientific careerFieldsChemical processes of industrial production techniques NotesCo-founder of the Chemistry Section of Greenpeace International Michael Braungart (born 1958) is a German chemist who advocates that humans can make a positive instead of a negative environmental impact by redesigning industrial production and therefore that dissipation is not waste. A former Greenpeace activist who once lived in a tree as protest, he is now considered to be a visionary environmental thinker. Founder of EPEA International Umweltforschung GmbH in Hamburg, Germany, and co-founder of MBDC McDonough Braungart Design Chemistry in Charlottesville, Virginia, Dr. Braungart is currently a professor for Eco-Design at Leuphana University of Lüneburg. He currently holds the Cradle-to-Cradle chair at the Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Career After completing studies in Process Engineering in Darmstadt, Germany, Dr. Braungart went on to investigate the chemical processes of industrial production techniques with the Chemistry Department at Konstanz, Germany. He subsequently led the formation of the Chemistry Section of Greenpeace International. By the time he completed his PhD in chemistry at the University of Hannover in 1985, he had assumed leadership of Greenpeace Chemistry. In 1987, Dr. Braungart founded the EPEA Umweltforschung in Hamburg. At the heart of EPEA is Cradle to Cradle Design, to create products oriented toward a life-cycle economy. In addition to his achievements with EPEA, Dr. Braungart also serves as Scientific Manager of the Hamburg Environmental Institute, the non-profit research center which produces the "Top 50 Study". This study ranks the quality of environmentally sound production of companies within the chemical industry. He has initiated scholarly and scientific inquiry into the adverse environmental and physiological impacts of industrially produced consumer goods. Dr. Braungart also works together with American architect and designer William A. McDonough in their product design and development firm, McDonough Braungart Design Chemistry. In partnership with McDonough, Braungart released the book Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things in 2002. Books McDonough, William; Michael Braungart. Hannover Principles of Design: Design for Sustainability (PDF). ISBN 1-55963-635-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-03. Retrieved 2009-05-23.. Served as development guidelines for the World's Fair in Hannover, 2000. McDonough, William; Michael Braungart (2002). North Point Press (ed.). Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things. North Point Pr. ISBN 978-0-86547-587-8. The Upcycle, with William McDonough, North Point Press, 2013, ISBN 9780865477483 See also William McDonough The Environmental Institute References ^ "Staff site: Michael Braungart". Leuphana Universität Lüneburg. Retrieved 2019-04-04. ^ "Braungart's staff information page at Erasmus University website". Archived from the original on 2009-09-28. Retrieved 2009-10-01. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Michael Braungart. The Next Industrial Revolution, a Documentary film about William McDonough and Michael Braungart Dust to Dust no longer an interview with Michael Braungart, in Science & Theology News by Chhavi Sachdev Braungart.com Royal Institute of British Architecture: William McDonough & Michael Braungart: Cradle to Cradle (video) Cradle to Cradle Design: A Deeper Shade of Green Watch for products that meet this stringent new eco-certification standard Amanda Kimble Mother Earth News Feb./March 2011 "A Friendly Tsunami", interview with Michael Braungart in Digital Development Debates, July 2015. vteGreenpeacePeople Phil Radford Michael Bailey Kumi Naidoo Irving Stowe Ben Metcalfe Paul Watson Rex Weyler Jim Bohlen Will E. Jackson David McTaggart Robert Hunter Patrick Moore Oscar Soria John Sauven Andy Stirling Stephen Tindale Jean McSorley Dorothy Stowe Peter Willcox Fernando Pereira Daniel Beltrá Dennis Delaney Von Hernandez Ships Phyllis Cormack Rainbow Warrior (I) Rainbow Warrior (II) Rainbow Warrior (III) Esperanza Arctic Sunrise Sirius Solo Greenpeace Gondwana Yellow Thing Fri (yacht) Regional offices Greenpeace Aotearoa New Zealand Greenpeace Australia Pacific Greenpeace East Asia Greenpeace Nordic Greenpeace Southeast Asia Greenpeace USA Related organisations Sea Shepherd Conservation Society Greenpeace Foundation London Greenpeace Don't Make a Wave Committee Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (NZ) PublicationsUnearthedOther related topics Golden Rule (ketch) Greenpeace – The Album Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior Rainbow Warrior Case How to Change the World (film) The Rainbow Warrior (film) Mister Splashy Pants Public Eye Award World Park Base Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Latvia Japan Czech Republic Korea Netherlands Academics CiNii Artists ULAN People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greenpeace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeace"},{"link_name":"EPEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EPEA&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"MBDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McDonough_Braungart_Design_Chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charlottesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottesville"},{"link_name":"Leuphana University of Lüneburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuphana_University_of_L%C3%BCneburg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cradle-to-Cradle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cradle_to_Cradle_Design"},{"link_name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_University_Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Michael Braungart (born 1958) is a German chemist who advocates that humans can make a positive instead of a negative environmental impact by redesigning industrial production and therefore that dissipation is not waste. A former Greenpeace activist who once lived in a tree as protest, he is now considered to be a visionary environmental thinker.Founder of EPEA International Umweltforschung GmbH in Hamburg, Germany, and co-founder of MBDC McDonough Braungart Design Chemistry in Charlottesville, Virginia, Dr. Braungart is currently a professor for Eco-Design at Leuphana University of Lüneburg.[1]He currently holds the Cradle-to-Cradle chair at the Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands.[2]","title":"Michael Braungart"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"Konstanz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanz"},{"link_name":"University of Hannover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hannover"},{"link_name":"Cradle to Cradle Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cradle_to_Cradle_Design"},{"link_name":"Top 50 Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Top_50_Study&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William A. McDonough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._McDonough"},{"link_name":"Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cradle_to_Cradle:_Remaking_the_Way_We_Make_Things"}],"text":"After completing studies in Process Engineering in Darmstadt, Germany, Dr. Braungart went on to investigate the chemical processes of industrial production techniques with the Chemistry Department at Konstanz, Germany. He subsequently led the formation of the Chemistry Section of Greenpeace International. By the time he completed his PhD in chemistry at the University of Hannover in 1985, he had assumed leadership of Greenpeace Chemistry.In 1987, Dr. Braungart founded the EPEA Umweltforschung in Hamburg. At the heart of EPEA is Cradle to Cradle Design, to create products oriented toward a life-cycle economy.In addition to his achievements with EPEA, Dr. Braungart also serves as Scientific Manager of the Hamburg Environmental Institute, the non-profit research center which produces the \"Top 50 Study\". This study ranks the quality of environmentally sound production of companies within the chemical industry. He has initiated scholarly and scientific inquiry into the adverse environmental and physiological impacts of industrially produced consumer goods.Dr. Braungart also works together with American architect and designer William A. McDonough in their product design and development firm, McDonough Braungart Design Chemistry. In partnership with McDonough, Braungart released the book Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things in 2002.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hannover Principles of Design: Design for Sustainability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090203133818/http://www.mcdonough.com/principles.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-55963-635-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55963-635-1"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mcdonough.com/principles.pdf"},{"link_name":"Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/cradletocradlere0000mcdo"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-86547-587-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-587-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780865477483","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865477483"}],"text":"McDonough, William; Michael Braungart. Hannover Principles of Design: Design for Sustainability (PDF). ISBN 1-55963-635-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-03. Retrieved 2009-05-23.. Served as development guidelines for the World's Fair in Hannover, 2000.\nMcDonough, William; Michael Braungart (2002). North Point Press (ed.). Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things. North Point Pr. ISBN 978-0-86547-587-8.\nThe Upcycle, with William McDonough, North Point Press, 2013, ISBN 9780865477483","title":"Books"}]	[]	[{"title":"William McDonough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McDonough"},{"title":"The Environmental Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Environmental_Institute"}]	[{"reference":"McDonough, William; Michael Braungart. Hannover Principles of Design: Design for Sustainability (PDF). ISBN 1-55963-635-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-03. Retrieved 2009-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090203133818/http://www.mcdonough.com/principles.pdf","url_text":"Hannover Principles of Design: Design for Sustainability"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55963-635-1","url_text":"1-55963-635-1"},{"url":"http://www.mcdonough.com/principles.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McDonough, William; Michael Braungart (2002). North Point Press (ed.). Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things. North Point Pr. ISBN 978-0-86547-587-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cradletocradlere0000mcdo","url_text":"Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-587-8","url_text":"978-0-86547-587-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Staff site: Michael Braungart\". Leuphana Universität Lüneburg. Retrieved 2019-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leuphana.de/en/university/staff-members/michael-braungart.html","url_text":"\"Staff site: Michael Braungart\""}]},{"reference":"\"Braungart's staff information page at Erasmus University website\". Archived from the original on 2009-09-28. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_the_Land	Landfrieden	["1 Scope","2 Development","3 Modern forms","4 See also","5 References","6 Literature","7 External links"]	Contractual waiver in Holy Roman medieval law Henry IV proclaims the 1103 Landfrieden in Mainz, painting by Hermann Wislicenus, Imperial Palace of Goslar (c. 1880) Under the law of the Holy Roman Empire, a Landfrieden or Landfriede (Latin: constitutio pacis, pax instituta or pax jurata, variously translated as "land peace", or "public peace") was a contractual waiver of the use of legitimate force, by rulers of specified territories, to assert their own legal claims. This especially affected the right of feuding. Scope Landfrieden agreements formed the political basis for pursuing claims without resorting to the private use of violence. They also often regulated the jurisdiction and thus allowed the settlement of disputes through judgements based on a common set of rules. Offences or violations of the public peace were liable to severe punishment. For example, objects or buildings (such as churches, homes, mills, agricultural implements, bridges, and especially imperial roads) and people (priests, pilgrims, merchants, women, even farmers, hunters and fishermen in carrying out their work) could be placed under protection. The Landfrieden created a type of martial law, as well as special courts, the Landfriedensgerichte. Some scholars have argued that the concept of Landfrieden applied both to peace-keeping associations and to the late medieval and early modern laws and ordinances which sought to restrict feuding and violence across large parts of the Holy Roman Empire, or the Empire as a whole. The historian Duncan Hardy has interpreted Landfrieden as a discursive strategy, marked out by appeals to widely used concepts of peace, justice, and honor and the defense of travelers in a shared locality and on the imperial roads. Political actors ranging from the kings and emperors of the Romans to local German nobles and towns might employ this discourse to legitimize themselves and signal their belonging to an imperial layer of governance within the Holy Roman Empire. Development In the High Middle Ages from the 11th century onwards, the Landfrieden movement strove to extend the so-called Peace and Truce of God (Gottesfrieden). The first imperial Landfriede was established by Emperor Henry IV in 1103 for a term of four years and was known as the First Imperial Peace of Mainz (Erster Mainzer Reichslandfriede). It followed the Mainz Peace and Truce of God (Mainzer Gottesfrieden) which he had already proclaimed in 1085. In 1152 Frederick Barbarossa proclaimed the Great Imperial Peace (Großer Reichslandfrieden), which extended to the whole Empire. This was an act of constitution and brought into effect a time-limited alliance of ruling princes. It was established in 1186 that a feud had to be announced in feud letter issued three days in advance. Originating from the law schools in Bologna and Pavia, the concepts of medieval Roman law (Corpus Iuris Civilis) started to dominate the legal profession under Barbarossa's rule. The most important Imperial Peace of Mainz (Mainzer Landfriede , also Mainzer Reichslandfrieden), announced by Emperor Frederick II at the Imperial Diet of 1235, was more like a legal decree and had less of the character of an alliance. Already in 1231, Frederick had issued the Constitutions of Melfi, a book of codified law and inquisitorial system applying to his Kingdom of Sicily. The Mainz Landfriede, now applicable for an indefinite period of time, was a constitutional act and became one of the basic laws that applied to the whole Empire. For the first time this document was bilingually drafted, i.e. written in both Latin and Middle High German. Subsequently, numerous regional and local Landfrieden alliances, such as city federations arose during the 13th and 14th centuries. The 1235 Peace of Mainz was renewed at the diet of Würzburg in 1287, and again in 1290, 1298 and 1354. It was superseded by the Perpetual Public Peace (Ewiger Landfriede) passed by Maximilian I in 1495, which definitely outlawed any feuds and constituted a permanent Landfriede for the Holy Roman Empire, including the establishment of the Reichskammergericht (Imperial Chamber Court). Modern forms Up to today a breach of the Landfrieden (Landfriedensbruch) by involvement in violent riots is a criminal offence according to German criminal law (§ 125 StGB) and the Austrian (§ 274 StGB) and Swiss (Art. 260 CH-StGB) equivalents. The preservation of the Landfrieden in the sense of public law and order – i.e. the ban on jungle law (Faustrecht) and frontier justice (Selbstjustiz) – by giving the state authorities a monopoly on violence, is the basis of all modern legal codes. See also Breach of the peace Landgericht (medieval) References ^ Pierce, Mark (2010). Bjork, Robert E. (ed.). law, medieval German. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199574834. Retrieved 2022-04-13. {{cite book}}: \|website= ignored (help) ^ Koppe, Karlheinz (2010). Young, Nigel J. (ed.). Northern Europe, Idea of Peace in. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195338409. Retrieved 2022-04-14. {{cite book}}: \|website= ignored (help) ^ Angermeier, Heinz (1984). Die Reichsreform 1410-1555. Die Staatsproblematik Deutschlands zwischen Mittelalter und Gegenwart. Munich.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Hardy, Duncan (2018). Associative Political Culture in the Holy Roman Empire: Upper Germany, 1346-1521. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 145–50.Hardy, Duncan (2021), "Landfrieden", in Dingel, Irene (ed.), Handbuch Frieden im Europa der Frühen Neuzeit / Handbook of Peace in Early Modern Europe, Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 151–170, doi:10.1515/9783110591316-008, ISBN 978-3-11-059131-6, S2CID 243691987 ^ Peter H. Wilson (2016), Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire (Belknap Press), p. 622. Literature Heinz Angermeier: Königtum und Landfriede im deutschen Spätmittelalter. Munich, 1966. Joachim Bumke: Höfische Kultur. Literatur und Gesellschaft im hohen Mittelalter (= dtv 30170). 11th edition. Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, Munich, 2005, ISBN 3-423-30170-8. Arno Buschmann, Elmar Wadle (ed.): Landfrieden. Anspruch und Wirklichkeit (= Rechts- und staatswissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen der Görres-Gesellschaft. NF Vol. 98). Schöningh, Paderborn etc., 2002, ISBN 3-506-73399-0. Mattias G. Fischer: Reichsreform und „Ewiger Landfrieden“. Über die Entwicklung des Fehderechts im 15. Jahrhundert bis zum absoluten Fehdeverbot von 1495 (= Untersuchungen zur deutschen Staats- und Rechtsgeschichte. NF Vol. 34). Scientia, Aalen, 2007, ISBN 978-3-511-02854-1 (Also: Göttingen, University, Dissertation, 2002). Joachim Gernhuber: Die Landfriedensbewegung in Deutschland bis zum Mainzer Reichslandfrieden von 1235 (= Bonner rechtswissenschaftliche Abhandlungen. H. 44, ZDB-ID 502603-9). Röhrscheid, Bonn, 1952. Duncan Hardy: Landfrieden. In: Irene Dingel, Michael Rohrschneider, Inken Schmidt-Voges, Siegrid Westphal and Joachim Whaley (eds.), Handbuch Frieden im Europa der Frühen Neuzeit / Handbook of Peace in Early Modern Europe. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2021, pp. 151–169. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110591316-008/html?lang=en Duncan Hardy: Between Regional Alliances and Imperial Assemblies: Landfrieden as a Political Concept and Discursive Strategy in the Holy Roman Empire, c. 1350-1520. In: Hendrik Baumbach and Horst Carl (eds.), Landfrieden – epochenübergreifend. Neue Perspektiven der Landfriedensforschung auf Verfassung, Recht, Konflikt (=Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung. Beihefte. 54.) Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2018, pp. 85–120. Guido Komatsu: Landfriedensbünde im 16. Jahrhundert. Ein typologischer Vergleich. Dissertation, University of Göttingen, 2001 (Volltext). Elmar Wadle: Landfrieden, Strafe, Recht. Zwölf Studien zum Mittelalter (= Schriften zur europäischen Rechts- und Verfassungsgeschichte. Vol. 37). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, 2001, ISBN 3-428-09912-5. External links Barbarossa's Landfriede of 1152: text critical edition in Latin, German translation Authority control databases International FAST National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heinrich_IV._in_Mainz.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz"},{"link_name":"Hermann Wislicenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Wislicenus"},{"link_name":"Imperial Palace of Goslar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Palace_of_Goslar"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"feuding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feud"}],"text":"Henry IV proclaims the 1103 Landfrieden in Mainz, painting by Hermann Wislicenus, Imperial Palace of Goslar (c. 1880)Under the law of the Holy Roman Empire, a Landfrieden or Landfriede (Latin: constitutio pacis, pax instituta or pax jurata, variously translated as \"land peace\",[1] or \"public peace\"[2]) was a contractual waiver of the use of legitimate force, by rulers of specified territories, to assert their own legal claims. This especially affected the right of feuding.","title":"Landfrieden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"jurisdiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction"},{"link_name":"severe punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_court"},{"link_name":"imperial roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_road"},{"link_name":"martial law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Landfrieden agreements formed the political basis for pursuing claims without resorting to the private use of violence. They also often regulated the jurisdiction and thus allowed the settlement of disputes through judgements based on a common set of rules.Offences or violations of the public peace were liable to severe punishment. For example, objects or buildings (such as churches, homes, mills, agricultural implements, bridges, and especially imperial roads) and people (priests, pilgrims, merchants, women, even farmers, hunters and fishermen in carrying out their work) could be placed under protection. The Landfrieden created a type of martial law, as well as special courts, the Landfriedensgerichte.Some scholars have argued that the concept of Landfrieden applied both to peace-keeping associations and to the late medieval and early modern laws and ordinances which sought to restrict feuding and violence across large parts of the Holy Roman Empire, or the Empire as a whole.[3] The historian Duncan Hardy has interpreted Landfrieden as a discursive strategy, marked out by appeals to widely used concepts of peace, justice, and honor and the defense of travelers in a shared locality and on the imperial roads. Political actors ranging from the kings and emperors of the Romans to local German nobles and towns might employ this discourse to legitimize themselves and signal their belonging to an imperial layer of governance within the Holy Roman Empire.[4]","title":"Scope"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"High Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Peace and Truce of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_Truce_of_God"},{"link_name":"Henry IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Frederick Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"princes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"feud letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feud_letter"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bologna"},{"link_name":"Pavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pavia"},{"link_name":"medieval Roman law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Roman_law"},{"link_name":"Corpus Iuris Civilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Iuris_Civilis"},{"link_name":"Mainzer Landfriede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mainzer_Landfriede&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainzer_Landfriede"},{"link_name":"Frederick II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Imperial Diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Constitutions of Melfi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutions_of_Melfi"},{"link_name":"codified law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codification_(law)"},{"link_name":"inquisitorial system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisitorial_system"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"basic laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_law"},{"link_name":"Middle High German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_High_German"},{"link_name":"city federations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_towns"},{"link_name":"diet of Würzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_of_W%C3%BCrzburg_(1287)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ewiger Landfriede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewiger_Landfriede"},{"link_name":"Maximilian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Reichskammergericht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskammergericht"}],"text":"In the High Middle Ages from the 11th century onwards, the Landfrieden movement strove to extend the so-called Peace and Truce of God (Gottesfrieden). The first imperial Landfriede was established by Emperor Henry IV in 1103 for a term of four years and was known as the First Imperial Peace of Mainz (Erster Mainzer Reichslandfriede). It followed the Mainz Peace and Truce of God (Mainzer Gottesfrieden) which he had already proclaimed in 1085.In 1152 Frederick Barbarossa proclaimed the Great Imperial Peace (Großer Reichslandfrieden), which extended to the whole Empire. This was an act of constitution and brought into effect a time-limited alliance of ruling princes. It was established in 1186 that a feud had to be announced in feud letter issued three days in advance. Originating from the law schools in Bologna and Pavia, the concepts of medieval Roman law (Corpus Iuris Civilis) started to dominate the legal profession under Barbarossa's rule.The most important Imperial Peace of Mainz (Mainzer Landfriede [de], also Mainzer Reichslandfrieden), announced by Emperor Frederick II at the Imperial Diet of 1235, was more like a legal decree and had less of the character of an alliance. Already in 1231, Frederick had issued the Constitutions of Melfi, a book of codified law and inquisitorial system applying to his Kingdom of Sicily. The Mainz Landfriede, now applicable for an indefinite period of time, was a constitutional act and became one of the basic laws that applied to the whole Empire. For the first time this document was bilingually drafted, i.e. written in both Latin and Middle High German.Subsequently, numerous regional and local Landfrieden alliances, such as city federations arose during the 13th and 14th centuries. The 1235 Peace of Mainz was renewed at the diet of Würzburg in 1287, and again in 1290, 1298 and 1354.[5] It was superseded by the Perpetual Public Peace (Ewiger Landfriede) passed by Maximilian I in 1495, which definitely outlawed any feuds and constituted a permanent Landfriede for the Holy Roman Empire, including the establishment of the Reichskammergericht (Imperial Chamber Court).","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot"},{"link_name":"German criminal law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strafgesetzbuch"},{"link_name":"§ 125 StGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bundesrecht.juris.de/bundesrecht/stgb/__125.html"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"§ 274 StGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ris2.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?QueryID=Bundesnormen&Dokumentnummer=NOR12029823&TabbedMenuSelection=BundesrechtTab&WxeFunctionToken=6c11ee3f-dc33-4e18-9be7-d9375784f2d3"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Criminal_Code"},{"link_name":"Art. 260 CH-StGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/311_0/a260.html"},{"link_name":"jungle law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_jungle"},{"link_name":"frontier justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier_justice"},{"link_name":"monopoly on violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence"},{"link_name":"legal codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_code"}],"text":"Up to today a breach of the Landfrieden (Landfriedensbruch) by involvement in violent riots is a criminal offence according to German criminal law (§ 125 StGB) and the Austrian (§ 274 StGB) and Swiss (Art. 260 CH-StGB) equivalents. The preservation of the Landfrieden in the sense of public law and order – i.e. the ban on jungle law (Faustrecht) and frontier justice (Selbstjustiz) – by giving the state authorities a monopoly on violence, is the basis of all modern legal codes.","title":"Modern forms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-423-30170-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-423-30170-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-506-73399-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-506-73399-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-511-02854-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-511-02854-1"},{"link_name":"ZDB-ID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZDB-ID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"502603-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ld.zdb-services.de/resource/502603-9"},{"link_name":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110591316-008/html?lang=en","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110591316-008/html?lang=en"},{"link_name":"Volltext","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/diss/2002/komatsu/index.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-428-09912-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-428-09912-5"}],"text":"Heinz Angermeier: Königtum und Landfriede im deutschen Spätmittelalter. Munich, 1966.\nJoachim Bumke: Höfische Kultur. Literatur und Gesellschaft im hohen Mittelalter (= dtv 30170). 11th edition. Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, Munich, 2005, ISBN 3-423-30170-8.\nArno Buschmann, Elmar Wadle (ed.): Landfrieden. Anspruch und Wirklichkeit (= Rechts- und staatswissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen der Görres-Gesellschaft. NF Vol. 98). Schöningh, Paderborn etc., 2002, ISBN 3-506-73399-0.\nMattias G. Fischer: Reichsreform und „Ewiger Landfrieden“. Über die Entwicklung des Fehderechts im 15. Jahrhundert bis zum absoluten Fehdeverbot von 1495 (= Untersuchungen zur deutschen Staats- und Rechtsgeschichte. NF Vol. 34). Scientia, Aalen, 2007, ISBN 978-3-511-02854-1 (Also: Göttingen, University, Dissertation, 2002).\nJoachim Gernhuber: Die Landfriedensbewegung in Deutschland bis zum Mainzer Reichslandfrieden von 1235 (= Bonner rechtswissenschaftliche Abhandlungen. H. 44, ZDB-ID 502603-9). Röhrscheid, Bonn, 1952.\nDuncan Hardy: Landfrieden. In: Irene Dingel, Michael Rohrschneider, Inken Schmidt-Voges, Siegrid Westphal and Joachim Whaley (eds.), Handbuch Frieden im Europa der Frühen Neuzeit / Handbook of Peace in Early Modern Europe. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2021, pp. 151–169. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110591316-008/html?lang=en\nDuncan Hardy: Between Regional Alliances and Imperial Assemblies: Landfrieden as a Political Concept and Discursive Strategy in the Holy Roman Empire, c. 1350-1520. In: Hendrik Baumbach and Horst Carl (eds.), Landfrieden – epochenübergreifend. Neue Perspektiven der Landfriedensforschung auf Verfassung, Recht, Konflikt (=Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung. Beihefte. 54.) Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2018, pp. 85–120.\nGuido Komatsu: Landfriedensbünde im 16. Jahrhundert. Ein typologischer Vergleich. Dissertation, University of Göttingen, 2001 (Volltext).\nElmar Wadle: Landfrieden, Strafe, Recht. Zwölf Studien zum Mittelalter (= Schriften zur europäischen Rechts- und Verfassungsgeschichte. Vol. 37). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, 2001, ISBN 3-428-09912-5.","title":"Literature"}]	[{"image_text":"Henry IV proclaims the 1103 Landfrieden in Mainz, painting by Hermann Wislicenus, Imperial Palace of Goslar (c. 1880)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Heinrich_IV._in_Mainz.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Breach of the peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_the_peace"},{"title":"Landgericht (medieval)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landgericht_(medieval)"}]	[{"reference":"Pierce, Mark (2010). Bjork, Robert E. (ed.). law, medieval German. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199574834. Retrieved 2022-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662624.001.0001/acref-9780198662624-e-3449","url_text":"law, medieval German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199574834","url_text":"9780199574834"}]},{"reference":"Koppe, Karlheinz (2010). Young, Nigel J. (ed.). Northern Europe, Idea of Peace in. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195338409. Retrieved 2022-04-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195334685.001.0001/acref-9780195334685-e-488","url_text":"Northern Europe, Idea of Peace in"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195338409","url_text":"9780195338409"}]},{"reference":"Angermeier, Heinz (1984). Die Reichsreform 1410-1555. Die Staatsproblematik Deutschlands zwischen Mittelalter und Gegenwart. Munich.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hardy, Duncan (2018). Associative Political Culture in the Holy Roman Empire: Upper Germany, 1346-1521. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viadera	Viadera	["1 References"]	Lyric genre of Catalan and Occitan literature The viadera (Catalan: , Occitan: viadeira ; also spelled viadeyra or viandela) was a lyric genre of Catalan and Occitan literature invented by the troubadours. It was a dance song devised to lighten the burden of a long voyage or to enliven the trip. It was a popular as opposed to "high" form and only infrequently used by cultivated poets. According to the Catalan Cançoneret de Ripoll, it was la pus jusana spècies qui és en los cantàs (the most humble genre of song there is) and elsewhere it is called la més baixa espècie de cançons (the most base genre of song). One of the more famous viadeyras was composed by Cerverí de Girona. It begins No.l prenatz lo fals marit ("Don't take that false husband") and is preserved in the Cançoner Gil. The theme of the song is that of a warning to a girl, either Jana delgada (delicate Joanna) or Na Delgada, a senhal (pet name) meaning "delicate lady". The line jana delgada (read either as Jana delgada or ja, Na Delgada) is repeated after every two lines as a respos. The song has much in common with Galician-Portuguese cantigas de amigo. References Riquer, Martí de (1964). Història de la Literatura Catalana, vol. 1. Barcelona: Edicions Ariel. vteWestern medieval lyric formsBy regional traditionOccitan Alba (poetry) Arlabecca Aubade Canso Cobla esparsa Dansa Descort Devinalh Ensenhamen Enuig Gab Lo Boièr Maldit-comiat Partimen Pastorela Planh Salut d'amor Sestina Sirventes Tenso Torneyamen Tornada Trobar clus Trobar leu Trobar ric Viadera French Chanson de toile Formes fixes (Ballade, Rondeau, Virelai) Grand chant Pastourelle Reverdie Rondel Rondelet Italian Ballata Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga de amor Cantigas de escárnio e maldizer English Madrigal others Kyrielle Triolet By alphabetical order Alba Arlabecca Aubade Awdl Ballade Ballata Canso Cantiga de amigo Cantiga de amor Cantigas de escárnio e maldizer Cerdd dafod Chanson de toile Cobla esparsa Cywydd Dansa Descort Devinalh Ensenhamen Enuig Formes fixes Gab Grand chant Kyrielle Leise Madrigal Maldit-comiat Octave Partimen Pastorela Pastourelle Petrarchan sonnet Planh Reverdie Rondeau Rondel Rondelet Salut d'amor Sestina Sicilian octave Sirventes Tagelied Tenso Tornada Torneyamen Traethodl Triolet Trobar clus Trobar leu Trobar ric Viadera Virelai	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[biəˈðeɾə, viaˈðeɾa]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan"},{"link_name":"Occitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitan_language"},{"link_name":"[bjaˈðejɾɔ, viaˈdejɾɔ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Occitan"},{"link_name":"lyric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyric_poetry"},{"link_name":"genre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_literature"},{"link_name":"Occitan literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitan_literature"},{"link_name":"troubadours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troubadour"},{"link_name":"Cançoneret de Ripoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%A7oneret_de_Ripoll"},{"link_name":"Cerverí de Girona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerver%C3%AD_de_Girona"},{"link_name":"Cançoner Gil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%A7oner_Gil"},{"link_name":"respos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrain"},{"link_name":"Galician-Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician-Portuguese_lyric"},{"link_name":"cantigas de amigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantiga_de_amigo"}],"text":"The viadera (Catalan: [biəˈðeɾə, viaˈðeɾa], Occitan: viadeira [bjaˈðejɾɔ, viaˈdejɾɔ]; also spelled viadeyra or viandela) was a lyric genre of Catalan and Occitan literature invented by the troubadours. It was a dance song devised to lighten the burden of a long voyage or to enliven the trip. It was a popular as opposed to \"high\" form and only infrequently used by cultivated poets. According to the Catalan Cançoneret de Ripoll, it was la pus jusana spècies qui és en los cantàs (the most humble genre of song there is) and elsewhere it is called la més baixa espècie de cançons (the most base genre of song).One of the more famous viadeyras was composed by Cerverí de Girona. It begins No.l prenatz lo fals marit (\"Don't take that false husband\") and is preserved in the Cançoner Gil. The theme of the song is that of a warning to a girl, either Jana delgada (delicate Joanna) or Na Delgada, a senhal (pet name) meaning \"delicate lady\". The line jana delgada (read either as Jana delgada or ja, Na Delgada) is repeated after every two lines as a respos. The song has much in common with Galician-Portuguese cantigas de amigo.","title":"Viadera"}]	[]	null	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA-200	RSA numbers	[]	Set of large semiprimes In mathematics, the RSA numbers are a set of large semiprimes (numbers with exactly two prime factors) that were part of the RSA Factoring Challenge. The challenge was to find the prime factors of each number. It was created by RSA Laboratories in March 1991 to encourage research into computational number theory and the practical difficulty of factoring large integers. The challenge was ended in 2007. RSA Laboratories (which is an initialism of the creators of the technique; Rivest, Shamir and Adleman) published a number of semiprimes with 100 to 617 decimal digits. Cash prizes of varying size, up to US$200,000 (and prizes up to $20,000 awarded), were offered for factorization of some of them. The smallest RSA number was factored in a few days. Most of the numbers have still not been factored and many of them are expected to remain unfactored for many years to come. As of February 2020, the smallest 23 of the 54 listed numbers have been factored. While the RSA challenge officially ended in 2007, people are still attempting to find the factorizations. According to RSA Laboratories, "Now that the industry has a considerably more advanced understanding of the cryptanalytic strength of common symmetric-key and public-key algorithms, these challenges are no longer active." Some of the smaller prizes had been awarded at the time. The remaining prizes were retracted. The first RSA numbers generated, from RSA-100 to RSA-500, were labeled according to their number of decimal digits. Later, beginning with RSA-576, binary digits are counted instead. An exception to this is RSA-617, which was created before the change in the numbering scheme. The numbers are listed in increasing order below. Note: until work on this article is finished, please check both the table and the list, since they include different values and different information. name decimal digits bits announcement prize number factorization first solver notes date by date algorithm compute power calendar time RSA-100 40094690950920881030683735292761468389214899724061 * 37975227936943673922808872755445627854565536638199 1991-04-01 ppmpqs by Mark Manasse and Arjen K. Lenstra approx. 7 MIP-Years RSA-110 6122421090493547576937037317561418841225758554253106999 * 5846418214406154678836553182979162384198610505601062333 1992-04-14 ppmpqs by Arjen K. Lenstra one month on 5/8 of a 16K MasPar RSA-120 327414555693498015751146303749141488063642403240171463406883 * 693342667110830181197325401899700641361965863127336680673013 1993-06-09 ppmpqs 835 mips years run by Arjen K. Lenstra (45.503%), Bruce Dodson (30.271%), Thomas Denny (22.516%), Mark Manasse (1.658%), and Walter Lioen and Herman te Riele (0.049%) RSA-129 129 1977-08 Martin Gardner, Mathematical Games, Scientific American $100 114381625757888867669235779976146612010218296721242362562561842935706935245733897830597123563958705058989075147599290026879543541 3490529510847650949147849619903898133417764638493387843990820577 * 32769132993266709549961988190834461413177642967992942539798288533 1994-04-26 ppmpqs approximately 5000 mips years run by Derek Atkins, Michael Graff, Arjen K. Lenstra, Paul Leyland, and more than 600 volunteers RSA-130 39685999459597454290161126162883786067576449112810064832555157243 * 45534498646735972188403686897274408864356301263205069600999044599 1996-04-10 General Number Field Sieve with lattice sieving implementations by Bellcore, CWI, and Saarbruecken; and blocked Lanczos and square root by Peter L. Montgomery sieving: estimated 500 mips years, run by Bruce Dodson (28.37%), Peter L. Montgomery and Marije Elkenbracht-Huizing (27.77%), Arjen K. Lenstra (19.11%), WWW contributors (17.17% ), Matt Fante (4.36%), Paul Leyland (1.66%), Damian Weber and Joerg Zayer (1.56%) matrix (67.5 hours on the Cray-C90 at SARA, Amsterdam) and square root (48 hours per dependency on an SGI Challenge processor) run by Peter L. Montgomery and Marije Elkenbracht-Huizing the factorization was found in the third trial RSA-140 3398717423028438554530123627613875835633986495969597423490929302771479 * 6264200187401285096151654948264442219302037178623509019111660653946049 1999-02-02 GNFS with line (by CWI; 45%) and lattice (by Arjen K. Lenstra; 55%) sieving, and a polynomial selection method by Brian Murphy and Peter L. Montgomery; and blocked Lanczos and square root by Peter L. Montgomery polynomial selection: 2000 CPU hours on four 250 MHZ SGI Origin 2000 processors at CWI sieving: 8.9 CPU-years on about 125 SGI and Sun workstations running at 175 MHZ on average, and on about 60 PCs running at 300 MHZ on average; approximately equivalent to 1500 mips years; run by Peter L. Montgomery, Stefania Cavallar, Herman J.J. te Riele, and Walter M. Lioen (36.8%), Paul Leyland (28.8%), Bruce Dodson (26.6%), Paul Zimmermann (5.4%), and Arjen K. Lenstra (2.5%). matrix: 100 hours on the Cray-C916 at SARA, Amsterdam square root: four different dependencies were run in parallel on four 250 MHZ SGI Origin 2000 processors at CWI; three of them found the factors of RSA-140 after 14.2, 19.0 and 19.0 CPU-hours eleven weeks (including four weeks for polynomial selection, one month for sieving, one week for data filtering and matrix construction, five days for the matrix, and 14.2 hours to find the factors using the square root) the matrix had 4671181 rows and 4704451 columns and weight 151141999 (32.36 nonzeros per row) RSA-155 102639592829741105772054196573991675900716567808038066803341933521790711307779 * 106603488380168454820927220360012878679207958575989291522270608237193062808643 1999-08-22 GNFS with line (29%) and lattice (71%) sieving, and a polynomial selection method written by Brian Murphy and Peter L. Montgomery, ported by Arjen Lenstra to use his multiple precision arithmetic code (LIP); and blocked Lanczos and square root by Peter L. Montgomery polynomial selection run by Brian Murphy, Peter Montgomery, Arjen Lenstra and Bruce Dodson; Dodson found the one that was used sieving: 35.7 CPU-years in total, on about one hundred and sixty 175-400 MHz SGI and Sun workstations, eight 250 MHz SGI Origin 2000 processors, one hundred and twenty 300-450 MHz Pentium II PCs, and four 500 MHz Digital/Compaq boxes; approximately equivalent to 8000 mips years; run by Alec Muffett (20.1% of relations, 3057 CPU days), Paul Leyland (17.5%, 2092 CPU days), Peter L. Montgomery and Stefania Cavallar (14.6%, 1819 CPU days), Bruce Dodson (13.6%, 2222 CPU days), Francois Morain and Gerard Guillerm (13.0%, 1801 CPU days), Joel Marchand (6.4%, 576 CPU days), Arjen K. Lenstra (5.0%, 737 CPU days), Paul Zimmermann (4.5%, 252 CPU days), Jeff Gilchrist (4.0%, 366 CPU days), Karen Aardal (0.65%, 62 CPU days), and Chris and Craig Putnam (0.56%, 47 CPU days) matrix: 224 hours on one CPU of the Cray-C916 at SARA, Amsterdam square root: four 300 MHz R12000 processors of a 24-processor SGI Origin 2000 at CWI; the successful one took 39.4 CPU-hours and the others took 38.3, 41.9, and 61.6 CPU-hours 9 weeks for polynomial selection, plus 5.2 months for the rest (including 3.7 months for sieving, about 1 month for data filtering and matrix construction, and 10 days for the matrix) the polynomials were 119377138320x^5 - 80168937284997582yx^4 - 66269852234118574445y^2x^3 + 11816848430079521880356852y^3x^2 + 7459661580071786443919743056y^4x - 40679843542362159361913708405064y^5 and x - 39123079721168000771313449081*y (this pair has a yield of relations approximately 13.5 times that of a random polynomial selection); 124722179 relations were collected in the sieving stage; the matrix had 6699191 rows and 6711336 columns and weight 417132631 (62.27 nonzeros per row). Contents RSA-100 RSA-110 RSA-120 RSA-129 RSA-130 RSA-140 RSA-150 RSA-155 RSA-160 RSA-170 RSA-576 RSA-180 RSA-190 RSA-640 RSA-200 RSA-210 RSA-704 RSA-220 RSA-230 RSA-232 RSA-768 RSA-240 RSA-250 RSA-260 RSA-270 RSA-896 RSA-280 RSA-290 RSA-300 RSA-309 RSA-1024 RSA-310 RSA-320 RSA-330 RSA-340 RSA-350 RSA-360 RSA-370 RSA-380 RSA-390 RSA-400 RSA-410 RSA-420 RSA-430 RSA-440 RSA-450 RSA-460 RSA-1536 RSA-470 RSA-480 RSA-490 RSA-500 RSA-617 RSA-2048 See also Notes References External links RSA-100 RSA-100 has 100 decimal digits (330 bits). Its factorization was announced on April 1, 1991, by Arjen K. Lenstra. Reportedly, the factorization took a few days using the multiple-polynomial quadratic sieve algorithm on a MasPar parallel computer. The value and factorization of RSA-100 are as follows: RSA-100 = 1522605027922533360535618378132637429718068114961380688657908494580122963258952897654000350692006139 RSA-100 = 37975227936943673922808872755445627854565536638199 × 40094690950920881030683735292761468389214899724061 It takes four hours to repeat this factorization using the program Msieve on a 2200 MHz Athlon 64 processor. The number can be factorized in 72 minutes on overclocked to 3.5 GHz Intel Core2 Quad q9300, using GGNFS and Msieve binaries running by distributed version of the factmsieve Perl script. RSA-110 RSA-110 has 110 decimal digits (364 bits), and was factored in April 1992 by Arjen K. Lenstra and Mark S. Manasse in approximately one month. The number can be factorized in less than four hours on overclocked to 3.5 GHz Intel Core2 Quad q9300, using GGNFS and Msieve binaries running by distributed version of the factmsieve Perl script. The value and factorization are as follows: RSA-110 = 35794234179725868774991807832568455403003778024228226193532908190484670252364677411513516111204504060317568667 RSA-110 = 6122421090493547576937037317561418841225758554253106999 × 5846418214406154678836553182979162384198610505601062333 RSA-120 RSA-120 has 120 decimal digits (397 bits), and was factored in June 1993 by Thomas Denny, Bruce Dodson, Arjen K. Lenstra, and Mark S. Manasse. The computation took under three months of actual computer time. The value and factorization are as follows: RSA-120 = 227010481295437363334259960947493668895875336466084780038173258247009162675779735389791151574049166747880487470296548479 RSA-120 = 327414555693498015751146303749141488063642403240171463406883 × 693342667110830181197325401899700641361965863127336680673013 RSA-129 RSA-129, having 129 decimal digits (426 bits), was not part of the 1991 RSA Factoring Challenge, but rather related to Martin Gardner's Mathematical Games column in the August 1977 issue of Scientific American. RSA-129 was factored in April 1994 by a team led by Derek Atkins, Michael Graff, Arjen K. Lenstra and Paul Leyland, using approximately 1600 computers from around 600 volunteers connected over the Internet. A US$100 token prize was awarded by RSA Security for the factorization, which was donated to the Free Software Foundation. The value and factorization are as follows: RSA-129 = 114381625757888867669235779976146612010218296721242362562561842935706935245733897830597123563958705058989075147599290026879543541 RSA-129 = 3490529510847650949147849619903898133417764638493387843990820577 × 32769132993266709549961988190834461413177642967992942539798288533 The factorization was found using the Multiple Polynomial Quadratic Sieve algorithm. The factoring challenge included a message encrypted with RSA-129. When decrypted using the factorization the message was revealed to be "The Magic Words are Squeamish Ossifrage". In 2015, RSA-129 was factored in about one day, with the CADO-NFS open source implementation of number field sieve, using a commercial cloud computing service for about $30. RSA-130 RSA-130 has 130 decimal digits (430 bits), and was factored on April 10, 1996, by a team led by Arjen K. Lenstra and composed of Jim Cowie, Marije Elkenbracht-Huizing, Wojtek Furmanski, Peter L. Montgomery, Damian Weber and Joerg Zayer. The value and factorization are as follows: RSA-130 = 1807082088687404805951656164405905566278102516769401349170127021450056662540244048387341127590812303371781887966563182013214880557 RSA-130 = 39685999459597454290161126162883786067576449112810064832555157243 × 45534498646735972188403686897274408864356301263205069600999044599 The factorization was found using the Number Field Sieve algorithm and the polynomial 5748302248738405200 x5 + 9882261917482286102 x4 - 13392499389128176685 x3 + 16875252458877684989 x2 + 3759900174855208738 x1 - 46769930553931905995 which has a root of 12574411168418005980468 modulo RSA-130. RSA-140 RSA-140 has 140 decimal digits (463 bits), and was factored on February 2, 1999, by a team led by Herman te Riele and composed of Stefania Cavallar, Bruce Dodson, Arjen K. Lenstra, Paul Leyland, Walter Lioen, Peter L. Montgomery, Brian Murphy and Paul Zimmermann. The value and factorization are as follows: RSA-140 = 21290246318258757547497882016271517497806703963277216278233383215381949984056495911366573853021918316783107387995317230889569230873441936471 RSA-140 = 3398717423028438554530123627613875835633986495969597423490929302771479 × 6264200187401285096151654948264442219302037178623509019111660653946049 The factorization was found using the Number Field Sieve algorithm and an estimated 2000 MIPS-years of computing time. RSA-150 RSA-150 has 150 decimal digits (496 bits), and was withdrawn from the challenge by RSA Security. RSA-150 was eventually factored into two 75-digit primes by Aoki et al. in 2004 using the general number field sieve (GNFS), years after bigger RSA numbers that were still part of the challenge had been solved. The value and factorization are as follows: RSA-150 = 155089812478348440509606754370011861770654545830995430655466945774312632703463465954363335027577729025391453996787414027003501631772186840890795964683 RSA-150 = 348009867102283695483970451047593424831012817350385456889559637548278410717 × 445647744903640741533241125787086176005442536297766153493419724532460296199 RSA-155 RSA-155 has 155 decimal digits (512 bits), and was factored on August 22, 1999, in a span of six months, by a team led by Herman te Riele and composed of Stefania Cavallar, Bruce Dodson, Arjen K. Lenstra, Walter Lioen, Peter L. Montgomery, Brian Murphy, Karen Aardal, Jeff Gilchrist, Gerard Guillerm, Paul Leyland, Joel Marchand, François Morain, Alec Muffett, Craig Putnam, Chris Putnam and Paul Zimmermann. The value and factorization are as follows: RSA-155 = 10941738641570527421809707322040357612003732945449205990913842131476349984288934784717997257891267332497625752899781833797076537244027146743531593354333897 RSA-155 = 1026395928297411057720541965739916759007165678080380668033419335217907113077 79 × 1066034883801684548209272203600128786792079585759892915222706082371930628086 43 The factorization was found using the general number field sieve algorithm and an estimated 8000 MIPS-years of computing time. RSA-160 RSA-160 has 160 decimal digits (530 bits), and was factored on April 1, 2003, by a team from the University of Bonn and the German Federal Office for Information Security (BSI). The team contained J. Franke, F. Bahr, T. Kleinjung, M. Lochter, and M. Böhm. The value and factorization are as follows: RSA-160 = 2152741102718889701896015201312825429257773588845675980170497676778133145218859135673011059773491059602497907111585214302079314665202840140619946994927570407753 RSA-160 = 4542789285848139407168619064973883165613714577846979325095998470925000415733 5359 × 4738809060383201619663383230378895197326892292104095794474135464881202849390 9367 The factorization was found using the general number field sieve algorithm. RSA-170 RSA-170 has 170 decimal digits (563 bits) and was first factored on December 29, 2009, by D. Bonenberger and M. Krone from Fachhochschule Braunschweig/Wolfenbüttel. An independent factorization was completed by S. A. Danilov and I. A. Popovyan two days later. The value and factorization are as follows: RSA-170 = 26062623684139844921529879266674432197085925380486406416164785191859999628542069361450283931914514618683512198164805919882053057222974116478065095809832377336510711545759 RSA-170 = 3586420730428501486799804587268520423291459681059978161140231860633948450858 040593963 × 7267029064107019078863797763923946264136137803856996670313708936002281582249 587494493 The factorization was found using the general number field sieve algorithm. RSA-576 RSA-576 has 174 decimal digits (576 bits), and was factored on December 3, 2003, by J. Franke and T. Kleinjung from the University of Bonn. A cash prize of $10,000 was offered by RSA Security for a successful factorization. The value and factorization are as follows: RSA-576 = 188198812920607963838697239461650439807163563379417382700763356422988859715234665485319060606504743045317388011303396716199692321205734031879550656996221305168759307650257059 RSA-576 = 3980750864240649373971255005503864911990643623425267084063851895759463889572 61768583317 × 4727721461074353025362230719730482246329146953020971164598521711305207112563 63590397527 The factorization was found using the general number field sieve algorithm. RSA-180 RSA-180 has 180 decimal digits (596 bits), and was factored on May 8, 2010, by S. A. Danilov and I. A. Popovyan from Moscow State University, Russia. RSA-180 = 1911479277189866096892294666314546498129862462766673548641885036388072607034 3679905877620136513516127813425829612810920004670291298456875280033022177775 2773957404540495707851421041 RSA-180 = 4007800823297508779525813391041005725268293178158071765648821789984975727719 50624613470377 × 4769396887386118369955354773570708579399020760277882320319897758246062255957 73435668861833 The factorization was found using the general number field sieve algorithm implementation running on three Intel Core i7 PCs. RSA-190 RSA-190 has 190 decimal digits (629 bits), and was factored on November 8, 2010, by I. A. Popovyan from Moscow State University, Russia, and A. Timofeev from CWI, Netherlands. RSA-190 = 1907556405060696491061450432646028861081179759533184460647975622318915025587 1841757540549761551215932934922604641526300932385092466032074171247261215808 58185985938946945490481721756401423481 RSA-190 = 3171195257690152709485171289740475929805147316029450327784761927832793642798 1256542415724309619 × 6015260020444561641587641685526676183243543359471811072599763828083615704046 0481625355619404899 RSA-640 RSA-640 has 193 decimal digits (640 bits). A cash prize of US$20,000 was offered by RSA Security for a successful factorization. On November 2, 2005, F. Bahr, M. Boehm, J. Franke and T. Kleinjung of the German Federal Office for Information Security announced that they had factorized the number using GNFS as follows: RSA-640 = 3107418240490043721350750035888567930037346022842727545720161948823206440518 0815045563468296717232867824379162728380334154710731085019195485290073377248 22783525742386454014691736602477652346609 RSA-640 = 1634733645809253848443133883865090859841783670033092312181110852389333100104 508151212118167511579 × 1900871281664822113126851573935413975471896789968515493666638539088027103802 104498957191261465571 The computation took five months on 80 2.2 GHz AMD Opteron CPUs. The slightly larger RSA-200 was factored in May 2005 by the same team. RSA-200 Wikinews has related news: Two hundred digit number factored RSA-200 has 200 decimal digits (663 bits), and factors into the two 100-digit primes given below. On May 9, 2005, F. Bahr, M. Boehm, J. Franke, and T. Kleinjung announced that they had factorized the number using GNFS as follows: RSA-200 = 2799783391122132787082946763872260162107044678695542853756000992932612840010 7609345671052955360856061822351910951365788637105954482006576775098580557613 579098734950144178863178946295187237869221823983 RSA-200 = 3532461934402770121272604978198464368671197400197625023649303468776121253679 423200058547956528088349 × 7925869954478333033347085841480059687737975857364219960734330341455767872818 152135381409304740185467 The CPU time spent on finding these factors by a collection of parallel computers amounted – very approximately – to the equivalent of 75 years work for a single 2.2 GHz Opteron-based computer. Note that while this approximation serves to suggest the scale of the effort, it leaves out many complicating factors; the announcement states it more precisely. RSA-210 RSA-210 has 210 decimal digits (696 bits) and was factored in September 2013 by Ryan Propper: RSA-210 = 2452466449002782119765176635730880184670267876783327597434144517150616008300 3858721695220839933207154910362682719167986407977672324300560059203563124656 1218465817904100131859299619933817012149335034875870551067 RSA-210 = 4359585683259407917999519653872144063854709102652201963187054821445240853452 75999740244625255428455944579 × 5625457617268841037562770073044474817438769440075105451049468510945483965774 79473472146228550799322939273 RSA-704 RSA-704 has 212 decimal digits (704 bits), and was factored by Shi Bai, Emmanuel Thomé and Paul Zimmermann. The factorization was announced July 2, 2012. A cash prize of US$30,000 was previously offered for a successful factorization. RSA-704 = 7403756347956171282804679609742957314259318888923128908493623263897276503402 8266276891996419625117843995894330502127585370118968098286733173273108930900 552505116877063299072396380786710086096962537934650563796359 RSA-704 = 9091213529597818878440658302600437485892608310328358720428512168960411528640 933367824950788367956756806141 × 8143859259110045265727809126284429335877899002167627883200914172429324360133 004116702003240828777970252499 RSA-220 RSA-220 has 220 decimal digits (729 bits), and was factored by S. Bai, P. Gaudry, A. Kruppa, E. Thomé and P. Zimmermann. The factorization was announced on May 13, 2016. RSA-220 = 2260138526203405784941654048610197513508038915719776718321197768109445641817 9666766085931213065825772506315628866769704480700018111497118630021124879281 99487482066070131066586646083327982803560379205391980139946496955261 RSA-220 = 6863656412267566274382371499288437800130842239979164844621244993321541061441 4642667938213644208420192054999687 × 3292907439486349812049301549212935291916455196536233952462686051169290349309 4652463337824866390738191765712603 RSA-230 RSA-230 has 230 decimal digits (762 bits), and was factored by Samuel S. Gross on August 15, 2018. RSA-230 = 1796949159794106673291612844957324615636756180801260007088891883553172646034 1490933493372247868650755230855864199929221814436684722874052065257937495694 3483892631711525225256544109808191706117425097024407180103648316382885188526 89 RSA-230 = 4528450358010492026612439739120166758911246047493700040073956759261590397250 033699357694507193523000343088601688589 × 3968132623150957588532394439049887341769533966621957829426966084093049516953 598120833228447171744337427374763106901 RSA-232 RSA-232 has 232 decimal digits (768 bits), and was factored on February 17, 2020, by N. L. Zamarashkin, D. A. Zheltkov and S. A. Matveev. RSA-232 = 1009881397871923546909564894309468582818233821955573955141120516205831021338 5285453743661097571543636649133800849170651699217015247332943892702802343809 6090980497644054071120196541074755382494867277137407501157718230539834060616 2079 RSA-232 = 2966909333208360660361779924242630634742946262521852394401857157419437019472 3262390744910112571804274494074452751891 × 3403816175197563438006609498491521420547121760734723172735163413276050706174 8526506443144325148088881115083863017669 RSA-768 RSA-768 has 232 decimal digits (768 bits), and was factored on December 12, 2009, over the span of two years, by Thorsten Kleinjung, Kazumaro Aoki, Jens Franke, Arjen K. Lenstra, Emmanuel Thomé, Pierrick Gaudry, Alexander Kruppa, Peter Montgomery, Joppe W. Bos, Dag Arne Osvik, Herman te Riele, Andrey Timofeev, and Paul Zimmermann. RSA-768 = 1230186684530117755130494958384962720772853569595334792197322452151726400507 2636575187452021997864693899564749427740638459251925573263034537315482685079 1702612214291346167042921431160222124047927473779408066535141959745985690214 3413 RSA-768 = 3347807169895689878604416984821269081770479498371376856891243138898288379387 8002287614711652531743087737814467999489 × 3674604366679959042824463379962795263227915816434308764267603228381573966651 1279233373417143396810270092798736308917 The CPU time spent on finding these factors by a collection of parallel computers amounted approximately to the equivalent of almost 2000 years of computing on a single-core 2.2 GHz AMD Opteron-based computer. RSA-240 RSA-240 has 240 decimal digits (795 bits), and was factored in November 2019 by Fabrice Boudot, Pierrick Gaudry, Aurore Guillevic, Nadia Heninger, Emmanuel Thomé and Paul Zimmermann. RSA-240 = 1246203667817187840658350446081065904348203746516788057548187888832896668011 8821085503603957027250874750986476843845862105486553797025393057189121768431 8286362846948405301614416430468066875699415246993185704183030512549594371372 159029236099 RSA-240 = 5094359522858399145550510235808437141326483820241114731866602965218212064697 46700620316443478873837606252372049619334517 × 2446242088383181505678131390240028966538020925789314014520412213365584770951 78155258218897735030590669041302045908071447 The CPU time spent on finding these factors amounted to approximately 900 core-years on a 2.1 GHz Intel Xeon Gold 6130 CPU. Compared to the factorization of RSA-768, the authors estimate that better algorithms sped their calculations by a factor of 3–4 and faster computers sped their calculation by a factor of 1.25–1.67. RSA-250 RSA-250 has 250 decimal digits (829 bits), and was factored in February 2020 by Fabrice Boudot, Pierrick Gaudry, Aurore Guillevic, Nadia Heninger, Emmanuel Thomé, and Paul Zimmermann. The announcement of the factorization occurred on February 28. RSA-250 = 2140324650240744961264423072839333563008614715144755017797754920881418023447 1401366433455190958046796109928518724709145876873962619215573630474547705208 0511905649310668769159001975940569345745223058932597669747168173806936489469 9871578494975937497937 RSA-250 = 6413528947707158027879019017057738908482501474294344720811685963202453234463 0238623598752668347708737661925585694639798853367 × 3337202759497815655622601060535511422794076034476755466678452098702384172921 0037080257448673296881877565718986258036932062711 The factorisation of RSA-250 utilised approximately 2700 CPU core-years, using a 2.1 GHz Intel Xeon Gold 6130 CPU as a reference. The computation was performed with the Number Field Sieve algorithm, using the open source CADO-NFS software. The team dedicated the computation to Peter Montgomery, an American mathematician known for his contributions to computational number theory and cryptography who died on February 18, 2020, and had contributed to factoring RSA-768. RSA-260 RSA-260 has 260 decimal digits (862 bits), and has not been factored so far. RSA-260 = 2211282552952966643528108525502623092761208950247001539441374831912882294140 2001986512729726569746599085900330031400051170742204560859276357953757185954 2988389587092292384910067030341246205457845664136645406842143612930176940208 46391065875914794251435144458199 RSA-270 RSA-270 has 270 decimal digits (895 bits), and has not been factored so far. RSA-270 = 2331085303444075445276376569106805241456198124803054490429486119684959182451 3578286788836931857711641821391926857265831491306067262691135402760979316634 1626693946596196427744273886601876896313468704059066746903123910748277606548 649151920812699309766587514735456594993207 RSA-896 RSA-896 has 270 decimal digits (896 bits), and has not been factored so far. A cash prize of $75,000 was previously offered for a successful factorization. RSA-896 = 4120234369866595438555313653325759481798116998443279828454556264338764455652 4842619809887042316184187926142024718886949256093177637503342113098239748515 0944909106910269861031862704114880866970564902903653658867433731720813104105 190864254793282601391257624033946373269391 RSA-280 RSA-280 has 280 decimal digits (928 bits), and has not been factored so far. RSA-280 = 1790707753365795418841729699379193276395981524363782327873718589639655966058 5783742549640396449103593468573113599487089842785784500698716853446786525536 5503525160280656363736307175332772875499505341538927978510751699922197178159 7724733184279534477239566789173532366357270583106789 RSA-290 RSA-290 has 290 decimal digits (962 bits), and has not been factored so far. RSA-290 = 3050235186294003157769199519894966400298217959748768348671526618673316087694 3419156362946151249328917515864630224371171221716993844781534383325603218163 2549201100649908073932858897185243836002511996505765970769029474322210394327 60575157628357292075495937664206199565578681309135044121854119 RSA-300 RSA-300 has 300 decimal digits (995 bits), and has not been factored so far. RSA-300 = 2769315567803442139028689061647233092237608363983953254005036722809375824714 9473946190060218756255124317186573105075074546238828817121274630072161346956 4396741836389979086904304472476001839015983033451909174663464663867829125664 459895575157178816900228792711267471958357574416714366499722090015674047 RSA-309 RSA-309 has 309 decimal digits (1,024 bits), and has not been factored so far. RSA-309 = 1332943998825757583801437794588036586217112243226684602854588261917276276670 5425540467426933349195015527349334314071822840746357352800368666521274057591 1870128339157499072351179666739658503429931021985160714113146720277365006623 6927218079163559142755190653347914002967258537889160429597714204365647842739 10949 RSA-1024 RSA-1024 has 309 decimal digits (1,024 bits), and has not been factored so far. $100,000 was previously offered for factorization. RSA-1024 = 135066410865995223349603216278805969938881475605667027524485143851526510604 859533833940287150571909441798207282164471551373680419703964191743046496589 274256239341020864383202110372958725762358509643110564073501508187510676594 629205563685529475213500852879416377328533906109750544334999811150056977236 890927563 RSA-310 RSA-310 has 310 decimal digits (1,028 bits), and has not been factored so far. RSA-310 = 1848210397825850670380148517702559371400899745254512521925707445580334710601 4125276757082979328578439013881047668984294331264191394626965245834649837246 5163148188847336415136873623631778358751846501708714541673402642461569061162 0116380982484120857688483676576094865930188367141388795454378671343386258291 687641 RSA-320 RSA-320 has 320 decimal digits (1,061 bits), and has not been factored so far. RSA-320 = 2136810696410071796012087414500377295863767938372793352315068620363196552357 8837094085435000951700943373838321997220564166302488321590128061531285010636 8571638978998117122840139210685346167726847173232244364004850978371121744321 8270343654835754061017503137136489303437996367224915212044704472299799616089 2591129924218437 RSA-330 RSA-330 has 330 decimal digits (1,094 bits), and has not been factored so far. RSA-330 = 1218708633106058693138173980143325249157710686226055220408666600017481383238 1352456802425903555880722805261111079089882303717632638856140900933377863089 0634828167900405006112727432172179976427017137792606951424995281839383708354 6364684839261149319768449396541020909665209789862312609604983709923779304217 01862444655244698696759267 RSA-340 RSA-340 has 340 decimal digits (1,128 bits), and has not been factored so far. RSA-340 = 2690987062294695111996484658008361875931308730357496490239672429933215694995 2758588771223263308836649715112756731997946779608413232406934433532048898585 9176676580752231563884394807622076177586625973975236127522811136600110415063 0004691128152106812042872285697735145105026966830649540003659922618399694276 990464815739966698956947129133275233 RSA-350 RSA-350 has 350 decimal digits (1,161 bits), and has not been factored so far. RSA-350 = 2650719995173539473449812097373681101529786464211583162467454548229344585504 3495841191504413349124560193160478146528433707807716865391982823061751419151 6068496555750496764686447379170711424873128631468168019548127029171231892127 2886825928263239383444398948209649800021987837742009498347263667908976501360 3382322972552204068806061829535529820731640151 RSA-360 RSA-360 has 360 decimal digits (1,194 bits), and has not been factored so far. RSA-360 = 2186820202343172631466406372285792654649158564828384065217121866374227745448 7764963889680817334211643637752157994969516984539482486678141304751672197524 0052350576247238785129338002757406892629970748212734663781952170745916609168 9358372359962787832802257421757011302526265184263565623426823456522539874717 61591019113926725623095606566457918240614767013806590649 RSA-370 RSA-370 has 370 decimal digits (1,227 bits), and has not been factored so far. RSA-370 = 1888287707234383972842703127997127272470910519387718062380985523004987076701 7212819937261952549039800018961122586712624661442288502745681454363170484690 7379449525034797494321694352146271320296579623726631094822493455672541491544 2700993152879235272779266578292207161032746297546080025793864030543617862620 878802244305286292772467355603044265985905970622730682658082529621 RSA-380 RSA-380 has 380 decimal digits (1,261 bits), and has not been factored so far. RSA-380 = 3013500443120211600356586024101276992492167997795839203528363236610578565791 8270750937407901898070219843622821090980641477056850056514799336625349678549 2187941807116344787358312651772858878058620717489800725333606564197363165358 2237779263423501952646847579678711825720733732734169866406145425286581665755 6977260763553328252421574633011335112031733393397168350585519524478541747311 RSA-390 RSA-390 has 390 decimal digits (1,294 bits), and has not been factored so far. RSA-390 = 2680401941182388454501037079346656065366941749082852678729822424397709178250 4623002472848967604282562331676313645413672467684996118812899734451228212989 1630084759485063423604911639099585186833094019957687550377834977803400653628 6955344904367437281870253414058414063152368812498486005056223028285341898040 0795447435865033046248751475297412398697088084321037176392288312785544402209 1083492089 RSA-400 RSA-400 has 400 decimal digits (1,327 bits), and has not been factored so far. RSA-400 = 2014096878945207511726700485783442547915321782072704356103039129009966793396 1419850865094551022604032086955587930913903404388675137661234189428453016032 6191193056768564862615321256630010268346471747836597131398943140685464051631 7519403149294308737302321684840956395183222117468443578509847947119995373645 3607109795994713287610750434646825511120586422993705980787028106033008907158 74500584758146849481 RSA-410 RSA-410 has 410 decimal digits (1,360 bits), and has not been factored so far. RSA-410 = 1965360147993876141423945274178745707926269294439880746827971120992517421770 1079138139324539033381077755540830342989643633394137538983355218902490897764 4412968474332754608531823550599154905901691559098706892516477785203855688127 0635069372091564594333528156501293924133186705141485137856845741766150159437 6063244163040088180887087028771717321932252992567756075264441680858665410918 431223215368025334985424358839 RSA-420 RSA-420 has 420 decimal digits (1,393 bits), and has not been factored so far. RSA-420 = 2091366302476510731652556423163330737009653626605245054798522959941292730258 1898373570076188752609749648953525484925466394800509169219344906273145413634 2427186266197097846022969248579454916155633686388106962365337549155747268356 4666583846809964354191550136023170105917441056517493690125545320242581503730 3405952887826925813912683942756431114820292313193705352716165790132673270514 3817744164107601735413785886836578207979 RSA-430 RSA-430 has 430 decimal digits (1,427 bits), and has not been factored so far. RSA-430 = 3534635645620271361541209209607897224734887106182307093292005188843884213420 6950355315163258889704268733101305820000124678051064321160104990089741386777 2424190744453885127173046498565488221441242210687945185565975582458031351338 2070785777831859308900851761495284515874808406228585310317964648830289141496 3289966226854692560410075067278840383808716608668377947047236323168904650235 70092246473915442026549955865931709542468648109541 RSA-440 RSA-440 has 440 decimal digits (1,460 bits), and has not been factored so far. RSA-440 = 2601428211955602590070788487371320550539810804595235289423508589663391270837 4310252674800592426746319007978890065337573160541942868114065643853327229484 5029942332226171123926606357523257736893667452341192247905168387893684524818 0307729497304959710847337973805145673263119916483529703607405432752966630781 2234597766390750441445314408171802070904072739275930410299359006059619305590 701939627725296116299946059898442103959412221518213407370491 RSA-450 RSA-450 has 450 decimal digits (1,493 bits), and has not been factored so far. RSA-450 = 1984634237142836623497230721861131427789462869258862089878538009871598692569 0078791591684242367262529704652673686711493985446003494265587358393155378115 8032447061155145160770580926824366573211993981662614635734812647448360573856 3132247491715526997278115514905618953253443957435881503593414842367096046182 7643434794849824315251510662855699269624207451365738384255497823390996283918 3287667419172988072221996532403300258906083211160744508191024837057033 RSA-460 RSA-460 has 460 decimal digits (1,526 bits), and has not been factored so far. RSA-460 = 1786856020404004433262103789212844585886400086993882955081051578507634807524 1464078819812169681394445771476334608488687746254318292828603396149562623036 3564554675355258128655971003201417831521222464468666642766044146641933788836 8932452217321354860484353296131403821175862890998598653858373835628654351880 4806362231643082386848731052350115776715521149453708868428108303016983133390 0416365515466857004900847501644808076825638918266848964153626486460448430073 4909 RSA-1536 RSA-1536 has 463 decimal digits (1,536 bits), and has not been factored so far. $150,000 was previously offered for successful factorization. RSA-1536 = 184769970321174147430683562020016440301854933866341017147178577491065169671 116124985933768430543574458561606154457179405222971773252466096064694607124 962372044202226975675668737842756238950876467844093328515749657884341508847 552829818672645133986336493190808467199043187438128336350279547028265329780 293491615581188104984490831954500984839377522725705257859194499387007369575 568843693381277961308923039256969525326162082367649031603655137144791393234 7169566988069 RSA-470 RSA-470 has 470 decimal digits (1,559 bits), and has not been factored so far. RSA-470 = 1705147378468118520908159923888702802518325585214915968358891836980967539803 6897711442383602526314519192366612270595815510311970886116763177669964411814 0957486602388713064698304619191359016382379244440741228665455229545368837485 5874455212895044521809620818878887632439504936237680657994105330538621759598 4047709603954312447692725276887594590658792939924609261264788572032212334726 8553025718835659126454325220771380103576695555550710440908570895393205649635 76770285413369 RSA-480 RSA-480 has 480 decimal digits (1,593 bits), and has not been factored so far. RSA-480 = 3026570752950908697397302503155918035891122835769398583955296326343059761445 7144169659817040125185215913853345598217234371231338324773210726853524776378 4105186549246199888070331088462855743520880671299302895546822695492968577380 7067958428022008294111984222973260208233693152589211629901686973933487362360 8129660418514569063995282978176790149760521395548532814196534676974259747930 6858645849268328985687423881853632604706175564461719396117318298679820785491 875674946700413680932103 RSA-490 RSA-490 has 490 decimal digits (1,626 bits), and has not been factored so far. RSA-490 = 1860239127076846517198369354026076875269515930592839150201028353837031025971 3738522164743327949206433999068225531855072554606782138800841162866037393324 6578171804201717222449954030315293547871401362961501065002486552688663415745 9758925793594165651020789220067311416926076949777767604906107061937873540601 5942747316176193775374190713071154900658503269465516496828568654377183190586 9537640698044932638893492457914750855858980849190488385315076922453755527481 1376719096144119390052199027715691 RSA-500 RSA-500 has 500 decimal digits (1,659 bits) and has not been factored so far. RSA-500 = 1897194133748626656330534743317202527237183591953428303184581123062450458870 7687605943212347625766427494554764419515427586743205659317254669946604982419 7301601038125215285400688031516401611623963128370629793265939405081077581694 4786041721411024641038040278701109808664214800025560454687625137745393418221 5494821277335671735153472656328448001134940926442438440198910908603252678814 7850601132077287172819942445113232019492229554237898606631074891074722425617 39680319169243814676235712934292299974411361 RSA-617 RSA-617 has 617 decimal digits (2,048 bits) and has not been factored so far. RSA-617 = 2270180129378501419358040512020458674106123596276658390709402187921517148311 9139894870133091111044901683400949483846818299518041763507948922590774925466 0881718792594659210265970467004498198990968620394600177430944738110569912941 2854289188085536270740767072259373777266697344097736124333639730805176309150 6836310795312607239520365290032105848839507981452307299417185715796297454995 0235053160409198591937180233074148804462179228008317660409386563445710347785 5345712108053073639453592393265186603051504106096643731332367283153932350006 7937107541955437362433248361242525945868802353916766181532375855504886901432 221349733 RSA-2048 RSA-2048 has 617 decimal digits (2,048 bits). It is the largest of the RSA numbers and carried the largest cash prize for its factorization, $200,000. RSA-2048 = 2519590847565789349402718324004839857142928212620403202777713783604366202070 7595556264018525880784406918290641249515082189298559149176184502808489120072 8449926873928072877767359714183472702618963750149718246911650776133798590957 0009733045974880842840179742910064245869181719511874612151517265463228221686 9987549182422433637259085141865462043576798423387184774447920739934236584823 8242811981638150106748104516603773060562016196762561338441436038339044149526 3443219011465754445417842402092461651572335077870774981712577246796292638635 6373289912154831438167899885040445364023527381951378636564391212010397122822 120720357 See also Integer factorization records RSA Factoring Challenge (includes table with size and status of all numbers) RSA Secret-Key Challenge Notes ^ RSA Laboratories. "RSA Factoring Challenge". Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ RSA Laboratories. "The RSA Factoring Challenge FAQ". Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ a b c d e f g h i RSA Factoring Challenge Administrator ([email protected]) (January 30, 2002) . "RSA Honor Roll". [email protected] (Mailing list). Archived from the original on September 9, 2023 – via Ray Ontko. ^ a b "Archive for the 'RSA' Category". Cryptography Watch. July 9, 1993. p. 2. Archived from the original on January 8, 2009. ^ a b Dixon, Brandon; Lenstra, Arjen K. (1994). "Factoring Integers Using SIMD Sieves". In Helleseth, Tor (ed.). Advances in Cryptology — EUROCRYPT '93. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 765. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer (published July 13, 2001). pp. 28–39. doi:10.1007/3-540-48285-7_3. ISBN 978-3-540-48285-7. S2CID 21157010 – via SpringerLink. ^ a b chris2be8 (March 27, 2012). "Distributed polynomial selection". mersenneforum.org. Archived from the original on July 2, 2023. Retrieved June 8, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Denny, T.; Dodson, B.; Lenstra, A. K.; Manasse, M. S. (1994). "On the factorization of RSA-120". In Stinson, Douglas R. (ed.). Advances in Cryptology — CRYPTO' 93. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 773. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer (published July 13, 2001). pp. 166–174. doi:10.1007/3-540-48329-2_15. ISBN 978-3-540-48329-8 – via SpringerLink. ^ Atkins, Derek; Graff, Michael; Lenstra, Arjen K.; Leyland, Paul C. "The Magic Words Are Squeamish Ossifrage". Derek Atkins (PostScript document). Archived from the original on September 9, 2023. Retrieved November 24, 2009 – via Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ^ Janeba, Mark (1994) . "Factoring Challenge Conquered - With a Little Help From Willamette". Prof. Mark Janeba's Framed Home Page. Archived from the original on September 2, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2008 – via Willamette University. ^ McHugh, Nathaniel (March 26, 2015). "The Magic Words are Squeamish Ossifrage - factoring RSA-129 using CADO-NFS". Nat McHugh: Transient Random-Noise Bursts with Announcements. Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK. Archived from the original on September 2, 2023. Retrieved May 25, 2016 – via Blogger. ^ Lenstra, Arjen K.; Cowie, Jim; Elkenbracht-Huizing, Marije; Furmanski, Wojtek; Montgomery, Peter L.; Weber, Damian; Zayer, Joerg (April 12, 1996) . Caldwell, Chris (ed.). "Factorization of RSA-130". NMBRTHRY (Mailing list). PrimePages: prime number research records and results. Archived from the original on September 2, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2008 – via Notes, Proofs and other Comments. ^ Riele, Herman te; Cavallar, Stefania; Dodson, Bruce; Lenstra, Arjen; Leyland, Paul; Lioen, Walter; Montgomery, Peter; Murphy, Brian; Zimmermann, Paul (February 4, 1999) . "Factorization of RSA-140 using the Number Field Sieve". Number Theory List <[email protected]> (Mailing list). North Dakota University System. Archived from the original on December 8, 2004. Retrieved March 10, 2008. ^ "RSA-140 is factored!". Other Activities: Cryptographic Challenges: The RSA Factoring Challenge. RSA Laboratories. RSA Security. Archived from the original on December 30, 2006. Retrieved March 10, 2008. ^ Riele, Herman te (August 26, 1999). "New factorization record: Factorization of a 512-bits RSA key using the Number Field Sieve". Number Theory List <[email protected]> (Mailing list). North Dakota University System. Archived from the original on December 31, 2004. Retrieved March 10, 2008. On August 22, 1999, we found that the 512-bits number RSA-155 ... ^ "RSA-155 is factored!". Other Activities: Cryptographic Challenges: The RSA Factoring Challenge. RSA Laboratories. RSA Security. Archived from the original on December 30, 2006. Retrieved March 10, 2008. ^ Bahr, F.; Franke, J.; Kleinjung, T.; Lochter, M.; Böhm, M. (April 1, 2003). Franke, Jens (ed.). "RSA-160". Paul Zimmermann, Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications. Archived from the original on September 2, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2008. We have factored RSA160 by gnfs. ^ RSA Laboratories, RSA-160 is factored! Archived 2006-12-30 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2008-03-10. ^ D. Bonenberger and M. Krone, RSA-170 Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2010-03-08. ^ Danilov, S. A.; Popovyan, I. A. (May 9, 2010). "Factorization of RSA-180" (PDF). Cryptology ePrint Archive. ^ Jens Franke (2003-12-03), RSA576 (repost of announcement of the factorization). Retrieved on 2008-03-10. ^ Eric W. Weisstein (2005-12-05), RSA-576 Factored at MathWorld. Retrieved on 2008-03-10. ^ RSA Laboratories, RSA-576 is factored! Archived 2006-12-24 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2008-03-10. ^ Danilov, S. A.; Popovyan, I. A. (2010). "Factorization of RSA-180". Cryptology ePrint Archive. Retrieved May 12, 2010. ^ I. Popovyan, A. Timofeev (November 8, 2010). "RSA-190 factored". mersenneforum.org. Retrieved November 10, 2010. ^ RSA Laboratories, RSA-640 is factored! Archived 2007-01-04 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2008-03-10. ^ Jens Franke (2005-11-04), We have factored RSA640 by GNFS Archived 2008-06-16 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2008-03-10. ^ Eric W. Weisstein (2005-11-08), RSA-640 Factored at MathWorld. Retrieved on 2008-03-10. ^ a b Thorsten Kleinjung (2005-05-09), We have factored RSA200 by GNFS Archived 2008-03-22 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2008-03-10. ^ RSA Laboratories, RSA-200 is factored!. Retrieved on 2017-01-25. ^ "mersenneforum.org - View Single Post - RSA-210 factored". www.mersenneforum.org. Retrieved February 10, 2024. ^ Factorisation of RSA-704 with CADO-NFS Archived 2012-07-02 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Bai, Shi (July 2, 2012). "Factorization of RSA704". NMBRTHRY (Mailing list). Retrieved July 3, 2012. ^ Zimmermann, Paul (May 13, 2016). "Factorisation of RSA-220 with CADO-NFS". Cado-nfs-discuss (Mailing list). Archived from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2016. ^ Gross, Samuel. "The Factorization of RSA-230". cado-nfs-discuss. Archived from the original on August 23, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2018. ^ "RSA-232 number has been factored – ИВМ РАН". February 17, 2020. Retrieved February 10, 2024. ^ Zheltkov, Dmitry; Zamarashkin, Nikolai; Matveev, Sergey (2023). Voevodin, Vladimir; Sobolev, Sergey; Yakobovskiy, Mikhail; Shagaliev, Rashit (eds.). "How to Make Lanczos-Montgomery Fast on Modern Supercomputers?". Supercomputing. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland: 114–128. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-49432-1_9. ISBN 978-3-031-49432-1. ^ Zheltkov, Dmitry; Zamarashkin, Nikolai; Matveev, Sergey (2023), Voevodin, Vladimir; Sobolev, Sergey; Yakobovskiy, Mikhail; Shagaliev, Rashit (eds.), "How to Make Lanczos-Montgomery Fast on Modern Supercomputers?", Supercomputing, vol. 14388, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, pp. 114–128, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-49432-1_9, ISBN 978-3-031-49431-4, retrieved February 10, 2024 ^ a b Kleinjung, Thorsten; Aoki, Kazumaro; Franke, Jens; Lenstra, Arjen; Thomé, Emmanuel; Bos, Joppe; Gaudry, Pierrick; Kruppa, Alexander; Montgomery, Peter (2010), Factorization of a 768-bit RSA modulus, retrieved February 10, 2024 ^ " 795-bit factoring and discrete logarithms". Archived from the original on December 3, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2019. ^ " Factorization of RSA-250". Archived from the original on February 28, 2020. Retrieved February 28, 2020. References RSA Factoring Challenge Administrator (1997-10-12), RSA Challenge List RSA Laboratories, The RSA Challenge Numbers (archived by the Internet Archive in 2006, before the RSA challenge ended) RSA Laboratories, "Challenge numbers in text format". Archived from the original on May 21, 2013. Kazumaro Aoki, Yuji Kida, Takeshi Shimoyama, Hiroki Ueda, GNFS Factoring Statistics of RSA-100, 110, ..., 150, Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2004/095, 2004 External links Steven Levy (March 1996), Wisecrackers in Wired News. coverage on RSA-129	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"semiprimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiprimes"},{"link_name":"prime factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_factor"},{"link_name":"RSA Factoring Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_Factoring_Challenge"},{"link_name":"RSA Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_Security"},{"link_name":"computational number theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_number_theory"},{"link_name":"factoring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_factorization"},{"link_name":"integers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSAfactoring-challenge-1"},{"link_name":"RSA Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"initialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialism"},{"link_name":"decimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RSA_numbers&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSAfactoring-challenge-faq-2"},{"link_name":"binary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_numeral_system"}],"text":"In mathematics, the RSA numbers are a set of large semiprimes (numbers with exactly two prime factors) that were part of the RSA Factoring Challenge. The challenge was to find the prime factors of each number. It was created by RSA Laboratories in March 1991 to encourage research into computational number theory and the practical difficulty of factoring large integers. The challenge was ended in 2007.[1]RSA Laboratories (which is an initialism of the creators of the technique; Rivest, Shamir and Adleman) published a number of semiprimes with 100 to 617 decimal digits. Cash prizes of varying size, up to US$200,000 (and prizes up to $20,000 awarded), were offered for factorization of some of them. The smallest RSA number was factored in a few days. Most of the numbers have still not been factored and many of them are expected to remain unfactored for many years to come. As of February 2020[update], the smallest 23 of the 54 listed numbers have been factored.While the RSA challenge officially ended in 2007, people are still attempting to find the factorizations. According to RSA Laboratories, \"Now that the industry has a considerably more advanced understanding of the cryptanalytic strength of common symmetric-key and public-key algorithms, these challenges are no longer active.\"[2] Some of the smaller prizes had been awarded at the time. The remaining prizes were retracted.The first RSA numbers generated, from RSA-100 to RSA-500, were labeled according to their number of decimal digits. Later, beginning with RSA-576, binary digits are counted instead. An exception to this is RSA-617, which was created before the change in the numbering scheme. The numbers are listed in increasing order below.Note: until work on this article is finished, please check both the table and the list, since they include different values and different information.","title":"RSA numbers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arjen K. Lenstra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjen_Lenstra"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSA_Honor_Roll-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cryptowatch_RSA_pg._2-4"},{"link_name":"the multiple-polynomial quadratic sieve algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_sieve"},{"link_name":"MasPar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MasPar"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lenstra-5"},{"link_name":"Athlon 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlon_64"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mersenneforum.org-6"}],"text":"RSA-100 has 100 decimal digits (330 bits). Its factorization was announced on April 1, 1991, by Arjen K. Lenstra.[3][4] Reportedly, the factorization took a few days using the multiple-polynomial quadratic sieve algorithm on a MasPar parallel computer.[5]The value and factorization of RSA-100 are as follows:RSA-100 = 1522605027922533360535618378132637429718068114961380688657908494580122963258952897654000350692006139RSA-100 = 37975227936943673922808872755445627854565536638199\n × 40094690950920881030683735292761468389214899724061It takes four hours to repeat this factorization using the program Msieve on a 2200 MHz Athlon 64 processor.The number can be factorized in 72 minutes on overclocked to 3.5 GHz Intel Core2 Quad q9300, using GGNFS and Msieve binaries running by distributed version of the factmsieve Perl script.[6]","title":"RSA-100"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arjen K. Lenstra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjen_Lenstra"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cryptowatch_RSA_pg._2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lenstra-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mersenneforum.org-6"}],"text":"RSA-110 has 110 decimal digits (364 bits), and was factored in April 1992 by Arjen K. Lenstra and Mark S. Manasse in approximately one month.[4][5]The number can be factorized in less than four hours on overclocked to 3.5 GHz Intel Core2 Quad q9300, using GGNFS and Msieve binaries running by distributed version of the factmsieve Perl script.[6]The value and factorization are as follows:RSA-110 = 35794234179725868774991807832568455403003778024228226193532908190484670252364677411513516111204504060317568667RSA-110 = 6122421090493547576937037317561418841225758554253106999\n × 5846418214406154678836553182979162384198610505601062333","title":"RSA-110"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"RSA-120 has 120 decimal digits (397 bits), and was factored in June 1993 by Thomas Denny, Bruce Dodson, Arjen K. Lenstra, and Mark S. Manasse.[7] The computation took under three months of actual computer time.The value and factorization are as follows:RSA-120 = 227010481295437363334259960947493668895875336466084780038173258247009162675779735389791151574049166747880487470296548479RSA-120 = 327414555693498015751146303749141488063642403240171463406883\n × 693342667110830181197325401899700641361965863127336680673013","title":"RSA-120"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner"},{"link_name":"Mathematical Games column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Games_column"},{"link_name":"Scientific American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSA_Honor_Roll-3"},{"link_name":"Derek Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Atkins"},{"link_name":"Michael Graff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Graff"},{"link_name":"Arjen K. Lenstra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjen_Lenstra"},{"link_name":"Paul Leyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Leyland"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"Free Software Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Multiple Polynomial Quadratic Sieve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_Polynomial_Quadratic_Sieve"},{"link_name":"The Magic Words are Squeamish Ossifrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_Words_are_Squeamish_Ossifrage"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"RSA-129, having 129 decimal digits (426 bits), was not part of the 1991 RSA Factoring Challenge, but rather related to Martin Gardner's Mathematical Games column in the August 1977 issue of Scientific American.[3]RSA-129 was factored in April 1994 by a team led by Derek Atkins, Michael Graff, Arjen K. Lenstra and Paul Leyland, using approximately 1600 computers[8] from around 600 volunteers connected over the Internet.[9] A US$100 token prize was awarded by RSA Security for the factorization, which was donated to the Free Software Foundation.The value and factorization are as follows:RSA-129 = 114381625757888867669235779976146612010218296721242362562561842935706935245733897830597123563958705058989075147599290026879543541RSA-129 = 3490529510847650949147849619903898133417764638493387843990820577\n × 32769132993266709549961988190834461413177642967992942539798288533The factorization was found using the Multiple Polynomial Quadratic Sieve algorithm.The factoring challenge included a message encrypted with RSA-129. When decrypted using the factorization the message was revealed to be \"The Magic Words are Squeamish Ossifrage\".In 2015, RSA-129 was factored in about one day, with the CADO-NFS open source implementation of number field sieve, using a commercial cloud computing service for about $30.[10]","title":"RSA-129"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arjen K. Lenstra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjen_Lenstra"},{"link_name":"Jim Cowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Cowie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marije Elkenbracht-Huizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marije_Elkenbracht-Huizing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wojtek Furmanski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wojtek_Furmanski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peter L. Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Montgomery_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"Damian Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damian_Weber&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joerg Zayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joerg_Zayer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Number Field Sieve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_Field_Sieve"},{"link_name":"polynomial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial"}],"text":"RSA-130 has 130 decimal digits (430 bits), and was factored on April 10, 1996, by a team led by Arjen K. Lenstra and composed of Jim Cowie, Marije Elkenbracht-Huizing, Wojtek Furmanski, Peter L. Montgomery, Damian Weber and Joerg Zayer.[11]The value and factorization are as follows:RSA-130 = 1807082088687404805951656164405905566278102516769401349170127021450056662540244048387341127590812303371781887966563182013214880557RSA-130 = 39685999459597454290161126162883786067576449112810064832555157243\n × 45534498646735972188403686897274408864356301263205069600999044599The factorization was found using the Number Field Sieve algorithm and the polynomial5748302248738405200 x5 + 9882261917482286102 x4\n- 13392499389128176685 x3 + 16875252458877684989 x2\n+ 3759900174855208738 x1 - 46769930553931905995which has a root of 12574411168418005980468 modulo RSA-130.","title":"RSA-130"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Herman te Riele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_te_Riele"},{"link_name":"Stefania Cavallar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stefania_Cavallar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arjen K. Lenstra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjen_Lenstra"},{"link_name":"Walter Lioen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Lioen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brian Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_Murphy_(mathematician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paul Zimmermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Zimmermann_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Number Field Sieve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_Field_Sieve"},{"link_name":"MIPS-years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MIPS-year&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"RSA-140 has 140 decimal digits (463 bits), and was factored on February 2, 1999, by a team led by Herman te Riele and composed of Stefania Cavallar, Bruce Dodson, Arjen K. Lenstra, Paul Leyland, Walter Lioen, Peter L. Montgomery, Brian Murphy and Paul Zimmermann.[12][13]The value and factorization are as follows:RSA-140 = 21290246318258757547497882016271517497806703963277216278233383215381949984056495911366573853021918316783107387995317230889569230873441936471RSA-140 = 3398717423028438554530123627613875835633986495969597423490929302771479\n × 6264200187401285096151654948264442219302037178623509019111660653946049The factorization was found using the Number Field Sieve algorithm and an estimated 2000 MIPS-years of computing time.","title":"RSA-140"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"general number field sieve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_number_field_sieve"}],"text":"RSA-150 has 150 decimal digits (496 bits), and was withdrawn from the challenge by RSA Security. RSA-150 was eventually factored into two 75-digit primes by Aoki et al. in 2004 using the general number field sieve (GNFS), years after bigger RSA numbers that were still part of the challenge had been solved.The value and factorization are as follows:RSA-150 = 155089812478348440509606754370011861770654545830995430655466945774312632703463465954363335027577729025391453996787414027003501631772186840890795964683RSA-150 = 348009867102283695483970451047593424831012817350385456889559637548278410717\n × 445647744903640741533241125787086176005442536297766153493419724532460296199","title":"RSA-150"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arjen K. Lenstra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjen_Lenstra"},{"link_name":"Karen Aardal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Aardal"},{"link_name":"Jeff Gilchrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeff_Gilchrist&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gerard Guillerm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerard_Guillerm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joel Marchand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joel_Marchand&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"François Morain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Morain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alec Muffett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Muffett"},{"link_name":"Chris Putnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Putnam"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"general number field sieve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_number_field_sieve"},{"link_name":"MIPS-years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MIPS-year&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"RSA-155 has 155 decimal digits (512 bits), and was factored on August 22, 1999, in a span of six months, by a team led by Herman te Riele and composed of Stefania Cavallar, Bruce Dodson, Arjen K. Lenstra, Walter Lioen, Peter L. Montgomery, Brian Murphy, Karen Aardal, Jeff Gilchrist, Gerard Guillerm, Paul Leyland, Joel Marchand, François Morain, Alec Muffett, Craig Putnam, Chris Putnam and Paul Zimmermann.[14][15]The value and factorization are as follows:RSA-155 = 10941738641570527421809707322040357612003732945449205990913842131476349984288934784717997257891267332497625752899781833797076537244027146743531593354333897RSA-155 = 1026395928297411057720541965739916759007165678080380668033419335217907113077\n 79\n × 1066034883801684548209272203600128786792079585759892915222706082371930628086\n 43The factorization was found using the general number field sieve algorithm and an estimated 8000 MIPS-years of computing time.","title":"RSA-155"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Bonn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bonn"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Federal Office for Information Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Office_for_Information_Security"},{"link_name":"J. Franke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Franke"},{"link_name":"T. Kleinjung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thorsten_Kleinjung&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"general number field sieve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_number_field_sieve"}],"text":"RSA-160 has 160 decimal digits (530 bits), and was factored on April 1, 2003, by a team from the University of Bonn and the German Federal Office for Information Security (BSI). The team contained J. Franke, F. Bahr, T. Kleinjung, M. Lochter, and M. Böhm.[16][17]The value and factorization are as follows:RSA-160 = 2152741102718889701896015201312825429257773588845675980170497676778133145218859135673011059773491059602497907111585214302079314665202840140619946994927570407753RSA-160 = 4542789285848139407168619064973883165613714577846979325095998470925000415733\n 5359\n × 4738809060383201619663383230378895197326892292104095794474135464881202849390\n 9367The factorization was found using the general number field sieve algorithm.","title":"RSA-160"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fachhochschule Braunschweig/Wolfenbüttel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fachhochschule_Braunschweig/Wolfenb%C3%BCttel"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"general number field sieve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_number_field_sieve"}],"text":"RSA-170 has 170 decimal digits (563 bits) and was first factored on December 29, 2009, by D. Bonenberger and M. Krone from Fachhochschule Braunschweig/Wolfenbüttel.[18] An independent factorization was completed by S. A. Danilov and I. A. Popovyan two days later.[19]The value and factorization are as follows:RSA-170 = 26062623684139844921529879266674432197085925380486406416164785191859999628542069361450283931914514618683512198164805919882053057222974116478065095809832377336510711545759RSA-170 = 3586420730428501486799804587268520423291459681059978161140231860633948450858\n 040593963\n × 7267029064107019078863797763923946264136137803856996670313708936002281582249\n 587494493The factorization was found using the general number field sieve algorithm.","title":"RSA-170"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"general number field sieve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_number_field_sieve"}],"text":"RSA-576 has 174 decimal digits (576 bits), and was factored on December 3, 2003, by J. Franke and T. Kleinjung from the University of Bonn.[20][21][22] A cash prize of $10,000 was offered by RSA Security for a successful factorization.The value and factorization are as follows:RSA-576 = 188198812920607963838697239461650439807163563379417382700763356422988859715234665485319060606504743045317388011303396716199692321205734031879550656996221305168759307650257059RSA-576 = 3980750864240649373971255005503864911990643623425267084063851895759463889572\n 61768583317\n × 4727721461074353025362230719730482246329146953020971164598521711305207112563\n 63590397527The factorization was found using the general number field sieve algorithm.","title":"RSA-576"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moscow State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_State_University"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"general number field sieve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_number_field_sieve"}],"text":"RSA-180 has 180 decimal digits (596 bits), and was factored on May 8, 2010, by S. A. Danilov and I. A. Popovyan from Moscow State University, Russia.[23]RSA-180 = 1911479277189866096892294666314546498129862462766673548641885036388072607034\n 3679905877620136513516127813425829612810920004670291298456875280033022177775\n 2773957404540495707851421041RSA-180 = 4007800823297508779525813391041005725268293178158071765648821789984975727719\n 50624613470377\n × 4769396887386118369955354773570708579399020760277882320319897758246062255957\n 73435668861833The factorization was found using the general number field sieve algorithm implementation running on three Intel Core i7 PCs.","title":"RSA-180"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CWI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrum_Wiskunde_%26_Informatica"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"RSA-190 has 190 decimal digits (629 bits), and was factored on November 8, 2010, by I. A. Popovyan from Moscow State University, Russia, and A. Timofeev from CWI, Netherlands.[24]RSA-190 = 1907556405060696491061450432646028861081179759533184460647975622318915025587\n 1841757540549761551215932934922604641526300932385092466032074171247261215808\n 58185985938946945490481721756401423481RSA-190 = 3171195257690152709485171289740475929805147316029450327784761927832793642798\n 1256542415724309619\n × 6015260020444561641587641685526676183243543359471811072599763828083615704046\n 0481625355619404899","title":"RSA-190"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"AMD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Devices"},{"link_name":"Opteron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opteron"},{"link_name":"CPUs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit"}],"text":"RSA-640 has 193 decimal digits (640 bits). A cash prize of US$20,000 was offered by RSA Security for a successful factorization. On November 2, 2005, F. Bahr, M. Boehm, J. Franke and T. Kleinjung of the German Federal Office for Information Security announced that they had factorized the number using GNFS as follows:[25][26][27]RSA-640 = 3107418240490043721350750035888567930037346022842727545720161948823206440518\n 0815045563468296717232867824379162728380334154710731085019195485290073377248\n 22783525742386454014691736602477652346609RSA-640 = 1634733645809253848443133883865090859841783670033092312181110852389333100104\n 508151212118167511579\n × 1900871281664822113126851573935413975471896789968515493666638539088027103802\n 104498957191261465571The computation took five months on 80 2.2 GHz AMD Opteron CPUs.The slightly larger RSA-200 was factored in May 2005 by the same team.","title":"RSA-640"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Two hundred digit number factored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikinews.org/wiki/Two_hundred_digit_number_factored"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-announce-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"GHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GHz"},{"link_name":"Opteron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opteron"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-announce-28"}],"text":"Wikinews has related news:\n Two hundred digit number factoredRSA-200 has 200 decimal digits (663 bits), and factors into the two 100-digit primes given below.On May 9, 2005, F. Bahr, M. Boehm, J. Franke, and T. Kleinjung announced[28][29] that they had factorized the number using GNFS as follows:RSA-200 = 2799783391122132787082946763872260162107044678695542853756000992932612840010\n 7609345671052955360856061822351910951365788637105954482006576775098580557613\n 579098734950144178863178946295187237869221823983RSA-200 = 3532461934402770121272604978198464368671197400197625023649303468776121253679\n 423200058547956528088349\n × 7925869954478333033347085841480059687737975857364219960734330341455767872818\n 152135381409304740185467The CPU time spent on finding these factors by a collection of parallel computers amounted – very approximately – to the equivalent of 75 years work for a single 2.2 GHz Opteron-based computer.[28] Note that while this approximation serves to suggest the scale of the effort, it leaves out many complicating factors; the announcement states it more precisely.","title":"RSA-200"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"RSA-210 has 210 decimal digits (696 bits) and was factored in September 2013 by Ryan Propper:[30]RSA-210 = 2452466449002782119765176635730880184670267876783327597434144517150616008300\n 3858721695220839933207154910362682719167986407977672324300560059203563124656\n 1218465817904100131859299619933817012149335034875870551067RSA-210 = 4359585683259407917999519653872144063854709102652201963187054821445240853452\n 75999740244625255428455944579\n × 5625457617268841037562770073044474817438769440075105451049468510945483965774\n 79473472146228550799322939273","title":"RSA-210"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"RSA-704 has 212 decimal digits (704 bits), and was factored by Shi Bai, Emmanuel Thomé and Paul Zimmermann.[31] The factorization was announced July 2, 2012.[32] A cash prize of US$30,000 was previously offered for a successful factorization.RSA-704 = 7403756347956171282804679609742957314259318888923128908493623263897276503402\n 8266276891996419625117843995894330502127585370118968098286733173273108930900\n 552505116877063299072396380786710086096962537934650563796359RSA-704 = 9091213529597818878440658302600437485892608310328358720428512168960411528640\n 933367824950788367956756806141\n × 8143859259110045265727809126284429335877899002167627883200914172429324360133\n 004116702003240828777970252499","title":"RSA-704"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"RSA-220 has 220 decimal digits (729 bits), and was factored by S. Bai, P. Gaudry, A. Kruppa, E. Thomé and P. Zimmermann. The factorization was announced on May 13, 2016.[33]RSA-220 = 2260138526203405784941654048610197513508038915719776718321197768109445641817\n 9666766085931213065825772506315628866769704480700018111497118630021124879281\n 99487482066070131066586646083327982803560379205391980139946496955261RSA-220 = 6863656412267566274382371499288437800130842239979164844621244993321541061441\n 4642667938213644208420192054999687\n × 3292907439486349812049301549212935291916455196536233952462686051169290349309\n 4652463337824866390738191765712603","title":"RSA-220"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"RSA-230 has 230 decimal digits (762 bits), and was factored by Samuel S. Gross on August 15, 2018.[34]RSA-230 = 1796949159794106673291612844957324615636756180801260007088891883553172646034\n 1490933493372247868650755230855864199929221814436684722874052065257937495694\n 3483892631711525225256544109808191706117425097024407180103648316382885188526\n 89RSA-230 = 4528450358010492026612439739120166758911246047493700040073956759261590397250\n 033699357694507193523000343088601688589\n × 3968132623150957588532394439049887341769533966621957829426966084093049516953\n 598120833228447171744337427374763106901","title":"RSA-230"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rsa232-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rsa232paper-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"RSA-232 has 232 decimal digits (768 bits), and was factored on February 17, 2020, by N. L. Zamarashkin, D. A. Zheltkov and S. A. Matveev.[35][36][37]RSA-232 = 1009881397871923546909564894309468582818233821955573955141120516205831021338\n 5285453743661097571543636649133800849170651699217015247332943892702802343809\n 6090980497644054071120196541074755382494867277137407501157718230539834060616\n 2079RSA-232 = 2966909333208360660361779924242630634742946262521852394401857157419437019472\n 3262390744910112571804274494074452751891\n × 3403816175197563438006609498491521420547121760734723172735163413276050706174\n 8526506443144325148088881115083863017669","title":"RSA-232"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arjen K. Lenstra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjen_Lenstra"},{"link_name":"Peter Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Montgomery_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"Paul Zimmermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Zimmermann_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rsa768-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rsa768-38"}],"text":"RSA-768 has 232 decimal digits (768 bits), and was factored on December 12, 2009, over the span of two years, by Thorsten Kleinjung, Kazumaro Aoki, Jens Franke, Arjen K. Lenstra, Emmanuel Thomé, Pierrick Gaudry, Alexander Kruppa, Peter Montgomery, Joppe W. Bos, Dag Arne Osvik, Herman te Riele, Andrey Timofeev, and Paul Zimmermann.[38]RSA-768 = 1230186684530117755130494958384962720772853569595334792197322452151726400507\n 2636575187452021997864693899564749427740638459251925573263034537315482685079\n 1702612214291346167042921431160222124047927473779408066535141959745985690214\n 3413RSA-768 = 3347807169895689878604416984821269081770479498371376856891243138898288379387\n 8002287614711652531743087737814467999489\n × 3674604366679959042824463379962795263227915816434308764267603228381573966651\n 1279233373417143396810270092798736308917The CPU time spent on finding these factors by a collection of parallel computers amounted approximately to the equivalent of almost 2000 years of computing on a single-core 2.2 GHz AMD Opteron-based computer.[38]","title":"RSA-768"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"RSA-240 has 240 decimal digits (795 bits), and was factored in November 2019 by Fabrice Boudot, Pierrick Gaudry, Aurore Guillevic, Nadia Heninger, Emmanuel Thomé and Paul Zimmermann.[39]RSA-240 = 1246203667817187840658350446081065904348203746516788057548187888832896668011\n 8821085503603957027250874750986476843845862105486553797025393057189121768431\n 8286362846948405301614416430468066875699415246993185704183030512549594371372\n 159029236099RSA-240 = 5094359522858399145550510235808437141326483820241114731866602965218212064697\n 46700620316443478873837606252372049619334517\n × 2446242088383181505678131390240028966538020925789314014520412213365584770951\n 78155258218897735030590669041302045908071447The CPU time spent on finding these factors amounted to approximately 900 core-years on a 2.1 GHz Intel Xeon Gold 6130 CPU. Compared to the factorization of RSA-768, the authors estimate that better algorithms sped their calculations by a factor of 3–4 and faster computers sped their calculation by a factor of 1.25–1.67.","title":"RSA-240"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Montgomery_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"computational number theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_number_theory"},{"link_name":"cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"RSA-250 has 250 decimal digits (829 bits), and was factored in February 2020 by Fabrice Boudot, Pierrick Gaudry, Aurore Guillevic, Nadia Heninger, Emmanuel Thomé, and Paul Zimmermann. The announcement of the factorization occurred on February 28.RSA-250 = 2140324650240744961264423072839333563008614715144755017797754920881418023447\n 1401366433455190958046796109928518724709145876873962619215573630474547705208\n 0511905649310668769159001975940569345745223058932597669747168173806936489469\n 9871578494975937497937RSA-250 = 6413528947707158027879019017057738908482501474294344720811685963202453234463\n 0238623598752668347708737661925585694639798853367\n × 3337202759497815655622601060535511422794076034476755466678452098702384172921\n 0037080257448673296881877565718986258036932062711The factorisation of RSA-250 utilised approximately 2700 CPU core-years, using a 2.1 GHz Intel Xeon Gold 6130 CPU as a reference. The computation was performed with the Number Field Sieve algorithm, using the open source CADO-NFS software.The team dedicated the computation to Peter Montgomery, an American mathematician known for his contributions to computational number theory and cryptography who died on February 18, 2020, and had contributed to factoring RSA-768.[40]","title":"RSA-250"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RSA-260 has 260 decimal digits (862 bits), and has not been factored so far.RSA-260 = 2211282552952966643528108525502623092761208950247001539441374831912882294140\n 2001986512729726569746599085900330031400051170742204560859276357953757185954\n 2988389587092292384910067030341246205457845664136645406842143612930176940208\n 46391065875914794251435144458199","title":"RSA-260"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RSA-270 has 270 decimal digits (895 bits), and has not been factored so far.RSA-270 = 2331085303444075445276376569106805241456198124803054490429486119684959182451\n 3578286788836931857711641821391926857265831491306067262691135402760979316634\n 1626693946596196427744273886601876896313468704059066746903123910748277606548\n 649151920812699309766587514735456594993207","title":"RSA-270"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RSA-896 has 270 decimal digits (896 bits), and has not been factored so far. A cash prize of $75,000 was previously offered for a successful factorization.RSA-896 = 4120234369866595438555313653325759481798116998443279828454556264338764455652\n 4842619809887042316184187926142024718886949256093177637503342113098239748515\n 0944909106910269861031862704114880866970564902903653658867433731720813104105\n 190864254793282601391257624033946373269391","title":"RSA-896"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RSA-280 has 280 decimal digits (928 bits), and has not been factored so far.RSA-280 = 1790707753365795418841729699379193276395981524363782327873718589639655966058\n 5783742549640396449103593468573113599487089842785784500698716853446786525536\n 5503525160280656363736307175332772875499505341538927978510751699922197178159\n 7724733184279534477239566789173532366357270583106789","title":"RSA-280"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RSA-290 has 290 decimal digits (962 bits), and has not been factored so far.RSA-290 = 3050235186294003157769199519894966400298217959748768348671526618673316087694\n 3419156362946151249328917515864630224371171221716993844781534383325603218163\n 2549201100649908073932858897185243836002511996505765970769029474322210394327\n 60575157628357292075495937664206199565578681309135044121854119","title":"RSA-290"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RSA-300 has 300 decimal digits (995 bits), and has not been factored so far.RSA-300 = 2769315567803442139028689061647233092237608363983953254005036722809375824714\n 9473946190060218756255124317186573105075074546238828817121274630072161346956\n 4396741836389979086904304472476001839015983033451909174663464663867829125664\n 459895575157178816900228792711267471958357574416714366499722090015674047","title":"RSA-300"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RSA-309 has 309 decimal digits (1,024 bits), and has not been factored so far.RSA-309 = 1332943998825757583801437794588036586217112243226684602854588261917276276670\n 5425540467426933349195015527349334314071822840746357352800368666521274057591\n 1870128339157499072351179666739658503429931021985160714113146720277365006623\n 6927218079163559142755190653347914002967258537889160429597714204365647842739\n 10949","title":"RSA-309"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RSA-1024 has 309 decimal digits (1,024 bits), and has not been factored so far. $100,000 was previously offered for factorization.RSA-1024 = 135066410865995223349603216278805969938881475605667027524485143851526510604\n 859533833940287150571909441798207282164471551373680419703964191743046496589\n 274256239341020864383202110372958725762358509643110564073501508187510676594\n 629205563685529475213500852879416377328533906109750544334999811150056977236\n 890927563","title":"RSA-1024"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RSA-310 has 310 decimal digits (1,028 bits), and has not been factored so far.RSA-310 = 1848210397825850670380148517702559371400899745254512521925707445580334710601\n 4125276757082979328578439013881047668984294331264191394626965245834649837246\n 5163148188847336415136873623631778358751846501708714541673402642461569061162\n 0116380982484120857688483676576094865930188367141388795454378671343386258291\n 687641","title":"RSA-310"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RSA-320 has 320 decimal digits (1,061 bits), and has not been factored so far.RSA-320 = 2136810696410071796012087414500377295863767938372793352315068620363196552357\n 8837094085435000951700943373838321997220564166302488321590128061531285010636\n 8571638978998117122840139210685346167726847173232244364004850978371121744321\n 8270343654835754061017503137136489303437996367224915212044704472299799616089\n 2591129924218437","title":"RSA-320"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RSA-330 has 330 decimal digits (1,094 bits), and has not been factored so far.RSA-330 = 1218708633106058693138173980143325249157710686226055220408666600017481383238\n 1352456802425903555880722805261111079089882303717632638856140900933377863089\n 0634828167900405006112727432172179976427017137792606951424995281839383708354\n 6364684839261149319768449396541020909665209789862312609604983709923779304217\n 01862444655244698696759267","title":"RSA-330"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RSA-340 has 340 decimal digits (1,128 bits), and has not been factored so far.RSA-340 = 2690987062294695111996484658008361875931308730357496490239672429933215694995\n 2758588771223263308836649715112756731997946779608413232406934433532048898585\n 9176676580752231563884394807622076177586625973975236127522811136600110415063\n 0004691128152106812042872285697735145105026966830649540003659922618399694276\n 990464815739966698956947129133275233","title":"RSA-340"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RSA-350 has 350 decimal digits (1,161 bits), and has not been factored so far.RSA-350 = 2650719995173539473449812097373681101529786464211583162467454548229344585504\n 3495841191504413349124560193160478146528433707807716865391982823061751419151\n 6068496555750496764686447379170711424873128631468168019548127029171231892127\n 2886825928263239383444398948209649800021987837742009498347263667908976501360\n 3382322972552204068806061829535529820731640151","title":"RSA-350"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RSA-360 has 360 decimal digits (1,194 bits), and has not been factored so far.RSA-360 = 2186820202343172631466406372285792654649158564828384065217121866374227745448\n 7764963889680817334211643637752157994969516984539482486678141304751672197524\n 0052350576247238785129338002757406892629970748212734663781952170745916609168\n 9358372359962787832802257421757011302526265184263565623426823456522539874717\n 61591019113926725623095606566457918240614767013806590649","title":"RSA-360"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RSA-370 has 370 decimal digits (1,227 bits), and has not been factored so far.RSA-370 = 1888287707234383972842703127997127272470910519387718062380985523004987076701\n 7212819937261952549039800018961122586712624661442288502745681454363170484690\n 7379449525034797494321694352146271320296579623726631094822493455672541491544\n 2700993152879235272779266578292207161032746297546080025793864030543617862620\n 878802244305286292772467355603044265985905970622730682658082529621","title":"RSA-370"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RSA-380 has 380 decimal digits (1,261 bits), and has not been factored so far.RSA-380 = 3013500443120211600356586024101276992492167997795839203528363236610578565791\n 8270750937407901898070219843622821090980641477056850056514799336625349678549\n 2187941807116344787358312651772858878058620717489800725333606564197363165358\n 2237779263423501952646847579678711825720733732734169866406145425286581665755\n 6977260763553328252421574633011335112031733393397168350585519524478541747311","title":"RSA-380"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RSA-390 has 390 decimal digits (1,294 bits), and has not been factored so far.RSA-390 = 2680401941182388454501037079346656065366941749082852678729822424397709178250\n 4623002472848967604282562331676313645413672467684996118812899734451228212989\n 1630084759485063423604911639099585186833094019957687550377834977803400653628\n 6955344904367437281870253414058414063152368812498486005056223028285341898040\n 0795447435865033046248751475297412398697088084321037176392288312785544402209\n 1083492089","title":"RSA-390"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RSA-400 has 400 decimal digits (1,327 bits), and has not been factored so far.RSA-400 = 2014096878945207511726700485783442547915321782072704356103039129009966793396\n 1419850865094551022604032086955587930913903404388675137661234189428453016032\n 6191193056768564862615321256630010268346471747836597131398943140685464051631\n 7519403149294308737302321684840956395183222117468443578509847947119995373645\n 3607109795994713287610750434646825511120586422993705980787028106033008907158\n 74500584758146849481","title":"RSA-400"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RSA-410 has 410 decimal digits (1,360 bits), and has not been factored so far.RSA-410 = 1965360147993876141423945274178745707926269294439880746827971120992517421770\n 1079138139324539033381077755540830342989643633394137538983355218902490897764\n 4412968474332754608531823550599154905901691559098706892516477785203855688127\n 0635069372091564594333528156501293924133186705141485137856845741766150159437\n 6063244163040088180887087028771717321932252992567756075264441680858665410918\n 431223215368025334985424358839","title":"RSA-410"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RSA-420 has 420 decimal digits (1,393 bits), and has not been factored so far.RSA-420 = 2091366302476510731652556423163330737009653626605245054798522959941292730258\n 1898373570076188752609749648953525484925466394800509169219344906273145413634\n 2427186266197097846022969248579454916155633686388106962365337549155747268356\n 4666583846809964354191550136023170105917441056517493690125545320242581503730\n 3405952887826925813912683942756431114820292313193705352716165790132673270514\n 3817744164107601735413785886836578207979","title":"RSA-420"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RSA-430 has 430 decimal digits (1,427 bits), and has not been factored so far.RSA-430 = 3534635645620271361541209209607897224734887106182307093292005188843884213420\n 6950355315163258889704268733101305820000124678051064321160104990089741386777\n 2424190744453885127173046498565488221441242210687945185565975582458031351338\n 2070785777831859308900851761495284515874808406228585310317964648830289141496\n 3289966226854692560410075067278840383808716608668377947047236323168904650235\n 70092246473915442026549955865931709542468648109541","title":"RSA-430"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RSA-440 has 440 decimal digits (1,460 bits), and has not been factored so far.RSA-440 = 2601428211955602590070788487371320550539810804595235289423508589663391270837\n 4310252674800592426746319007978890065337573160541942868114065643853327229484\n 5029942332226171123926606357523257736893667452341192247905168387893684524818\n 0307729497304959710847337973805145673263119916483529703607405432752966630781\n 2234597766390750441445314408171802070904072739275930410299359006059619305590\n 701939627725296116299946059898442103959412221518213407370491","title":"RSA-440"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RSA-450 has 450 decimal digits (1,493 bits), and has not been factored so far.RSA-450 = 1984634237142836623497230721861131427789462869258862089878538009871598692569\n 0078791591684242367262529704652673686711493985446003494265587358393155378115\n 8032447061155145160770580926824366573211993981662614635734812647448360573856\n 3132247491715526997278115514905618953253443957435881503593414842367096046182\n 7643434794849824315251510662855699269624207451365738384255497823390996283918\n 3287667419172988072221996532403300258906083211160744508191024837057033","title":"RSA-450"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RSA-460 has 460 decimal digits (1,526 bits), and has not been factored so far.RSA-460 = 1786856020404004433262103789212844585886400086993882955081051578507634807524\n 1464078819812169681394445771476334608488687746254318292828603396149562623036\n 3564554675355258128655971003201417831521222464468666642766044146641933788836\n 8932452217321354860484353296131403821175862890998598653858373835628654351880\n 4806362231643082386848731052350115776715521149453708868428108303016983133390\n 0416365515466857004900847501644808076825638918266848964153626486460448430073\n 4909","title":"RSA-460"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RSA-1536 has 463 decimal digits (1,536 bits), and has not been factored so far. $150,000 was previously offered for successful factorization.RSA-1536 = 184769970321174147430683562020016440301854933866341017147178577491065169671\n 116124985933768430543574458561606154457179405222971773252466096064694607124\n 962372044202226975675668737842756238950876467844093328515749657884341508847\n 552829818672645133986336493190808467199043187438128336350279547028265329780\n 293491615581188104984490831954500984839377522725705257859194499387007369575\n 568843693381277961308923039256969525326162082367649031603655137144791393234\n 7169566988069","title":"RSA-1536"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RSA-470 has 470 decimal digits (1,559 bits), and has not been factored so far.RSA-470 = 1705147378468118520908159923888702802518325585214915968358891836980967539803\n 6897711442383602526314519192366612270595815510311970886116763177669964411814\n 0957486602388713064698304619191359016382379244440741228665455229545368837485\n 5874455212895044521809620818878887632439504936237680657994105330538621759598\n 4047709603954312447692725276887594590658792939924609261264788572032212334726\n 8553025718835659126454325220771380103576695555550710440908570895393205649635\n 76770285413369","title":"RSA-470"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RSA-480 has 480 decimal digits (1,593 bits), and has not been factored so far.RSA-480 = 3026570752950908697397302503155918035891122835769398583955296326343059761445\n 7144169659817040125185215913853345598217234371231338324773210726853524776378\n 4105186549246199888070331088462855743520880671299302895546822695492968577380\n 7067958428022008294111984222973260208233693152589211629901686973933487362360\n 8129660418514569063995282978176790149760521395548532814196534676974259747930\n 6858645849268328985687423881853632604706175564461719396117318298679820785491\n 875674946700413680932103","title":"RSA-480"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RSA-490 has 490 decimal digits (1,626 bits), and has not been factored so far.RSA-490 = 1860239127076846517198369354026076875269515930592839150201028353837031025971\n 3738522164743327949206433999068225531855072554606782138800841162866037393324\n 6578171804201717222449954030315293547871401362961501065002486552688663415745\n 9758925793594165651020789220067311416926076949777767604906107061937873540601\n 5942747316176193775374190713071154900658503269465516496828568654377183190586\n 9537640698044932638893492457914750855858980849190488385315076922453755527481\n 1376719096144119390052199027715691","title":"RSA-490"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RSA-500 has 500 decimal digits (1,659 bits) and has not been factored so far.RSA-500 = 1897194133748626656330534743317202527237183591953428303184581123062450458870\n 7687605943212347625766427494554764419515427586743205659317254669946604982419\n 7301601038125215285400688031516401611623963128370629793265939405081077581694\n 4786041721411024641038040278701109808664214800025560454687625137745393418221\n 5494821277335671735153472656328448001134940926442438440198910908603252678814\n 7850601132077287172819942445113232019492229554237898606631074891074722425617\n 39680319169243814676235712934292299974411361","title":"RSA-500"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RSA-617 has 617 decimal digits (2,048 bits) and has not been factored so far.RSA-617 = 2270180129378501419358040512020458674106123596276658390709402187921517148311\n 9139894870133091111044901683400949483846818299518041763507948922590774925466\n 0881718792594659210265970467004498198990968620394600177430944738110569912941\n 2854289188085536270740767072259373777266697344097736124333639730805176309150\n 6836310795312607239520365290032105848839507981452307299417185715796297454995\n 0235053160409198591937180233074148804462179228008317660409386563445710347785\n 5345712108053073639453592393265186603051504106096643731332367283153932350006\n 7937107541955437362433248361242525945868802353916766181532375855504886901432\n 221349733","title":"RSA-617"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RSA-2048 has 617 decimal digits (2,048 bits). It is the largest of the RSA numbers and carried the largest cash prize for its factorization, $200,000.RSA-2048 = 2519590847565789349402718324004839857142928212620403202777713783604366202070\n 7595556264018525880784406918290641249515082189298559149176184502808489120072\n 8449926873928072877767359714183472702618963750149718246911650776133798590957\n 0009733045974880842840179742910064245869181719511874612151517265463228221686\n 9987549182422433637259085141865462043576798423387184774447920739934236584823\n 8242811981638150106748104516603773060562016196762561338441436038339044149526\n 3443219011465754445417842402092461651572335077870774981712577246796292638635\n 6373289912154831438167899885040445364023527381951378636564391212010397122822\n 120720357","title":"RSA-2048"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RSAfactoring-challenge_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"RSA Factoring 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original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rsasecurity.com/rsalabs/node.asp?id=2099"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Riele, Herman te","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_te_Riele"},{"link_name":"\"New factorization record: Factorization of a 512-bits RSA key using the Number Field Sieve\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20041231230220/http://listserv.nodak.edu/scripts/wa.exe?A2=ind9908&L=nmbrthry&P=1905"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//listserv.nodak.edu/scripts/wa.exe?A2=ind9908&L=nmbrthry&P=1905"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"RSA-155 is factored!\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061230233723/http://www.rsasecurity.com/rsalabs/node.asp?id=2098"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rsasecurity.com/rsalabs/node.asp?id=2098"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"RSA-160\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//members.loria.fr/PZimmermann/records/rsa160"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230902110111/https://members.loria.fr/PZimmermann/records/rsa160"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"RSA-160 is factored!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rsasecurity.com/rsalabs/node.asp?id=2097"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061230233713/http://www.rsasecurity.com/rsalabs/node.asp?id=2097"},{"link_name":"Wayback 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Weisstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weisstein"},{"link_name":"RSA-576 Factored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mathworld.wolfram.com/news/2003-12-05/rsa/"},{"link_name":"MathWorld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorld"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"RSA-576 is factored!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rsasecurity.com/rsalabs/node.asp?id=2096"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061224002937/http://www.rsasecurity.com/rsalabs/node.asp?id=2096"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"Factorization of RSA-180\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//eprint.iacr.org/2010/270"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"RSA-190 factored\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mersenneforum.org/showpost.php?p=236114&postcount=1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"RSA-640 is factored!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rsasecurity.com/rsalabs/node.asp?id=2964"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070104090822/http://www.rsasecurity.com/rsalabs/node.asp?id=2964"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"We have factored RSA640 by GNFS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.crypto-world.com/announcements/rsa640.txt"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080616132829/http://www.crypto-world.com/announcements/rsa640.txt"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"RSA-640 Factored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mathworld.wolfram.com/news/2005-11-08/rsa-640/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-announce_28-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-announce_28-1"},{"link_name":"Thorsten Kleinjung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thorsten_Kleinjung&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"We have factored RSA200 by GNFS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.crypto-world.com/announcements/rsa200.txt"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080322125316/http://www.crypto-world.com/announcements/rsa200.txt"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"RSA-200 is factored!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.emc.com/emc-plus/rsa-labs/historical/rsa-200-factored.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"\"mersenneforum.org - View Single Post - RSA-210 factored\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mersenneforum.org/showpost.php?p=354259"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"Factorisation of RSA-704 with CADO-NFS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//maths.anu.edu.au/~bai/paper/rsa704.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120702130253/http://maths.anu.edu.au/~bai/paper/rsa704.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"\"Factorization of RSA704\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//listserv.nodak.edu/cgi-bin/wa.exe?A2=NMBRTHRY;612109bb.1207"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"Zimmermann, Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Zimmermann_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"\"Factorisation of RSA-220 with CADO-NFS\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210721044359/https://lists.gforge.inria.fr/pipermail/cado-nfs-discuss/2016-May/000626.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//lists.gforge.inria.fr/pipermail/cado-nfs-discuss/2016-May/000626.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"\"The Factorization of RSA-230\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180823080136/https://lists.gforge.inria.fr/pipermail/cado-nfs-discuss/2018-August/000926.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lists.gforge.inria.fr/pipermail/cado-nfs-discuss/2018-August/000926.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rsa232_35-0"},{"link_name":"\"RSA-232 number has been factored – ИВМ РАН\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.inm.ras.ru/math_center_en/rsa-232-number-has-been-factored-5/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rsa232paper_36-0"},{"link_name":"\"How to Make Lanczos-Montgomery Fast on Modern Supercomputers?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-49432-1_9"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/978-3-031-49432-1_9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-49432-1_9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-031-49432-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-49432-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"\"How to Make Lanczos-Montgomery Fast on Modern Supercomputers?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-49432-1_9"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/978-3-031-49432-1_9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-49432-1_9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-031-49431-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-49431-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rsa768_38-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rsa768_38-1"},{"link_name":"Factorization of a 768-bit RSA modulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//eprint.iacr.org/2010/006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"\"[Cado-NFS-discuss] 795-bit factoring and discrete logarithms\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20191203150058/https://lists.gforge.inria.fr/pipermail/cado-nfs-discuss/2019-December/001139.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lists.gforge.inria.fr/pipermail/cado-nfs-discuss/2019-December/001139.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"\"[Cado-NFS-discuss] Factorization of RSA-250\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200228234716/https://lists.gforge.inria.fr/pipermail/cado-nfs-discuss/2020-February/001166.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lists.gforge.inria.fr/pipermail/cado-nfs-discuss/2020-February/001166.html"}],"text":"^ RSA Laboratories. \"RSA Factoring Challenge\". Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)\n\n^ RSA Laboratories. \"The RSA Factoring Challenge FAQ\". Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i RSA Factoring Challenge Administrator ([email protected]) (January 30, 2002) [March 5, 1999]. \"RSA Honor Roll\". [email protected] (Mailing list). Archived from the original on September 9, 2023 – via Ray Ontko.\n\n^ a b \"Archive for the 'RSA' Category\". Cryptography Watch. July 9, 1993. p. 2. Archived from the original on January 8, 2009.\n\n^ a b Dixon, Brandon; Lenstra, Arjen K. (1994). \"Factoring Integers Using SIMD Sieves\". In Helleseth, Tor (ed.). Advances in Cryptology — EUROCRYPT '93. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 765. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer (published July 13, 2001). pp. 28–39. doi:10.1007/3-540-48285-7_3. ISBN 978-3-540-48285-7. S2CID 21157010 – via SpringerLink.\n\n^ a b chris2be8 (March 27, 2012). \"Distributed polynomial selection\". mersenneforum.org. Archived from the original on July 2, 2023. Retrieved June 8, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)\n\n^ Denny, T.; Dodson, B.; Lenstra, A. K.; Manasse, M. S. (1994). \"On the factorization of RSA-120\". In Stinson, Douglas R. (ed.). Advances in Cryptology — CRYPTO' 93. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 773. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer (published July 13, 2001). pp. 166–174. doi:10.1007/3-540-48329-2_15. ISBN 978-3-540-48329-8 – via SpringerLink.\n\n^ Atkins, Derek; Graff, Michael; Lenstra, Arjen K.; Leyland, Paul C. \"The Magic Words Are Squeamish Ossifrage\". Derek Atkins (PostScript document). Archived from the original on September 9, 2023. Retrieved November 24, 2009 – via Massachusetts Institute of Technology.\n\n^ Janeba, Mark (1994) [links and formatting updated September 24, 2002]. \"Factoring Challenge Conquered - With a Little Help From Willamette\". Prof. Mark Janeba's Framed Home Page. Archived from the original on September 2, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2008 – via Willamette University.\n\n^ McHugh, Nathaniel (March 26, 2015). \"The Magic Words are Squeamish Ossifrage - factoring RSA-129 using CADO-NFS\". Nat McHugh: Transient Random-Noise Bursts with Announcements. Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK. Archived from the original on September 2, 2023. Retrieved May 25, 2016 – via Blogger.\n\n^ Lenstra, Arjen K.; Cowie, Jim; Elkenbracht-Huizing, Marije; Furmanski, Wojtek; Montgomery, Peter L.; Weber, Damian; Zayer, Joerg (April 12, 1996) [April 11, 1996]. Caldwell, Chris (ed.). \"Factorization of RSA-130\". NMBRTHRY (Mailing list). PrimePages: prime number research records and results. Archived from the original on September 2, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2008 – via Notes, Proofs and other Comments.\n\n^ Riele, Herman te; Cavallar, Stefania; Dodson, Bruce; Lenstra, Arjen; Leyland, Paul; Lioen, Walter; Montgomery, Peter; Murphy, Brian; Zimmermann, Paul (February 4, 1999) [February 3, 1999]. \"Factorization of RSA-140 using the Number Field Sieve\". Number Theory List <[email protected]> (Mailing list). North Dakota University System. Archived from the original on December 8, 2004. Retrieved March 10, 2008.\n\n^ \"RSA-140 is factored!\". Other Activities: Cryptographic Challenges: The RSA Factoring Challenge. RSA Laboratories. RSA Security. Archived from the original on December 30, 2006. Retrieved March 10, 2008.\n\n^ Riele, Herman te (August 26, 1999). \"New factorization record: Factorization of a 512-bits RSA key using the Number Field Sieve\". Number Theory List <[email protected]> (Mailing list). North Dakota University System. Archived from the original on December 31, 2004. Retrieved March 10, 2008. On August 22, 1999, we found that the 512-bits number RSA-155 ...\n\n^ \"RSA-155 is factored!\". Other Activities: Cryptographic Challenges: The RSA Factoring Challenge. RSA Laboratories. RSA Security. Archived from the original on December 30, 2006. Retrieved March 10, 2008.\n\n^ Bahr, F.; Franke, J.; Kleinjung, T.; Lochter, M.; Böhm, M. (April 1, 2003). Franke, Jens (ed.). \"RSA-160\". Paul Zimmermann, Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications. Archived from the original on September 2, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2008. We have factored RSA160 by gnfs.\n\n^ \nRSA Laboratories, RSA-160 is factored! Archived 2006-12-30 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2008-03-10.\n\n^ D. Bonenberger and M. Krone, RSA-170 Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2010-03-08.\n\n^ Danilov, S. A.; Popovyan, I. A. (May 9, 2010). \"Factorization of RSA-180\" (PDF). Cryptology ePrint Archive.\n\n^ Jens Franke (2003-12-03), RSA576 (repost of announcement of the factorization). Retrieved on 2008-03-10.\n\n^ Eric W. Weisstein (2005-12-05), RSA-576 Factored at MathWorld. Retrieved on 2008-03-10.\n\n^ RSA Laboratories, RSA-576 is factored! Archived 2006-12-24 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2008-03-10.\n\n^ Danilov, S. A.; Popovyan, I. A. (2010). \"Factorization of RSA-180\". Cryptology ePrint Archive. Retrieved May 12, 2010.\n\n^ I. Popovyan, A. Timofeev (November 8, 2010). \"RSA-190 factored\". mersenneforum.org. Retrieved November 10, 2010.\n\n^ RSA Laboratories, RSA-640 is factored! Archived 2007-01-04 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2008-03-10.\n\n^ Jens Franke (2005-11-04), We have factored RSA640 by GNFS Archived 2008-06-16 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2008-03-10.\n\n^ Eric W. Weisstein (2005-11-08), RSA-640 Factored at MathWorld. Retrieved on 2008-03-10.\n\n^ a b Thorsten Kleinjung (2005-05-09), We have factored RSA200 by GNFS Archived 2008-03-22 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2008-03-10.\n\n^ RSA Laboratories, RSA-200 is factored!. Retrieved on 2017-01-25.\n\n^ \"mersenneforum.org - View Single Post - RSA-210 factored\". www.mersenneforum.org. Retrieved February 10, 2024.\n\n^ Factorisation of RSA-704 with CADO-NFS Archived 2012-07-02 at the Wayback Machine.\n\n^ Bai, Shi (July 2, 2012). \"Factorization of RSA704\". NMBRTHRY (Mailing list). Retrieved July 3, 2012.\n\n^ Zimmermann, Paul (May 13, 2016). \"Factorisation of RSA-220 with CADO-NFS\". Cado-nfs-discuss (Mailing list). Archived from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2016.\n\n^ Gross, Samuel. \"The Factorization of RSA-230\". cado-nfs-discuss. Archived from the original on August 23, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2018.\n\n^ \"RSA-232 number has been factored – ИВМ РАН\". February 17, 2020. Retrieved February 10, 2024.\n\n^ Zheltkov, Dmitry; Zamarashkin, Nikolai; Matveev, Sergey (2023). Voevodin, Vladimir; Sobolev, Sergey; Yakobovskiy, Mikhail; Shagaliev, Rashit (eds.). \"How to Make Lanczos-Montgomery Fast on Modern Supercomputers?\". Supercomputing. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland: 114–128. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-49432-1_9. ISBN 978-3-031-49432-1.\n\n^ Zheltkov, Dmitry; Zamarashkin, Nikolai; Matveev, Sergey (2023), Voevodin, Vladimir; Sobolev, Sergey; Yakobovskiy, Mikhail; Shagaliev, Rashit (eds.), \"How to Make Lanczos-Montgomery Fast on Modern Supercomputers?\", Supercomputing, vol. 14388, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, pp. 114–128, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-49432-1_9, ISBN 978-3-031-49431-4, retrieved February 10, 2024\n\n^ a b Kleinjung, Thorsten; Aoki, Kazumaro; Franke, Jens; Lenstra, Arjen; Thomé, Emmanuel; Bos, Joppe; Gaudry, Pierrick; Kruppa, Alexander; Montgomery, Peter (2010), Factorization of a 768-bit RSA modulus, retrieved February 10, 2024\n\n^ \"[Cado-NFS-discuss] 795-bit factoring and discrete logarithms\". Archived from the original on December 3, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2019.\n\n^ \"[Cado-NFS-discuss] Factorization of RSA-250\". Archived from the original on February 28, 2020. Retrieved February 28, 2020.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Integer factorization records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_factorization_records"},{"title":"RSA Factoring Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_Factoring_Challenge"},{"title":"RSA Secret-Key Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_Secret-Key_Challenge"}]	[{"reference":"RSA Laboratories. \"RSA Factoring Challenge\". Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921043459/http://www.emc.com/emc-plus/rsa-labs/historical/the-rsa-factoring-challenge.htm","url_text":"\"RSA Factoring Challenge\""}]},{"reference":"RSA Laboratories. \"The RSA Factoring Challenge FAQ\". Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921043454/http://www.emc.com/emc-plus/rsa-labs/historical/the-rsa-factoring-challenge-faq.htm","url_text":"\"The RSA Factoring Challenge FAQ\""}]},{"reference":"RSA Factoring Challenge Administrator ([email protected]) (January 30, 2002) [March 5, 1999]. \"RSA Honor Roll\". [email protected] (Mailing list). Archived from the original on September 9, 2023 – via Ray Ontko.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ontko.com/pub/rayo/primes/hr_rsa.txt","url_text":"\"RSA Honor Roll\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230909141925/http://www.ontko.com/pub/rayo/primes/hr_rsa.txt","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Archive for the 'RSA' Category\". Cryptography Watch. July 9, 1993. p. 2. Archived from the original on January 8, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090108141629/http://cryptnet.net/people/vab/blogs/cryptowatch/category/rsa/page/2/","url_text":"\"Archive for the 'RSA' Category\""},{"url":"http://cryptnet.net/people/vab/blogs/cryptowatch/category/rsa/page/2/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dixon, Brandon; Lenstra, Arjen K. (1994). \"Factoring Integers Using SIMD Sieves\". In Helleseth, Tor (ed.). Advances in Cryptology — EUROCRYPT '93. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 765. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer (published July 13, 2001). pp. 28–39. doi:10.1007/3-540-48285-7_3. ISBN 978-3-540-48285-7. 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Retrieved June 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://mersenneforum.org/showpost.php?p=294403&postcount=13/","url_text":"\"Distributed polynomial selection\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230702220137/https://mersenneforum.org/showpost.php?p=294403&postcount=13/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Denny, T.; Dodson, B.; Lenstra, A. K.; Manasse, M. S. (1994). \"On the factorization of RSA-120\". In Stinson, Douglas R. (ed.). Advances in Cryptology — CRYPTO' 93. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 773. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer (published July 13, 2001). pp. 166–174. doi:10.1007/3-540-48329-2_15. ISBN 978-3-540-48329-8 – via SpringerLink.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-48329-2_15","url_text":"\"On the factorization of RSA-120\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-48329-2_15","url_text":"10.1007/3-540-48329-2_15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-48329-8","url_text":"978-3-540-48329-8"}]},{"reference":"Atkins, Derek; Graff, Michael; Lenstra, Arjen K.; Leyland, Paul C. \"The Magic Words Are Squeamish Ossifrage\". Derek Atkins (PostScript document). Archived from the original on September 9, 2023. Retrieved November 24, 2009 – via Massachusetts Institute of Technology.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.mit.edu/warlord/www/rsa129.ps","url_text":"\"The Magic Words Are Squeamish Ossifrage\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230909141922/http://web.mit.edu/warlord/www/rsa129.ps","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Janeba, Mark (1994) [links and formatting updated September 24, 2002]. \"Factoring Challenge Conquered - With a Little Help From Willamette\". Prof. Mark Janeba's Framed Home Page. Archived from the original on September 2, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2008 – via Willamette University.","urls":[{"url":"https://willamette.edu/~mjaneba/rsa129.html","url_text":"\"Factoring Challenge Conquered - With a Little Help From Willamette\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230902110801/https://willamette.edu/~mjaneba/rsa129.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McHugh, Nathaniel (March 26, 2015). \"The Magic Words are Squeamish Ossifrage - factoring RSA-129 using CADO-NFS\". Nat McHugh: Transient Random-Noise Bursts with Announcements. Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK. Archived from the original on September 2, 2023. Retrieved May 25, 2016 – via Blogger.","urls":[{"url":"https://natmchugh.blogspot.com/2015/03/the-magic-words-are-squeamish-ossifrage.html","url_text":"\"The Magic Words are Squeamish Ossifrage - factoring RSA-129 using CADO-NFS\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230902110041/https://natmchugh.blogspot.com/2015/03/the-magic-words-are-squeamish-ossifrage.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lenstra, Arjen K.; Cowie, Jim; Elkenbracht-Huizing, Marije; Furmanski, Wojtek; Montgomery, Peter L.; Weber, Damian; Zayer, Joerg (April 12, 1996) [April 11, 1996]. Caldwell, Chris (ed.). \"Factorization of RSA-130\". NMBRTHRY (Mailing list). PrimePages: prime number research records and results. Archived from the original on September 2, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2008 – via Notes, Proofs and other Comments.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjen_Lenstra","url_text":"Lenstra, Arjen K."},{"url":"https://t5k.org/notes/rsa130.html","url_text":"\"Factorization of RSA-130\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230902110041/https://t5k.org/notes/rsa130.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Riele, Herman te; Cavallar, Stefania; Dodson, Bruce; Lenstra, Arjen; Leyland, Paul; Lioen, Walter; Montgomery, Peter; Murphy, Brian; Zimmermann, Paul (February 4, 1999) [February 3, 1999]. \"Factorization of RSA-140 using the Number Field Sieve\". Number Theory List <[email protected]> (Mailing list). North Dakota University System. Archived from the original on December 8, 2004. Retrieved March 10, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_te_Riele","url_text":"Riele, Herman te"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041208075604/http://listserv.nodak.edu/scripts/wa.exe?A2=ind9902&L=nmbrthry&P=302","url_text":"\"Factorization of RSA-140 using the Number Field Sieve\""},{"url":"http://listserv.nodak.edu/scripts/wa.exe?A2=ind9902&L=nmbrthry&P=302","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"RSA-140 is factored!\". Other Activities: Cryptographic Challenges: The RSA Factoring Challenge. RSA Laboratories. RSA Security. Archived from the original on December 30, 2006. Retrieved March 10, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061230233737/http://www.rsasecurity.com/rsalabs/node.asp?id=2099","url_text":"\"RSA-140 is factored!\""},{"url":"http://www.rsasecurity.com/rsalabs/node.asp?id=2099","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Riele, Herman te (August 26, 1999). \"New factorization record: Factorization of a 512-bits RSA key using the Number Field Sieve\". Number Theory List <[email protected]> (Mailing list). North Dakota University System. Archived from the original on December 31, 2004. Retrieved March 10, 2008. On August 22, 1999, we found that the 512-bits number RSA-155 ...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_te_Riele","url_text":"Riele, Herman te"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041231230220/http://listserv.nodak.edu/scripts/wa.exe?A2=ind9908&L=nmbrthry&P=1905","url_text":"\"New factorization record: Factorization of a 512-bits RSA key using the Number Field Sieve\""},{"url":"http://listserv.nodak.edu/scripts/wa.exe?A2=ind9908&L=nmbrthry&P=1905","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"RSA-155 is factored!\". Other Activities: Cryptographic Challenges: The RSA Factoring Challenge. RSA Laboratories. RSA Security. Archived from the original on December 30, 2006. Retrieved March 10, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061230233723/http://www.rsasecurity.com/rsalabs/node.asp?id=2098","url_text":"\"RSA-155 is factored!\""},{"url":"http://www.rsasecurity.com/rsalabs/node.asp?id=2098","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bahr, F.; Franke, J.; Kleinjung, T.; Lochter, M.; Böhm, M. (April 1, 2003). Franke, Jens (ed.). \"RSA-160\". Paul Zimmermann, Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications. Archived from the original on September 2, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2008. We have factored RSA160 by gnfs.","urls":[{"url":"https://members.loria.fr/PZimmermann/records/rsa160","url_text":"\"RSA-160\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230902110111/https://members.loria.fr/PZimmermann/records/rsa160","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Danilov, S. A.; Popovyan, I. A. (May 9, 2010). \"Factorization of RSA-180\" (PDF). Cryptology ePrint Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://eprint.iacr.org/2010/270.pdf","url_text":"\"Factorization of RSA-180\""}]},{"reference":"Danilov, S. A.; Popovyan, I. A. (2010). \"Factorization of RSA-180\". Cryptology ePrint Archive. Retrieved May 12, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://eprint.iacr.org/2010/270","url_text":"\"Factorization of RSA-180\""}]},{"reference":"I. Popovyan, A. Timofeev (November 8, 2010). \"RSA-190 factored\". mersenneforum.org. Retrieved November 10, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://mersenneforum.org/showpost.php?p=236114&postcount=1","url_text":"\"RSA-190 factored\""}]},{"reference":"\"mersenneforum.org - View Single Post - RSA-210 factored\". www.mersenneforum.org. Retrieved February 10, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mersenneforum.org/showpost.php?p=354259","url_text":"\"mersenneforum.org - View Single Post - RSA-210 factored\""}]},{"reference":"Bai, Shi (July 2, 2012). \"Factorization of RSA704\". NMBRTHRY (Mailing list). Retrieved July 3, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://listserv.nodak.edu/cgi-bin/wa.exe?A2=NMBRTHRY;612109bb.1207","url_text":"\"Factorization of RSA704\""}]},{"reference":"Zimmermann, Paul (May 13, 2016). \"Factorisation of RSA-220 with CADO-NFS\". Cado-nfs-discuss (Mailing list). Archived from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Zimmermann_(mathematician)","url_text":"Zimmermann, Paul"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210721044359/https://lists.gforge.inria.fr/pipermail/cado-nfs-discuss/2016-May/000626.html","url_text":"\"Factorisation of RSA-220 with CADO-NFS\""},{"url":"http://lists.gforge.inria.fr/pipermail/cado-nfs-discuss/2016-May/000626.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gross, Samuel. \"The Factorization of RSA-230\". cado-nfs-discuss. Archived from the original on August 23, 2018. 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ISBN 978-3-031-49432-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-49432-1_9","url_text":"\"How to Make Lanczos-Montgomery Fast on Modern Supercomputers?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-49432-1_9","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-031-49432-1_9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-49432-1","url_text":"978-3-031-49432-1"}]},{"reference":"Zheltkov, Dmitry; Zamarashkin, Nikolai; Matveev, Sergey (2023), Voevodin, Vladimir; Sobolev, Sergey; Yakobovskiy, Mikhail; Shagaliev, Rashit (eds.), \"How to Make Lanczos-Montgomery Fast on Modern Supercomputers?\", Supercomputing, vol. 14388, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, pp. 114–128, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-49432-1_9, ISBN 978-3-031-49431-4, retrieved February 10, 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-49432-1_9","url_text":"\"How to Make Lanczos-Montgomery Fast on Modern Supercomputers?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-49432-1_9","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-031-49432-1_9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-49431-4","url_text":"978-3-031-49431-4"}]},{"reference":"Kleinjung, Thorsten; Aoki, Kazumaro; Franke, Jens; Lenstra, Arjen; Thomé, Emmanuel; Bos, Joppe; Gaudry, Pierrick; Kruppa, Alexander; Montgomery, Peter (2010), Factorization of a 768-bit RSA modulus, retrieved February 10, 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://eprint.iacr.org/2010/006","url_text":"Factorization of a 768-bit RSA modulus"}]},{"reference":"\"[Cado-NFS-discuss] 795-bit factoring and discrete logarithms\". Archived from the original on December 3, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191203150058/https://lists.gforge.inria.fr/pipermail/cado-nfs-discuss/2019-December/001139.html","url_text":"\"[Cado-NFS-discuss] 795-bit factoring and discrete logarithms\""},{"url":"https://lists.gforge.inria.fr/pipermail/cado-nfs-discuss/2019-December/001139.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"[Cado-NFS-discuss] Factorization of RSA-250\". Archived from the original on February 28, 2020. Retrieved February 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200228234716/https://lists.gforge.inria.fr/pipermail/cado-nfs-discuss/2020-February/001166.html","url_text":"\"[Cado-NFS-discuss] Factorization of RSA-250\""},{"url":"https://lists.gforge.inria.fr/pipermail/cado-nfs-discuss/2020-February/001166.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Challenge numbers in text format\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apt_Pupil	Apt Pupil	["1 Plot summary","2 Connection to King's other works","3 Media","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References"]	1982 novella by Stephen King This article is about the novella. For the film adaptation, see Apt Pupil (film). Apt PupilAuthorStephen KingCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishGenre(s)Psychological thrillerPublished inDifferent SeasonsPublisherViking PressMedia typePrint (Hardcover)Publication date1982 Apt Pupil (1982) is a novella by Stephen King subtitled "Summer of Corruption", originally published in the 1982 novella collection Different Seasons with a more dramatic bent, rather than the horror fiction for which King is famous. Apt Pupil consists of 30 chapters, many of which are headed by a month. Set in a fictional suburb of Southern California called "Santo Donato," the story unfolds over a period of about four years, with most of the action taking place during the first year and the last months. It is the only novella in Different Seasons to be narrated in the third person. Plot summary In 1974, Los Angeles teenager Todd Bowden arrives at the doorstep of elderly German immigrant Arthur Denker, accusing him of being wanted Nazi war criminal Kurt Dussander. The old man reluctantly acknowledges his true identity. Todd asks to hear detailed stories about his crimes, having recently become interested in the Holocaust. If Dussander refuses his demands, Todd will turn him over to the authorities. Over the next months, Todd visits Dussander daily under the pretext of reading to him, all the while badgering him into revealing more details of his atrocities. Todd soon forces Dussander to wear a replica SS Oberleutnants uniform and march on command. Over time, Todd also begins to have nightmares and sees his grades slip. After being confronted by his father about his grades, he forges his report cards before giving them to his parents. Eventually, Todd finds himself in danger of failing several courses. Ed French, Todd's guidance counselor, requests an appointment with the Bowdens. Todd and Dussander concoct a ruse, having Dussander go to French's appointment while posing as Todd's grandfather, Victor. Dussander falsely claims that Todd's grades are the result of problems at home, and promises to make sure his grades improve; French notices Todd's "grandfather" does not mention him by name. Knowing that Todd has been doctoring his report cards and knowingly socialized with a war criminal, Dussander blackmails him into spending his visits studying. Todd eventually manages to improve his schoolwork. Having no longer any use for Dussander, Todd resolves to kill him and make it look like an accident. Todd had earlier claimed to have given a letter about Dussander to a friend; if anything should happen to Todd, the letter will be sent to the authorities. However, before Todd can kill Dussander, the old man realizes Todd's intentions and claims to have written about Todd's involvement with him, and put his statement into a safe deposit box that will be found upon his death. Both Dussander and Todd are bluffing. Over the next few months, Todd murders several homeless vagrants; he finds that committing murder helps with his nightmares. As years pass, his visits to Dussander become less frequent. He loses his virginity, but finds sex unsatisfying compared to the thrill of killing. He thinks his failure at sex is because his girlfriend is Jewish. When circumstances do not allow him to continue his killings, he picks a concealed spot overlooking the freeway and aims at people in passing cars with his hunting rifle. Dussander, suffering from his own nightmares, has also taken to killing the homeless, burying the bodies in his basement. Despite the link between them, Dussander and Todd are not immediately aware of each other's exploits. One night when Dussander is digging a grave for his latest victim, he has a heart attack. He summons Todd, who buries the body and cleans up the crime scene before calling an ambulance. At the hospital, Dussander shares a room with Morris Heisel, an elderly Jewish man and Holocaust survivor who recognizes "Mr. Denker" but cannot place him. Todd eventually visits Dussander at the hospital. Dussander has read about the homeless men murdered by Todd and tells him not to get careless. A few days later, Heisel realizes Denker is Dussander, the commandant of the camp where his wife and daughters were murdered in gas chambers. Israeli Nazi hunter Weiskopf visits Dussander, saying he has been found out. After Weiskopf leaves, Dussander steals drugs from the hospital dispensary and commits suicide. Police detective Richler, accompanied by Weiskopf, later interviews Todd. A vagrant later recognizes Todd as the last person seen with several of the homeless victims and notifies the police. Meanwhile, French meets Todd's real grandfather, who bears no physical resemblance to Dussander. Suspicious, French checks Todd's old report cards, finding that they have been tampered with. Identifying Dussander as the man who he actually met, French confronts Todd, who responds by fatally shooting him. Todd's sanity breaks. He takes his rifle and ammunition to his hideout by the freeway and embarks on a shooting spree, resulting in his death at the hands of the authorities five hours later. Connection to King's other works Kurt Dussander remembers using a "bank in the State of Maine" to purchase stocks under an assumed name. He goes on to say that the banker who bought them for Dussander went to jail for murdering his wife a year after he purchased them. He even references Andy Dufresne by name — he remembers the name because "it sounds a little like mine." Dufresne is a central character in Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption, the novella preceding Apt Pupil in Different Seasons. When confronting Todd about his murders, Dussander mentions a serial killer named "Springheel Jack". This killer is the focus of "Strawberry Spring", a short story published in the King collection Night Shift (1978). The guidance counselor Ed French mentions his hotel room is number 217, the same as the famous Overlook Hotel room in The Shining. Furthermore, in The Shining, Jack Torrance is working on a play that includes a character named Denker, the same name as Dussander's alter ego. This has led some fans to speculate that Apt Pupil is Torrance's play. In the afterword to Different Seasons, King mentions having written Apt Pupil immediately after The Shining. Media In 1987, an attempt at an adaptation by Alan Bridges was started but never finished. It starred Ricky Schroder as the lead Todd Bowden, and Nicol Williamson as Kurt Dussander. It was stated that about 40 minutes were shot. Other sources have stated that 75% of the movie was shot. It was never finished due to loss of money. Once the necessary finances were collected to finish the movie, Schroder was deemed too old for the role, so the project was abandoned. King stated he saw the unfinished rough cut with the footage shot and thought it was "very good". The 1987 song "A Skeleton in the Closet" by the thrash metal band Anthrax is based on the novella. In 1995, Chicago's Defiant Theatre staged a full-scale adaptation of the novella at the Preston Bradley Center in Chicago. The novella was adapted and directed for the stage by Christopher Johnson. Veteran stage and film actor William J. Norris starred as Kurt Dussander. Sony Pictures released a film version of Apt Pupil in 1998. The film was directed by Bryan Singer. Brad Renfro stars as Todd Bowden and Ian McKellen stars as Dussander. The ending of the film is significantly different. Funk supergroup Cameo frequently adds the lyric "Don't pull a Bowden" when performing the anti-violence song "Word Up". The 2011 Family Guy episode "German Guy" is a parody of the novella. See also Stephen King short fiction bibliography Notes ^ "BOOKS OF THE TIMES (Published 1982)". The New York Times. 11 August 1982. Archived from the original on 2023-04-10. ^ "This Fan Theory About Jack Torrance From The Shining Is Mind Blowing". ShortList. 16 June 2015. ^ "Remember The 1987 Apt Pupil Film…Wait, What?!". Retroist. 6 April 2017 – via www.retroist.com. ^ "Apt Pupil". 23 October 1998 – via www.imdb.com. References Stephen King, Summer of Corruption: Apt Pupil (published in Different Seasons), Viking Press, U.S.A., 1982. vteDifferent Seasons by Stephen KingNovellas Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption Apt Pupil The Body The Breathing Method Adaptations Stand by Me (1986) The Shawshank Redemption (1994) Apt Pupil (1998) vteStephen King Bibliography Short fiction Unpublished and uncollected Awards and nominations Novels Carrie (1974) 'Salem's Lot (1975) The Shining (1977) The Stand (1978) The Dead Zone (1979) Firestarter (1980) Cujo (1981) Christine (1983) Pet Sematary (1983) Cycle of the Werewolf (1983) The Talisman (1984) It (1986) The Eyes of the Dragon (1987) Misery (1987) The Tommyknockers (1987) The Dark Half (1989) Needful Things (1991) Gerald's Game (1992) Dolores Claiborne (1992) Insomnia (1994) Rose Madder (1995) The Green Mile (1996) Desperation (1996) Bag of Bones (1998) The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon (1999) The Plant (2000; unfinished) Dreamcatcher (2001) Black House (2001) From a Buick 8 (2002) The Colorado Kid (2005) Cell (2006) Lisey's Story (2006) Duma Key (2008) Under the Dome (2009) 11/22/63 (2011) Joyland (2013) Doctor Sleep (2013) Mr. Mercedes (2014) Revival (2014) Finders Keepers (2015) End of Watch (2016) Gwendy's Button Box (2017) Sleeping Beauties (2017) The Outsider (2018) Elevation (2018) The Institute (2019) Later (2021) Billy Summers (2021) Gwendy's Final Task (2022) Fairy Tale (2022) Holly (2023) The Dark Tower series The Gunslinger (1982) The Drawing of the Three (1987) The Waste Lands (1991) Wizard and Glass (1997) Wolves of the Calla (2003) Song of Susannah (2004) The Dark Tower (2004) The Wind Through the Keyhole (2012) Richard Bachman novels Rage (1977) The Long Walk (1979) Roadwork (1981) The Running Man (1982) Thinner (1984) The Bachman Books (1985) The Regulators (1996) Blaze (2007) Short fictioncollections Night Shift (1978) Different Seasons (1982) Skeleton Crew (1985) Four Past Midnight (1990) Nightmares & Dreamscapes (1993) Hearts in Atlantis (1999) Everything's Eventual (2002) Just After Sunset (2008) Full Dark, No Stars (2010) The Bazaar of Bad Dreams (2015) If It Bleeds (2020) You Like It Darker (2024) Nonfiction Danse Macabre (1981) Nightmares in the Sky (1988) On Writing (2000) Secret Windows (2000) Faithful (2004) "Guns" (2013) Screenplays Creepshow (1982) Cat's Eye (1985) Silver Bullet (1985) Maximum Overdrive (1986; also director) Pet Sematary (1989) Sleepwalkers (1992) A Good Marriage (2014) Cell (2016) Teleplays "Sorry, Right Number" (1987) Golden Years (1991) The Stand (1994) The Shining (1997) "Chinga" (1998) Storm of the Century (1999) Rose Red (2002) Kingdom Hospital (2004) Desperation (2006) "Heads Will Roll" (2014) The Stand (2020–21) Lisey's Story (2021) Comics Heroes for Hope (1985) American Vampire (2010) Musicalcollaborations Michael Jackson's Ghosts (1997) Black Ribbons (2010) Ghost Brothers of Darkland County (2012) Anthologiesedited The Best American Short Stories 2007 (2007) Six Scary Stories (2016) Flight or Fright (2018) Worlds andconcepts Dollar Baby Fictional locations in Maine Castle Rock Derry Jerusalem's Lot Shawshank State Prison All-World Family Tabitha King (wife) Joe Hill (son) Owen King (son) Related List of adaptations Bibliography of works on Stephen King Raymond H. Fogler Library archives Rock Bottom Remainders People, Places and Things Philtrum Press Six Stories Stephen King Goes to the Movies Charlie the Choo-Choo Hearts in Suspension The Secretary of Dreams King on Screen Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apt Pupil (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apt_Pupil_(film)"},{"link_name":"Stephen King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_King"},{"link_name":"novella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novella"},{"link_name":"Different Seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Different_Seasons"},{"link_name":"horror fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_fiction"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"third person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-person_narrative"}],"text":"This article is about the novella. For the film adaptation, see Apt Pupil (film).Apt Pupil (1982) is a novella by Stephen King subtitled \"Summer of Corruption\", originally published in the 1982 novella collection Different Seasons with a more dramatic bent, rather than the horror fiction for which King is famous.[1] Apt Pupil consists of 30 chapters, many of which are headed by a month. Set in a fictional suburb of Southern California called \"Santo Donato,\" the story unfolds over a period of about four years, with most of the action taking place during the first year and the last months. It is the only novella in Different Seasons to be narrated in the third person.","title":"Apt Pupil"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi"},{"link_name":"war criminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_criminal"},{"link_name":"Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust"},{"link_name":"SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzstaffel"},{"link_name":"forges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgery"},{"link_name":"guidance counselor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guidance_counselor"},{"link_name":"blackmails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackmails"},{"link_name":"safe deposit box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_deposit_box"},{"link_name":"bluffing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deception"},{"link_name":"homeless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeless"},{"link_name":"thrill of killing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrill_killing"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_people"},{"link_name":"killings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_killer"},{"link_name":"rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifle"},{"link_name":"basement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basement"},{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_attack"},{"link_name":"ambulance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance"},{"link_name":"gas chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_chambers"},{"link_name":"Nazi hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_hunter"},{"link_name":"suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide"}],"text":"In 1974, Los Angeles teenager Todd Bowden arrives at the doorstep of elderly German immigrant Arthur Denker, accusing him of being wanted Nazi war criminal Kurt Dussander. The old man reluctantly acknowledges his true identity. Todd asks to hear detailed stories about his crimes, having recently become interested in the Holocaust. If Dussander refuses his demands, Todd will turn him over to the authorities. Over the next months, Todd visits Dussander daily under the pretext of reading to him, all the while badgering him into revealing more details of his atrocities. Todd soon forces Dussander to wear a replica SS Oberleutnants uniform and march on command.Over time, Todd also begins to have nightmares and sees his grades slip. After being confronted by his father about his grades, he forges his report cards before giving them to his parents. Eventually, Todd finds himself in danger of failing several courses. Ed French, Todd's guidance counselor, requests an appointment with the Bowdens. Todd and Dussander concoct a ruse, having Dussander go to French's appointment while posing as Todd's grandfather, Victor. Dussander falsely claims that Todd's grades are the result of problems at home, and promises to make sure his grades improve; French notices Todd's \"grandfather\" does not mention him by name.Knowing that Todd has been doctoring his report cards and knowingly socialized with a war criminal, Dussander blackmails him into spending his visits studying. Todd eventually manages to improve his schoolwork. Having no longer any use for Dussander, Todd resolves to kill him and make it look like an accident. Todd had earlier claimed to have given a letter about Dussander to a friend; if anything should happen to Todd, the letter will be sent to the authorities. However, before Todd can kill Dussander, the old man realizes Todd's intentions and claims to have written about Todd's involvement with him, and put his statement into a safe deposit box that will be found upon his death. Both Dussander and Todd are bluffing.Over the next few months, Todd murders several homeless vagrants; he finds that committing murder helps with his nightmares. As years pass, his visits to Dussander become less frequent. He loses his virginity, but finds sex unsatisfying compared to the thrill of killing. He thinks his failure at sex is because his girlfriend is Jewish. When circumstances do not allow him to continue his killings, he picks a concealed spot overlooking the freeway and aims at people in passing cars with his hunting rifle. Dussander, suffering from his own nightmares, has also taken to killing the homeless, burying the bodies in his basement. Despite the link between them, Dussander and Todd are not immediately aware of each other's exploits.One night when Dussander is digging a grave for his latest victim, he has a heart attack. He summons Todd, who buries the body and cleans up the crime scene before calling an ambulance. At the hospital, Dussander shares a room with Morris Heisel, an elderly Jewish man and Holocaust survivor who recognizes \"Mr. Denker\" but cannot place him. Todd eventually visits Dussander at the hospital. Dussander has read about the homeless men murdered by Todd and tells him not to get careless.A few days later, Heisel realizes Denker is Dussander, the commandant of the camp where his wife and daughters were murdered in gas chambers. Israeli Nazi hunter Weiskopf visits Dussander, saying he has been found out. After Weiskopf leaves, Dussander steals drugs from the hospital dispensary and commits suicide. Police detective Richler, accompanied by Weiskopf, later interviews Todd. A vagrant later recognizes Todd as the last person seen with several of the homeless victims and notifies the police.Meanwhile, French meets Todd's real grandfather, who bears no physical resemblance to Dussander. Suspicious, French checks Todd's old report cards, finding that they have been tampered with. Identifying Dussander as the man who he actually met, French confronts Todd, who responds by fatally shooting him. Todd's sanity breaks. He takes his rifle and ammunition to his hideout by the freeway and embarks on a shooting spree, resulting in his death at the hands of the authorities five hours later.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Hayworth_and_Shawshank_Redemption"},{"link_name":"Different Seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Different_Seasons"},{"link_name":"Strawberry Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry_Spring"},{"link_name":"Night Shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Shift_(book)"},{"link_name":"The Shining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shining_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Jack Torrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Torrance"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Kurt Dussander remembers using a \"bank in the State of Maine\" to purchase stocks under an assumed name. He goes on to say that the banker who bought them for Dussander went to jail for murdering his wife a year after he purchased them. He even references Andy Dufresne by name — he remembers the name because \"it sounds a little like mine.\" Dufresne is a central character in Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption, the novella preceding Apt Pupil in Different Seasons.\nWhen confronting Todd about his murders, Dussander mentions a serial killer named \"Springheel Jack\". This killer is the focus of \"Strawberry Spring\", a short story published in the King collection Night Shift (1978).\nThe guidance counselor Ed French mentions his hotel room is number 217, the same as the famous Overlook Hotel room in The Shining. Furthermore, in The Shining, Jack Torrance is working on a play that includes a character named Denker, the same name as Dussander's alter ego. This has led some fans to speculate that Apt Pupil is Torrance's play.[2] In the afterword to Different Seasons, King mentions having written Apt Pupil immediately after The Shining.","title":"Connection to King's other works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alan Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bridges"},{"link_name":"Ricky Schroder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Schroder"},{"link_name":"Nicol Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol_Williamson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"thrash metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrash_metal"},{"link_name":"Anthrax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"Defiant Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defiant_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures"},{"link_name":"film version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apt_Pupil_(film)"},{"link_name":"Bryan Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Singer"},{"link_name":"Brad Renfro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Renfro"},{"link_name":"Ian McKellen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McKellen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cameo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_(band)"},{"link_name":"Family Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Guy"},{"link_name":"German Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Guy"}],"text":"In 1987, an attempt at an adaptation by Alan Bridges was started but never finished. It starred Ricky Schroder as the lead Todd Bowden, and Nicol Williamson as Kurt Dussander. It was stated that about 40 minutes were shot. Other sources have stated that 75% of the movie was shot. It was never finished due to loss of money. Once the necessary finances were collected to finish the movie, Schroder was deemed too old for the role, so the project was abandoned. King stated he saw the unfinished rough cut with the footage shot and thought it was \"very good\".[3]\nThe 1987 song \"A Skeleton in the Closet\" by the thrash metal band Anthrax is based on the novella.\nIn 1995, Chicago's Defiant Theatre staged a full-scale adaptation of the novella at the Preston Bradley Center in Chicago. The novella was adapted and directed for the stage by Christopher Johnson. Veteran stage and film actor William J. Norris starred as Kurt Dussander.\nSony Pictures released a film version of Apt Pupil in 1998. The film was directed by Bryan Singer. Brad Renfro stars as Todd Bowden and Ian McKellen stars as Dussander.[4] The ending of the film is significantly different.\nFunk supergroup Cameo frequently adds the lyric \"Don't pull a Bowden\" when performing the anti-violence song \"Word Up\".\nThe 2011 Family Guy episode \"German Guy\" is a parody of the novella.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"BOOKS OF THE TIMES (Published 1982)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1982/08/11/books/books-of-the-times-074639.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230410141756/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/08/11/books/books-of-the-times-074639.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"This Fan Theory About Jack Torrance From The Shining Is Mind Blowing\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.shortlist.com/entertainment/books/this-fan-theory-about-jack-torrance-from-the-shining-is-brilliant"},{"link_name":"ShortList","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ShortList"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Remember The 1987 Apt Pupil Film…Wait, What?!\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.retroist.com/2017/04/06/1987-apt-pupil-film/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Apt Pupil\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/title/tt0118636/"}],"text":"^ \"BOOKS OF THE TIMES (Published 1982)\". The New York Times. 11 August 1982. Archived from the original on 2023-04-10.\n\n^ \"This Fan Theory About Jack Torrance From The Shining Is Mind Blowing\". ShortList. 16 June 2015.\n\n^ \"Remember The 1987 Apt Pupil Film…Wait, What?!\". Retroist. 6 April 2017 – via www.retroist.com.\n\n^ \"Apt Pupil\". 23 October 1998 – via www.imdb.com.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Stephen King short fiction bibliography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_King_short_fiction_bibliography"}]	[{"reference":"\"BOOKS OF THE TIMES (Published 1982)\". The New York Times. 11 August 1982. 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Retroist. 6 April 2017 – via www.retroist.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.retroist.com/2017/04/06/1987-apt-pupil-film/","url_text":"\"Remember The 1987 Apt Pupil Film…Wait, What?!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Apt Pupil\". 23 October 1998 – via www.imdb.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0118636/","url_text":"\"Apt Pupil\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1982/08/11/books/books-of-the-times-074639.html","external_links_name":"\"BOOKS OF THE TIMES (Published 1982)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230410141756/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/08/11/books/books-of-the-times-074639.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.shortlist.com/entertainment/books/this-fan-theory-about-jack-torrance-from-the-shining-is-brilliant","external_links_name":"\"This Fan Theory About Jack Torrance From The Shining Is Mind Blowing\""},{"Link":"https://www.retroist.com/2017/04/06/1987-apt-pupil-film/","external_links_name":"\"Remember The 1987 Apt Pupil Film…Wait, What?!\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0118636/","external_links_name":"\"Apt Pupil\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heart_Is_a_Lonely_Hunter_(song)	The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter (song)	["1 Chart performance","1.1 Year-end charts","2 References"]	This article is about the Reba McEntire song. For other songs, see The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter (disambiguation). 1995 single by Reba McEntire"The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter"Single by Reba McEntirefrom the album Read My Mind B-side"Read My Mind"ReleasedFebruary 18, 1995GenreCountryLength3:50LabelMCA NashvilleSongwriter(s)Mark D. Sanders, Kim Williams, Ed HillProducer(s)Tony BrownReba McEntire singles chronology "Till You Love Me" (1994) "The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter" (1995) "And Still" (1995) "The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter" is a song written by Mark D. Sanders, Kim Williams and Ed Hill, and recorded by American country music artist Reba McEntire. It was released in February 1995 as the fourth single from her 1994 album Read My Mind. The song reached number one on both the U.S. and Canadian country singles charts that year. The song debuted at No. 58 for the week of February 18, 1995, and peaked at No. 1 for the week of April 15, 1995. Chart performance Chart (1995) Peakposition Canada Country Tracks (RPM) 1 US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) 1 Year-end charts Chart (1995) Position Canada Country Tracks (RPM) 38 US Country Songs (Billboard) 21 References ^ Dillon, Charlotte. "Read My Mind". Allmusic. Retrieved 2009-04-19. ^ "Top RPM Country Tracks: Issue 9140." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. April 24, 1995. Retrieved July 21, 2013. ^ "Reba McEntire Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard. ^ "RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1995". RPM. December 18, 1995. Retrieved July 21, 2013. ^ "Best of 1995: Country Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 1995. Retrieved July 21, 2013. vteReba McEntire singles Albums Singles Videos 1970s "I'd Really Love to See You Tonight" (with Jacky Ward) "Sweet Dreams" 1980s "(You Lift Me) Up to Heaven" "I Can See Forever in Your Eyes" "I Don't Think Love Ought to Be That Way" "Today All Over Again" "Only You (And You Alone)" "I'm Not That Lonely Yet" "Can't Even Get the Blues" "You're the First Time I've Thought About Leaving" "Why Do We Want (What We Know We Can't Have)" "There Ain't No Future in This" "Just a Little Love" "He Broke Your Memory Last Night" "How Blue" "Somebody Should Leave" "Have I Got a Deal for You" "Only in My Mind" "Whoever's in New England" "Little Rock" "What Am I Gonna Do About You" "Let the Music Lift You Up" "One Promise Too Late" "The Last One to Know" "Love Will Find Its Way to You" "A Sunday Kind of Love" "I Know How He Feels" "New Fool at an Old Game" "Cathy's Clown" "'Til Love Comes Again" "Little Girl" 1990s "Walk On" "You Lie" "Rumor Has It" "Fancy" "Fallin' Out of Love" "For My Broken Heart" "Is There Life Out There" "The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia" "The Greatest Man I Never Knew" "Take It Back" "The Heart Won't Lie" (with Vince Gill) "It's Your Call" "Does He Love You" (with Linda Davis) "They Asked About You" "Why Haven't I Heard from You" "She Thinks His Name Was John" "Till You Love Me" "The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter" "And Still" "On My Own" "Ring on Her Finger, Time on Her Hands" "Starting Over Again" "You Keep Me Hangin' On" "The Fear of Being Alone" "How Was I to Know" "I'd Rather Ride Around with You" "What If It's You" "If You See Him/If You See Her" (with Brooks & Dunn) "Forever Love" "Wrong Night" "One Honest Heart" "What Do You Say" 2000s "I'll Be" "We're So Good Together" "I'm a Survivor" "Sweet Music Man" "I'm Gonna Take That Mountain" "Somebody" "He Gets That from Me" "My Sister" "You're Gonna Be (Always Loved by Me)" "Love Needs a Holiday" "Because of You" (with Kelly Clarkson) "The Only Promise That Remains" (with Justin Timberlake) "Every Other Weekend" (with Kenny Chesney or Skip Ewing) "Strange" "Consider Me Gone" 2010s "I Keep On Loving You" "Turn On the Radio" "If I Were a Boy" "When Love Gets a Hold of You" "Somebody's Chelsea" "Going Out Like That" "Until They Don't Love You" "Just Like Them Horses" "Softly and Tenderly" "Back to God" "God and My Girlfriends" "Freedom" 2020s "Does He Love You" (with Dolly Parton) "I Can't" Other singles "Mind Your Own Business" (with Hank Williams Jr.) "Oklahoma Swing" (with Vince Gill) "Cowgirls Don't Cry" (with Brooks & Dunn) "Forever Country" (with Various artists) "Be a Light" (with Thomas Rhett) "What If" Authority control databases MusicBrainz work This 1994 country song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heart_Is_a_Lonely_Hunter_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Mark D. Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_D._Sanders"},{"link_name":"Kim Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Williams_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Ed Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Hill"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Reba McEntire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reba_McEntire"},{"link_name":"Read My Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read_My_Mind_(album)"}],"text":"This article is about the Reba McEntire song. For other songs, see The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter (disambiguation).1995 single by Reba McEntire\"The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter\" is a song written by Mark D. Sanders, Kim Williams and Ed Hill, and recorded by American country music artist Reba McEntire. It was released in February 1995 as the fourth single from her 1994 album Read My Mind. The song reached number one on both the U.S. and Canadian country singles charts that year.The song debuted at No. 58 for the week of February 18, 1995, and peaked at No. 1 for the week of April 15, 1995.","title":"The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter (song)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Year-end charts","title":"Chart performance"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Dillon, Charlotte. \"Read My Mind\". Allmusic. Retrieved 2009-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r197076","url_text":"\"Read My Mind\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]},{"reference":"\"RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1995\". RPM. December 18, 1995. Retrieved July 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2838&type=1&interval=24","url_text":"\"RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1995\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"}]},{"reference":"\"Best of 1995: Country Songs\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 1995. Retrieved July 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1995/hot-country-songs","url_text":"\"Best of 1995: Country Songs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r197076","external_links_name":"\"Read My Mind\""},{"Link":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.9140&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.9140.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.9140","external_links_name":"Top RPM Country Tracks: Issue 9140"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Reba-McEntire/chart-history/CSI","external_links_name":"\"Reba McEntire Chart History (Hot Country Songs)\""},{"Link":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2838&type=1&interval=24","external_links_name":"\"RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1995\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1995/hot-country-songs","external_links_name":"\"Best of 1995: Country Songs\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/871fb227-1c56-45fb-9992-33ec90d82a7c","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Heart_Is_a_Lonely_Hunter_(song)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_the_Ground_Up_(song)	From the Ground Up (song)	["1 Background and composition","2 Critical reception","3 Commercial performance","4 Music video","5 Personnel","6 Charts","6.1 Weekly charts","6.2 Year end charts","7 Certifications and sales","8 Release history","9 References"]	2016 single by Dan Shay"From the Ground Up"Single by Dan + Shayfrom the album Obsessed ReleasedFebruary 5, 2016 (2016-02-05)Recorded2015, Ocean Waves Studios (Nashville, Tennessee)GenreCountryLength4:14LabelWarner Bros. NashvilleSongwriter(s)Dan SmyersShay MooneyChris DeStefanoProducer(s)Dan SmyersScott HendricksDan + Shay singles chronology "Nothin' Like You" (2015) "From the Ground Up" (2016) "How Not To" (2016) "From the Ground Up" is a song written and recorded by American country music duo Dan + Shay for their second studio album, Obsessed (2016). It was released to digital retailers on February 6, 2016, through Warner Bros. Nashville as the album's lead single and impacted American country radio on February 22, 2016. "From the Ground Up" was co-written by Chris DeStefano and was produced by group member Dan Smyers with Scott Hendricks. The song's accompanying music video, released concurrently on February 5, was directed by Shaun Silva. Prior to its official radio release, "From the Ground Up" debuted at number 37 on the Billboard Country Airplay chart dated February 20, 2016 as the week's hot shot debut and most-added single. It has since become their second consecutive single to top the chart. Background and composition "From the Ground Up" is a country ballad written by Dan Smyers, Shay Mooney, and Chris DeStefano about finding true love and building a life together with that person. Inspired by the love shared by the duo member's respective grandparents, the song was written shortly after Dan lost his grandfather and while Shay's was in the hospital, and has been described by the duo as "the most special song we've ever written." The song was recorded at Ocean Waves Studios in Nashville, Tennessee and features a string section, Gordon Mote on piano, Bryan Sutton on guitar, and Nir Z on drums. Critical reception Markos Papadatos of Digital Journal rated the song an A, writing that "both Dan and Shay soar on harmonies" and that the song will be popular at weddings. Commercial performance "From the Ground Up" first entered the Country Airplay chart of February 20, 2016 at No. 37, and then debuted on the Hot Country Songs chart at No. 23 the following week when it was made available for download, selling 21,000 copies in its first week. The song reached No. 1 on the Country Airplay chart in August 2016, their second consecutive No. 1 on the chart. It peaked at number three on Hot Country Songs, making it their highest-charting single on that chart. "From the Ground Up" also debuted at number 18 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart dated February 27, 2016 and spent eleven weeks on the chart, reaching a peak of six. It debuted at number 90 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart dated June 11, 2016. The song reached a peak position of 48 on the chart dated August 6, 2016, becoming the duo's second top-50 single. It was certified triple platinum by RIAA on May 9, 2024. The song has sold 607,000 copies in the US as of January 2017. In Canada, the song debuted at number 49 on the Country airplay chart dated May 21, 2016. It reached a peak position of 10 on the chart dated August 27, 2016. On the Canadian Hot 100, the song debuted and peaked at number 77 on the chart dated August 6, 2016 and remained on the chart for a single week. In August 2023, the single was certified 2× Platinum by Music Canada, indicating sales of over 160,000 units. The song has been covered by a number of YouTubers and fans, including the all male Irish singing group, Celtic Thunder. The song is featured on their 2017 CD titled "Inspirational". Music video The music video for "From the Ground Up" was directed by Shaun Silva and premiered February 5, 2016. Alternating between scenes of the past and present, the video depicts a grandmother sharing stories of her younger years and wedding to her granddaughter as the younger woman plans a wedding of her own, and centers around the concept of lasting love. Personnel Dan + Shay Shay Mooney — lead vocals, background vocals Dan Smyers — electric guitar, background vocals Additional musicians Jessica Blackwell — violin Charles Dixon — violin Elisabeth Lamb — viola Gordon Mote — piano, string arrangements Emily Nelson — cello Russ Pahl — pedal steel guitar Jimmie Lee Sloas — bass guitar Bryan Sutton — acoustic guitar Derek Wells — electric guitar Nir Z — drums, percussion, programming Charts Weekly charts Chart (2016) Peak position Canada (Canadian Hot 100) 77 Canada Country (Billboard) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 48 US Country Airplay (Billboard) 1 US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) 3 Year end charts Chart (2016) Position US Country Airplay (Billboard) 17 US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) 12 Certifications and sales Region Certification Certified units/sales Canada (Music Canada) 2× Platinum 160,000‡ United States (RIAA) 3× Platinum 3,000,000‡ ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Release history Country Date Format Label Ref. Worldwide February 5, 2016 Digital download Warner Bros. Nashville United States February 22, 2016 Country radio References ^ Freeman, Jon (April 20, 2016). "Dan + Shay Plot New Album 'Obsessed'". Rolling Stone Country. Wenner Media. Retrieved 20 April 2016. ^ a b "From the Ground Up - Single by Dan + Shay". iTunes Store (US). Apple Inc. Retrieved 5 February 2016. ^ a b c "Billboard Country Update" (February 8, 2016). Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 9 February 2016. ^ a b "CMT : Videos : Dan + Shay : From the Ground Up". Country Music Television. Retrieved February 5, 2016. ^ Mastrogiannis, Nicole (February 5, 2016). "Listen to Dan + Shay - 'From The Ground Up' \| World Premiere". iHeartRadio. iHeartMedia. Retrieved 9 February 2016. ^ Papadatos, Markos (February 8, 2016). "Review: Dan + Shay release gorgeous new single 'From The Ground Up'". Digital Journal. Retrieved 9 February 2016. ^ "Hot Country Songs: February 27, 2016". Billboard. ^ Bjorke, Matt (February 16, 2016). "Country's Top 30 Digital Singles Chart: February 16, 2016". ^ Asker, Jim (August 23, 2016). "Dan + Shay 'Up' to No. 1 On Country Airplay; Justin Moore Bows Atop Top Country Albums". Billboard. ^ a b "Dan + Shay Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved July 26, 2016. ^ ""From the Ground Up" on Bubbling Under Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 20 September 2016. ^ ""From the Ground Up" on Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 20 September 2016. ^ "The Hot 100" (The Week Of August 6, 2016). Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 20 September 2016. ^ a b "American single certifications – Dan + Shay – From the Ground Up". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved May 18, 2024. ^ Bjorke, Matt (January 3, 2017). "Top 30 Digital Singles Sales Report: January 3, 2017". Roughstock. ^ a b ""From the Ground Up" on Canada Country". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 20 September 2016. ^ a b "Dan + Shay Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved July 26, 2016. ^ a b "Canadian single certifications – Dan + Shay – From the Ground Up". Music Canada. Retrieved August 21, 2023. ^ "Dan + Shay Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved August 2, 2016. ^ "Dan + Shay Chart History (Canada Country)". Billboard. Retrieved August 16, 2016. ^ "Dan + Shay Chart History (Country Airplay)". Billboard. Retrieved August 16, 2016. ^ "Country Airplay: Year End 2016". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved December 8, 2016. ^ "Hot Country Songs: Year End 2016". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved December 8, 2016. ^ Other international releases: Canada: "From the Ground Up - Single by Dan + Shay". iTunes Store (Canada). Apple Inc. Retrieved 9 February 2016. Australia: "From the Ground Up - Single by Dan + Shay". iTunes Store (Australia). Apple Inc. 5 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016. United Kingdom: "From the Ground Up - Single by Dan + Shay". iTunes Store (UK). Apple Inc. 5 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016. vteDan + Shay Discography Studio albums Where It All Began (2014) Obsessed (2016) Dan + Shay (2018) Good Things (2021) Bigger Houses (2023) Singles "19 You + Me" "Show You Off" "Nothin' Like You" "From the Ground Up" "How Not To" "Road Trippin'" "Tequila" "Speechless" "All to Myself" "10,000 Hours" "I Should Probably Go to Bed" "Glad You Exist" "Steal My Love" "You" "Save Me the Trouble" Featured singles "That's Not How This Works" Other songs "When I Pray for You" "Keeping Score" "Good Things" "Lying" "Only Us" Tours The (Arena) Tour	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Dan + Shay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_%2B_Shay"},{"link_name":"Obsessed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessed_(Dan_%2B_Shay_album)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records"},{"link_name":"lead single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_single"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iTunes_US-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCU_Feb8-3"},{"link_name":"Chris DeStefano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_DeStefano"},{"link_name":"Scott Hendricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Hendricks"},{"link_name":"Shaun Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Silva"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMT_video-4"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Country Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Airplay"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCU_Feb8-3"}],"text":"\"From the Ground Up\" is a song written and recorded by American country music duo Dan + Shay for their second studio album, Obsessed (2016).[1] It was released to digital retailers on February 6, 2016, through Warner Bros. Nashville as the album's lead single and impacted American country radio on February 22, 2016.[2][3] \"From the Ground Up\" was co-written by Chris DeStefano and was produced by group member Dan Smyers with Scott Hendricks.The song's accompanying music video, released concurrently on February 5, was directed by Shaun Silva.[4] Prior to its official radio release, \"From the Ground Up\" debuted at number 37 on the Billboard Country Airplay chart dated February 20, 2016 as the week's hot shot debut and most-added single.[3] It has since become their second consecutive single to top the chart.","title":"From the Ground Up (song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"ballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentimental_ballad"},{"link_name":"Chris DeStefano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_DeStefano"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iHeartRadio-5"},{"link_name":"Nashville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"string section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_instrument"},{"link_name":"Gordon Mote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Mote"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"Bryan Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Sutton"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"Nir Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nir_Zidkyahu"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum"}],"text":"\"From the Ground Up\" is a country ballad written by Dan Smyers, Shay Mooney, and Chris DeStefano about finding true love and building a life together with that person. Inspired by the love shared by the duo member's respective grandparents, the song was written shortly after Dan lost his grandfather and while Shay's was in the hospital, and has been described by the duo as \"the most special song we've ever written.\"[5] The song was recorded at Ocean Waves Studios in Nashville, Tennessee and features a string section, Gordon Mote on piano, Bryan Sutton on guitar, and Nir Z on drums.","title":"Background and composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Markos Papadatos of Digital Journal rated the song an A, writing that \"both Dan and Shay soar on harmonies\" and that the song will be popular at weddings.[6]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Country Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Hot Country Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Country_Songs-10"},{"link_name":"Bubbling Under Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubbling_Under_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"RIAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIAA_cert-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_sales-15"},{"link_name":"Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Country"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canada_Country_history-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canada_Country_history-16"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Can_Hot_100-17"},{"link_name":"Music Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC_cert-18"}],"text":"\"From the Ground Up\" first entered the Country Airplay chart of February 20, 2016 at No. 37, and then debuted on the Hot Country Songs chart at No. 23 the following week when it was made available for download,[7] selling 21,000 copies in its first week.[8] The song reached No. 1 on the Country Airplay chart in August 2016, their second consecutive No. 1 on the chart.[9] It peaked at number three on Hot Country Songs, making it their highest-charting single on that chart.[10] \"From the Ground Up\" also debuted at number 18 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart dated February 27, 2016 and spent eleven weeks on the chart, reaching a peak of six.[11] It debuted at number 90 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart dated June 11, 2016.[12] The song reached a peak position of 48 on the chart dated August 6, 2016, becoming the duo's second top-50 single.[13] It was certified triple platinum by RIAA on May 9, 2024.[14] The song has sold 607,000 copies in the US as of January 2017.[15]In Canada, the song debuted at number 49 on the Country airplay chart dated May 21, 2016.[16] It reached a peak position of 10 on the chart dated August 27, 2016.[16] On the Canadian Hot 100, the song debuted and peaked at number 77 on the chart dated August 6, 2016 and remained on the chart for a single week.[17] In August 2023, the single was certified 2× Platinum by Music Canada, indicating sales of over 160,000 units.[18]The song has been covered by a number of YouTubers and fans, including the all male Irish singing group, Celtic Thunder. The song is featured on their 2017 CD titled \"Inspirational\".","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shaun Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Silva"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMT_video-4"}],"text":"The music video for \"From the Ground Up\" was directed by Shaun Silva and premiered February 5, 2016.[4] Alternating between scenes of the past and present, the video depicts a grandmother sharing stories of her younger years and wedding to her granddaughter as the younger woman plans a wedding of her own, and centers around the concept of lasting love.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electric guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_guitar"},{"link_name":"violin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin"},{"link_name":"viola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola"},{"link_name":"Gordon Mote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Mote"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"cello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello"},{"link_name":"pedal steel guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedal_steel_guitar"},{"link_name":"Jimmie Lee Sloas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmie_Lee_Sloas"},{"link_name":"bass guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"Bryan Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Sutton"},{"link_name":"acoustic guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_guitar"},{"link_name":"Nir Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nir_Zidkyahu"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums"},{"link_name":"percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion"}],"text":"Dan + ShayShay Mooney — lead vocals, background vocals\nDan Smyers — electric guitar, background vocalsAdditional musiciansJessica Blackwell — violin\nCharles Dixon — violin\nElisabeth Lamb — viola\nGordon Mote — piano, string arrangements\nEmily Nelson — cello\nRuss Pahl — pedal steel guitar\nJimmie Lee Sloas — bass guitar\nBryan Sutton — acoustic guitar\nDerek Wells — electric guitar\nNir Z — drums, percussion, programming","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=From_the_Ground_Up_(song)&action=edit&section=7"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canada_Dan_+_Shay-19"},{"link_name":"Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Country"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardcanadacountry_Dan_+_Shay-20"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Can_Hot_100-17"},{"link_name":"Country Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardcountryairplay_Dan_+_Shay-21"},{"link_name":"Hot Country Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Country_Songs-10"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=From_the_Ground_Up_(song)&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (2016)\n\nPeak position\n\n\nCanada (Canadian Hot 100)[19]\n\n77\n\n\nCanada Country (Billboard)[20]\n\n10\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[17]\n\n48\n\n\nUS Country Airplay (Billboard)[21]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[10]\n\n3\n\n\n\n\nYear end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2016)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Country Airplay (Billboard)[22]\n\n17\n\n\nUS Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[23]\n\n12","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications and sales"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Freeman, Jon (April 20, 2016). \"Dan + Shay Plot New Album 'Obsessed'\". Rolling Stone Country. Wenner Media. Retrieved 20 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/dan-shay-plot-new-album-obsessed-20160420","url_text":"\"Dan + Shay Plot New Album 'Obsessed'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jann_Wenner","url_text":"Wenner Media"}]},{"reference":"\"From the Ground Up - Single by Dan + Shay\". iTunes Store (US). Apple Inc. Retrieved 5 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/from-the-ground-up-single/id1080091036","url_text":"\"From the Ground Up - Single by Dan + Shay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store","url_text":"iTunes Store"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc","url_text":"Apple Inc"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard Country Update\" (February 8, 2016). Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 9 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/files/pdfs/country_update_020816.pdf","url_text":"\"Billboard Country Update\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"CMT : Videos : Dan + Shay : From the Ground Up\". Country Music Television. Retrieved February 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cmt.com/videos/dan-shay/1272262/from-the-ground-up.jhtml","url_text":"\"CMT : Videos : Dan + Shay : From the Ground Up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Music_Television","url_text":"Country Music Television"}]},{"reference":"Mastrogiannis, Nicole (February 5, 2016). \"Listen to Dan + Shay - 'From The Ground Up' \| World Premiere\". iHeartRadio. iHeartMedia. Retrieved 9 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.iheart.com/articles/entertainment-news-104651/listen-to-dan-shay-from-the-14349661/","url_text":"\"Listen to Dan + Shay - 'From The Ground Up' \| World Premiere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartRadio","url_text":"iHeartRadio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartMedia","url_text":"iHeartMedia"}]},{"reference":"Papadatos, Markos (February 8, 2016). \"Review: Dan + Shay release gorgeous new single 'From The Ground Up'\". Digital Journal. Retrieved 9 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitaljournal.com/a-and-e/music/review-dan-shay-release-gorgeous-new-single-from-the-ground-up/article/456900","url_text":"\"Review: Dan + Shay release gorgeous new single 'From The Ground Up'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hot Country Songs: February 27, 2016\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/country-songs/2016-02-27","url_text":"\"Hot Country Songs: February 27, 2016\""}]},{"reference":"Bjorke, Matt (February 16, 2016). \"Country's Top 30 Digital Singles Chart: February 16, 2016\".","urls":[{"url":"http://roughstock.com/news/2016/02/39798-countrys-top-30-digital-singles-chart-february-16-2016","url_text":"\"Country's Top 30 Digital Singles Chart: February 16, 2016\""}]},{"reference":"Asker, Jim (August 23, 2016). \"Dan + Shay 'Up' to No. 1 On Country Airplay; Justin Moore Bows Atop Top Country Albums\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7486819/dan-shay-country-airplay-justin-moore-albums","url_text":"\"Dan + Shay 'Up' to No. 1 On Country Airplay; Justin Moore Bows Atop Top Country Albums\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"From the Ground Up\" on Bubbling Under Hot 100\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 20 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f%5b0%5d=ss_chart_search_title%3A%22From%20The%20Ground%20Up%22&f%5b1%5d=itm_field_chart_id%3A344&refine=1","url_text":"\"\"From the Ground Up\" on Bubbling Under Hot 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"\"From the Ground Up\" on Billboard Hot 100\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 20 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f%5b0%5d=is_bmdb_track_id%3A7383751&f%5b1%5d=itm_field_chart_id%3A379&refine=1","url_text":"\"\"From the Ground Up\" on Billboard Hot 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"The Hot 100\" (The Week Of August 6, 2016). Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 20 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/2016-08-06","url_text":"\"The Hot 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"American single certifications – Dan + Shay – From the Ground Up\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved May 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Dan+%2B+Shay&ti=From+the+Ground+Up&format=Single&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American single certifications – Dan + Shay – From the Ground Up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"Bjorke, Matt (January 3, 2017). \"Top 30 Digital Singles Sales Report: January 3, 2017\". Roughstock.","urls":[{"url":"http://roughstock.com/news/2017/01/41261-top-30-digital-singles-sales-report-january-3-2017","url_text":"\"Top 30 Digital Singles Sales Report: January 3, 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"From the Ground Up\" on Canada Country\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 20 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f%5b0%5d=ss_chart_search_title%3A%22From%20The%20Ground%20Up%22&f%5b1%5d=itm_field_chart_id%3A1240&refine=1","url_text":"\"\"From the Ground Up\" on Canada Country\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian single certifications – Dan + Shay – From the Ground Up\". Music Canada. Retrieved August 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=From+the+Ground+Up%20Dan+%2B+Shay","url_text":"\"Canadian single certifications – Dan + Shay – From the Ground Up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Country Airplay: Year End 2016\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved December 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2016/country-airplay-songs","url_text":"\"Country Airplay: Year End 2016\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Hot Country Songs: Year End 2016\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved December 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2016/hot-country-songs","url_text":"\"Hot Country Songs: Year End 2016\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"From the Ground Up - Single by Dan + Shay\". iTunes Store (Canada). Apple Inc. Retrieved 9 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/from-the-ground-up-single/id1080091036","url_text":"\"From the Ground Up - Single by Dan + Shay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store","url_text":"iTunes Store"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc","url_text":"Apple Inc"}]},{"reference":"\"From the Ground Up - Single by Dan + Shay\". iTunes Store (Australia). Apple Inc. 5 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/from-the-ground-up-single/id1080091036","url_text":"\"From the Ground Up - Single by Dan + Shay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store","url_text":"iTunes Store"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc","url_text":"Apple Inc"}]},{"reference":"\"From the Ground Up - Single by Dan + Shay\". iTunes Store (UK). Apple Inc. 5 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/from-the-ground-up-single/id1080091036","url_text":"\"From the Ground Up - Single by Dan + Shay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store","url_text":"iTunes Store"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc","url_text":"Apple Inc"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/dan-shay-plot-new-album-obsessed-20160420","external_links_name":"\"Dan + Shay Plot New Album 'Obsessed'\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/from-the-ground-up-single/id1080091036","external_links_name":"\"From the Ground Up - Single by Dan + Shay\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/files/pdfs/country_update_020816.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Billboard Country Update\""},{"Link":"http://www.cmt.com/videos/dan-shay/1272262/from-the-ground-up.jhtml","external_links_name":"\"CMT : Videos : Dan + Shay : From the Ground Up\""},{"Link":"http://news.iheart.com/articles/entertainment-news-104651/listen-to-dan-shay-from-the-14349661/","external_links_name":"\"Listen to Dan + Shay - 'From The Ground Up' \| World Premiere\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitaljournal.com/a-and-e/music/review-dan-shay-release-gorgeous-new-single-from-the-ground-up/article/456900","external_links_name":"\"Review: Dan + Shay release gorgeous new single 'From The Ground Up'\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/country-songs/2016-02-27","external_links_name":"\"Hot Country Songs: February 27, 2016\""},{"Link":"http://roughstock.com/news/2016/02/39798-countrys-top-30-digital-singles-chart-february-16-2016","external_links_name":"\"Country's Top 30 Digital Singles Chart: February 16, 2016\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7486819/dan-shay-country-airplay-justin-moore-albums","external_links_name":"\"Dan + Shay 'Up' to No. 1 On Country Airplay; Justin Moore Bows Atop Top Country Albums\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Dan-+-Shay/chart-history/CSI","external_links_name":"\"Dan + Shay Chart History (Hot Country Songs)\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f%5b0%5d=ss_chart_search_title%3A%22From%20The%20Ground%20Up%22&f%5b1%5d=itm_field_chart_id%3A344&refine=1","external_links_name":"\"\"From the Ground Up\" on Bubbling Under Hot 100\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f%5b0%5d=is_bmdb_track_id%3A7383751&f%5b1%5d=itm_field_chart_id%3A379&refine=1","external_links_name":"\"\"From the Ground Up\" on Billboard Hot 100\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/2016-08-06","external_links_name":"\"The Hot 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Dan+%2B+Shay&ti=From+the+Ground+Up&format=Single&type=#search_section","external_links_name":"\"American single certifications – Dan + Shay – From the Ground Up\""},{"Link":"http://roughstock.com/news/2017/01/41261-top-30-digital-singles-sales-report-january-3-2017","external_links_name":"\"Top 30 Digital Singles Sales Report: January 3, 2017\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f%5b0%5d=ss_chart_search_title%3A%22From%20The%20Ground%20Up%22&f%5b1%5d=itm_field_chart_id%3A1240&refine=1","external_links_name":"\"\"From the Ground Up\" on Canada Country\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Dan-+-Shay/chart-history/HSI","external_links_name":"\"Dan + Shay Chart History (Hot 100)\""},{"Link":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=From+the+Ground+Up%20Dan+%2B+Shay","external_links_name":"\"Canadian single certifications – Dan + Shay – From the Ground Up\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Dan-+-Shay/chart-history/CAN","external_links_name":"\"Dan + Shay Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Dan-+-Shay/chart-history/CCW","external_links_name":"\"Dan + Shay Chart History (Canada Country)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Dan-+-Shay/chart-history/CSA","external_links_name":"\"Dan + Shay Chart History (Country Airplay)\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2016/country-airplay-songs","external_links_name":"\"Country Airplay: Year End 2016\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2016/hot-country-songs","external_links_name":"\"Hot Country Songs: Year End 2016\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/from-the-ground-up-single/id1080091036","external_links_name":"\"From the Ground Up - Single by Dan + Shay\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/from-the-ground-up-single/id1080091036","external_links_name":"\"From the Ground Up - Single by Dan + Shay\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/from-the-ground-up-single/id1080091036","external_links_name":"\"From the Ground Up - Single by Dan + Shay\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Arabov	Nikolay Arabov	["1 Career","2 References"]	Bulgarian footballer and manager In this Bulgarian name, the patronymic is Asenov and the family name is Arabov. Nikolay ArabovPersonal informationFull name Nikolay Asenov ArabovDate of birth (1953-11-14) 14 November 1953 (age 70)Place of birth Sliven, BulgariaHeight 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in)Position(s) Centre-backSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)1971–1986 Sliven 391 (11)1987–1988 Anagennisi Deryneia 23 (1)1988 Lokomotiv Plovdiv 7 (0)1988–1990 Spartak Pleven 45 (3)1990–1991 Cherveno Zname Pavlikeni 1992–1993 Sliven 14 (2)1993–1994 KF Tirana 25 (0)Total 505 (17)International career1976–1986 Bulgaria 42 (0)Managerial career Akademik Svishtov Tirana2001 Partizani Tirana2002 Flamurtari2009 Botev Kozloduy Club domestic league appearances and goals Nikolay Asenov Arabov (Bulgarian: Николай Aсенов Арабов; born 14 November 1953) is a Bulgarian former professional footballer and manager who played as a defender from 1971 to 1994, most notably for Sliven. Arabov was capped 42 times for the Bulgaria national football team and represented the nation at the 1986 FIFA World Cup. Career Arabov made his debut for Sliven in 1971 and stayed in the club for 15 years, with 310 games in the A PFG. Capped 42 times for the Bulgaria national football team in the period 1976 – 1986, including 3 games at 1986 FIFA World Cup in Mexico. Arabov has also played for Spartak Pleven, Lokomotiv Plovdiv, Anagennisi Dherynia and Albanian KF Tirana before returning to Sliven for its last season in A PFG (1993). After his retirement as a player Arabov worked for many years in Albania, coaching KF Tirana, KF Partizani, and KS Flamurtari. References ^ "Nikolay Arabov stats". eu-football.info. ^ Mamrud, Roberto (29 October 2009). "Bulgaria – Record International Players". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 October 2009. ^ Nikolay Arabov – FIFA competition record (archived) vteBulgaria squad – 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Mihaylov 2 Sirakov 3 Arabov 4 Petrov 5 G. Dimitrov (c) 6 Zhelyazkov 7 Iskrenov 8 Sadakov 9 Mladenov 10 Gospodinov 11 Getov 12 Zdravkov 13 A. Markov 14 P. Markov 15 Yordanov 16 Dragolov 17 Kolev 18 Velichkov 19 Pashev 20 Kostadinov 21 Dyakov 22 Valov Coach: Vutsov vteFK Partizani Tirana – managers Llambi (1946–49) Alla (1954–56) Lyukshinov (1956–57) Spahiu (1956–62) Boriçi (1962–71) Birçe (1971–74) Shuke (1974–77) Birçe (1977–85) Bajko (1986–88) Kraja (1988–89) Starova (1990–94) Lika (1994–95) R.Shehu (1995–96) Starova (1996–97) Musta (1997–98) Gëzdari (1998–99) Tomorri (2000–01) Bajko (2001) Arabov (2001) Duro (2001–02) Gori (2002) Bajko (2002–03) Spahiu (2003) Mema (2003–04) Shulku (2004) R.Shehu (2004) Mema (2004–05) Bajko (2005) Mema (2005) Starova (2005–06) Bajko (2006–07) Lika (2007–08) Duro (2008–09) Bejzade (2009–10) Haxhiu (2010) Bajko (2010–11) Y.Shehu (2011) Musta (2012) Coçlli (2012) Duro (2012–13) Lika (2013–14) Tomorri (2014) Sampaio (2014) Tomorrii (2014) Duro (2014–15) Starova (2015–16) Agostinelli (2016) Dalipii (2016) Sormani (2016) Starova (2016–17) Iuliano (2017) Starova (2017–18) Dalipi (2018) Gega (2018–19) Lerda (2019) Kalari (2019) Sormani (2020) Daja (2020–21) Mehmeti (2021–22) Colella (2022–23) Zekić (2023) Abilaliaji (2023) Shehi (2023–) (i) = interim manager vteFlamurtari FC – managers Lubonja (19?? to 68) Luçi (1968–?) B. Birçe (1975–78) Sulaj (1979–83) Çuri (1983–88) Liçaj (1990–94) B. Birçe (1994–96) Çuri (1996–97) Gjondeda (1997) Xhafa (1998) Ruci (1998–99) Liçaj (1999–00) Kushta (2000–01) Leka (2001) M. Haxhiu (2001) Arabov (2002) Bifsha (2002) Çuri (2003) Bifsha (2003) Ferko (2003–04) Canaj (2006) Memushi (2006) Ruci (2006–07) G. Haxhiu (2007) Memushi (2007–08) Kovačić (2008) Liçaj (2008–09) Memushi (2009) Magani (2009–11) Lutaj (2011) Muça (2011–12) Rubio (2012) Gjoka (2012–14) Ramella (2014–15) Levý (2015) Mezani (2015–16) Ramadani (2016) Magani (2016) Mezani (2016–2017) Duro (2017–18) Behari (2018) Daja (2018–19) L. Birçe (2019–20) Troisi (2020) Resuli (2020–22) Troisi (2022–23) Longo (2023) Çela (2023) Resuli (2023–24) Memushi (2024–) This biographical article related to association football in Bulgaria, about a defender, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulgarian name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_name"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Sliven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFC_Sliven_2000"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1986 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In this Bulgarian name, the patronymic is Asenov and the family name is Arabov.Nikolay Asenov Arabov (Bulgarian: Николай Aсенов Арабов; born 14 November 1953) is a Bulgarian former professional footballer and manager who played as a defender from 1971 to 1994, most notably for Sliven.Arabov was capped 42 times for the Bulgaria national football team and represented the nation at the 1986 FIFA World Cup.[1]","title":"Nikolay Arabov"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sliven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFC_Sliven_2000"},{"link_name":"A PFG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_PFG"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"1986 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Spartak Pleven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartak_Pleven"},{"link_name":"Lokomotiv Plovdiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokomotiv_Plovdiv"},{"link_name":"Anagennisi Dherynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anagennisi_Dherynia"},{"link_name":"KF Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Tirana"},{"link_name":"A PFG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_PFG"},{"link_name":"KF Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Tirana"},{"link_name":"KF Partizani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Partizani_Tirana"},{"link_name":"KS Flamurtari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KS_Flamurtari"}],"text":"Arabov made his debut for Sliven in 1971 and stayed in the club for 15 years, with 310 games in the A PFG. Capped 42 times for the Bulgaria national football team in the period 1976 – 1986,[2] including 3 games at 1986 FIFA World Cup in Mexico.[3] Arabov has also played for Spartak Pleven, Lokomotiv Plovdiv, Anagennisi Dherynia and Albanian KF Tirana before returning to Sliven for its last season in A PFG (1993). After his retirement as a player Arabov worked for many years in Albania, coaching KF Tirana, KF Partizani, and KS Flamurtari.","title":"Career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Nikolay Arabov stats\". eu-football.info.","urls":[{"url":"https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=736","url_text":"\"Nikolay Arabov stats\""}]},{"reference":"Mamrud, Roberto (29 October 2009). \"Bulgaria – Record International Players\". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_installation	Installation art	["1 History","2 Installation","3 Gesamtkunstwerk","4 Art and Objecthood","5 Interactive installations","6 Immersive virtual reality","7 Gallery","8 See also","9 References","10 Bibliography","11 External links"]	Three-dimensional work of art This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Rachel Whiteread, Embankment at Tate Modern, London An installation art of Mad crab created with waste plastics and similar non-biodegradable wastes at Fort Kochi. See also: Interactive art Installation art is an artistic genre of three-dimensional works that are often site-specific and designed to transform the perception of a space. Generally, the term is applied to interior spaces, whereas exterior interventions are often called public art, land art or art intervention; however, the boundaries between these terms overlap. History Visitors interact with a couple in bed, inside one of the many environments of La Menesunda (1965), one of the earliest large-scale installations in art history. Installation art can be either temporary or permanent. Installation artworks have been constructed in exhibition spaces such as museums and galleries, as well as public and private spaces. The genre incorporates a broad range of everyday and natural materials, which are often chosen for their "evocative" qualities, as well as new media such as video, sound, performance, immersive virtual reality and the internet. Many installations are site-specific in that they are designed to exist only in the space for which they were created, appealing to qualities evident in a three-dimensional immersive medium. Artistic collectives such as the Exhibition Lab at New York's American Museum of Natural History created environments to showcase the natural world in as realistic a medium as possible. Likewise, Walt Disney Imagineering employed a similar philosophy when designing the multiple immersive spaces for Disneyland in 1955. Since its acceptance as a separate discipline, a number of institutions focusing on Installation art were created. These included the Mattress Factory, Pittsburgh, the Museum of Installation in London, and the Fairy Doors of Ann Arbor, MI, among others. Installation art came to prominence in the 1970s but its roots can be identified in earlier artists such as Marcel Duchamp and his use of the readymade and Kurt Schwitters' Merz art objects, rather than more traditional craft based sculpture. The "intention" of the artist is paramount in much later installation art whose roots lie in the conceptual art of the 1960s. This again is a departure from traditional sculpture which places its focus on form. Early non-Western installation art includes events staged by the Gutai group in Japan starting in 1954, which influenced American installation pioneers like Allan Kaprow. Wolf Vostell shows his installation 6 TV Dé-coll/age in 1963 at the Smolin Gallery in New York. Installation Allan McCollum.The Shapes Project, 2005/06 Installation as nomenclature for a specific form of art came into use fairly recently; its first use as documented by the Oxford English Dictionary was in 1969. It was coined in this context, in reference to a form of art that had arguably existed since prehistory but was not regarded as a discrete category until the mid-twentieth century. Allan Kaprow used the term "Environment" in 1958 (Kaprow 6) to describe his transformed indoor spaces; this later joined such terms as "project art" and "temporary art." Essentially, installation/environmental art takes into account a broader sensory experience, rather than floating framed points of focus on a "neutral" wall or displaying isolated objects (literally) on a pedestal. This may leave space and time as its only dimensional constants, implying dissolution of the line between "art" and "life"; Kaprow noted that "if we bypass 'art' and take nature itself as a model or point of departure, we may be able to devise a different kind of art... out of the sensory stuff of ordinary life". Gesamtkunstwerk The conscious act of artistically addressing all the senses with regard to a total experience made a resounding debut in 1849 when Richard Wagner conceived of a Gesamtkunstwerk, or an operatic work for the stage that drew inspiration from ancient Greek theater in its inclusion of all the major art forms: painting, writing, music, etc. (Britannica). In devising operatic works to commandeer the audience's senses, Wagner left nothing unobserved: architecture, ambience, and even the audience itself were considered and manipulated in order to achieve a state of total artistic immersion. In the book "Themes in Contemporary Art", it is suggested that "installations in the 1980s and 1990s were increasingly characterized by networks of operations involving the interaction among complex architectural settings, environmental sites and extensive use of everyday objects in ordinary contexts. With the advent of video in 1965, a concurrent strand of installation evolved through the use of new and ever-changing technologies, and what had been simple video installations expanded to include complex interactive, multimedia and virtual reality environments". Art and Objecthood Guardians of Time, Manfred Kielnhofer, Festival of Lights (Berlin) French Cathedral, Berlin, Velotaxi 2011 In "Art and Objecthood", Michael Fried derisively labels art that acknowledges the viewer as "theatrical" (Fried 45). There is a strong parallel between installation and theater: both play to a viewer who is expected to be at once immersed in the sensory/narrative experience that surrounds him and maintain a degree of self-identity as a viewer. The traditional theater-goer does not forget that they have come in from outside to sit and take in a created experience; a trademark of installation art has been the curious and eager viewer, still aware that they are in an exhibition setting and tentatively exploring the novel universe of the installation. The artist and critic Ilya Kabakov mentions this essential phenomenon in the introduction to his lectures "On the "Total" Installation": " is simultaneously both a 'victim' and a viewer, who on the one hand surveys and evaluates the installation, and on the other, follows those associations, recollections which arise in him he is overcome by the intense atmosphere of the total illusion". Here installation art bestows an unprecedented importance on the observer's inclusion in that which he observes. The expectations and social habits that the viewer brings with him into the space of the installation will remain with him as he enters, to be either applied or negated once he has taken in the new environment. What is common to nearly all installation art is a consideration of the experience in toto and the problems it may present, namely the constant conflict between disinterested criticism and sympathetic involvement. Television and video offer somewhat immersive experiences, but their unrelenting control over the rhythm of passing time and the arrangement of images precludes an intimately personal viewing experience. Ultimately, the only things a viewer can be assured of when experiencing the work are his own thoughts and preconceptions and the basic rules of space and time. All else may be molded by the artist's hands. The central importance of the subjective point of view when experiencing installation art, points toward a disregard for traditional Platonic image theory. In effect, the entire installation adopts the character of the simulacrum or flawed statue: it neglects any ideal form in favor of optimizing its direct appearance to the observer. Installation art operates fully within the realm of sensory perception, in a sense "installing" the viewer into an artificial system with an appeal to his subjective perception as its ultimate goal. Interactive installations Marc Lee 10.000 Moving Cities, 2010-ongoing, National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art Seoul An urban interactive art installation by Maurizio Bolognini (Genoa, 2005), which everybody can modify by using a cell phone. An interactive installation frequently involves the audience acting on the work of art or the piece responding to users' activity. There are several kinds of interactive installations that artists produce, these include web-based installations (e.g., Telegarden), gallery-based installations, digital-based installations, electronic-based installations, mobile-based installations, etc. Interactive installations appeared mostly at end of the 1980s (Legible City by Jeffrey Shaw, La plume by Edmond Couchot, Michel Bret...) and became a genre during the 1990s, when artists became particularly interested in using the participation of the audiences to activate and reveal the meaning of the installation. Paul Kuniholm Installation Art, for Storefronts, a Shunpike program Immersive virtual reality With the improvement of technology over the years, artists are more able to explore outside of the boundaries that were never able to be explored by artists in the past. The media used are more experimental and bold; they are also usually cross media and may involve sensors, which plays on the reaction to the audiences' movement when looking at the installations. By using virtual reality as a medium, immersive virtual reality art is probably the most deeply interactive form of art. By allowing the spectator to "visit" the representation, the artist creates "situations to live" vs "spectacle to watch". Gallery 'Sucker'wfp21' aircraft sculptural installation by Bangladeshi artist Firoz Mahmud at Aichi Arts Center, Nagoya, Japan Maurice Benayoun, Neorizon, urban interactive art installation, eArts Festival Shanghai, 2008. Eberhard Bosslet, Anmaßend I, documenta 8, Kassel, Germany 1987 Milton Becerra Ale'ya, Durban Segnini Gallery, Miami, 2009 Vasiliy Ryabchenko, "Big Bembi", 1994 Christian Boltanski, Signatures, 2011. Pascal Dombis, Irrationnal Geometrics, 2008. My Inner Beast, 1993 sculpture by Danish artist Jens Galschiøt. Exhibited in twenty cities across Europe without permission of the authorities. Carsten Höller. Test Site, Tate Modern, 2006. Members of public slid down as much as five stories inside tubular slides. Wolf Vostell, Auto-Fever, 1973, Museo Vostell Malpartida. African Adventure by Jane Alexander,1999-2002, Tate Modern, Bankside, London, England, November 2016 David Spriggs, Vision II, 2017. Installation by Ingvar Cronhammar in Frederiksberg / Denmark 2015. "Shalechet" (Abscission) installation by Menashe Kadishman, Jewish Museum Berlin See also Appropriation (art) Art intervention Classificatory disputes about art Conceptual art Environmental sculpture Found object Interactive art Modern art Neo-conceptual art Performance art Sound art Sound installation Street installations Video installation References ^ "Journey through this maze-like installation and become a part of the art". Tate. Retrieved March 29, 2020. ^ "Marta Minujín: Menesunda Reloaded". New Museum. June 26, 2019. Retrieved March 29, 2020. ^ Wolf Vostell, 6 TV Dé-coll/age, 1963 ^ Younis, Lauren (March 5, 2009). "Hearts and Scissors Exhibit to Open". Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014. "Installation art can facilitate a direct, immediate interaction with the viewer," Hinant said. ^ Joseph Nechvatal, Immersive Ideals / Critical Distances. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. 2009, p. 14 ^ Joseph Nechvatal, Immersive Ideals / Critical Distances. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. 2009, pp. 367-368 ^ Maurice Benayoun, Maurice Benayoun Open Art, Nouvelles éditions Scala, 2011, French version, ISBN 978-2-35988-046-5 ^ Milton Becerra Book Analysis of a process over time - 2007 - ISBN 980-6472-21-7 Bibliography Bishop, Claire. Installation Art a Critical History. London: Tate, 2005. Coulter-Smith, Graham. Deconstructing Installation Art. Online resource Ferriani, Barbara. Ephemeral Monuments: History and Conservation of Installation Art. Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2013. ISBN 978-1-60606-134-3 Fried, Michael. Art and Objecthood. In Art and Objecthood: Essays and Reviews. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. Grau, Oliver Virtual Art, from Illusion to Immersion, MIT Press 2004, ISBN 0-262-57223-0 "Installation .Grove Art Encyclopedia. 2006. Grove Art Online. 30 January 2006 . "Installation." Oxford English Dictionary. 2006. Oxford English Dictionary Online. 30 January 2006 . "Install, v." Oxford English Dictionary. 2006. Oxford English Dictionary Online. 30 January 2006 . Murray, Timothy, Derrick de Kerckhove, Oliver Grau, Kristine Stiles, Jean-Baptiste Barrière, Dominique Moulon, Jean-Pierre Balpe, Maurice Benayoun Open Art, Nouvelles éditions Scala, 2011, French version, ISBN 978-2-35988-046-5 Kabakov, Ilya. On the "Total" Installation. Ostfildern, Germany: Cantz, 1995, 243-260. Kaprow, Allan. "Notes on the Creation of a Total Art." In Essays on the Blurring of Art and Life, ed. Jeff Kelley. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. ISBN 0-520-24079-0 Mondloch, Kate. Screens: Viewing Media Installation Art. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-8166-6522-8 Nechvatal, Joseph, Immersive Ideals / Critical Distances. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. 2009. "Opera". Britannica Student Encyclopedia (Encyclopædia Britannica Online ed.). 15 February 2006. Reiss, Julie H. From Margin to Center: The Spaces of Installation Art. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001. ISBN 0-262-68134-X Rosenthal, Mark. Understanding Installation Art: From Duchamp to Holzer. Munich: Prestel Verlag, 2003. ISBN 3-7913-2984-7 Suderburg, Erika. Space, Site, Intervention: Situating Installation Art. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press, 2000. ISBN 0-8166-3159-X External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Installation art. Wikiquote has quotations related to Installation art. Dossier: Site-specific Installations in Germany Installation artists and art...the-artists.org Installation artists at Curlie Museum of Installation (London): Interview with directors Nico de Oliveira & Nicola Oxley (2008). Sculpture / artdesigncafe. 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Terracotta Army (246–210 BCE) Laocoön and His Sons (c. 200 BCE-70 CE) Venus de Milo (130–100 BCE) Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius (175 CE) Buddhas of Bamiyan (507–554 CE) Chartes Cathedral (c. 1194–1250 CE) The Golden Virgin Jules Verne's Tomb Konark Sun Temple (1250 CE) Moai, Easter Islands (1250–1500 CE) Pietà (1498–1499) David (1501–1504) Veiled Christ (1753) Kamagaya Great Buddha (1776) Nelson's Column (1843) Lion of Belfort (1880) Liberty Enlightening the World, Statue of Liberty (1886) The Gates of Hell (1890–1917) The Thinker (1904) Abraham Lincoln (1920) Mount Rushmore Shrine of Democracy (1927–1941) Christ the Redeemer (1927–1931) The Motherland Calls (1967) Fallen Astronaut (1971) Mother Motherland, Kiev (1981) Genghis Khan Equestrian Statue (2008) Statue of Unity (2018) Category Outline Authority control databases: National Israel Japan Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Whiteread_tate_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rachel Whiteread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Whiteread"},{"link_name":"Tate Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_Modern"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mad_Crab.jpg"},{"link_name":"crab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab"},{"link_name":"Fort Kochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Kochi"},{"link_name":"Interactive art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_art"},{"link_name":"three-dimensional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional"},{"link_name":"site-specific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site-specific_art"},{"link_name":"public art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_art"},{"link_name":"land art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_art"},{"link_name":"art intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_intervention"}],"text":"Rachel Whiteread, Embankment at Tate Modern, LondonAn installation art of Mad crab created with waste plastics and similar non-biodegradable wastes at Fort Kochi.See also: Interactive artInstallation art is an artistic genre of three-dimensional works that are often site-specific and designed to transform the perception of a space. Generally, the term is applied to interior spaces, whereas exterior interventions are often called public art, land art or art intervention; however, the boundaries between these terms overlap.","title":"Installation art"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_pareja_en_La_Menesunda_1965.jpg"},{"link_name":"interact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_art"},{"link_name":"La Menesunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Menesunda"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-menesundatate-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-menesundanewmuseum-2"},{"link_name":"genre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre"},{"link_name":"evocative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/evocative"},{"link_name":"new media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_media"},{"link_name":"video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video"},{"link_name":"sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound"},{"link_name":"performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance"},{"link_name":"immersive virtual reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immersive_virtual_reality"},{"link_name":"internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"site-specific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site-Specific_Art"},{"link_name":"three-dimensional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_space"},{"link_name":"Exhibition Lab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMNH_Exhibitions_Lab"},{"link_name":"American Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Imagineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Imagineering"},{"link_name":"Disneyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland"},{"link_name":"Mattress Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattress_Factory"},{"link_name":"Fairy Doors of Ann Arbor, MI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_Doors_of_Ann_Arbor,_MI"},{"link_name":"Marcel Duchamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp"},{"link_name":"readymade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Readymade"},{"link_name":"Kurt Schwitters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schwitters"},{"link_name":"craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craft"},{"link_name":"sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture"},{"link_name":"conceptual art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_art"},{"link_name":"form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art#Forms,_genres,_media,_and_styles"},{"link_name":"Gutai group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutai_group"},{"link_name":"Allan Kaprow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Kaprow"},{"link_name":"Wolf Vostell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Vostell"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Smolin Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolin_Gallery"}],"text":"Visitors interact with a couple in bed, inside one of the many environments of La Menesunda (1965), one of the earliest large-scale installations in art history.[1][2]Installation art can be either temporary or permanent. Installation artworks have been constructed in exhibition spaces such as museums and galleries, as well as public and private spaces. The genre incorporates a broad range of everyday and natural materials, which are often chosen for their \"evocative\" qualities, as well as new media such as video, sound, performance, immersive virtual reality and the internet. Many installations are site-specific in that they are designed to exist only in the space for which they were created, appealing to qualities evident in a three-dimensional immersive medium. Artistic collectives such as the Exhibition Lab at New York's American Museum of Natural History created environments to showcase the natural world in as realistic a medium as possible. Likewise, Walt Disney Imagineering employed a similar philosophy when designing the multiple immersive spaces for Disneyland in 1955. Since its acceptance as a separate discipline, a number of institutions focusing on Installation art were created. These included the Mattress Factory, Pittsburgh, the Museum of Installation in London, and the Fairy Doors of Ann Arbor, MI, among others.Installation art came to prominence in the 1970s but its roots can be identified in earlier artists such as Marcel Duchamp and his use of the readymade and Kurt Schwitters' Merz art objects, rather than more traditional craft based sculpture. The \"intention\" of the artist is paramount in much later installation art whose roots lie in the conceptual art of the 1960s. This again is a departure from traditional sculpture which places its focus on form. Early non-Western installation art includes events staged by the Gutai group in Japan starting in 1954, which influenced American installation pioneers like Allan Kaprow.\nWolf Vostell shows his installation 6 TV Dé-coll/age in 1963[3] at the Smolin Gallery in New York.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petzel_shapes.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Allan McCollum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_McCollum"},{"link_name":"Allan Kaprow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Kaprow"},{"link_name":"space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space"},{"link_name":"time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time"}],"text":"Allan McCollum.The Shapes Project, 2005/06Installation as nomenclature for a specific form of art came into use fairly recently; its first use as documented by the Oxford English Dictionary was in 1969. It was coined in this context, in reference to a form of art that had arguably existed since prehistory but was not regarded as a discrete category until the mid-twentieth century. Allan Kaprow used the term \"Environment\" in 1958 (Kaprow 6) to describe his transformed indoor spaces; this later joined such terms as \"project art\" and \"temporary art.\"Essentially, installation/environmental art takes into account a broader sensory experience, rather than floating framed points of focus on a \"neutral\" wall or displaying isolated objects (literally) on a pedestal. This may leave space and time as its only dimensional constants, implying dissolution of the line between \"art\" and \"life\"; Kaprow noted that \"if we bypass 'art' and take nature itself as a model or point of departure, we may be able to devise a different kind of art... out of the sensory stuff of ordinary life\".","title":"Installation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Gesamtkunstwerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk"},{"link_name":"Greek theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_theater"},{"link_name":"painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing"},{"link_name":"music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music"},{"link_name":"architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture"},{"link_name":"audience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience"},{"link_name":"multimedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia"}],"text":"The conscious act of artistically addressing all the senses with regard to a total experience made a resounding debut in 1849 when Richard Wagner conceived of a Gesamtkunstwerk, or an operatic work for the stage that drew inspiration from ancient Greek theater in its inclusion of all the major art forms: painting, writing, music, etc. (Britannica). In devising operatic works to commandeer the audience's senses, Wagner left nothing unobserved: architecture, ambience, and even the audience itself were considered and manipulated in order to achieve a state of total artistic immersion. In the book \"Themes in Contemporary Art\", it is suggested that \"installations in the 1980s and 1990s were increasingly characterized by networks of operations involving the interaction among complex architectural settings, environmental sites and extensive use of everyday objects in ordinary contexts. With the advent of video in 1965, a concurrent strand of installation evolved through the use of new and ever-changing technologies, and what had been simple video installations expanded to include complex interactive, multimedia and virtual reality environments\".","title":"Gesamtkunstwerk"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Franzoesischer_Dom_-_Festival_of_Lights_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Manfred Kielnhofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Kielnhofer"},{"link_name":"Festival of Lights (Berlin)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_of_Lights_(Berlin)"},{"link_name":"Michael Fried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Fried"},{"link_name":"theatrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre"},{"link_name":"sensory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception"},{"link_name":"narrative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative"},{"link_name":"Ilya Kabakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Kabakov"},{"link_name":"Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video"},{"link_name":"rhythm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm"},{"link_name":"subjective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_experience"},{"link_name":"Platonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonism"},{"link_name":"simulacrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulacrum"},{"link_name":"statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue"}],"text":"Guardians of Time, Manfred Kielnhofer, Festival of Lights (Berlin) French Cathedral, Berlin, Velotaxi 2011In \"Art and Objecthood\", Michael Fried derisively labels art that acknowledges the viewer as \"theatrical\" (Fried 45). There is a strong parallel between installation and theater: both play to a viewer who is expected to be at once immersed in the sensory/narrative experience that surrounds him and maintain a degree of self-identity as a viewer. The traditional theater-goer does not forget that they have come in from outside to sit and take in a created experience; a trademark of installation art has been the curious and eager viewer, still aware that they are in an exhibition setting and tentatively exploring the novel universe of the installation.The artist and critic Ilya Kabakov mentions this essential phenomenon in the introduction to his lectures \"On the \"Total\" Installation\": \"[One] is simultaneously both a 'victim' and a viewer, who on the one hand surveys and evaluates the installation, and on the other, follows those associations, recollections which arise in him[;] he is overcome by the intense atmosphere of the total illusion\". Here installation art bestows an unprecedented importance on the observer's inclusion in that which he observes. The expectations and social habits that the viewer brings with him into the space of the installation will remain with him as he enters, to be either applied or negated once he has taken in the new environment. What is common to nearly all installation art is a consideration of the experience in toto and the problems it may present, namely the constant conflict between disinterested criticism and sympathetic involvement. Television and video offer somewhat immersive experiences, but their unrelenting control over the rhythm of passing time and the arrangement of images precludes an intimately personal viewing experience. Ultimately, the only things a viewer can be assured of when experiencing the work are his own thoughts and preconceptions and the basic rules of space and time. All else may be molded by the artist's hands.The central importance of the subjective point of view when experiencing installation art, points toward a disregard for traditional Platonic image theory. In effect, the entire installation adopts the character of the simulacrum or flawed statue: it neglects any ideal form in favor of optimizing its direct appearance to the observer. Installation art operates fully within the realm of sensory perception, in a sense \"installing\" the viewer into an artificial system with an appeal to his subjective perception as its ultimate goal.","title":"Art and Objecthood"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10.000_moving_cities.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marc Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Lee"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Modern_and_Contemporary_Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maurizio_bolognini_genoa.JPG"},{"link_name":"Maurizio Bolognini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurizio_Bolognini"},{"link_name":"interactive installation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_Art"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_art"},{"link_name":"Telegarden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegarden"},{"link_name":"gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_gallery"},{"link_name":"digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_art"},{"link_name":"electronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics"},{"link_name":"mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_art"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Shaw"},{"link_name":"Edmond Couchot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Couchot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Kuniholm_Installation_Art,_for_Storefronts,_a_Shunpike_program.jpg"}],"text":"Marc Lee 10.000 Moving Cities, 2010-ongoing, National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art SeoulAn urban interactive art installation by Maurizio Bolognini (Genoa, 2005), which everybody can modify by using a cell phone.An interactive installation frequently involves the audience acting on the work of art or the piece responding to users' activity.[4] There are several kinds of interactive installations that artists produce, these include web-based installations (e.g., Telegarden), gallery-based installations, digital-based installations, electronic-based installations, mobile-based installations, etc. Interactive installations appeared mostly at end of the 1980s (Legible City by Jeffrey Shaw, La plume by Edmond Couchot, Michel Bret...) and became a genre during the 1990s, when artists became particularly interested in using the participation of the audiences to activate and reveal the meaning of the installation.Paul Kuniholm Installation Art, for Storefronts, a Shunpike program","title":"Interactive installations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_(arts)"},{"link_name":"immersive virtual reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immersive_virtual_reality"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"With the improvement of technology over the years, artists are more able to explore outside of the boundaries that were never able to be explored by artists in the past.[5] The media used are more experimental and bold; they are also usually cross media and may involve sensors, which plays on the reaction to the audiences' movement when looking at the installations. By using virtual reality as a medium, immersive virtual reality art is probably the most deeply interactive form of art.[6] By allowing the spectator to \"visit\" the representation, the artist creates \"situations to live\" vs \"spectacle to watch\".[7]","title":"Immersive virtual reality"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Firoz_Mahmud_Sucker_Aichi_Triennale_13.JPG"},{"link_name":"Firoz Mahmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firoz_Mahmud"},{"link_name":"Aichi Arts Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aichi_Arts_Center"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NEORIZON.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maurice Benayoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Benayoun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eberhard_Bosslet_Installation_Unterst%C3%BCtzende_Massnahmen_anmassend_I_Kassel_cocumenta_8_1987.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eberhard Bosslet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard_Bosslet"},{"link_name":"documenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documenta"},{"link_name":"Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassel"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aleya-milton-becerra.jpg"},{"link_name":"Milton Becerra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Becerra"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vasiliy_Ryabchenko._%22Big_Bembi%22,_installation,_barrels,_linear_lamps,_deer_horns,_1994.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vasiliy Ryabchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasiliy_Ryabchenko"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christian_Boltanski._Signatures.jpg"},{"link_name":"Christian Boltanski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Boltanski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dombis_1687.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pascal Dombis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Dombis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:My_Inner_Beast_portrait.jpg"},{"link_name":"My Inner Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Inner_Beast"},{"link_name":"Jens Galschiøt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Galschi%C3%B8t"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Test_Site_by_Carsten_H%C3%B6ller.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carsten Höller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carsten_H%C3%B6ller"},{"link_name":"Test Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_Site"},{"link_name":"Tate Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_Modern"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wolf_Vostell,_Fiebre_de_Autom%C3%B3vil,_1973,_Instalaci%C3%B3n.JPG"},{"link_name":"Wolf Vostell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Vostell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:African_Adventure,_Tate_Modern,_November_2016_(01).JPG"},{"link_name":"Jane Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Alexander_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Tate Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_Modern"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DavidSpriggsArt.jpg"},{"link_name":"David Spriggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Spriggs_(artist)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H_Cronhammar.JPG"},{"link_name":"Ingvar Cronhammar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingvar_Cronhammar"},{"link_name":"Frederiksberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederiksberg"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shalechet_(Menashe_Kadishman).jpg"},{"link_name":"Abscission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abscission"},{"link_name":"Menashe Kadishman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menashe_Kadishman"},{"link_name":"Jewish Museum Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Museum_Berlin"}],"text":"'Sucker'wfp21' aircraft sculptural installation by Bangladeshi artist Firoz Mahmud at Aichi Arts Center, Nagoya, Japan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMaurice Benayoun, Neorizon, urban interactive art installation, eArts Festival Shanghai, 2008.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEberhard Bosslet, Anmaßend I, documenta 8, Kassel, Germany 1987\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMilton Becerra Ale'ya, Durban Segnini Gallery, Miami, 2009[8]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVasiliy Ryabchenko, \"Big Bembi\", 1994\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChristian Boltanski, Signatures, 2011.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPascal Dombis, Irrationnal Geometrics, 2008.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMy Inner Beast, 1993 sculpture by Danish artist Jens Galschiøt. Exhibited in twenty cities across Europe without permission of the authorities.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCarsten Höller. Test Site, Tate Modern, 2006. Members of public slid down as much as five stories inside tubular slides.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWolf Vostell, Auto-Fever, 1973, Museo Vostell Malpartida.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAfrican Adventure by Jane Alexander,1999-2002, Tate Modern, Bankside, London, England, November 2016\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDavid Spriggs, Vision II, 2017.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInstallation by Ingvar Cronhammar in Frederiksberg / Denmark 2015.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"Shalechet\" (Abscission) installation by Menashe Kadishman, Jewish Museum Berlin","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Online resource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180623163711/http://www.installationart.net/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-60606-134-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-134-3"},{"link_name":"Grau, Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Grau"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-262-57223-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-57223-0"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.groveart.com/shared/views/article.html?section=art.041385"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dictionary.oed.com/"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dictionary.oed.com/"},{"link_name":"Derrick de Kerckhove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrick_de_Kerckhove"},{"link_name":"Oliver Grau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Grau"},{"link_name":"Kristine Stiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristine_Stiles"},{"link_name":"Dominique Moulon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Moulon"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-35988-046-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35988-046-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-520-24079-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24079-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8166-6522-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-6522-8"},{"link_name":"Nechvatal, Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Nechvatal"},{"link_name":"LAP Lambert Academic Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAP_Lambert_Academic_Publishing"},{"link_name":"\"Opera\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//search.eb.com/ebi/article-205952"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-262-68134-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-68134-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-7913-2984-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7913-2984-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8166-3159-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-3159-X"}],"text":"Bishop, Claire. Installation Art a Critical History. London: Tate, 2005.\nCoulter-Smith, Graham. Deconstructing Installation Art. Online resource\nFerriani, Barbara. Ephemeral Monuments: History and Conservation of Installation Art. Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2013. ISBN 978-1-60606-134-3\nFried, Michael. Art and Objecthood. In Art and Objecthood: Essays and Reviews. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.\nGrau, Oliver Virtual Art, from Illusion to Immersion, MIT Press 2004, ISBN 0-262-57223-0\n\"Installation [Environment].Grove Art Encyclopedia. 2006. Grove Art Online. 30 January 2006 [1].\n\"Installation.\" Oxford English Dictionary. 2006. Oxford English Dictionary Online. 30 January 2006 [2].\n\"Install, v.\" Oxford English Dictionary. 2006. Oxford English Dictionary Online. 30 January 2006 [3].\nMurray, Timothy, Derrick de Kerckhove, Oliver Grau, Kristine Stiles, Jean-Baptiste Barrière, Dominique Moulon, Jean-Pierre Balpe, Maurice Benayoun Open Art, Nouvelles éditions Scala, 2011, French version, ISBN 978-2-35988-046-5\nKabakov, Ilya. On the \"Total\" Installation. Ostfildern, Germany: Cantz, 1995, 243-260.\nKaprow, Allan. \"Notes on the Creation of a Total Art.\" In Essays on the Blurring of Art and Life, ed. Jeff Kelley. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. ISBN 0-520-24079-0\nMondloch, Kate. Screens: Viewing Media Installation Art. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-8166-6522-8\nNechvatal, Joseph, Immersive Ideals / Critical Distances. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. 2009.\n\"Opera\". Britannica Student Encyclopedia (Encyclopædia Britannica Online ed.). 15 February 2006.\nReiss, Julie H. From Margin to Center: The Spaces of Installation Art. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001. ISBN 0-262-68134-X\nRosenthal, Mark. Understanding Installation Art: From Duchamp to Holzer. Munich: Prestel Verlag, 2003. ISBN 3-7913-2984-7\nSuderburg, Erika. Space, Site, Intervention: Situating Installation Art. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press, 2000. ISBN 0-8166-3159-X","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Rachel Whiteread, Embankment at Tate Modern, London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Whiteread_tate_1.jpg/220px-Whiteread_tate_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"An installation art of Mad crab created with waste plastics and similar non-biodegradable wastes at Fort Kochi.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Mad_Crab.jpg/220px-Mad_Crab.jpg"},{"image_text":"Visitors interact with a couple in bed, inside one of the many environments of La Menesunda (1965), one of the earliest large-scale installations in art history.[1][2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/La_pareja_en_La_Menesunda_1965.jpg/220px-La_pareja_en_La_Menesunda_1965.jpg"},{"image_text":"Allan McCollum.The Shapes Project, 2005/06","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Petzel_shapes.jpeg/220px-Petzel_shapes.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Guardians of Time, Manfred Kielnhofer, Festival of Lights (Berlin) French Cathedral, Berlin, Velotaxi 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Franzoesischer_Dom_-_Festival_of_Lights_2011.jpg/220px-Franzoesischer_Dom_-_Festival_of_Lights_2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marc Lee 10.000 Moving Cities, 2010-ongoing, National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art Seoul","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/10.000_moving_cities.jpg/220px-10.000_moving_cities.jpg"},{"image_text":"An urban interactive art installation by Maurizio Bolognini (Genoa, 2005), which everybody can modify by using a cell phone.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Maurizio_bolognini_genoa.JPG/220px-Maurizio_bolognini_genoa.JPG"},{"image_text":"Paul Kuniholm Installation Art, for Storefronts, a Shunpike program","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Paul_Kuniholm_Installation_Art%2C_for_Storefronts%2C_a_Shunpike_program.jpg/220px-Paul_Kuniholm_Installation_Art%2C_for_Storefronts%2C_a_Shunpike_program.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Appropriation (art)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appropriation_(art)"},{"title":"Art intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_intervention"},{"title":"Classificatory disputes about art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art"},{"title":"Conceptual art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_art"},{"title":"Environmental sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_sculpture"},{"title":"Found object","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Found_object"},{"title":"Interactive art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_art"},{"title":"Modern art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_art"},{"title":"Neo-conceptual art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-conceptual_art"},{"title":"Performance art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_art"},{"title":"Sound art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_art"},{"title":"Sound installation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_installation"},{"title":"Street installations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_installations"},{"title":"Video installation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_installation"}]	[{"reference":"\"Journey through this maze-like installation and become a part of the art\". Tate. Retrieved March 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-liverpool/exhibition/marta-minujin-la-menesunda","url_text":"\"Journey through this maze-like installation and become a part of the art\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate","url_text":"Tate"}]},{"reference":"\"Marta Minujín: Menesunda Reloaded\". New Museum. June 26, 2019. Retrieved March 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newmuseum.org/exhibitions/view/marta-minujin","url_text":"\"Marta Minujín: Menesunda Reloaded\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Museum","url_text":"New Museum"}]},{"reference":"Younis, Lauren (March 5, 2009). \"Hearts and Scissors Exhibit to Open\". Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014. \"Installation art can facilitate a direct, immediate interaction with the viewer,\" [Cindy] Hinant said.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141129170709/http://bl-ids-website.ads.iu.edu/news/story.aspx?id=66728","url_text":"\"Hearts and Scissors Exhibit to Open\""},{"url":"http://bl-ids-website.ads.iu.edu/news/story.aspx?id=66728","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Opera\". Britannica Student Encyclopedia (Encyclopædia Britannica Online ed.). 15 February 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://search.eb.com/ebi/article-205952","url_text":"\"Opera\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-liverpool/exhibition/marta-minujin-la-menesunda","external_links_name":"\"Journey through this maze-like installation and become a part of the art\""},{"Link":"https://www.newmuseum.org/exhibitions/view/marta-minujin","external_links_name":"\"Marta Minujín: Menesunda Reloaded\""},{"Link":"http://www.medienkunstnetz.de/works/television-decollage/","external_links_name":"Wolf Vostell, 6 TV Dé-coll/age, 1963"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141129170709/http://bl-ids-website.ads.iu.edu/news/story.aspx?id=66728","external_links_name":"\"Hearts and Scissors Exhibit to Open\""},{"Link":"http://bl-ids-website.ads.iu.edu/news/story.aspx?id=66728","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180623163711/http://www.installationart.net/","external_links_name":"Online resource"},{"Link":"http://www.groveart.com/shared/views/article.html?section=art.041385","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://dictionary.oed.com/","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://dictionary.oed.com/","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"http://search.eb.com/ebi/article-205952","external_links_name":"\"Opera\""},{"Link":"http://www.goethe.de/kue/bku/dos/rid/enindex.htm","external_links_name":"Dossier: Site-specific Installations in Germany"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111102161907/http://www.the-artists.org/artistsbymovement/Installation","external_links_name":"Installation artists and art...the-artists.org"},{"Link":"https://curlie.org/Arts/Visual_Arts/Installation_Art/Artists","external_links_name":"Installation artists"},{"Link":"http://www.artdesigncafe.com/Museum-of-Installation-Nico-de-Oliveira-Nicola-Oxley-2008","external_links_name":"Museum of Installation (London): Interview with directors Nico de Oliveira & Nicola Oxley (2008)"},{"Link":"https://www.thestranger.com/events/24391323/worlds-largest-dreamcatcher-sculpture-measurement-ceremony","external_links_name":"Public Art Installation Of Paul Kuniholm"},{"Link":"https://curlie.org/Arts/Visual_Arts/Sculpture/Installations","external_links_name":"Sculpture Installations"},{"Link":"http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/i/installation-art","external_links_name":"Installation art definition from the Tate Art Glossary"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061224175009/http://www.diacenter.org/bindex.html","external_links_name":"Dia-Beacon Riggio Galleries"},{"Link":"http://www.massmoca.org/","external_links_name":"The Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art"},{"Link":"http://www.mattress.org/","external_links_name":"The Mattress Factory Art Museum"},{"Link":"http://www.file.org.br/","external_links_name":"Electronic Language International Festival"},{"Link":"http://www.zkm.de/","external_links_name":"Media art center, Karlsruhe Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987012403390305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01159407","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph121119&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.B._Ford	E. B. Ford	["1 Education","2 Career and research","2.1 Ecological genetics","2.2 Melanism in the peppered moth","2.3 Bibliography","2.4 Works by Ford","3 Personal life","4 References"]	British ecological geneticist (1901–1988) Edmund Brisco "Henry" FordFRS FRCPBornEdmund Brisco Ford(1901-04-23)23 April 1901Dalton-in-Furness, Lancashire, EnglandDied2 January 1988(1988-01-02) (aged 86)Oxford, Oxfordshire, EnglandEducationSt Bees School, Cumberland, England; University of Oxford, Wadham CollegeAwardsDarwin MedalWeldon Memorial Prize (1959)Scientific careerFieldsEcological geneticsInstitutionsUniversity of Oxford Edmund Brisco "Henry" Ford FRS FRCP (23 April 1901 – 2 January 1988) was a British ecological geneticist. He was a leader among those British biologists who investigated the role of natural selection in nature. As a schoolboy Ford became interested in lepidoptera, the group of insects which includes butterflies and moths. He went on to study the genetics of natural populations, and invented the field of ecological genetics. Ford was awarded the Royal Society's Darwin Medal in 1954. In the wider world his best known work is Butterflies (1945). Education Ford was born in Dalton-in-Furness, near Ulverston, in Lancashire, England, in 1901. He was the only child of Harold Dodsworth Ford (1864–1943), a classics teacher turned Anglican clergyman, and his wife (and second cousin) Gertrude Emma Bennett. His paternal grandfather, Dr Henry Edmund Ford (1821–1909), was a professor of music at Carlisle and the organist of Carlisle Cathedral from 1842 to 1902. Ford was educated at St Bees School, Cumberland (now Cumbria), and read zoology at Wadham College, Oxford, (where his father had also studied), graduating B.A. in 1924, upgraded to M.A. 1927, B.Sc. (a research degree) in 1927, and taking a D.Sc in 1943. Career and research Ford's career was based entirely at the University of Oxford. The biologist Arthur Cain said Ford took a degree in classics before turning to zoology. Ford read zoology at Oxford, and was taught genetics by Julian Huxley. "The lecturer whose interests most closely reflected mine was Julian Huxley. I owe him a great debt, especially for inspiration... Even though Huxley was... only at Oxford from 1919 to 1925, he was the most powerful voice in developing the selectionist attitude there... I met Ray Lankester through E.B. Poulton. He was already an old man... but talked to me a good deal of Charles Darwin and Pasteur, both of whom he knew." Ford was appointed University Demonstrator in Zoology in 1927 and Lecturer at University College, Oxford, in 1933. Specialising in genetics, he was appointed University Reader in Genetics in 1939 and was the Director of the Genetics Laboratory, 1952–1969, and Professor of Ecological Genetics 1963–1969. Ford was one of the first scientists to be elected a Fellow of All Souls College since the seventeenth century. Ford had a long working relationship with R.A. Fisher. By the time Ford had developed his formal definition of genetic polymorphism, Fisher had got accustomed to high selection values in nature. He was most impressed by the fact that polymorphism concealed powerful selective forces (Ford gave human blood groups as an example). Like Fisher, he continued the natural selection versus genetic drift debate with Sewall Wright, whom Ford believed put too much emphasis on genetic drift. It was as a result of Ford's work, as well as his own, that Dobzhansky changed the emphasis in the third edition of his famous text from drift to selection. Callimorpha dominula morpha typica with spread wings. Polymorphism in this species was investigated by Ford for many years. The red with black rear wings, revealed in flight, warn of its noxious taste. The front wings are cryptic, covering the rear wings at rest. Here the moth, on a human hand, is resting but alert, and has jinked the front wings forward to reveal the warning flash. Ford was an experimental naturalist who wanted to test evolution in nature. He virtually invented the field of research known as ecological genetics. His work on the wild populations of butterflies and moths was the first to show that the predictions made by R.A. Fisher were correct. He was the first to describe and define genetic polymorphism, and predicted that human blood group polymorphisms might be maintained in the population by providing some protection against disease. Six years after this prediction it was found to be so, and furthermore, heterozygous advantage was decisively established by a study of AB x AB crosses. His magnum opus was Ecological Genetics, which ran to four editions and was widely influential. He laid much of the groundwork for subsequent studies in this field, and was invited as a consultant to help set up similar research groups in several other countries. Amongst Ford's many publications, perhaps the most popularly successful was the first book in the New Naturalist series, Butterflies. Ford also went on in 1955 to write Moths in the same series, one of only a few to have authored more than one book in the series. Ford became Professor, and then Emeritus Professor of Ecological Genetics, University of Oxford. He was a Fellow of All Souls College, and Honorary Fellow of Wadham College. He was elected FRS in 1946, and awarded the Darwin Medal in 1954. Ecological genetics E.B. Ford worked for many years on genetic polymorphism. Polymorphism in natural populations is frequent; the key feature is the occurrence together of two or more discontinuous forms of a species in some kind of balance. So long as the proportions of each form is above mutation rate, then selection must be the cause. As early as 1930 Fisher had discussed a situation where, with alleles at a single locus, the heterozygote is more viable than either homozygote. That is a typical genetic mechanism for causing this type of polymorphism. The work involves a synthesis of field observations, taxonomy, and laboratory genetics. Melanism in the peppered moth Further information: Peppered moth evolution Biston betularia f. typica is the white-bodied form of the peppered moth.Biston betularia f. carbonaria is the black-bodied form of the peppered moth. Ford was the supervisor of Bernard Kettlewell during Kettlewell's famous experiments on the evolution of melanism in the peppered moth, Biston betularia. The entomologist Michael Majerus discussed criticisms that had been made of Kettlewell's experimental methods in his 1998 book Melanism: Evolution in Action. This book was misrepresented in reviews, and the story was picked up by creationist campaigners. In her controversial book Of Moths and Men, Judith Hooper (2002) gave a critical account of Ford's supervision and relationship with Kettlewell, and implied that the work was fraudulent or at least incompetent. Careful studies of Kettlewell's surviving papers by Rudge (2005) and Young (2004) found Hooper's suggestion of fraud to be unjustified, and that "Hooper does not provide one shred of evidence to support this serious allegation". Majerus himself described Of Moths and Men as "littered with errors, misrepresentations, misinterpretations and falsehoods". He concludes "If you wade through the 200+ papers written about melanism in the peppered moth, it is difficult to come to any conclusion other than that natural selection through the agent of differential bird predation is largely responsible for the rise and fall of carbonaria". Kettlewell and Helen Spurway, then the graduate student (and later the wife) of J.B.S. Haldane, were known to have shocked Ford by catching live moths as they flitted around a light, popping them in their mouths, and eating them whole. Haldane, who did not like Ford, was of the opinion that Ford and Kettlewell had attempted to capitalise on the supposed evolutionary adaptation of the main two variants of the peppered moth, for which Haldane, as early as 1924, had predicted the statistical probability of rate of change from light to melanic forms as an example of classic Mendelian genetics. In 1961, Haldane and Spurway talked to Canadian lepidopterist Gary Botting about the peppered moth and the unlikelihood of Ford and Kettlewell obtaining results that approximated Haldane's 1924 statistical calculations so closely, but the reasoning behind this view is far from clear. Botting already regarded the case of the peppered moth as tantamount to belief in Lamarckian evolution, and was of the opinion that some genetic mechanism other than bird predation was at work. Bibliography Ackery, Phillip; Vane-Wright, Richard, eds. (1984). The Biology of Butterflies. Royal Entomological Society of London. ISBN 978-0-12-713750-6. Clarke B 1995. Edmund Brisco Ford. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society of London. Creed, Robert; Ford, Edmund Brisco (1971). Ecological Genetics and Evolution: Essays in Honour of E. B. Ford. Blackwell Scientific Publications. ISBN 978-0-632-08360-2. Hooper, Judith (2002). Of Moths and Men: An Evolutionary Tale: The Untold Story of Science and the Peppered Moth. Fourth Estate. ISBN 978-1-84115-392-6. Huxley, Julian (1954). "Morphism and evolution". Heredity. 9: 1–52. doi:10.1038/hdy.1955.1. Kettlewell, Bernard (1973). The Evolution of Melanism: The Study of a Recurring Necessity; with Special Reference to Industrial Melanism in the Lepidoptera. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-857370-8. (jointly dedicated to Ford and the Nuffield Foundation) Marren, Peter (1995). The New Naturalists. London: HarperCollins. Teän, Isles of Scilly: the site of Ford's Common Blue (Polyommatus icarus) population study. Works by Ford Ford E.B. (1931, 8th ed 1965). Mendelism and evolution. Methuen, London. Carpenter, G.D. Hale and E.B. Ford (1933) Mimicry. Methuen, London. Ford E.B. (1938, 2nd ed 1950). The study of heredity. Butterworth, London. 2nd edn: Oxford University Press. Ford E.B. (1940). Polymorphism and taxonomy. In Huxley J. The new systematics. Oxford. Ford E.B. (1942, 7th edn 1973). Genetics for medical students Chapman and Hall, London. Ford E.B. (1945, 3rd edn 1977). Butterflies. New Naturalist No. 1 Collins, London. Ford E.B. (1951). British butterflies. Penguin Books, London. Ford E.B. (1954, 3rd edn 1972). Moths. New Naturalist No. 30 Collins, London. Ford E.B. (1964, 4th edn 1975). Ecological genetics. Chapman and Hall, London. Ford E.B. (1965). Genetic polymorphism. All Souls Studies, Faber & Faber, London. Ford E.B. (1976). Genetics and adaptation. Institute of Biology studies, Edward Arnold, London. Ford E.B. (1979). Understanding genetics. Faber and Faber, London. Ford E.B. (1980). Some recollections pertaining to the evolutionary synthesis. In Mayr E. and Provine W.B. (eds) The evolutionary synthesis: perspectives on the unification of biology. Harvard 1980; 1998. Ford E.B. (1981). Taking genetics into the countryside. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London. Ford E.B. and J.S. Haywood (1984). Church treasures of the Oxford district. Alan Sutton, Gloucester. Personal life Ford never married, had no children, and was considered decidedly eccentric, although his eccentricity was said to be more prominent when he knew he had an audience; he was also fond of slightly surrealist practical joking. He could be markedly generous to his friends: it was "an open secret" that he made a handsome contribution to the grant of £350000 given by the Nuffield Foundation for the establishment of a Unit of Medical Genetics at the University of Liverpool; this greatly boosted the research of Cyril Clarke and Philip Sheppard. Professor Ford would come into first year biology lectures at Oxford University – which were quite large, with about 150 students, and address the mixed group “good morning gentlemen”, ignoring the ladies, who even at that time were maybe 30% of student numbers – they are now 48%. The students thought that was amusing, and decided that, for one lecture in 1965, no men would attend. So he walked in to the lecture theatre with about 50 women sitting there waiting attentively, but no men. He put his notes on the lectern and looked up. “Oh dear, nobody here today I see, might as well go home”! Picked up his notes and walked out. (This story is also told of Arthur Quiller Couch, and has to be treated as apocryphal)(It is not apocryphal - it is confirmed by a number of first year Agriculture undergraduates who participated in the activity). Non-academic information on his life is hard to come by, mostly consisting of scattered remarks made by colleagues. He campaigned strenuously against the admission of female Fellows to All Souls College. Miriam Rothschild, an outstanding zoologist, was one of the few women with whom Ford was on good terms. Rothschild and Ford campaigned for the legalisation of male homosexuality in Britain. Ford was on good terms with Theodosius Dobzhansky, who did ground-breaking work on ecological genetics with Drosophila species: they exchanged letters and visits. Ford has a memoir written by Bryan Clarke published in the Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, but there are few other sources on his life. References ^ a b c Clarke, Bryan Campbell (1995). "Edmund Brisco Ford. 23 April 1901 – 2 January 1988". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 41. London: Royal Society: 146–168. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1995.0010. JSTOR 770139. S2CID 72984345. ^ "Edmund Briscoe Ford \| RCP Museum". ^ Musical Opinion and Music Trade Review, vol. 33, 1909, p. 189 ^ A Directory and Local Guide or Hand Book to Carlisle and Immediate Vicinity, Hudson Scott, 1858, p. 22 ^ The Musician, vol. 15, Hatch Music Co., 1915, p. 133 ^ Cathedral Organists Past and Present, John Ebenezer West, Novello, 1921, p. 15 ^ The Succession of Organists of the Chapel Royal and the Cathedrals of England and Wales from C. 1538: Also of the Organists of the Collegiate Churches of Westminster and Windsor, Certain Academic Choral Foundations, and the Cathedrals of Armagh and Dublin, Watkins Shaw, Clarendon Press, 1991, p. 57 ^ Alumni Oxonienses, 1715-1886, Later Series, E-K, Joseph Foster, Parker & Co., p. 476 ^ The Annual Obituary 1988, ed. Patricia Burgess, St James Press, 1988, p. 14 ^ Cain A.J. and Provine W.B. 1992. In Berry R.J. et al. (eds) Genes in ecology. Blackwell, Oxford. ^ Ford E.B. 1980. Some recollections pertaining to the evolutionary synthesis. In Mayr E. and Provine W.B. (eds) The evolutionary synthesis: perspectives on the unification of biology. Harvard 1980; 2nd ed 1998, p336-8. ^ Papers co-written with R.A. Fisher are available on the University of Adelaide's website at "The R.A. Fisher Digital Archive". Archived from the original on 13 December 2005. Retrieved 9 September 2007. ^ a b Ford E.B. 1940. Polymorphism and taxonomy. In Huxley J. The new systematics. Oxford. ^ Dobzhansky T. 1951. Genetics and the Origin of Species. 3rd ed, Columbia University Press N.Y. ^ Ford E.B. 1942. Genetics for medical students. Methuen, London. ^ Ford, E.B. (1949). "Polymorphism". Biological Reviews. 20 (2): 73. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1945.tb00315.x. S2CID 221532346. ^ Chung, C.S.; Morton, N.E. (1961). "Selection at the ABO locus". Am J Hum Genet. 13 (1 Pt 1): 9–27. PMC 1932110. PMID 13693519. ^ a b Ford E.B. 1964, 4th edn 1975. Ecological genetics. Chapman and Hall, London. ^ Ford E.B. 1945, 3rd ed 1977. Butterflies. New Naturalist No. 1 Collins, London. ^ Ford E.B. 1955, 3rd edn 1972. Moths. New Naturalist No. 30 HarperCollins, London. ^ Huxley, J.S. (1955). "Morphism and evolution". Heredity. 9: 1–52. doi:10.1038/hdy.1955.1. ^ a b Majerus M.E.N. 2004. The Peppered moth: decline of a Darwinian disciple. Archived 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (.doc download) ^ Rudge, D.W. (2005). "Did Kettlewell commit fraud? Re-examining the evidence" (PDF). Public Understanding of Science. 14 (3): 249–268. doi:10.1177/0963662505052890. PMID 16240545. S2CID 25525719. ^ Young M. 2003. Moonshine: why the peppered moth remains an icon of evolution. ^ Hooper, p. 42 ^ Laurence M. Cook and John R.G. Turner, "Fifty percent and all that: what Haldane actually said," Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/issue/129/3 2020, 129, 765–771. ^ "Preface," in Heather and Gary Botting,The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984 ^ Tihemme Gagnon, "Introduction," Streaking! The Collected Poems of Gary Botting (Miami: Strategic, 2013 ^ see for instance the "stone coffin" stunt reported from independent sources in Hooper (page 80) and Clarke (page 168) ^ Obituary Professor E.B. Ford--Theory and practice in genetics. The Times January 23, 1988 ^ Marren P. 1995. The New Naturalists. HarperCollins, London. vtePeppered mothBiology Overview, ecology, and genetics Evolution of Experiments on Writers and researchers Bernard Kettlewell Mike Majerus Cyril Clarke Bruce Grant E. B. Ford Jonathan Wells Judith Hooper Works The Evolution of Melanism Melanism: Evolution in Action Icons of Evolution Of Moths and Men Creative works The Peppered Moth by Margaret Drabble Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Sweden Latvia Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii People Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"FRCP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_College_of_Physicians"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-1"},{"link_name":"ecological geneticist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_genetics"},{"link_name":"natural selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection"},{"link_name":"lepidoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera"},{"link_name":"butterflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly"},{"link_name":"moths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth"},{"link_name":"ecological genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_genetics"},{"link_name":"Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"Darwin Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_Medal"}],"text":"Edmund Brisco \"Henry\" Ford FRS FRCP[1] (23 April 1901 – 2 January 1988) was a British ecological geneticist. He was a leader among those British biologists who investigated the role of natural selection in nature. As a schoolboy Ford became interested in lepidoptera, the group of insects which includes butterflies and moths. He went on to study the genetics of natural populations, and invented the field of ecological genetics. Ford was awarded the Royal Society's Darwin Medal in 1954. In the wider world his best known work is Butterflies (1945).","title":"E. B. Ford"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dalton-in-Furness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton-in-Furness"},{"link_name":"Ulverston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulverston"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"St Bees School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Bees_School"},{"link_name":"Wadham College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadham_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Ford was born in Dalton-in-Furness, near Ulverston, in Lancashire, England, in 1901. He was the only child of Harold Dodsworth Ford (1864–1943), a classics teacher turned Anglican clergyman, and his wife (and second cousin) Gertrude Emma Bennett.[2] His paternal grandfather, Dr Henry Edmund Ford (1821–1909), was a professor of music at Carlisle[3][4] and the organist of Carlisle Cathedral from 1842 to 1902.[5][6][7] Ford was educated at St Bees School, Cumberland (now Cumbria), and read zoology at Wadham College, Oxford, (where his father had also studied),[8] graduating B.A. in 1924, upgraded to M.A. 1927, B.Sc. (a research degree) in 1927, and taking a D.Sc in 1943.[9]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Arthur Cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Cain"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Julian Huxley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Huxley"},{"link_name":"Ray Lankester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Lankester"},{"link_name":"E.B. Poulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.B._Poulton"},{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"Pasteur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteur"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"University College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow"},{"link_name":"All Souls College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Souls_College"},{"link_name":"R.A. 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Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.A._Fisher"},{"link_name":"genetic polymorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_polymorphism"},{"link_name":"human blood group polymorphisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_blood_group_systems"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Ecological Genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_Genetics_(book)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ford_E.B_1964-18"},{"link_name":"New Naturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Naturalist"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"All Souls College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Souls_College"},{"link_name":"Wadham College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadham_College"},{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"Darwin Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_Medal"}],"text":"Ford's career was based entirely at the University of Oxford. The biologist Arthur Cain said Ford took a degree in classics before turning to zoology.[10] Ford read zoology at Oxford, and was taught genetics by Julian Huxley. \"The lecturer whose interests most closely reflected mine was Julian Huxley. I owe him a great debt, especially for inspiration... Even though Huxley was... only at Oxford from 1919 to 1925, he was the most powerful voice in developing the selectionist attitude there... I met Ray Lankester through E.B. Poulton. He was already an old man... but talked to me a good deal of Charles Darwin and Pasteur, both of whom he knew.\"[11]Ford was appointed University Demonstrator in Zoology in 1927 and Lecturer at University College, Oxford, in 1933. Specialising in genetics, he was appointed University Reader in Genetics in 1939 and was the Director of the Genetics Laboratory, 1952–1969, and Professor of Ecological Genetics 1963–1969. Ford was one of the first scientists to be elected a Fellow of All Souls College since the seventeenth century.Ford had a long working relationship with R.A. Fisher.[12] By the time Ford had developed his formal definition of genetic polymorphism,[13] Fisher had got accustomed to high selection values in nature. He was most impressed by the fact that polymorphism concealed powerful selective forces (Ford gave human blood groups as an example). Like Fisher, he continued the natural selection versus genetic drift debate with Sewall Wright, whom Ford believed put too much emphasis on genetic drift. It was as a result of Ford's work, as well as his own, that Dobzhansky changed the emphasis in the third edition of his famous text from drift to selection.[14]Callimorpha dominula morpha typica with spread wings. Polymorphism in this species was investigated by Ford for many years. The red with black rear wings, revealed in flight, warn of its noxious taste. The front wings are cryptic, covering the rear wings at rest. Here the moth, on a human hand, is resting but alert, and has jinked the front wings forward to reveal the warning flash.Ford was an experimental naturalist who wanted to test evolution in nature. He virtually invented the field of research known as ecological genetics. His work on the wild populations of butterflies and moths was the first to show that the predictions made by R.A. Fisher were correct. He was the first to describe and define genetic polymorphism, and predicted that human blood group polymorphisms might be maintained in the population by providing some protection against disease.[15] Six years after this prediction it was found to be so,[16] and furthermore, heterozygous advantage was decisively established by a study of AB x AB crosses.[17] His magnum opus was Ecological Genetics, which ran to four editions and was widely influential.[18] He laid much of the groundwork for subsequent studies in this field, and was invited as a consultant to help set up similar research groups in several other countries.Amongst Ford's many publications, perhaps the most popularly successful was the first book in the New Naturalist series, Butterflies.[19] Ford also went on in 1955 to write Moths[20] in the same series, one of only a few to have authored more than one book in the series.Ford became Professor, and then Emeritus Professor of Ecological Genetics, University of Oxford. He was a Fellow of All Souls College, and Honorary Fellow of Wadham College. He was elected FRS in 1946, and awarded the Darwin Medal in 1954.","title":"Career and research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genetic polymorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_systematics-13"},{"link_name":"heterozygote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterozygote"},{"link_name":"homozygote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homozygote"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ford_E.B_1964-18"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Ecological genetics","text":"E.B. Ford worked for many years on genetic polymorphism.[13] Polymorphism in natural populations is frequent; the key feature is the occurrence together of two or more discontinuous forms of a species in some kind of balance. So long as the proportions of each form is above mutation rate, then selection must be the cause. As early as 1930 Fisher had discussed a situation where, with alleles at a single locus, the heterozygote is more viable than either homozygote. That is a typical genetic mechanism for causing this type of polymorphism. The work involves a synthesis of field observations, taxonomy, and laboratory genetics.[18][21]","title":"Career and research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peppered moth evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppered_moth_evolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biston.betularia.7200.jpg"},{"link_name":"peppered moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppered_moth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biston.betularia.f.carbonaria.7209.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bernard Kettlewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Kettlewell"},{"link_name":"evolution of melanism in the peppered moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppered_moth_evolution"},{"link_name":"Biston betularia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biston_betularia"},{"link_name":"Michael Majerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Majerus"},{"link_name":"Melanism: Evolution in Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanism:_Evolution_in_Action"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dd-22"},{"link_name":"creationist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creationism"},{"link_name":"Of Moths and Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Moths_and_Men"},{"link_name":"Judith Hooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Hooper"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rudge2005-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-young-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dd-22"},{"link_name":"Helen Spurway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Spurway"},{"link_name":"J.B.S. Haldane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.B.S._Haldane"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Mendelian genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelian_genetics"},{"link_name":"Gary Botting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Botting"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Lamarckian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamarckian"},{"link_name":"predation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predation"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Melanism in the peppered moth","text":"Further information: Peppered moth evolutionBiston betularia f. typica is the white-bodied form of the peppered moth.Biston betularia f. carbonaria is the black-bodied form of the peppered moth.Ford was the supervisor of Bernard Kettlewell during Kettlewell's famous experiments on the evolution of melanism in the peppered moth, Biston betularia.The entomologist Michael Majerus discussed criticisms that had been made of Kettlewell's experimental methods in his 1998 book Melanism: Evolution in Action.[22] This book was misrepresented in reviews, and the story was picked up by creationist campaigners. In her controversial book Of Moths and Men, Judith Hooper (2002) gave a critical account of Ford's supervision and relationship with Kettlewell, and implied that the work was fraudulent or at least incompetent. Careful studies of Kettlewell's surviving papers by Rudge (2005) and Young (2004) found Hooper's suggestion of fraud to be unjustified, and that \"Hooper does not provide one shred of evidence to support this serious allegation\".[23][24] Majerus himself described Of Moths and Men as \"littered with errors, misrepresentations, misinterpretations and falsehoods\". He concludes\"If you wade through the 200+ papers written about melanism in the peppered moth, it is difficult to come to any conclusion other than that natural selection through the agent of differential bird predation is largely responsible for the rise and fall of carbonaria\".[22]Kettlewell and Helen Spurway, then the graduate student (and later the wife) of J.B.S. Haldane, were known to have shocked Ford by catching live moths as they flitted around a light, popping them in their mouths, and eating them whole.[25] Haldane, who did not like Ford, was of the opinion that Ford and Kettlewell had attempted to capitalise on the supposed evolutionary adaptation of the main two variants of the peppered moth, for which Haldane, as early as 1924, had predicted the statistical probability of rate of change from light to melanic forms as an example of classic Mendelian genetics. In 1961, Haldane and Spurway talked to Canadian lepidopterist Gary Botting about the peppered moth and the unlikelihood of Ford and Kettlewell obtaining results that approximated Haldane's 1924 statistical calculations so closely, but the reasoning behind this view is far from clear.[26] Botting already regarded the case of the peppered moth as tantamount to belief in Lamarckian evolution, and was of the opinion that some genetic mechanism other than bird predation was at work.[27][28]","title":"Career and research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-12-713750-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-713750-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-632-08360-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-632-08360-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84115-392-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84115-392-6"},{"link_name":"\"Morphism and evolution\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fhdy.1955.1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/hdy.1955.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fhdy.1955.1"},{"link_name":"Kettlewell, Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Kettlewell"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-857370-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-857370-8"},{"link_name":"Nuffield Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuffield_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Marren, Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Marren"},{"link_name":"Teän","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C3%A4n"},{"link_name":"Polyommatus icarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyommatus_icarus"}],"sub_title":"Bibliography","text":"Ackery, Phillip; Vane-Wright, Richard, eds. (1984). The Biology of Butterflies. Royal Entomological Society of London. ISBN 978-0-12-713750-6.\nClarke B 1995. Edmund Brisco Ford. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society of London.[1]\nCreed, Robert; Ford, Edmund Brisco (1971). Ecological Genetics and Evolution: Essays in Honour of E. B. Ford. Blackwell Scientific Publications. ISBN 978-0-632-08360-2.\nHooper, Judith (2002). Of Moths and Men: An Evolutionary Tale: The Untold Story of Science and the Peppered Moth. Fourth Estate. ISBN 978-1-84115-392-6.\nHuxley, Julian (1954). \"Morphism and evolution\". Heredity. 9: 1–52. doi:10.1038/hdy.1955.1.\nKettlewell, Bernard (1973). The Evolution of Melanism: The Study of a Recurring Necessity; with Special Reference to Industrial Melanism in the Lepidoptera. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-857370-8. (jointly dedicated to Ford and the Nuffield Foundation)\nMarren, Peter (1995). The New Naturalists. London: HarperCollins.\nTeän, Isles of Scilly: the site of Ford's Common Blue (Polyommatus icarus) population study.","title":"Career and research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carpenter, G.D. Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenter,_G.D._Hale"},{"link_name":"Huxley J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Huxley"},{"link_name":"New Naturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Naturalist"},{"link_name":"Penguin Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books"},{"link_name":"New Naturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Naturalist"},{"link_name":"Mayr E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Mayr"},{"link_name":"Provine W.B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Provine"}],"sub_title":"Works by Ford","text":"Ford E.B. (1931, 8th ed 1965). Mendelism and evolution. Methuen, London.\nCarpenter, G.D. Hale and E.B. Ford (1933) Mimicry. Methuen, London.\nFord E.B. (1938, 2nd ed 1950). The study of heredity. Butterworth, London. 2nd edn: Oxford University Press.\nFord E.B. (1940). Polymorphism and taxonomy. In Huxley J. The new systematics. Oxford.\nFord E.B. (1942, 7th edn 1973). Genetics for medical students Chapman and Hall, London.\nFord E.B. (1945, 3rd edn 1977). Butterflies. New Naturalist No. 1 Collins, London.\nFord E.B. (1951). British butterflies. Penguin Books, London.\nFord E.B. (1954, 3rd edn 1972). Moths. New Naturalist No. 30 Collins, London.\nFord E.B. (1964, 4th edn 1975). Ecological genetics. Chapman and Hall, London.\nFord E.B. (1965). Genetic polymorphism. All Souls Studies, Faber & Faber, London.\nFord E.B. (1976). Genetics and adaptation. Institute of Biology studies, Edward Arnold, London.\nFord E.B. (1979). Understanding genetics. Faber and Faber, London.\nFord E.B. (1980). Some recollections pertaining to the evolutionary synthesis. In Mayr E. and Provine W.B. (eds) The evolutionary synthesis: perspectives on the unification of biology. Harvard 1980; 1998. [effectively, this is an intellectual autobiography]\nFord E.B. (1981). Taking genetics into the countryside. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London.\nFord E.B. and J.S. Haywood (1984). Church treasures of the Oxford district. Alan Sutton, Gloucester.","title":"Career and research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Cyril Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Philip Sheppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sheppard_(biologist)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Arthur Quiller Couch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Quiller_Couch"},{"link_name":"All Souls College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Souls_College"},{"link_name":"Miriam Rothschild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Rothschild"},{"link_name":"male homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomy_laws"},{"link_name":"Theodosius Dobzhansky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_Dobzhansky"},{"link_name":"Drosophila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila"},{"link_name":"Bryan Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-1"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Ford never married, had no children, and was considered decidedly eccentric, although his eccentricity was said to be more prominent when he knew he had an audience; he was also fond of slightly surrealist practical joking.[29] He could be markedly generous to his friends: it was \"an open secret\" that he made a handsome contribution to the grant of £350000 given by the Nuffield Foundation for the establishment of a Unit of Medical Genetics at the University of Liverpool; this greatly boosted the research of Cyril Clarke and Philip Sheppard.[30]Professor Ford would come into first year biology lectures at Oxford University – which were quite large, with about 150 students, and address the mixed group “good morning gentlemen”, ignoring the ladies, who even at that time were maybe 30% of student numbers – they are now 48%. The students thought that was amusing, and decided that, for one lecture in 1965, no men would attend. So he walked in to the lecture theatre with about 50 women sitting there waiting attentively, but no men. He put his notes on the lectern and looked up. “Oh dear, nobody here today I see, might as well go home”! Picked up his notes and walked out. (This story is also told of Arthur Quiller Couch, and has to be treated as apocryphal)(It is not apocryphal - it is confirmed by a number of first year Agriculture undergraduates who participated in the activity).Non-academic information on his life is hard to come by, mostly consisting of scattered remarks made by colleagues. He campaigned strenuously against the admission of female Fellows to All Souls College. Miriam Rothschild, an outstanding zoologist, was one of the few women with whom Ford was on good terms. Rothschild and Ford campaigned for the legalisation of male homosexuality in Britain. Ford was on good terms with Theodosius Dobzhansky, who did ground-breaking work on ecological genetics with Drosophila species: they exchanged letters and visits.Ford has a memoir written by Bryan Clarke published in the Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society,[1] but there are few other sources on his life.[31]","title":"Personal life"}]	[{"image_text":"Callimorpha dominula morpha typica with spread wings. Polymorphism in this species was investigated by Ford for many years. The red with black rear wings, revealed in flight, warn of its noxious taste. The front wings are cryptic, covering the rear wings at rest. Here the moth, on a human hand, is resting but alert, and has jinked the front wings forward to reveal the warning flash.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Callimorpha.dominula.jpg/250px-Callimorpha.dominula.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Ackery, Phillip; Vane-Wright, Richard, eds. (1984). The Biology of Butterflies. Royal Entomological Society of London. ISBN 978-0-12-713750-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-713750-6","url_text":"978-0-12-713750-6"}]},{"reference":"Creed, Robert; Ford, Edmund Brisco (1971). Ecological Genetics and Evolution: Essays in Honour of E. B. Ford. Blackwell Scientific Publications. ISBN 978-0-632-08360-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-632-08360-2","url_text":"978-0-632-08360-2"}]},{"reference":"Hooper, Judith (2002). Of Moths and Men: An Evolutionary Tale: The Untold Story of Science and the Peppered Moth. Fourth Estate. ISBN 978-1-84115-392-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84115-392-6","url_text":"978-1-84115-392-6"}]},{"reference":"Huxley, Julian (1954). \"Morphism and evolution\". Heredity. 9: 1–52. doi:10.1038/hdy.1955.1.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fhdy.1955.1","url_text":"\"Morphism and evolution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fhdy.1955.1","url_text":"10.1038/hdy.1955.1"}]},{"reference":"Kettlewell, Bernard (1973). The Evolution of Melanism: The Study of a Recurring Necessity; with Special Reference to Industrial Melanism in the Lepidoptera. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-857370-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Kettlewell","url_text":"Kettlewell, Bernard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-857370-8","url_text":"978-0-19-857370-8"}]},{"reference":"Marren, Peter (1995). The New Naturalists. London: HarperCollins.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Marren","url_text":"Marren, Peter"}]},{"reference":"Clarke, Bryan Campbell (1995). \"Edmund Brisco Ford. 23 April 1901 – 2 January 1988\". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 41. London: Royal Society: 146–168. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1995.0010. JSTOR 770139. S2CID 72984345.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Clarke","url_text":"Clarke, Bryan Campbell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society","url_text":"Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society","url_text":"Royal Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1995.0010","url_text":"10.1098/rsbm.1995.0010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/770139","url_text":"770139"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:72984345","url_text":"72984345"}]},{"reference":"\"Edmund Briscoe Ford \| RCP Museum\".","urls":[{"url":"https://history.rcplondon.ac.uk/inspiring-physicians/edmund-briscoe-ford","url_text":"\"Edmund Briscoe Ford \| RCP Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"The R.A. Fisher Digital Archive\". Archived from the original on 13 December 2005. Retrieved 9 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051213221156/http://www.library.adelaide.edu.au/digitised/fisher/index.html","url_text":"\"The R.A. Fisher Digital Archive\""},{"url":"http://www.library.adelaide.edu.au/digitised/fisher/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ford, E.B. (1949). \"Polymorphism\". Biological Reviews. 20 (2): 73. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1945.tb00315.x. S2CID 221532346.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-185x.1945.tb00315.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1469-185x.1945.tb00315.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221532346","url_text":"221532346"}]},{"reference":"Chung, C.S.; Morton, N.E. (1961). \"Selection at the ABO locus\". Am J Hum Genet. 13 (1 Pt 1): 9–27. PMC 1932110. PMID 13693519.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1932110","url_text":"\"Selection at the ABO locus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1932110","url_text":"1932110"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13693519","url_text":"13693519"}]},{"reference":"Huxley, J.S. (1955). \"Morphism and evolution\". Heredity. 9: 1–52. doi:10.1038/hdy.1955.1.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fhdy.1955.1","url_text":"\"Morphism and evolution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fhdy.1955.1","url_text":"10.1038/hdy.1955.1"}]},{"reference":"Rudge, D.W. (2005). \"Did Kettlewell commit fraud? Re-examining the evidence\" (PDF). Public Understanding of Science. 14 (3): 249–268. doi:10.1177/0963662505052890. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_repair	Heart valve repair	["1 General","1.1 Valvulotomy","2 By valve","2.1 Mitral valve repair","2.2 Aortic valve repair","2.3 Tricuspid valve repair","3 History","4 See also","5 References"]	Surgical technique used to fix defects in heart valves This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Heart valve repair" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Heart valve repairSpecialtycardiac surgeryICD-9-CM35.0-35.2 Heart valve repair is a cardiac surgery procedure, carried out to repair one or more faulty heart valves. In some valvular heart diseases repair where possible is preferable to valve replacement. A mechanical heart valve is a replacement valve that is not itself subject to repair. General Valvuloplasty is the widening of a stenotic valve using a balloon catheter. Types include: Aortic valvuloplasty in repair of a stenotic aortic valve Mitral valvuloplasty in the correction of an uncomplicated mitral Valvulotomy Main article: Valvulotomy Commissurotomy of heart valves is called a valvulotomy. By valve Mitral valve repair Main article: Mitral valve repair Mitral valve repair is mainly used to treat stenosis (narrowing) or regurgitation (leakage) of the mitral valve. Aortic valve repair Aortic valve repair is a surgical procedure used to correct some aortic valve disorders as an alternative to aortic valve replacement. Aortic valve repair is performed less often and is more technically difficult than mitral valve repair. There are two surgical techniques of aortic-valve repair: The Reimplantation-Technique (David-Procedure) The Remodeling-Technique (Yacoub-Procedure) Tricuspid valve repair Tricuspid valve repair is used to correct tricuspid regurgitation. History The first two percutaneous ultrasound-guided fetal balloon valvuloplasties, a type of in utero surgery for severe aortic valve obstruction, were reported in 1991. See also Cardiac surgery Bentall procedure Open aortic surgery References ^ Hans-Joachim Schäfers: Current treatment of aortic regurgitation. UNI-MED Science, Bremen, London, Boston 2013, ISBN 978-3-8374-1406-6. ^ Page 4 in:Elizabeth D Agabegi; Agabegi, Steven S. (2008). Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series). Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-7153-5. ^ Kohl, T.; Sharland, G.; Allan, L. D.; Gembruch, U.; Chaoui, R.; Lopes, L. M.; Zielinsky, P.; Huhta, J.; Silverman, N. H. (2000-05-15). "World experience of percutaneous ultrasound-guided balloon valvuloplasty in human fetuses with severe aortic valve obstruction". The American Journal of Cardiology. 85 (10): 1230–1233. doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(00)00733-5. ISSN 0002-9149. PMID 10802006. vteTests and procedures involving the heart Cardiac surgery Interventional cardiology Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures Cardiac imaging SurgeryHeart valvesand septa Valve repair Valvulotomy Mitral valve repair Valvuloplasty aortic mitral Valve replacement Aortic valve repair Aortic valve replacement Ross procedure Transcatheter Mitral valve replacement Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement production of septal defect in heart enlargement of existing septal defect Atrial septostomy Balloon septostomy creation of septal defect in heart Blalock–Hanlon procedure shunt from heart chamber to blood vessel atrium to pulmonary artery Fontan procedure left ventricle to aorta Rastelli procedure right ventricle to pulmonary artery Sano shunt compound procedures for transposition of the great vessels Arterial switch operation Mustard procedure Senning procedure for univentricular defect Norwood procedure Kawashima procedure shunt from blood vessel to blood vessel systemic circulation to pulmonary artery shunt Blalock–Taussig shunt SVC to the right PA Glenn procedure Cardiac vessels CHD Angioplasty Bypass/Coronary artery bypass MIDCAB Off-pump CAB TECAB Coronary stent Bare-metal stent Drug-eluting stent Obstacle removal Endarterectomy Atherectomy Bentall procedure Valve-sparing aortic root replacement LeCompte maneuver Other Pericardium Pericardiocentesis Pericardial window Pericardiectomy Myocardium Cardiomyoplasty Dor procedure Septal myectomy Ventricular reduction Alcohol septal ablation Conduction system Maze procedure (Cox maze and minimaze) Catheter ablation Cryoablation Radiofrequency ablation Pacemaker insertion S-ICD implantation ICD implantation Cardiac resynchronization therapy Left atrial appendage occlusion Cardiotomy Heart transplantation Tests Electrophysiology Electrocardiography Vectorcardiography Holter monitor Implantable loop recorder Cardiac stress test Bruce protocol Electrophysiology study Cardiac imaging Angiocardiography Echocardiography TTE TEE Myocardial perfusion imaging Cardiovascular MRI Ventriculography Radionuclide ventriculography Cardiac catheterization/Coronary catheterization Cardiac CT Cardiac PET sound Phonocardiogram Function tests Impedance cardiography Ballistocardiography Cardiotocography Pacing Cardioversion Transcutaneous pacing Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cardiac surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_surgery"},{"link_name":"heart valves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_valve"},{"link_name":"valvular heart diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvular_heart_disease"},{"link_name":"valve replacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_replacement"},{"link_name":"mechanical heart valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_heart_valve"}],"text":"Heart valve repair is a cardiac surgery procedure, carried out to repair one or more faulty heart valves. In some valvular heart diseases repair where possible is preferable to valve replacement. A mechanical heart valve is a replacement valve that is not itself subject to repair.","title":"Heart valve repair"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stenotic valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenotic_valve"},{"link_name":"balloon catheter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon_catheter"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Aortic valvuloplasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_valvuloplasty"},{"link_name":"Mitral valvuloplasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_valvuloplasty"}],"text":"Valvuloplasty is the widening of a stenotic valve using a balloon catheter. Types include:[citation needed]Aortic valvuloplasty in repair of a stenotic aortic valve\nMitral valvuloplasty in the correction of an uncomplicated mitral","title":"General"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commissurotomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissurotomy"},{"link_name":"heart valves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_valves"},{"link_name":"valvulotomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvulotomy"}],"sub_title":"Valvulotomy","text":"Commissurotomy of heart valves is called a valvulotomy.","title":"General"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"By valve"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stenosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenosis"},{"link_name":"regurgitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regurgitation_(circulation)"},{"link_name":"mitral valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_valve"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Mitral valve repair","text":"Mitral valve repair is mainly used to treat stenosis (narrowing) or regurgitation (leakage) of the mitral valve.[citation needed]","title":"By valve"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aortic valve repair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_valve_repair"},{"link_name":"surgical procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_procedure"},{"link_name":"aortic valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_valve"},{"link_name":"aortic valve replacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_valve_replacement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"mitral valve repair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_valve_repair"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirone_David"}],"sub_title":"Aortic valve repair","text":"Aortic valve repair is a surgical procedure used to correct some aortic valve disorders as an alternative to aortic valve replacement.[1] Aortic valve repair is performed less often and is more technically difficult than mitral valve repair.\nThere are two surgical techniques of aortic-valve repair:The Reimplantation-Technique (David-Procedure)\nThe Remodeling-Technique (Yacoub-Procedure)","title":"By valve"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tricuspid regurgitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricuspid_regurgitation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agabegi2nd40-2"}],"sub_title":"Tricuspid valve repair","text":"Tricuspid valve repair is used to correct tricuspid regurgitation.[2]","title":"By valve"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"in utero surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_utero_surgery"},{"link_name":"aortic valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_valve"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The first two percutaneous ultrasound-guided fetal balloon valvuloplasties, a type of in utero surgery for severe aortic valve obstruction, were reported in 1991.[3]","title":"History"}]	[]	[{"title":"Cardiac surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_surgery"},{"title":"Bentall procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentall_procedure"},{"title":"Open aortic surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_aortic_surgery"}]	[{"reference":"Elizabeth D Agabegi; Agabegi, Steven S. 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